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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Origins_(1960s)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origins_(1960s)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Origins (1960s) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origins_(1960s)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Expansion_(1970s)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Expansion_(1970s)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Expansion (1970s) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Expansion_(1970s)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Glam_metal_era_(1980s)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Glam_metal_era_(1980s)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Glam metal era (1980s) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Glam_metal_era_(1980s)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grunge_and_Britpop_(1990s)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grunge_and_Britpop_(1990s)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Grunge and Britpop (1990s) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Grunge_and_Britpop_(1990s)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Survivals_and_revivals_(2000s)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Survivals_and_revivals_(2000s)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Survivals and revivals (2000s) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Survivals_and_revivals_(2000s)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table 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mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 72 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-72" aria-hidden="true" > 72 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardrock" title="Hardrock – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Hardrock" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardrock" title="Hardrock – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Hardrock" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%83" title="هارد روك – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="هارد روك" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_rock" title="Hard rock – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Hard rock" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_rok" title="Hard rok – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Hard rok" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1_%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%95" title="হার্ড রক – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="হার্ড রক" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4-%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA" title="Хард-рок – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Хард-рок" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4-%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA" title="Гард-рок – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Гард-рок" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA" title="Хардрок – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Хардрок" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_rock" title="Hard rock – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Hard rock" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_rock" title="Hard rock – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Hard rock" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_dur" title="Rock dur – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Rock dur" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_rock" title="Hard rock – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Hard rock" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerddoriaeth_roc_caled" title="Cerddoriaeth roc caled – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Cerddoriaeth roc caled" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A5rd_rock" title="Hård rock – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Hård rock" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_Rock" title="Hard Rock – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Hard Rock" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_rock" title="Hard rock – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Hard rock" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_rock" title="Hard rock – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Hard rock" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_rock" title="Hard rock – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Hard rock" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Emiliàn e rumagnòl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_rock" title="Hard rock – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Hard rock" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Ctonroko" title="Ŝtonroko – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ŝtonroko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_rock" title="Hard rock – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Hard rock" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%A9" title="هارد راک – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="هارد راک" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_rock" title="Hard rock – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Hard rock" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_rock" title="Hard rock – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Hard rock" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_rock" title="Hard rock – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Hard rock" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_rock" title="Hard rock – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Hard rock" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%95%98%EB%93%9C_%EB%A1%9D" title="하드 록 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="하드 록" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A4_%D5%BC%D5%B8%D6%84" title="Հարդ ռոք – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հարդ ռոք" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_rock" title="Hard rock – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Hard rock" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_rock" title="Hard rock – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Hard rock" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_rock" title="Hard rock – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Hard rock" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%93_%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A7" title="הארד רוק – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הארד רוק" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%AB%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94_%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%99%E1%83%98" title="მძიმე როკი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მძიმე როკი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smagais_roks" title="Smagais roks – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Smagais roks" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunkusis_rokas" title="Sunkusis rokas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Sunkusis rokas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_rock" title="Hard rock – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Hard rock" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4-%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA" title="Хард-рок – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Хард-рок" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%99%E1%83%90_%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%99%E1%83%98" title="მონკა როკი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="მონკა როკი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%83" title="هارد روك – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="هارد روك" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_rock" title="Hard rock – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Hard rock" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA" title="Хард рок – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Хард рок" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_rock" title="Hard rock – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="Hard rock" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardrock" title="Hardrock – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Hardrock" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95" title="हार्ड रक – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="हार्ड रक" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8F%E3%83%BC%E3%83%89%E3%83%AD%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF" title="ハードロック – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ハードロック" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardrock" title="Hardrock – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Hardrock" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardrock" title="Hardrock – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Hardrock" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xard-rok" title="Xard-rok – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Xard-rok" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_rock" title="Hard rock – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Hard rock" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_rock" title="Hard rock – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Hard rock" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_rock" title="Hard rock – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Hard rock" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4-%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA" title="Хард-рок – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Хард-рок" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haurd_rock" title="Haurd rock – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Haurd rock" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_rocku" title="Hard rocku – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Hard rocku" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_rock" title="Hard rock – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Hard rock" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_rock" title="Hard rock – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Hard rock" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_rock" title="Hard rock – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Hard rock" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_rock" title="Hard rock – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Hard rock" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF_%DA%95%DB%86%DA%A9" title="ھارد ڕۆک – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ھارد ڕۆک" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA" title="Хард рок – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Хард рок" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_rock" title="Hard rock – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Hard rock" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_rock" title="Hard rock – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Hard rock" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" 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.infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above">Hard rock</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other names</th><td class="infobox-data hlist">Heavy rock</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Stylistic origins</th><td class="infobox-data hlist"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blues_rock" title="Blues rock">Blues rock</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_rock" title="Psychedelic rock">psychedelic rock</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Garage_rock" title="Garage rock">garage rock</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Rock_and_roll" title="Rock and roll">rock and roll</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Cultural origins</th><td class="infobox-data hlist">Mid-1960s, United States and United Kingdom</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Derivative forms</th><td class="infobox-data hlist"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glam_metal" title="Glam metal">Glam metal</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Glam_rock" title="Glam rock">glam rock</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/NWOBHM" class="mw-redirect" title="NWOBHM">NWOBHM</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Power_pop" title="Power pop">power pop</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Other topics</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acid_rock" title="Acid rock">Acid rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heavy_metal_music" title="Heavy metal music">heavy metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_rock" title="Progressive rock">progressive rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soft_rock" title="Soft rock">soft rock</a></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> Hard rock or heavy rock<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> is a heavier subgenre of <a href="/wiki/Rock_music" title="Rock music">rock music</a> typified by aggressive vocals and <a href="/wiki/Distortion_(music)" title="Distortion (music)">distorted</a> <a href="/wiki/Electric_guitar" title="Electric guitar">electric guitars</a>. Hard rock began in the mid-1960s with the <a href="/wiki/Garage_rock" title="Garage rock">garage</a>, <a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_rock" title="Psychedelic rock">psychedelic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Blues_rock" title="Blues rock">blues rock</a> movements. Some of the earliest hard rock music was produced by <a href="/wiki/The_Kinks" title="The Kinks">the Kinks</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Who" title="The Who">the Who</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Rolling_Stones" title="The Rolling Stones">the Rolling Stones</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cream_(band)" title="Cream (band)">Cream</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vanilla_Fudge" title="Vanilla Fudge">Vanilla Fudge</a>, and <a href="/wiki/The_Jimi_Hendrix_Experience" class="mw-redirect" title="The Jimi Hendrix Experience">the Jimi Hendrix Experience</a>. In the late 1960s, bands such as <a href="/wiki/Blue_Cheer" title="Blue Cheer">Blue Cheer</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Jeff_Beck_Group" title="The Jeff Beck Group">the Jeff Beck Group</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iron_Butterfly" title="Iron Butterfly">Iron Butterfly</a>, <a href="/wiki/Led_Zeppelin" title="Led Zeppelin">Led Zeppelin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Golden_Earring" title="Golden Earring">Golden Earring</a>, <a href="/wiki/Steppenwolf_(band)" title="Steppenwolf (band)">Steppenwolf</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grand_Funk" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Funk">Grand Funk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Free_(band)" title="Free (band)">Free</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Deep_Purple" title="Deep Purple">Deep Purple</a> also produced hard rock. The genre developed into a major form of <a href="/wiki/Popular_music" title="Popular music">popular music</a> in the 1970s, with the Who, Led Zeppelin and Deep Purple being joined by <a href="/wiki/Black_Sabbath" title="Black Sabbath">Black Sabbath</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alice_Cooper" title="Alice Cooper">Alice Cooper</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aerosmith" title="Aerosmith">Aerosmith</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kiss_(band)" title="Kiss (band)">Kiss</a>, <a href="/wiki/Queen_(band)" title="Queen (band)">Queen</a>, <a href="/wiki/AC/DC" title="AC/DC">AC/DC</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thin_Lizzy" title="Thin Lizzy">Thin Lizzy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Van_Halen" title="Van Halen">Van Halen</a>. During the 1980s, some hard rock bands moved away from their hard rock roots and more towards <a href="/wiki/Pop_rock" title="Pop rock">pop rock</a>.<a href="#cite_note-AMQueen-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bogdanov2002Queen-3">[3]</a> Established bands made a comeback in the mid-1980s and hard rock reached a commercial peak in the 1980s with <a href="/wiki/Glam_metal" title="Glam metal">glam metal</a> bands such as <a href="/wiki/M%C3%B6tley_Cr%C3%BCe" title="Mötley Crüe">Mötley Crüe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bon_Jovi" title="Bon Jovi">Bon Jovi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Def_Leppard" title="Def Leppard">Def Leppard</a> as well as the rawer sounds of <a href="/wiki/Guns_N%27_Roses" title="Guns N' Roses">Guns N' Roses</a> which followed with great success in the later part of that decade. Hard rock began losing popularity with the commercial success of R&B, <a href="/wiki/Hip_hop_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Hip hop music">hip-hop</a>, urban pop, <a href="/wiki/Grunge" title="Grunge">grunge</a> and later <a href="/wiki/Britpop" title="Britpop">Britpop</a> in the 1990s. Despite this, many <a href="/wiki/Post-grunge" title="Post-grunge">post-grunge</a> bands adopted a hard rock sound and the 2000s saw a renewed interest in established bands, attempts at a revival, and new hard rock bands. In the 2000s, only a few hard rock bands from the 1970s and 1980s managed to sustain highly successful recording careers. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definitions">Definitions</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hard_rock&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Definitions">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Backbeat_chop.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Backbeat_chop.png/300px-Backbeat_chop.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="65" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Backbeat_chop.png/450px-Backbeat_chop.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Backbeat_chop.png/600px-Backbeat_chop.png 2x" data-file-width="2152" data-file-height="468" /></a><figcaption>Drum notation for a <a href="/wiki/Backbeat" class="mw-redirect" title="Backbeat">backbeat</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></figcaption></figure> Hard rock is a form of loud, aggressive rock music. The electric guitar is often emphasised, used with <a href="/wiki/Distortion_(music)" title="Distortion (music)">distortion</a> and other effects, both as a rhythm instrument using repetitive riffs with a varying degree of complexity, and as a solo <a href="/wiki/Lead_guitar" title="Lead guitar">lead</a> instrument.<a href="#cite_note-AllMusicHard-5">[5]</a> Drumming characteristically focuses on driving rhythms, strong bass drum and a <a href="/wiki/Beat_(music)#Backbeat" title="Beat (music)">backbeat</a> on snare, sometimes using cymbals for emphasis.