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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pre-Columbian_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Pre-Columbian history </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pre-Columbian_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spanish_era_(1523–1821)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spanish_era_(1523–1821)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Spanish era (1523–1821) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spanish_era_(1523–1821)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Independent_Nicaragua_from_1821_to_1909" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Independent_Nicaragua_from_1821_to_1909"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Independent Nicaragua from 1821 to 1909 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Independent_Nicaragua_from_1821_to_1909-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States_occupation_(1909–1933)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States_occupation_(1909–1933)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 United States occupation (1909–1933) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States_occupation_(1909–1933)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Somoza_dynasty_(1927–1979)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Somoza_dynasty_(1927–1979)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Somoza dynasty (1927–1979) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Somoza_dynasty_(1927–1979)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nicaraguan_Revolution_(1960s–1990)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nicaraguan_Revolution_(1960s–1990)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Nicaraguan Revolution (1960s–1990) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nicaraguan_Revolution_(1960s–1990)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contras" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contras"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7 Contras </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contras-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-war_(1990–2018)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-war_(1990–2018)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.8 Post-war (1990–2018) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-war_(1990–2018)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography_and_climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography_and_climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Geography and climate </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography_and_climate-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Geography and climate subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Geography_and_climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pacific_lowlands" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pacific_lowlands"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Pacific lowlands </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pacific_lowlands-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-North_central_highlands" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#North_central_highlands"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 North central highlands </div> </a> <ul id="toc-North_central_highlands-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Caribbean_lowlands" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Caribbean_lowlands"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Caribbean lowlands </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Caribbean_lowlands-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Flora_and_fauna" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flora_and_fauna"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Flora and fauna </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flora_and_fauna-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Government </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Government-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Government subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Foreign_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Foreign relations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Military </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Law_enforcement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Law_enforcement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Law enforcement </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Law_enforcement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Administrative_divisions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administrative_divisions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Administrative divisions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Administrative_divisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Economy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Economy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Tourism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tourism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Tourism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tourism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Demographics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Demographics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ethnic_groups" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethnic_groups"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Ethnic groups </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethnic_groups-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Black_Creoles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Black_Creoles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1.1 Black Creoles </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Black_Creoles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indigenous_population" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indigenous_population"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1.2 Indigenous population </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indigenous_population-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Languages </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Largest_cities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Largest_cities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Largest cities </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Largest_cities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Religion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Immigration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Immigration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5 Immigration </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Immigration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diaspora" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diaspora"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.6 Diaspora </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diaspora-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Healthcare" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Healthcare"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.7 Healthcare </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Healthcare-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.8 Education </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gender_equality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gender_equality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.9 Gender equality </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gender_equality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Music </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Dance </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Literature </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cuisine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cuisine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 Cuisine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cuisine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.5 Media </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.6 Sports </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Additional_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Additional_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Additional sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Additional_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 External links </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-External_links-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle External links subsection </button> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Government_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.1 Government </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Government_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.2 Other </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Nicaragua</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 232 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-232" aria-hidden="true" > 232 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikaragua" title="Nikaragua – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Nikaragua" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Acèh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ady mw-list-item"><a href="https://ady.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%B0" title="Никарагуа – Adyghe" lang="ady" hreflang="ady" data-title="Никарагуа" data-language-autonym="Адыгабзэ" data-language-local-name="Adyghe" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгабзэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Nicaragua" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Nicaragua" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%92%E1%8A%AB%E1%88%AB%E1%8C%93" title="ኒካራጓ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ኒካራጓ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Nicaragua" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Anarâškielâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%86" title="निकारागुआ – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="निकारागुआ" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Nicaragua" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%BA%D9%88%D8%A7" title="نيكاراغوا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نيكاراغوا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Nicaragua" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicaragoa" title="Nicaragoa – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Nicaragoa" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Nicaragua" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikar%C3%A1gua" title="Nikarágua – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Nikarágua" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikarwa" title="Nikarwa – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Nikarwa" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aymar aru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikaraqua" title="Nikaraqua – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Nikaraqua" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%88%D8%A6%D9%87" title="نیکاراقوئه – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="نیکاراقوئه" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikaragua" title="Nikaragua – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Nikaragua" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bm mw-list-item"><a href="https://bm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikaragwa" title="Nikaragwa – Bambara" lang="bm" hreflang="bm" data-title="Nikaragwa" data-language-autonym="Bamanankan" data-language-local-name="Bambara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bamanankan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE" title="নিকারাগুয়া – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="নিকারাগুয়া" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Nicaragua" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%B0" title="Никарагуа – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Никарагуа" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%B0" title="Нікарагуа – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Нікарагуа" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%B0" title="Нікарагуа – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Нікарагуа" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%86" title="निकारागुआ – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="निकारागुआ" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikaragua" title="Nikaragua – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Nikaragua" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikaragwa" title="Nikaragwa – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Nikaragwa" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bislama</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%B0" title="Никарагуа – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Никарагуа" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Nicaragua" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%93%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%80%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%82%E0%BD%B4%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%9D%E0%BC%8D" title="ནི་ཀ་ར་གུ་ཝ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ནི་ཀ་ར་གུ་ཝ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikaragva" title="Nikaragva – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Nikaragva" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Nicaragua" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%B0" title="Никарагуа – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Никарагуа" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Nicaragua" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%B0" title="Никарагуа – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Никарагуа" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Nicaragua" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikaragua" title="Nikaragua – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Nikaragua" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Nicaragua" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chavacano de Zamboanga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ny mw-list-item"><a href="https://ny.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua – Nyanja" lang="ny" hreflang="ny" data-title="Nicaragua" data-language-autonym="Chi-Chewa" data-language-local-name="Nyanja" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chi-Chewa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Nicaragua" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicaragwa" title="Nicaragwa – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Nicaragwa" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Nicaragua" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%DD%A3%D9%88%D8%A7" title="نيكاراݣوا – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="نيكاراݣوا" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Nicaragua" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Davvisámegiella</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Nicaragua" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%82%DE%A8%DE%86%DE%A6%DE%83%DE%A7%DE%8E%DE%AA%DE%87%DE%A7" title="ނިކަރާގުއާ – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ނިކަރާގުއާ" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ދިވެހިބަސް</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naakaii_T%C3%A1b%C4%85%C4%85h%C3%AD_Bik%C3%A9yah" title="Naakaii Tábąąhí Bikéyah – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Naakaii Tábąąhí Bikéyah" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Diné bizaad</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikaragua" title="Nikaragua – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Nikaragua" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dolnoserbski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE" title="निकाराग्वा – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="निकाराग्वा" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target">डोटेली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Nicaragua" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9D%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%AC%CE%B3%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%B1" title="Νικαράγουα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Νικαράγουα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%B0" title="Никарагуа – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Никарагуа" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Эрзянь</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Nicaragua" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikaragvo" title="Nikaragvo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Nikaragvo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicar%C3%A1gua" title="Nicarágua – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Nicarágua" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikaragua" title="Nikaragua – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Nikaragua" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ee mw-list-item"><a href="https://ee.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua – Ewe" lang="ee" hreflang="ee" data-title="Nicaragua" data-language-autonym="Eʋegbe" data-language-local-name="Ewe" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eʋegbe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%AF%D9%88%D8%A6%D9%87" title="نیکاراگوئه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نیکاراگوئه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Nicaragua" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikaragua" title="Nikaragua – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Nikaragua" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Nicaragua" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikarag%C3%BBa" title="Nikaragûa – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Nikaragûa" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ff mw-list-item"><a href="https://ff.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikaraaguwa" title="Nikaraaguwa – Fula" lang="ff" hreflang="ff" data-title="Nikaraaguwa" data-language-autonym="Fulfulde" data-language-local-name="Fula" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fulfulde</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicearagua" title="Nicearagua – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Nicearagua" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yn_Nickeraag" title="Yn Nickeraag – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Yn Nickeraag" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikaragua" title="Nikaragua – Gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Nikaragua" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="Gagauz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagauz</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niocaragua" title="Niocaragua – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Niocaragua" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Nicaragua" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%A8%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%95%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%97%E0%AB%81%E0%AA%86" title="નિકારાગુઆ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="નિકારાગુઆ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%86" title="निकारागुआ – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="निकारागुआ" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target">गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Nicaragua" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8B%88%EC%B9%B4%EB%9D%BC%EA%B3%BC" title="니카라과 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="니카라과" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Nicaragua" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%86%D5%AB%D5%AF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%A3%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A1" title="Նիկարագուա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Նիկարագուա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%86" title="निकारागुआ – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="निकारागुआ" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikaragua" title="Nikaragua – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Nikaragua" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikaragva" title="Nikaragva – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Nikaragva" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikaragua" title="Nikaragua – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Nikaragua" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Nicaragua" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE" title="নিকারাগুয়া – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="নিকারাগুয়া" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target">বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikaragua" title="Nikaragua – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Nikaragua" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Nicaragua" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Nicaragua" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%83%C3%A6" title="Никарагуæ – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Никарагуæ" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Nicaragua" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%ADkaragva" title="Níkaragva – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Níkaragva" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Nicaragua" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%92%D7%95%D7%90%D7%94" title="ניקרגואה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ניקרגואה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikaragua" title="Nikaragua – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Nikaragua" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikaraguwa" title="Nikaraguwa – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Nikaraguwa" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%B5" title="ನಿಕರಾಗುವ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ನಿಕರಾಗುವ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikaragua" title="Nikaragua – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Nikaragua" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%92%E1%83%A3%E1%83%90" title="ნიკარაგუა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ნიკარაგუა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%B0" title="Никарагуа – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Никарагуа" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikaragwa" title="Nikaragwa – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Nikaragwa" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikaragwa" title="Nikaragwa – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Nikaragwa" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikinyarwanda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikaragua" title="Nikaragua – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Nikaragua" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%B0" title="Никарагуа – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Никарагуа" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikaragwa" title="Nikaragwa – Kongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Nikaragwa" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="Kongo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kongo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Nicaragua" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kotava</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikaragwa" title="Nikaragwa – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Nikaragwa" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikaragwa" title="Nikaragwa – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Nikaragwa" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%AEkaragua" title="Nîkaragua – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Nîkaragua" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%B0" title="Никарагуа – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Никарагуа" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%B0" title="Никарагуа – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Никарагуа" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кырык мары</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Nicaragua" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikaragua" title="Nikaragua – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Nikaragua" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Nicaragua" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikaragva" title="Nikaragva – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Nikaragva" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Nicaragua" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikaragva" title="Nikaragva – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Nikaragva" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Nicaragua" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Nicaragua" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikalagwa" title="Nikalagwa – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Nikalagwa" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Nicaragua" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikaragua" title="Nikaragua – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Nikaragua" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/nikaraguas" title="nikaraguas – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="nikaraguas" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Nicaragua" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Nicaragua" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikaragua" title="Nikaragua – Madurese" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Nikaragua" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="Madurese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Madhurâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Никарагва – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Никарагва" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikaragoa" title="Nikaragoa – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Nikaragoa" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B5" title="നിക്കരാഗ്വ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="നിക്കരാഗ്വ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikaragwa" title="Nikaragwa – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Nikaragwa" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikar%C4%81hua" title="Nikarāhua – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Nikarāhua" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target">Māori</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE" title="निकाराग्वा – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="निकाराग्वा" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%92%E1%83%A3%E1%83%90" title="ნიკარაგუა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ნიკარაგუა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%A7" title="نيكاراجوا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="نيكاراجوا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%AF%D9%88%D8%A6%D9%87" title="نیکاراگوئه – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="نیکاراگوئه" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Nicaragua" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%85%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%80%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%94%EA%AF%92%EA%AF%AD%EA%AF%8B%EA%AF%A5" title="ꯅꯤꯀꯥꯔꯒ꯭ꯋꯥ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯅꯤꯀꯥꯔꯒ꯭ꯋꯥ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikaragua" title="Nikaragua – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Nikaragua" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Nicaragua" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%91icar%C3%A1gua" title="Ñicarágua – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Ñicarágua" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%B0" title="Никарагуа – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Никарагуа" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Мокшень</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%B0" title="Никарагуа – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Никарагуа" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%94%E1%80%AE%E1%80%80%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AC%E1%80%82%E1%80%BD%E1%80%AB%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%84%E1%80%B6" title="နီကာရာဂွါနိုင်ငံ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="နီကာရာဂွါနိုင်ငံ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Nicaragua" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Na Vosa Vakaviti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Nicaragua" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Nicaragua" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE" title="निकाराग्वा – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="निकाराग्वा" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8B%E3%82%AB%E3%83%A9%E3%82%B0%E3%82%A2" title="ニカラグア – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ニカラグア" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%B0" title="Никарагуа – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Никарагуа" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikaraagua" title="Nikaraagua – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Nikaraagua" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua – Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Nicaragua" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Norfuk / Pitkern" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norfuk / Pitkern</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Nicaragua" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Nicaragua" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikaragua" title="Nikaragua – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Nikaragua" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target">Novial</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Nicaragua" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%B0" title="Никарагуа – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Никарагуа" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Олык марий</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikaraagu%27aa" title="Nikaraagu'aa – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Nikaraagu'aa" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oromoo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikaragua" title="Nikaragua – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Nikaragua" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%97%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%86" title="ਨਿਕਾਰਾਗੁਆ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਨਿਕਾਰਾਗੁਆ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE" title="निकारगुवा – Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="निकारगुवा" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="Pali" class="interlanguage-link-target">पालि</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ami mw-list-item"><a href="https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua – Amis" lang="ami" hreflang="ami" data-title="Nicaragua" data-language-autonym="Pangcah" data-language-local-name="Amis" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pangcah</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%AF%D9%88%D8%A7" title="نکاراگوا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="نکاراگوا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Nicaragua" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%8A%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%AB%D9%88%D8%A7%DB%8C" title="نيکاراګوای – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="نيکاراګوای" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikaragua" title="Nikaragua – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Nikaragua" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Nicaragua" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Picard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Nicaragua" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Nicaragua" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikaragua" title="Nikaragua – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Nikaragua" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicar%C3%A1gua" title="Nicarágua – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Nicarágua" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikaragua" title="Nikaragua – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Nikaragua" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikaragua" title="Nikaragua – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Nikaragua" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Nicaragua" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikarawa" title="Nikarawa – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Nikarawa" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%B0" title="Никарагуа – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Никарагуа" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%B0" title="Никарагуа – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Никарагуа" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%B0" title="Никарагуа – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Никарагуа" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="Nicaragua" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sakizaya</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikaragua" title="Nikaragua – Samoan" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Nikaragua" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samoan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagana Samoa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE" title="निकारगुवा – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="निकारगुवा" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%9C%E1%B1%A9%E1%B1%A3%E1%B1%9F" title="ᱱᱤᱠᱟᱨᱟᱜᱩᱣᱟ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱱᱤᱠᱟᱨᱟᱜᱩᱣᱟ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicar%C3%A0gua" title="Nicaràgua – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Nicaràgua" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Nicaragua" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-trv mw-list-item"><a href="https://trv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua – Taroko" lang="trv" hreflang="trv" data-title="Nicaragua" data-language-autonym="Seediq" data-language-local-name="Taroko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seediq</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Nicaragua" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikaragua" title="Nikaragua – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Nikaragua" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Nicaragua" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%90%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%9C%E0%B7%94%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%8F" title="නිකැරගුවා – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="නිකැරගුවා" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Nicaragua" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DA%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%AF%D9%88%D8%A7" title="نڪاراگوا – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="نڪاراگوا" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ss mw-list-item"><a href="https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/INikhalaga" title="INikhalaga – Swati" lang="ss" hreflang="ss" data-title="INikhalaga" data-language-autonym="SiSwati" data-language-local-name="Swati" class="interlanguage-link-target">SiSwati</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikaragua" title="Nikaragua – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Nikaragua" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikaragva" title="Nikaragva – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Nikaragva" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%83ikaraguja" title="Ńikaraguja – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Ńikaraguja" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikaragiwa" title="Nikaragiwa – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Nikaragiwa" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%AF%D9%88%D8%A7" title="نیکاراگوا – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="نیکاراگوا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Никарагва – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Никарагва" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikaragva" title="Nikaragva – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Nikaragva" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikaragua" title="Nikaragua – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Nikaragua" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Nicaragua" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Nicaragua" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Nicaragua" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE" title="நிக்கராகுவா – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="நிக்கராகுவா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikaragwa" title="Nikaragwa – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Nikaragwa" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%B0" title="Никарагуа – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Никарагуа" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%AD%E1%80%B0%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%81%BC%E1%80%AE%E1%82%87%E1%81%B5%E1%82%83%E1%82%87%E1%80%9B%E1%82%83%E1%82%87%E1%81%B5%E1%82%82%E1%82%83%E1%82%87" title="မိူင်းၼီႇၵႃႇရႃႇၵႂႃႇ – Shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="မိူင်းၼီႇၵႃႇရႃႇၵႂႃႇ" data-language-autonym="ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး " data-language-local-name="Shan" class="interlanguage-link-target">ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး </a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tay mw-list-item"><a href="https://tay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua – Tayal" lang="tay" hreflang="tay" data-title="Nicaragua" data-language-autonym="Tayal" data-language-local-name="Tayal" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tayal</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%BE" title="నికరాగ్వా – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="నికరాగ్వా" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tet mw-list-item"><a href="https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikar%C3%A1gua" title="Nikarágua – Tetum" lang="tet" hreflang="tet" data-title="Nikarágua" data-language-autonym="Tetun" data-language-local-name="Tetum" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tetun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A7" title="ประเทศนิการากัว – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ประเทศนิการากัว" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%B0" title="Никарагуа – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Никарагуа" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-to mw-list-item"><a href="https://to.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikalakua" title="Nikalakua – Tongan" lang="to" hreflang="to" data-title="Nikalakua" data-language-autonym="Lea faka-Tonga" data-language-local-name="Tongan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lea faka-Tonga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikaragua" title="Nikaragua – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Nikaragua" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%B0" title="Никарагуа – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Никарагуа" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Удмурт</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%B0" title="Нікарагуа – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Нікарагуа" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%AF%D9%88%D8%A7" title="نکاراگوا – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="نکاراگوا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%89%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%AF%DB%87%D8%A6%D8%A7" title="نىكاراگۇئا – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="نىكاراگۇئا" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Nicaragua" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vahcuengh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Nicaragua" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikaragua" title="Nikaragua – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Nikaragua" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Nicaragua" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikaraguv%C3%A4n" title="Nikaraguvän – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Nikaraguvän" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Nicaragua" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E5%8A%A0%E6%8B%89%E7%93%9C" title="尼加拉瓜 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="尼加拉瓜" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Nicaragua" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target">West-Vlams</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Nicaragua" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikaraaguwa" title="Nikaraaguwa – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Nikaraaguwa" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target">Wolof</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E5%8A%A0%E6%8B%89%E7%93%9C" title="尼加拉瓜 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="尼加拉瓜" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%92%D7%95%D7%90" title="ניקאראגוא – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="ניקאראגוא" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikar%C3%A1g%C3%BA%C3%A0" title="Nikarágúà – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Nikarágúà" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E5%8A%A0%E6%8B%89%E7%93%9C" title="尼加拉瓜 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="尼加拉瓜" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikaragua" title="Nikaragua – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Nikaragua" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Nicaragua" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zeêuws</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C4%97karagva" title="Nėkaragva – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Nėkaragva" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E5%8A%A0%E6%8B%89%E7%93%9C" title="尼加拉瓜 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="尼加拉瓜" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bbc mw-list-item"><a href="https://bbc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikaragua" title="Nikaragua – Batak Toba" lang="bbc" hreflang="bbc" data-title="Nikaragua" data-language-autonym="Batak Toba" data-language-local-name="Batak Toba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Batak Toba</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikaragua" title="Nikaragua – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Nikaragua" 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div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Nicaragua_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Nicaragua (disambiguation)">Nicaragua (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and 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.ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Republic of Nicaragua</div><div class="ib-country-names">República de Nicaragua (<a href="/wiki/Nicaraguan_Spanish" title="Nicaraguan Spanish">Spanish</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Nicaragua"><img alt="Flag of Nicaragua" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg/125px-Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg/188px-Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg/250px-Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Nicaragua" title="Flag of Nicaragua">Flag</a></div> </div> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Nicaragua.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Nicaragua"><img alt="Coat of arms of Nicaragua" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Coat_of_arms_of_Nicaragua.svg/85px-Coat_of_arms_of_Nicaragua.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Coat_of_arms_of_Nicaragua.svg/128px-Coat_of_arms_of_Nicaragua.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Coat_of_arms_of_Nicaragua.svg/170px-Coat_of_arms_of_Nicaragua.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Nicaragua" title="Coat of arms of Nicaragua"> Coat of arms</a></div> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Motto: En Dios confiamos (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>) "<a href="/wiki/In_God_We_Trust" title="In God We Trust">In God We Trust</a>"<a href="#cite_note-2">[a]</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data anthem">Anthem: <a href="/wiki/Salve_a_ti,_Nicaragua" title="Salve a ti, Nicaragua">Salve a ti, Nicaragua</a> (Spanish) "Hail to Thee, Nicaragua" <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="57" data-mwtitle="National_Anthem_of_Nicaragua_by_US_Navy_Band.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/db/National_Anthem_of_Nicaragua_by_US_Navy_Band.ogg/National_Anthem_of_Nicaragua_by_US_Navy_Band.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/db/National_Anthem_of_Nicaragua_by_US_Navy_Band.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ANational_Anthem_of_Nicaragua_by_US_Navy_Band.ogg&lang=en-gb&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en-GB" label="British English ‪(en-gb)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ANational_Anthem_of_Nicaragua_by_US_Navy_Band.ogg&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ANational_Anthem_of_Nicaragua_by_US_Navy_Band.ogg&lang=es&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="es" label="español ‪(es)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ANational_Anthem_of_Nicaragua_by_US_Navy_Band.ogg&lang=vi&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="vi" label="Tiếng Việt ‪(vi)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></div><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:NIC_orthographic.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Location of Nicaragua"><img alt="Location of Nicaragua" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/NIC_orthographic.svg/250px-NIC_orthographic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/NIC_orthographic.svg/375px-NIC_orthographic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/NIC_orthographic.svg/500px-NIC_orthographic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital<div class="ib-country-largest">and largest city</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Managua" title="Managua">Managua</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Nicaragua&params=12_6_N_86_14_W_type:city_region:NI-MN">12°6′N 86°14′W / 12.100°N 86.233°W / 12.100; -86.233</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Nicaraguan_Spanish" title="Nicaraguan Spanish">Spanish</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Recognised regional languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Miskito_language" title="Miskito language">Miskito</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Rama_language" title="Rama language">Rama</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Sumo_languages" title="Sumo languages">Sumo</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Miskito_Coast_Creole" title="Miskito Coast Creole">Miskito Coast Creole</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Garifuna_language" title="Garifuna language">Garifuna</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Rama_Cay_Creole" title="Rama Cay Creole">Rama Cay Creole</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">Ethnic groups</a> <div class="ib-country-ethnic"> (2023<a href="#cite_note-3">[2]</a>)</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>69% <a href="/wiki/Mestizo" title="Mestizo">Mestizo</a> (mixed <a href="/wiki/White_Latin_American#Nicaragua" class="mw-redirect" title="White Latin American">White</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Indigenous</a>)</li><li>17% <a href="/wiki/White_Latin_American#Nicaragua" class="mw-redirect" title="White Latin American">White</a></li><li>9% <a href="/wiki/Afro-Nicaraguan" class="mw-redirect" title="Afro-Nicaraguan">Black</a></li><li>5% <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Indigenous</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"> (2015)<a href="#cite_note-4">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-Census2015-5">[4]</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1116488514">.mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Treeview-grey-line.png")no-repeat 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px}</style><div class="treeview"> <ul><li>84.4% <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> <ul><li>55.0% <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Nicaragua" title="Catholic Church in Nicaragua">Catholicism</a></li> <li>27.2% <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a></li> <li>2.2% other <a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_denominations" title="List of Christian denominations">Christian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></li><li>14.7% <a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_Latin_America" title="Irreligion in Latin America">no religion</a></li><li>0.9% other</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nicaraguans" title="Nicaraguans">Nicaraguan</a></li><li>Pinolero/Pinolera (colloquial)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Nicaragua" title="Politics of Nicaragua">Government</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Unitary <a href="/wiki/Presidential_republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Presidential republic">presidential republic</a> under an <a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">authoritarian</a> dictatorship<a href="#cite_note-Awadalla_2023_pp._701–723-6">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-Córdoba_2022_h955-7">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-Freedom_House_2019_j906-8">[7]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/President_of_Nicaragua" title="President of Nicaragua">President</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Ortega" title="Daniel Ortega">Daniel Ortega</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_Nicaragua" title="Vice President of Nicaragua">Vice President</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Rosario_Murillo" title="Rosario Murillo">Rosario Murillo</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Legislature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Nicaragua)" title="National Assembly (Nicaragua)">National Assembly</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Independence" title="Independence">Independence</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style>from <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Republic_of_Central_America" title="Federal Republic of Central America">Federal Republic of Central America</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Declared </div></th><td class="infobox-data">15 September 1821</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Recognized </div></th><td class="infobox-data">25 July 1850</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• from the <a href="/wiki/First_Mexican_Empire" title="First Mexican Empire">First Mexican Empire</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1 July 1823</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• from the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Republic_of_Central_America" title="Federal Republic of Central America">Federal Republic of Central America</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">31 May 1838</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Revolution </div></th><td class="infobox-data">19 July 1979</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Current constitution </div></th><td class="infobox-data">9 January 1987<a href="#cite_note-cia-9">[8]</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Nicaragua" title="Geography of Nicaragua">Area </a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">130,375 km2 (50,338 sq mi) (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_area" title="List of countries and dependencies by area">96th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Water (%)</div></th><td class="infobox-data">7.14</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Nicaragua" title="Demographics of Nicaragua">Population</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• 2023 estimate</div></th><td class="infobox-data">6,359,689<a href="#cite_note-10">[9]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population" title="List of countries and dependencies by population">110th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Density</div></th><td class="infobox-data">51/km2 (132.1/sq mi) (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population_density" title="List of countries and dependencies by population density">155th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(<a href="/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity" title="Purchasing power parity">PPP</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data">2024 estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $56.697 billion<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.NI-11">[10]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP)">115th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $8,492<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.NI-11">[10]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita">129th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(nominal)</th><td class="infobox-data">2024 estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $17.843 billion<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.NI-11">[10]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal)">127th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $2,673<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.NI-11">[10]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita">134th</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gini_coefficient" title="Gini coefficient">Gini</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(2014)</th><td class="infobox-data">46.2<a href="#cite_note-wb-gini-12">[11]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style>high inequality</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">HDI</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(2022)</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 0.669<a href="#cite_note-13">[12]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">medium (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of countries by Human Development Index">130th</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Nicaraguan_c%C3%B3rdoba" title="Nicaraguan córdoba">Córdoba</a> (<a href="/wiki/ISO_4217" title="ISO 4217">NIO</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Time zone</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a>−6 (<a href="/wiki/Central_Time_Zone" title="Central Time Zone">CST</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Left-_and_right-hand_traffic" title="Left- and right-hand traffic">Drives on</a></th><td class="infobox-data">right</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_Nicaragua" title="Telephone numbers in Nicaragua">Calling code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/%2B505" class="mw-redirect" title="+505">+505</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">ISO 3166 code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2:NI" title="ISO 3166-2:NI">NI</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Country_code_top-level_domain" title="Country code top-level domain">Internet TLD</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/.ni" title=".ni">.ni</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Nicaragua,<a href="#cite_note-14">[b]</a> officially the Republic of Nicaragua,<a href="#cite_note-15">[c]</a> is the geographically largest <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">country</a> in <a href="/wiki/Central_America" title="Central America">Central America</a>, comprising 130,370 km2 (50,340 sq mi). With a population of 7,142,529 as of 2024,<a href="#cite_note-16">[13]</a> it is the third-most populous country in Central America after <a href="/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala">Guatemala</a> and <a href="/wiki/Honduras" title="Honduras">Honduras</a>. Nicaragua is bordered by Honduras to the north, the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Sea" title="Caribbean Sea">Caribbean Sea</a> to the east, <a href="/wiki/Costa_Rica" title="Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a> to the south, and the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific Ocean</a> and shares maritime borders with <a href="/wiki/El_Salvador" title="El Salvador">El Salvador</a> to the west and <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a> to the east. The country's largest city and national capital is <a href="/wiki/Managua" title="Managua">Managua</a>, the <a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_cities_in_Central_America#Largest_cities_proper" title="List of largest cities in Central America">fourth-largest city in Central America</a>, with a population of 1,055,247 as of 2020. Nicaragua is known as "the breadbasket of Central America" due to having the most fertile soil and arable land in all of Central America.<a href="#cite_note-17">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[19]</a> Nicaragua's multiethnic population includes people of mestizo, indigenous, European, and African heritage. The country's most spoken language is <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>, though indigenous tribes on the <a href="/wiki/Mosquito_Coast" title="Mosquito Coast">Mosquito Coast</a> speak their own languages and <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>. Originally inhabited by various indigenous cultures since ancient times, the region was conquered by the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish Empire</a> in the 16th century. Nicaragua gained independence from Spain in 1821. The Mosquito Coast followed a different historical path, being colonized by the English in the 17th century and later coming under British rule. It became an autonomous territory of Nicaragua in 1860 and its northernmost part was transferred to <a href="/wiki/Honduras" title="Honduras">Honduras</a> in 1960. Since its independence, Nicaragua has undergone periods of political unrest, dictatorship, occupation and fiscal crisis, including the <a href="/wiki/Nicaraguan_Revolution" title="Nicaraguan Revolution">Nicaraguan Revolution</a> of the 1960s and 1970s and the <a href="/wiki/Nicaraguan_Revolution#Contra_War" title="Nicaraguan Revolution">Contra War</a>[<a href="/wiki/MOS:BROKENSECTIONLINKS" class="mw-redirect" title="MOS:BROKENSECTIONLINKS">broken anchor</a>] of the 1980s. The mixture of cultural traditions has generated substantial diversity in folklore, cuisine, music, and literature, including contributions by Nicaraguan poets and writers such as <a href="/wiki/Rub%C3%A9n_Dar%C3%ADo" title="Rubén Darío">Rubén Darío</a>. Known as the "land of lakes and volcanoes",<a href="#cite_note-Brierley-23">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-Wallace-24">[21]</a> Nicaragua is also home to the <a href="/wiki/Bosaw%C3%A1s_Biosphere_Reserve" title="Bosawás Biosphere Reserve">Bosawás Biosphere Reserve</a>, the second-largest rainforest of the Americas.<a href="#cite_note-25">[22]</a> The biological diversity, warm tropical climate and active volcanoes make Nicaragua an increasingly popular <a href="/wiki/Tourist_destination" class="mw-redirect" title="Tourist destination">tourist destination</a>.<a href="#cite_note-26">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-27">[24]</a> Nicaragua co-founded the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[25]</a> and is also a member of the <a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a>,<a href="#cite_note-29">[26]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bolivarian_Alliance_for_the_Peoples_of_Our_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolivarian Alliance for the Peoples of Our America">Bolivarian Alliance for the Peoples of Our America</a>,<a href="#cite_note-30">[27]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Community_of_Latin_American_and_Caribbean_States" title="Community of Latin American and Caribbean States">Community of Latin American and Caribbean States</a>.<a href="#cite_note-31">[28]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicaragua&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology">edit</a>]</div> It was previously believed that the name Nicaragua was coined by Spanish colonists based on the name <a href="/wiki/Nicarao_(cacique)" title="Nicarao (cacique)">Nicarao</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Ideal-32">[29]</a> who was a <a href="/wiki/Cacique" title="Cacique">cacique</a> of a powerful <a href="/wiki/Nahua" class="mw-redirect" title="Nahua">nahua</a> tribe encountered by the Spanish <a href="/wiki/Conquistador" title="Conquistador">conquistador</a> <a href="/wiki/Gil_Gonz%C3%A1lez_D%C3%A1vila" title="Gil González Dávila">Gil González Dávila</a> during his entry into southwestern Nicaragua in 1522. This theory held that the etymology of Nicaragua was formed from Nicarao and agua (Spanish for 'water'), to reference the fact that there are two large lakes and several other bodies of water within the country.<a href="#cite_note-Pueblo-33">[30]</a> However, this etymology is considered to be outdated by most historians as in 2002 it was discovered that the real name of the cacique was Macuilmiquiztli and not Nicarao.<a href="#cite_note-34">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-35">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[34]</a> It had also been discovered that the <a href="/wiki/Nicarao_people" title="Nicarao people">Nicaraos</a> called their land Nicānāhuac, which most historians now believe is the true etymology of "Nicaragua". It means "here lies Anahuac" in Nahuatl and is a combination of the words "Nican" (here),<a href="#cite_note-38">[35]</a> and "<a href="/wiki/Anahuac_(Aztec)" title="Anahuac (Aztec)">Ānāhuac</a>", which in turn is a combination of the words "atl" (water) and "nahuac", a locative meaning "surrounded". Therefore the literal translation of Nicanahuac is "here surrounded by water", fitting the theory that the etymology references the large bodies of water in and around the country, the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific Ocean</a>, lakes <a href="/wiki/Lake_Nicaragua" title="Lake Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lake_Xolotlan" class="mw-redirect" title="Lake Xolotlan">Xolotlan</a>, and the rivers and lagoons.<a href="#cite_note-39">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-40">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-41">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-42">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-43">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-44">[41]</a> Additional theories about the country's name comes from any of the following Nahuatl words: nican-nahua, which means "here are the Nahuas"; and nic-atl-nahuac, the longer form of Nicanahuac meaning "here by the water" or "surrounded by water".<a href="#cite_note-45">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ideal-32">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-Pueblo-33">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-Choque-46">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-47">[44]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicaragua&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Nicaragua" title="History of Nicaragua">History of Nicaragua</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pre-Columbian_history">Pre-Columbian history</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicaragua&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Pre-Columbian history">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nicaragua_Ometepe_p%C3%A9troglyphes_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Nicaragua_Ometepe_p%C3%A9troglyphes_1.jpg/220px-Nicaragua_Ometepe_p%C3%A9troglyphes_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Nicaragua_Ometepe_p%C3%A9troglyphes_1.jpg/330px-Nicaragua_Ometepe_p%C3%A9troglyphes_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Nicaragua_Ometepe_p%C3%A9troglyphes_1.jpg/440px-Nicaragua_Ometepe_p%C3%A9troglyphes_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2736" data-file-height="3648" /></a><figcaption>An ancient <a href="/wiki/Petroglyph" title="Petroglyph">petroglyph</a> on <a href="/wiki/Ometepe_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Ometepe Island">Ometepe Island</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Paleo-Indians" title="Paleo-Indians">Paleo-Indians</a> first inhabited what is now known as Nicaragua as far back as 12,000 BCE.<a href="#cite_note-Dall2005-48">[45]</a> In later <a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_era" title="Pre-Columbian era">pre-Columbian</a> times, Nicaragua's <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">indigenous people</a> were part of the <a href="/wiki/Intermediate_Area" title="Intermediate Area">Intermediate Area</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Brief-49">[46]</a>: 33  between the <a href="/wiki/Mesoamerica" title="Mesoamerica">Mesoamerican</a> and <a href="/wiki/Andes" title="Andes">Andean</a> cultural regions, and within the influence of the <a href="/wiki/Isthmo-Colombian_Area" title="Isthmo-Colombian Area">Isthmo-Colombian Area</a>. Nicaragua's central region and its Caribbean coast were inhabited by <a href="/wiki/Macro-Chibchan_languages" title="Macro-Chibchan languages">Macro-Chibchan language</a> ethnic groups such as the <a href="/wiki/Miskito_people" title="Miskito people">Miskito</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rama_people" title="Rama people">Rama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mayagna" class="mw-redirect" title="Mayagna">Mayangna</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cacaopera_people" title="Cacaopera people">Matagalpas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Brief-49">[46]</a>: 20  They had coalesced in Central America and migrated both to and from present-day northern Colombia and nearby areas.<a href="#cite_note-50">[47]</a> Their food came primarily from hunting and gathering, but also fishing and <a href="/wiki/Slash-and-burn" title="Slash-and-burn">slash-and-burn</a> agriculture.<a href="#cite_note-Brief-49">[46]</a>: 33 <a href="#cite_note-51">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-Newson-52">[49]</a>: 65  At the end of the 15th century, western Nicaragua was inhabited by several indigenous peoples related by culture to the Mesoamerican civilizations of the <a href="/wiki/Aztecs" title="Aztecs">Aztec</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maya_peoples" title="Maya peoples">Maya</a>, and by language to the <a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_language_area" title="Mesoamerican language area">Mesoamerican language area</a>.<a href="#cite_note-LOC1-53">[50]</a> The Chorotegas were <a href="/wiki/Mangue_language" title="Mangue language">Mangue language</a> ethnic groups who had arrived in Nicaragua from what is now the Mexican state of <a href="/wiki/Chiapas" title="Chiapas">Chiapas</a> sometime around 800 CE.<a href="#cite_note-Choque-46">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-Newson-52">[49]</a>: 26–33  The <a href="/wiki/Nicarao_people" title="Nicarao people">Nicarao people</a> were a branch of <a href="/wiki/Nahuas" title="Nahuas">Nahuas</a> who spoke the <a href="/wiki/Nawat_language" title="Nawat language">Nawat</a> dialect and also came from Chiapas, around 1200 CE.<a href="#cite_note-Campbell1985-54">[51]</a> Prior to that, the Nicaraos had been associated with the <a href="/wiki/Toltec" title="Toltec">Toltec</a> civilization.<a href="#cite_note-Newson-52">[49]</a>: 26–33 <a href="#cite_note-Campbell1985-54">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-55">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-56">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[54]</a> Both Chorotegas and Nicaraos originated in Mexico's <a href="/wiki/Cholula_(Mesoamerican_site)" title="Cholula (Mesoamerican site)">Cholula</a> valley,<a href="#cite_note-Campbell1985-54">[51]</a> and migrated south.<a href="#cite_note-Newson-52">[49]</a>: 26–33  A third group, the <a href="/wiki/Subtiaba_language" title="Subtiaba language">Subtiabas</a>, were an <a href="/wiki/Oto-Manguean_languages" title="Oto-Manguean languages">Oto-Manguean</a> people who migrated from the Mexican state of <a href="/wiki/Guerrero" title="Guerrero">Guerrero</a> around 1200 CE.<a href="#cite_note-Campbell1997-58">[55]</a>: 159  Additionally, there were trade-related colonies in Nicaragua set up by the Aztecs starting in the 14th century.<a href="#cite_note-Newson-52">[49]</a>: 26–33  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spanish_era_(1523–1821)">Spanish era (1523–1821)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicaragua&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Spanish era (1523–1821)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Spanish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Spanish colonization of the Americas">Spanish colonization of the Americas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Nicaragua" title="Spanish conquest of Nicaragua">Spanish conquest of Nicaragua</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Iglesia_de_la_Recoleccion_-_Leon_-_Nicaragua_-_01_(31416391552).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Iglesia_de_la_Recoleccion_-_Leon_-_Nicaragua_-_01_%2831416391552%29.jpg/220px-Iglesia_de_la_Recoleccion_-_Leon_-_Nicaragua_-_01_%2831416391552%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Iglesia_de_la_Recoleccion_-_Leon_-_Nicaragua_-_01_%2831416391552%29.jpg/330px-Iglesia_de_la_Recoleccion_-_Leon_-_Nicaragua_-_01_%2831416391552%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Iglesia_de_la_Recoleccion_-_Leon_-_Nicaragua_-_01_%2831416391552%29.jpg/440px-Iglesia_de_la_Recoleccion_-_Leon_-_Nicaragua_-_01_%2831416391552%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2736" data-file-height="3648" /></a><figcaption>The Colonial city of <a href="/wiki/Le%C3%B3n,_Nicaragua" title="León, Nicaragua">León</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:06.Plaza_de_la_Independencia_de_Granada.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/06.Plaza_de_la_Independencia_de_Granada.JPG/220px-06.Plaza_de_la_Independencia_de_Granada.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/06.Plaza_de_la_Independencia_de_Granada.JPG/330px-06.Plaza_de_la_Independencia_de_Granada.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/06.Plaza_de_la_Independencia_de_Granada.JPG/440px-06.Plaza_de_la_Independencia_de_Granada.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3210" data-file-height="2328" /></a><figcaption>The colonial city of <a href="/wiki/Granada,_Nicaragua" title="Granada, Nicaragua">Granada</a> near <a href="/wiki/Lake_Nicaragua" title="Lake Nicaragua">Lake Nicaragua</a>, one of the most visited sites in <a href="/wiki/Central_America" title="Central America">Central America</a></figcaption></figure> In 1502, on his fourth voyage, <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Columbus" title="Christopher Columbus">Christopher Columbus</a> became the first European known to have reached what is now Nicaragua as he sailed southeast toward the <a href="/wiki/Isthmus_of_Panama" title="Isthmus of Panama">Isthmus of Panama</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Brief-49">[46]</a>: 193 <a href="#cite_note-Newson-52">[49]</a>: 92  Columbus explored the <a href="/wiki/Mosquito_Coast" title="Mosquito Coast">Mosquito Coast</a> on the Atlantic side of Nicaragua<a href="#cite_note-59">[56]</a> but did not encounter any indigenous people. 20 years later, the Spaniards returned to Nicaragua, this time to its southwestern part. The first attempt to conquer Nicaragua was by the conquistador <a href="/wiki/Gil_Gonz%C3%A1lez_D%C3%A1vila" title="Gil González Dávila">Gil González Dávila</a>,<a href="#cite_note-EBH-60">[57]</a> who had arrived in Panama in January 1520. In 1522, González Dávila ventured to the area that later became the <a href="/wiki/Rivas_Department" title="Rivas Department">Rivas Department</a> of Nicaragua.<a href="#cite_note-Brief-49">[46]</a>: 35 <a href="#cite_note-Newson-52">[49]</a>: 92  There he encountered an indigenous Nahua tribe led by chief Macuilmiquiztli, whose name has sometimes been erroneously referred to as "<a href="/wiki/Nicarao_(cacique)" title="Nicarao (cacique)">Nicarao</a>" or "Nicaragua". The tribe's capital was Quauhcapolca.<a href="#cite_note-Encuentro-61">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-HealyPohl1980-62">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dyck2015-63">[60]</a> González Dávila conversed with Macuilmiquiztli thanks to two indigenous interpreters who had learned Spanish, whom he had brought along.<a href="#cite_note-Sanchez-64">[61]</a> After exploring and gathering gold<a href="#cite_note-Encuentro-61">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-Brief-49">[46]</a>: 35 <a href="#cite_note-Newson-52">[49]</a>: 55  in the fertile western valleys, González Dávila and his men were attacked and driven off by the Chorotega, led by chief <a href="/wiki/Diriangen" class="mw-redirect" title="Diriangen">Diriangén</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Encuentro-61">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-65">[62]</a> The Spanish tried to convert the tribes to Christianity; Macuilmiquiztli's tribe was baptized,<a href="#cite_note-Encuentro-61">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-Newson-52">[49]</a>: 86  but Diriangén was openly hostile to the Spaniards. Western Nicaragua, at the Pacific Coast, became a port and shipbuilding facility for the Galleons plying the waters between Manila, Philippines and Acapulco, Mexico.<a href="#cite_note-66">[63]</a> The first Spanish permanent settlements were founded in 1524.<a href="#cite_note-EBH-60">[57]</a> That year, the conquistador <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Hern%C3%A1ndez_de_C%C3%B3rdoba_(founder_of_Nicaragua)" title="Francisco Hernández de Córdoba (founder of Nicaragua)">Francisco Hernández de Córdoba</a> founded two of Nicaragua's main cities: <a href="/wiki/Granada,_Nicaragua" title="Granada, Nicaragua">Granada</a> on <a href="/wiki/Lake_Nicaragua" title="Lake Nicaragua">Lake Nicaragua</a>, and then <a href="/wiki/Le%C3%B3n,_Nicaragua" title="León, Nicaragua">León</a>, west of <a href="/wiki/Lake_Managua" title="Lake Managua">Lake Managua</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Brief-49">[46]</a>: 35, 193 <a href="#cite_note-Newson-52">[49]</a>: 92  Córdoba soon built defenses for the cities and fought against incursions by other conquistadors.<a href="#cite_note-Newson-52">[49]</a>: 92  Córdoba was later publicly <a href="/wiki/Decapitation" title="Decapitation">beheaded</a> for having defied his superior, <a href="/wiki/Pedro_Arias_D%C3%A1vila" title="Pedro Arias Dávila">Pedro Arias Dávila</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Brief-49">[46]</a>: 35  Córdoba's tomb and remains were discovered in 2000 in the <a href="/wiki/Le%C3%B3n_Viejo" title="León Viejo">ruins of León Viejo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ET-67">[64]</a> The clashes among Spanish forces did not impede their destruction of the indigenous people and their culture. The series of battles came to be known as the "War of the Captains".<a href="#cite_note-68">[65]</a> Pedro Arias Dávila was a winner;<a href="#cite_note-Brief-49">[46]</a>: 35  although he lost control of Panama, he moved to Nicaragua and established his base in León.<a href="#cite_note-Whisnant2000-69">[66]</a> In 1527, León became the capital of the colony.<a href="#cite_note-Newson-52">[49]</a>: 93 <a href="#cite_note-Whisnant2000-69">[66]</a> Through diplomacy, Arias Dávila became the colony's first governor.<a href="#cite_note-ET-67">[64]</a> Without women in their parties,<a href="#cite_note-Newson-52">[49]</a>: 123  the Spanish conquerors took Nahua and Chorotega wives and partners, beginning the multiethnic mix of indigenous and European stock now known as "<a href="/wiki/Mestizo" title="Mestizo">mestizo</a>", which constitutes the great majority of the population in western Nicaragua.<a href="#cite_note-LOC1-53">[50]</a> Many indigenous people were killed by European <a href="/wiki/Infectious_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Infectious disease">infectious diseases</a>, compounded by neglect by the Spaniards, who controlled their subsistence.<a href="#cite_note-EBH-60">[57]</a> Many other indigenous peoples were captured and transported as slaves to Panama and Peru between 1526 and 1540.<a href="#cite_note-Brief-49">[46]</a>: 193 <a href="#cite_note-Newson-52">[49]</a>: 104–105  In 1610, the <a href="/wiki/Momotombo" title="Momotombo">Momotombo</a> volcano erupted, destroying the city of León.<a href="#cite_note-Geomorph-70">[67]</a> The city was rebuilt northwest of the original,<a href="#cite_note-Whisnant2000-69">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-Geomorph-70">[67]</a> which is now known as the <a href="/wiki/Le%C3%B3n_Viejo" title="León Viejo">ruins of León Viejo</a>. During the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a>, Central America was subject to conflict between Britain and Spain. British navy admiral <a href="/wiki/Horatio_Nelson" class="mw-redirect" title="Horatio Nelson">Horatio Nelson</a> led expeditions in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_San_Fernando_de_Omoa" title="Battle of San Fernando de Omoa">Battle of San Fernando de Omoa</a> in 1779 and on the <a href="/wiki/San_Juan_Expedition_(1780)" title="San Juan Expedition (1780)">San Juan River in 1780</a>, the latter of which had temporary success before being abandoned due to disease. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Independent_Nicaragua_from_1821_to_1909">Independent Nicaragua from 1821 to 1909</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicaragua&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Independent Nicaragua from 1821 to 1909">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Political_Evolution_of_Central_America_and_the_Caribbean_1830_na.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Political_Evolution_of_Central_America_and_the_Caribbean_1830_na.png/220px-Political_Evolution_of_Central_America_and_the_Caribbean_1830_na.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Political_Evolution_of_Central_America_and_the_Caribbean_1830_na.png/330px-Political_Evolution_of_Central_America_and_the_Caribbean_1830_na.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Political_Evolution_of_Central_America_and_the_Caribbean_1830_na.png/440px-Political_Evolution_of_Central_America_and_the_Caribbean_1830_na.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="750" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Mosquito_Coast" title="Mosquito Coast">Mosquito Coast</a> in 1830</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:La_Pedrada_de_Andres_Castro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/La_Pedrada_de_Andres_Castro.jpg/220px-La_Pedrada_de_Andres_Castro.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/La_Pedrada_de_Andres_Castro.jpg/330px-La_Pedrada_de_Andres_Castro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/La_Pedrada_de_Andres_Castro.jpg/440px-La_Pedrada_de_Andres_Castro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2714" data-file-height="1552" /></a><figcaption>A portrait of the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_San_Jacinto_(1856)" title="Battle of San Jacinto (1856)">Battle of San Jacinto</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Filibuster_War" title="Filibuster War">Filibuster War</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Act_of_Independence_of_Central_America" title="Act of Independence of Central America">Act of Independence of Central America</a> dissolved the <a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Guatemala" title="Captaincy General of Guatemala">Captaincy General of Guatemala</a> in September 1821, and Nicaragua soon <a href="/wiki/Central_America_under_Mexican_rule" title="Central America under Mexican rule">became part</a> of the <a href="/wiki/First_Mexican_Empire" title="First Mexican Empire">First Mexican Empire</a>. In July 1823, after the overthrow of the Mexican monarchy in March of the same year, Nicaragua joined the newly formed <a href="/wiki/Federal_Republic_of_Central_America" title="Federal Republic of Central America">United Provinces of Central America</a>, a country later known as the Federal Republic of Central America. Nicaragua definitively became an independent republic in 1838.<a href="#cite_note-71">[68]</a> The early years of independence were characterized by rivalry between the <a href="/wiki/Constitutionalist_Liberal_Party" title="Constitutionalist Liberal Party">Liberal</a> elite of León and the <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(Nicaragua)" title="Conservative Party (Nicaragua)">Conservative</a> elite of Granada, which often degenerated into civil war, particularly during the 1840s and 1850s. <a href="/wiki/Managua" title="Managua">Managua</a> rose to undisputed preeminence as the nation's capital in 1852 to allay the rivalry between the two feuding cities.<a href="#cite_note-Capital-72">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-73">[70]</a> Following the start of the <a href="/wiki/California_Gold_Rush" class="mw-redirect" title="California Gold Rush">California Gold Rush</a> in 1848, Nicaragua provided a route for travelers from the eastern United States to journey to <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a> by sea, via the <a href="/wiki/San_Juan_River_(Nicaragua)" title="San Juan River (Nicaragua)">San Juan River</a> and Lake Nicaragua.<a href="#cite_note-Brief-49">[46]</a>: 81  Invited by the Liberals in 1855 to join their struggle against the Conservatives, the American adventurer and <a href="/wiki/Filibuster_(military)" title="Filibuster (military)">filibuster</a> <a href="/wiki/William_Walker_(filibuster)" title="William Walker (filibuster)">William Walker</a> set himself up as <a href="/wiki/President_of_Nicaragua" title="President of Nicaragua">President of Nicaragua</a> after conducting a farcical election in 1856; his presidency lasted less than a year.<a href="#cite_note-mined-74">[71]</a> Military forces from Costa Rica, Honduras, El Salvador, Guatemala, and Nicaragua itself united to drive Walker out of Nicaragua in 1857,<a href="#cite_note-75">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-76">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-77">[74]</a> bringing three decades of Conservative rule. Great Britain, which had claimed the <a href="/wiki/Mosquito_Coast" title="Mosquito Coast">Mosquito Coast</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Protectorate" title="Protectorate">protectorate</a> since 1655, delegated the area to Honduras in 1859 before transferring it to Nicaragua in 1860. The Mosquito Coast remained an <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_area" class="mw-redirect" title="Autonomous area">autonomous area</a> until 1894. <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Santos_Zelaya" title="José Santos Zelaya">José Santos Zelaya</a>, President of Nicaragua from 1893 to 1909, negotiated the integration of the Mosquito Coast into Nicaragua. In his honor, the region became "<a href="/wiki/Zelaya_Department" title="Zelaya Department">Zelaya Department</a>". Throughout the late 19th-century, the United States and several European powers considered various schemes to link the Pacific Ocean to the Atlantic by building a <a href="/wiki/Nicaragua_Canal" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicaragua Canal">canal across Nicaragua</a>.<a href="#cite_note-78">[75]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States_occupation_(1909–1933)">United States occupation (1909–1933)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicaragua&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: United States occupation (1909–1933)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/United_States_occupation_of_Nicaragua" title="United States occupation of Nicaragua">United States occupation of Nicaragua</a></div> In 1909, the United States supported the forces rebelling against President Zelaya. U.S. motives included differences over the proposed <a href="/wiki/Nicaragua_Canal" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicaragua Canal">Nicaragua Canal</a>, Nicaragua's potential to destabilize the region, and Zelaya's attempts to regulate foreign access to Nicaraguan natural resources. On November 18, 1909, U.S. warships were sent to the area after 500 revolutionaries (including two Americans) were executed by order of Zelaya. The U.S. justified the intervention by claiming to protect U.S. lives and property. Zelaya resigned later that year. In August 1912, the President of Nicaragua, <a href="/wiki/Adolfo_D%C3%ADaz" title="Adolfo Díaz">Adolfo Díaz</a>, requested the secretary of war, General <a href="/wiki/Luis_Mena_(Nicaraguan_politician)" title="Luis Mena (Nicaraguan politician)">Luis Mena</a>, to resign for fear he was leading an insurrection. Mena fled Managua with his brother, the chief of police of Managua, to start an insurrection. After Mena's troops captured steam boats of an American company, the U.S. delegation asked President Díaz to ensure the safety of American citizens and property during the insurrection. He replied he could not, and asked the U.S. to intervene in the conflict.