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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Etymology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Etymology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Definitions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Definitions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Definitions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Definitions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Definitions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Definitions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Theoretical_scope" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theoretical_scope"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Theoretical scope</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theoretical_scope-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Levels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Levels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Levels</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Levels-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Levels subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Levels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Top_management" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Top_management"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Top management</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Top_management-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Middle_management" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_management"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Middle management</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middle_management-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Line_management" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Line_management"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Line management</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Line_management-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Training_and_education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Training_and_education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Training and education</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Training_and_education-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Training and education subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Training_and_education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Requirement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Requirement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Requirement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Requirement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Undergraduate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Undergraduate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Undergraduate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Undergraduate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Graduate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Graduate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Graduate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Graduate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Good_practices" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Good_practices"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Good practices</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Good_practices-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Evidence-based_management" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Evidence-based_management"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4.1</span> <span>Evidence-based management</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Evidence-based_management-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_writing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_writing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Early writing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_writing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-19th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#19th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>19th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-19th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-20th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#20th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>20th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-20th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-21st_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#21st_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>21st century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-21st_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nature_of_work" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nature_of_work"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Nature of work</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nature_of_work-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Topics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Topics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Topics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Topics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Topics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Topics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Basics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Basics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Basics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Basics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Basic_roles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Basic_roles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Basic roles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Basic_roles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Skills" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Skills"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Skills</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Skills-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Implementation_of_policies_and_strategies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Implementation_of_policies_and_strategies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Implementation of policies and strategies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Implementation_of_policies_and_strategies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Policies_and_strategies_in_the_planning_process" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Policies_and_strategies_in_the_planning_process"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Policies and strategies in the planning process</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Policies_and_strategies_in_the_planning_process-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Management</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 85 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-85" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">85 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9" title="إدارة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إدارة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%B1%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE" title="ব্যৱস্থাপনা – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="ব্যৱস্থাপনা" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menecment" title="Menecment – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Menecment" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE" title="ব্যবস্থাপনা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ব্যবস্থাপনা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ko%C3%A1n-l%C3%AD-ha%CC%8Dk" title="Koán-lí-ha̍k – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Koán-lí-ha̍k" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82" title="Менеджмент – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Менеджмент" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%8D%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%BC%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%82" title="Мэнэджмэнт – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Мэнэджмэнт" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%BC%D1%8A%D0%BD%D1%82" title="Мениджмънт – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Мениджмънт" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Management" title="Management – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Management" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menad%C5%BEment" title="Menadžment – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Menadžment" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Management" title="Management – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Management" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gesti%C3%B3" title="Gestió – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Gestió" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Management" title="Management – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Management" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rheolaeth" title="Rheolaeth – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Rheolaeth" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ledelse" title="Ledelse – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Ledelse" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Management" title="Management – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Management" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juhtimine" title="Juhtimine – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Juhtimine" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%94%CE%B9%CE%B1%CF%87%CE%B5%CE%AF%CF%81%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%B7" title="Διαχείριση – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Διαχείριση" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gesti%C3%B3n" title="Gestión – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Gestión" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrado" title="Administrado – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Administrado" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kudeaketa" title="Kudeaketa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Kudeaketa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AA" title="مدیریت – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مدیریت" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Management" title="Management – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Management" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xesti%C3%B3n" title="Xestión – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Xestión" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B2%BD%EC%98%81" title="경영 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="경영" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%A1%D5%BC%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4_(%D5%BF%D5%B6%D5%BF%D5%A5%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%A3%D5%AB%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6)" title="Կառավարում (տնտեսագիտություն) – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կառավարում (տնտեսագիտություն)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%A8" title="प्रबन्धन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="प्रबन्धन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menad%C5%BEment" title="Menadžment – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Menadžment" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pengelolaan" title="Pengelolaan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pengelolaan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Management" title="Management – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Management" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%94%D7%95%D7%9C" title="ניהול – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ניהול" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B5%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%B9%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B0_%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B5%E0%B3%AF%E0%B2%B9%E0%B2%A3%E0%B3%86" title="ವ್ಯವಹಾರ ನಿವ೯ಹಣೆ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ವ್ಯವಹಾರ ನಿವ೯ಹಣೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%AF%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98" title="მენეჯმენტი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მენეჯმენტი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82" title="Менеджмент – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Менеджмент" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usimamizi" title="Usimamizi – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Usimamizi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manajman" title="Manajman – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Manajman" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82" title="Менеджмент – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Менеджмент" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%88%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%99" title="ການຈັດການ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ການຈັດການ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vad%C4%ABbzin%C4%ABba" title="Vadībzinība – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Vadībzinība" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vadyba" title="Vadyba – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Vadyba" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedriefsveuring" title="Bedriefsveuring – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Bedriefsveuring" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menedzsment" title="Menedzsment – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Menedzsment" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%9F%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82" title="Менаџмент – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Менаџмент" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D" title="മാനേജ്മെന്റ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മാനേജ്മെന്റ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A8" title="व्यवस्थापन – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="व्यवस्थापन" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pengurusan" title="Pengurusan – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pengurusan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manajemen" title="Manajemen – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Manajemen" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82" title="Менежмент – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Менежмент" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%85%E1%80%AE%E1%80%99%E1%80%B6%E1%80%81%E1%80%94%E1%80%B7%E1%80%BA%E1%80%81%E1%80%BD%E1%80%B2%E1%80%81%E1%80%BC%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="စီမံခန့်ခွဲခြင်း – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="စီမံခန့်ခွဲခြင်း" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Management" title="Management – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Management" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A8" title="व्यवस्थापन – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="व्यवस्थापन" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B5%8C%E5%96%B6%E5%AD%A6" title="経営学 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="経営学" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ledelse" title="Ledelse – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Ledelse" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leiing" title="Leiing – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Leiing" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menejment" title="Menejment – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Menejment" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%DA%9A%D8%AA" title="سمبالښت – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="سمبالښت" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zarz%C4%85dzanie" title="Zarządzanie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Zarządzanie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gest%C3%A3o" title="Gestão – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Gestão" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menedjment" title="Menedjment – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Menedjment" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Management" title="Management – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Management" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82" title="Менеджмент – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Менеджмент" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Management" title="Management – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Management" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menaxhimi" title="Menaxhimi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Menaxhimi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amministraturi" title="Amministraturi – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Amministraturi" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%85%E0%B6%B8%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%9A%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%AB%E0%B6%BA" title="කළමනාකරණය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="කළමනාකරණය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Management" title="Management – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Management" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pl%C3%A1novanie" title="Plánovanie – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Plánovanie" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mened%C5%BEment" title="Menedžment – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Menedžment" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%95%DA%95%DB%8E%D9%88%DB%95%D8%A8%DB%95%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="بەڕێوەبەری – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="بەڕێوەبەری" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%92%D0%B5%D1%9A%D0%B5" title="Руковођење – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Руковођење" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menad%C5%BEment" title="Menadžment – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Menadžment" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Management" title="Management – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Management" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pamamahala" title="Pamamahala – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Pamamahala" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%88" title="மேலாண்மை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மேலாண்மை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3" title="การจัดการ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การจัดการ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%82" title="Мудирият – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Мудирият" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0darecilik" title="İdarecilik – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="İdarecilik" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82" title="Менеджмент – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Менеджмент" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%85" title="انتظام – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="انتظام" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qu%E1%BA%A3n_l%C3%BD" title="Quản lý – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Quản lý" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%AE%A1%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="管理学 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="管理学" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%A9%D7%90%D7%A4%D7%98" title="פירערשאפט – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="פירערשאפט" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%AE%A1%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="管理學 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="管理學" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vad%C4%ABba" title="Vadība – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Vadība" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%AE%A1%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="管理学 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="管理学" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2920921#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage 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vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Coordinating the efforts of persons</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Manager" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Manager_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Manager (disambiguation)">Manager (disambiguation)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Management_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Management (disambiguation)">Management (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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li{margin-bottom:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Strategy" title="Category:Strategy">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Strategy" title="Strategy">Strategy</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Strategy_Concept.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Strategy topics"><img alt="Strategy topics" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Strategy_Concept.svg/80px-Strategy_Concept.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Strategy_Concept.svg/120px-Strategy_Concept.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Strategy_Concept.svg/160px-Strategy_Concept.