<a href="#cite_note-Shuker2005-6">[6]</a> The bass guitar works in conjunction with the drums, occasionally playing riffs, but usually providing a backing for the rhythm and lead guitars.<a href="#cite_note-Allmusicheavymetal-7">[7]</a> Vocals are often growling, raspy, or involve screaming or wailing, sometimes in a high range, or even <a href="/wiki/Falsetto" title="Falsetto">falsetto</a> voice.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> In the late-1960s, the term <a href="/wiki/Heavy_metal_music" title="Heavy metal music">heavy metal</a> was used interchangeably with hard rock, but gradually began to be used to describe music played with even more volume and intensity.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> While hard rock maintained a bluesy <a href="/wiki/Rock_and_roll" title="Rock and roll">rock and roll</a> identity, including some <a href="/wiki/Swing_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Swing (music)">swing</a> in the back beat and riffs that tended to outline chord progressions in their hooks, heavy metal's riffs often functioned as stand-alone melodies and had no swing in them.<a href="#cite_note-AllMusicHard-5">[5]</a> In the 1980s, heavy metal developed a number of subgenres, often termed <a href="/wiki/Extreme_metal" title="Extreme metal">extreme metal</a>, some of which were influenced by <a href="/wiki/Hardcore_punk" title="Hardcore punk">hardcore punk</a>, and which further differentiated the two styles.<a href="#cite_note-Allmusicheavymetal-7">[7]</a> Despite this differentiation, hard rock and heavy metal have coexisted with one another, with bands frequently flirting with the boundaries of, or hybridizing the genres.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hard_rock&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> The roots of hard rock can be traced back to the mid-to-late 1950s, particularly <a href="/wiki/Electric_blues" title="Electric blues">electric blues</a>,<a href="#cite_note-campbell201-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> which laid the foundations for key elements such as a rough declamatory vocal style, heavy guitar <a href="/wiki/Riff" title="Riff">riffs</a>, <a href="/wiki/String_bending" title="String bending">string-bending</a> <a href="/wiki/Blues_scale" title="Blues scale">blues-scale</a> <a href="/wiki/Guitar_solo" title="Guitar solo">guitar solos</a>, strong <a href="/wiki/Beat_(music)" title="Beat (music)">beat</a>, thick riff-laden <a href="/wiki/Texture_(music)" title="Texture (music)">texture</a>, and posturing performances.<a href="#cite_note-campbell201-11">[11]</a> Electric blues <a href="/wiki/Guitarist" title="Guitarist">guitarists</a> began experimenting with hard rock elements such as driving rhythms, distorted guitar solos and <a href="/wiki/Power_chord" title="Power chord">power chords</a> in the 1950s, evident in the work of <a href="/wiki/Memphis_blues" title="Memphis blues">Memphis blues</a> guitarists such as <a href="/wiki/Joe_Hill_Louis" title="Joe Hill Louis">Joe Hill Louis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Willie_Johnson_(guitarist)" title="Willie Johnson (guitarist)">Willie Johnson</a>, and particularly <a href="/wiki/Pat_Hare" title="Pat Hare">Pat Hare</a>,<a href="#cite_note-rolling_memphis-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-palmer-14">[14]</a> who captured a "grittier, nastier, more ferocious electric guitar sound" on records such as <a href="/wiki/James_Cotton" title="James Cotton">James Cotton</a>'s "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cotton_Crop_Blues&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cotton Crop Blues (page does not exist)">Cotton Crop Blues</a>" (1954).<a href="#cite_note-palmer-14">[14]</a> Other antecedents include <a href="/wiki/Link_Wray" title="Link Wray">Link Wray</a>'s instrumental "<a href="/wiki/Rumble_(instrumental)" title="Rumble (instrumental)">Rumble</a>" in 1958,<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Surf_rock" class="mw-redirect" title="Surf rock">surf rock</a> instrumentals of <a href="/wiki/Dick_Dale" title="Dick Dale">Dick Dale</a>, such as "<a href="/wiki/Let%27s_Go_Trippin%27" title="Let's Go Trippin'">Let's Go Trippin'</a>" (1961) and "<a href="/wiki/Misirlou" title="Misirlou">Misirlou</a>" (1962). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins_(1960s)">Origins (1960s)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hard_rock&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Origins (1960s)">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cream_Clapton_Bruce_Baker_1960s.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Cream_Clapton_Bruce_Baker_1960s.jpg/220px-Cream_Clapton_Bruce_Baker_1960s.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Cream_Clapton_Bruce_Baker_1960s.jpg/330px-Cream_Clapton_Bruce_Baker_1960s.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Cream_Clapton_Bruce_Baker_1960s.jpg/440px-Cream_Clapton_Bruce_Baker_1960s.jpg 2x" data-file-width="928" data-file-height="615" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ginger_Baker" title="Ginger Baker">Baker</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jack_Bruce" title="Jack Bruce">Bruce</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eric_Clapton" title="Eric Clapton">Clapton</a> of <a href="/wiki/Cream_(band)" title="Cream (band)">Cream</a>, whose blues rock improvisation was a major factor in the development of the genre</figcaption></figure> In the 1960s, American and <a href="/wiki/British_blues" title="British blues">British blues</a> and rock bands began to modify <a href="/wiki/Rock_and_roll" title="Rock and roll">rock and roll</a> by adding harder sounds, heavier guitar riffs, bombastic drumming, and louder vocals, from <a href="/wiki/Electric_blues" title="Electric blues">electric blues</a>.<a href="#cite_note-campbell201-11">[11]</a> Early forms of hard rock can be heard in the work of <a href="/wiki/Chicago_blues" title="Chicago blues">Chicago blues</a> musicians <a href="/wiki/Elmore_James" title="Elmore James">Elmore James</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muddy_Waters" title="Muddy Waters">Muddy Waters</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Howlin%27_Wolf" title="Howlin' Wolf">Howlin' Wolf</a>,<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Kingsmen" title="The Kingsmen">the Kingsmen</a>'s version of "<a href="/wiki/Louie_Louie" title="Louie Louie">Louie Louie</a>" (1963) which made it a <a href="/wiki/Garage_rock" title="Garage rock">garage rock</a> standard,<a href="#cite_note-P._Buckley,_2003-17">[17]</a> and the songs of <a href="/wiki/Rhythm_and_blues" title="Rhythm and blues">rhythm and blues</a> influenced <a href="/wiki/British_Invasion" title="British Invasion">British Invasion</a> acts,<a href="#cite_note-Bogdanov2002BritishR&B-18">[18]</a> including "<a href="/wiki/You_Really_Got_Me" title="You Really Got Me">You Really Got Me</a>" by <a href="/wiki/The_Kinks" title="The Kinks">the Kinks</a> (1964),<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> "<a href="/wiki/My_Generation" title="My Generation">My Generation</a>" by <a href="/wiki/The_Who" title="The Who">the Who</a> (1965)<a href="#cite_note-AllMusicHard-5">[5]</a> and "<a href="/wiki/(I_Can%27t_Get_No)_Satisfaction" title="(I Can't Get No) Satisfaction">(I Can't Get No) Satisfaction</a>" (1965) by <a href="/wiki/The_Rolling_Stones" title="The Rolling Stones">the Rolling Stones</a>.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> <a href="/wiki/Soft_rock" title="Soft rock">Soft rock</a> was often derived from <a href="/wiki/Folk_rock" title="Folk rock">folk rock</a>, using acoustic instruments and putting more emphasis on melody and harmonies.<a href="#cite_note-Curtis1987-21">[21]</a> In contrast, hard rock was most often derived from <a href="/wiki/Blues_rock" title="Blues rock">blues rock</a> and was played louder and with more intensity.<a href="#cite_note-AllMusicHard-5">[5]</a> Blues rock acts that pioneered the sound included <a href="/wiki/Cream_(band)" title="Cream (band)">Cream</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Jimi_Hendrix_Experience" class="mw-redirect" title="The Jimi Hendrix Experience">the Jimi Hendrix Experience</a>, and <a href="/wiki/The_Jeff_Beck_Group" title="The Jeff Beck Group">the Jeff Beck Group</a>.<a href="#cite_note-AllMusicHard-5">[5]</a> Cream, in songs like "<a href="/wiki/I_Feel_Free" title="I Feel Free">I Feel Free</a>" (1966), combined blues rock with pop and psychedelia, particularly in the riffs and guitar solos of <a href="/wiki/Eric_Clapton" title="Eric Clapton">Eric Clapton</a>.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> Cream's best known-song, "<a href="/wiki/Sunshine_of_Your_Love" title="Sunshine of Your Love">Sunshine of Your Love</a>" (1967), is sometimes considered to be the culmination of the British adaptation of blues into rock and a direct precursor of Led Zeppelin's style of hard rock and heavy metal.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> Jimi Hendrix produced a form of blues-influenced psychedelic rock, which combined elements of <a href="/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">jazz</a>, blues and rock and roll.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> From 1967, <a href="/wiki/Jeff_Beck" title="Jeff Beck">Jeff Beck</a> brought lead guitar to new heights of technical virtuosity and moved blues rock in the direction of heavy rock with his band, the Jeff Beck Group.