<a href="#cite_note-79">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-80">[77]</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps" title="United States Marine Corps">U.S. Marines</a> occupied Nicaragua from 1912 to 1933,<a href="#cite_note-Brief-49">[46]</a>: 111, 197 <a href="#cite_note-81">[78]</a> except for a nine-month period beginning in 1925. In 1914, the <a href="/wiki/Bryan%E2%80%93Chamorro_Treaty" title="Bryan–Chamorro Treaty">Bryan–Chamorro Treaty</a> was signed, giving the U.S. control over a proposed canal through Nicaragua, as well as leases for potential canal defenses.<a href="#cite_note-82">[79]</a> After the U.S. Marines left, another <a href="/wiki/Nicaraguan_civil_war_(1926%E2%80%9327)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicaraguan civil war (1926–27)">violent conflict</a> between Liberals and Conservatives in 1926 resulted in the return of U.S. Marines.<a href="#cite_note-83">[80]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:General_Sandino_(center)_and_Staff_enroute_to_Mexico._Siglo_XX.,_06-1929_-_NARA_-_532357.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/General_Sandino_%28center%29_and_Staff_enroute_to_Mexico._Siglo_XX.%2C_06-1929_-_NARA_-_532357.tif/lossy-page1-220px-General_Sandino_%28center%29_and_Staff_enroute_to_Mexico._Siglo_XX.%2C_06-1929_-_NARA_-_532357.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/General_Sandino_%28center%29_and_Staff_enroute_to_Mexico._Siglo_XX.%2C_06-1929_-_NARA_-_532357.tif/lossy-page1-330px-General_Sandino_%28center%29_and_Staff_enroute_to_Mexico._Siglo_XX.%2C_06-1929_-_NARA_-_532357.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/General_Sandino_%28center%29_and_Staff_enroute_to_Mexico._Siglo_XX.%2C_06-1929_-_NARA_-_532357.tif/lossy-page1-440px-General_Sandino_%28center%29_and_Staff_enroute_to_Mexico._Siglo_XX.%2C_06-1929_-_NARA_-_532357.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1869" /></a><figcaption>Rebel leader <a href="/wiki/Augusto_C%C3%A9sar_Sandino" title="Augusto César Sandino">Augusto César Sandino</a> (center) in June 1929</figcaption></figure> From 1927 to 1933, rebel general <a href="/wiki/Augusto_C%C3%A9sar_Sandino" title="Augusto César Sandino">Augusto César Sandino</a> led a sustained guerrilla war against the regime and then against the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Marines" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Marines">U.S. Marines</a>, whom he fought for over five years.<a href="#cite_note-84">[81]</a> When the Americans left in 1933, they set up the <a href="/wiki/National_Guard_(Nicaragua)" title="National Guard (Nicaragua)">Guardia Nacional</a> (national guard),<a href="#cite_note-SY-85">[82]</a> a combined military and police force trained and equipped by the Americans and designed to be loyal to U.S. interests. After the U.S. Marines withdrew from Nicaragua in January 1933, Sandino and the newly elected administration of President <a href="/wiki/Juan_Bautista_Sacasa" title="Juan Bautista Sacasa">Juan Bautista Sacasa</a> reached an agreement that Sandino would cease his guerrilla activities in return for amnesty, a land grant for an agricultural colony, and retention of an armed band of 100 men for a year.<a href="#cite_note-86">[83]</a> However, due to a growing hostility between Sandino and National Guard director <a href="/wiki/Anastasio_Somoza_Garc%C3%ADa" title="Anastasio Somoza García">Anastasio Somoza García</a> and a fear of armed opposition from Sandino, Somoza García ordered his assassination.<a href="#cite_note-SY-85">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-87">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-88">[85]</a> Sacasa invited Sandino for dinner and to sign a peace treaty at the Presidential House on the night of February 21, 1934. After leaving the Presidential House, Sandino's car was stopped by National Guard soldiers and they kidnapped him. Later that night, Sandino was assassinated by National Guard soldiers. Later, hundreds of men, women, and children from Sandino's agricultural colony were murdered.<a href="#cite_note-SomozaDynasty-89">[86]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Somoza_dynasty_(1927–1979)">Somoza dynasty (1927–1979)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicaragua&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Somoza dynasty (1927–1979)">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Trujillo-Somoza_1952.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Trujillo-Somoza_1952.jpg/220px-Trujillo-Somoza_1952.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Trujillo-Somoza_1952.jpg/330px-Trujillo-Somoza_1952.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Trujillo-Somoza_1952.jpg/440px-Trujillo-Somoza_1952.jpg 2x" data-file-width="617" data-file-height="570" /></a><figcaption>President <a href="/wiki/Anastasio_Somoza_Garc%C3%ADa" title="Anastasio Somoza García">Anastasio Somoza García</a> (left) with <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic" title="Dominican Republic">Dominican</a> President <a href="/wiki/Rafael_Trujillo" title="Rafael Trujillo">Rafael Trujillo</a> in 1952</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Meeting_with_President_Anastasio_Somoza_Debayle_of_Nicaragua,_before_State_Dinner_-_NARA_-_194723-perspective-tilt-crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Meeting_with_President_Anastasio_Somoza_Debayle_of_Nicaragua%2C_before_State_Dinner_-_NARA_-_194723-perspective-tilt-crop.jpg/220px-Meeting_with_President_Anastasio_Somoza_Debayle_of_Nicaragua%2C_before_State_Dinner_-_NARA_-_194723-perspective-tilt-crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Meeting_with_President_Anastasio_Somoza_Debayle_of_Nicaragua%2C_before_State_Dinner_-_NARA_-_194723-perspective-tilt-crop.jpg/330px-Meeting_with_President_Anastasio_Somoza_Debayle_of_Nicaragua%2C_before_State_Dinner_-_NARA_-_194723-perspective-tilt-crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Meeting_with_President_Anastasio_Somoza_Debayle_of_Nicaragua%2C_before_State_Dinner_-_NARA_-_194723-perspective-tilt-crop.jpg/440px-Meeting_with_President_Anastasio_Somoza_Debayle_of_Nicaragua%2C_before_State_Dinner_-_NARA_-_194723-perspective-tilt-crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1152" data-file-height="590" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Anastasio_Somoza_Debayle" title="Anastasio Somoza Debayle">Anastasio Somoza Debayle</a> (center) with U.S. president <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> in 1971</figcaption></figure> Nicaragua has experienced several military dictatorships, the longest being the hereditary dictatorship of the <a href="/wiki/Somoza_family" title="Somoza family">Somoza family</a>, who ruled for 43 nonconsecutive years during the 20th century.<a href="#cite_note-90">[87]</a> The Somoza family came to power in 1937 partly as a result of a U.S.-engineered pact in 1927 that stipulated the formation of the Guardia Nacional to replace the marines who had long reigned in the country.<a href="#cite_note-91">[88]</a> Somoza García slowly eliminated officers in the national guard who might have stood in his way, and then deposed Sacasa and became president on January 1, 1937, in a <a href="/wiki/Electoral_fraud" title="Electoral fraud">rigged election</a>.<a href="#cite_note-SY-85">[82]</a> In 1941, during the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>, Nicaragua declared war on <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Japan</a> (8 December), <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Germany</a> (11 December), <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Italy</a> (11 December), <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bulgaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a> (19 December), <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1920%E2%80%931946)" title="Kingdom of Hungary (1920–1946)">Hungary</a> (19 December) and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Romania" title="Kingdom of Romania">Romania</a> (19 December). Only Romania reciprocated, declaring war on Nicaragua on the same day (19 December 1941).<a href="#cite_note-92">[89]</a> No soldiers were sent to the war, but Somoza García confiscated properties held by <a href="/wiki/German_Nicaraguan" title="German Nicaraguan">German Nicaraguan</a> residents.<a href="#cite_note-93">[90]</a> In 1945, Nicaragua was among the first countries to ratify the United Nations Charter.<a href="#cite_note-94">[91]</a> On September 29, 1956,<a href="#cite_note-95">[92]</a> Somoza García was shot to death by <a href="/wiki/Rigoberto_L%C3%B3pez_P%C3%A9rez" title="Rigoberto López Pérez">Rigoberto López Pérez</a>, a 27-year-old Liberal Nicaraguan poet. <a href="/wiki/Luis_Somoza_Debayle" title="Luis Somoza Debayle">Luis Somoza Debayle</a>, the eldest son of the late president, was appointed president by the congress and officially took charge of the country.<a href="#cite_note-SY-85">[82]</a> He is remembered by some as moderate, but after only a few years in power died of a heart attack. His successor as president was <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Schick_Guti%C3%A9rrez" class="mw-redirect" title="René Schick Gutiérrez">René Schick Gutiérrez</a>, whom most Nicaraguans viewed "as nothing more than a puppet of the Somozas".<a href="#cite_note-96">[93]</a> Somoza García's youngest son, <a href="/wiki/Anastasio_Somoza_Debayle" title="Anastasio Somoza Debayle">Anastasio Somoza Debayle</a>, often referred to simply as "Somoza", became president in 1967. An <a href="/wiki/1972_Nicaragua_earthquake" title="1972 Nicaragua earthquake">earthquake in 1972</a> destroyed nearly 90% of Managua, including much of its infrastructure.<a href="#cite_note-97">[94]</a> Instead of helping to rebuild the city, Somoza siphoned off relief money. The mishandling of relief money also prompted <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_Pirates" title="Pittsburgh Pirates">Pittsburgh Pirates</a> star <a href="/wiki/Roberto_Clemente" title="Roberto Clemente">Roberto Clemente</a> to personally fly to Managua on December 31, 1972, but he died en route in an airplane accident.<a href="#cite_note-98">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-99">[96]</a> Even the economic elite were reluctant to support Somoza, as he had acquired monopolies in industries that were key to rebuilding the nation.<a href="#cite_note-100">[97]</a> The Somoza family was among a few families or groups of influential firms which reaped most of the benefits of the country's growth from the 1950s to the 1970s. When Somoza was deposed by the Sandinistas in 1979, the family's worth was estimated to be between $500 million and $1.5 billion.<a href="#cite_note-101">[98]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nicaraguan_Revolution_(1960s–1990)">Nicaraguan Revolution (1960s–1990)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicaragua&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Nicaraguan Revolution (1960s–1990)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Nicaraguan_Revolution" title="Nicaraguan Revolution">Nicaraguan Revolution</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Smoke_break_el_serrano_1987.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Smoke_break_el_serrano_1987.jpg/220px-Smoke_break_el_serrano_1987.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Smoke_break_el_serrano_1987.jpg/330px-Smoke_break_el_serrano_1987.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Smoke_break_el_serrano_1987.jpg/440px-Smoke_break_el_serrano_1987.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1160" data-file-height="792" /></a><figcaption>The U.S.–supported <a href="/wiki/Contras" title="Contras">Contra</a> rebels in 1987</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:10th_anniversary_of_the_Nicaraguan_revolution_in_Managua,_1989.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/10th_anniversary_of_the_Nicaraguan_revolution_in_Managua%2C_1989.jpg/220px-10th_anniversary_of_the_Nicaraguan_revolution_in_Managua%2C_1989.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/10th_anniversary_of_the_Nicaraguan_revolution_in_Managua%2C_1989.jpg/330px-10th_anniversary_of_the_Nicaraguan_revolution_in_Managua%2C_1989.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/10th_anniversary_of_the_Nicaraguan_revolution_in_Managua%2C_1989.jpg/440px-10th_anniversary_of_the_Nicaraguan_revolution_in_Managua%2C_1989.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="421" /></a><figcaption>Celebrations of the 10th anniversary of the <a href="/wiki/Nicaraguan_Revolution" title="Nicaraguan Revolution">Nicaraguan Revolution</a> in <a href="/wiki/Managua" title="Managua">Managua</a> in 1989</figcaption></figure> In 1961, <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Fonseca" title="Carlos Fonseca">Carlos Fonseca</a> looked back to the historical figure of Sandino, and along with two other people, one of whom was believed to be Casimiro Sotelo, who was later assassinated, founded the <a href="/wiki/Sandinista_National_Liberation_Front" title="Sandinista National Liberation Front">Sandinista National Liberation Front</a> (FSLN).<a href="#cite_note-SY-85">[82]</a> After the 1972 earthquake and Somoza's apparent corruption, the ranks of the Sandinistas were flooded with young disaffected Nicaraguans who no longer had anything to lose.<a href="#cite_note-Grinnell2007-102">[99]</a> In December 1974, a group of the FSLN, in an attempt to kidnap U.S. ambassador Turner Shelton, held some Managuan partygoers hostage after killing the party's host, former agriculture minister Jose Maria Castillo, until the Somoza government met their demands for a large ransom and free transport to <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a>. Somoza granted the demand, and then subsequently sent his national guard out into the countryside to look for the kidnappers, who were described by opponents as terrorists.<a href="#cite_note-103">[100]</a> On January 10, 1978, <a href="/wiki/Pedro_Joaqu%C3%ADn_Chamorro_Cardenal" title="Pedro Joaquín Chamorro Cardenal">Pedro Joaquín Chamorro Cardenal</a>, the editor of the national newspaper <a href="/wiki/La_Prensa_(Managua)" title="La Prensa (Managua)">La Prensa</a> and ardent opponent of Somoza, was assassinated.<a href="#cite_note-AC-104">[101]</a> It is alleged that the planners and perpetrators of the murder were at the highest echelons of the Somoza regime.<a href="#cite_note-AC-104">[101]</a> The Sandinistas forcefully took power in July 1979, ousting Somoza, and prompting the exodus of the majority of Nicaragua's middle class, wealthy landowners, and professionals, many of whom settled in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-105">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-106">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-107">[104]</a> The Carter administration decided to work with the new government, while attaching a provision for aid forfeiture if it was found to be assisting insurgencies in neighboring countries.<a href="#cite_note-108">[105]</a> Somoza fled the country, and eventually ended up in <a href="/wiki/Paraguay" title="Paraguay">Paraguay</a>, where he was assassinated in September 1980, allegedly by members of the Argentinian Revolutionary Workers' Party.<a href="#cite_note-109">[106]</a> In 1980, the <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Jimmy_Carter" title="Presidency of Jimmy Carter">Carter administration</a> provided $60 million in aid to Nicaragua under the Sandinistas, but the aid was suspended when the administration obtained evidence of Nicaraguan shipment of arms to El Salvadoran rebels.<a href="#cite_note-110">[107]</a> Most people sided with Nicaragua against the Sandinistas.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarify</a>]<a href="#cite_note-111">[108]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Contras">Contras</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicaragua&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Contras">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Contras" title="Contras">Contras</a></div> In response to the Sandinistas, various rebel groups collectively known as the "<a href="/wiki/Contras" title="Contras">Contras</a>" were formed to oppose the new government. The <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Ronald_Reagan" title="Presidency of Ronald Reagan">Reagan administration</a> ultimately authorized the <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">CIA</a> to <a href="/wiki/United_States_and_state-sponsored_terrorism" title="United States and state-sponsored terrorism">help the Contra rebels</a> with funding, weapons, and training.<a href="#cite_note-CA-112">[109]</a> The Contras operated from camps in the neighboring countries of Honduras to the north and Costa Rica to the south.<a href="#cite_note-CA-112">[109]</a> They engaged in a systematic campaign of terror among rural Nicaraguans to disrupt the social reform projects of the Sandinistas. Several historians have criticized the Contra campaign and the <a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_Ronald_Reagan_administration" title="Foreign policy of the Ronald Reagan administration">Reagan administration's support for the Contras</a>, citing the brutality and numerous human rights violations of the Contras, alleging that health centers, schools, and cooperatives were destroyed by rebels,<a href="#cite_note-113">[110]</a> and that murder, rape, and torture occurred on a large scale in Contra-dominated areas.<a href="#cite_note-114">[111]</a> The U.S. also carried out a campaign of economic sabotage, and disrupted shipping by planting underwater mines in Nicaragua's port of <a href="/wiki/Corinto,_Nicaragua" title="Corinto, Nicaragua">Corinto</a>,<a href="#cite_note-115">[112]</a> an action <a href="/wiki/Nicaragua_v._United_States" title="Nicaragua v. United States">condemned</a> by the <a href="/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice" title="International Court of Justice">International Court of Justice</a> as illegal.<a href="#cite_note-116">[113]</a> The court also found that the U.S. encouraged acts contrary to humanitarian law by producing the manual <a href="/wiki/Psychological_Operations_in_Guerrilla_Warfare" title="Psychological Operations in Guerrilla Warfare">Psychological Operations in Guerrilla Warfare</a> and disseminating it to the Contras.<a href="#cite_note-117">[114]</a> The manual, among other things, advised on how to rationalize killings of civilians.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceC-118">[115]</a> The U.S. also sought to place economic pressure on the Sandinistas, and the Reagan administration imposed a full trade embargo.<a href="#cite_note-119">[116]</a> The Sandinistas were also accused of human rights abuses including torture, disappearances and mass executions.<a href="#cite_note-120">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-121">[118]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Inter-American_Commission_on_Human_Rights" title="Inter-American Commission on Human Rights">Inter-American Commission on Human Rights</a> investigated abuses by Sandinista forces, including an execution of 35 to 40 <a href="/wiki/Miskito_people" title="Miskito people">Miskitos</a> in December 1981,<a href="#cite_note-122">[119]</a> and an execution of 75 people in November 1984.<a href="#cite_note-123">[120]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Nicaraguan_general_election,_1984" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicaraguan general election, 1984">Nicaraguan general elections of 1984</a>, which were judged by at least one visiting 30-person delegation of NGO representatives to have been free and fair,<a href="#cite_note-124">[121]</a> the Sandinistas won the parliamentary election and their leader <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Ortega" title="Daniel Ortega">Daniel Ortega</a> won the presidential election.<a href="#cite_note-125">[122]</a> The Reagan administration criticized the elections as a "sham" based on the claim that <a href="/wiki/Arturo_Cruz" title="Arturo Cruz">Arturo Cruz</a>, the candidate nominated by the <a href="/wiki/Coordinadora_Democr%C3%A1tica_Nicarag%C3%BCense" title="Coordinadora Democrática Nicaragüense">Coordinadora Democrática Nicaragüense</a>, comprising three right wing political parties, did not participate in the elections. However, the administration privately argued against Cruz's participation for fear that his involvement would legitimize the elections, and thus weaken the case for American aid to the Contras.<a href="#cite_note-126">[123]</a> In 1983 the U.S. Congress prohibited federal funding of the Contras, but the Reagan administration illegally continued to back them by covertly selling arms to <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> and channeling the proceeds to the Contras in the <a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Contra_affair" title="Iran–Contra affair">Iran–Contra affair</a>, for which several members of the Reagan administration were convicted of felonies.<a href="#cite_note-127">[124]</a> The <a href="/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice" title="International Court of Justice">International Court of Justice</a>, in regard to the case of <a href="/wiki/Nicaragua_v._United_States" title="Nicaragua v. United States">Nicaragua v. United States</a> in 1986, found, "the United States of America was under an obligation to make reparation to the Republic of Nicaragua for all injury caused to Nicaragua by certain breaches of obligations under customary international law and treaty-law committed by the United States of America".<a href="#cite_note-icj-cij-128">[125]</a> During the war between the Contras and the Sandinistas, 30,000 people were killed.<a href="#cite_note-129">[126]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-war_(1990–2018)">Post-war (1990–2018)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicaragua&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Post-war (1990–2018)">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Violeta_Chamorro_1993.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Violeta_Chamorro_1993.jpg/220px-Violeta_Chamorro_1993.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="292" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/35/Violeta_Chamorro_1993.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="253" data-file-height="336" /></a><figcaption>In 1990, after the <a href="/wiki/Contras" title="Contras">Contra</a> war, <a href="/wiki/Violeta_Chamorro" title="Violeta Chamorro">Violeta Chamorro</a> became the first woman president democratically elected in the history of the <a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">Americas</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mitch-Flooding_in_Managua.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Mitch-Flooding_in_Managua.jpg/220px-Mitch-Flooding_in_Managua.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b3/Mitch-Flooding_in_Managua.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="168" /></a><figcaption>Flooding in Lake Managua after <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Mitch" title="Hurricane Mitch">Hurricane Mitch</a> in 1998</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Crowd_fills_street_at_a_May_2018_protest.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Crowd_fills_street_at_a_May_2018_protest.jpg/220px-Crowd_fills_street_at_a_May_2018_protest.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Crowd_fills_street_at_a_May_2018_protest.jpg/330px-Crowd_fills_street_at_a_May_2018_protest.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Crowd_fills_street_at_a_May_2018_protest.jpg/440px-Crowd_fills_street_at_a_May_2018_protest.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="667" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/2018%E2%80%932020_Nicaraguan_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="2018–2020 Nicaraguan protests">Nicaraguan protests</a> in May 2018</figcaption></figure> In the <a href="/wiki/1990_Nicaraguan_general_election" title="1990 Nicaraguan general election">1990 Nicaraguan general election</a>, a coalition of anti-Sandinista parties from both the left and right of the political spectrum led by <a href="/wiki/Violeta_Chamorro" title="Violeta Chamorro">Violeta Chamorro</a>, the widow of Pedro Joaquín Chamorro Cardenal, defeated the Sandinistas. The defeat shocked the Sandinistas, who had expected to win.<a href="#cite_note-130">[127]</a> Exit polls of Nicaraguans reported Chamorro's victory over <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Ortega" title="Daniel Ortega">Ortega</a> was achieved with a 55% majority.<a href="#cite_note-131">[128]</a> Chamorro was the first woman president of Nicaragua. Ortega vowed he would govern desde abajo (from below).<a href="#cite_note-132">[129]</a> Chamorro came to office with an economy in ruins, primarily because of the financial and social costs of the Contra War with the Sandinista-led government.<a href="#cite_note-133">[130]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/1996_Nicaraguan_general_election" title="1996 Nicaraguan general election">1996 general election</a>, Daniel Ortega and the Sandinistas of the FSLN lost again, this time to <a href="/wiki/Arnoldo_Alem%C3%A1n" title="Arnoldo Alemán">Arnoldo Alemán</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Constitutionalist_Liberal_Party_(Nicaragua)" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitutionalist Liberal Party (Nicaragua)">Constitutional Liberal Party</a> (PLC). In <a href="/wiki/2001_Nicaraguan_general_election" title="2001 Nicaraguan general election">the 2001 elections</a>, the PLC again defeated the FSLN, with Alemán's Vice President <a href="/wiki/Enrique_Bola%C3%B1os" title="Enrique Bolaños">Enrique Bolaños</a> succeeding him as president. However, Alemán was convicted and sentenced in 2003 to 20 years in prison for <a href="/wiki/Embezzlement" title="Embezzlement">embezzlement</a>, <a href="/wiki/Money_laundering" title="Money laundering">money laundering</a>, and corruption;<a href="#cite_note-134">[131]</a> liberal and Sandinista parliament members combined to strip the presidential powers of President Bolaños and his ministers, calling for his resignation and threatening <a href="/wiki/Impeachment" title="Impeachment">impeachment</a>. The Sandinistas said they no longer supported Bolaños after U.S. Secretary of State <a href="/wiki/Colin_Powell" title="Colin Powell">Colin Powell</a> told Bolaños to distance from the FSLN.<a href="#cite_note-135">[132]</a> This "slow motion coup d'état" was averted partially by pressure from the Central American presidents, who vowed not to recognize any movement that removed Bolaños; the U.S., the OAS, and the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> also opposed the action.<a href="#cite_note-136">[133]</a> Nicaragua briefly participated in the <a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a> in 2004 as part of the <a href="/wiki/Plus_Ultra_Brigade" title="Plus Ultra Brigade">Plus Ultra Brigade</a>, a military contingent of mixed personnel.<a href="#cite_note-AP_2004-04-29-137">[134]</a> Before <a href="/wiki/2006_Nicaraguan_general_election" title="2006 Nicaraguan general election">the general elections on November 5, 2006</a>, the <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Nicaragua" class="mw-redirect" title="National Assembly of Nicaragua">National Assembly</a> passed a bill further restricting <a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Nicaragua" title="Abortion in Nicaragua">abortion in Nicaragua</a>.<a href="#cite_note-138">[135]</a> As a result, Nicaragua is one of five countries in the world where abortion is illegal with no exceptions.<a href="#cite_note-139">[136]</a> Legislative and presidential elections took place on November 5, 2006. Ortega returned to the presidency with 37.99% of the vote. This percentage was enough to win the presidency outright, because of a change in electoral law which lowered the percentage requiring a runoff election from 45% to 35% (with a 5% margin of victory).<a href="#cite_note-140">[137]</a> <a href="/wiki/2011_Nicaraguan_general_election" title="2011 Nicaraguan general election">Nicaragua's 2011 general election</a> resulted in the re-election of Ortega, with a landslide 62.46% of the vote. In 2014 the National Assembly approved changes to the constitution allowing Ortega to run for a third successive term.<a href="#cite_note-141">[138]</a> In November 2016, <a href="/wiki/2016_Nicaraguan_general_election" title="2016 Nicaraguan general election">Ortega was elected for his third consecutive term</a> (his fourth overall). International monitoring of the elections was initially prohibited, and as a result the validity of the <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Nicaragua" title="Elections in Nicaragua">elections</a> has been disputed, but observation by the <a href="/wiki/Organization_of_American_States" title="Organization of American States">OAS</a> was announced in October.<a href="#cite_note-142">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-143">[140]</a> Ortega was reported by Nicaraguan election officials as having received 72% of the vote. However, the <a href="/wiki/Broad_Front_for_Democracy" title="Broad Front for Democracy">Broad Front for Democracy</a> (FAD), having promoted boycotts of the elections, claimed that 70% of voters had abstained (while election officials claimed 65.8% participation).<a href="#cite_note-144">[141]</a> In April 2018, <a href="/wiki/2018%E2%80%932020_Nicaraguan_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="2018–2020 Nicaraguan protests">demonstrations</a> were held to oppose a decree increasing taxes and reducing benefits in the country's pension system. Local independent press organizations had documented at least 19 dead and over 100 missing in the ensuing conflict.<a href="#cite_note-145">[142]</a> A reporter from NPR spoke to protestors who explained that while the initial issue was the pension reforms, the uprisings that spread across the country reflected many grievances about the government's time in office, and that the fight is for President Ortega and his vice president, his wife, to step down.<a href="#cite_note-146">[143]</a> April 24, 2018 marked the day of the greatest march in opposition of the Sandinista party. On May 2, 2018, university-student leaders made a public announcement giving the government seven days to set a date and time for a dialogue that was promised to the people due to the recent events of repression. The students also scheduled another peaceful protest march on that same day. As of May 2018, estimates of the death toll were as high as 63, many of them student protesters, and the wounded totalled more than 400.<a href="#cite_note-147">[144]</a> Following a working visit from May 17 to 21, the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights adopted precautionary measures aimed at protecting members of the student movement and their families after testimonies indicated the majority of them had suffered acts of violence and death threats for their participation.<a href="#cite_note-148">[145]</a> In the last week of May, thousands who accuse Mr. Ortega and his wife of acting like dictators joined in resuming anti-government rallies after attempted peace talks have remained unresolved.<a href="#cite_note-149">[146]</a> Open suppression of political dissent and more militarized policing began in April 2018, but the onset of repression was gradual.<a href="#cite_note-150">[147]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography_and_climate">Geography and climate</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicaragua&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Geography and climate">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Nicaragua" title="Geography of Nicaragua">Geography of Nicaragua</a> and <a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Nicaragua" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Nicaragua">Climate of Nicaragua</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Volcanoes_of_Nicaragua" class="mw-redirect" title="Volcanoes of Nicaragua">Volcanoes of Nicaragua</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Koppen-Geiger_Map_NIC_present.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Koppen-Geiger_Map_NIC_present.svg/220px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_NIC_present.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Koppen-Geiger_Map_NIC_present.svg/330px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_NIC_present.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Koppen-Geiger_Map_NIC_present.svg/440px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_NIC_present.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1474" data-file-height="850" /></a><figcaption>A map of Nicaragua's Köppen climate classification</figcaption></figure> Nicaragua occupies a landmass of 130,967 km2 (50,567 sq mi), which makes it slightly larger than England. Nicaragua has three distinct geographical regions: the Pacific lowlands – fertile valleys which the Spanish colonists settled, the <a href="/wiki/Amerrisque_Mountains" title="Amerrisque Mountains">Amerrisque Mountains</a> (North-central highlands), and the Mosquito Coast (Atlantic lowlands/<a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Lowlands" title="Caribbean Lowlands">Caribbean lowlands</a>). The low plains of the Atlantic Coast are 97 km (60 mi) wide in areas. They have long been exploited for their natural resources. On the Pacific side of Nicaragua are the two largest freshwater lakes in Central America—<a href="/wiki/Lake_Managua" title="Lake Managua">Lake Managua</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lake_Nicaragua" title="Lake Nicaragua">Lake Nicaragua</a>. Surrounding these lakes and extending to their northwest along the <a href="/wiki/Rift_valley" title="Rift valley">rift valley</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Fonseca" title="Gulf of Fonseca">Gulf of Fonseca</a> are fertile lowland plains, with soil highly enriched by <a href="/wiki/Volcanic_ash" title="Volcanic ash">ash</a> from nearby <a href="/wiki/Volcano" title="Volcano">volcanoes</a> of the central highlands. Nicaragua's abundance of biologically significant and unique <a href="/wiki/Ecosystem" title="Ecosystem">ecosystems</a> contribute to <a href="/wiki/Mesoamerica" title="Mesoamerica">Mesoamerica</a>'s designation as a <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_hotspot" title="Biodiversity hotspot">biodiversity hotspot</a>. Nicaragua has made efforts to become less dependent on fossil fuels, and it expects to acquire 90% of its energy from renewable resources by 2020.<a href="#cite_note-bbc-151">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-152">[149]</a> Nicaragua was one of the few countries that did not enter an <a href="/wiki/Intended_Nationally_Determined_Contributions" class="mw-redirect" title="Intended Nationally Determined Contributions">INDC</a> at <a href="/wiki/COP21" class="mw-redirect" title="COP21">COP21</a>.<a href="#cite_note-153">[150]</a><a href="#cite_note-154">[151]</a> Nicaragua initially chose not to join the Paris Climate Accord because it felt that "much more action is required" by individual countries on restricting global temperature rise.<a href="#cite_note-bbc-151">[148]</a> However, in October 2017, Nicaragua made the decision to join the agreement.<a href="#cite_note-155">[152]</a><a href="#cite_note-156">[153]</a><a href="#cite_note-157">[154]</a> It ratified this agreement on November 22, 2017.<a href="#cite_note-158">[155]</a> Nearly one fifth of Nicaragua is designated as <a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_Nicaragua" title="Protected areas of Nicaragua">protected areas</a> like national parks, nature reserves, and biological reserves. The country had a 2019 <a href="/wiki/Forest_Landscape_Integrity_Index" title="Forest Landscape Integrity Index">Forest Landscape Integrity Index</a> mean score of 3.63/10, ranking it 146th globally out of 172 countries.<a href="#cite_note-FLII-Supplementary-159">[156]</a> <a href="/wiki/Geophysical" class="mw-redirect" title="Geophysical">Geophysically</a>, Nicaragua is surrounded by the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Caribbean Plate">Caribbean Plate</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Oceanic_crust" title="Oceanic crust">oceanic</a> <a href="/wiki/Tectonic_plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Tectonic plate">tectonic plate</a> underlying Central America, and the <a href="/wiki/Cocos_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Cocos Plate">Cocos Plate</a>. Since Central America is a major <a href="/wiki/Subduction" title="Subduction">subduction</a> zone, Nicaragua hosts most of the <a href="/wiki/Central_American_Volcanic_Arc" class="mw-redirect" title="Central American Volcanic Arc">Central American Volcanic Arc</a>. On 9 June 2021, Nicaragua launched a new volcanic supersite research in strengthening the monitoring and surveillance of the country's 21 active volcanoes. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pacific_lowlands">Pacific lowlands</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicaragua&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Pacific lowlands">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Concepci%C3%B3n_from_Maderas_(landscape).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Concepci%C3%B3n_from_Maderas_%28landscape%29.jpg/220px-Concepci%C3%B3n_from_Maderas_%28landscape%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Concepci%C3%B3n_from_Maderas_%28landscape%29.jpg/330px-Concepci%C3%B3n_from_Maderas_%28landscape%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Concepci%C3%B3n_from_Maderas_%28landscape%29.jpg/440px-Concepci%C3%B3n_from_Maderas_%28landscape%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Nicaragua is known as "the land of lakes and volcanoes"; pictured is <a href="/wiki/Concepci%C3%B3n_(volcano)" title="Concepción (volcano)">Concepción volcano</a>, seen from <a href="/wiki/Maderas" title="Maderas">Maderas volcano</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PenasBlancas,_part_of_the_Bosawas_Reserve,_Jinotega_Department,_Nicaragua.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/PenasBlancas%2C_part_of_the_Bosawas_Reserve%2C_Jinotega_Department%2C_Nicaragua.jpg/220px-PenasBlancas%2C_part_of_the_Bosawas_Reserve%2C_Jinotega_Department%2C_Nicaragua.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/PenasBlancas%2C_part_of_the_Bosawas_Reserve%2C_Jinotega_Department%2C_Nicaragua.jpg/330px-PenasBlancas%2C_part_of_the_Bosawas_Reserve%2C_Jinotega_Department%2C_Nicaragua.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/PenasBlancas%2C_part_of_the_Bosawas_Reserve%2C_Jinotega_Department%2C_Nicaragua.jpg/440px-PenasBlancas%2C_part_of_the_Bosawas_Reserve%2C_Jinotega_Department%2C_Nicaragua.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption>Peñas Blancas, part of the <a href="/wiki/Bosaw%C3%A1s_Biosphere_Reserve" title="Bosawás Biosphere Reserve">Bosawás Biosphere Reserve</a> and located northeast of <a href="/wiki/Jinotega" title="Jinotega">Jinotega</a> in northeastern Nicaragua, is the second-largest rainforest in the <a href="/wiki/Western_Hemisphere" title="Western Hemisphere">Western Hemisphere</a> after the Amazonian Rainforest in <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a></figcaption></figure> In the west of the country, these lowlands consist of a broad, hot, fertile plain. Punctuating this plain are several large volcanoes of the <a href="/wiki/Cordillera_Los_Maribios" class="mw-redirect" title="Cordillera Los Maribios">Cordillera Los Maribios</a> mountain range, including <a href="/wiki/Mombacho" title="Mombacho">Mombacho</a> just outside Granada, and <a href="/wiki/Momotombo" title="Momotombo">Momotombo</a> near León. The lowland area runs from the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Fonseca" title="Gulf of Fonseca">Gulf of Fonseca</a> to Nicaragua's Pacific border with Costa Rica south of <a href="/wiki/Lake_Nicaragua" title="Lake Nicaragua">Lake Nicaragua</a>. Lake Nicaragua is the largest freshwater lake in Central America (20th largest in the world),<a href="#cite_note-160">[157]</a> and is home to some of the world's rare freshwater sharks (<a href="/wiki/Bull_shark" title="Bull shark">Nicaraguan shark</a>).<a href="#cite_note-161">[158]</a> The Pacific lowlands region is the most populous, with over half of the nation's population. The eruptions of western Nicaragua's 40 volcanoes, many of which are still active, have sometimes devastated settlements but also have enriched the land with layers of fertile ash. The geologic activity that produces vulcanism also breeds powerful earthquakes. Tremors occur regularly throughout the Pacific zone, and earthquakes have nearly destroyed the capital city, Managua, more than once.<a href="#cite_note-gr1-162">[159]</a> Most of the Pacific zone is <a href="/wiki/Tierra_caliente" title="Tierra caliente">tierra caliente</a>, the "hot land" of tropical Spanish America at elevations under 610 metres (2,000 ft). Temperatures remain virtually constant throughout the year, with highs ranging between 29.4 and 32.2 °C (85 and 90 °F). After a dry season lasting from November to April, rains begin in May and continue to October, giving the Pacific lowlands 1,016 to 1,524 millimetres (40 to 60 in) of precipitation. Good soils and a favourable climate combine to make western Nicaragua the country's economic and demographic centre. The southwestern shore of Lake Nicaragua lies within 24 kilometres (15 mi) of the Pacific Ocean. Thus the lake and the San Juan River were often proposed in the 19th century as the longest part of a canal route across the Central American isthmus. Canal proposals were periodically revived in the 20th and 21st centuries.<a href="#cite_note-gr1-162">[159]</a><a href="#cite_note-163">[160]</a> Roughly a century after the opening of the <a href="/wiki/Panama_Canal" title="Panama Canal">Panama Canal</a>, the prospect of a Nicaraguan <a href="/wiki/Ecocanal" title="Ecocanal">ecocanal</a> remains a topic of interest.<a href="#cite_note-164">[161]</a><a href="#cite_note-165">[162]</a><a href="#cite_note-166">[163]</a><a href="#cite_note-167">[164]</a> In addition to its beach and resort communities, the Pacific lowlands contains most of Nicaragua's Spanish colonial architecture and artifacts. Cities such as León and <a href="/wiki/Granada,_Nicaragua" title="Granada, Nicaragua">Granada</a> abound in colonial architecture; founded in 1524, Granada is the oldest colonial city in the Americas.<a href="#cite_note-168">[165]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">needs update</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="North_central_highlands">North central highlands</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicaragua&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: North central highlands">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ca%C3%B1onsomoto.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Ca%C3%B1onsomoto.JPG/220px-Ca%C3%B1onsomoto.