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="455" data-file-height="455" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#DDFFDD;;color: var(--color-base)">Analysis methods</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Strategy" title="Strategy">Strategy</a> •  <a href="/wiki/Strategic_management" title="Strategic management">Strategic management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_strategy" title="Military strategy">Military strategy</a> •  <a href="/wiki/Strategic_studies" title="Strategic studies">Strategic studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_planning" title="Strategic planning">Strategic planning</a> •  <a href="/wiki/Strategic_thinking" title="Strategic thinking">Strategic thinking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decision_theory" title="Decision theory">Decision theory</a> •  <a href="/wiki/Game_theory" title="Game theory">Game theory</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#DDFFDD;;color: var(--color-base)">Major thinkers</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Porter" title="Michael Porter">Michael Porter</a>  •  <a href="/wiki/Rita_Gunther_McGrath" title="Rita Gunther McGrath">Rita Gunther McGrath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Henderson" title="Bruce Henderson">Bruce Henderson</a>  •  <a href="/wiki/Gary_Hamel" title="Gary Hamel">Gary Hamel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candace_A._Yano" title="Candace A. Yano">Candace A. Yano</a>  •  <a href="/wiki/C._K._Prahalad" title="C. K. Prahalad">C. K. Prahalad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_C._Collins" title="James C. Collins">Jim Collins</a>  •  <a href="/wiki/B._H._Liddell_Hart" title="B. H. Liddell Hart">Liddell Hart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_von_Clausewitz" title="Carl von Clausewitz">Carl von Clausewitz</a>  •  <a href="/wiki/Sun_Tzu" title="Sun Tzu">Sun Tzu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_Corbett" title="Julian Corbett">Julian Corbett</a>  •  <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Thayer_Mahan" title="Alfred Thayer Mahan">Alfred Thayer Mahan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J.C._Wylie" title="J.C. Wylie">J.C. Wylie</a>  •  <a href="/wiki/Adrian_Slywotzky" title="Adrian Slywotzky">Adrian Slywotzky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharon_Oster" title="Sharon Oster">Sharon Oster</a>  •  <a href="/wiki/Chris_Zook" title="Chris Zook">Chris Zook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Mintzberg" title="Henry Mintzberg">Henry Mintzberg</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#DDFFDD;;color: var(--color-base)">Concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Business_model" title="Business model">Business model</a>  •  <a href="/wiki/Competitive_advantage" title="Competitive advantage">Competitive advantage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Value_chain" title="Value chain">Value chain</a>  •  <a href="/wiki/Performance_effects" title="Performance effects">Performance effects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Core_competency" title="Core competency">Core competency</a> •  <a href="/wiki/Porter%27s_generic_strategies" title="Porter's generic strategies">Generic strategies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mission_statement" title="Mission statement">Mission statement</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#DDFFDD;;color: var(--color-base)">Frameworks and tools</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SWOT_analysis" title="SWOT analysis">SWOT</a> • <a href="/wiki/Porter%27s_five_forces_analysis" title="Porter's five forces analysis">Five forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balanced_scorecard" title="Balanced scorecard">Balanced scorecard</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ansoff_matrix" title="Ansoff matrix">Ansoff matrix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OGSM" title="OGSM">OGSM</a> • <a href="/wiki/Managerial_grid_model" title="Managerial grid model">Managerial grid model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PEST_analysis" title="PEST analysis">PEST analysis</a> • <a href="/wiki/Growth%E2%80%93share_matrix" title="Growth–share matrix">Growth–share matrix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segmenting-targeting-positioning" title="Segmenting-targeting-positioning">STP</a> • <a href="/wiki/MECE_principle" title="MECE principle">MECE principle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_Model_Canvas" class="mw-redirect" title="Business Model Canvas">Business Model Canvas</a> • <a href="/wiki/Kraljic_matrix" title="Kraljic matrix">Kraljic matrix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_Grid_Model" class="mw-redirect" title="Strategic Grid Model">Strategic Grid Model</a> • <a href="/wiki/Strategy_map" title="Strategy map">Strategy map</a> • <a href="/wiki/VRIO" title="VRIO">VRIO</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Strategy" title="Template:Strategy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Strategy" title="Template talk:Strategy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Strategy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Strategy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Management</b> (or <b>managing</b>) is the administration of organizations, whether <a href="/wiki/Business" title="Business">businesses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nonprofit_organization" title="Nonprofit organization">nonprofit organizations</a>, or a <a href="/wiki/Government_agency" title="Government agency">government bodies</a> through <a href="/wiki/Business_administration" title="Business administration">business administration</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nonprofit_studies" title="Nonprofit studies">nonprofit management</a>, or the <a href="/wiki/Political_science" title="Political science">political science</a> sub-field of <a href="/wiki/Public_administration" title="Public administration">public administration</a> respectively. It is the process of managing the resources of businesses, governments, and other organizations. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"></p><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="font-size:130%;"><a href="/wiki/Business_administration" title="Business administration">Business administration</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above"> Management of a business</td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align: center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Accounting" title="Accounting">Accounting</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Management_accounting" title="Management accounting">Management accounting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_accounting" title="Financial accounting">Financial accounting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audit" title="Audit">Audit</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align: center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Legal_person" title="Legal person">Business entity</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_legal_entity_types_by_country" title="List of legal entity types by country">list</a>)</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_group" title="Corporate group">Corporate group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporation_sole" title="Corporation sole">Corporation sole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Company" title="Company">Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conglomerate_(company)" title="Conglomerate (company)">Conglomerate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holding_company" title="Holding company">Holding company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooperative" title="Cooperative">Cooperative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporation" title="Corporation">Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint-stock_company" title="Joint-stock company">Joint-stock company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limited_liability_company" title="Limited liability company">Limited liability company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partnership" title="Partnership">Partnership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privately_held_company" title="Privately held company">Privately held company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sole_proprietorship" title="Sole proprietorship">Sole proprietorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State-owned_enterprise" title="State-owned enterprise">State-owned enterprise</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align: center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Corporate_governance" title="Corporate governance">Corporate governance</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Annual_general_meeting" title="Annual general meeting">Annual general meeting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Board_of_directors" title="Board of directors">Board of directors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supervisory_board" title="Supervisory board">Supervisory board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advisory_board" title="Advisory board">Advisory board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audit_committee" title="Audit committee">Audit committee</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align: center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Corporate_law" title="Corporate law">Corporate law</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_law" title="Commercial law">Commercial law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_documents" title="Constitutional documents">Constitutional documents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contract" title="Contract">Contract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_crime" title="Corporate crime">Corporate crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_liability" title="Corporate liability">Corporate liability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insolvency_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Insolvency law">Insolvency law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_trade_law" title="International trade law">International trade law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mergers_and_acquisitions" title="Mergers and acquisitions">Mergers and acquisitions</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align: center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Corporate_title" title="Corporate title">Corporate title</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chairman" class="mw-redirect" title="Chairman">Chairman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_business_officer" title="Chief business officer">Chief business officer</a>/<a href="/wiki/Chief_brand_officer" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief brand officer">Chief brand officer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_executive_officer" title="Chief executive officer">Chief executive officer</a>/<a href="/wiki/Chief_operating_officer" title="Chief operating officer">Chief operating officer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_financial_officer" title="Chief financial officer">Chief financial officer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_human_resources_officer" title="Chief human resources officer">Chief human resources officer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_information_officer" title="Chief information officer">Chief information officer</a>/<a href="/wiki/Chief_marketing_officer" title="Chief marketing officer">Chief marketing officer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_product_officer" title="Chief product officer">Chief product officer</a>/<a href="/wiki/Chief_technology_officer" title="Chief technology officer">Chief technology officer</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align: center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Economics" title="Economics">Economics</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commodity" title="Commodity">Commodity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_economics" title="Public economics">Public economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_economics" title="Labour economics">Labour economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_economics" title="Development economics">Development economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_economics" title="International economics">International economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_economy" title="Mixed economy">Mixed economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planned_economy" title="Planned economy">Planned economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Econometrics" title="Econometrics">Econometrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_economics" title="Environmental economics">Environmental economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_economy" title="Open economy">Open economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_economy" title="Market economy">Market economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knowledge_economy" title="Knowledge economy">Knowledge economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microeconomics" title="Microeconomics">Microeconomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macroeconomics" title="Macroeconomics">Macroeconomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_development" title="Economic development">Economic development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_statistics" title="Economic statistics">Economic statistics</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align: center;;color: var(--color-base)">Finance</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Financial_statement" title="Financial statement">Financial statement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurance" title="Insurance">Insurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Factoring_(finance)" title="Factoring (finance)">Factoring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cash_conversion_cycle" title="Cash conversion cycle">Cash conversion cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insider_dealing" class="mw-redirect" title="Insider dealing">Insider dealing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_budgeting" title="Capital budgeting">Capital budgeting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_bank" title="Commercial bank">Commercial bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derivative_(finance)" title="Derivative (finance)">Derivative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_statement_analysis" title="Financial statement analysis">Financial statement analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_risk" title="Financial risk">Financial risk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_finance" title="Public finance">Public finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_finance" title="Corporate finance">Corporate finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Managerial_finance" title="Managerial finance">Managerial finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_finance" title="International finance">International finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquidation" title="Liquidation">Liquidation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stock_market" title="Stock market">Stock market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_market" title="Financial market">Financial market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax" title="Tax">Tax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_institution" title="Financial institution">Financial institution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_management" title="Capital management">Capital management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venture_capital" title="Venture capital">Venture capital</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align: center;;color: var(--color-base)">Types of management</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asset_management" title="Asset management">Asset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brand_management" title="Brand management">Brand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_intelligence" title="Business intelligence">Business intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_development" title="Business development">Business development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capacity_management" title="Capacity management">Capacity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capability_management_in_business" title="Capability management in business">Capability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Change_management" title="Change management">Change</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Innovation_management" title="Innovation management">innovation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_management" title="Commercial management">Commercial</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marketing_management" title="Marketing management">Marketing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_management" title="Communications management">Communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Configuration_management" title="Configuration management">Configuration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conflict_management" title="Conflict management">Conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Content_management" title="Content management">Content</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Customer_relationship_management" title="Customer relationship management">Customer relationship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributed_management" title="Distributed management">Distributed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earned_value_management" title="Earned value management">Earned value</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_business" title="Electronic business">Electronic business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enterprise_resource_planning" title="Enterprise resource planning">Enterprise resource planning</a>  <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Management_information_system" title="Management information system">management information system</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_management" title="Financial management">Financial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_resource_management" title="Human resource management">Human resource</a>  <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_resources" title="Human resources">development</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incident_management" title="Incident management">Incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knowledge_management" title="Knowledge management">Knowledge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enterprise_legal_management" title="Enterprise legal management">Legal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Materials_management" title="Materials management">Materials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_management" title="Network management">Network</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Network_administrator" title="Network administrator">administrator</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_management" title="Office management">Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operations_management" title="Operations management">Operations</a>  <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operations_management_for_services" title="Operations management for services">services</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Performance_management" class="mw-redirect" title="Performance management">Performance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_management" title="Power management">Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_process_management" title="Business process management">Process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Product_life-cycle_management" class="mw-redirect" title="Product life-cycle management">Product life-cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Product_management" title="Product management">Product</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_management" title="Project management">Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Property_management" title="Property management">Property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quality_management" title="Quality management">Quality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Records_management" title="Records management">Records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resource_management" title="Resource management">Resource</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Risk_management" title="Risk management">Risk</a>  <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crisis_management" title="Crisis management">crisis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sales_management" title="Sales management">Sales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_management" title="Security management">Security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Service_management" title="Service management">Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_management" title="Strategic management">Strategic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supply_chain_management" title="Supply chain management">Supply chain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_management" title="Systems management">Systems</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/System_administrator" title="System administrator">administrator</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talent_management" title="Talent management">Talent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technology_management" title="Technology management">Technology</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align: center;;color: var(--color-base)">Organization</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Organizational_architecture" title="Organizational architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organizational_behavior" title="Organizational behavior">Behavior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organizational_communication" title="Organizational communication">Communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organizational_culture" title="Organizational culture">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organizational_conflict" title="Organizational conflict">Conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organization_development" title="Organization development">Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organizational_engineering" title="Organizational engineering">Engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hierarchical_organization" title="Hierarchical organization">Hierarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organizational_patterns" title="Organizational patterns">Patterns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organizational_space" title="Organizational space">Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organizational_structure" title="Organizational structure">Structure</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align: center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Trade" title="Trade">Trade</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Business_analysis" title="Business analysis">Business analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_ethics" title="Business ethics">Business ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_plan" title="Business plan">Business plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_judgment_rule" title="Business judgment rule">Business judgment rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consumer_behaviour" title="Consumer behaviour">Consumer behaviour</a></li> <li>Business operations</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_business" title="International business">International business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_model" title="Business model">Business model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_trade" title="International trade">International trade</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trade_route" title="Trade route">Trade route</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_process" title="Business process">Business process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_statistics" class="mw-redirect" title="Business statistics">Business statistics</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem-money.