<a href="#cite_note-Allmusicblues_rock-25">[25]</a> <a href="/wiki/Dave_Davies" title="Dave Davies">Dave Davies</a> of the Kinks, <a href="/wiki/Keith_Richards" title="Keith Richards">Keith Richards</a> of the Rolling Stones, <a href="/wiki/Pete_Townshend" title="Pete Townshend">Pete Townshend</a> of the Who, Hendrix, Clapton and Beck all pioneered the use of new guitar effects like <a href="/wiki/Phaser_(effect)" title="Phaser (effect)">phasing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Audio_feedback" title="Audio feedback">feedback</a> and <a href="/wiki/Distortion_(music)" title="Distortion (music)">distortion</a>.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Doors" title="The Doors">The Doors</a>' <a href="/wiki/The_Doors_(album)" title="The Doors (album)">debut album</a>, released in 1967, included songs like "<a href="/wiki/Soul_Kitchen_(song)" title="Soul Kitchen (song)">Soul Kitchen</a>", "Twentieth Century Fox", and a cover version of "<a href="/wiki/Back_Door_Man" title="Back Door Man">Back Door Man</a>", which were what music journalist <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Davis_(music_journalist)" title="Stephen Davis (music journalist)">Stephen Davis</a> characterized as "enough hard rock tracks".<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> One track that stands out as especially heavy for its time is the last 1:10 of "<a href="/wiki/I_Feel_Much_Better" class="mw-redirect" title="I Feel Much Better">I Feel Much Better</a>" by the <a href="/wiki/Small_Faces" title="Small Faces">Small Faces</a>, recorded in May 1967. The first 2:46 is typical psychedelic fare of the time, but then the song suddenly changes into a hard bass-and-guitar power chord with <a href="/wiki/Steve_Marriott" title="Steve Marriott">Steve Marriott</a>'s rhythm guitar and gut bucket singing, equal to the heaviest rock to be heard later. <a href="/wiki/The_Beatles" title="The Beatles">The Beatles</a> began producing songs in the new hard rock style beginning with their 1968 double album <a href="/wiki/The_Beatles_(album)" title="The Beatles (album)">The Beatles</a> (also known as the "White Album") and, with the track "<a href="/wiki/Helter_Skelter_(song)" title="Helter Skelter (song)">Helter Skelter</a>", attempted to create a greater level of noise than the Who.<a href="#cite_note-Macdonald2005p2005-28">[28]</a> <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Thomas_Erlewine" title="Stephen Thomas Erlewine">Stephen Thomas Erlewine</a> of <a href="/wiki/AllMusic" title="AllMusic">AllMusic</a> has referred to the "proto-metal roar" of "Helter Skelter",<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> while <a href="/wiki/Ian_MacDonald" title="Ian MacDonald">Ian MacDonald</a> called it "ridiculous, with McCartney shrieking weedily against a massively tape-echoed backdrop of out-of-tune thrashing".<a href="#cite_note-Macdonald2005p2005-28">[28]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LedZeppelinChicago75.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/LedZeppelinChicago75.jpg/250px-LedZeppelinChicago75.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/LedZeppelinChicago75.jpg/375px-LedZeppelinChicago75.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/LedZeppelinChicago75.jpg/500px-LedZeppelinChicago75.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="540" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Led_Zeppelin" title="Led Zeppelin">Led Zeppelin</a> live at <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Stadium" title="Chicago Stadium">Chicago Stadium</a>, January 1975</figcaption></figure> Groups that emerged from the American psychedelic scene about the same time included <a href="/wiki/Iron_Butterfly" title="Iron Butterfly">Iron Butterfly</a>, <a href="/wiki/MC5" title="MC5">MC5</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blue_Cheer" title="Blue Cheer">Blue Cheer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vanilla_Fudge" title="Vanilla Fudge">Vanilla Fudge</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Walser1993pp9-10-30">[30]</a> San Francisco band Blue Cheer released a crude and distorted cover of <a href="/wiki/Eddie_Cochran" title="Eddie Cochran">Eddie Cochran</a>'s classic "<a href="/wiki/Summertime_Blues" title="Summertime Blues">Summertime Blues</a>", from their 1968 debut album <a href="/wiki/Vincebus_Eruptum" title="Vincebus Eruptum">Vincebus Eruptum</a>, that outlined much of the later hard rock and heavy metal sound.<a href="#cite_note-Walser1993pp9-10-30">[30]</a> The same month, <a href="/wiki/Steppenwolf_(band)" title="Steppenwolf (band)">Steppenwolf</a> released its <a href="/wiki/Steppenwolf_(Steppenwolf_album)" title="Steppenwolf (Steppenwolf album)">self-titled debut album</a>, including "<a href="/wiki/Born_to_Be_Wild" title="Born to Be Wild">Born to Be Wild</a>", which contained the first lyrical reference to heavy metal and helped popularise the style when it was used in the film <a href="/wiki/Easy_Rider" title="Easy Rider">Easy Rider</a> (1969).<a href="#cite_note-Walser1993pp9-10-30">[30]</a> Iron Butterfly's <a href="/wiki/In-A-Gadda-Da-Vida_(album)" title="In-A-Gadda-Da-Vida (album)">In-A-Gadda-Da-Vida</a> (1968), with its 17-minute-long <a href="/wiki/In-A-Gadda-Da-Vida" title="In-A-Gadda-Da-Vida">title track</a>, using organs and with a lengthy drum solo, also prefigured later elements of the sound.<a href="#cite_note-Walser1993pp9-10-30">[30]</a> By the end of the decade a distinct genre of hard rock was emerging with bands like <a href="/wiki/Led_Zeppelin" title="Led Zeppelin">Led Zeppelin</a>, who mixed the music of early rock bands with a more hard-edged form of blues rock and acid rock on their first two albums <a href="/wiki/Led_Zeppelin_(album)" title="Led Zeppelin (album)">Led Zeppelin</a> (1969) and <a href="/wiki/Led_Zeppelin_II" title="Led Zeppelin II">Led Zeppelin II</a> (1969), and <a href="/wiki/Deep_Purple" title="Deep Purple">Deep Purple</a>, who began as a <a href="/wiki/Progressive_rock" title="Progressive rock">progressive rock</a> group in 1968 but achieved their commercial breakthrough with their fourth and distinctively heavier album, <a href="/wiki/Deep_Purple_in_Rock" title="Deep Purple in Rock">Deep Purple in Rock</a> (1970). Also significant was Black Sabbath's <a href="/wiki/Paranoid_(album)" title="Paranoid (album)">Paranoid</a> (1970), which combined guitar riffs with dissonance and more explicit references to the occult and elements of <a href="/wiki/Gothic_rock" title="Gothic rock">Gothic horror</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Walser1993p10-31">[31]</a> All three of these bands have been seen as pivotal in the development of heavy metal, but where metal further accentuated the intensity of the music, with bands like <a href="/wiki/Judas_Priest" title="Judas Priest">Judas Priest</a> following Sabbath's lead into territory that was often "darker and more menacing", hard rock tended to continue to remain the more exuberant, good-time music.<a href="#cite_note-AllMusicHard-5">[5]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Expansion_(1970s)">Expansion (1970s)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hard_rock&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Expansion (1970s)">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Who_-_1975.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Who_-_1975.jpg/220px-Who_-_1975.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Who_-_1975.jpg/330px-Who_-_1975.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Who_-_1975.jpg/440px-Who_-_1975.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2472" data-file-height="1712" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/The_Who" title="The Who">The Who</a> on stage in 1975</figcaption></figure> In the early 1970s the Rolling Stones further developed their hard rock sound with <a href="/wiki/Exile_on_Main_St." title="Exile on Main St.">Exile on Main St.</a><a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> (1972). Initially receiving mixed reviews, according to critic Steve Erlewine it is now "generally regarded as the Rolling Stones' finest album".<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> They continued to pursue the riff-heavy sound on albums including <a href="/wiki/It%27s_Only_Rock_%27n%27_Roll" class="mw-redirect" title="It's Only Rock 'n' Roll">It's Only Rock 'n' Roll</a><a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> (1974) and <a href="/wiki/Black_and_Blue" title="Black and Blue">Black and Blue</a> (1976).<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> Led Zeppelin began to mix elements of <a href="/wiki/World_music" title="World music">world</a> and folk music into their hard rock from <a href="/wiki/Led_Zeppelin_III" title="Led Zeppelin III">Led Zeppelin III</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> (1970) and <a href="/wiki/Led_Zeppelin_IV" title="Led Zeppelin IV">Led Zeppelin IV</a> (1971). The latter included the track "<a href="/wiki/Stairway_to_Heaven" title="Stairway to Heaven">Stairway to Heaven</a>",<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> which would become the most played song in the history of album-oriented radio.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> Deep Purple continued to define their unique brand of hard rock, particularly with their album <a href="/wiki/Machine_Head_(album)" title="Machine Head (album)">Machine Head</a> (1972), which included the tracks "<a href="/wiki/Highway_Star_(song)" title="Highway Star (song)">Highway Star</a>" and "<a href="/wiki/Smoke_on_the_Water" title="Smoke on the Water">Smoke on the Water</a>".<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> In 1975 guitarist <a href="/wiki/Ritchie_Blackmore" title="Ritchie Blackmore">Ritchie Blackmore</a> left, going on to form <a href="/wiki/Rainbow_(rock_band)" title="Rainbow (rock band)">Rainbow</a> and after the break-up of the band the next year, vocalist <a href="/wiki/David_Coverdale" title="David Coverdale">David Coverdale</a> formed <a href="/wiki/Whitesnake" title="Whitesnake">Whitesnake</a>.