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Ca%C3%B1onsomoto.JPG/330px-Ca%C3%B1onsomoto.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Ca%C3%B1onsomoto.JPG/440px-Ca%C3%B1onsomoto.JPG 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Somoto_Canyon_National_Monument" title="Somoto Canyon National Monument">Somoto Canyon National Monument</a> in <a href="/wiki/Somoto" class="mw-redirect" title="Somoto">Somoto</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Madriz_Department" title="Madriz Department">Madriz Department</a> in northern Nicaragua</figcaption></figure> Northern Nicaragua is the most diversified region producing coffee, cattle, milk products, vegetables, wood, gold, and flowers. Its extensive forests, rivers and geography are suited for ecotourism. The central highlands are a significantly less populated and economically developed area in the north, between Lake Nicaragua and the Caribbean. Forming the country's <a href="/wiki/Tierra_templada" title="Tierra templada">tierra templada</a>, or "temperate land", at elevations between 610 and 1,524 metres (2,000 and 5,000 ft), the highlands enjoy mild temperatures with daily highs of 23.9 to 26.7 °C (75 to 80 °F). This region has a longer, wetter rainy season than the Pacific lowlands, making erosion a problem on its steep slopes. Rugged terrain, poor soils, and low population density characterize the area as a whole, but the northwestern valleys are fertile and well settled.<a href="#cite_note-gr1-162">[159]</a> The area has a cooler climate than the Pacific lowlands. About a quarter of the country's agriculture takes place in this region, with coffee grown on the higher slopes. <a href="/wiki/Oak" title="Oak">Oaks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pine" title="Pine">pines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moss" title="Moss">moss</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fern" title="Fern">ferns</a> and <a href="/wiki/Orchidaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Orchidaceae">orchids</a> are abundant in the <a href="/wiki/Cloud_forest" title="Cloud forest">cloud forests</a> of the region. Bird life in the forests of the central region includes <a href="/wiki/Resplendent_quetzal" title="Resplendent quetzal">resplendent quetzals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lesser_goldfinch" title="Lesser goldfinch">goldfinches</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hummingbird" title="Hummingbird">hummingbirds</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jay" title="Jay">jays</a> and <a href="/wiki/Emerald_toucanet" title="Emerald toucanet">toucanets</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Caribbean_lowlands">Caribbean lowlands</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicaragua&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Caribbean lowlands">edit</a>]</div> This large <a href="/wiki/Rainforest" title="Rainforest">rainforest</a> region is irrigated by several large rivers and is sparsely populated. The area has 57% of the territory of the nation and most of its mineral resources. It has been heavily exploited, but much natural diversity remains. The <a href="/wiki/Coco_River" title="Coco River">Rio Coco</a> is the largest river in Central America; it forms the border with Honduras. The Caribbean coastline is much more sinuous than its generally straight Pacific counterpart; lagoons and deltas make it very irregular.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Nicaragua's <a href="/wiki/Bosaw%C3%A1s_Biosphere_Reserve" title="Bosawás Biosphere Reserve">Bosawás Biosphere Reserve</a> is in the Atlantic lowlands, part of which is located in the municipality of <a href="/wiki/Siuna" title="Siuna">Siuna</a>; it protects 7,300 square kilometres (1,800,000 acres) of <a href="/w/index.php?title=La_Mosquitia_(Nicaragua)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="La Mosquitia (Nicaragua) (page does not exist)">La Mosquitia</a> forest – almost 7% of the country's area – making it the largest rainforest north of the <a href="/wiki/Amazon_rainforest" title="Amazon rainforest">Amazon</a> in Brazil.<a href="#cite_note-169">[166]</a> The municipalities of <a href="/wiki/Siuna" title="Siuna">Siuna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rosita,_Nicaragua" title="Rosita, Nicaragua">Rosita</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bonanza,_Nicaragua" title="Bonanza, Nicaragua">Bonanza</a>, known as the "Mining Triangle", are located in the region known as the <a href="/wiki/North_Caribbean_Coast_Autonomous_Region" title="North Caribbean Coast Autonomous Region">North Caribbean Coast Autonomous Region</a>, in the Caribbean lowlands. Bonanza still contains an active gold mine owned by HEMCO. Siuna and Rosita do not have active mines but panning for gold is still very common in the region.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Nicaragua's tropical east coast is very different from the rest of the country. The climate is predominantly tropical, with high temperature and high humidity. Around the area's principal city of Bluefields, English is widely spoken along with the official Spanish. The population more closely resembles that found in many typical Caribbean ports than the rest of Nicaragua.<a href="#cite_note-170">[167]</a> A great variety of birds can be observed including <a href="/wiki/Eagle" title="Eagle">eagles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Toucan" title="Toucan">toucans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parakeet" title="Parakeet">parakeets</a> and <a href="/wiki/Macaw" title="Macaw">macaws</a>. Other animal life in the area includes different species of <a href="/wiki/Monkey" title="Monkey">monkeys</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anteater" title="Anteater">anteaters</a>, white-tailed <a href="/wiki/Deer" title="Deer">deer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tapir" title="Tapir">tapirs</a>.<a href="#cite_note-171">[168]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Flora_and_fauna">Flora and fauna</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicaragua&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Flora and fauna">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Nicaragua" title="Fauna of Nicaragua">Fauna of Nicaragua</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Turquoise-browed_Motmot_2495425451.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Turquoise-browed_Motmot_2495425451.jpg/220px-Turquoise-browed_Motmot_2495425451.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Turquoise-browed_Motmot_2495425451.jpg/330px-Turquoise-browed_Motmot_2495425451.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Turquoise-browed_Motmot_2495425451.jpg/440px-Turquoise-browed_Motmot_2495425451.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1867" data-file-height="1334" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Guardabarranco" class="mw-redirect" title="Guardabarranco">Guardabarranco</a> ("ravine-guard") is Nicaragua's national bird.</figcaption></figure> Nicaragua is home to a rich variety of plants and animals. Nicaragua is located in the middle of the Americas and this privileged location has enabled the country to serve as host to a great biodiversity. This factor, along with the weather and light altitudinal variations, allows the country to harbor 248 species of amphibians and reptiles, 183 species of mammals, 705 bird species, 640 fish species, and about 5,796 species of plants. The region of great forests is located on the eastern side of the country. Rainforests are found in the <a href="/wiki/R%C3%ADo_San_Juan_Department" title="Río San Juan Department">Río San Juan Department</a> and in the autonomous regions of <a href="/wiki/North_Caribbean_Coast_Autonomous_Region" title="North Caribbean Coast Autonomous Region">RAAN</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Caribbean_Coast_Autonomous_Region" title="South Caribbean Coast Autonomous Region">RAAS</a>. This biome groups together the greatest biodiversity in the country and is largely protected by the <a href="/wiki/Indio_Ma%C3%ADz_Biological_Reserve" title="Indio Maíz Biological Reserve">Indio Maíz Biological Reserve</a> in the south and the <a href="/wiki/Bosaw%C3%A1s_Biosphere_Reserve" title="Bosawás Biosphere Reserve">Bosawás Biosphere Reserve</a> in the north. The Nicaraguan jungles, which represent about 9,700 square kilometres (2.4 million acres), are considered the lungs of Central America and comprise the second largest-sized rainforest of the Americas.<a href="#cite_note-172">[169]</a><a href="#cite_note-173">[170]</a> There are currently 78 protected areas in Nicaragua, covering more than 22,000 square kilometres (8,500 sq mi), or about 17% of its landmass. These include <a href="/wiki/Wildlife_refuge" class="mw-redirect" title="Wildlife refuge">wildlife refuges</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nature_reserve" title="Nature reserve">nature reserves</a> that shelter a wide range of <a href="/wiki/Ecosystem" title="Ecosystem">ecosystems</a>. There are more than 1,400 animal species classified thus far in Nicaragua. Some 12,000 species of plants have been <a href="/wiki/Biological_classification" class="mw-redirect" title="Biological classification">classified</a> thus far in Nicaragua, with an estimated 5,000 species not yet classified.<a href="#cite_note-174">[171]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Bull_shark" title="Bull shark">bull shark</a> is a species of shark that can survive for an extended period of time in fresh water. It can be found in <a href="/wiki/Lake_Nicaragua" title="Lake Nicaragua">Lake Nicaragua</a> and the <a href="/wiki/San_Juan_River_(Nicaragua)" title="San Juan River (Nicaragua)">San Juan River</a>, where it is often referred to as the "Nicaragua shark".<a href="#cite_note-175">[172]</a> Nicaragua has recently banned freshwater fishing of the Nicaragua shark and the <a href="/wiki/Sawfish" title="Sawfish">sawfish</a> in response to the declining populations of these animals.<a href="#cite_note-176">[173]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Government">Government</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicaragua&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Government">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Nicaragua" title="Politics of Nicaragua">Politics of Nicaragua</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Nicaragua" title="Special:EditPage/Nicaragua">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Nicaragua%22">"Nicaragua"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Nicaragua%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Nicaragua%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Nicaragua%22+-wikipedia">books</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Nicaragua%22">scholar</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Nicaragua%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a> (September 2017) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dmitry_Medvedev_18_December_2008-6.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Dmitry_Medvedev_18_December_2008-6.jpg/220px-Dmitry_Medvedev_18_December_2008-6.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Dmitry_Medvedev_18_December_2008-6.jpg/330px-Dmitry_Medvedev_18_December_2008-6.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Dmitry_Medvedev_18_December_2008-6.jpg/440px-Dmitry_Medvedev_18_December_2008-6.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="334" /></a><figcaption>Nicaraguan president <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Ortega" title="Daniel Ortega">Daniel Ortega</a> with then <a href="/wiki/Russian_President" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian President">Russian President</a> <a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Medvedev" title="Dmitry Medvedev">Dmitry Medvedev</a> in <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a> in 2008</figcaption></figure> Politics of Nicaragua takes place in a framework of a <a href="/wiki/Presidential_system" title="Presidential system">presidential</a> <a href="/wiki/Representative_democracy" title="Representative democracy">representative democratic</a> republic, whereby the <a href="/wiki/President_of_Nicaragua" title="President of Nicaragua">President of Nicaragua</a> is both <a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">head of state</a> and <a href="/wiki/Head_of_government" title="Head of government">head of government</a>, and of a <a href="/wiki/Multi-party_system" title="Multi-party system">multi-party system</a>. <a href="/wiki/Executive_(government)" title="Executive (government)">Executive power</a> is exercised by the government. <a href="/wiki/Legislature" title="Legislature">Legislative power</a> is vested in both the government and the <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Nicaragua" class="mw-redirect" title="National Assembly of Nicaragua">national assembly</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Judiciary" title="Judiciary">judiciary</a> makes up the third branch of government. Between 2007 and 2009, Nicaragua's major political parties discussed the possibility of going from a presidential system to a parliamentary system. Their reason: there would be a clear differentiation between the <a href="/wiki/Head_of_government" title="Head of government">head of government</a> (prime minister) and the <a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">head of state</a> (president). Nevertheless, it was argued that the true reason for this proposal was to find a legal way for President Ortega to stay in power after January 2012, when his second and last government period was expected to end. Ortega was <a href="/wiki/2016_Nicaraguan_general_election" title="2016 Nicaraguan general election">reelected to a third term in November 2016</a>, and <a href="/wiki/2021_Nicaraguan_general_election" title="2021 Nicaraguan general election">a fourth in 2021</a>; both elections were tainted by credible reports of large-scale fraud, voter intimidation, and politically motivated arrests of opposition party leaders. Independent observers were barred from the polls. The <a href="/wiki/Organization_of_American_States" title="Organization of American States">OAS</a>, United States, and European Union all described the 2021 election as a "sham" due to these issues.<a href="#cite_note-177">[174]</a><a href="#cite_note-178">[175]</a> Since <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Ortega" title="Daniel Ortega">Daniel Ortega</a>'s election in 2006, liberal democratic norms and individual rights in practice have deteriorated. Parties other than the ruling <a href="/wiki/Sandinista_National_Liberation_Front" title="Sandinista National Liberation Front">FSLN</a> have been repressed through arbitrary arrest and detention of opposition candidates and activists. Most government jobs de facto require membership in the FSLN. Opposition media has been repressed through arrests of journalists and seizure of broadcasting and printing materials.<a href="#cite_note-179">[176]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_relations">Foreign relations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicaragua&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Foreign relations">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Nicaragua" title="Foreign relations of Nicaragua">Foreign relations of Nicaragua</a></div> Nicaragua pursues an independent foreign policy. <a href="/wiki/Territorial_disputes_of_Nicaragua" title="Territorial disputes of Nicaragua">Nicaragua is in territorial disputes</a> with Colombia over the <a href="/wiki/Archipelago_de_San_Andr%C3%A9s_y_Providencia" class="mw-redirect" title="Archipelago de San Andrés y Providencia">Archipelago de San Andrés y Providencia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Quita_Sue%C3%B1o_Bank" title="Quita Sueño Bank">Quita Sueño Bank</a> and with Costa Rica over a boundary dispute involving the <a href="/wiki/San_Juan_River_(Nicaragua)" title="San Juan River (Nicaragua)">San Juan River</a>. On 12 October 2022, Nicaragua voted against condemning <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> for <a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">its invasion of Ukraine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-180">[177]</a> Since 2019, <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Nicaragua" title="Human rights in Nicaragua">human rights in Nicaragua</a> have been rated <a href="/wiki/Freedom_in_the_World" title="Freedom in the World">not free</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military">Military</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicaragua&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Military">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Nicaraguan_Armed_Forces" title="Nicaraguan Armed Forces">Nicaraguan Armed Forces</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Nicaraguan_Armed_Forces" title="Nicaraguan Armed Forces">Nicaraguan Armed Forces</a> consist of various military contingents. Nicaragua has an <a href="/wiki/Nicaraguan_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicaraguan Army">army</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nicaraguan_Navy" title="Nicaraguan Navy">navy</a> and an <a href="/wiki/Nicaraguan_Air_Force" title="Nicaraguan Air Force">air force</a>. There are roughly 14,000 active duty personnel, which is much less compared to the numbers seen during the <a href="/wiki/Nicaraguan_Revolution" title="Nicaraguan Revolution">Nicaraguan Revolution</a>. Although the army has had a rough military history, a portion of its forces, which were known as the <a href="/wiki/National_Guard_(Nicaragua)" title="National Guard (Nicaragua)">national guard</a>, became integrated with what is now the <a href="/wiki/Polic%C3%ADa_Nacional_(Nicaragua)" class="mw-redirect" title="Policía Nacional (Nicaragua)">National Police of Nicaragua</a>. In essence, the police became a <a href="/wiki/Gendarmerie" title="Gendarmerie">gendarmerie</a>. The National Police of Nicaragua are rarely, if ever, labeled as a <a href="/wiki/Gendarmerie" title="Gendarmerie">gendarmerie</a>. The other elements and manpower that were not devoted to the national police were sent over to cultivate the new Army of Nicaragua. The age to serve in the armed forces is 17 and <a href="/wiki/Conscription" title="Conscription">conscription</a> is not imminent. As of 2006<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nicaragua&action=edit">[update]</a>, the military budget was roughly 0.7% of Nicaragua's expenditures. In 2017, Nicaragua signed the UN <a href="/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Prohibition_of_Nuclear_Weapons" title="Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons">treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons</a>.<a href="#cite_note-181">[178]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Law_enforcement">Law enforcement</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicaragua&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Law enforcement">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Nicaragua" title="Law enforcement in Nicaragua">Law enforcement in Nicaragua</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:600x400_1329442889_170212amb-nota2,photo01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/600x400_1329442889_170212amb-nota2%2Cphoto01.jpg/220px-600x400_1329442889_170212amb-nota2%2Cphoto01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/600x400_1329442889_170212amb-nota2%2Cphoto01.jpg/330px-600x400_1329442889_170212amb-nota2%2Cphoto01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/600x400_1329442889_170212amb-nota2%2Cphoto01.jpg/440px-600x400_1329442889_170212amb-nota2%2Cphoto01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/National_Police_of_Nicaragua" title="National Police of Nicaragua">National Police of Nicaragua</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/National_Police_of_Nicaragua" title="National Police of Nicaragua">National Police of Nicaragua</a> Force (in Spanish: La Policía Nacional Nicaragüense) is the national police of Nicaragua. The force is in charge of regular police functions and, at times, works in conjunction with the Nicaraguan military, making it an indirect and rather subtle version of a gendarmerie.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] However, the Nicaraguan National Police work separately and have a different established set of norms than the nation's military.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] According to a recent US Department of State report, corruption is endemic, especially within law enforcement and the judiciary, and arbitrary arrests, torture, and harsh prison conditions are the norm.<a href="#cite_note-Nicaragua-182">[179]</a> Nicaragua has one of the lowest intentional homicide rates in Central America, according to the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Development_Program" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Development Program">United Nations Development Program</a>, with a homicide rate of 11 per 100,000 inhabitants as of 2021.<a href="#cite_note-Intentional_homicides_(per_100,000_people)_-_Nicaragua-183">[180]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Administrative_divisions">Administrative divisions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicaragua&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Administrative divisions">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Departments_of_Nicaragua" title="Departments of Nicaragua">Departments of Nicaragua</a></div> Nicaragua is a <a href="/wiki/Unitary_state" title="Unitary state">unitary</a> republic. For administrative purposes it is divided into 15 <a href="/wiki/Department_(administrative_division)" title="Department (administrative division)">departments</a> (departamentos) and two self-governing regions (autonomous communities) based on the Spanish model. The departments are then <a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Nicaragua" title="Municipalities of Nicaragua">subdivided into 153 municipios</a> (municipalities). The two autonomous regions are the North Caribbean Coast Autonomous Region and South Caribbean Coast Autonomous Region, often referred to as RACCN and RACCS, respectively.<a href="#cite_note-184">[181]</a> <table> <tbody><tr valign="top"> <td> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td></td> <td> Department</td> <td>Capital city </td></tr> <tr> <td>1</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Boaco.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of the Department of Boaco"><img alt="Flag of the Department of Boaco" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Boaco.svg/22px-Flag_of_Boaco.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Boaco.svg/33px-Flag_of_Boaco.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Boaco.svg/44px-Flag_of_Boaco.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="216" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Boaco_Department" title="Boaco Department">Boaco</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Boaco" title="Boaco">Boaco</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Jinotepe.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of the Department of Carazo"><img alt="Flag of the Department of Carazo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Jinotepe.svg/22px-Flag_of_Jinotepe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Jinotepe.svg/33px-Flag_of_Jinotepe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Jinotepe.svg/44px-Flag_of_Jinotepe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Carazo_Department" title="Carazo Department">Carazo</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jinotepe" class="mw-redirect" title="Jinotepe">Jinotepe</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>3</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Chinandega.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of the Department of Chinandega"><img alt="Flag of the Department of Chinandega" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Flag_of_Chinandega.svg/22px-Flag_of_Chinandega.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Flag_of_Chinandega.svg/33px-Flag_of_Chinandega.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Flag_of_Chinandega.svg/44px-Flag_of_Chinandega.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Chinandega_Department" title="Chinandega Department">Chinandega</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chinandega" title="Chinandega">Chinandega</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>4</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Juigalpa.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of the Department of Chontales"><img alt="Flag of the Department of Chontales" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Juigalpa.svg/22px-Flag_of_Juigalpa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Juigalpa.svg/33px-Flag_of_Juigalpa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Juigalpa.svg/44px-Flag_of_Juigalpa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Chontales_Department" title="Chontales Department">Chontales</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Juigalpa" class="mw-redirect" title="Juigalpa">Juigalpa</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>5</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Esteli.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of the Department of Estelí"><img alt="Flag of the Department of Estelí" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Flag_of_Esteli.svg/22px-Flag_of_Esteli.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Flag_of_Esteli.svg/33px-Flag_of_Esteli.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Flag_of_Esteli.svg/44px-Flag_of_Esteli.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Estel%C3%AD_Department" title="Estelí Department">Estelí</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Estel%C3%AD" title="Estelí">Estelí</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>6</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Granada,_Nicaragua.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of the Department of Granada"><img alt="Flag of the Department of Granada" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Flag_of_Granada%2C_Nicaragua.svg/22px-Flag_of_Granada%2C_Nicaragua.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Flag_of_Granada%2C_Nicaragua.svg/33px-Flag_of_Granada%2C_Nicaragua.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Flag_of_Granada%2C_Nicaragua.svg/44px-Flag_of_Granada%2C_Nicaragua.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Granada_Department" title="Granada Department">Granada</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Granada,_Nicaragua" title="Granada, Nicaragua">Granada</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>7</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Jinotega.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of the Department of Jinotega"><img alt="Flag of the Department of Jinotega" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Jinotega.svg/22px-Flag_of_Jinotega.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Jinotega.svg/33px-Flag_of_Jinotega.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Jinotega.svg/44px-Flag_of_Jinotega.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1000" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Jinotega_Department" title="Jinotega Department">Jinotega</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jinotega" title="Jinotega">Jinotega</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>8</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Leon,_Nicaragua.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of the Department of Leon"><img alt="Flag of the Department of Leon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Flag_of_Leon%2C_Nicaragua.svg/22px-Flag_of_Leon%2C_Nicaragua.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Flag_of_Leon%2C_Nicaragua.svg/33px-Flag_of_Leon%2C_Nicaragua.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Flag_of_Leon%2C_Nicaragua.svg/44px-Flag_of_Leon%2C_Nicaragua.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Le%C3%B3n_Department" title="León Department">León</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Le%C3%B3n,_Nicaragua" title="León, Nicaragua">León</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>9</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Blank_flag.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of the Department of Madriz"><img alt="Flag of the Department of Madriz" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Blank_flag.svg/22px-Blank_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Blank_flag.svg/33px-Blank_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Blank_flag.svg/44px-Blank_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Madriz_Department" title="Madriz Department">Madriz</a>  </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Somoto,_Madriz" title="Somoto, Madriz">Somoto</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>10</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Managua.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Managua"><img alt="Flag of Managua" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Flag_of_Managua.svg/22px-Flag_of_Managua.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Flag_of_Managua.svg/33px-Flag_of_Managua.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Flag_of_Managua.svg/44px-Flag_of_Managua.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Managua_Department" title="Managua Department">Managua</a>  </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Managua" title="Managua">Managua</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>11</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Masaya.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of the Department of Masaya"><img alt="Flag of the Department of Masaya" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Flag_of_Masaya.svg/22px-Flag_of_Masaya.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Flag_of_Masaya.svg/33px-Flag_of_Masaya.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Flag_of_Masaya.svg/44px-Flag_of_Masaya.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Masaya_Department" title="Masaya Department">Masaya</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Masaya" title="Masaya">Masaya</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>12</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Matagalpa.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Matagalpa.svg/22px-Flag_of_Matagalpa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Matagalpa.svg/33px-Flag_of_Matagalpa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Matagalpa.svg/44px-Flag_of_Matagalpa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="533" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Matagalpa_Department" title="Matagalpa Department">Matagalpa</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Matagalpa" title="Matagalpa">Matagalpa</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>13</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Nueva_Segovia.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of the Department of Nueva Segovia"><img alt="Flag of the Department of Nueva Segovia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Nueva_Segovia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Nueva_Segovia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Nueva_Segovia.svg/33px-Flag_of_Nueva_Segovia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Nueva_Segovia.svg/44px-Flag_of_Nueva_Segovia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2400" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Nueva_Segovia_Department" title="Nueva Segovia Department">Nueva Segovia</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ocotal" title="Ocotal">Ocotal</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>14</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Rivas.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of the Department of Rivas"><img alt="Flag of the Department of Rivas" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_Rivas.svg/22px-Flag_of_Rivas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_Rivas.svg/33px-Flag_of_Rivas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_Rivas.svg/44px-Flag_of_Rivas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Rivas_Department" title="Rivas Department">Rivas</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rivas,_Nicaragua" title="Rivas, Nicaragua">Rivas</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>15</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_San_Carlos,_Nicaragua.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of the Department of Río San Juan"><img alt="Flag of the Department of Río San Juan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Flag_of_San_Carlos%2C_Nicaragua.svg/22px-Flag_of_San_Carlos%2C_Nicaragua.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Flag_of_San_Carlos%2C_Nicaragua.svg/33px-Flag_of_San_Carlos%2C_Nicaragua.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Flag_of_San_Carlos%2C_Nicaragua.svg/44px-Flag_of_San_Carlos%2C_Nicaragua.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></a> <a href="/wiki/R%C3%ADo_San_Juan_Department" title="Río San Juan Department">Río San Juan</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/San_Carlos,_Nicaragua" title="San Carlos, Nicaragua">San Carlos</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>16</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Region_Autonoma_del_Atlantico_Norte.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of the Región Autónoma del Atlántico Norte"><img alt="Flag of the Región Autónoma del Atlántico Norte" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Flag_of_Region_Autonoma_del_Atlantico_Norte.svg/22px-Flag_of_Region_Autonoma_del_Atlantico_Norte.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Flag_of_Region_Autonoma_del_Atlantico_Norte.svg/33px-Flag_of_Region_Autonoma_del_Atlantico_Norte.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Flag_of_Region_Autonoma_del_Atlantico_Norte.svg/44px-Flag_of_Region_Autonoma_del_Atlantico_Norte.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/North_Caribbean_Coast_Autonomous_Region" title="North Caribbean Coast Autonomous Region">North Caribbean Coast Autonomous Region</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bilwi" class="mw-redirect" title="Bilwi">Bilwi</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>17</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Region_Autonoma_Atlantico_Sur.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of the Región Autónoma del Atlántico Sur"><img alt="Flag of the Región Autónoma del Atlántico Sur" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Flag_of_Region_Autonoma_Atlantico_Sur.svg/22px-Flag_of_Region_Autonoma_Atlantico_Sur.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Flag_of_Region_Autonoma_Atlantico_Sur.svg/33px-Flag_of_Region_Autonoma_Atlantico_Sur.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Flag_of_Region_Autonoma_Atlantico_Sur.svg/44px-Flag_of_Region_Autonoma_Atlantico_Sur.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="533" /></a> <a href="/wiki/South_Caribbean_Coast_Autonomous_Region" title="South Caribbean Coast Autonomous Region">South Caribbean Coast Autonomous Region</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bluefields" title="Bluefields">Bluefields</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicaragua&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Economy">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Nicaragua" title="Economy of Nicaragua">Economy of Nicaragua</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GDP_per_capita_development_in_Nicaragua.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/GDP_per_capita_development_in_Nicaragua.svg/220px-GDP_per_capita_development_in_Nicaragua.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/GDP_per_capita_development_in_Nicaragua.svg/330px-GDP_per_capita_development_in_Nicaragua.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/GDP_per_capita_development_in_Nicaragua.svg/440px-GDP_per_capita_development_in_Nicaragua.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Historical <a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> per capita in Nicaragua</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FruitColors.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/FruitColors.jpg/220px-FruitColors.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/FruitColors.jpg/330px-FruitColors.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/FruitColors.jpg/440px-FruitColors.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Coffee" title="Coffee">Coffee</a> is one of the Nicaragua's largest exports. It is grown in <a href="/wiki/Jinotega" title="Jinotega">Jinotega</a>, <a href="/wiki/Esteli" class="mw-redirect" title="Esteli">Esteli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nueva_Segovia_Department" title="Nueva Segovia Department">Nueva Segovia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Matagalpa" title="Matagalpa">Matagalpa</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Madriz_Department" title="Madriz Department">Madriz</a>, and exported worldwide through North America, Latin America, Europe, Asia, and Australia. <a href="/wiki/Nestl%C3%A9" title="Nestlé">Nestlé</a> and <a href="/wiki/Starbucks" title="Starbucks">Starbucks</a> buy Nicaraguan coffee.</figcaption></figure> Nicaragua is one of the poorest countries in the <a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">Americas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-185">[182]</a><a href="#cite_note-186">[183]</a><a href="#cite_note-187">[184]</a> Its gross domestic product (GDP) in <a href="/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity" title="Purchasing power parity">purchasing power parity</a> (PPP) in 2008 was estimated at US$17.37 billion.<a href="#cite_note-cia-9">[8]</a> Agriculture represents 15.5% of GDP, the highest percentage in Central America.<a href="#cite_note-188">[185]</a> Remittances account for over 15% of the Nicaraguan GDP. Close to one billion dollars are sent to the country by Nicaraguans living abroad.<a href="#cite_note-189">[186]</a> The economy grew at a rate of about 4% in 2011.<a href="#cite_note-cia-9">[8]</a> By 2019, given restrictive taxes and a civil conflict, it recorded a negative growth of - 3.9%; the International Monetary Fund forecast for 2020 is a further decline of 6% due to COVID-19.<a href="#cite_note-190">[187]</a> The restrictive tax measures put in place in 2019 and a political crisis over social security negatively affected the country's weak public spending and investor confidence in sovereign debt. According to the update IMF forecasts from 14 April 2020, due to the COVID-19 outbreak, GDP growth is expected to fall to -6% in 2020.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>][<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">needs update</a>] According to the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Development_Programme" title="United Nations Development Programme">United Nations Development Programme</a>, 48% of the population of Nicaragua live below the poverty line,<a href="#cite_note-191">[188]</a> 79.9% of the population live with less than $2 per day,<a href="#cite_note-192">[189]</a> According to UN figures, 80% of the <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples" title="Indigenous peoples">indigenous people</a> (who make up 5% of the population) live on less than $1 per day.<a href="#cite_note-193">[190]</a> According to the World Bank, Nicaragua ranked as the 123rd out of 190 best economy for starting a business.<a href="#cite_note-194">[191]</a> In 2007, Nicaragua's economy was labelled "62.7% free" by the conservative <a href="/wiki/Think_tank" title="Think tank">think tank</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Heritage_Foundation" title="The Heritage Foundation">Heritage Foundation</a>, with high levels of fiscal, government, labor, investment, financial, and trade freedom.<a href="#cite_note-195">[192]</a> It ranked as the 61st <a href="/wiki/Index_of_Economic_Freedom" title="Index of Economic Freedom">freest economy</a>, and 14th (of 29) in the Americas. Nicaragua was ranked 124th in the <a href="/wiki/Global_Innovation_Index" title="Global Innovation Index">Global Innovation Index</a> in 2024.<a href="#cite_note-196">[193]</a> In March 2007, <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a> and Nicaragua signed an agreement to write off 30.6 million dollars, which was borrowed by the Nicaraguan government in the 1980s.<a href="#cite_note-197">[194]</a> Inflation reduced from 33,500% in 1988 to 9.45% in 2006, and the foreign debt was cut in half.<a href="#cite_note-198">[195]</a> Nicaragua is primarily an agricultural country; agriculture constitutes 60% of its total exports which annually yield approximately US$300 million.<a href="#cite_note-199">[196]</a> Nearly two-thirds of the coffee crop comes from the northern part of the central highlands, in the area north and east of the town of Estelí.<a href="#cite_note-gr1-162">[159]</a> Tobacco, grown in the same northern highlands region as coffee, has become an increasingly important cash crop since the 1990s, with annual exports of leaf and cigars in the neighborhood of $200 million per year.<a href="#cite_note-200">[197]</a> Soil erosion and pollution from the heavy use of pesticides have become serious concerns in the cotton district. Yields and exports have both been declining since 1985.<a href="#cite_note-gr1-162">[159]</a> Today most of Nicaragua's bananas are grown in the northwestern part of the country near the port of Corinto; sugarcane is also grown in the same district.<a href="#cite_note-gr1-162">[159]</a> <a href="/wiki/Cassava" title="Cassava">Cassava</a>, a root crop somewhat similar to the potato, is an important food in tropical regions. Cassava is also the main ingredient in tapioca pudding.<a href="#cite_note-gr1-162">[159]</a> Nicaragua's agricultural sector has benefited because of the country's strong ties to <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a>. It is estimated that Venezuela will import approximately $200 million in agricultural goods.<a href="#cite_note-201">[198]</a> In the 1990s, the government initiated efforts to diversify agriculture. Some of the new export-oriented crops were peanuts, <a href="/wiki/Sesame" title="Sesame">sesame</a>, melons, and onions.<a href="#cite_note-gr1-162">[159]</a> Fishing boats on the Caribbean side bring shrimp as well as lobsters into processing plants at Puerto Cabezas, Bluefields, and Laguna de Perlas.<a href="#cite_note-gr1-162">[159]</a> A turtle fishery thrived on the Caribbean coast before it collapsed from <a href="/wiki/Overexploitation" title="Overexploitation">overexploitation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-gr1-162">[159]</a> Mining is becoming a major industry in Nicaragua,<a href="#cite_note-202">[199]</a> contributing less than 1% of gross domestic product (GDP). Restrictions are being placed on lumbering due to increased environmental concerns about destruction of the rain forests. But lumbering continues despite these obstacles; indeed, a single hardwood tree may be worth thousands of dollars.