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/16px-Emblem-money.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/24px-Emblem-money.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/32px-Emblem-money.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Business_and_economics" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Business and economics">Business and economics portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Business_administration" title="Template:Business administration"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Business_administration" title="Template talk:Business administration"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Business_administration" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Business administration"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Larger organizations generally have three <a href="/wiki/Hierarchy" title="Hierarchy">hierarchical</a> levels of managers,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="Quotation needed from source to verify. (February 2025)">need quotation to verify</span></a></i>]</sup> organized in a pyramid structure: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Senior_management" title="Senior management">Senior management</a> roles include the <a href="/wiki/Board_of_directors" title="Board of directors">board of directors</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Chief_executive_officer" title="Chief executive officer">chief executive officer</a> (CEO) or a <a href="/wiki/President_(corporate_title)" title="President (corporate title)">president</a> of an organization. They set the strategic goals and policy of the organization and make decisions on how the overall organization will operate. Senior managers are generally executive-level professionals who provide direction to middle management. Compare <a href="/wiki/Governance" title="Governance">governance</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_management" title="Middle management">Middle management</a> roles include branch managers, regional managers, department managers, and section managers. They provide direction to front-line managers and communicate the strategic goals and policies of senior management to them.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Line_management" title="Line management">Line management</a> roles include <a href="/wiki/Supervisor" title="Supervisor">supervisors</a> and the front-line <a href="/wiki/Team_leader" title="Team leader">team leaders</a>, who oversee the work of regular employees, or volunteers in some voluntary organizations, and provide direction on their work. Line managers often perform the managerial functions that are traditionally considered the core of management. Despite the name, they are usually considered part of the workforce and not part of the organization's management class.</li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Category:Politics" title="Category:Politics">Politics series</a></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="border-top:1px #fafafa solid; border-bottom:1px #fafafa solid; background:#efefef; background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Politics" title="Politics">Politics</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above" style="display:block; margin-bottom:0.5em; background:transparent;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_political_science" title="Outline of political science">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_politics_articles" title="Index of politics articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Politics" title="Category:Politics">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed plainlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Primary topics</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_political_science" title="Outline of political science">Outline of political science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_politics_articles" title="Index of politics articles">Index of politics articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_by_country" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics by country">Politics by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_country_subdivisions" title="Politics of country subdivisions">Politics by subdivision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_economy" title="Political economy">Political economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_history" title="Political history">Political history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_history_of_the_world" title="Political history of the world">Political history of the world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy" title="Political philosophy">Political philosophy</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Political_system" title="Political system">Political systems</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchy" title="Anarchy">Anarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City-state" title="City-state">City-state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_leadership" title="Collective leadership">Collective leadership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confessional_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Confessional system">Confessional system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dictatorship" title="Dictatorship">Dictatorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directorial_system" title="Directorial system">Directorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federacy" title="Federacy">Federacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">Feudalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_regime" title="Hybrid regime">Hybrid regime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meritocracy" title="Meritocracy">Meritocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">Monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_system" title="Parliamentary system">Parliamentary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_system" title="Presidential system">Presidential</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic" title="Republic">Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semi-parliamentary_system" title="Semi-parliamentary system">Semi-parliamentary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semi-presidential_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-presidential system">Semi-presidential</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theocracy" title="Theocracy">Theocracy</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed plainlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Academic disciplines</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em; line-height:1.15em;"><a href="/wiki/Political_science" title="Political science">Political science</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/List_of_political_scientists" title="List of political scientists">political scientists</a>)</span></div></li> <li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em; line-height:1.15em;"><a href="/wiki/International_relations" title="International relations">International relations</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/International_relations_theory" title="International relations theory">theory</a>)</span></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparative_politics" title="Comparative politics">Comparative politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Election_science" title="Election science">Election science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psephology" title="Psephology">Political analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy" title="Political philosophy">Political theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Policy_studies" title="Policy studies">Policy studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_psychology" title="Political psychology">Political psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_sociology" title="Political sociology">Political sociology</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed plainlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Public_administration" title="Public administration">Public administration</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bureaucracy" title="Bureaucracy">Bureaucracy</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Street-level_bureaucracy" title="Street-level bureaucracy">street-level</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technocracy" title="Technocracy">Technocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adhocracy" title="Adhocracy">Adhocracy</a></li> <li>Service <ul><li>(<a href="/wiki/Public_service" title="Public service">Public</a> / <a href="/wiki/Civil_service" title="Civil service">Civil</a>)</li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Policy" title="Policy">Policy</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Public_policy" title="Public policy">Public policy</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Public_policy_doctrine" title="Public policy doctrine">doctrine</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_policy" title="Domestic policy">Domestic policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy" title="Foreign policy">Foreign policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_society" title="Civil society">Civil society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_interest" title="Public interest">Public interest</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed plainlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Government branches</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers" title="Separation of powers">Separation of powers</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Legislature" title="Legislature">Legislature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_(government)" title="Executive (government)">Executive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary" title="Judiciary">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Election_commission" title="Election commission">Election commission</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed plainlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Related topics</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">Sovereignty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polity" title="Polity">Polity</a> / <a href="/wiki/State_(polity)" title="State (polity)">State</a> / <a href="/wiki/Country" title="Country">Country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theories_of_political_behavior" title="Theories of political behavior">Theories of political behavior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biology_and_political_orientation" title="Biology and political orientation">Biology and political orientation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_organisation" title="Political organisation">Political organisations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_political_economy" title="Critique of political economy">Critique of political economy</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed plainlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Subseries</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_system" title="Electoral system">Electoral systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Election" title="Election">Elections</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Voting" title="Voting">voting</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_unitarism" title="Political unitarism">Unitarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalism" title="Federalism">Federalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government" title="Government">Government</a> <ul><li>(<a href="/wiki/List_of_forms_of_government" title="List of forms of government">forms</a> / <a href="/wiki/Governance" title="Governance">Governance</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideology" title="Ideology">Ideology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_culture" title="Political culture">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_campaign" title="Political campaign">Political campaigning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_party" title="Political party">Political parties</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="background:#efefef;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/16px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/24px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/32px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Politics_sidebar" title="Template:Politics sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Politics_sidebar" title="Template talk:Politics sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Politics_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Politics sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Management is taught - both as a theoretical subject as well as its a practical application - across different disciplines at colleges and universities. Prominent major degree-programs in management include <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Management" title="Doctor of Management">Management</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Business_Administration" title="Bachelor of Business Administration">Business Administration</a> and <a href="/wiki/Public_administration" title="Public administration">Public Administration</a>. <a href="/wiki/Social_science" title="Social science">Social scientists</a> study management as an <a href="/wiki/Academic_discipline" title="Academic discipline">academic discipline</a>, investigating areas such as <a href="/wiki/Social_organization" title="Social organization">social organization</a>, <a href="/wiki/Organizational_adaptation" title="Organizational adaptation">organizational adaptation</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Organizational_leadership" class="mw-redirect" title="Organizational leadership">organizational leadership</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In recent decades, there has been a movement for <a href="/wiki/Evidence-based_management" title="Evidence-based management">evidence-based management</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Management&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The English verb <i>manage</i> has its roots in the fifteenth-century <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> verb <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">mesnager</i></span>, which often referred in <a href="/wiki/Equestrianism" title="Equestrianism">equestrian</a> language "to hold in hand the reins of a horse".<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also the <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a> term <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">maneggiare</i></span> (to handle, especially tools or a horse) is possible. In <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>, <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">manejar</i></span> can also mean to rule the horses.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These three terms derive from the two <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> words <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">manus</i></span> (hand) and <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">agere</i></span> (to act). </p><p>The French word for <a href="/wiki/Housekeeping" title="Housekeeping">housekeeping</a>, <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">ménagerie</i></span>, derived from <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">ménager</i></span> ("to keep house"; compare <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">ménage</i></span> for "household"), also encompasses taking care of domestic animals. <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/menagerie" class="extiw" title="wikt:menagerie">Ménagerie</a></i></span> is the French translation of <a href="/wiki/Xenophon" title="Xenophon">Xenophon</a>'s famous book <i><a href="/wiki/Oeconomicus" title="Oeconomicus">Oeconomicus</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: <span lang="grc">Οἰκονομικός</span>) on household matters and <a href="/wiki/Husbandry" class="mw-redirect" title="Husbandry">husbandry</a>. The French word <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">mesnagement</i></span> (or <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">ménagement</i></span>) influenced the semantic development of the English word <i>management</i> in the 17th and 18th centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definitions">Definitions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Management&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Definitions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Views on the definition and scope of management include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Fayol" title="Henri Fayol">Henri Fayol</a> (1841–1925) stated: "To manage is to forecast and to plan, to organize, to command, to co-ordinate and to control".<sup id="cite_ref-Gulshan_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gulshan-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fredmund_Malik" title="Fredmund Malik">Fredmund Malik</a> (1944– ) defines management as "the transformation of resources into utility".<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Management is included<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (January 2020)">by whom?</span></a></i>]</sup> as one of the <a href="/wiki/Factors_of_production" title="Factors of production">factors of production</a> – along with machines, materials and money.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghislain_Deslandes" title="Ghislain Deslandes">Ghislain Deslandes</a> defines management as "a vulnerable force, under pressure to achieve results and endowed with the triple power of constraint, imitation, and imagination, operating on subjective, <a href="/wiki/Interpersonal_communication" title="Interpersonal communication">interpersonal</a>, institutional and environmental levels".<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Drucker" title="Peter Drucker">Peter Drucker</a> (1909–2005) saw the basic task of management as twofold: <a href="/wiki/Marketing" title="Marketing">marketing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Innovation" title="Innovation">innovation</a>. Nevertheless, innovation is also linked to marketing (product innovation is a central strategic marketing issue).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Drucker identifies marketing as a key essence for business success, but management and marketing are generally understood<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (June 2013)">by whom?</span></a></i>]</sup> as two different branches of business administration knowledge.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Theoretical_scope">Theoretical scope</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Management&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Theoretical scope"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Management involves identifying the <a href="/wiki/Mission_statement" title="Mission statement">mission</a>, objective, <a href="/wiki/Procedure_(business)" title="Procedure (business)">procedures</a>, rules and manipulation<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of the <a href="/wiki/Human_capital" title="Human capital">human capital</a> of an <a href="/wiki/Business" title="Business">enterprise</a> to contribute to the success of the enterprise.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scholars have focused on the management of individual,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> organizational,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and inter-organizational relationships. This implies effective <a href="/wiki/Communication" title="Communication">communication</a>: an enterprise environment (as opposed to a physical or mechanical mechanism) implies human <a href="/wiki/Motivation" title="Motivation">motivation</a> and implies some sort of successful progress or <a href="/wiki/System" title="System">system</a> outcome.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As such, management is not the manipulation of a mechanism (machine or automated program), not the herding of animals, and can occur either in a legal or in an illegal enterprise or environment. From an individual's perspective, management does not need to be seen solely from an enterprise point of view, because management is an essential<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="This term requires quantification. (January 2020)">quantify</span></a></i>]</sup> function in improving one's <a href="/wiki/Personal_life" title="Personal life">life</a> and <a href="/wiki/Social_relationship" class="mw-redirect" title="Social relationship">relationships</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Management is therefore everywhere<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and it has a wider range of application.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (August 2015)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Communication and a positive endeavor are two main aspects of it either through enterprise or through independent pursuit.