<a href="#cite_note-AllmusicDeepPurple-40">[40]</a> 1970 saw the Who release <a href="/wiki/Live_at_Leeds" title="Live at Leeds">Live at Leeds</a>, often seen as the archetypal hard rock live album, and the following year they released their highly acclaimed album <a href="/wiki/Who%27s_Next" title="Who's Next">Who's Next</a>, which mixed heavy rock with extensive use of synthesizers.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> Subsequent albums, including <a href="/wiki/Quadrophenia" title="Quadrophenia">Quadrophenia</a> (1973), built on this sound before <a href="/wiki/Who_Are_You" title="Who Are You">Who Are You</a> (1978), their last album before the death of pioneering rock drummer <a href="/wiki/Keith_Moon" title="Keith Moon">Keith Moon</a> later that year.<a href="#cite_note-AllmusicTheWho-42">[42]</a> Emerging British acts included <a href="/wiki/Free_(band)" title="Free (band)">Free</a>, who released their signature song "<a href="/wiki/All_Right_Now" title="All Right Now">All Right Now</a>" (1970), which has received extensive radio airplay in both the UK and US.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> After the breakup of the band in 1973, vocalist <a href="/wiki/Paul_Rodgers" title="Paul Rodgers">Paul Rodgers</a> joined <a href="/wiki/Supergroup_(music)" title="Supergroup (music)">supergroup</a> <a href="/wiki/Bad_Company_(band)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bad Company (band)">Bad Company</a>, whose <a href="/wiki/Bad_Company_(album)" title="Bad Company (album)">eponymous first album</a> (1974) was an international hit.<a href="#cite_note-AllmusicNazareth-44">[44]</a> UK band <a href="/wiki/Foghat" title="Foghat">Foghat</a> also found success throughout the decade with their boogie and blues style. The mixture of hard rock and progressive rock, evident in the works of Deep Purple, was pursued more directly by bands like <a href="/wiki/Uriah_Heep_(band)" title="Uriah Heep (band)">Uriah Heep</a> and <a href="/wiki/Argent_(band)" title="Argent (band)">Argent</a>.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> Scottish band <a href="/wiki/Nazareth_(band)" title="Nazareth (band)">Nazareth</a> released their <a href="/wiki/Nazareth_(album)" title="Nazareth (album)">self-titled début</a> album in 1971, producing a blend of hard rock and pop that would culminate in their best selling, <a href="/wiki/Hair_of_the_Dog_(album)" title="Hair of the Dog (album)">Hair of the Dog</a> (1975), which contained the proto-<a href="/wiki/Power_ballad" class="mw-redirect" title="Power ballad">power ballad</a> "<a href="/wiki/Love_Hurts" title="Love Hurts">Love Hurts</a>".<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> Having enjoyed some national success in the early 1970s, <a href="/wiki/Queen_(band)" title="Queen (band)">Queen</a>, after the release of <a href="/wiki/Sheer_Heart_Attack" title="Sheer Heart Attack">Sheer Heart Attack</a> (1974) and <a href="/wiki/A_Night_at_the_Opera_(Queen_album)" title="A Night at the Opera (Queen album)">A Night at the Opera</a> (1975), gained international recognition with a sound that used layered vocals and guitars and mixed hard rock with heavy metal, progressive rock, and even <a href="/wiki/Opera" title="Opera">opera</a>.<a href="#cite_note-AMQueen-2">[2]</a> The latter featured the hit single "<a href="/wiki/Bohemian_Rhapsody" title="Bohemian Rhapsody">Bohemian Rhapsody</a>".<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:KISS_in_concert_Boston_2004.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/KISS_in_concert_Boston_2004.jpg/220px-KISS_in_concert_Boston_2004.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/KISS_in_concert_Boston_2004.jpg/330px-KISS_in_concert_Boston_2004.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/KISS_in_concert_Boston_2004.jpg/440px-KISS_in_concert_Boston_2004.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kiss_(band)" title="Kiss (band)">Kiss</a> onstage in Boston in 2004</figcaption></figure> In the United States, <a href="/wiki/Shock_rock" title="Shock rock">shock-rock</a> pioneer <a href="/wiki/Alice_Cooper_(band)" title="Alice Cooper (band)">Alice Cooper</a><a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> achieved mainstream success with <a href="/wiki/School%27s_Out_(album)" title="School's Out (album)">School's Out</a> (1972), and followed up with <a href="/wiki/Billion_Dollar_Babies" title="Billion Dollar Babies">Billion Dollar Babies</a>, which reached the No. 1 position on the Billboard 200 albums chart in 1973.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> Also in 1973, blues rockers <a href="/wiki/ZZ_Top" title="ZZ Top">ZZ Top</a> released their classic album <a href="/wiki/Tres_Hombres" title="Tres Hombres">Tres Hombres</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aerosmith" title="Aerosmith">Aerosmith</a> produced their <a href="/wiki/Aerosmith_(album)" title="Aerosmith (album)">eponymous début</a>, as did <a href="/wiki/Southern_rock" title="Southern rock">Southern rockers</a> <a href="/wiki/Lynyrd_Skynyrd" title="Lynyrd Skynyrd">Lynyrd Skynyrd</a> and <a href="/wiki/Proto-punk" title="Proto-punk">proto-punk</a> outfit <a href="/wiki/New_York_Dolls" title="New York Dolls">New York Dolls</a>, demonstrating the diverse directions being pursued in the genre.<a href="#cite_note-AllmusicBands-50">[50]</a> <a href="/wiki/Montrose_(band)" title="Montrose (band)">Montrose</a>, including the instrumental talent of <a href="/wiki/Ronnie_Montrose" title="Ronnie Montrose">Ronnie Montrose</a> and vocals of <a href="/wiki/Sammy_Hagar" title="Sammy Hagar">Sammy Hagar</a> released their <a href="/wiki/Montrose_(album)" title="Montrose (album)">first album</a> in 1973.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> Former bubblegum-pop family act <a href="/wiki/The_Osmonds" title="The Osmonds">the Osmonds</a> recorded two hard rock albums in 1972 and had their breakthrough in the UK with the hard rock hit "<a href="/wiki/Crazy_Horses" title="Crazy Horses">Crazy Horses</a>."<a href="#cite_note-guard-52">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> <a href="/wiki/Kiss_(band)" title="Kiss (band)">Kiss</a> built on the theatrics of Alice Cooper and the look of the New York Dolls to produce a unique band persona, achieving their commercial breakthrough with the double live album <a href="/wiki/Alive!_(Kiss_album)" title="Alive! (Kiss album)">Alive!</a> in 1975 and helping to take hard rock into the <a href="/wiki/Arena_rock" title="Arena rock">stadium rock</a> era.<a href="#cite_note-P._Buckley,_2003-17">[17]</a> In the mid-1970s Aerosmith achieved their commercial and artistic breakthrough with <a href="/wiki/Toys_in_the_Attic_(album)" title="Toys in the Attic (album)">Toys in the Attic</a><a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> (1975) and <a href="/wiki/Rocks_(Aerosmith_album)" title="Rocks (Aerosmith album)">Rocks</a> (1976),<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> <a href="/wiki/Blue_%C3%96yster_Cult" title="Blue Öyster Cult">Blue Öyster Cult</a>, formed in the late 1960s, picked up on some of the elements introduced by Black Sabbath with their breakthrough live gold album <a href="/wiki/On_Your_Feet_or_on_Your_Knees" title="On Your Feet or on Your Knees">On Your Feet or on Your Knees</a> (1975), followed by their first platinum album, <a href="/wiki/Agents_of_Fortune" title="Agents of Fortune">Agents of Fortune</a> (1976), containing the hit single "<a href="/wiki/(Don%27t_Fear)_The_Reaper" title="(Don't Fear) The Reaper">(Don't Fear) The Reaper</a>".<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> <a href="/wiki/Journey_(band)" title="Journey (band)">Journey</a> released their <a href="/wiki/Journey_(Journey_album)" title="Journey (Journey album)">eponymous debut</a> in 1975<a href="#cite_note-AllmusicJourney-57">[57]</a> and the next year <a href="/wiki/Boston_(band)" title="Boston (band)">Boston</a> released their highly successful <a href="/wiki/Boston_(album)" title="Boston (album)">début album</a>.<a href="#cite_note-AllmusicBoston-58">[58]</a> In the same year, hard rock bands featuring women saw commercial success as <a href="/wiki/Heart_(band)" title="Heart (band)">Heart</a> released <a href="/wiki/Dreamboat_Annie" title="Dreamboat Annie">Dreamboat Annie</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Runaways" title="The Runaways">the Runaways</a> débuted with their <a href="/wiki/The_Runaways_(album)" title="The Runaways (album)">self-titled album</a>. While Heart had a more <a href="/wiki/Folk_rock" title="Folk rock">folk-oriented</a> hard rock sound, the Runaways leaned more towards a mix of <a href="/wiki/Punk_rock" title="Punk rock">punk-influenced music</a> and hard rock.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Amboy_Dukes_(band)" title="The Amboy Dukes (band)">The Amboy Dukes</a>, having emerged from the Detroit garage rock scene and most famous for their psychedelic hit "Journey to the Center of the Mind" (1968), were dissolved by their guitarist <a href="/wiki/Ted_Nugent" title="Ted Nugent">Ted Nugent</a>, who embarked on a solo career that resulted in four successive multi-platinum albums between <a href="/wiki/Ted_Nugent_(album)" title="Ted Nugent (album)">Ted Nugent</a> (1975) and his best selling <a href="/wiki/Double_Live_Gonzo!" title="Double Live Gonzo!">Double Live Gonzo!</a> (1978).