<a href="#cite_note-gr1-162">[159]</a> During the war between the US-backed Contras and the government of the <a href="/wiki/Sandinista_National_Liberation_Front" title="Sandinista National Liberation Front">Sandinistas</a> in the 1980s, much of the country's infrastructure was damaged or destroyed.<a href="#cite_note-203">[200]</a> Transportation throughout the nation is often inadequate. For example, it was until recently impossible to travel all the way by highway from Managua to the Caribbean coast. A new road between Nueva Guinea and Bluefields was completed in 2019 and allows regular bus service to the capital.<a href="#cite_note-204">[201]</a> The Centroamérica power plant on the <a href="/wiki/Tuma_River" title="Tuma River">Tuma River</a> in the Central highlands has been expanded, and other hydroelectric projects have been undertaken to help provide electricity to the nation's newer industries.<a href="#cite_note-gr1-162">[159]</a> Nicaragua has long been considered as a possible site for a <a href="/wiki/Nicaragua_Canal" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicaragua Canal">new canal</a> that could supplement the Panama Canal, connecting the Caribbean Sea (and therefore the Atlantic Ocean) with the Pacific Ocean. Nicaragua's minimum wage is among the lowest in the Americas and in the world.<a href="#cite_note-205">[202]</a><a href="#cite_note-206">[203]</a><a href="#cite_note-207">[204]</a><a href="#cite_note-208">[205]</a> Remittances are equivalent to roughly 15% of the country's gross domestic product.<a href="#cite_note-cia-9">[8]</a> Growth in the maquila sector slowed in the first decade of the 21st century with rising competition from Asian markets, particularly China.<a href="#cite_note-gr1-162">[159]</a> Land is the traditional basis of wealth in Nicaragua, with great fortunes coming from the export of staples such as coffee, cotton, beef, and sugar. Almost all of the upper class and nearly a quarter of the middle class are substantial landowners. A 1985 government study classified 69.4 percent of the population as poor on the basis that they were unable to satisfy one or more of their basic needs in housing, sanitary services (water, sewage, and garbage collection), education, and employment. The defining standards for this study were very low; housing was considered substandard if it was constructed of discarded materials with dirt floors or if it was occupied by more than four persons per room. Rural workers are dependent on agricultural wage labor, especially in coffee and cotton. Only a small fraction hold permanent jobs. Most are migrants who follow crops during the harvest period and find other work during the off-season. The "lower" peasants are typically smallholders without sufficient land to sustain a family; they also join the harvest labor force. The "upper" peasants have sufficient resources to be economically independent. They produce enough surplus, beyond their personal needs, to allow them to participate in the national and world markets. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rotonda_Ruben_dario.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Rotonda_Ruben_dario.jpg/220px-Rotonda_Ruben_dario.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Rotonda_Ruben_dario.jpg/330px-Rotonda_Ruben_dario.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Rotonda_Ruben_dario.jpg/440px-Rotonda_Ruben_dario.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>The capital city <a href="/wiki/Managua" title="Managua">Managua</a> at night</figcaption></figure> The urban lower class is characterized by the informal sector of the economy. The informal sector consists of small-scale enterprises that utilize traditional technologies and operate outside the legal regime of labor protections and taxation. Workers in the informal sector are self-employed, unsalaried family workers or employees of small-enterprises, and they are generally poor. Nicaragua's informal sector workers include tinsmiths, mattress makers, seamstresses, bakers, shoemakers, and carpenters; people who take in laundry and ironing or prepare food for sale in the streets; and thousands of peddlers, owners of small businesses (often operating out of their own homes), and market stall operators. Some work alone, but others labor in the small talleres (workshops/factories) that are responsible for a large share of the country's industrial production. Because informal sector earnings are generally very low, few families can subsist on one income.<a href="#cite_note-Nicaragua_–_SOCIETY-209">[206]</a> Like most Latin American nations Nicaragua is also characterized by a very small upper-class, roughly 2% of the population, that is very wealthy and wields the political and economic power in the country that is not in the hands of foreign corporations and private industries. These families are oligarchical in nature and have ruled Nicaragua for generations and their wealth is politically and economically horizontally and vertically integrated. Nicaragua is currently a member of the <a href="/wiki/Bolivarian_Alliance_for_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolivarian Alliance for the Americas">Bolivarian Alliance for the Americas</a>, also known as ALBA. ALBA has proposed creating a new currency, the <a href="/wiki/SUCRE_(currency)" class="mw-redirect" title="SUCRE (currency)">Sucre</a>, for use among its members. In essence, this means that the Nicaraguan córdoba will be replaced with the Sucre. Other nations that will follow a similar pattern include: <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a>, Ecuador, <a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a>, Honduras, <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a>, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, <a href="/wiki/Dominica" title="Dominica">Dominica</a> and <a href="/wiki/Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a>.<a href="#cite_note-210">[207]</a> Nicaragua is considering construction of a canal linking the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean, which President Daniel Ortega has said will give Nicaragua its "economic independence".<a href="#cite_note-211">[208]</a> Scientists have raised concerns about environmental impacts, but the government has maintained that the canal will benefit the country by creating new jobs and potentially increasing its annual growth to an average of 8% per year.<a href="#cite_note-212">[209]</a> The project was scheduled to begin construction in December 2014,<a href="#cite_note-213">[210]</a> however the <a href="/wiki/Nicaragua_Canal" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicaragua Canal">Nicaragua Canal</a> has yet to be started.<a href="#cite_note-214">[211]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tourism">Tourism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicaragua&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Tourism">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Nicaragua" title="Tourism in Nicaragua">Tourism in Nicaragua</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Crucero_en_San_Juan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Crucero_en_San_Juan.jpg/220px-Crucero_en_San_Juan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Crucero_en_San_Juan.jpg/330px-Crucero_en_San_Juan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Crucero_en_San_Juan.jpg/440px-Crucero_en_San_Juan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Royal_Caribbean_International" title="Royal Caribbean International">Royal Caribbean</a> <a href="/wiki/Cruise_ship" title="Cruise ship">cruise ship</a> docked near the beach at <a href="/wiki/San_Juan_del_Sur" title="San Juan del Sur">San Juan del Sur</a> in southern Nicaragua</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HuellasdeAcahualinca.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/HuellasdeAcahualinca.jpg/220px-HuellasdeAcahualinca.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/HuellasdeAcahualinca.jpg/330px-HuellasdeAcahualinca.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/HuellasdeAcahualinca.jpg/440px-HuellasdeAcahualinca.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="771" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ancient_footprints_of_Acahualinca" title="Ancient footprints of Acahualinca">2,100-year-old human footprints</a>, called "Huellas de Acahualinca" and preserved in volcanic mud near <a href="/wiki/Lake_Managua" title="Lake Managua">Lake Managua</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LagunaApoyo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/LagunaApoyo.jpg/220px-LagunaApoyo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/LagunaApoyo.jpg/330px-LagunaApoyo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/LagunaApoyo.jpg/440px-LagunaApoyo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="789" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Apoyo_Lagoon_Natural_Reserve" title="Apoyo Lagoon Natural Reserve">Apoyo Lagoon Natural Reserve</a>, a nature reserve located between the departments of <a href="/wiki/Masaya" title="Masaya">Masaya</a> and <a href="/wiki/Granada" title="Granada">Granada</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nicaraguasee03.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Nicaraguasee03.JPG/220px-Nicaraguasee03.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Nicaraguasee03.JPG/330px-Nicaraguasee03.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Nicaraguasee03.JPG/440px-Nicaraguasee03.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Solentiname_Islands" title="Solentiname Islands">Solentiname Islands</a>, tropical islands in <a href="/wiki/Lake_Nicaragua" title="Lake Nicaragua">Lake Nicaragua</a>, which are home to 76 bird species and are a growing ecotourism destination</figcaption></figure> By 2006, tourism became the second-largest industry in Nicaragua.<a href="#cite_note-215">[212]</a> Previously, tourism had grown about 70% nationwide during a period of 7 years, with rates of 10%–16% annually.<a href="#cite_note-C2-216">[213]</a> The increase and growth led to the income from tourism to rise more than 300% over a period of 10 years.<a href="#cite_note-217">[214]</a> The growth in tourism has also positively affected the agricultural, commercial, and finance industries, as well as the construction industry. President <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Ortega" title="Daniel Ortega">Daniel Ortega</a> has stated his intention to use tourism to combat poverty throughout the country.<a href="#cite_note-Nica-218">[215]</a> The results for Nicaragua's tourism-driven economy have been significant, with the nation welcoming one million tourists in a calendar year for the first time in its history in 2010.<a href="#cite_note-219">[216]</a> Every year about 60,000 U.S. citizens visit Nicaragua, primarily business people, tourists, and those visiting relatives.<a href="#cite_note-220">[217]</a> Some 5,300 people from the U.S. reside in Nicaragua. The majority of tourists who visit Nicaragua are from the U.S., Central or South America, and Europe. According to the Ministry of Tourism of Nicaragua (INTUR),<a href="#cite_note-221">[218]</a> the colonial cities of <a href="/wiki/Le%C3%B3n,_Nicaragua" title="León, Nicaragua">León</a> and <a href="/wiki/Granada,_Nicaragua" title="Granada, Nicaragua">Granada</a> are the preferred spots for tourists. Also, the cities of <a href="/wiki/Masaya" title="Masaya">Masaya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rivas,_Nicaragua" title="Rivas, Nicaragua">Rivas</a> and the likes of <a href="/wiki/San_Juan_del_Sur" title="San Juan del Sur">San Juan del Sur</a>, <a href="/wiki/El_Ostional" title="El Ostional">El Ostional</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Fortress_of_the_Immaculate_Conception" title="Fortress of the Immaculate Conception">Fortress of the Immaculate Conception</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ometepe_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Ometepe Island">Ometepe Island</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Mombacho" title="Mombacho">Mombacho</a> volcano, and the <a href="/wiki/Corn_Islands" title="Corn Islands">Corn Islands</a> among other locations are the main tourist attractions. In addition, <a href="/wiki/Ecotourism" title="Ecotourism">ecotourism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Recreational_fishing" title="Recreational fishing">sport fishing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Surfing" title="Surfing">surfing</a> attract many tourists to Nicaragua. According to the TV Noticias news program, the main attractions in Nicaragua for tourists are the beaches, the scenic routes, the architecture of cities such as León and Granada, <a href="/wiki/Ecotourism" title="Ecotourism">ecotourism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Agritourism" title="Agritourism">agritourism</a> particularly in northern Nicaragua.<a href="#cite_note-C2-216">[213]</a> As a result of increased tourism, Nicaragua has seen its <a href="/wiki/Foreign_direct_investment" title="Foreign direct investment">foreign direct investment</a> increase by 79.1% from 2007 to 2009.<a href="#cite_note-222">[219]</a> Nicaragua is referred to as "the land of lakes and volcanoes" due to the number of lagoons and lakes, and the chain of volcanoes that runs from the north to the south along the country's Pacific side.<a href="#cite_note-Brierley-23">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-Wallace-24">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-CNNTravel-223">[220]</a> Today, only 7 of the 50 volcanoes in Nicaragua are considered active. Many of these volcanoes offer some great possibilities for tourists with activities such as <a href="/wiki/Hiking" title="Hiking">hiking</a>, <a href="/wiki/Climbing" title="Climbing">climbing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Camping" title="Camping">camping</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Human_swimming" class="mw-redirect" title="Human swimming">swimming</a> in crater lakes. The <a href="/wiki/Apoyo_Lagoon_Natural_Reserve" title="Apoyo Lagoon Natural Reserve">Apoyo Lagoon Natural Reserve</a> was created by the eruption of the Apoyo Volcano about 23,000 years ago, which left a huge 7 km-wide crater that gradually filled with water. It is surrounded by the old crater wall.<a href="#cite_note-224">[221]</a> The rim of the lagoon is lined with restaurants, many of which have <a href="/wiki/Kayaks" class="mw-redirect" title="Kayaks">kayaks</a> available. Besides exploring the forest around it, many water sports are practiced in the lagoon, most notably <a href="/wiki/Kayaking" title="Kayaking">kayaking</a>.<a href="#cite_note-225">[222]</a> Sand skiing has become a popular attraction at the <a href="/wiki/Cerro_Negro" title="Cerro Negro">Cerro Negro</a> volcano in <a href="/wiki/Le%C3%B3n,_Nicaragua" title="León, Nicaragua">León</a>. Both dormant and active volcanoes can be climbed. Some of the most visited volcanoes include the <a href="/wiki/Masaya_Volcano" title="Masaya Volcano">Masaya Volcano</a>, <a href="/wiki/Momotombo" title="Momotombo">Momotombo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mombacho" title="Mombacho">Mombacho</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cosig%C3%BCina" title="Cosigüina">Cosigüina</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ometepe" title="Ometepe">Ometepe</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Maderas" title="Maderas">Maderas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Concepci%C3%B3n_(volcano)" title="Concepción (volcano)">Concepción</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ecotourism" title="Ecotourism">Ecotourism</a> aims to be ecologically and socially conscious; it focuses on local culture, wilderness, and adventure. Nicaragua's ecotourism is growing with every passing year.<a href="#cite_note-226">[223]</a> It boasts a number of ecotourist tours and perfect places for adventurers. Nicaragua has three eco-regions (the Pacific, Central, and Atlantic) which contain volcanoes, tropical rainforests, and agricultural land.<a href="#cite_note-227">[224]</a> The majority of the eco-lodges and other environmentally-focused touristic destinations are found on Ometepe Island,<a href="#cite_note-228">[225]</a> located in the middle of Lake Nicaragua just an hour's boat ride from Granada. While some are foreign-owned, others are owned by local families. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicaragua&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Demographics">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Nicaraguans" title="Nicaraguans">Nicaraguans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Nicaragua" title="Demographics of Nicaragua">Demographics of Nicaragua</a></div> <table class="wikitable" style="float: right; margin-left: 10px"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="4" style="text-align:center; background:#cfb;">Population<a href="#cite_note-UN_WPP-229">[226]</a><a href="#cite_note-UN_WPP_2022-230">[227]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th style="background:#cfb;">Year </th> <th style="background:#cfb;">Million </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;">1950</td> <td style="text-align:right;">1.3 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;">2000</td> <td style="text-align:right;">5.0 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;">2021</td> <td style="text-align:right;">6.9 </td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nicaragua_boys.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Nicaragua_boys.jpg/220px-Nicaragua_boys.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Nicaragua_boys.jpg/330px-Nicaragua_boys.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Nicaragua_boys.jpg/440px-Nicaragua_boys.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="388" /></a><figcaption>Nicaraguan high school students at the American Nicaraguan School</figcaption></figure> According to a 2014 research published in the journal Genetics and Molecular Biology, European ancestry predominates in 69% of Nicaraguans, followed by African ancestry in 20%, and lastly <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">indigenous ancestry</a> in 11%.<a href="#cite_note-231">[228]</a> A Japanese research of "Genomic Components in America's demography" demonstrated that, on average, the ancestry of Nicaraguans is 58–62% European, 28% Native American, and 14% African, with a very small Near Eastern contribution.<a href="#cite_note-232">[229]</a> Non-genetic data from the <a href="/wiki/CIA_World_Factbook" class="mw-redirect" title="CIA World Factbook">CIA World Factbook</a> establish that from Nicaragua's 2016 population of 5,966,798, around 69% are <a href="/wiki/Mestizo" title="Mestizo">mestizo</a>, 17% <a href="/wiki/White_Latin_American" class="mw-redirect" title="White Latin American">white</a>, 5% Native American, and 9% <a href="/wiki/Afro-Latin_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Afro-Latin American">black</a> and other races.<a href="#cite_note-cia-9">[8]</a> This fluctuates with changes in migration patterns. The population is 58% urban as of 2013<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nicaragua&action=edit">[update]</a>.<a href="#cite_note-233">[230]</a> The capital <a href="/wiki/Managua" title="Managua">Managua</a> is the biggest city, with an estimated population of 1,042,641 in 2016.<a href="#cite_note-234">[231]</a> In 2005, over 5 million people lived in the Pacific, Central and North regions, and 700,000 in the Caribbean region.<a href="#cite_note-CN-235">[232]</a> There is a growing expatriate community,<a href="#cite_note-236">[233]</a> the majority of whom move for business, investment or retirement from across the world, such as from the US, Canada, <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a>, and European countries; the majority have settled in Managua, <a href="/wiki/Granada,_Nicaragua" title="Granada, Nicaragua">Granada</a> and <a href="/wiki/San_Juan_del_Sur" title="San Juan del Sur">San Juan del Sur</a>. Many <a href="/wiki/Nicaraguan_Diaspora" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicaraguan Diaspora">Nicaraguans live abroad</a>, particularly in Costa Rica, the United States, Spain, Canada, and other Central American countries.<a href="#cite_note-237">[234]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">failed verification</a>] Nicaragua has a population growth rate of 1.5% as of 2013<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nicaragua&action=edit">[update]</a>.<a href="#cite_note-238">[235]</a> This is the result of one of the highest <a href="/wiki/Birth_rate" title="Birth rate">birth rates</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Western_Hemisphere" title="Western Hemisphere">Western Hemisphere</a>:[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] 17.7 per 1,000 as of 2017.<a href="#cite_note-239">[236]</a> The death rate was 4.7 per 1,000 during the same period according to the United Nations.<a href="#cite_note-240">[237]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethnic_groups">Ethnic groups</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicaragua&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Ethnic groups">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AfroNicoya.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/AfroNicoya.jpg/220px-AfroNicoya.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="292" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a1/AfroNicoya.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="315" data-file-height="418" /></a><figcaption>An <a href="/wiki/Afro-Nicaraguans" title="Afro-Nicaraguans">Afro-Nicaraguan</a> man</figcaption></figure> The majority of the Nicaraguan population is composed of mestizos, roughly 69%, while 17% of Nicaragua's population is white,<a href="#cite_note-241">[238]</a> with the majority of them being of Spanish descent, while others are of German, Italian, English, Turkish, Danish or French ancestry. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Black_Creoles">Black Creoles</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicaragua&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Black Creoles">edit</a>]</div> About 9% of Nicaragua's population is <a href="/wiki/Afro-Latin_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Afro-Latin American">black</a> and mainly resides on the country's Caribbean (or Atlantic) coast. The black population is mostly composed of black English-speaking Creoles who are the descendants of escaped or shipwrecked slaves; many carry the name of <a href="/wiki/Scottish_settlers" class="mw-redirect" title="Scottish settlers">Scottish settlers</a> who brought slaves with them, such as <a href="/wiki/Campbell_(surname)" title="Campbell (surname)">Campbell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gordon_(surname)" title="Gordon (surname)">Gordon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Downs_(surname)" title="Downs (surname)">Downs</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hodgson" title="Hodgson">Hodgson</a>. Although many Creoles supported Somoza because of his close association with the United States, they rallied to the Sandinista cause in July 1979, only to reject the revolution soon afterwards in response to a new phase of "westernization" and imposition of central rule from Managua.<a href="#cite_note-242">[239]</a> There is a smaller number of <a href="/wiki/Garifuna_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Garifuna people">Garifuna</a>, a people of mixed <a href="/wiki/West_African" class="mw-redirect" title="West African">West African</a>, <a href="/wiki/Island_Carib" class="mw-redirect" title="Island Carib">Carib</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arawak" title="Arawak">Arawak</a> descent. In the mid-1980s, the government divided the <a href="/wiki/Zelaya_Department" title="Zelaya Department">Zelaya Department</a> – consisting of the eastern half of the country – into two autonomous regions and granted the black and indigenous people of this region limited self-rule within the republic. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Indigenous_population">Indigenous population</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicaragua&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Indigenous population">edit</a>]</div> The remaining 5% of Nicaraguans are indigenous, the descendants of the country's original inhabitants. Nicaragua's <a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-Columbian">pre-Columbian</a> population consisted of many indigenous groups. In the western region, the Nahuas (<a href="/wiki/Nicarao_people" title="Nicarao people">Nicarao people</a>) were present along with other groups such as the Chorotega people and the <a href="/wiki/Subtiaba" class="mw-redirect" title="Subtiaba">Subtiabas</a> (also known as Maribios or Hokan Xiu). The central region and the Caribbean coast of Nicaragua were inhabited by indigenous peoples who were <a href="/wiki/Macro-Chibchan_languages" title="Macro-Chibchan languages">Macro-Chibchan language</a> groups that had migrated to and from South America in ancient times, primarily what is now <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a>.<a href="#cite_note-243">[240]</a><a href="#cite_note-244">[241]</a> These groups include the present-day <a href="/wiki/Cacaopera_people" title="Cacaopera people">Matagalpas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Miskito_people" title="Miskito people">Miskitos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rama_people" title="Rama people">Ramas</a>, as well as Mayangnas and Ulwas who are also known as <a href="/wiki/Sumo_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Sumo people">Sumos</a>.<a href="#cite_note-245">[242]</a><a href="#cite_note-Brief-49">[46]</a>: 20  In the 19th century, there was a substantial indigenous minority, but this group was largely assimilated culturally into the mestizo majority. The <a href="/wiki/Garifuna" title="Garifuna">Garifuna</a> are also present, mainly on the Caribbean Coast. They are a people of mixed African and Indigenous descent.<a href="#cite_note-246">[243]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Languages">Languages</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicaragua&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Languages">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Nicaragua" title="Languages of Nicaragua">Languages of Nicaragua</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BluefieldsSign.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/BluefieldsSign.jpg/220px-BluefieldsSign.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/BluefieldsSign.jpg/330px-BluefieldsSign.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/BluefieldsSign.jpg/440px-BluefieldsSign.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="737" /></a><figcaption>A sign in Bluefields in English (top), <a href="/wiki/Nicaraguan_Spanish" title="Nicaraguan Spanish">Nicaraguan Spanish</a> (middle), and <a href="/wiki/Miskito_language" title="Miskito language">Miskito</a> (bottom)</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Nicaraguan_Spanish" title="Nicaraguan Spanish">Nicaraguan Spanish</a> has many indigenous influences and several distinguishing characteristics. For example, some Nicaraguans have a tendency to replace <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_sibilant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar sibilant">/s/</a> with <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">/h/</a> when speaking. Although Spanish is spoken throughout, the country has great variety: vocabulary, accents and colloquial language can vary between towns and departments.<a href="#cite_note-247">[244]</a> <a href="/wiki/Nicaraguan_Sign_Language" title="Nicaraguan Sign Language">Nicaraguan Sign Language</a> emerged in the 1970s and 1980s among deaf children as the first special education schools brought them together, and its emergence became of particular interest to linguists as an opportunity to directly observe the creation of a language.<a href="#cite_note-248">[245]</a><a href="#cite_note-249">[246]</a><a href="#cite_note-250">[247]</a> On the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a> coast, indigenous languages, <a href="/wiki/English-based_creole_languages" title="English-based creole languages">English-based creoles</a>, and Spanish are spoken. The <a href="/wiki/Miskito_language" title="Miskito language">Miskito language</a>, spoken by the <a href="/wiki/Miskito_people" title="Miskito people">Miskito people</a> as a first language and some other indigenous and Afro-descendants people as a second, third, or fourth language, is the most commonly spoken indigenous language. The indigenous <a href="/wiki/Misumalpan_languages" title="Misumalpan languages">Misumalpan languages</a> of Mayangna and Ulwa are spoken by the respective peoples of the same names. Many Miskito, Mayangna, and Sumo people also speak <a href="/wiki/Miskito_Coast_Creole" title="Miskito Coast Creole">Miskito Coast Creole</a>, and a large majority also speak Spanish. Fewer than three dozen of nearly 2,000 <a href="/wiki/Rama_people" title="Rama people">Rama people</a> speak their <a href="/wiki/Chibchan_languages" title="Chibchan languages">Chibchan</a> <a href="/wiki/Rama_language" title="Rama language">language</a> fluently, with nearly all Ramas speaking <a href="/wiki/Rama_Cay_Creole" title="Rama Cay Creole">Rama Cay Creole</a> and the vast majority speaking Spanish. Linguists have attempted to document and revitalize the language over the past three decades.<a href="#cite_note-251">[248]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Garifuna_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Garifuna people">Garifuna people</a>, descendants of indigenous and Afro-descendant people who came to Nicaragua from Honduras in the early twentieth century, have recently attempted to revitalize their <a href="/wiki/Arawakan_languages" title="Arawakan languages">Arawakan</a> <a href="/wiki/Garifuna_language" title="Garifuna language">language</a>. The majority speak Miskito Coast Creole as their first language and Spanish as their second. The Creole or Kriol people, descendants of enslaved Africans brought to the <a href="/wiki/Mosquito_Coast" title="Mosquito Coast">Mosquito Coast</a> during the British colonial period and European, Chinese, Arab, and British West Indian immigrants, also speak Miskito Coast Creole as their first language and Spanish as their second.<a href="#cite_note-252">[249]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Largest_cities">Largest cities</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicaragua&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Largest cities">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1219497266">.mw-parser-output .largestCities-table-background{background:#f9f9f9;color:#222}.mw-parser-output .largestCities-cell-background{background:#f0f0f0;color:#222}</style> <div> <table style="font-size:88%;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; width: 100%; border: 1px solid darkgray;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="10" style="padding:0.3em 0.75em;"><div style="float:right; width:6em; height:2.6em"> </div><div style="float:left; width:6em; height:2.6em"> </div> <div style="height:2.6em;line-height:1.3em;">Largest <a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Nicaragua" title="Municipalities of Nicaragua">municipalities</a> in Nicaragua <div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.inide.gob.ni/Anuarios/Anuario%20Estadistico%202015.pdf">Anuario Estadístico 2015, pp. 50–53</a> (2016 projections)</div></div> </th></tr> <tr> <th></th> <th>Rank </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Nicaragua" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in Nicaragua">Name</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Departments_of_Nicaragua" title="Departments of Nicaragua">Department</a> </th> <th>Pop. </th> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="11" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/File:Catedral_de_Le%C3%B3n_Nicaragua2.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="León"><img alt="León" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Catedral_de_Le%C3%B3n_Nicaragua2.JPG/120px-Catedral_de_Le%C3%B3n_Nicaragua2.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Catedral_de_Le%C3%B3n_Nicaragua2.JPG/180px-Catedral_de_Le%C3%B3n_Nicaragua2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Catedral_de_Le%C3%B3n_Nicaragua2.JPG/240px-Catedral_de_Le%C3%B3n_Nicaragua2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1305" data-file-height="979" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Le%C3%B3n,_Nicaragua" title="León, Nicaragua">León</a> </td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">1</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Managua" title="Managua">Managua</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Managua_Department" title="Managua Department">Managua</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,042,641 </td> <td rowspan="11" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/File:Masaya_Market,_Nicaragua.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Masaya"><img alt="Masaya" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Masaya_Market%2C_Nicaragua.jpg/120px-Masaya_Market%2C_Nicaragua.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Masaya_Market%2C_Nicaragua.jpg/180px-Masaya_Market%2C_Nicaragua.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Masaya_Market%2C_Nicaragua.jpg/240px-Masaya_Market%2C_Nicaragua.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3296" data-file-height="2480" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Masaya" title="Masaya">Masaya</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Matagalpa080408c.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Matagalpa"><img alt="Matagalpa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Matagalpa080408c.jpg/120px-Matagalpa080408c.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Matagalpa080408c.jpg/180px-Matagalpa080408c.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Matagalpa080408c.jpg/240px-Matagalpa080408c.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Matagalpa" title="Matagalpa">Matagalpa</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">2</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Le%C3%B3n,_Nicaragua" title="León, Nicaragua">León</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Le%C3%B3n_Department" title="León Department">León</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">206,264 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">3</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Masaya" title="Masaya">Masaya</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Masaya_Department" title="Masaya Department">Masaya</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">176,344 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">4</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Matagalpa" title="Matagalpa">Matagalpa</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Matagalpa_Department" title="Matagalpa Department">Matagalpa</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">158,095 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">5</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Tipitapa" title="Tipitapa">Tipitapa</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Managua_Department" title="Managua Department">Managua</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">140,569 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">6</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Chinandega" title="Chinandega">Chinandega</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Chinandega_Department" title="Chinandega Department">Chinandega</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">135,154 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">7</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Jinotega" title="Jinotega">Jinotega</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Jinotega_Department" title="Jinotega Department">Jinotega</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">133,705 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">8</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Granada,_Nicaragua" title="Granada, Nicaragua">Granada</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Granada_Department" title="Granada Department">Granada</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">127,892 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">9</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Estel%C3%AD" title="Estelí">Estelí</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Estel%C3%AD_Department" title="Estelí Department">Estelí</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">126,290 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">10</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Cabezas" title="Puerto Cabezas">Puerto Cabezas</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/North_Caribbean_Coast_Autonomous_Region" title="North Caribbean Coast Autonomous Region">RACCN</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">113,534 </td></tr> </tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicaragua&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Religion">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Nicaragua" title="Religion in Nicaragua">Religion in Nicaragua</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nicaragua_2017-03-13_(33663091692).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Nicaragua_2017-03-13_%2833663091692%29.jpg/220px-Nicaragua_2017-03-13_%2833663091692%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Nicaragua_2017-03-13_%2833663091692%29.jpg/330px-Nicaragua_2017-03-13_%2833663091692%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Nicaragua_2017-03-13_%2833663091692%29.jpg/440px-Nicaragua_2017-03-13_%2833663091692%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5658" data-file-height="3656" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Le%C3%B3n_Cathedral_(Nicaragua)" class="mw-redirect" title="León Cathedral (Nicaragua)">León Cathedral</a>, one of Nicaragua's <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Sites</a></figcaption></figure> Religion plays a significant role in Nicaraguan culture and is afforded special protections in its <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Nicaragua" title="Constitution of Nicaragua">constitution</a>. <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">Religious freedom</a> (which has been guaranteed since 1939) and <a href="/wiki/Religious_tolerance" title="Religious tolerance">religious tolerance</a> are officially promoted by the government, but, in recent years, the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> and the regime led by <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Ortega" title="Daniel Ortega">Daniel Ortega</a> have been in open conflict. The latter has been accused of using the police to harass clergy (including bishops),<a href="#cite_note-253">[250]</a> closing down Catholic media outlets, and arresting members of the clergy (including <a href="/wiki/Rolando_Jos%C3%A9_%C3%81lvarez_Lagos" title="Rolando José Álvarez Lagos">Bishop Rolando Alvarez</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Matagalpa" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Matagalpa">Diocese of Matagalpa</a>). Nicaragua has no official <a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">state religion</a>. Catholic bishops are expected to lend their authority to important state occasions, and their pronouncements on national issues are closely followed. They can be called upon to mediate between contending parties at moments of political crisis.<a href="#cite_note-LOCR-254">[251]</a> In 1979, Miguel D'Escoto Brockman, a priest who had embraced <a href="/wiki/Liberation_Theology" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberation Theology">Liberation Theology</a>, served in the government as foreign minister when the Sandinistas came to power. The largest denomination, and traditionally the religion of the majority, is the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Church">Roman Catholic Church</a>. It came to Nicaragua in the 16th century with the Spanish conquest and remained, until 1939, the <a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">established faith</a>. The number of practicing Roman Catholics has been declining, while membership of <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Evangelical Protestant">evangelical Protestant</a> groups and <a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</a> (LDS Church) has been growing rapidly since the 1990s. There is a significant LDS missionary effort in Nicaragua. There are two missions and 95,768 members of the LDS Church (1.54% of the population).<a href="#cite_note-255">[252]</a> There are also strong <a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglican</a> and <a href="/wiki/Moravian_Church" title="Moravian Church">Moravian</a> communities on the Caribbean coast in what once constituted the sparsely populated <a href="/wiki/Mosquito_Coast" title="Mosquito Coast">Mosquito Coast</a> colony. It was under British influence for nearly three centuries. <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a> was brought to the <a href="/wiki/Mosquito_Coast" title="Mosquito Coast">Mosquito Coast</a> mainly by British and German colonists in forms of <a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglicanism</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Moravian_Church" title="Moravian Church">Moravian Church</a>. Other kinds of Protestant and other <a href="/wiki/Christian_denomination" title="Christian denomination">Christian denominations</a> were introduced to the rest of Nicaragua during the 19th century. Popular religion revolves around the saints, who are perceived as intercessors between human beings and God. Most localities, from the capital of Managua to small rural communities, honor <a href="/wiki/Patron_saint" title="Patron saint">patron saints</a>, selected from the Roman Catholic calendar, with annual fiestas. In many communities, a rich lore has grown up around the celebrations of patron saints, such as Managua's Saint Dominic (Santo Domingo), honored in August with two colorful, often riotous, day-long processions through the city. The high point of Nicaragua's religious calendar for the masses is neither Christmas nor Easter, but La Purísima, a week of festivities in early December dedicated to the <a href="/wiki/Immaculate_Conception" title="Immaculate Conception">Immaculate Conception</a>, during which elaborate altars to the <a href="/wiki/Mary_(mother_of_Jesus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mary (mother of Jesus)">Virgin Mary</a> are constructed in homes and workplaces.<a href="#cite_note-LOCR-254">[251]</a> <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> has increased with a steady influx of immigration.