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Plans, <a href="/wiki/Measurements" class="mw-redirect" title="Measurements">measurements</a>, motivational <a href="/wiki/Psychology" title="Psychology">psychological</a> tools, goals, and economic measures (profit, etc.) may or may not be necessary components for there to be management. At first, one views management functionally, such as measuring quantity, adjusting <a href="/wiki/Plan" title="Plan">plans</a>, and meeting <a href="/wiki/Goal" title="Goal">goals</a>,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> but this applies even in situations where planning does not take place. From this perspective, <a href="/wiki/Henri_Fayol" title="Henri Fayol">Henri Fayol</a> (1841–1925)<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (August 2015)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> considers management to consist of five <a href="/wiki/Function_(engineering)" title="Function (engineering)">functions</a>: </p> <ul><li>planning (forecasting)</li> <li>organizing</li> <li>commanding</li> <li>coordinating</li> <li>controlling</li></ul> <p>In another way of thinking, <a href="/wiki/Mary_Parker_Follett" title="Mary Parker Follett">Mary Parker Follett</a> (1868–1933), allegedly defined management as "the art of getting things done through people".<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She described management as a philosophy.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="Quotation needed from source to verify. (August 2015)">need quotation to verify</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Critics,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too vague attribution or weasel words. (August 2015)">which?</span></a></i>]</sup> however, find this definition useful but far too narrow. The phrase "management is what managers do" occurs widely,<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> suggesting the difficulty of defining management without <a href="/wiki/Circular_definition" title="Circular definition">circularity</a>, the shifting nature of definitions<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and the connection of <a href="/wiki/Managerialism" title="Managerialism">managerial practices</a> with the existence of a <a href="/wiki/Managerial_class" class="mw-redirect" title="Managerial class">managerial cadre</a> or of a <a href="/wiki/Social_class" title="Social class">class</a>. </p><p>One habit of thought regards management as equivalent to "<a href="/wiki/Business_administration" title="Business administration">business administration</a>" and thus excludes management in places outside <a href="/wiki/Commerce" title="Commerce">commerce</a>, for example in <a href="/wiki/Charitable_organization" title="Charitable organization">charities</a> and in the <a href="/wiki/Public_sector" title="Public sector">public sector</a>. More broadly, every organization must "manage" its work, people, processes, technology, etc. to maximize effectiveness.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Nonetheless, many people refer to university departments that teach management as "<a href="/wiki/Business_school" title="Business school">business schools</a>". Some such institutions (such as the <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Business_School" title="Harvard Business School">Harvard Business School</a>) use that name, while others (such as the <a href="/wiki/Yale_School_of_Management" title="Yale School of Management">Yale School of Management</a>) employ the broader term "management". </p><p>English speakers may also use the term "management" or "the management" as a collective word describing the managers of an organization, for example of a <a href="/wiki/Corporation" title="Corporation">corporation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historically this use of the term often contrasted with the term <i><a href="/wiki/Industrial_relations" title="Industrial relations">labor</a></i> – referring to those being managed.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Levels">Levels</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Management&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Levels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:USCG_Org_Chart.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/USCG_Org_Chart.jpg/200px-USCG_Org_Chart.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="236" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/USCG_Org_Chart.jpg/300px-USCG_Org_Chart.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/USCG_Org_Chart.jpg/400px-USCG_Org_Chart.jpg 2x" data-file-width="429" data-file-height="506" /></a><figcaption>An <a href="/wiki/Organization_chart" class="mw-redirect" title="Organization chart">organization chart</a> for the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard" title="United States Coast Guard">United States Coast Guard</a> shows the hierarchy of managerial roles in that organization.</figcaption></figure> <p>A common management structure of organizations includes three management levels: low-level, middle-level, and top-level managers. Low-level managers manage the work of non-managerial individuals who are directly involved with the production or creation of the organization's products. Low-level managers are often called supervisors, but may also be called line managers, office managers, or even foremen. Middle managers include all levels of management between the low level and the top level of the organization. These managers manage the work of low-level managers and may have titles such as department head, project leader, plant manager, or division manager. Top managers are responsible for making organization-wide decisions and establishing the plans and goals that affect the entire organization. These individuals typically have titles such as executive vice president, president, managing director, chief operating officer, chief executive officer, or board chairman. </p><p>These managers are classified in a <a href="/wiki/Hierarchy" title="Hierarchy">hierarchy</a> of <a href="/wiki/Authority_(sociology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Authority (sociology)">authority</a> and perform different tasks. In many organizations, the number of managers at every level resembles a pyramid. Each level is explained below in specifications of their different <a href="/wiki/Duty" title="Duty">responsibilities</a> and likely job titles. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Top_management">Top management</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Management&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Top management"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The top or senior layer of management is a small group which consists of the <a href="/wiki/Board_of_directors" title="Board of directors">board of directors</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Non-executive_director" title="Non-executive director">non-executive directors</a>, <a href="/wiki/Executive_director" title="Executive director">executive directors</a> and <a href="/wiki/Independent_director" title="Independent director">independent directors</a>), <a href="/wiki/President_(corporate_title)" title="President (corporate title)">president</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vice_president" title="Vice president">vice-president</a>, <a href="/wiki/CEO" class="mw-redirect" title="CEO">CEOs</a> and other members of the <a href="/wiki/Corporate_title" title="Corporate title">C-level</a> executives. Different organizations have various members in their C-suite, which may include a <a href="/wiki/Chief_financial_officer" title="Chief financial officer">chief financial officer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chief_technology_officer" title="Chief technology officer">chief technology officer</a>, and so on. They are responsible for controlling and overseeing the operations of the entire organization. They set a "<a href="/wiki/Tone_at_the_top" title="Tone at the top">tone at the top</a>" and develop <a href="/wiki/Strategic_planning" title="Strategic planning">strategic plans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Policy" title="Policy">company policies</a>, and make decisions on the overall direction of the organization. In addition, top-level managers play a significant role in the mobilization of outside resources. Senior managers are accountable to the shareholders, the general public, and public bodies that oversee corporations and similar organizations. Some members of the senior management may serve as the public face of the organization, and they may make speeches to introduce new strategies or appear in <a href="/wiki/Marketing" title="Marketing">marketing</a>. </p><p>The board of directors is typically primarily composed of non-executives who owe a <a href="/wiki/Fiduciary" title="Fiduciary">fiduciary</a> duty to shareholders and are not closely involved in the day-to-day activities of the organization. However, this varies depending on the type (e.g., public versus private), size, and culture of the organization. These directors are theoretically liable for breaches of that duty and are typically insured under <a href="/wiki/Directors_and_officers_liability_insurance" title="Directors and officers liability insurance">directors and officers liability insurance</a>. <a href="/wiki/Fortune_500" title="Fortune 500">Fortune 500</a> directors are estimated to spend 4.4 hours per week on board duties, and median compensation was $212,512 in 2010. The board sets corporate strategy, makes major decisions such as major acquisitions,<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and hires, evaluates, and fires the top-level manager (<a href="/wiki/Chief_executive_officer" title="Chief executive officer">chief executive officer</a> or CEO). The CEO typically hires other positions. However, board involvement in the hiring of other positions such as the <a href="/wiki/Chief_financial_officer" title="Chief financial officer">chief financial officer</a> (CFO) has increased.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2013, a survey of over 160 CEOs and directors of public and private companies found that the top weaknesses of CEOs were "<a href="/wiki/Mentoring" class="mw-redirect" title="Mentoring">mentoring</a> skills" and "board engagement", and 10% of companies never evaluated the CEO.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The board may also have certain employees (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Internal_auditor" title="Internal auditor">internal auditors</a>) report to them or directly hire independent <a href="/wiki/General_contractor" title="General contractor">contractors</a>; for example, the board (through the <a href="/wiki/Audit_committee" title="Audit committee">audit committee</a>) typically selects the <a href="/wiki/Auditor" title="Auditor">auditor</a>. </p><p>Helpful skills for top management vary by the type of organization but typically include a broad understanding of competition, world economies, and politics.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, the CEO is responsible for implementing and determining (within the board's framework) the broad policies of the organization. Executive management accomplishes the day-to-day details, including instructions for the preparation of department budgets, procedures, and schedules; appointment of middle-level executives such as department managers; coordination of departments; media and governmental relations; and <a href="/wiki/Shareholder" title="Shareholder">shareholder</a> communication. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Middle_management">Middle management</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Management&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Middle management"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Consist of <a href="/wiki/General_manager" title="General manager">general managers</a>, branch managers and department managers. They are accountable to the top management for their department's function. They devote more time to organizational and directional functions. Their roles can be emphasized as executing organizational plans in conformance with the company's policies and the top management's objectives, defining and discussing information and policies from top management to lower management, and most importantly, inspiring and providing guidance to lower-level managers towards better performance. </p><p>Middle management is the midway management of a categorized organization, being secondary to the senior management but above the deepest levels of operational members. An operational manager may be well-thought-out by middle management or may be categorized as a non-management operator, liable to the policy of the specific organization. The efficiency of the middle level is vital in any organization since it bridges the gap between top-level and bottom-level staff. </p><p>Their functions include: </p> <ul><li>Designing and implementing effective group and inter-group work and information systems</li> <li>Defining and monitoring group-level performance indicators</li> <li>Diagnosing and resolving problems within and among workgroups</li> <li>Designing and implementing reward systems that support cooperative behavior, as well as making decisions and sharing ideas with top managers</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Line_management">Line management</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Management&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Line management"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Line managers include <a href="/wiki/Supervisor" title="Supervisor">supervisors</a>, section leaders, forepersons, and team leaders. They focus on controlling and directing regular employees. They are usually responsible for assigning employees tasks, guiding and supervising employees on day-to-day activities, ensuring the quality and quantity of production and/or service, making recommendations and suggestions to employees on their work, and channeling employee concerns that they cannot resolve to mid-level managers or other administrators. Low-level or "front-line" managers also act as role models for their employees. In some types of work, front-line managers may also do some of the same tasks that employees do, at least some of the time. For example, in some restaurants, the front-line managers will also serve customers during a very busy period of the day. In general, line managers are considered part of the workforce and not part of the organization's proper management despite performing traditional management functions. </p><p>Front-line managers typically provide: </p> <ul><li>Training for new employees</li> <li>Basic supervision</li> <li>Motivation</li> <li>Performance feedback and guidance</li></ul> <p>Some front-line managers may also provide career planning for employees who aim to rise within the organization. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Training_and_education">Training and education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Management&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Training and education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Business_school" title="Business school">Business school</a>, <a href="/wiki/Public_policy_school" title="Public policy school">Public policy school</a>, and <a href="/wiki/College_of_Arts_and_Sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="College of Arts and Sciences">College of Arts and Sciences</a></div> <p>Colleges and universities around the world offer bachelor's degrees, graduate degrees, diplomas, and certificates in management; generally within their colleges of business, business schools, or faculty of management but also in other related departments. </p><p>Higher education has been characterized as a necessary factor in the managerial revolution in the 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Requirement">Requirement</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Management&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Requirement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While some professions require academic credentials in order to work in the profession (e.g., law, medicine, and engineering, which require, respectively the <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Bachelor of Law">Bachelor of Law</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Medicine" title="Doctor of Medicine">Doctor of Medicine</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Engineering" title="Bachelor of Engineering">Bachelor of Engineering</a> degrees), management and administration positions do not necessarily require the completion of academic degrees. Some well-known senior executives in the US who did not complete a degree include <a href="/wiki/Steve_Jobs" title="Steve Jobs">Steve Jobs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bill_Gates" title="Bill Gates">Bill Gates</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mark_Zuckerberg" title="Mark Zuckerberg">Mark Zuckerberg</a>. However, many managers and executives have completed some type of business or management training, such as a <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Commerce" title="Bachelor of Commerce">Bachelor of Commerce</a> or a <a href="/wiki/Master_of_Business_Administration" title="Master of Business Administration">Master of Business Administration</a> degree. Some major organizations, including companies, non-profit organizations, and governments, require applicants to managerial or executive positions to hold at minimum <a href="/wiki/Bachelor%27s_degree" title="Bachelor's degree">bachelor's degree</a> in a field related to administration or management, or in the case of business jobs, a Bachelor of Commerce or a similar degree. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Undergraduate">Undergraduate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Management&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Undergraduate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Business_education#Undergraduate_education" title="Business education">Business education § Undergraduate education</a>, <a href="/wiki/Political_science" title="Political science">Political science</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Public_administration" title="Public administration">Public administration</a></div> <p>At the undergraduate level, the most common business programs are the <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Business_Administration" title="Bachelor of Business Administration">Bachelor of Business Administration</a> (BBA) and <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Commerce" title="Bachelor of Commerce">Bachelor of Commerce</a> (B.Com.). These typically comprise a four-year program designed to give students an overview of the role of managers in planning and directing within an organization. Course topics include accounting, financial management, statistics, marketing, strategy, and other related areas. </p><p>Many other undergraduate degrees include the study of management, such as <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">Bachelor of Arts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Science" title="Bachelor of Science">Bachelor of Science</a> degrees with a major in <a href="/wiki/Business_administration" title="Business administration">business administration</a> or management and the <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">Bachelor of Arts</a> (BA) or <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Science" title="Bachelor of Science">Bachelor of Science</a> (BS) in <a href="/wiki/Political_science" title="Political science">political science</a> (PoliSci) with a concentration in <a href="/wiki/Public_administration" title="Public administration">public administration</a> or the Bachelor of Public Administration (B.P.A), a degree designed for individuals aiming to work as <a href="/wiki/Bureaucrat" title="Bureaucrat">bureaucrats</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Public_administration" title="Public administration">government jobs</a>. Many colleges and universities also offer certificates and diplomas in business administration or management, which typically require one to two years of full-time study. </p><p>To manage technological areas, one often needs an undergraduate degree in a <a href="/wiki/Science,_technology,_engineering,_and_mathematics#Immigration_policy" title="Science, technology, engineering, and mathematics">STEM area</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Graduate">Graduate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Management&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Graduate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Business_education#Postgraduate_education" title="Business education">Business education § Postgraduate education</a></div> <p>At the graduate level students aiming at careers as managers or executives may choose to specialize in major subareas of management or business administration such as <a href="/wiki/Entrepreneurship" title="Entrepreneurship">entrepreneurship</a>, <a href="/wiki/Human_resources" title="Human resources">human resources</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_business" title="International business">international business</a>, <a href="/wiki/Organizational_behavior" title="Organizational behavior">organizational behavior</a>, <a href="/wiki/Organizational_theory" title="Organizational theory">organizational theory</a>, <a href="/wiki/Strategic_management" title="Strategic management">strategic management</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Accounting" title="Accounting">accounting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Corporate_finance" title="Corporate finance">corporate finance</a>, entertainment, global management, <a href="/wiki/Healthcare_management" class="mw-redirect" title="Healthcare management">healthcare management</a>, <a href="/wiki/Investment_management" title="Investment management">investment management</a>, sustainability and <a href="/wiki/Real_estate" title="Real estate">real estate</a>. </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/Master_of_Business_Administration" title="Master of Business Administration">Master of Business Administration</a> (MBA) is the most popular professional degree at the master's level and can be obtained from many universities in the United States. MBA programs provide further education in management and leadership for graduate students. Other master's degrees in business and management include <a href="/wiki/Master_of_Management" title="Master of Management">Master of Management</a> (MM) and the <a href="/wiki/Master_of_Science" title="Master of Science">Master of Science</a> (M.Sc.) in business administration or management, which is typically taken by students aiming to become researchers or professors. </p><p>There are also specialized master's degrees in administration for individuals aiming at careers outside of <a href="/wiki/Business" title="Business">business</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/Master_of_Public_Administration" title="Master of Public Administration">Master of Public Administration</a> (MPA) degree (also offered as a <a href="/wiki/Master_of_Arts" title="Master of Arts">Master of Arts</a> or <a href="/wiki/Master_of_Science" title="Master of Science">Master of Science</a> in public administration in some universities), for students aiming to become managers or executives in the public service and the <a href="/wiki/Master_of_Health_Administration" title="Master of Health Administration">Master of Health Administration</a>, for students aiming to become managers or executives in the health care and hospital sector. </p><p>Management doctorates are the most advanced <a href="/wiki/Terminal_degree" title="Terminal degree">terminal degrees</a> in the field of business and management. Most individuals obtaining management doctorates take the programs to obtain the training in research methods, statistical analysis, and writing academic papers that they will need to seek careers as researchers, senior consultants, and/or professors in business administration or management. There are several types of management doctorates: the <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Management" title="Doctor of Management">Doctor of Management</a> (DM), the <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Business_Administration" title="Doctor of Business Administration">Doctor of Business Administration</a> (DBA), the <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Public_Administration" title="Doctor of Public Administration">Doctor of Public Administration</a>(DPA), the <a href="/wiki/Ph.D." class="mw-redirect" title="Ph.D.">Ph.D.