<a href="#cite_note-TedNugentASearch-60">[60]</a> "<a href="/wiki/Goodbye_to_Love" title="Goodbye to Love">Goodbye to Love</a>" by <a href="/wiki/The_Carpenters" title="The Carpenters">the Carpenters</a>, a duo whose music was otherwise almost exclusively soft rock, drew <a href="/wiki/Hate_mail" title="Hate mail">hate mail</a> for its incorporation of a hard rock <a href="/wiki/Fuzz_guitar" class="mw-redirect" title="Fuzz guitar">fuzz guitar</a> solo by <a href="/wiki/Tony_Peluso" title="Tony Peluso">Tony Peluso</a>.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rush-in-concert.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Rush-in-concert.jpg/250px-Rush-in-concert.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Rush-in-concert.jpg/375px-Rush-in-concert.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Rush-in-concert.jpg/500px-Rush-in-concert.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Rush_(band)" title="Rush (band)">Rush</a> on stage in Milan, Italy, 2004</figcaption></figure> From outside the United Kingdom and the United States, the Canadian trio <a href="/wiki/Rush_(band)" title="Rush (band)">Rush</a> released three distinctively hard rock albums in 1974–75 (<a href="/wiki/Rush_(Rush_album)" title="Rush (Rush album)">Rush</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fly_by_Night_(album)" title="Fly by Night (album)">Fly by Night</a> and <a href="/wiki/Caress_of_Steel" title="Caress of Steel">Caress of Steel</a>) before moving toward a more progressive sound with the 1976 album <a href="/wiki/2112_(album)" title="2112 (album)">2112</a>.<a href="#cite_note-AllmusicRush-62">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> Also from Canada, <a href="/wiki/Triumph_(band)" title="Triumph (band)">Triumph</a> released their <a href="/wiki/Triumph_(Triumph_album)" title="Triumph (Triumph album)">debut album</a> in 1976 before their breakthrough came in the form of the <a href="/wiki/Just_a_Game_(album)" title="Just a Game (album)">Just a Game</a> album in 1979. Later, the band's streak of popularity continued with the <a href="/wiki/Allied_Forces_(album)" title="Allied Forces (album)">Allied Forces</a> album in 1981. The Irish band <a href="/wiki/Thin_Lizzy" title="Thin Lizzy">Thin Lizzy</a>, which had formed in the late 1960s, made their most substantial commercial breakthrough in 1976 with the hard rock album <a href="/wiki/Jailbreak_(album)" title="Jailbreak (album)">Jailbreak</a> and their worldwide hit "<a href="/wiki/The_Boys_Are_Back_in_Town" title="The Boys Are Back in Town">The Boys Are Back in Town</a>". Their style, consisting of two duelling guitarists often playing leads in harmony, proved itself to be a large influence on later bands. They reached their commercial, and arguably their artistic peak with <a href="/wiki/Black_Rose:_A_Rock_Legend" title="Black Rose: A Rock Legend">Black Rose: A Rock Legend</a> (1979).<a href="#cite_note-AllmusicThinLizy-64">[64]</a> The arrival of the <a href="/wiki/Scorpions_(band)" title="Scorpions (band)">Scorpions</a> from Germany marked the geographical expansion of the subgenre.<a href="#cite_note-Walser1993p10-31">[31]</a> Australian-formed <a href="/wiki/AC/DC" title="AC/DC">AC/DC</a>, with a stripped back, riff heavy and abrasive style that also appealed to the punk generation, began to gain international attention from 1976, culminating in the release of their multi-platinum albums <a href="/wiki/Let_There_Be_Rock" title="Let There Be Rock">Let There Be Rock</a> (1977) and <a href="/wiki/Highway_to_Hell" title="Highway to Hell">Highway to Hell</a> (1979).<a href="#cite_note-AllmusicAC/DC-65">[65]</a> Also influenced by a punk ethos were heavy metal bands like <a href="/wiki/Mot%C3%B6rhead" title="Motörhead">Motörhead</a>, while Judas Priest abandoned the remaining elements of the blues in their music,<a href="#cite_note-Bogdanov2002JudasPriest-66">[66]</a> further differentiating the hard rock and heavy metal styles and helping to create the <a href="/wiki/New_wave_of_British_heavy_metal" title="New wave of British heavy metal">new wave of British heavy metal</a> which was pursued by bands like <a href="/wiki/Iron_Maiden" title="Iron Maiden">Iron Maiden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saxon_(band)" title="Saxon (band)">Saxon</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Venom_(band)" title="Venom (band)">Venom</a>.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gouden_platen_voor_Golden_Earring_uitgereikt_te_Hilversum_Vlnr_Barry_Hay,_Rinu,_Bestanddeelnr_924-0244.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Gouden_platen_voor_Golden_Earring_uitgereikt_te_Hilversum_Vlnr_Barry_Hay%2C_Rinu%2C_Bestanddeelnr_924-0244.jpg/250px-Gouden_platen_voor_Golden_Earring_uitgereikt_te_Hilversum_Vlnr_Barry_Hay%2C_Rinu%2C_Bestanddeelnr_924-0244.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Gouden_platen_voor_Golden_Earring_uitgereikt_te_Hilversum_Vlnr_Barry_Hay%2C_Rinu%2C_Bestanddeelnr_924-0244.jpg/375px-Gouden_platen_voor_Golden_Earring_uitgereikt_te_Hilversum_Vlnr_Barry_Hay%2C_Rinu%2C_Bestanddeelnr_924-0244.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Gouden_platen_voor_Golden_Earring_uitgereikt_te_Hilversum_Vlnr_Barry_Hay%2C_Rinu%2C_Bestanddeelnr_924-0244.jpg/500px-Gouden_platen_voor_Golden_Earring_uitgereikt_te_Hilversum_Vlnr_Barry_Hay%2C_Rinu%2C_Bestanddeelnr_924-0244.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3633" data-file-height="2429" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Golden_Earring" title="Golden Earring">Golden Earring</a> receives a gold record in 1970.</figcaption></figure> With the rise of <a href="/wiki/Disco" title="Disco">disco</a> in the US and <a href="/wiki/Punk_rock" title="Punk rock">punk rock</a> in the UK, hard rock's mainstream dominance was rivalled toward the later part of the decade. Disco appealed to a more diverse group of people and punk seemed to take over the rebellious role that hard rock once held.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> Early punk bands like the <a href="/wiki/Ramones" title="Ramones">Ramones</a> explicitly rebelled against the drum solos and extended guitar solos that characterised stadium rock, with almost all of their songs clocking in under three minutes with no guitar solos.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> However, new rock acts continued to emerge and record sales remained high into the 1980s. 1977 saw the début and rise to stardom of <a href="/wiki/Foreigner_(band)" title="Foreigner (band)">Foreigner</a>, who went on to release several platinum albums through to the mid-1980s.<a href="#cite_note-AllmusicForeigner-70">[70]</a> <a href="/wiki/American_Midwest" class="mw-redirect" title="American Midwest">Midwestern</a> groups like <a href="/wiki/Kansas_(band)" title="Kansas (band)">Kansas</a>, <a href="/wiki/REO_Speedwagon" title="REO Speedwagon">REO Speedwagon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Styx_(band)" title="Styx (band)">Styx</a> helped further cement heavy rock in the Midwest as a form of stadium rock.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> In 1978, <a href="/wiki/Van_Halen" title="Van Halen">Van Halen</a> emerged from the Los Angeles music scene with a sound based around the skills of lead guitarist <a href="/wiki/Eddie_Van_Halen" title="Eddie Van Halen">Eddie Van Halen</a>. He popularised a guitar-playing technique of two-handed hammer-ons and pull-offs called <a href="/wiki/Tapping" title="Tapping">tapping</a>, showcased on the song "<a href="/wiki/Eruption_(song)" class="mw-redirect" title="Eruption (song)">Eruption</a>" from the album <a href="/wiki/Van_Halen_(album)" title="Van Halen (album)">Van Halen</a>, which was highly influential in re-establishing hard rock as a popular genre after the punk and disco explosion, while also redefining and elevating the role of electric guitar.<a href="#cite_note-AllmusicVanHalen-72">[72]</a> In the 1970s and 80s, several European bands, including the German <a href="/wiki/Michael_Schenker_Group" title="Michael Schenker Group">Michael Schenker Group</a>, the Swedish band <a href="/wiki/Europe_(band)" title="Europe (band)">Europe</a>, and Dutch bands <a href="/wiki/Golden_Earring" title="Golden Earring">Golden Earring</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vandenberg_(band)" title="Vandenberg (band)">Vandenberg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vengeance_(band)" title="Vengeance (band)">Vengeance</a> experienced success in Europe and internationally. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Glam_metal_era_(1980s)">Glam metal era (1980s)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hard_rock&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Glam metal era (1980s)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Glam_metal" title="Glam metal">Glam metal</a></div> The opening years of the 1980s saw a number of changes in personnel and direction of established hard rock acts, including the deaths of <a href="/wiki/Bon_Scott" title="Bon Scott">Bon Scott</a>, the lead singer of AC/DC, and <a href="/wiki/John_Bonham" title="John Bonham">John Bonham</a>, drummer with Led Zeppelin.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> Whereas Zeppelin broke up almost immediately afterwards, AC/DC pressed on, recording the album <a href="/wiki/Back_in_Black" title="Back in Black">Back in Black</a> (1980) with their new lead singer, <a href="/wiki/Brian_Johnson" title="Brian Johnson">Brian Johnson</a>. It became the fifth-highest-selling album of all time in the US and the second-highest-selling album in the world.