<a href="#cite_note-256">[253]</a> Although <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a> have been living in Nicaragua since the 18th century, the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Nicaragua" title="History of the Jews in Nicaragua">Jewish population</a> is small, numbering less than 200 people in 2017. Of these, 112 were recent converts who claimed <a href="/wiki/Sephardi_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Sephardi Jews">Sephardic</a> Jewish ancestry.<a href="#cite_note-Dolsten-257">[254]</a> As of 2007, approximately 1,200 to 1,500 Nicaraguan residents practiced <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Nicaragua" title="Islam in Nicaragua">Islam</a>, most of them <a href="/wiki/Sunnis" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunnis">Sunnis</a> who are <a href="/wiki/Resident_aliens" class="mw-redirect" title="Resident aliens">resident aliens</a> or <a href="/wiki/Naturalized" class="mw-redirect" title="Naturalized">naturalized citizens</a> from <a href="/wiki/State_of_Palestine" title="State of Palestine">Palestine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> or natural-born Nicaraguan descendants of the two groups.<a href="#cite_note-258">[255]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Immigration">Immigration</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicaragua&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Immigration">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Nicaragua" title="Immigration to Nicaragua">Immigration to Nicaragua</a></div> Relative to its population, Nicaragua has not experienced large waves of immigration. The number of immigrants in Nicaragua, from other Latin American countries or other countries, never surpassed 1% of its total population before 1995. The 2005 census showed the foreign-born population at 1.2%, having risen a mere 0.06% in 10 years.<a href="#cite_note-CN-235">[232]</a> In the 19th century, Nicaragua experienced modest waves of immigration from Europe. In particular, families from Germany, Italy, Spain, France and Belgium immigrated to Nicaragua, particularly the departments in the Central and Pacific region. Also present is a small Middle Eastern-Nicaraguan community of <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Syria" title="Demographics of Syria">Syrians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armenians" title="Armenians">Armenians</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_of_Nicaragua" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Jews of Nicaragua">Jewish Nicaraguans</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanese</a> people in Nicaragua. This community numbers about 30,000. There is an East Asian community mostly consisting of <a href="/wiki/Han_Chinese" title="Han Chinese">Chinese</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Nicaraguan" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese Nicaraguan">Chinese Nicaraguan</a> population is estimated at 12,000.<a href="#cite_note-259">[256]</a> The Chinese arrived in the late 19th century but were unsubstantiated until the 1920s. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diaspora">Diaspora</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicaragua&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Diaspora">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Nicaraguan_diaspora" title="Nicaraguan diaspora">Nicaraguan diaspora</a></div> The Civil War forced many Nicaraguans to start lives outside of their country. Many people emigrated during the 1990s and the first decade of the 21st century due to the lack of employment opportunities and poverty. The majority of the <a href="/wiki/Nicaraguan_Diaspora" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicaraguan Diaspora">Nicaraguan Diaspora</a> migrated to the United States and <a href="/wiki/Costa_Rica" title="Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a>. Today one in six Nicaraguans live in these two countries.<a href="#cite_note-260">[257]</a> The diaspora has seen Nicaraguans settling around in smaller communities in other parts of the world, particularly Western Europe. Small communities of Nicaraguans are found in France, Germany, Italy, Spain, Norway, Sweden and the United Kingdom. Communities also exist in Australia and New Zealand. Canada, Brazil and Argentina host small groups of these communities. In Asia, Japan hosts a small Nicaraguan community. Due to extreme poverty at home, many Nicaraguans are now living and working in neighboring <a href="/wiki/El_Salvador" title="El Salvador">El Salvador</a>, a country that has the <a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">US dollar</a> as its currency.<a href="#cite_note-261">[258]</a><a href="#cite_note-262">[259]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Healthcare">Healthcare</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicaragua&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Healthcare">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Nicaragua" title="Healthcare in Nicaragua">Healthcare in Nicaragua</a></div>Although Nicaragua's health outcomes have improved over the past few decades with the efficient utilization of resources relative to other Central American nations, <a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Nicaragua" title="Healthcare in Nicaragua">healthcare in Nicaragua</a> still confronts challenges responding to its populations' diverse healthcare needs.<a href="#cite_note-:0-263">[260]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Nicaragua" title="Government of Nicaragua">Nicaraguan government</a> guarantees universal free <a href="/wiki/Health_care" title="Health care">health care</a> for its citizens.<a href="#cite_note-:1-264">[261]</a> However, limitations of current delivery models and unequal distribution of resources and medical personnel contribute to the persistent lack of quality care in more remote areas of Nicaragua, especially among rural communities in the Central and Atlantic region.<a href="#cite_note-:0-263">[260]</a> To respond to the dynamic needs of localities, the government has adopted a decentralized model that emphasizes community-based preventive and primary medical care.<a href="#cite_note-265">[262]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education">Education</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicaragua&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Education">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Nicaragua" title="Education in Nicaragua">Education in Nicaragua</a></div> The adult literacy rate in 2005 was 78.0%, the lowest <a href="/wiki/Literacy" title="Literacy">literacy</a> rate in Central America.<a href="#cite_note-unescolit-266">[263]</a> Primary education is free in Nicaragua. A system of private schools exists, many of which are religiously affiliated and often have more robust English programs.<a href="#cite_note-267">[264]</a> As of 1979, the educational system was one of the poorest in Latin America.<a href="#cite_note-NE-268">[265]</a> One of the first acts of the newly elected Sandinista government in 1980 was an extensive and successful literacy campaign, using secondary school students, university students and teachers as volunteer teachers: it reduced the overall illiteracy rate from 50.3% to 12.9% within only five months.<a href="#cite_note-NLC-269">[266]</a> This was one of a number of large-scale programs which received international recognition for their gains in <a href="/wiki/Literacy" title="Literacy">literacy</a>, health care, education, <a href="/wiki/Childcare" class="mw-redirect" title="Childcare">childcare</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trade_union" title="Trade union">unions</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Land_reform" title="Land reform">land reform</a>.<a href="#cite_note-270">[267]</a><a href="#cite_note-271">[268]</a> The Sandinistas also added a leftist ideological content to the curriculum, which was removed after 1990.<a href="#cite_note-gr1-162">[159]</a> In September 1980, <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> awarded Nicaragua the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> sponsored <a href="/wiki/UNESCO_Nadezhda_K._Krupskaya_literacy_prize" title="UNESCO Nadezhda K. Krupskaya literacy prize">Nadezhda Krupskaya award</a> for the literacy campaign.<a href="#cite_note-272">[269]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gender_equality">Gender equality</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicaragua&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Gender equality">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Gender_equality_in_Nicaragua" title="Gender equality in Nicaragua">Gender equality in Nicaragua</a></div> Nicaragua's gender equality ranks high among countries in <a href="/wiki/Latin_America" title="Latin America">Latin America</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:02-273">[270]</a> When it came to global rankings regarding gender equality, the World Economic Forum ranked Nicaragua at number twelve in 2015,<a href="#cite_note-:02-273">[270]</a> and in its 2020 report Nicaragua ranked number five, behind only northern European countries.<a href="#cite_note-274">[271]</a> Nicaragua was among the many countries in Latin America and the Caribbean to ratify the <a href="/wiki/Convention_on_the_Elimination_of_All_Forms_of_Discrimination_Against_Women" title="Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women">Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women</a>, which aimed to promote women's rights.<a href="#cite_note-275">[272]</a> In 2009, a Special Ombudsman for Sexual Diversity position was created within its Office of the Human Rights Ombudsman. And, in 2014, the Health Ministry in 2014 banned discrimination based on gender identity and sexual orientation.<a href="#cite_note-276">[273]</a> Nevertheless, discrimination against LGBTQ individuals is common, particularly in housing, education, and the workplace.<a href="#cite_note-Nicaragua-182">[179]</a> <a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Report" title="Human Development Report">The Human Development Report</a> ranked Nicaragua 106 out of 160 countries in the <a href="/wiki/Gender_Inequality_Index" title="Gender Inequality Index">Gender Inequality Index (GII)</a> in 2017. It reflects gender-based inequalities in three dimensions - reproductive health, empowerment, and economic activity.<a href="#cite_note-277">[274]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicaragua&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Culture">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Nicaragua" title="Culture of Nicaragua">Culture of Nicaragua</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:El_G%C3%BCeg%C3%BCense.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/El_G%C3%BCeg%C3%BCense.jpg/220px-El_G%C3%BCeg%C3%BCense.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/El_G%C3%BCeg%C3%BCense.jpg/330px-El_G%C3%BCeg%C3%BCense.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/El_G%C3%BCeg%C3%BCense.jpg/440px-El_G%C3%BCeg%C3%BCense.jpg 2x" data-file-width="820" data-file-height="616" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/El_G%C3%BCeg%C3%BCense" title="El Güegüense">El Güegüense</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Drama" title="Drama">drama</a>, was the first literary work of post-Columbian Nicaragua and is regarded as one of <a href="/wiki/Latin_America" title="Latin America">Latin America</a>'s most distinctive colonial-era expressions and as Nicaragua's signature folkloric masterpiece combining music, dance, and theatre.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Nicaragua" title="Culture of Nicaragua">Nicaraguan culture</a> has strong folklore, music and religious traditions, deeply influenced by <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Europe" title="Culture of Europe">European culture</a> but also including Native American sounds and flavors. Nicaraguan culture can further be defined in several distinct strands. The Pacific coast has strong folklore, music and religious traditions, deeply influenced by <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Europeans</a>. It was colonized by Spain and has a similar culture to other Spanish-speaking Latin American countries. The indigenous groups that historically inhabited the Pacific coast have largely been assimilated into the <a href="/wiki/Mestizo" title="Mestizo">mestizo</a> culture. The Caribbean coast of Nicaragua was once a British protectorate. English is still predominant in this region and spoken domestically along with Spanish and <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Nicaragua" title="Languages of Nicaragua">indigenous languages</a>. Its culture is similar to that of Caribbean nations that were or are British possessions, such as <a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a>, Belize, the <a href="/wiki/Cayman_Islands" title="Cayman Islands">Cayman Islands</a>, etc. Unlike on the west coast, the indigenous peoples of the Caribbean coast have maintained distinct identities, and some still speak their native languages as first languages. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicaragua&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Music">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Nicaragua" title="Music of Nicaragua">Music of Nicaragua</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nicaragua_Mestizaje.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Nicaragua_Mestizaje.jpg/220px-Nicaragua_Mestizaje.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="399" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Nicaragua_Mestizaje.jpg/330px-Nicaragua_Mestizaje.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Nicaragua_Mestizaje.jpg/440px-Nicaragua_Mestizaje.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="1087" /></a><figcaption>Nicaraguan women wearing the <a href="/wiki/Mestizaje" class="mw-redirect" title="Mestizaje">Mestizaje</a> costume, which is a traditional costume worn to dance the Mestizaje dance. The costume demonstrates the Spanish influence upon Nicaraguan clothing.<a href="#cite_note-278">[275]</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Nicaragua" title="Music of Nicaragua">Nicaraguan music</a> is a mixture of indigenous and Spanish influences. Musical instruments include the <a href="/wiki/Marimba" title="Marimba">marimba</a> and others common across Central America. The marimba of Nicaragua is played by a sitting performer holding the instrument on his knees. He is usually accompanied by a bass <a href="/wiki/Fiddle" title="Fiddle">fiddle</a>, guitar and guitarrilla (a small guitar like a <a href="/wiki/Mandolin" title="Mandolin">mandolin</a>). This music is played at social functions as a sort of background music. The marimba is made with hardwood plates placed over bamboo or metal tubes of varying lengths. It is played with two or four <a href="/wiki/Hammer" title="Hammer">hammers</a>. The Caribbean coast of Nicaragua is known for a lively, sensual form of <a href="/wiki/Dance_music" title="Dance music">dance music</a> called <a href="/wiki/Palo_de_Mayo" title="Palo de Mayo">Palo de Mayo</a> which is popular throughout the country. It is especially loud and celebrated during the Palo de Mayo festival in May. The <a href="/wiki/Garifuna_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Garifuna people">Garifuna</a> community (Afro-Native American) is known for its popular music called <a href="/wiki/Punta_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Punta (music)">Punta</a>. Nicaragua has international influence in music. <a href="/wiki/Bachata_(music)" title="Bachata (music)">Bachata</a>, <a href="/wiki/Merengue_music" title="Merengue music">Merengue</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salsa_music" title="Salsa music">Salsa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cumbia_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Cumbia music">Cumbia</a> have gained prominence in cultural centres such as Managua, Leon and <a href="/wiki/Granada" title="Granada">Granada</a>. Cumbia dancing has grown popular with the introduction of Nicaraguan artists, including Gustavo Leyton, on <a href="/wiki/Ometepe_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Ometepe Island">Ometepe Island</a> and in Managua. <a href="/wiki/Salsa_dancing" class="mw-redirect" title="Salsa dancing">Salsa dancing</a> has become extremely popular in Managua's nightclubs. With various influences, the form of salsa dancing varies in Nicaragua. New York style and Cuban Salsa (Salsa Casino) elements have gained popularity across the country. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dance">Dance</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicaragua&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Dance">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Dance_in_Nicaragua" class="mw-redirect" title="Dance in Nicaragua">Dance in Nicaragua</a></div> Dance in Nicaragua varies depending upon the region. Rural areas tend to have a stronger focus on movement of the hips and turns. The dance style in cities focuses primarily on more sophisticated footwork in addition to movement and turns. Combinations of styles from the <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic" title="Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a> and the United States can be found throughout Nicaragua. <a href="/wiki/Bachata_(dance)" title="Bachata (dance)">Bachata dancing</a> is popular in Nicaragua. A considerable amount of Bachata dancing influence comes from Nicaraguans living abroad, in cities that include Miami, Los Angeles and, to a much lesser extent, New York City. <a href="/wiki/Tango_(dance)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tango (dance)">Tango</a> has also surfaced recently in cultural cities and ballroom dance occasions. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature">Literature</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicaragua&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Literature">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Literature_of_Nicaragua" class="mw-redirect" title="Literature of Nicaragua">Literature of Nicaragua</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rub%C3%A9n_Dar%C3%ADo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Rub%C3%A9n_Dar%C3%ADo.jpg/220px-Rub%C3%A9n_Dar%C3%ADo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="321" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/72/Rub%C3%A9n_Dar%C3%ADo.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="291" data-file-height="425" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Rub%C3%A9n_Dar%C3%ADo" title="Rubén Darío">Rubén Darío</a>, founder of <a href="/wiki/Latin_America" title="Latin America">Latin America</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Modernismo" title="Modernismo">modernismo</a> literary movement</figcaption></figure> The origin of <a href="/wiki/Literature_of_Nicaragua" class="mw-redirect" title="Literature of Nicaragua">Nicaraguan literature</a> can arguably be traced to <a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-Columbian">pre-Columbian</a> times. The myths and <a href="/wiki/Oral_literature" title="Oral literature">oral literature</a> formed the cosmogenic view of the world of the indigenous people. Some of these stories are still known in Nicaragua. Like many Latin American countries, the Spanish conquerors have had the most effect on both the culture and the literature. Nicaraguan literature has historically been an important source of poetry in the Spanish-speaking world, with internationally renowned contributors such as <a href="/wiki/Rub%C3%A9n_Dar%C3%ADo" title="Rubén Darío">Rubén Darío</a> who is regarded as the most important literary figure in Nicaragua. He is called the "Father of Modernism" for leading the <a href="/wiki/Modernismo" title="Modernismo">modernismo</a> literary movement at the end of the 19th century.<a href="#cite_note-NI-279">[276]</a> Other literary figures include <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Martinez_Rivas" class="mw-redirect" title="Carlos Martinez Rivas">Carlos Martinez Rivas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pablo_Antonio_Cuadra" title="Pablo Antonio Cuadra">Pablo Antonio Cuadra</a>, Alberto Cuadra Mejia, Manolo Cuadra, Pablo Alberto Cuadra Arguello, Orlando Cuadra Downing, Alfredo Alegría Rosales, <a href="/wiki/Sergio_Ramirez_Mercado" class="mw-redirect" title="Sergio Ramirez Mercado">Sergio Ramirez Mercado</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ernesto_Cardenal" title="Ernesto Cardenal">Ernesto Cardenal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gioconda_Belli" title="Gioconda Belli">Gioconda Belli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Claribel_Alegr%C3%ADa" title="Claribel Alegría">Claribel Alegría</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Coronel_Urtecho" title="José Coronel Urtecho">José Coronel Urtecho</a>, among others.<a href="#cite_note-280">[277]</a> The satirical drama <a href="/wiki/El_G%C3%BCeg%C3%BCense" title="El Güegüense">El Güegüense</a> was the first literary work of post-Columbian Nicaragua. It was written in both <a href="/wiki/Nicarao_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicarao language">Nicarao</a> and Spanish.<a href="#cite_note-Campbell1997-58">[55]</a>: 21  It's regarded as one of Latin America's most distinctive colonial-era expressions and as Nicaragua's signature folkloric masterpiece. El Güegüense is a work of resistance to Spanish colonialism that combined music, dance and theatre.<a href="#cite_note-NI-279">[276]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Theatre" title="Theatre">theatrical</a> play was written by an anonymous author in the 16th century, making it one of the oldest <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous culture">indigenous</a> theatrical/dance works of the <a href="/wiki/Western_Hemisphere" title="Western Hemisphere">Western Hemisphere</a>. In 2005 it was recognized by <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> as "a patrimony of humanity".<a href="#cite_note-281">[278]</a> After centuries of popular performance, the play was first published in a book in 1942.<a href="#cite_note-282">[279]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cuisine">Cuisine</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicaragua&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Cuisine">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Nicaraguan_cuisine" title="Nicaraguan cuisine">Nicaraguan cuisine</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:VIGORON.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/VIGORON.JPG/220px-VIGORON.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/VIGORON.JPG/330px-VIGORON.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/VIGORON.JPG/440px-VIGORON.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Vigor%C3%B3n" title="Vigorón">Vigorón</a>, a Nicaraguan dish served with boiled yuca and chicharrones (fried pork with skin) and topped with a cabbage salad</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Costa_Rican_Gallo_Pinto.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Costa_Rican_Gallo_Pinto.jpg/220px-Costa_Rican_Gallo_Pinto.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Costa_Rican_Gallo_Pinto.jpg/330px-Costa_Rican_Gallo_Pinto.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Costa_Rican_Gallo_Pinto.jpg/440px-Costa_Rican_Gallo_Pinto.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Gallo_pinto" title="Gallo pinto">Gallo pinto</a>, a traditional Nicaraguan dish made with rice and beans</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Nicaraguan_cuisine" title="Nicaraguan cuisine">Nicaraguan cuisine</a> is a mixture of Spanish food and dishes of a pre-Columbian origin.<a href="#cite_note-NICA-283">[280]</a> Traditional cuisine changes from the Pacific to the Caribbean coast. The Pacific coast's main staple revolves around local fruits and corn, the Caribbean coast cuisine makes use of seafood and the coconut. As in many other Latin American countries, <a href="/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">maize</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Staple_food" title="Staple food">staple food</a> and is used in many of the widely consumed dishes, such as the <a href="/wiki/Nacatamal" title="Nacatamal">nacatamal</a>, <a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCirila" title="Güirila">güirila</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Indio_viejo" title="Indio viejo">indio viejo</a>. Maize is also an ingredient for drinks such as <a href="/wiki/Pinolillo" title="Pinolillo">pinolillo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chicha" title="Chicha">chicha</a> as well as sweets and desserts. In addition to corn, rice and beans are eaten very often. <a href="/wiki/Gallo_pinto" title="Gallo pinto">Gallo pinto</a>, Nicaragua's <a href="/wiki/National_dish" title="National dish">national dish</a>, is made with white rice and small red beans that are cooked individually and then fried together. The dish has several variations including the addition of <a href="/wiki/Coconut_milk" title="Coconut milk">coconut milk</a> or grated <a href="/wiki/Coconut" title="Coconut">coconut</a> on the Caribbean coast. Most Nicaraguans begin their day with gallo pinto. Gallo pinto is most usually served with carne asada, a salad, fried cheese, <a href="/wiki/Cooking_bananas" class="mw-redirect" title="Cooking bananas">plantains</a> or maduros. Many of Nicaragua's dishes include indigenous fruits and vegetables such as <a href="/wiki/Jocote" class="mw-redirect" title="Jocote">jocote</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mango" title="Mango">mango</a>, <a href="/wiki/Papaya" title="Papaya">papaya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tamarind" title="Tamarind">tamarindo</a>, pipian, banana, <a href="/wiki/Avocado" title="Avocado">avocado</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cassava" title="Cassava">yuca</a>, and herbs such as <a href="/wiki/Coriander" title="Coriander">cilantro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oregano" title="Oregano">oregano</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bixa_orellana" title="Bixa orellana">achiote</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NICA-283">[280]</a> Traditional street food snacks found in Nicaragua include "<a href="/wiki/Quesillo" title="Quesillo">quesillo</a>", a thick tortilla with soft cheese and cream, "tajadas" (deep-fried plantain chips), "maduros" (a sautéed ripe plantain), and "fresco" (fresh juices such as hibiscus and tamarind commonly served in a plastic bag with a straw).<a href="#cite_note-284">[281]</a> Nicaraguans have been known to eat <a href="/wiki/Guinea_pig" title="Guinea pig">guinea pigs</a>,<a href="#cite_note-285">[282]</a> known as cuy. Tapirs, iguanas, turtle eggs, armadillos and boas are also sometimes eaten, but because of extinction threats to these wild creatures, there are efforts to curb this custom.<a href="#cite_note-NICA-283">[280]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Media">Media</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicaragua&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Media">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Media_of_Nicaragua" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Nicaragua">Media of Nicaragua</a></div> For most Nicaraguans radio and TV are the main sources of news. There are more than 100 radio stations and several TV networks. Cable TV is available in most urban areas.<a href="#cite_note-286">[283]</a> The Nicaraguan print media are varied and partisan, representing pro and anti-government positions. Publications include <a href="/wiki/La_Prensa_(Managua)" title="La Prensa (Managua)">La Prensa</a>, <a href="/wiki/El_Nuevo_Diario" title="El Nuevo Diario">El Nuevo Diario</a>, <a href="/wiki/Confidencial" title="Confidencial">Confidencial</a>, Hoy, and Mercurio. Online news publications include Confidencial and <a href="/wiki/The_Nicaragua_Dispatch" title="The Nicaragua Dispatch">The Nicaragua Dispatch</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sports">Sports</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicaragua&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Sports">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:National_baseball_stadium_Managua.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/National_baseball_stadium_Managua.jpg/220px-National_baseball_stadium_Managua.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/National_baseball_stadium_Managua.jpg/330px-National_baseball_stadium_Managua.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/National_baseball_stadium_Managua.jpg/440px-National_baseball_stadium_Managua.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3777" data-file-height="2518" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Mart%C3%ADnez_National_Stadium" class="mw-redirect" title="Dennis Martínez National Stadium">Dennis Martínez National Stadium</a>, Nicaragua's main outdoor stadium</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Baseball" title="Baseball">Baseball</a> is the most popular sport in Nicaragua. Although some professional Nicaraguan baseball teams have recently folded, the country still enjoys a strong tradition of American-style baseball. Baseball was introduced to Nicaragua during the 19th century. In the Caribbean coast, locals from Bluefields were taught how to play baseball in 1888 by Albert Addlesberg, a retailer from the United States.<a href="#cite_note-BB-287">[284]</a> Baseball did not catch on in the Pacific coast until 1891 when a group of mostly college students from the United States formed "La Sociedad de Recreo" (Society of Recreation) where they played various sports, baseball being the most popular.<a href="#cite_note-BB-287">[284]</a> Nicaragua has had its share of <a href="/wiki/Major_League_Baseball" title="Major League Baseball">MLB</a> players, including shortstop <a href="/wiki/Everth_Cabrera" title="Everth Cabrera">Everth Cabrera</a>, pitcher <a href="/wiki/Vicente_Padilla" title="Vicente Padilla">Vicente Padilla</a>, and pitcher <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Lo%C3%A1isiga" title="Jonathan Loáisiga">Jonathan Loáisiga</a>, but the most notable is <a href="/wiki/Dennis_Mart%C3%ADnez" title="Dennis Martínez">Dennis Martínez</a>, who was the first baseball player from Nicaragua to play in <a href="/wiki/Major_League_Baseball" title="Major League Baseball">Major League Baseball</a>.<a href="#cite_note-288">[285]</a> He became the first Latin-born pitcher to throw a <a href="/wiki/Perfect_game_(baseball)" title="Perfect game (baseball)">perfect game</a>, and the 13th in the major league history, when he played with the <a href="/wiki/Montreal_Expos" title="Montreal Expos">Montreal Expos</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Dodgers" title="Los Angeles Dodgers">Dodgers</a> at Dodger Stadium in 1991.<a href="#cite_note-289">[286]</a> <a href="/wiki/Boxing" title="Boxing">Boxing</a> is the second most popular sport in Nicaragua.<a href="#cite_note-290">[287]</a> The country has had world champions such as <a href="/wiki/Alexis_Arg%C3%BCello" title="Alexis Argüello">Alexis Argüello</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ricardo_Mayorga" title="Ricardo Mayorga">Ricardo Mayorga</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Rom%C3%A1n_Gonz%C3%A1lez_(boxer)" title="Román González (boxer)">Román González</a>. Recently, <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">football</a> has gained popularity. The <a href="/wiki/Dennis_Mart%C3%ADnez_National_Stadium" class="mw-redirect" title="Dennis Martínez National Stadium">Dennis Martínez National Stadium</a> has served as a venue for both baseball and football. The first ever national football-only stadium in Managua, the <a href="/wiki/Nicaragua_National_Football_Stadium" title="Nicaragua National Football Stadium">Nicaragua National Football Stadium</a>, was completed in 2011.<a href="#cite_note-291">[288]</a> <a href="/wiki/Nicaragua%27s_national_basketball_team" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicaragua's national basketball team">Nicaragua's national basketball team</a> had some recent success as it won the silver medal at the <a href="/wiki/2017_Central_American_Games" title="2017 Central American Games">2017 Central American Games</a>.<a href="#cite_note-292">[289]</a> They will be taking part in the <a href="/wiki/FIBA_AmeriCup" title="FIBA AmeriCup">FIBA AmeriCup</a> for the first time when Nicaragua hosts in <a href="/wiki/2025_FIBA_AmeriCup" title="2025 FIBA AmeriCup">2025</a>. Nicaragua featured national teams in <a href="/wiki/Beach_volleyball" title="Beach volleyball">beach volleyball</a> that competed at the <a href="/wiki/2018%E2%80%932020_NORCECA_Beach_Volleyball_Continental_Cup" title="2018–2020 NORCECA Beach Volleyball Continental Cup">2018–2020 NORCECA Beach Volleyball Continental Cup</a> in both the women's and the men's sections.<a href="#cite_note-293">[290]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicaragua&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg/32px-Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg/48px-Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg/64px-Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Nicaragua" title="Portal:Nicaragua">Nicaragua portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="map" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Latin_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/28px-Latin_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Latin_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/42px-Latin_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Latin_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/56px-Latin_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Latin_America" title="Portal:Latin America">Latin America portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nicaraguan_nationality_law" title="Nicaraguan nationality law">Nicaraguan nationality law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Nicaragua" title="Bibliography of Nicaragua">Bibliography of Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Nicaragua-related_articles" title="Index of Nicaragua-related articles">Index of Nicaragua-related articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Nicaragua" title="Outline of Nicaragua">Outline of Nicaragua</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicaragua&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> As shown on the <a href="/wiki/Nicaraguan_c%C3%B3rdoba" title="Nicaraguan córdoba">Córdoba</a> (bank notes and coins).<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˌnɪkəˈrɑːɡwə, -ˈræɡ-, -ɡjuə/</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/6\/64\/En-us-Nicaragua.ogg\/En-us-Nicaragua.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"En-us-Nicaragua.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/64/En-us-Nicaragua.ogg/En-us-Nicaragua.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:En-us-Nicaragua.ogg" title="File:En-us-Nicaragua.ogg">ⓘ</a>; <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>Spanish: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Spanish" title="Help:IPA/Spanish">[nikaˈɾaɣwa]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-2" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/d\/dc\/ES-pe_-_Nicaragua.ogg\/ES-pe_-_Nicaragua.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"ES-pe - Nicaragua.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/dc/ES-pe_-_Nicaragua.ogg/ES-pe_-_Nicaragua.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:ES-pe_-_Nicaragua.ogg" title="File:ES-pe - Nicaragua.ogg">ⓘ</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>: <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-3" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/8\/8c\/ES-pe_-_Rep%C3%BAblica_de_Nicaragua.ogg\/ES-pe_-_Rep%C3%BAblica_de_Nicaragua.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"Rep\u00fablica de Nicaragua"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"ES-pe - Rep\u00fablica de Nicaragua.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/8c/ES-pe_-_Rep%C3%BAblica_de_Nicaragua.ogg/ES-pe_-_Rep%C3%BAblica_de_Nicaragua.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">República de Nicaragua</a><a href="/wiki/File:ES-pe_-_Rep%C3%BAblica_de_Nicaragua.ogg" title="File:ES-pe - República de Nicaragua.ogg">ⓘ</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicaragua&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bcn.gob.ni/billetes_monedas/index.html?&val=1">Banco Central de Nicaragua</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100924020620/http://bcn.gob.ni/billetes_monedas/index.html?&val=1">Archived</a> 24 September 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/nicaragua/#people-and-society">"Nicaragua"</a>. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. 19 June 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210320071255/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/nicaragua#people-and-society">Archived</a> from the original on 20 March 2021. Retrieved 4 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+World+Factbook&rft.atitle=Nicaragua&rft.date=2023-06-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Fnicaragua%2F%23people-and-society&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicaragua" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.prolades.com/">The Latin American Socio-Religious Studies Program / Programa Latinoamericano de Estudios Sociorreligiosos (PROLADES)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180112003048/http://www.prolades.com/">Archived</a> 12 January 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> PROLADES Religion in America by country </li> <li id="cite_note-Census2015-5"><a href="#cite_ref-Census2015_5-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.inide.gob.ni/censos2015/ResumenCensal/Resumen2.pdf">"CENSO DE POBLACIÓN 2005"</a> (PDF). 2015. Retrieved 4 April 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CENSO+DE+POBLACI%C3%93N+2005&rft.date=2015&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.inide.gob.ni%2Fcensos2015%2FResumenCensal%2FResumen2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicaragua" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-Awadalla_2023_pp._701–723-6"><a href="#cite_ref-Awadalla_2023_pp._701–723_6-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAwadalla2023" class="citation journal cs1">Awadalla, Cristina (23 March 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fsp%2Fjxad006">"Authoritarian Populism and Patriarchal Logics: Nicaragua's Engendered Politics"</a>. Social Politics: International Studies in Gender, State & Society. 30 (2). Oxford University Press (OUP): 701–723. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fsp%2Fjxad006">10.1093/sp/jxad006</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1072-4745">1072-4745</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Social+Politics%3A+International+Studies+in+Gender%2C+State+%26+Society&rft.atitle=Authoritarian+Populism+and+Patriarchal+Logics%3A+Nicaragua%27s+Engendered+Politics&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=701-723&rft.date=2023-03-23&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fsp%2Fjxad006&rft.issn=1072-4745&rft.aulast=Awadalla&rft.aufirst=Cristina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%252Fsp%252Fjxad006&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicaragua" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Córdoba_2022_h955-7"><a href="#cite_ref-Córdoba_2022_h955_7-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCórdoba2022" class="citation web cs1">Córdoba, José de (25 October 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/u-s-imposes-sanctions-on-nicaraguas-authoritarian-regime-11666657991">"U.S. Imposes Sanctions on Nicaragua's Authoritarian Regime"</a>. WSJ. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230903155100/https://www.wsj.com/articles/u-s-imposes-sanctions-on-nicaraguas-authoritarian-regime-11666657991">Archived</a> from the original on 3 September 2023. Retrieved 3 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WSJ&rft.atitle=U.S.+Imposes+Sanctions+on+Nicaragua%27s+Authoritarian+Regime&rft.date=2022-10-25&rft.aulast=C%C3%B3rdoba&rft.aufirst=Jos%C3%A9+de&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Farticles%2Fu-s-imposes-sanctions-on-nicaraguas-authoritarian-regime-11666657991&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicaragua" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Freedom_House_2019_j906-8"><a href="#cite_ref-Freedom_House_2019_j906_8-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://freedomhouse.org/country/nicaragua/freedom-world/2023">"Nicaragua: Freedom in the World 2023 Country Report"</a>. Freedom House. 30 May 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230903155102/https://freedomhouse.org/country/nicaragua/freedom-world/2023">Archived</a> from the original on 3 September 2023. Retrieved 3 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Freedom+House&rft.atitle=Nicaragua%3A+Freedom+in+the+World+2023+Country+Report&rft.date=2019-05-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffreedomhouse.org%2Fcountry%2Fnicaragua%2Ffreedom-world%2F2023&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicaragua" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-cia-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cia_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cia_9-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cia_9-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cia_9-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cia_9-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/nicaragua/">"Nicaragua"</a>. CIA World Factbook. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210320071255/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/nicaragua">Archived</a> from the original on 20 March 2021. Retrieved 9 May 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Nicaragua&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Fnicaragua%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicaragua" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/nicaragua">"Nicaragua"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_World_Factbook" title="The World Factbook">The World Factbook</a> (2024 ed.). <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a>. 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Retrieved 12 April 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ideal&rft.atitle=%C2%BFPor+qu%C3%A9+los+pa%C3%ADses+de+Am%C3%A9rica+Latina+se+llaman+como+se+llaman%3F&rft.date=2015-07-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ideal.es%2Fsociedad%2F201507%2F29%2Fpaises-america-latina-llaman-20150727134054.