</a> in business administration, the Ph.D. in management, and the Ph.D. in political science with a concentration in public administration. In the 2010s, doctorates in business administration and management were available with many specializations. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Good_practices">Good practices</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Management&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Good practices"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While management trends can change fast, the long-term trend in management has been defined by a market embracing diversity and a rising service industry. Managers are currently being trained to encourage greater <a href="/wiki/Equality_of_opportunities" class="mw-redirect" title="Equality of opportunities">equality of opportunities</a> for minorities and women in the workplace, offering increased flexibility in working hours, better retraining, and innovative (and usually industry-specific) performance markers. Managers destined for the service sector are being trained to use unique measurement techniques, better worker support, and more charismatic leadership styles.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <a href="/wiki/Promotion_(rank)" title="Promotion (rank)">Promotion</a> prospects can <a href="/wiki/Incentive" title="Incentive">incentivise</a> performance improvements.<sup id="cite_ref-j780_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-j780-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Human_resources" title="Human resources">Human resources</a> finds itself increasingly working with management in a training capacity to help collect management data on the success (or failure) of management actions with employees.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Good practices identified for managers include "walking the shop floor",<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and, especially for managers who are new in post, identifying and achieving some "quick wins" which demonstrate visible success in establishing appropriate objectives. Leadership writer <a href="/wiki/John_Kotter" title="John Kotter">John Kotter</a> uses the phrase "Short-Term Wins" to express the same idea.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As in all work, achieving an appropriate <a href="/wiki/Work-life_balance" class="mw-redirect" title="Work-life balance">work-life balance</a> for self and others is an important management practice.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Evidence-based_management">Evidence-based management</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Management&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Evidence-based management"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Evidence-based_management" title="Evidence-based management">Evidence-based management</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Evidence-based_management" title="Evidence-based management">Evidence-based management</a> is an emerging movement to use the current, best evidence in management and <a href="/wiki/Decision-making" title="Decision-making">decision-making</a>. It is part of the larger movement towards <a href="/wiki/Evidence-based_practices" class="mw-redirect" title="Evidence-based practices">evidence-based practices</a>. Evidence-based management entails managerial decisions and organizational practices informed by the best available evidence.<sup id="cite_ref-Pfeffer_2006_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pfeffer_2006-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As with other evidence-based practice, this is based on the three principles of published peer-reviewed (often in management or social science journals) research evidence that bears on whether and why a particular management practice works; judgment and experience from contextual management practice, to understand the organization and interpersonal dynamics in a situation and determine the risks and benefits of available actions; and the preferences and values of those affected.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Management&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some see management as a late-modern (in the sense of late <a href="/wiki/Modernity" title="Modernity">modernity</a>) conceptualization.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On those terms it cannot have a pre-modern history – only harbingers (such as <a href="/wiki/Steward_(office)" title="Steward (office)">stewards</a>). Others, however, detect management-like thought among ancient Sumerian traders and the builders of the pyramids of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">ancient Egypt</a>. Slave owners through the centuries faced the problems of exploiting and motivating a dependent but sometimes unenthusiastic or recalcitrant workforce, but many pre-industrial <a href="/wiki/Business" title="Business">enterprises</a>, given their small scale, did not feel compelled to face the issues of management systematically. However, <a href="/wiki/Innovation" title="Innovation">innovations</a> such as the spread of <a href="/wiki/Arabic_numeral_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic numeral system">Arabic numerals</a> (5th to 15th centuries) and the codification of <a href="/wiki/Double-entry_bookkeeping_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Double-entry bookkeeping system">double-entry book-keeping</a> (1494) provided <a href="/w/index.php?title=Management_tool&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Management tool (page does not exist)">tools</a> for management assessment, planning and control. </p> <ul><li>An organization is more stable if members have the right to express their differences and solve their conflicts within it.</li> <li>While one person can begin an organization, "it is lasting when it is left in the care of many and when many desire to maintain it".</li> <li>A weak manager can follow a strong one, but not another weak one, and maintain authority.</li> <li>A manager seeking to change an established organization "should retain at least a shadow of the ancient customs".</li></ul> <p>With the changing workplaces of the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a> in the 18th and 19th centuries, <a href="/wiki/Military" title="Military">military</a> theory and practice contributed approaches to managing the newly popular <a href="/wiki/Factory" title="Factory">factories</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Given the scale of most commercial operations and the lack of mechanized record-keeping and recording before the Industrial Revolution, it made sense for most <a href="/wiki/Ownership" title="Ownership">owners</a> of enterprises in those times to carry out management functions by and for themselves. But with the growing size and complexity of organizations, a distinction between owners (individuals, industrial dynasties, or groups of <a href="/wiki/Shareholder" title="Shareholder">shareholders</a>) and day-to-day managers (independent specialists in planning and control) gradually became more common. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_writing">Early writing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Management&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Early writing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The field of management originated in ancient China,<sup id="cite_ref-Ewan_Ferlie_p.30_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ewan_Ferlie_p.30-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including possibly the first highly centralized <a href="/wiki/Bureaucracy" title="Bureaucracy">bureaucratic</a> state, and the earliest (by the second century BC) example of an <a href="/wiki/Meritocracy" title="Meritocracy">administration based on merit</a> through <a href="/wiki/Imperial_examination" title="Imperial examination">testing</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-APHq_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-APHq-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some theorists have cited <a href="/wiki/Category:Ancient_military_books" title="Category:Ancient military books">ancient military texts</a> as providing lessons for civilian managers. For example, Chinese general <a href="/wiki/Sun_Tzu" title="Sun Tzu">Sun Tzu</a> in his 6th-century BC work <i><a href="/wiki/The_Art_of_War" title="The Art of War">The Art of War</a></i> recommends<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> (when re-phrased in modern terminology) being aware of and acting on strengths and weaknesses of both a manager's organization and a foe's.<sup id="cite_ref-management_gomez-mejia_p19_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-management_gomez-mejia_p19-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="Quotation needed from source to verify. (July 2018)">need quotation to verify</span></a></i>]</sup> The writings of influential <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Legalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese Legalist">Chinese Legalist</a> philosopher <a href="/wiki/Shen_Buhai" title="Shen Buhai">Shen Buhai</a> may be considered<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (August 2017)">by whom?</span></a></i>]</sup> to embody a rare premodern example of abstract theory of administration.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> American philosopher <a href="/wiki/Herrlee_G._Creel" title="Herrlee G. Creel">Herrlee G. Creel</a> and other scholars find the influence of Chinese administration in Europe by the 12th century.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thomas Taylor Meadows, Britain's consul in <a href="/wiki/Guangzhou" title="Guangzhou">Guangzhou</a>, argued in his <i>Desultory Notes on the Government and People of China</i> (1847) that "the long duration of the Chinese empire is solely and altogether owing to the good government which consists in the advancement of men of talent and merit only," and that the British must reform their civil service by making the institution <a href="/wiki/Meritocratic" class="mw-redirect" title="Meritocratic">meritocratic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bodde_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bodde-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Influenced by the ancient Chinese <a href="/wiki/Imperial_examination" title="Imperial examination">imperial examination</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Northcote%E2%80%93Trevelyan_Report" title="Northcote–Trevelyan Report">Northcote–Trevelyan Report</a> of 1854 recommended that recruitment should be on the basis of merit determined through competitive examination, candidates should have a solid general education to enable inter-departmental transfers, and promotion should be through achievement rather than "preferment, patronage, or purchase".<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bodde_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bodde-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This led to implementation of <a href="/wiki/Her_Majesty%27s_Civil_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Her Majesty's Civil Service">Her Majesty's Civil Service</a> as a systematic, meritocratic civil service bureaucracy.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Like the British, the development of French bureaucracy was influenced by the Chinese system. <a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a> claimed that the Chinese had "perfected moral science" and <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Quesnay" title="François Quesnay">François Quesnay</a> advocated an economic and political system modeled after that of the Chinese.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> French civil service examinations adopted in the late 19th century were also heavily based on general cultural studies. These features have been likened to the earlier Chinese model.<sup id="cite_ref-rung_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rung-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Various ancient and medieval civilizations produced "<a href="/wiki/Mirrors_for_princes" title="Mirrors for princes">mirrors for princes</a>" books, which aimed to advise new monarchs on how to govern. <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a> described job specialization in 350 BC, and <a href="/wiki/Alfarabi" class="mw-redirect" title="Alfarabi">Alfarabi</a> listed several leadership traits in AD 900.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other examples include the Indian <i><a href="/wiki/Arthashastra" title="Arthashastra">Arthashastra</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Chanakya" title="Chanakya">Chanakya</a> (written around 300 BC), and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Prince" title="The Prince">The Prince</a></i> by Italian author <a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli" title="Niccolò Machiavelli">Niccolò Machiavelli</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1515</span>).<sup id="cite_ref-management_gomez-mejia_p20_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-management_gomez-mejia_p20-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Mirrors_for_princes" title="Mirrors for princes">Mirrors for princes</a></div> <p>Written in 1776 by <a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Adam Smith</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scottish</a> <a href="/wiki/Ethics" title="Ethics">moral philosopher</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Wealth_of_Nations" title="The Wealth of Nations">The Wealth of Nations</a></i> discussed efficient organization of work through <a href="/wiki/Division_of_labour" title="Division of labour">division of labour</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-management_gomez-mejia_p20_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-management_gomez-mejia_p20-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Smith described how changes in processes could boost productivity in the manufacture of <a href="/wiki/Pin_(device)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pin (device)">pins</a>. While individuals could produce 200 pins per day, Smith analyzed the steps involved in the manufacture and, with 10 specialists, enabled the production of 48,000 pins per day.<sup id="cite_ref-management_gomez-mejia_p20_55-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-management_gomez-mejia_p20-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="Quotation needed from source to verify. (August 2017)">need quotation to verify</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="19th_century">19th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Management&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: 19th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Classical economists such as <a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Adam Smith</a> (1723–1790) and <a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">John Stuart Mill</a> (1806–1873) provided a theoretical background to <a href="/wiki/Resource_allocation" title="Resource allocation">resource allocation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Production_(economics)" title="Production (economics)">production (economics)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pricing" title="Pricing">pricing</a> issues. About the same time, innovators like <a href="/wiki/Eli_Whitney" title="Eli Whitney">Eli Whitney</a> (1765–1825), <a href="/wiki/James_Watt" title="James Watt">James Watt</a> (1736–1819), and <a href="/wiki/Matthew_Boulton" title="Matthew Boulton">Matthew Boulton</a> (1728–1809) developed elements of technical production such as <a href="/wiki/Standardization" title="Standardization">standardization</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quality_control" title="Quality control">quality-control</a> procedures, <a href="/wiki/Cost_accounting" title="Cost accounting">cost-accounting</a>, interchangeability of parts, and <a href="/wiki/Plan" title="Plan">work-planning</a>. Many of these aspects of management existed in the pre-1861 slave-based sector of the US economy. That environment saw 4 million people, as the contemporary usages had it, "managed" in profitable quasi-<a href="/wiki/Mass_production" title="Mass production">mass production</a><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> before <a href="/wiki/Wage_slavery" title="Wage slavery">wage slavery</a> eclipsed chattel slavery. </p><p>Salaried managers as an identifiable group first became prominent in the late 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As large corporations began to overshadow small family businesses the need for personnel management positions became more necessary.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Businesses grew into large corporations and the need for clerks, bookkeepers, secretaries and managers expanded. The demand for trained managers led college and university administrators to consider and move forward with plans to create the first schools of business on their campuses. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="20th_century">20th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Management&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: 20th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At the turn of the twentieth century, the need for skilled and trained managers had become increasingly apparent. The demand occurred as personnel departments began to expand rapidly. In 1915, less than one in twenty manufacturing firms had a dedicated personnel department. By 1929 that number had grown to over one-third.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Formal management education became standardized at colleges and universities.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Colleges and universities capitalized on the needs of corporations by forming business schools and corporate placement departments.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This shift toward formal business education marked the creation of a corporate elite in the US. </p><p>By about 1900 one finds managers trying to place their theories on what they regarded as a thoroughly scientific basis (see <a href="/wiki/Scientism" title="Scientism">scientism</a> for perceived limitations of this belief). Examples include <a href="/wiki/Henry_R._Towne" title="Henry R. Towne">Henry R. Towne</a>'s <i>Science of management</i> in the 1890s, <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Winslow_Taylor" title="Frederick Winslow Taylor">Frederick Winslow Taylor</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Principles_of_Scientific_Management" title="The Principles of Scientific Management">The Principles of Scientific Management</a></i> (1911), <a href="/wiki/Lillian_Moller_Gilbreth" title="Lillian Moller Gilbreth">Lillian Gilbreth</a>'s <i>Psychology of Management</i> (1914),<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Frank_Bunker_Gilbreth" title="Frank Bunker Gilbreth">Frank</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lillian_Moller_Gilbreth" title="Lillian Moller Gilbreth">Lillian Gilbreth</a>'s <i>Applied motion study</i> (1917), and <a href="/wiki/Henry_L._Gantt" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry L. Gantt">Henry L. Gantt</a>'s charts (1910s). J. Duncan wrote the first <a href="/wiki/College" title="College">college</a> management <a href="/wiki/Textbook" title="Textbook">textbook</a> in 1911. In 1912 <a href="/wiki/Yoichi_Ueno" title="Yoichi Ueno">Yoichi Ueno</a> introduced <a href="/wiki/Taylorism" class="mw-redirect" title="Taylorism">Taylorism</a> to <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> and became the first <a href="/wiki/Management_consultant" class="mw-redirect" title="Management consultant">management consultant</a> of the "<a href="/wiki/Japanese_management_culture" title="Japanese management culture">Japanese management style</a>". His son Ichiro Ueno pioneered Japanese <a href="/wiki/Quality_assurance" title="Quality assurance">quality assurance</a>. </p><p>The first comprehensive theories of management appeared around 1920.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Business_School" title="Harvard Business School">Harvard Business School</a> offered the first <a href="/wiki/Master_of_Business_Administration" title="Master of Business Administration">Master of Business Administration</a> degree (MBA) in 1921. People like <a href="/wiki/Henri_Fayol" title="Henri Fayol">Henri Fayol</a> (1841–1925) and <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton_Church" title="Alexander Hamilton Church">Alexander Church</a> (1866–1936) described the various branches of management and their inter-relationships. In the early 20th century, people like Ordway Tead (1891–1973), <a href="/wiki/Walter_Dill_Scott" title="Walter Dill Scott">Walter Scott</a> (1869–1955) and J. Mooney applied the principles of <a href="/wiki/Psychology" title="Psychology">psychology</a> to management. Other writers, such as <a href="/wiki/Elton_Mayo" title="Elton Mayo">Elton Mayo</a> (1880–1949), <a href="/wiki/Mary_Follett" class="mw-redirect" title="Mary Follett">Mary Parker Follett</a> (1868–1933), <a href="/wiki/Chester_Barnard" title="Chester Barnard">Chester Barnard</a> (1886–1961), <a href="/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber">Max Weber</a> (1864–1920), who saw what he called the "administrator" as <a href="/wiki/Bureaucrat" title="Bureaucrat">bureaucrat</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Rensis_Likert" title="Rensis Likert">Rensis Likert</a> (1903–1981), and <a href="/wiki/Chris_Argyris" title="Chris Argyris">Chris Argyris</a> (born 1923) approached the phenomenon of management from a <a href="/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology">sociological</a> perspective. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Peter_Drucker" title="Peter Drucker">Peter Drucker</a> (1909–2005) wrote one of the earliest books on applied management: <i><a href="/wiki/Concept_of_the_Corporation" title="Concept of the Corporation">Concept of the Corporation</a></i> (published in 1946). It resulted from <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Sloan" class="mw-redirect" title="Alfred Sloan">Alfred Sloan</a> (chairman of <a href="/wiki/General_Motors_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="General Motors Corporation">General Motors</a> until 1956) commissioning a study of the <a href="/wiki/Organization" title="Organization">organization</a>. Drucker went on to write 39 books, many in the same vein. </p><p>H. Dodge, <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Fisher" title="Ronald Fisher">Ronald Fisher</a> (1890–1962), and Thornton C. Fry introduced statistical techniques into management studies. In the 1940s, <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Maynard_Stuart_Blackett" class="mw-redirect" title="Patrick Maynard Stuart Blackett">Patrick Blackett</a> worked in the development of the <a href="/wiki/Applied_mathematics" title="Applied mathematics">applied-mathematics</a> <a href="/wiki/Science" title="Science">science</a> of <a href="/wiki/Operations_research" title="Operations research">operations research</a>, initially for military operations. Operations research, sometimes known as "<a href="/wiki/Management_science" title="Management science">management science</a>" (but distinct from Taylor's <a href="/wiki/Scientific_management" title="Scientific management">scientific management</a>), attempts to take a <a href="/wiki/Science" title="Science">scientific</a> approach to solving decision problems and can apply directly to multiple management problems, particularly in the areas of <a href="/wiki/Logistics" title="Logistics">logistics</a> and operations. </p><p>Some of the later 20th-century developments include the <a href="/wiki/Theory_of_constraints" title="Theory of constraints">theory of constraints</a> (introduced in 1984), <a href="/wiki/Management_by_objectives" title="Management by objectives">management by objectives</a> (systematized in 1954), <a href="/wiki/Business_process_reengineering" class="mw-redirect" title="Business process reengineering">re-engineering</a> (the early 1990s), <a href="/wiki/Six_Sigma" title="Six Sigma">Six Sigma</a> (1986), <a href="/wiki/Management_by_walking_around" class="mw-redirect" title="Management by walking around">management by walking around</a> (1970s), the <a href="/wiki/Viable_system_model" title="Viable system model">Viable system model</a> (1972), and various <a href="/wiki/Information_technology" title="Information technology"> information-technology</a>-driven theories such as <a href="/wiki/Agile_software_development" title="Agile software development">agile software development</a> (so-named from 2001), as well as group-management theories such as <a href="/wiki/Cog%27s_Ladder" class="mw-redirect" title="Cog's Ladder">Cog's Ladder</a> (1972) and the notion of <a href="/wiki/Tom_Peters" title="Tom Peters">"thriving on chaos"</a><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (1987). </p><p>As the general recognition of managers as a class solidified during the 20th century and gave perceived practitioners of the art/science of management a certain amount of prestige, so the way opened for <a href="/wiki/Business_philosophies_and_popular_management_theories" class="mw-redirect" title="Business philosophies and popular management theories">popularised systems of management ideas</a> to peddle their wares. In this context, many <a href="/wiki/Management_fad" title="Management fad">management fads</a> may have had more to do with <a href="/wiki/Pop_psychology" class="mw-redirect" title="Pop psychology">pop psychology</a> than with scientific theories of management. </p><p>Business management includes the following branches:<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Finance" title="Finance">financial management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_resource_management" title="Human resource management">human resource management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Management_cybernetics" title="Management cybernetics">Management cybernetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_technology_management" title="Information technology management">information technology management</a> (responsible for <a href="/wiki/Management_information_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Management information systems">management information systems</a> )</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marketing_management" title="Marketing management">marketing management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operations_management" title="Operations management">operations management</a> and <a href="/wiki/Manufacturing" title="Manufacturing">production</a> management</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_management" title="Strategic management">strategic management</a></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="21st_century">21st century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Management&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: 21st century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Branches of management theory also exist relating to <a href="/wiki/Non-profit_organization" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-profit organization">nonprofits</a> and to government: such as <a href="/wiki/Public_administration" title="Public administration">public administration</a>, <a href="/wiki/Public_management" class="mw-redirect" title="Public management">public management</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Educational_management" title="Educational management">educational management</a>. Further, management programs related to <a href="/wiki/Civil_society" title="Civil society">civil society</a> organizations have also spawned programs in nonprofit management and <a href="/wiki/Social_entrepreneurship" title="Social entrepreneurship">social entrepreneurship</a>. </p><p>Many of the assumptions made by management have come under attack from <a href="/wiki/Business_ethics" title="Business ethics">business-ethics</a> viewpoints, <a href="/wiki/Critical_management_studies" title="Critical management studies">critical management studies</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Anti-corporate_activism" title="Anti-corporate activism">anti-corporate activism</a>. </p><p>As one consequence, <a href="/wiki/Workplace_democracy" title="Workplace democracy">workplace democracy</a> (sometimes referred to as <a href="/wiki/Workers%27_self-management" title="Workers' self-management">Workers' self-management</a>) has become both more common and more advocated, in some places distributing all management functions among workers, each of whom takes on a portion of the work. However, these models predate any current political issue and may occur more naturally than does a <a href="/wiki/Command_hierarchy" title="Command hierarchy">command hierarchy</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nature_of_work">Nature of work</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Management&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Nature of work"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In profitable organizations, management's primary function is the satisfaction of a range of <a href="/wiki/Stakeholder_(corporate)" title="Stakeholder (corporate)">stakeholders</a>. This typically involves making a profit (for the shareholders), creating valued products at a reasonable cost (for customers), and providing great employment opportunities for employees. In case of nonprofit management, one of the main functions is, keeping the faith of donors. In most models of management and <a href="/wiki/Governance" title="Governance">governance</a>, shareholders vote for the <a href="/wiki/Board_of_directors" title="Board of directors">board of directors</a>, and the board then hires senior management. Some organizations have experimented with other methods (such as employee-voting models) of selecting or reviewing managers, but this is rare. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Topics">Topics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Management&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Topics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Basics">Basics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Management&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Basics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to <a href="/wiki/Henri_Fayol" title="Henri Fayol">Fayol</a>, management operates through five basic functions: planning, organizing, commanding, coordinating and controlling. </p> <ul><li><b>Planning</b>: Deciding what needs to happen in the future and generating action plans (deciding in advance).</li> <li><b>Organizing</b> (or staffing): Making sure the human and nonhuman resources are put into place.<sup id="cite_ref-Peaucelle2015_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peaucelle2015-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Commanding</b> (or leading): Determining what must be done in a situation and getting people to do it.</li> <li><b>Coordinating</b>: Creating a structure through which an organization's goals can be accomplished.</li> <li><b>Controlling</b>: Checking progress against plans.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Basic_roles">Basic roles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Management&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Basic roles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><b>Interpersonal</b>: roles that involve coordination and interaction with employees.</li></ul> <p>Figurehead, leader, liaison </p> <ul><li><b>Informational</b>: roles that involve handling, sharing, and analyzing information.</li></ul> <p>Nerve centre, disseminator, spokesperson </p> <ul><li><b>Decision</b>: roles that require decision-making.</li></ul> <p>Entrepreneur, negotiator, allocator, disturbance handler </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Skills">Skills</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Management&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Skills"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Management skills include: </p> <ul><li>Political: used to build a power base and to establish <a href="/wiki/Personal_network" title="Personal network">connections.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interpersonal" class="mw-redirect" title="Interpersonal">Interpersonal</a>: used to communicate, <a href="/wiki/Motivate" class="mw-redirect" title="Motivate">motivate</a>, mentor and delegate.</li> <li>Diagnostic: ability to <a href="/wiki/Mental_image" title="Mental image">visualize</a> appropriate responses to a situation.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leadership" title="Leadership">Leadership</a>: ability to communicate a vision and inspire people to embrace that vision. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cross-cultural_leadership" title="Cross-cultural leadership">cross-cultural leadership</a>: the ability to understand the effects of culture on leadership style.</li></ul></li> <li>Behavioural: perception towards others, conflict resolution, time management, self-improvement, stress management and resilience, patience, clear communication.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Implementation_of_policies_and_strategies">Implementation of policies and strategies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Management&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Implementation of policies and strategies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>All policies and strategies must be discussed with all managerial personnel and staff.</li> <li>Managers must understand where and how they can implement their policies and strategies.</li> <li>An action plan must be devised for each department.</li> <li>Policies and strategies must be reviewed regularly.</li> <li>Contingency plans must be devised in case the environment changes.</li> <li>Top-level managers should carry out regular progress assessments.</li> <li>The business requires team spirit and a good environment.</li> <li>The missions, objectives, strengths, and weaknesses of each department must be analyzed to determine their roles in achieving the business's mission.</li> <li>The forecasting method develops a reliable picture of the business's future environment.</li> <li>A planning unit must be created to ensure that all plans are consistent and that policies and strategies are aimed at achieving the same mission and objectives.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Policies_and_strategies_in_the_planning_process">Policies and strategies in the planning process</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Management&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Policies and strategies in the planning process"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>They give mid and lower-level managers a good idea of the future plans for each department in an organization.</li> <li>A framework is created whereby plans and decisions are made.</li> <li>Mid and lower-level management may add their own plans to the business's strategies.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Management&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem-money.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/28px-Emblem-money.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/42px-Emblem-money.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/56px-Emblem-money.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Business_and_economics" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Business and economics">Business and economics portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Certificate_in_Management_Studies" title="Certificate in Management Studies">Certificate in Management Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engineering_management" title="Engineering management">Engineering management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_management" title="Outline of management">Outline of management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_business_management" title="Outline of business management">Outline of business management</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Management&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFDuBrin,_Andrew_J.2009" class="citation book cs1">DuBrin, Andrew J. (2009). <i>Essentials of management</i> (8th ed.). Mason, OH: Thomson Business & Economics. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-324-35389-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-324-35389-1"><bdi>978-0-324-35389-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/227205643">227205643</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Essentials+of+management&rft.place=Mason%2C+OH&rft.edition=8th&rft.pub=Thomson+Business+%26+Economics&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F227205643&rft.isbn=978-0-324-35389-1&rft.au=DuBrin%2C+Andrew+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManagement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Waring, S.P., 2016. <i>Taylorism Transformed: Scientific management theory since 1945</i>. UNC Press Books.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cebma.org/faq/evidence-based-management/">"What Is Evidence-Based Management? – Center for Evidence-Based Management"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-03-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+Is+Evidence-Based+Management%3F+%E2%80%93+Center+for+Evidence-Based+Management&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcebma.org%2Ffaq%2Fevidence-based-management%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManagement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMintzberg2014" class="citation book cs1">Mintzberg, Henry,. (2014). <i>Manager l'essentiel : ce que font vraiment les managers ... et ce qu'ils pourraient faire mieux</i>. Paris: Vuibert. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-311-40094-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-311-40094-6"><bdi>978-2-311-40094-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Manager+l%27essentiel+%3A+ce+que+font+vraiment+les+managers+...+et+ce+qu%27ils+pourraient+faire+mieux&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Vuibert&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-2-311-40094-6&rft.aulast=Mintzberg&rft.aufirst=Henry%2C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManagement" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReal_Academia_Española" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Real Academia Española, Diccionario de la lengua española. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dle.rae.es/manejar">"manejar | Diccionario de la lengua española"</a> (in Spanish).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=manejar+%7C+Diccionario+de+la+lengua+espa%C3%B1ola&rft.aulast=Real+Academia+Espa%C3%B1ola&rft.aufirst=Diccionario+de+la+lengua+espa%C3%B1ola&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdle.rae.es%2Fmanejar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManagement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFXenophon1734" class="citation web cs1">Xenophon (1734). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ITdXAAAAcAAJ&q=menagerie+xenophon&pg=PP21">"Oikonomikos. Oder Xenophon vom Haus-Wesen, aus der Griechischen- in die Teutsche Sprache übersetzet von Barthold Henrich Brockes, dem jüngern. Mit einer Vorrede S.T. Herrn Jo. Alb. Fabricii ... Nebst den wenigen Stücken, die aus der Lateinischen Uebersetzung Ciceronis noch übrig"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Oikonomikos.+Oder+Xenophon+vom+Haus-Wesen%2C+aus+der+Griechischen-+in+die+Teutsche+Sprache+%C3%BCbersetzet+von+Barthold+Henrich+Brockes%2C+dem+j%C3%BCngern.+Mit+einer+Vorrede+S.T.+Herrn+Jo.+Alb.+Fabricii+...+Nebst+den+wenigen+St%C3%BCcken%2C+die+aus+der+Lateinischen+Uebersetzung+Ciceronis+noch+%C3%BCbrig&rft.date=1734&rft.au=Xenophon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DITdXAAAAcAAJ%26q%3Dmenagerie%2Bxenophon%26pg%3DPP21&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManagement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/113218?redirectedFrom=management#eid">"Home : Oxford English Dictionary"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Home+%3A+Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2Fview%2FEntry%2F113218%3FredirectedFrom%3Dmanagement%23eid&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManagement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gulshan-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gulshan_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSS_Gulshan" class="citation book cs1">SS Gulshan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ky4em-N02tAC&pg=PA6"><i>Management Principles and Practices by Lallan Prasad and SS Gulshan</i></a>. Excel Books India. pp. 6–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-5062-099-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-93-5062-099-1"><bdi>978-93-5062-099-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Management+Principles+and+Practices+by+Lallan+Prasad+and+SS+Gulshan&rft.pages=6-&rft.pub=Excel+Books+India&rft.isbn=978-93-5062-099-1&rft.au=SS+Gulshan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dky4em-N02tAC%26pg%3DPA6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManagement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://prezi.com/zhtml5qf4el6/management-is-the-transformation-of-resources-into-utility/">Ann Viola Ulvin</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Deslandes G., (2014), “Management in Xenophon's Philosophy: a Retrospective Analysis”, 38th Annual Research Conference, Philosophy of Management, 2014, July 14–16, Chicago</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Prabbal Frank attempts to make a subtle distinction between management and manipulation: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrank2007" class="citation book cs1">Frank, Prabbal (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=H9n2vQ7JFVwC"><i>People Manipulation: A Positive Approach</i></a> (2 ed.). New Delhi: Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd (published 2009). pp. <span class="nowrap">3–</span>7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-207-4352-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-207-4352-6"><bdi>978-81-207-4352-6</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-09-05</span></span>. <q>There is a difference between management and manipulation. The difference is thin [...] If management is handling, then manipulation is skillful handling. In short, manipulation is skillful management. [...] Manipulation is in essence leveraged management. [...] It is an alive thing while management is a dead concept. It requires a proactive approach rather than a reactive approach. [...] People cannot be managed.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=People+Manipulation%3A+A+Positive+Approach&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E3-%3C%2Fspan%3E7&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=Sterling+Publishers+Pvt.+Ltd&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-81-207-4352-6&rft.aulast=Frank&rft.aufirst=Prabbal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DH9n2vQ7JFVwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManagement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPowell2001" class="citation journal cs1">Powell, Thomas C. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fsmj.173">"Competitive advantage: logical and philosophical considerations"</a>. <i>Strategic Management Journal</i>. <b>22</b> (9): <span class="nowrap">875–</span>888. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fsmj.173">10.1002/smj.173</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1097-0266">1097-0266</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Strategic+Management+Journal&rft.atitle=Competitive+advantage%3A+logical+and+philosophical+considerations&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E875-%3C%2Fspan%3E888&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fsmj.173&rft.issn=1097-0266&rft.aulast=Powell&rft.aufirst=Thomas+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1002%252Fsmj.173&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManagement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLangfred2000" class="citation journal cs1">Langfred, Claus (2000). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-06-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Entrepreneurs+Box&rft.atitle=Managerial+Skills+-+3+Types+of+Skills+Each+Manager+Will+Need&rft.date=2021-06-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.entrepreneurshipinabox.com%2F202%2Fmanagerial-skills%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManagement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iedunote.com/management-is-universal">"Management is Universal Process and Phenomenon (Explained)"</a>. <i>www.iedunote.com</i>. 2018-06-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-06-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.iedunote.com&rft.atitle=Management+is+Universal+Process+and+Phenomenon+%28Explained%29&rft.date=2018-06-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iedunote.com%2Fmanagement-is-universal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManagement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i> Administration industrielle et générale – prévoyance organization – commandment, coordination – contrôle</i>, Paris: Dunod, 1966</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones2013" class="citation book cs1">Jones, Norman L. (2013-10-02). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nvDQAQAAQBAJ">"Chapter Two: Of Poetry and Politics: The Managerial Culture of Sixteenth-Century England"</a>. In Kaufman, Peter Iver (ed.). <i>Leadership and Elizabethan Culture</i>. Jepson Studies in Leadership. Palgrave Macmillan (published 2013). p. 17. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-137-34029-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-137-34029-0"><bdi>978-1-137-34029-0</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-08-29</span></span>. <q>Mary Parker Follett, the 'prophet of management' reputedly defined management as the 'art of getting things done through people.' [...] Whether or not she said it, Follett describes the attributes of dynamic management as being coactive rather than coercive.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+Two%3A+Of+Poetry+and+Politics%3A+The+Managerial+Culture+of+Sixteenth-Century+England&rft.btitle=Leadership+and+Elizabethan+Culture&rft.series=Jepson+Studies+in+Leadership&rft.pages=17&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2013-10-02&rft.isbn=978-1-137-34029-0&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Norman+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnvDQAQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManagement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Vocational Business: Training, Developing and Motivating People</i> by Richard Barrett – Business & Economics – 2003. p. 51.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Compare: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolmes2012" class="citation book cs1">Holmes, Leonard (2012-11-28). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eWvz_oUFLaMC"><i>The Dominance of Management: A Participatory Critique</i></a>. Voices in Development Management. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. (published 2012). p. 20. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4094-8866-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4094-8866-8"><bdi>978-1-4094-8866-8</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-08-29</span></span>. <q>Lupton's (1983: 17) notion that management is 'what managers do during their working hours', if valid, could only apply to descriptive conceptualizations of management, where 'management' is effectively synonymous with 'managing', and where 'managing' refers to an activity, or set of activities carried out by managers.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dominance+of+Management%3A+A+Participatory+Critique&rft.series=Voices+in+Development+Management&rft.pages=20&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing%2C+Ltd.&rft.date=2012-11-28&rft.isbn=978-1-4094-8866-8&rft.aulast=Holmes&rft.aufirst=Leonard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeWvz_oUFLaMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManagement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarper" class="citation web cs1">Harper, Douglas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.etymonline.com/?term=management">"management"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Online_Etymology_Dictionary" title="Online Etymology Dictionary">Online Etymology Dictionary</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-08-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft.atitle=management&rft.aulast=Harper&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2F%3Fterm%3Dmanagement&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManagement" class="Z3988"></span> – "Meaning 'governing body' (originally of a theater) is from 1739."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> See for examples <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMellingMcKinlay1996" class="citation book cs1">Melling, Joseph; McKinlay, Alan, eds. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-08-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Management%2C+Labour%2C+and+Industrial+Politics+in+Modern+Europe%3A+The+Quest+for+Productivity+Growth+During+the+Twentieth+Century&rft.pub=Edward+Elgar&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-1-85898-016-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVP2zAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManagement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gsb.stanford.edu/sites/default/files/documents/03.Board%20Duties.pdf">Board of Directors: Duties & Liabilities</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140324044348/http://www.gsb.stanford.edu/sites/default/files/documents/03.Board%20Duties.pdf">Archived</a> 2014-03-24 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. 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Columbia University.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=China%3A+A+Teaching+Workbook&rft.pub=Columbia+University&rft.aulast=Bodde&rft.aufirst=Derke&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fafe.easia.columbia.edu%2Fsong%2Freadings%2Finventions_ideas.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManagement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.civilservant.org.uk/northcotetrevelyan.pdf">Full text of the Northcote-Trevelyan Report</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141222072511/http://www.civilservant.org.uk/northcotetrevelyan.pdf">Archived</a> 22 December 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalker2003" class="citation news cs1">Walker, David (2003-07-09). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/society/2003/jul/09/publicsector.guardiansocietysupplement">"Fair game"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. London, UK<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2003-07-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Fair+game&rft.date=2003-07-09&rft.aulast=Walker&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fsociety%2F2003%2Fjul%2F09%2Fpublicsector.guardiansocietysupplement&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManagement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMark_W._HuddlestonWilliam_W._Boyer1996" class="citation book cs1">Mark W. Huddleston; William W. Boyer (1996). <i>The Higher Civil Service in the United States: Quest for Reform</i>. University of Pittsburgh Pre. p. 15. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0822974738" title="Special:BookSources/0822974738"><bdi>0822974738</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Higher+Civil+Service+in+the+United+States%3A+Quest+for+Reform&rft.pages=15&rft.pub=University+of+Pittsburgh+Pre&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0822974738&rft.au=Mark+W.+Huddleston&rft.au=William+W.+Boyer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManagement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rung-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-rung_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRung2002" class="citation book cs1">Rung, Margaret C. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ucVgkbmqynUC"><i>Servants of the State: Managing Diversity & Democracy in the Federal Workforce, 1933-1953</i></a>. University of Georgia Press. pp. 8, <span class="nowrap">200–</span>201. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0820323624" title="Special:BookSources/0820323624"><bdi>0820323624</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Servants+of+the+State%3A+Managing+Diversity+%26+Democracy+in+the+Federal+Workforce%2C+1933-1953&rft.pages=8%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E200-%3C%2Fspan%3E201&rft.pub=University+of+Georgia+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0820323624&rft.aulast=Rung&rft.aufirst=Margaret+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DucVgkbmqynUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManagement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Griffin, Ricky W. CUSTOM Management: Principles and Practices, International Edition, 11th Edition. Cengage Learning UK, 08/2014</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-management_gomez-mejia_p20-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-management_gomez-mejia_p20_55-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-management_gomez-mejia_p20_55-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-management_gomez-mejia_p20_55-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGomez-MejiaDavid_B._BalkinRobert_L._Cardy2008" class="citation book cs1">Gomez-Mejia, Luis R.; David B. Balkin; Robert L. Cardy (2008). <i>Management: People, Performance, Change</i> (3 ed.). 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Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674988576" title="Special:BookSources/9780674988576"><bdi>9780674988576</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Accounting+for+Slavery%3A+Masters+and+Management&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=9780674988576&rft.aulast=Rosenthal&rft.aufirst=Caitlin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2eBjDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManagement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhurana2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rakesh_Khurana" title="Rakesh Khurana">Khurana, Rakesh</a> (2010) [2007]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=v3DfpKEsNREC"><i>From Higher Aims to Hired Hands: The Social Transformation of American Business Schools and the Unfulfilled Promise of Management as a Profession</i></a>. Princeton University Press. p. 3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-3086-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-3086-2"><bdi>978-1-4008-3086-2</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-08-24</span></span>. <q>When salaried managers first appeared in the large corporations of the late nineteenth century, it was not obvious who they were, what they did, or why they should be entrusted with the task of running corporations.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Higher+Aims+to+Hired+Hands%3A+The+Social+Transformation+of+American+Business+Schools+and+the+Unfulfilled+Promise+of+Management+as+a+Profession&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-4008-3086-2&rft.aulast=Khurana&rft.aufirst=Rakesh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dv3DfpKEsNREC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManagement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGroeger2018" class="citation journal cs1">Groeger, Cristina V. 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(1985). "Employing Bureaucracy: Managers, Unions, and the Transformation of Work in American Industry, 1900-1945". <i>Columbia University Press</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Columbia+University+Press&rft.atitle=Employing+Bureaucracy%3A+Managers%2C+Unions%2C+and+the+Transformation+of+Work+in+American+Industry%2C+1900-1945&rft.date=1985&rft.aulast=Jacoby&rft.aufirst=S.M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManagement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCruikshank1987" class="citation journal cs1">Cruikshank, L (1987). 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(February 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0018268017000486/type/journal_article">"A "Good Mixer": University Placement in Corporate America, 1890–1940"</a>. <i>History of Education Quarterly</i>. <b>58</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">33–</span>64. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fheq.2017.48">10.1017/heq.2017.48</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0018-2680">0018-2680</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:149037078">149037078</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+of+Education+Quarterly&rft.atitle=A+%22Good+Mixer%22%3A+University+Placement+in+Corporate+America%2C+1890%E2%80%931940&rft.volume=58&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E33-%3C%2Fspan%3E64&rft.date=2018-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A149037078%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0018-2680&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fheq.2017.48&rft.aulast=Groeger&rft.aufirst=Cristina+V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fproduct%2Fidentifier%2FS0018268017000486%2Ftype%2Fjournal_article&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManagement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGilbreth" class="citation book cs1">Gilbreth, Lillian Moller. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/thepsychologyofm16256gut"><i>The Psychology of Management: The Function of the Mind in Determining, Teaching and Installing Methods of Least Waste</i></a> – via Internet Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Psychology+of+Management%3A+The+Function+of+the+Mind+in+Determining%2C+Teaching+and+Installing+Methods+of+Least+Waste&rft.aulast=Gilbreth&rft.aufirst=Lillian+Moller&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fthepsychologyofm16256gut&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManagement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeggeStantonSmyth2005" class="citation book cs1">Legge, David; Stanton, Pauline; Smyth, Anne (October 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yA2SR4DgU5wC">"Learning management (and managing your own learning)"</a>. In Harris, Mary G. (ed.). <i>Managing Health Services: Concepts and Practice</i>. Marrickville, NSW: Elsevier Australia (published 2006). p. 13. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7295-3759-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7295-3759-9"><bdi>978-0-7295-3759-9</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-07-11</span></span>. <q>The <i>manager as bureaucrat</i> is the guardian of roles, rules, and relationships; his or her style of management relies heavily on working according to the book. In the Weberian tradition, managers are necessary to coordinate the different roles that contribute to the production process and to mediate communication from the head office to the shop floor and back. This style of management assumes a world view in which the bureaucratic role is seen as separate from, and taking precedence over, other constructions of self (including the obligations of citizenship), at least for the working day.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Learning+management+%28and+managing+your+own+learning%29&rft.btitle=Managing+Health+Services%3A+Concepts+and+Practice&rft.place=Marrickville%2C+NSW&rft.pages=13&rft.pub=Elsevier+Australia&rft.date=2005-10&rft.isbn=978-0-7295-3759-9&rft.aulast=Legge&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Stanton%2C+Pauline&rft.au=Smyth%2C+Anne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyA2SR4DgU5wC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManagement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeters1987" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tom_Peters" title="Tom Peters">Peters, Thomas J.</a> (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ly4yuwEACAAJ"><i>Thriving on Chaos: Handbook for a Management Revolution</i></a>. Perennial Library. Vol. 7184. Knopf. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780394560618" title="Special:BookSources/9780394560618"><bdi>9780394560618</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Thriving+on+Chaos%3A+Handbook+for+a+Management+Revolution&rft.series=Perennial+Library&rft.pub=Knopf&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=9780394560618&rft.aulast=Peters&rft.aufirst=Thomas+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dly4yuwEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManagement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Peaucelle2015-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Peaucelle2015_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJean-Louis_Peaucelle2015" class="citation book cs1">Jean-Louis Peaucelle (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dLg6CgAAQBAJ&pg=PA55"><i>Henri Fayol, the Manager</i></a>. Routledge. pp. 55–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-31939-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-31939-9"><bdi>978-1-317-31939-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Henri+Fayol%2C+the+Manager&rft.pages=55-&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-317-31939-9&rft.au=Jean-Louis+Peaucelle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdLg6CgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA55&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManagement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Management&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Management&library=OLBP">Online books</a>, and library resources <a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Management">in your library</a> and <a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Management&library=0CHOOSE0">in other libraries</a> about Management</li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a 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template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Management" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Management"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Management363" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Management</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_management" title="Outline of management">Outline of management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_management_articles" title="Index of management articles">Index of management articles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: LemonChiffon">By type<br />of organization</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academic_administration" title="Academic administration">Academic</a></li> <li>Association</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_administration" title="Business administration">Business</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Restaurant_management" title="Restaurant management">Restaurant</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_management" class="mw-redirect" title="Court management">Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_administration" title="Health administration">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligence_cycle_management" title="Intelligence cycle management">Intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_administration" title="Military administration">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_administration" title="Public administration">Public</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reputation_management" title="Reputation management">Reputation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: LemonChiffon">By focus,<br />within an<br />organization</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">On scope</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Strategic_management" title="Strategic management">Strategic</a><br />(top-level)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capability_management" title="Capability management">Capability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_management" title="Capital management">Capital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Change_management" title="Change management">Change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_management" title="Communications management">Communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_management" title="Financial management">Financial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Innovation_management" title="Innovation management">Innovation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enterprise_legal_management" title="Enterprise legal management">Legal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Performance_management" class="mw-redirect" title="Performance management">Performance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Risk_management" title="Risk management">Risk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_management" title="Systems management">Systems</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">On component</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Facility_management" title="Facility management">Facility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Product_management" title="Product management">Product</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Product_lifecycle" title="Product lifecycle">Product lifecycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brand_management" title="Brand management">Brand</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_management" title="Project management">Project</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Construction_management" title="Construction management">Construction</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Program_management" title="Program management">Program</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">On activity or<br />department<br />managed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Line_management" title="Line management">Line</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marketing_management" title="Marketing management">Marketing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operations_management" title="Operations management">Operations</a>/<a href="/wiki/Manufacturing_process_management" title="Manufacturing process management">production</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Process_management_(computing)" title="Process management (computing)">Process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quality_management" title="Quality management">Quality</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sales_management" title="Sales