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> Black Sabbath had split with original singer <a href="/wiki/Ozzy_Osbourne" title="Ozzy Osbourne">Ozzy Osbourne</a> in 1979 and replaced him with <a href="/wiki/Ronnie_James_Dio" title="Ronnie James Dio">Ronnie James Dio</a>, formerly of Rainbow, giving the band a new sound and a period of creativity and popularity beginning with <a href="/wiki/Heaven_and_Hell_(Black_Sabbath_album)" title="Heaven and Hell (Black Sabbath album)">Heaven and Hell</a> (1980). Osbourne embarked on a solo career with <a href="/wiki/Blizzard_of_Ozz" title="Blizzard of Ozz">Blizzard of Ozz</a> (1980), featuring American guitarist <a href="/wiki/Randy_Rhoads" title="Randy Rhoads">Randy Rhoads</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bogdanov2002BlackSabbath-75">[75]</a> Some bands, such as <a href="/wiki/Queen_(Band)" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen (Band)">Queen</a>, moved away from their hard rock roots and more towards <a href="/wiki/Pop_rock" title="Pop rock">pop rock</a>,<a href="#cite_note-AMQueen-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bogdanov2002Queen-3">[3]</a> while others, including Rush with <a href="/wiki/Moving_Pictures_(Rush_album)" title="Moving Pictures (Rush album)">Moving Pictures</a> (1981), began to return to a hard rock sound.<a href="#cite_note-AllmusicRush-62">[62]</a> The creation of <a href="/wiki/Thrash_metal" title="Thrash metal">thrash metal</a>, which mixed heavy metal with elements of <a href="/wiki/Hardcore_punk" title="Hardcore punk">hardcore punk</a> from about 1982, particularly by <a href="/wiki/Metallica" title="Metallica">Metallica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anthrax_(American_band)" title="Anthrax (American band)">Anthrax</a>, <a href="/wiki/Megadeth" title="Megadeth">Megadeth</a> and <a href="/wiki/Slayer" title="Slayer">Slayer</a>, helped to create extreme metal and further remove the style from hard rock, although a number of these bands or their members would continue to record some songs closer to a hard rock sound.<a href="#cite_note-Bogdanov2002heavyMetal-76">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-Walser2003-77">[77]</a> <a href="/wiki/Kiss_(band)" title="Kiss (band)">Kiss</a> moved away from their hard rock roots toward pop metal: firstly removing their makeup in 1983 for their <a href="/wiki/Lick_It_Up" title="Lick It Up">Lick It Up</a> album,<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> and then adopting the visual and sound of glam metal for their 1984 release, <a href="/wiki/Animalize" title="Animalize">Animalize</a>, both of which marked a return to commercial success.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> <a href="/wiki/Pat_Benatar" title="Pat Benatar">Pat Benatar</a> was one of the first women to achieve commercial success in hard rock, releasing four consecutive US Top Five albums between 1980 and 1983.<a href="#cite_note-AUS-80">[80]</a> Often categorised with the new wave of British heavy metal, in 1981 <a href="/wiki/Def_Leppard" title="Def Leppard">Def Leppard</a> released their second album <a href="/wiki/High_%27n%27_Dry" title="High 'n' Dry">High 'n' Dry</a>, mixing glam-rock with heavy metal, and helping to define the sound of hard rock for the decade.<a href="#cite_note-Bogdanov2002DefLeppard-81">[81]</a> The follow-up <a href="/wiki/Pyromania_(album)" title="Pyromania (album)">Pyromania</a> (1983) was a big hit and the singles "<a href="/wiki/Photograph_(Def_Leppard_song)" title="Photograph (Def Leppard song)">Photograph</a>", "<a href="/wiki/Rock_of_Ages_(Def_Leppard_song)" title="Rock of Ages (Def Leppard song)">Rock of Ages</a>" and "<a href="/wiki/Foolin%27" title="Foolin'">Foolin'</a>", helped by the emergence of <a href="/wiki/MTV" title="MTV">MTV</a>, were successful.<a href="#cite_note-Bogdanov2002DefLeppard-81">[81]</a> It was widely emulated, particularly by the emerging Californian <a href="/wiki/Glam_metal" title="Glam metal">glam metal</a> scene. This was followed by US acts like <a href="/wiki/M%C3%B6tley_Cr%C3%BCe" title="Mötley Crüe">Mötley Crüe</a>, with their albums <a href="/wiki/Too_Fast_for_Love" title="Too Fast for Love">Too Fast for Love</a> (1981) and <a href="/wiki/Shout_at_the_Devil" title="Shout at the Devil">Shout at the Devil</a> (1983) and, as the style grew, the arrival of bands such as <a href="/wiki/Ratt" title="Ratt">Ratt</a>,<a href="#cite_note-AllmusicRatt-82">[82]</a> <a href="/wiki/White_Lion" title="White Lion">White Lion</a>,<a href="#cite_note-AllmusicWhiteLion-83">[83]</a> <a href="/wiki/Twisted_Sister" title="Twisted Sister">Twisted Sister</a> and <a href="/wiki/Quiet_Riot" title="Quiet Riot">Quiet Riot</a>.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> Quiet Riot's album <a href="/wiki/Metal_Health" title="Metal Health">Metal Health</a> (1983) was the first glam metal album, and arguably the first heavy metal album of any kind, to reach number one in the Billboard music charts and helped open the doors for mainstream success by subsequent bands.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Poison.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Poison.JPG/250px-Poison.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Poison.JPG/375px-Poison.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Poison.JPG/500px-Poison.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3015" data-file-height="1837" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Poison_(American_band)" class="mw-redirect" title="Poison (American band)">Poison</a>, seen here in 2008, were among the most successful acts of the 1980s glam metal era.</figcaption></figure> Established bands made something of a comeback in the mid-1980s. After an 8-year separation, Deep Purple returned with the classic Machine Head line-up to produce <a href="/wiki/Perfect_Strangers_(album)" title="Perfect Strangers (album)">Perfect Strangers</a> (1984) which was a platinum-seller in the US and reached the top ten in nine other countries.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> After somewhat slower sales of its fourth album, <a href="/wiki/Fair_Warning_(Van_Halen_album)" title="Fair Warning (Van Halen album)">Fair Warning</a>, <a href="/wiki/Van_Halen" title="Van Halen">Van Halen</a> rebounded with <a href="/wiki/Diver_Down" title="Diver Down">Diver Down</a> in 1982, then reached their commercial pinnacle with <a href="/wiki/1984_(Van_Halen_album)" title="1984 (Van Halen album)">1984</a>. <a href="/wiki/Heart_(band)" title="Heart (band)">Heart</a>, after floundering during the first half of the decade, made a comeback with their eponymous ninth studio album which contained four hit singles.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> The new medium of video channels was used with considerable success by bands formed in previous decades. Among the first were ZZ Top, who mixed hard-edged blues rock with <a href="/wiki/New_wave_music" title="New wave music">new wave music</a> to produce a series of highly successful singles, beginning with "<a href="/wiki/Gimme_All_Your_Lovin%27" title="Gimme All Your Lovin'">Gimme All Your Lovin'</a>" (1983), which helped their albums <a href="/wiki/Eliminator_(album)" title="Eliminator (album)">Eliminator</a> (1983) and <a href="/wiki/Afterburner_(ZZ_Top_album)" title="Afterburner (ZZ Top album)">Afterburner</a> (1985) achieve diamond and multi-platinum status respectively.<a href="#cite_note-Bogdanov2002ZZTop-88">[88]</a> Others found renewed success in the singles charts with power ballads, including REO Speedwagon with "<a href="/wiki/Keep_on_Loving_You_(song)" class="mw-redirect" title="Keep on Loving You (song)">Keep on Loving You</a>" (1980) and "<a href="/wiki/Can%27t_Fight_This_Feeling" title="Can't Fight This Feeling">Can't Fight This Feeling</a>" (1984), Journey with "<a href="/wiki/Don%27t_Stop_Believin%27" title="Don't Stop Believin'">Don't Stop Believin'</a>" (1981) and "<a href="/wiki/Open_Arms_(Journey_song)" title="Open Arms (Journey song)">Open Arms</a>" (1982),<a href="#cite_note-AllmusicJourney-57">[57]</a> <a href="/wiki/Foreigner_(band)" title="Foreigner (band)">Foreigner</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/Waiting_for_a_Girl_Like_You" title="Waiting for a Girl Like You">Waiting for a Girl Like You</a>" (1981) and "<a href="/wiki/I_Want_to_Know_What_Love_Is" title="I Want to Know What Love Is">I Want to Know What Love Is</a>" (1984),<a href="#cite_note-Frithpop-89">[89]</a> <a href="/wiki/Scorpions_(band)" title="Scorpions (band)">Scorpions</a>' "<a href="/wiki/Still_Loving_You" title="Still Loving You">Still Loving You</a>" (1984), Heart's "<a href="/wiki/What_About_Love" title="What About Love">What About Love</a>" (1985) and <a href="/wiki/Boston_(band)" title="Boston (band)">Boston</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/Amanda_(Boston_song)" title="Amanda (Boston song)">Amanda</a>" (1986).<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bon_Jovi" title="Bon Jovi">Bon Jovi</a>'s third album, <a href="/wiki/Slippery_When_Wet" title="Slippery When Wet">Slippery When Wet</a> (1986), mixed hard rock with a pop sensitivity selling 15 million copies in the US while becoming the first hard rock album to spawn three hit singles.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> The album has been credited with widening the audiences for the genre, particularly by appealing to women as well as the traditional male dominated audience, and opening the door to MTV and commercial success for other bands at the end of the decade.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> The anthemic <a href="/wiki/The_Final_Countdown_(album)" title="The Final Countdown (album)">The Final Countdown</a> (1986) by Swedish group <a href="/wiki/Europe_(band)" title="Europe (band)">Europe</a> was an international hit.