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicaragua" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pueblo-33">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pueblo_33-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pueblo_33-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSánchez2016" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Sánchez, Edwin (16 October 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170801080334/http://www.elpueblopresidente.com/noticias/ver/titulo:35129-el-origen-de-nicarao-agua-la-traicion-y-la-paz">"El origen de "Nicarao-agua": la Traición y la Paz"</a>. El Pueblo Presidente (in Spanish). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.elpueblopresidente.com/noticias/ver/titulo:35129-el-origen-de-nicarao-agua-la-traicion-y-la-paz">the original</a> on 1 August 2017. Retrieved 3 July 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=El+Pueblo+Presidente&rft.atitle=El+origen+de+%22Nicarao-agua%22%3A+la+Traici%C3%B3n+y+la+Paz&rft.date=2016-10-16&rft.aulast=S%C3%A1nchez&rft.aufirst=Edwin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.elpueblopresidente.com%2Fnoticias%2Fver%2Ftitulo%3A35129-el-origen-de-nicarao-agua-la-traicion-y-la-paz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicaragua" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> "Nicarao" </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> "Encuentro" </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSánchez2016" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Sánchez, Edwin (3 October 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.el19digital.com/articulos/ver/titulo:47267-de-macuilmiquiztli-al-gueguence-pasando-por-fernando-silva">"De Macuilmiquiztli al Güegüence pasando por Fernando Silva"</a> [From Macuilmiquizli to Güegüence through Fernando Silva]. 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Retrieved 19 October 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nicaraguan+place+names&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mined.gob.ni%2Fbiblioteca%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2023%2F02%2FLibro-Toponimia-Octubre-2022.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicaragua" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cclec.org/membership/nicaragua/">"Nicaragua"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nicaragua&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cclec.org%2Fmembership%2Fnicaragua%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicaragua" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Choque-46">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Choque_46-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Choque_46-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSolórzano2010" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Solórzano, Carla Torres (18 September 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170412143717/http://www.laprensa.com.ni/2010/09/18/espectaculo/38089-choque-de-lenguas-o-el-mestizaje-de-nuestro-idioma">"Choque de lenguas o el mestizaje de nuestro idioma"</a> [Clash of languages or the mixing of our language]. La Prensa (in Spanish). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.laprensa.com.ni/2010/09/18/espectaculo/38089-choque-de-lenguas-o-el-mestizaje-de-nuestro-idioma">the original</a> on 12 April 2017. Retrieved 26 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=La+Prensa&rft.atitle=Choque+de+lenguas+o+el+mestizaje+de+nuestro+idioma&rft.date=2010-09-18&rft.aulast=Sol%C3%B3rzano&rft.aufirst=Carla+Torres&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.laprensa.com.ni%2F2010%2F09%2F18%2Fespectaculo%2F38089-choque-de-lenguas-o-el-mestizaje-de-nuestro-idioma&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicaragua" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170812052335/http://archivo.elnuevodiario.com.ni/cultural/132502-raiz-nahuatl-nuestro-lenguaje/">"La raíz nahuatl de nuestro lenguaje"</a> [The Nahuatl root of our language]. El Nuevo Diario (in Spanish). 10 August 2004. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archivo.elnuevodiario.com.ni/cultural/132502-raiz-nahuatl-nuestro-lenguaje/">the original</a> on 12 August 2017. Retrieved 3 July 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=El+Nuevo+Diario&rft.atitle=La+ra%C3%ADz+nahuatl+de+nuestro+lenguaje&rft.date=2004-08-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchivo.elnuevodiario.com.ni%2Fcultural%2F132502-raiz-nahuatl-nuestro-lenguaje%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicaragua" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dall2005-48"><a href="#cite_ref-Dall2005_48-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDall2005" class="citation book cs1">Dall, Christopher (1 October 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vUP3hLbq6DEC&pg=PA66">Nicaragua in Pictures</a>. Twenty-First Century Books. pp. 66–67. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8225-2671-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8225-2671-1"><bdi>978-0-8225-2671-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nicaragua+in+Pictures&rft.pages=66-67&rft.pub=Twenty-First+Century+Books&rft.date=2005-10-01&rft.isbn=978-0-8225-2671-1&rft.aulast=Dall&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvUP3hLbq6DEC%26pg%3DPA66&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicaragua" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brief-49">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Brief_49-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brief_49-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brief_49-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brief_49-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brief_49-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brief_49-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brief_49-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brief_49-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brief_49-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brief_49-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brief_49-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brief_49-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brief_49-12">m</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPérez-Brignolitranslated_by_Sawrey_A.Sawrey1989" class="citation book cs1">Pérez-Brignoli, Héctor; translated by Sawrey A., Ricardo B.; Sawrey, Susana Stettri de (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/briefhistoryofce00pr">A Brief History of Central America</a> (2nd ed.). Berkeley: University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0520060494" title="Special:BookSources/978-0520060494"><bdi>978-0520060494</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Brief+History+of+Central+America&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0520060494&rft.aulast=P%C3%A9rez-Brignoli&rft.aufirst=H%C3%A9ctor&rft.au=translated+by+Sawrey+A.%2C+Ricardo+B.&rft.au=Sawrey%2C+Susana+Stettri+de&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbriefhistoryofce00pr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicaragua" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ipsnews.net/news.asp?idnews=40290">Gloria Helena Rey, "The Chibcha Culture – Forgotten, But Still Alive"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120220131907/http://ipsnews.net/news.asp?idnews=40290">Archived</a> 2012-02-20 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Colombia, Inter Press Service (IPS) News, 30 Nov 2007, accessed 9 Nov 2010 </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">"Nicaragua: VI History". 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Norman [OK]: University of Oklahoma Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0806120089" title="Special:BookSources/978-0806120089"><bdi>978-0806120089</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indian+survival+in+colonial+Nicaragua&rft.place=Norman+%5BOK%5D&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=University+of+Oklahoma+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0806120089&rft.aulast=Newson&rft.aufirst=Linda+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicaragua" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-LOC1-53">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LOC1_53-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LOC1_53-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+ni0013)">"Nicaragua: Precolonial Period"</a>. Library of Congress Country Studies. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080922145600/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+ni0013)">Archived</a> from the original on 22 September 2008. Retrieved 29 June 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Library+of+Congress+Country+Studies&rft.atitle=Nicaragua%3A+Precolonial+Period&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flcweb2.loc.gov%2Fcgi-bin%2Fquery%2Fr%3Ffrd%2Fcstdy%3A%40field%28DOCID%2Bni0013%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicaragua" class="Z3988">, interpretation of statement: "the native peoples were linguistically and culturally similar to the Aztec and the Maya" </li> <li id="cite_note-Campbell1985-54">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Campbell1985_54-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Campbell1985_54-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Campbell1985_54-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampbell1985" class="citation book cs1">Campbell, Lyle (1 January 1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=N5bmUh7jproC&pg=PA10">The Pipil Language of El Salvador</a>. Walter de Gruyter. pp. 10–12. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-088199-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-088199-8"><bdi>978-3-11-088199-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Pipil+Language+of+El+Salvador&rft.pages=10-12&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=1985-01-01&rft.isbn=978-3-11-088199-8&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=Lyle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DN5bmUh7jproC%26pg%3DPA10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicaragua" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFowler1985" class="citation journal cs1">Fowler, WR Jr. (1985). "Ethnohistoric Sources on the Pipil Nicarao: A Critical Analysis". Ethnohistory. 32 (1). Columbus, Ohio: 37–62. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F482092">10.2307/482092</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0014-1801">0014-1801</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/482092">482092</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/62217753">62217753</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ethnohistory&rft.atitle=Ethnohistoric+Sources+on+the+Pipil+Nicarao%3A+A+Critical+Analysis&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=37-62&rft.date=1985&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F62217753&rft.issn=0014-1801&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F482092%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F482092&rft.aulast=Fowler&rft.aufirst=WR+Jr.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicaragua" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrinton1887" class="citation journal cs1">Brinton, Daniel G. (1887). "Were the Toltecs an Historic Nationality?". Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society. 24 (126): 229–230. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/983071">983071</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+American+Philosophical+Society&rft.atitle=Were+the+Toltecs+an+Historic+Nationality%3F&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=126&rft.pages=229-230&rft.date=1887&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F983071%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Brinton&rft.aufirst=Daniel+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicaragua" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvon_Humboldt,_AlexanderPoynter,_J._RyanAltamirano_Rayo,_Giorleny_DKraft,_Tobias2013" class="citation book cs1">von Humboldt, Alexander; Poynter, J. Ryan; Altamirano Rayo, Giorleny D; Kraft, Tobias (25 January 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=G7Pt35axXEkC&pg=PA92">Views of the Cordilleras and Monuments of the Indigenous Peoples of the Americas: A Critical Edition</a>. University of Chicago Press. p. 92. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-86509-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-86509-6"><bdi>978-0-226-86509-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Views+of+the+Cordilleras+and+Monuments+of+the+Indigenous+Peoples+of+the+Americas%3A+A+Critical+Edition&rft.pages=92&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2013-01-25&rft.isbn=978-0-226-86509-6&rft.au=von+Humboldt%2C+Alexander&rft.au=Poynter%2C+J.+Ryan&rft.au=Altamirano+Rayo%2C+Giorleny+D&rft.au=Kraft%2C+Tobias&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DG7Pt35axXEkC%26pg%3DPA92&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicaragua" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Campbell1997-58">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Campbell1997_58-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Campbell1997_58-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampbell1997" class="citation book cs1">Campbell, Lyle (1997). American Indian languages : the historical linguistics of Native America. New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-509427-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-509427-1"><bdi>0-19-509427-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Indian+languages+%3A+the+historical+linguistics+of+Native+America&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-19-509427-1&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=Lyle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicaragua" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070403152053/http://americanjourneys.org/aj-068/summary/index.asp">"Letter of Columbus on the Fourth Voyage"</a>. American Journey. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.americanjourneys.org/aj-068/summary/index.asp">the original</a> on 3 April 2007. Retrieved 9 May 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Letter+of+Columbus+on+the+Fourth+Voyage&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.americanjourneys.org%2Faj-068%2Fsummary%2Findex.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicaragua" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-EBH-60">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EBH_60-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EBH_60-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EBH_60-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-214487/Nicaragua">"Nicaragua: History"</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080610194232/http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-214487/Nicaragua">Archived</a> from the original on 10 June 2008. Retrieved 21 August 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Nicaragua%3A+History&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Feb%2Farticle-214487%2FNicaragua&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicaragua" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Encuentro-61">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Encuentro_61-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Encuentro_61-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Encuentro_61-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Encuentro_61-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170507054414/http://www.elnuevodiario.com.ni/especiales/44697-encuentro-cacique-conquistador/">"Encuentro del cacique y el conquistador"</a> [Encounter of the cacique and the conqueror]. El Nuevo Diario (in Spanish). 4 April 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.elnuevodiario.com.ni/especiales/44697-encuentro-cacique-conquistador/">the original</a> on 7 May 2017. Retrieved 17 May 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=El+Nuevo+Diario&rft.atitle=Encuentro+del+cacique+y+el+conquistador&rft.date=2009-04-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.elnuevodiario.com.ni%2Fespeciales%2F44697-encuentro-cacique-conquistador%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicaragua" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-HealyPohl1980-62"><a href="#cite_ref-HealyPohl1980_62-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHealy,_PaulPohl,_Mary1980" class="citation book cs1">Healy, Paul; Pohl, Mary (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/archaeologyofriv0001heal">Archaeology of the Rivas Region, Nicaragua</a>. 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Routledge. p. 107. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-32278-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-32278-8"><bdi>978-1-317-32278-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Locating+Health%3A+Historical+and+Anthropological+Investigations+of+Place+and+Health&rft.pages=107&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015-10-06&rft.isbn=978-1-317-32278-8&rft.au=Dyck%2C+Erika&rft.au=Fletcher%2C+Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dm-c5CgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA107&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicaragua" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sanchez-64"><a href="#cite_ref-Sanchez_64-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSánchez2002" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Sánchez, Edwin (16 September 2002). "No hubo Nicarao, todo es invento" [There was no Nicarao, it's all invented]. El Nuevo Diario (in Spanish).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=El+Nuevo+Diario&rft.atitle=No+hubo+Nicarao%2C+todo+es+invento&rft.date=2002-09-16&rft.aulast=S%C3%A1nchez&rft.aufirst=Edwin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicaragua" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+ni0014)">"The Spanish Conquest"</a>. Library of Congress. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080922150135/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+ni0014)">Archived</a> from the original on 22 September 2008. Retrieved 21 August 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Library+of+Congress&rft.atitle=The+Spanish+Conquest&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flcweb2.loc.gov%2Fcgi-bin%2Fquery%2Fr%3Ffrd%2Fcstdy%3A%40field%28DOCID%2Bni0014%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicaragua" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/bitstream/10125/100380/1/Peterson_Andrew_r.pdf">Making the First Global Trade Route: The Southeast Asian Foundations of the Acapulco–Manila Galleon Trade, 1519-1650 (Page 163)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211117122328/https://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/bitstream/10125/100380/1/Peterson_Andrew_r.pdf">Archived</a> 17 November 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Citing Andre Gschaedler, "Mexico and the Pacific, 1540 - 1565: The Voyage of Villabos and Legazpi and the Preparations Made for Them," (Ph.D. dissertation, Columbia University, 1954), 40. </li> <li id="cite_note-ET-67">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ET_67-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ET_67-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.envio.org.ni/articulo/1418">"Nicaragua Briefs: An Historic Find"</a>. Envío. Central American University – UCA. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170712083309/http://www.envio.org.ni/articulo/1418">Archived</a> from the original on 12 July 2017. Retrieved 21 August 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Env%C3%ADo&rft.atitle=Nicaragua+Briefs%3A+An+Historic+Find&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.envio.org.ni%2Farticulo%2F1418&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicaragua" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuncan1995" class="citation book cs1">Duncan, David Ewing (1995). Hernando de Soto – A Savage Quest in the Americas – Book II: Consolidation. 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Univ of North Carolina Press. pp. 30–32. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-6626-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-6626-9"><bdi>978-0-8078-6626-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240205140444/https://books.google.com/books?id=qK8TBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA30#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 5 February 2024. Retrieved 24 May 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rascally+Signs+in+Sacred+Places%3A+The+Politics+of+Culture+in+Nicaragua&rft.pages=30-32&rft.pub=Univ+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=2000-11-09&rft.isbn=978-0-8078-6626-9&rft.aulast=Whisnant&rft.aufirst=David+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqK8TBAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA30&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicaragua" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Geomorph-70">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Geomorph_70-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Geomorph_70-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBergoeing2015" class="citation book cs1">Bergoeing, Jean Pierre (18 May 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TWwZBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA68">Geomorphology of Central America: A Syngenetic Perspective</a>. Elsevier Science. pp. 68–69. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-803185-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-12-803185-8"><bdi>978-0-12-803185-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240205140445/https://books.google.com/books?id=TWwZBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA68#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 5 February 2024. Retrieved 25 May 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Geomorphology+of+Central+America%3A+A+Syngenetic+Perspective&rft.pages=68-69&rft.pub=Elsevier+Science&rft.date=2015-05-18&rft.isbn=978-0-12-803185-8&rft.aulast=Bergoeing&rft.aufirst=Jean+Pierre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTWwZBgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA68&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicaragua" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1963" class="citation journal cs1">Smith, RS (1963). "Financing the Central American federation, 1821–1838". The Hispanic American Historical Review. 43 (4): 483–510. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2509898">10.2307/2509898</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2509898">2509898</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hispanic+American+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=Financing+the+Central+American+federation%2C+1821%E2%80%931838&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=483-510&rft.date=1963&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2509898&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2509898%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=RS&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicaragua" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Capital-72"><a href="#cite_ref-Capital_72-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCybriwsky2013" class="citation book cs1">Cybriwsky, Roman Adrian (23 May 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qb6NAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA177">Capital Cities around the World: An Encyclopedia of Geography, History, and Culture</a>. ABC-CLIO. p. 177. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61069-248-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61069-248-9"><bdi>978-1-61069-248-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240205140429/https://books.google.com/books?id=qb6NAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA177">Archived</a> from the original on 5 February 2024. 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Retrieved 24 May 2017. <q>Fue elevada a ciudad en 1846 y salomónicamente declarada capital de la República en 1852, para dirimir el viejo conflicto entre las urbes coloniales de León (occidente) y Granada (oriente) que rivalizaban por ejercer la hegemonía política de Nicaragua.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=La+Prensa&rft.atitle=Managua&rft.date=2006-03-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchivo.laprensa.com.ni%2Farchivo%2F2006%2Fmarzo%2F09%2Fservicios%2Fguiaturistica%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicaragua" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-mined-74"><a href="#cite_ref-mined_74-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121009181920/http://www.mined.gob.ni/gobernant4.php">"Gobernantes de Nicaragua"</a>. 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XXI (4): 3–6, 15, 19. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090802063416/http://www.sfmuseum.org/hist1/walker.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2 August 2009. 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Retrieved 27 May 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Nicaraguan+Exiles+Find+A+Place+In+The+Sun%3A+Miami&rft.date=1987-07-29&rft.aulast=Nordheimer&rft.aufirst=Jon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1987%2F07%2F29%2Fus%2Fnicaraguan-exiles-find-a-place-in-the-sun-miami.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicaragua" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilkinson1988" class="citation news cs1">Wilkinson, Tracy (7 August 1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1988-08-07-mn-373-story.html">"Families Struggle to Maintain Life Style : Sandinista Rule Not Easy on Middle Class"</a>. 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Retrieved 27 May 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=In+The+Nation%3B+The+Sandinista+Puzzle&rft.date=1983-07-29&rft.aulast=Wicker&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1983%2F07%2F29%2Fopinion%2Fin-the-nation-the-sandinista-puzzle.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicaragua" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPastor2001" class="citation book cs1">Pastor, Robert (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/exitingwhirlpool00past">Exiting the Whirlpool: U.S. Foreign Policy Toward Latin America and the Caribbean</a>. 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The New Americans : A Guide to Immigration Since 1965. Harvard University Press, 2007. EBSCOhost, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://search-ebscohost-com.lpclibrary.idm.oclc.org/login.aspx?direct=true&db=nlebk&AN=282331&site=ehost-live">https://search-ebscohost-com.lpclibrary.idm.oclc.org/login.aspx?direct=true&db=nlebk&AN=282331&site=ehost-live</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240205140334/https://clpccd.idaccessmanage.com/idp/profile/SAML2/POST/SSO?execution=e1s1">Archived</a> 5 February 2024 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-CA-112">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CA_112-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CA_112-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ciaonet.org/atlas/countries/ni_data_loc.html">"Nicaragua: Growth of Opposition, 1981–83"</a>. Ciao Atlas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130112154844/http://www.ciaonet.org/atlas/countries/ni_data_loc.html">Archived</a> from the original on 12 January 2013. Retrieved 21 August 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ciao+Atlas&rft.atitle=Nicaragua%3A+Growth+of+Opposition%2C+1981%E2%80%9383&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ciaonet.org%2Fatlas%2Fcountries%2Fni_data_loc.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicaragua" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaRamee,_PierrePolakoff,_Erica1999" class="citation book cs1">LaRamee, Pierre; Polakoff, Erica (1999). The Undermining of the Sandinista Revolution. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 141–205. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780333751992" title="Special:BookSources/9780333751992"><bdi>9780333751992</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Undermining+of+the+Sandinista+Revolution&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=141-205&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9780333751992&rft.au=LaRamee%2C+Pierre&rft.au=Polakoff%2C+Erica&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicaragua" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChomsky1985" class="citation book cs1">Chomsky, Noam (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/turningtideusint00chom">Turning the Tide</a>. Boston, MA: South End Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Turning+the+Tide&rft.place=Boston%2C+MA&rft.pub=South+End+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.aulast=Chomsky&rft.aufirst=Noam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fturningtideusint00chom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicaragua" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTruver" class="citation news cs1">Truver, SC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080428050841/http://www.mast.udel.edu/873/Spring%202007/ScottTruves.pdf">"Mines and Underwater IEDs in U.S. Ports and Waterways..."</a> (PDF). p. 4. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mast.udel.edu/873/Spring%202007/ScottTruves.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 28 April 2008. Retrieved 21 August 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Mines+and+Underwater+IEDs+in+U.S.+Ports+and+Waterways...&rft.pages=4&rft.aulast=Truver&rft.aufirst=SC&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mast.udel.edu%2F873%2FSpring%25202007%2FScottTruves.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicaragua" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icj-cij.org/docket/index.php?sum=360&code=nus&p1=3&p2=3&case=70&k=66&p3=5">Summary of the Order</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071107024852/http://www.icj-cij.org/docket/index.php?sum=360&code=nus&p1=3&p2=3&case=70&k=66&p3=5">Archived</a> 2007-11-07 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> of the <a href="/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice" title="International Court of Justice">International Court of Justice</a> of 10 May 1984 </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> "...Finds that the United States of America, by producing in 1983 a manual entitled "Operaciones sicológicas en guerra de guerrillas", and disseminating it to Contra forces, has encouraged the commission by them of acts contrary to general principles of humanitarian law." As seen at: International Court of Justice 1986, (9) </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceC-118"><a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceC_118-0">^</a> "In the case of shooting "a citizen who was trying to leave the town or city in which the guerrillas are carrying out armed propaganda or political proselytism," the manual suggests that the Contras "...explain that if that citizen had managed to escape, he would have alerted the enemy." As seen at: Sklar 1988, p. 179 </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.envio.org.ni/articulo/2695">"US Policy: Economic Embargo: The War Goes On"</a>. Envío. Central American University – UCA. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070621163831/http://www.envio.org.ni/articulo/2695">Archived</a> from the original on 21 June 2007. 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Transaction. p. 193. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781412819688" title="Special:BookSources/9781412819688">9781412819688</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1984/06/08/oas-study-says-miskito-indians-suffered-abuse-from-sandinistas/5a034db2-11ad-4142-80d8-2c4fe611c8a6/">"OAS Study Says Miskito Indians Suffered Abuse From Sandinistas"</a>. 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Retrieved 21 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=OAS+Study+Says+Miskito+Indians+Suffered+Abuse+From+Sandinistas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Farchive%2Fpolitics%2F1984%2F06%2F08%2Foas-study-says-miskito-indians-suffered-abuse-from-sandinistas%2F5a034db2-11ad-4142-80d8-2c4fe611c8a6%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicaragua" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cidh.oas.org/annualrep/92eng/chap.4b.htm">"Annual Report 1992–1993"</a>. 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Retrieved 2 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=NICARAGUAN+VOTE%3A%27FREE%2C+FAIR%2C+HOTLY+CONTESTED%27&rft.pages=30&rft.date=1984-11-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1984%2F11%2F16%2Fopinion%2Fl-nicaraguan-vote-free-fair-hotly-contested-089345.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicaragua" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/november/5/newsid_2538000/2538379.stm">"1984: Sandinistas claim election victory"</a>. 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Retrieved 18 May 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=1984%3A+Sandinistas+claim+election+victory&rft.date=1984-11-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2Fonthisday%2Fhi%2Fdates%2Fstories%2Fnovember%2F5%2Fnewsid_2538000%2F2538379.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicaragua" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaubman1984" class="citation news cs1">Taubman, Philip (21 October 1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1984/10/21/world/key-aides-dispute-us-role-in-nicaraguan-vote.html">"KEY AIDES DISPUTE U.S. ROLE IN NICARAGUAN VOTE"</a>. 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Retrieved 20 May 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Country+profile%3A+Nicaragua&rft.date=2009-09-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Famericas%2Fcountry_profiles%2F1225218.stm%23leaders&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicaragua" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BB-287">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BB_287-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BB_287-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVilla" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Villa, B. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070702032726/http://www.latinobaseball.com/cwb-history.php">"LA HISTORIA DEL BÉISBOL EN LATINOAMERICA: Nicaragua"</a>. Latino Baseball (in Spanish). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://latinobaseball.com/cwb-history.php">the original</a> on 2 July 2007. Retrieved 29 July 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Latino+Baseball&rft.atitle=LA+HISTORIA+DEL+B%C3%89ISBOL+EN+LATINOAMERICA%3A+Nicaragua&rft.aulast=Villa&rft.aufirst=B&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flatinobaseball.com%2Fcwb-history.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicaragua" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-288"><a href="#cite_ref-288">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWashburn" class="citation news cs1">Washburn, G. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071012205044/http://baltimore.orioles.mlb.com/news/article.jsp?ymd=20050220&content_id=946722&vkey=news_bal&fext=.jsp&c_id=bal">"'El Presidente' happy in new job"</a>. Major League Baseball. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://baltimore.orioles.mlb.com/news/article.jsp?ymd=20050220&content_id=946722&vkey=news_bal&fext=.jsp&c_id=bal">the original</a> on 12 October 2007. Retrieved 21 August 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Major+League+Baseball&rft.atitle=%27El+Presidente%27+happy+in+new+job&rft.aulast=Washburn&rft.aufirst=G&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbaltimore.orioles.mlb.com%2Fnews%2Farticle.jsp%3Fymd%3D20050220%26content_id%3D946722%26vkey%3Dnews_bal%26fext%3D.jsp%26c_id%3Dbal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicaragua" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-289"><a href="#cite_ref-289">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20061113020621/http://www.thebaseballpage.com/stats/lists_feats/perfect_games.htm">"Baseball's Perfect Games: Dennis Martinez, Montreal Expos|. Also, Everth Cabrera who MLB debut was in 2009 season with San Diego Padres"</a>. The BASEBALL Page.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thebaseballpage.com/stats/lists_feats/perfect_games.htm">the original</a> on 13 November 2006. Retrieved 21 August 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Baseball%27s+Perfect+Games%3A+Dennis+Martinez%2C+Montreal+Expos%26%23124%3B.+Also%2C+Everth+Cabrera+who+MLB+debut+was+in+2009+season+with+San+Diego+Padres&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thebaseballpage.com%2Fstats%2Flists_feats%2Fperfect_games.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicaragua" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-290"><a href="#cite_ref-290">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.manfut.org/museos/deportes1.html">"Salon de la Fama: Deportes en Nicaragua"</a> (in Spanish). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070926234154/http://www.manfut.org/museos/deportes1.html">Archived</a> from the original on 26 September 2007. Retrieved 30 July 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Salon+de+la+Fama%3A+Deportes+en+Nicaragua&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.manfut.org%2Fmuseos%2Fdeportes1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicaragua" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-291"><a href="#cite_ref-291">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110624001931/http://www.fifa.com/aboutfifa/organisation/president/news/newsid=1418832/index.html">"Building for tomorrow in Belize and Nicaragua"</a>. FIFA. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fifa.com/aboutfifa/organisation/president/news/newsid=1418832/index.html">the original</a> on 24 June 2011. Retrieved 4 January 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Building+for+tomorrow+in+Belize+and+Nicaragua&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fifa.com%2Faboutfifa%2Forganisation%2Fpresident%2Fnews%2Fnewsid%3D1418832%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicaragua" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-292"><a href="#cite_ref-292">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.insidethegames.biz/articles/1058880/panama-win-mens-basketball-gold-at-central-american-games-in-managua">Panama win men's basketball gold at Central American Games in Managua</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220321133108/https://www.insidethegames.biz/articles/1058880/panama-win-mens-basketball-gold-at-central-american-games-in-managua">Archived</a> 21 March 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Michael Pavitt (insidethegames.biz), 7 December 2017. Accessed 14 August 2020. </li> <li id="cite_note-293"><a href="#cite_ref-293">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fivb.com/en/about/news/continental-cup-finals-start-in-africa?id=94414">"Continental Cup Finals start in Africa"</a>. <a href="/wiki/FIVB" class="mw-redirect" title="FIVB">FIVB</a>. 22 June 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210807141038/https://www.fivb.com/en/about/news/continental-cup-finals-start-in-africa?id=94414">Archived</a> from the original on 7 August 2021. Retrieved 7 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=FIVB&rft.atitle=Continental+Cup+Finals+start+in+Africa&rft.date=2021-06-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fivb.com%2Fen%2Fabout%2Fnews%2Fcontinental-cup-finals-start-in-africa%3Fid%3D94414&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicaragua" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Additional_sources">Additional sources</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicaragua&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Additional sources">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /> This article incorporates <a href="/wiki/Copyright_status_of_works_by_the_federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Copyright status of works by the federal government of the United States">public domain material</a> from <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.state.gov/countries-areas/">U.S. Bilateral Relations Fact Sheets</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">United States Department of State</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=U.S.