management">Sales</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Staff_management" title="Staff management">Staff</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accounting_management" class="mw-redirect" title="Accounting management">Accounting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_management" title="Office management">Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Records_management" title="Records management">Records</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">On aspect or<br />relationship</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Customer_relationship_management" title="Customer relationship management">Customer relationship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engineering_management" title="Engineering management">Engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logistics" title="Logistics">Logistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perception_management" title="Perception management">Perception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supply_chain_management" title="Supply chain management">Supply chain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talent_management" title="Talent management">Talent</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">On problem</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conflict_management" title="Conflict management">Conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crisis_management" title="Crisis management">Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stress_management" title="Stress management">Stress</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Resource_management" title="Resource management">On resource</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_resource_management" title="Environmental resource management">Environmental resource</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_inventory_management" title="Field inventory management">Field inventory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_resource_management" title="Human resource management">Human resources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_management" title="Information management">Information</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_technology_management" title="Information technology management">Information technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knowledge_management" title="Knowledge management">Knowledge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_management" title="Land management">Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Materials_management" title="Materials management">Materials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skills_management" title="Skills management">Skills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technology_management" title="Technology management">Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_management" title="Time management">Time</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: LemonChiffon">Positions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interim_management" title="Interim management">Interim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_management" title="Middle management">Middle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senior_management" title="Senior management">Senior</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: LemonChiffon">Methods,<br />approaches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adhocracy" title="Adhocracy">Adhocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collaborative_method" title="Collaborative method">Collaborative method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributed_management" title="Distributed management">Distributed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earned_value_management" title="Earned value management">Earned value management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evidence-based_management" title="Evidence-based management">Evidence-based management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Full_range_leadership_model" title="Full range leadership model">Full range leadership model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Management_by_objectives" title="Management by objectives">Management by objectives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Management_style" title="Management style">Management style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macromanagement" title="Macromanagement">Macromanagement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micromanagement" title="Micromanagement">Micromanagement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_management" title="Scientific management">Scientific management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_entrepreneurship" title="Social entrepreneurship">Social entrepreneurship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_management" title="Sustainable management">Sustainable management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Team_building" title="Team building">Team building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_management" title="Virtual management">Virtual management</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: LemonChiffon">Skills,<br />activities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Decision-making" title="Decision-making">Decision-making</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forecasting" title="Forecasting">Forecasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leadership" title="Leadership">Leadership</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: LemonChiffon">Pioneers,<br />scholars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Drucker" title="Peter Drucker">Peter Drucker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eliyahu_M._Goldratt" title="Eliyahu M. Goldratt">Eliyahu M. Goldratt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_E._Williamson" title="Oliver E. Williamson">Oliver E. Williamson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: LemonChiffon">Education</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Business_school" title="Business school">Business school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Certified_Business_Manager" title="Certified Business Manager">Certified Business Manager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chartered_Management_Institute" title="Chartered Management Institute">Chartered Management Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_management_studies" title="Critical management studies">Critical management studies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: LemonChiffon">Degrees</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Business_Administration" title="Bachelor of Business Administration">Bachelor of Business Administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master_of_Business_Administration" title="Master of Business Administration">Master of Business Administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PhD_in_management" title="PhD in management">PhD in management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Business_Administration" title="Doctor of Business Administration">Doctor of Business Administration</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: LemonChiffon">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Business_administration" title="Business administration">Administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collaboration" title="Collaboration">Collaboration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_governance" title="Corporate governance">Corporate governance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_compensation" title="Executive compensation">Executive compensation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Management_consulting" title="Management consulting">Management consulting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Control_(management)" title="Control (management)">Management control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Management_cybernetics" title="Management cybernetics">Management cybernetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Management_development" title="Management development">Management development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Management_fad" title="Management fad">Management fad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Management_system" title="Management system">Management system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Managerial_economics" title="Managerial economics">Managerial economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Managerial_psychology" title="Managerial psychology">Managerial psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Managerialism" title="Managerialism">Managerialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organization_development" title="Organization development">Organization development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organizational_behavior_management" title="Organizational behavior management">Organizational behavior management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pointy-haired_Boss" class="mw-redirect" title="Pointy-haired Boss">Pointy-haired Boss</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, 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navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Social_sciences" title="Template:Social sciences"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Social_sciences" title="Template talk:Social sciences"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Social_sciences" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Social sciences"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Social_sciences710" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Social_science" title="Social science">Social sciences</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_social_science" title="Outline of social science">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_social_sciences" title="History of the social sciences">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_sociology_articles" title="Index of sociology articles">Index</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Primary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthropology" title="Anthropology">Anthropology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaeology" title="Archaeology">archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_anthropology" title="Cultural anthropology">cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_anthropology" title="Social anthropology">social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_anthropology" class="mw-redirect" title="Physical anthropology">physical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economics" title="Economics">Economics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microeconomics" title="Microeconomics">microeconomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macroeconomics" title="Macroeconomics">macroeconomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Econometrics" title="Econometrics">econometrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_economics" title="Mathematical economics">mathematical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography" title="Geography">Geography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Physical_geography" title="Physical geography">physical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_geography" title="Human geography">human</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technical_geography" title="Technical geography">technical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_geography" title="Integrated geography">integrated</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History" title="History">History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_history" title="Cultural history">cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auxiliary_sciences_of_history" title="Auxiliary sciences of history">auxiliary sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history" title="Economic history">economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_history_(field)" title="World history (field)">human</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history" title="Military history">military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_history" title="Political history">political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_history" title="Social history">social</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law" title="Law">Law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jurisprudence" title="Jurisprudence">jurisprudence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_history" title="Legal history">legal history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_legal_systems" title="List of national legal systems">legal systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_law" title="Public law">public law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_law" title="Private law">private law</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistics" title="Linguistics">Linguistics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Semiotics" title="Semiotics">semiotics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_science" title="Political science">Political science</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_relations" title="International relations">international relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparative_politics" title="Comparative politics">comparative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy" title="Political philosophy">philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_policy" title="Public policy">public policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_administration" title="Public administration">public administration</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychology" title="Psychology">Psychology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abnormal_psychology" title="Abnormal psychology">abnormal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_psychology" title="Cognitive psychology">cognitive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Developmental_psychology" title="Developmental psychology">developmental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personality_psychology" title="Personality psychology">personality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_psychology" title="Social psychology">social</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology">Sociology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criminology" title="Criminology">criminology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demography" title="Demography">demography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_the_Internet" title="Sociology of the Internet">internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rural_sociology" title="Rural sociology">rural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_sociology" title="Urban sociology">urban</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Interdisciplinary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Administration <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Business_administration" title="Business administration">business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_administration" title="Public administration">public</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthrozoology" title="Anthrozoology">Anthrozoology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Area_studies" title="Area studies">Area studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_studies" title="Business studies">Business studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_science" title="Cognitive science">Cognitive science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communication_studies" title="Communication studies">Communication studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_studies" title="Community studies">Community studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminology" title="Criminology">Criminology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_studies" title="Cultural studies">Cultural studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_studies" title="Development studies">Development studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education" title="Education">Education</a></li> <li>Environmental <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_social_science" title="Environmental social science">social science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_studies" title="Environmental studies">studies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_studies" title="Food studies">Food studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_studies" title="Gender studies">Gender studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_studies" title="Global studies">Global studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_sociology" title="Historical sociology">Historical sociology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_technology" title="History of technology">History of technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_ecology" title="Human ecology">Human ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_science" title="Information science">Information science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_relations" title="International relations">International studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistics" title="Linguistics">Linguistics</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_studies" title="Media studies">Media studies</a></li> <li>Philosophies <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_science" title="Philosophy of science">science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_and_economics" title="Philosophy and economics"> economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_history" title="Philosophy of history">history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_psychology" title="Philosophy of psychology">psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_social_science" title="Philosophy of social science">social science</a></li></ul></li> <li>Planning <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Land-use_planning" title="Land-use planning">land use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_planning" title="Regional planning">regional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_planning" title="Urban planning">urban</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_ecology" title="Political ecology">Political ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_economy" title="Political economy">Political economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_sociology" title="Political sociology">Political sociology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_health" title="Public health">Public health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_science" title="Regional science">Regional science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_studies" title="Science and technology studies">Science and technology studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_studies" title="Science studies">Science studies</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_science" title="History of science">historical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_social_science" title="Quantum social science">Quantum social science</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_work" title="Social work">Social work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegan_studies" title="Vegan studies">Vegan studies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">List</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_social_science_journals" title="List of social science journals">List of social science journals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other categorizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Behavioral sciences">Behavioral sciences</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Geisteswissenschaft" title="Geisteswissenschaft">Geisteswissenschaft</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_science" title="Human science">Human science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanities" title="Humanities">Humanities</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Social_sciences" title="Category:Social sciences">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Social_sciences" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Social sciences">Commons</a></b></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Social_sciences.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/32px-Social_sciences.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/48px-Social_sciences.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/64px-Social_sciences.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="139" data-file-height="122" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Society" title="Portal:Society">Society portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wikiversity page"><img alt="" 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style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata2576" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" 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class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Management"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4037278-9">Germany</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Management"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85080336">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="経営"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00565308">Japan</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="management"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph115217&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Menedžments"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000052723&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="ניהול"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007545938805171">Israel</a></span></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Management"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/014183">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Management"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10638999">NARA</a></span></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Management&oldid=1274118824">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Management&oldid=1274118824</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Management" title="Category:Management">Management</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Management_occupations" title="Category:Management occupations">Management occupations</a></li><li><a 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