+Bilateral+Relations+Fact+Sheets&rft.pub=United+States+Department+of+State&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.state.gov%2Fcountries-areas%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicaragua" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicaragua&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> Nicaragua at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Nicaragua" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Nicaragua">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Nicaragua" class="extiw" title="c:Nicaragua">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Nicaragua" class="extiw" title="n:Category:Nicaragua">News</a> from Wikinews</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Nicaragua" class="extiw" title="q:Nicaragua">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Nicaragua" class="extiw" title="s:Special:Search/Nicaragua">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Nicaragua" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/Nicaragua">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Nicaragua" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Nicaragua">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/27px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/41px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/54px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Nicaragua" class="extiw" title="voy:Nicaragua">Travel information</a> from Wikivoyage</li></ul></div></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Government_2">Government</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicaragua&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Government">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090114083119/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/world-leaders-1/world-leaders-n/nicaragua.html">Chief of State and Cabinet Members</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>General information</dt></dl> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/nicaragua/">Nicaragua</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210320071255/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/nicaragua">Archived</a> 20 March 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_World_Factbook" title="The World Factbook">The World Factbook</a>. <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140324190742/http://www.business-anti-corruption.com/country-profiles/the-americas/nicaragua/business-corruption-in-nicaragua.aspx">Nicaragua Corruption Profile</a> from the Business Anti-Corruption Portal</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080607085335/http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/nicaragua.htm">Nicaragua</a> at UCB Libraries GovPubs</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/country_profiles/1225218.stm">Nicaragua profile</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100603034458/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/country_profiles/1225218.stm">Archived</a> 3 June 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> from the <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/16px-Gnome-globe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/24px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/32px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Atlas_of_Nicaragua" class="extiw" title="commons:Atlas of Nicaragua">Wikimedia Atlas of Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldatlas.com/webimage/countrys/namerica/camerica/ni.htm">Maps</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081028145010/http://www.worldatlas.com/webimage/countrys/namerica/camerica/ni.htm">Archived</a> 28 October 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> from WorldAtlas.com</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nicaraguaportal.de/">Nicaraguaportal</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141107102704/http://www.nicaraguaportal.de/">Archived</a> 7 November 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>: Official information of the Honorary Consulate of Nicaragua</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=NI">Key Development Forecasts for Nicaragua</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121216103743/http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=NI">Archived</a> 16 December 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> from <a href="/wiki/International_Futures" title="International Futures">International Futures</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other">Other</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicaragua&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Other">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.visitanicaragua.com/">Visit Nicaragua</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070928160120/http://www.visitanicaragua.com/">Archived</a> 28 September 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>The State of the World's Midwifery – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unfpa.org/sowmy/resources/docs/country_info/profile/en_Nicaragua_SoWMy_Profile.pdf">Nicaragua Country Profile</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130512152957/http://www.unfpa.org/sowmy/resources/docs/country_info/profile/en_Nicaragua_SoWMy_Profile.pdf">Archived</a> 12 May 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Nicaragua_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Nicaragua_topics" title="Template:Nicaragua topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nicaragua_topics" title="Template talk:Nicaragua topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nicaragua_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nicaragua topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Nicaragua_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nicaragua</a> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_Nicaragua-related_articles" title="Index of Nicaragua-related articles">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nicaragua" title="History of Nicaragua">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nicarao_(cacique)" title="Nicarao (cacique)">Nicarao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Nicaragua" title="Spanish conquest of Nicaragua">Spanish conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_America_under_Mexican_rule" title="Central America under Mexican rule">Mexican rule (1822–1823)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Republic_of_Central_America" title="Federal Republic of Central America">Federal Republic of Central America (1823–1838)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosquito_Coast" title="Mosquito Coast">Mosquito Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_occupation_of_Nicaragua" title="United States occupation of Nicaragua">United States occupation (1912–1933)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somoza_family" title="Somoza family">Somoza Family (1936–1979)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandinista_National_Liberation_Front" title="Sandinista National Liberation Front">Sandinistas</a> <a href="/wiki/Contras" title="Contras">v. Contras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nicaragua_(1979%E2%80%931990)" title="History of Nicaragua (1979–1990)">Sandinista period (1979–1990)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nicaragua#Post-Sandinista_period_(1990-)" title="History of Nicaragua">Post-Sandinista period (1990–)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Nicaragua" title="Geography of Nicaragua">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Nicaragua" title="Climate change in Nicaragua">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Nicaragua" title="List of earthquakes in Nicaragua">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ecoregions_in_Nicaragua" title="List of ecoregions in Nicaragua">Ecoregions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Nicaragua" title="Fauna of Nicaragua">Fauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Nicaragua" title="List of islands of Nicaragua">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes#Nicaragua" title="List of lakes">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mountains_of_Nicaragua" title="Category:Mountains of Nicaragua">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Nicaragua" title="Municipalities of Nicaragua">Municipalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_Nicaragua" title="Protected areas of Nicaragua">Protected areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Nicaragua" title="List of rivers of Nicaragua">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_Nicaragua" title="List of volcanoes in Nicaragua">Volcanoes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_resources_management_in_Nicaragua" title="Water resources management in Nicaragua">Water resources</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Nicaragua" title="Politics of Nicaragua">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Departments_of_Nicaragua" title="Departments of Nicaragua">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Nicaragua" title="Constitution of Nicaragua">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Nicaragua" title="Elections in Nicaragua">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Nicaragua" title="Foreign relations of Nicaragua">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Nicaragua" title="Government of Nicaragua">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_in_Nicaragua" title="Category:Human rights in Nicaragua">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Nicaragua" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Nicaragua">LGBT rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Nicaragua" title="Law enforcement in Nicaragua">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicaraguan_Armed_Forces" title="Nicaraguan Armed Forces">Armed Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Nicaragua)" title="National Assembly (Nicaragua)">National Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Nicaragua" title="List of political parties in Nicaragua">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Nicaragua" title="Politics of Nicaragua">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Nicaragua" title="President of Nicaragua">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_disputes_of_Nicaragua" title="Territorial disputes of Nicaragua">Territorial disputes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Nicaragua" title="Economy of Nicaragua">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Nicaragua" title="Agriculture in Nicaragua">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Nicaragua" title="Banking in Nicaragua">Banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Nicaragua" title="Central Bank of Nicaragua">Central Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicaraguan_c%C3%B3rdoba" title="Nicaraguan córdoba">Córdoba (currency)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Nicaragua" title="Economic history of Nicaragua">Economic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electricity_sector_in_Nicaragua" title="Electricity sector in Nicaragua">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attempts_to_build_a_canal_across_Nicaragua" title="Attempts to build a canal across Nicaragua">Nicaragua Canal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolsa_de_Valores_de_Nicaragua" title="Bolsa de Valores de Nicaragua">Stock Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Nicaragua" title="Telecommunications in Nicaragua">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Nicaragua" title="Tourism in Nicaragua">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Nicaragua" title="Transport in Nicaragua">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Nicaragua" title="Category:Society of Nicaragua">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Nicaragua" title="Corruption in Nicaragua">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Nicaragua" title="Demographics of Nicaragua">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Nicaragua" title="Education in Nicaragua">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ethnic_groups_in_Nicaragua" title="Category:Ethnic groups in Nicaragua">Ethnic groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Nicaragua" title="Languages of Nicaragua">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Nicaragua" title="Health in Nicaragua">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Nicaragua" title="Religion in Nicaragua">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Nicaragua" title="Water supply and sanitation in Nicaragua">Water supply and sanitation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Nicaragua" title="Culture of Nicaragua">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nicaraguan_cuisine" title="Nicaraguan cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nicaraguan_films" title="List of Nicaraguan films">Film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicaraguan_literature" title="Nicaraguan literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Nicaragua" title="Music of Nicaragua">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Nicaragua" title="Mass media in Nicaragua">Mass media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_in_Nicaragua" title="List of museums in Nicaragua">Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Nicaragua" title="National symbols of Nicaragua">National symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Nicaragua" title="Public holidays in Nicaragua">Public holidays</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Nicaragua" title="Outline of Nicaragua">Outline</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Nicaragua-related_articles" title="Index of Nicaragua-related articles">Index</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Nicaragua" title="Bibliography of Nicaragua">Bibliography</a></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Nicaragua" title="Category:Nicaragua">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Nicaragua" title="Portal:Nicaragua">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Links_to_related_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Links_to_related_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Links to related articles</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div 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aria-labelledby="Departments_of_Nicaragua" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Departments_of_Nicaragua" title="Template:Departments of Nicaragua"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Departments_of_Nicaragua" title="Template talk:Departments of Nicaragua"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Departments_of_Nicaragua" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Departments of Nicaragua"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Departments_of_Nicaragua" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Departments_of_Nicaragua" title="Departments of Nicaragua">Departments of Nicaragua</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg/32px-Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg/48px-Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg/64px-Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Nicaragua" title="Portal:Nicaragua">Nicaragua portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boaco_Department" title="Boaco Department">Boaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carazo_Department" title="Carazo Department">Carazo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinandega_Department" title="Chinandega Department">Chinandega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chontales_Department" title="Chontales Department">Chontales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estel%C3%AD_Department" title="Estelí Department">Estelí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granada_Department" title="Granada Department">Granada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinotega_Department" title="Jinotega Department">Jinotega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le%C3%B3n_Department" title="León Department">León</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madriz_Department" title="Madriz Department">Madriz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Managua_Department" title="Managua Department">Managua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masaya_Department" title="Masaya Department">Masaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matagalpa_Department" title="Matagalpa Department">Matagalpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nueva_Segovia_Department" title="Nueva Segovia Department">Nueva Segovia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rivas_Department" title="Rivas Department">Rivas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%ADo_San_Juan_Department" title="Río San Juan Department">Río San Juan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Caribbean_Coast_Autonomous_Region" title="North Caribbean Coast Autonomous Region">North Caribbean Coast Autonomous Region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Caribbean_Coast_Autonomous_Region" title="South Caribbean Coast Autonomous Region">South Caribbean Coast Autonomous Region</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Central_America" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Central_America_topic" title="Template:Central America topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Central_America_topic" title="Template talk:Central America topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Central_America_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Central America topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Central_America" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Central_America" title="Central America">Central America </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belize" title="Belize">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Costa_Rica" title="Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Salvador" title="El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honduras" title="Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panama" title="Panama">Panama</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/Central_America" title="Location of Central America"><img alt="Location of Central America" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Centroamerica-ubicacion.png/50px-Centroamerica-ubicacion.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Centroamerica-ubicacion.png/75px-Centroamerica-ubicacion.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Centroamerica-ubicacion.png/100px-Centroamerica-ubicacion.png 2x" data-file-width="827" data-file-height="601" /></a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="North_America" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:North_America_topic" title="Template:North America topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:North_America_topic" title="Template talk:North America topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:North_America_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:North America topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="North_America" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bahamas" title="The Bahamas">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belize" title="Belize">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Costa_Rica" title="Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominica" title="Dominica">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Dominican_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="The Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Salvador" title="El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grenada" title="Grenada">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honduras" title="Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panama" title="Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucia" title="Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="The United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Dependencies and other territories</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anguilla" title="Anguilla">Anguilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aruba" title="Aruba">Aruba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bermuda" title="Bermuda">Bermuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonaire" title="Bonaire">Bonaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_British_Virgin_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="The British Virgin Islands">British Virgin Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Cayman_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="The Cayman Islands">Cayman Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cura%C3%A7ao" title="Curaçao">Curaçao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guadeloupe" title="Guadeloupe">Guadeloupe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martinique" title="Martinique">Martinique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montserrat" title="Montserrat">Montserrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Barth%C3%A9lemy" title="Saint Barthélemy">Saint Barthélemy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Collectivity_of_Saint_Martin" class="mw-redirect" title="The Collectivity of Saint Martin">Saint Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Pierre_and_Miquelon" title="Saint Pierre and Miquelon">Saint Pierre and Miquelon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saba_(island)" title="Saba (island)">Saba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sint_Eustatius" title="Sint Eustatius">Sint Eustatius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sint_Maarten" title="Sint Maarten">Sint Maarten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Turks_and_Caicos_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="The Turks and Caicos Islands">Turks and Caicos Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_United_States_Virgin_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="The United States Virgin Islands">United States Virgin Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="International_membership" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="International_membership" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">International membership</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Bolivarian_Alliance_for_the_Peoples_of_Our_America_-_Peoples’_Trade_Treaty_(ALBA-TCP)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Bolivarian_Alliance_for_the_Americas_(ALBA)" title="Template:Bolivarian Alliance for the Americas (ALBA)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Bolivarian_Alliance_for_the_Americas_(ALBA)" title="Template talk:Bolivarian Alliance for the Americas (ALBA)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Bolivarian_Alliance_for_the_Americas_(ALBA)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Bolivarian Alliance for the Americas (ALBA)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Bolivarian_Alliance_for_the_Peoples_of_Our_America_-_Peoples’_Trade_Treaty_(ALBA-TCP)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/ALBA" title="ALBA">Bolivarian Alliance for the Peoples of Our America - Peoples’ Trade Treaty (ALBA-TCP)</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_ALBA" title="Member states of ALBA">Member states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominica" title="Dominica">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grenada" title="Grenada">Grenada</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucia" title="Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_the_Bolivarian_Alliance_for_the_Americas.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Emblem of ALBA"><img alt="Emblem of ALBA" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Emblem_of_the_Bolivarian_Alliance_for_the_Americas.png/50px-Emblem_of_the_Bolivarian_Alliance_for_the_Americas.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="57" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Emblem_of_the_Bolivarian_Alliance_for_the_Americas.png/75px-Emblem_of_the_Bolivarian_Alliance_for_the_Americas.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Emblem_of_the_Bolivarian_Alliance_for_the_Americas.png/100px-Emblem_of_the_Bolivarian_Alliance_for_the_Americas.png 2x" data-file-width="448" data-file-height="512" /></a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="World_Trade_Organization" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:World_Trade_Organization" title="Template:World Trade Organization"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:World_Trade_Organization" title="Template talk:World Trade Organization"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:World_Trade_Organization" title="Special:EditPage/Template:World Trade Organization"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="World_Trade_Organization" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization" title="World Trade Organization">World Trade Organization</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">System</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_World_Trade_Organization" title="Member states of the World Trade Organization">Accession and membership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appellate_Body" title="Appellate Body">Appellate Body</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dispute_Settlement_Body" title="Dispute Settlement Body">Dispute Settlement Body</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Trade_Centre" title="International Trade Centre">International Trade Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_World_Trade_Organization" title="Timeline of the World Trade Organization">Chronology of key events</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_World_Trade_Organization" title="Criticism of the World Trade Organization">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doha_Development_Round" title="Doha Development Round">Doha Development Round</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore_issues" title="Singapore issues">Singapore issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quota_Elimination" title="Quota Elimination">Quota Elimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_Clause" title="Peace Clause">Peace Clause</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Agreements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_Agreement_on_Tariffs_and_Trade" title="General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade">General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agreement_on_Agriculture" title="Agreement on Agriculture">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agreement_on_the_Application_of_Sanitary_and_Phytosanitary_Measures" title="Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures">Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agreement_on_Technical_Barriers_to_Trade" title="Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade">Technical Barriers to Trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agreement_on_Trade-Related_Investment_Measures" title="Agreement on Trade-Related Investment Measures">Trade-Related Investment Measures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Agreement_on_Trade_in_Services" title="General Agreement on Trade in Services">Trade in Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TRIPS_Agreement" title="TRIPS Agreement">Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agreement_on_Government_Procurement" title="Agreement on Government Procurement">Government Procurement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_Technology_Agreement" title="Information Technology Agreement">Information Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marrakesh_Agreement" title="Marrakesh Agreement">Marrakesh Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doha_Declaration_on_the_TRIPS_agreement_and_public_health" title="Doha Declaration on the TRIPS agreement and public health">Doha Declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bali_Package" title="Bali Package">Bali Package</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ministerial_Conference" title="Ministerial Conference">Ministerial Conferences</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization_Ministerial_Conference_of_1996" title="World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference of 1996">1st (1996)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization_Ministerial_Conference_of_1998" title="World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference of 1998">2nd (1998)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization_Ministerial_Conference_of_1999" title="World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference of 1999">3rd (1999)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization_Ministerial_Conference_of_2001" title="World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference of 2001">4th (2001)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization_Ministerial_Conference_of_2003" title="World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference of 2003">5th (2003)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization_Ministerial_Conference_of_2005" title="World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference of 2005">6th (2005)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization_Ministerial_Conference_of_2009" title="World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference of 2009">7th (2009)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization_Ministerial_Conference_of_2011" title="World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference of 2011">8th (2011)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization_Ministerial_Conference_of_2013" title="World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference of 2013">9th (2013)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization_Ministerial_Conference_of_2015" title="World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference of 2015">10th (2015)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization_Ministerial_Conference_of_2017" title="World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference of 2017">11th (2017)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization_Ministerial_Conference_of_2022" title="World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference of 2022">12th (2022)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ngozi_Okonjo-Iweala" title="Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala">Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala</a> (<a href="/wiki/Director-General_of_the_World_Trade_Organization" title="Director-General of the World Trade Organization">Director-General</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roberto_Azev%C3%AAdo" title="Roberto Azevêdo">Roberto Azevêdo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pascal_Lamy" title="Pascal Lamy">Pascal Lamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supachai_Panitchpakdi" title="Supachai Panitchpakdi">Supachai Panitchpakdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alejandro_Jara" title="Alejandro Jara">Alejandro Jara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rufus_Yerxa" title="Rufus Yerxa">Rufus Yerxa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Afghanistan" title="Economy of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Albania" title="Economy of Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Algeria" title="Economy of Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Angola" title="Economy of Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Economy of Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Argentina" title="Economy of Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Armenia" title="Economy of Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Australia" title="Economy of Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Bahrain" title="Economy of Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Bangladesh" title="Economy of Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Barbados" title="Economy of Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Belize" title="Economy of Belize">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Benin" title="Economy of Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Bolivia" title="Economy of Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Botswana" title="Economy of Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Brazil" title="Economy of Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Brunei" title="Economy of Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Burkina_Faso" title="Economy of Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Myanmar" title="Economy of Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Burundi" title="Economy of Burundi">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Cambodia" title="Economy of Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Cameroon" title="Economy of Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Canada" title="Economy of Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Cape_Verde" title="Economy of Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Central_African_Republic" title="Economy of the Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Chad" title="Economy of Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Chile" title="Economy of Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_China" title="Economy of China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Colombia" title="Economy of Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Economy of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Economy of the Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Costa_Rica" title="Economy of Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Ivory_Coast" title="Economy of Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Cuba" title="Economy of Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Djibouti" title="Economy of Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Dominica" title="Economy of Dominica">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Economy of the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Ecuador" title="Economy of Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Egypt" title="Economy of Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_El_Salvador" title="Economy of El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Eswatini" title="Economy of Eswatini">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Fiji" title="Economy of Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Gabon" title="Economy of Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Gambia" title="Economy of the Gambia">The Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Economy of Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Ghana" title="Economy of Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Grenada" title="Economy of Grenada">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Guatemala" title="Economy of Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Guinea" title="Economy of Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Guinea-Bissau" title="Economy of Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Guyana" title="Economy of Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Haiti" title="Economy of Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Honduras" title="Economy of Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Hong_Kong" title="Economy of Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Iceland" title="Economy of Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_India" title="Economy of India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Indonesia" title="Economy of Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Israel" title="Economy of Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Jamaica" title="Economy of Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Japan" title="Economy of Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Jordan" title="Economy of Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Kazakhstan" title="Economy of Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Kenya" title="Economy of Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_South_Korea" title="Economy of South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Kuwait" title="Economy of Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Kyrgyzstan" title="Economy of Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Laos" title="Economy of Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Lesotho" title="Economy of Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Liberia" title="Economy of Liberia">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Liechtenstein" title="Economy of Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Macau" title="Economy of Macau">Macau</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Madagascar" title="Economy of Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Malawi" title="Economy of Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Malaysia" title="Economy of Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Maldives" title="Economy of the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Mali" title="Economy of Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Mauritania" title="Economy of Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Mauritius" title="Economy of Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Mexico" title="Economy of Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Moldova" title="Economy of Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Mongolia" title="Economy of Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Montenegro" title="Economy of Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Morocco" title="Economy of Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Mozambique" title="Economy of Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Namibia" title="Economy of Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Nepal" title="Economy of Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_New_Zealand" title="Economy of New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Nicaragua" title="Economy of Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Niger" title="Economy of Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Nigeria" title="Economy of Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_North_Macedonia" title="Economy of North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Norway" title="Economy of Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Oman" title="Economy of Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Pakistan" title="Economy of Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Panama" title="Economy of Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Economy of Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Paraguay" title="Economy of Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Peru" title="Economy of Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Philippines" title="Economy of the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Qatar" title="Economy of Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Russia" title="Economy of Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Rwanda" title="Economy of Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="Economy of Saint Kitts and Nevis">St. Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Saint_Lucia" title="Economy of Saint Lucia">St. Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="Economy of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">St. Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Samoa" title="Economy of Samoa">Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Economy of Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Senegal" title="Economy of Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Seychelles" title="Economy of Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Sierra_Leone" title="Economy of Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Singapore" title="Economy of Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Solomon_Islands" title="Economy of Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_South_Africa" title="Economy of South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Economy of Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Suriname" title="Economy of Suriname">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Switzerland" title="Economy of Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Tajikistan" title="Economy of Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Taiwan" title="Economy of Taiwan">Taiwan</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Tanzania" title="Economy of Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Thailand" title="Economy of Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Togo" title="Economy of Togo">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Tonga" title="Economy of Tonga">Tonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Economy of Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Tunisia" title="Economy of Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Turkey" title="Economy of Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Uganda" title="Economy of Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Ukraine" title="Economy of Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Economy of the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Economy of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_United_States" title="Economy of the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Uruguay" title="Economy of Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Venezuela" title="Economy of Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Vietnam" title="Economy of Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Yemen" title="Economy of Yemen">Yemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Zambia" title="Economy of Zambia">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Zimbabwe" title="Economy of Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="European_Union" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_European_Union" title="Economy of the European Union">European Union</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Austria" title="Economy of Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Belgium" title="Economy of Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Bulgaria" title="Economy of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Croatia" title="Economy of Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Cyprus" title="Economy of Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Economy of the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Denmark" title="Economy of Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Estonia" title="Economy of Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Finland" title="Economy of Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_France" title="Economy of France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Germany" title="Economy of Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Greece" title="Economy of Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Hungary" title="Economy of Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Economy of the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Italy" title="Economy of Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Latvia" title="Economy of Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Lithuania" title="Economy of Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Luxembourg" title="Economy of Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Malta" title="Economy of Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Netherlands" title="Economy of the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Poland" title="Economy of Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Portugal" title="Economy of Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Romania" title="Economy of Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Slovakia" title="Economy of Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Slovenia" title="Economy of Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Spain" title="Economy of Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Sweden" title="Economy of Sweden">Sweden</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Special_administrative_regions_of_China" title="Special administrative regions of China">Special administrative regions of the People's Republic of China</a>, participating as "Hong Kong, China" and "Macao, China".</li> <li>Officially the Republic of China, participates as "<a href="/wiki/Chinese_Taipei" title="Chinese Taipei">Separate Customs Territory of Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen and Matsu</a>", and "Chinese Taipei" in short.</li></ol> <a href="/wiki/File:The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/16px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/24px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/32px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="3002" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:World" title="Portal:World">World portal</a> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q811#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q811#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q811#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000123694891">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/140638485">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1228307/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJgRVq8dCfPh8qbfgyTbVC">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4042050-4">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external 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