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> This era also saw more glam-infused American hard rock bands come to the forefront, with both <a href="/wiki/Poison_(American_band)" class="mw-redirect" title="Poison (American band)">Poison</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cinderella_(band)" title="Cinderella (band)">Cinderella</a> releasing their multi-platinum début albums in 1986.<a href="#cite_note-AllmusicPoison-94">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-AllmusicCinderella-95">[95]</a> <a href="/wiki/Van_Halen" title="Van Halen">Van Halen</a> released <a href="/wiki/5150_(album)" title="5150 (album)">5150</a> (1986), their first album with Sammy Hagar on lead vocals, which sold over 6 million copies.<a href="#cite_note-AllmusicVanHalen-72">[72]</a> By the second half of the decade, hard rock had become the most reliable form of commercial popular music in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Download_Feastival_2006_-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Download_Feastival_2006_-2.jpg/225px-Download_Feastival_2006_-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Download_Feastival_2006_-2.jpg/338px-Download_Feastival_2006_-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Download_Feastival_2006_-2.jpg/450px-Download_Feastival_2006_-2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1284" data-file-height="1256" /></a><figcaption>Original member Izzy Stradlin' on stage with <a href="/wiki/Guns_N%27_Roses" title="Guns N' Roses">Guns N' Roses</a> in 2006</figcaption></figure> Established acts benefited from the new commercial climate, with <a href="/wiki/Whitesnake" title="Whitesnake">Whitesnake</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Whitesnake_(album)" title="Whitesnake (album)">self-titled album</a> (1987) selling over 17 million copies, outperforming anything in Coverdale's or Deep Purple's catalogue before or since. It featured the rock anthem "<a href="/wiki/Here_I_Go_Again" title="Here I Go Again">Here I Go Again</a> '87" as one of 4 UK top 20 singles. The follow-up <a href="/wiki/Slip_of_the_Tongue" title="Slip of the Tongue">Slip of the Tongue</a> (1989) went platinum, but according to critics Steve Erlwine and Greg Prato, "it was a considerable disappointment after the across-the-board success of Whitesnake".<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> Aerosmith's comeback album <a href="/wiki/Permanent_Vacation_(Aerosmith_album)" title="Permanent Vacation (Aerosmith album)">Permanent Vacation</a> (1987) would begin a decade long revival of their popularity.<a href="#cite_note-AllmusicAerosmith-98">[98]</a> <a href="/wiki/Crazy_Nights" title="Crazy Nights">Crazy Nights</a> (1987) by Kiss was the band's biggest hit album since 1979 and the highest of their career in the UK.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> Mötley Crüe with <a href="/wiki/Girls,_Girls,_Girls_(M%C3%B6tley_Cr%C3%BCe_album)" title="Girls, Girls, Girls (Mötley Crüe album)">Girls, Girls, Girls</a> (1987) continued their commercial success<a href="#cite_note-Bogdanov2002MotleyCrue-100">[100]</a> and Def Leppard with <a href="/wiki/Hysteria_(Def_Leppard_album)" title="Hysteria (Def Leppard album)">Hysteria</a> (1987) hit their commercial peak, the latter producing six hit singles (a record for a hard rock act).<a href="#cite_note-Bogdanov2002DefLeppard-81">[81]</a> <a href="/wiki/Guns_N%27_Roses" title="Guns N' Roses">Guns N' Roses</a> released the best-selling début of all time, <a href="/wiki/Appetite_for_Destruction" title="Appetite for Destruction">Appetite for Destruction</a> (1987). With a "grittier" and "rawer" sound than most glam metal, it produced three hits, including "<a href="/wiki/Sweet_Child_O%27_Mine" class="mw-redirect" title="Sweet Child O' Mine">Sweet Child O' Mine</a>".<a href="#cite_note-Bogdanov2002Guns&Roses-101">[101]</a> Some of the glam rock bands that formed in the mid-1980s, such as White Lion and Cinderella experienced their biggest success during this period with their respective albums <a href="/wiki/Pride_(White_Lion_album)" title="Pride (White Lion album)">Pride</a> (1987) and <a href="/wiki/Long_Cold_Winter" title="Long Cold Winter">Long Cold Winter</a> (1988) both going multi-platinum and launching a series of hit singles.<a href="#cite_note-AllmusicWhiteLion-83">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-AllmusicCinderella-95">[95]</a> In the last years of the decade, the most notable successes were <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey_(album)" title="New Jersey (album)">New Jersey</a> (1988) by Bon Jovi,<a href="#cite_note-AllmusicBonJovi-102">[102]</a> <a href="/wiki/OU812" title="OU812">OU812</a> (1988) by <a href="/wiki/Van_Halen" title="Van Halen">Van Halen</a>,<a href="#cite_note-AllmusicVanHalen-72">[72]</a> <a href="/wiki/Open_Up_and_Say..._Ahh!" title="Open Up and Say... Ahh!">Open Up and Say... Ahh!</a> (1988) by <a href="/wiki/Poison_(American_band)" class="mw-redirect" title="Poison (American band)">Poison</a>,<a href="#cite_note-AllmusicPoison-94">[94]</a> <a href="/wiki/Pump_(album)" title="Pump (album)">Pump</a> (1989) by Aerosmith,<a href="#cite_note-AllmusicAerosmith-98">[98]</a> and Mötley Crüe's most commercially successful album <a href="/wiki/Dr._Feelgood_(album)" title="Dr. Feelgood (album)">Dr. Feelgood</a> (1989).<a href="#cite_note-Bogdanov2002MotleyCrue-100">[100]</a> New Jersey spawned five hit singles. In 1988 from 25 June to 5 November, the number one spot on the Billboard 200 album chart was held by a hard rock album for 18 out of 20 consecutive weeks; the albums were OU812, Hysteria, Appetite for Destruction, and New Jersey.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> A final wave of glam rock bands arrived in the late 1980s, and experienced success with multi-platinum albums and hit singles from 1989 until the early 1990s, among them <a href="/wiki/Extreme_(band)" title="Extreme (band)">Extreme</a>,<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> <a href="/wiki/Warrant_(American_band)" title="Warrant (American band)">Warrant</a><a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> <a href="/wiki/Slaughter_(band)" title="Slaughter (band)">Slaughter</a><a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> and <a href="/wiki/FireHouse_(band)" class="mw-redirect" title="FireHouse (band)">FireHouse</a>.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> <a href="/wiki/Skid_Row_(American_band)" title="Skid Row (American band)">Skid Row</a> also released their <a href="/wiki/Skid_Row_(Skid_Row_album)" title="Skid Row (Skid Row album)">eponymous début</a> (1989), but they were to be one of the last major bands that emerged in the glam rock era.<a href="#cite_note-Bogdanov2002SkidRow-111">[111]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Grunge_and_Britpop_(1990s)">Grunge and Britpop (1990s)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hard_rock&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Grunge and Britpop (1990s)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Grunge" title="Grunge">Grunge</a> and <a href="/wiki/Britpop" title="Britpop">Britpop</a></div> Hard rock entered the 1990s as one of the dominant forms of commercial music. The multi-platinum releases of AC/DC's <a href="/wiki/The_Razors_Edge_(AC/DC_album)" title="The Razors Edge (AC/DC album)">The Razors Edge</a> (1990), Guns N' Roses' <a href="/wiki/Use_Your_Illusion_I" title="Use Your Illusion I">Use Your Illusion I</a> and <a href="/wiki/Use_Your_Illusion_II" title="Use Your Illusion II">Use Your Illusion II</a> (both in 1991),<a href="#cite_note-Bogdanov2002Guns&Roses-101">[101]</a> Ozzy Osbourne's <a href="/wiki/No_More_Tears" title="No More Tears">No More Tears</a> (1991),<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> and Van Halen's <a href="/wiki/For_Unlawful_Carnal_Knowledge" title="For Unlawful Carnal Knowledge">For Unlawful Carnal Knowledge</a> (1991) showcased this popularity.<a href="#cite_note-AllmusicVanHalen-72">[72]</a> Additionally, <a href="/wiki/The_Black_Crowes" title="The Black Crowes">the Black Crowes</a> released their debut album, <a href="/wiki/Shake_Your_Money_Maker_(album)" title="Shake Your Money Maker (album)">Shake Your Money Maker</a> (1990), which contained a bluesy classic rock sound and sold five million copies.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-RIAA-114">[114]</a> In 1992, Def Leppard followed up 1987's Hysteria with <a href="/wiki/Adrenalize" title="Adrenalize">Adrenalize</a>, which went multi-platinum, spawned four Top 40 singles and held the number one spot on the US album chart for five weeks.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nirvana_around_1992.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Nirvana_around_1992.jpg/250px-Nirvana_around_1992.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="236" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/19/Nirvana_around_1992.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="367" data-file-height="346" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Nirvana_(band)" title="Nirvana (band)">Nirvana</a> were at the forefront of the 1990s <a href="/wiki/Grunge" title="Grunge">grunge</a> era.</figcaption></figure> While these few hard rock bands managed to maintain success and popularity in the early part of the decade, <a href="/wiki/Alternative_rock" title="Alternative rock">alternative forms</a> of hard rock achieved mainstream success in the form of <a href="/wiki/Grunge" title="Grunge">grunge</a> in the US and <a href="/wiki/Britpop" title="Britpop">Britpop</a> in the UK. This was particularly evident after the success of <a href="/wiki/Nirvana_(band)" title="Nirvana (band)">Nirvana</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Nevermind" title="Nevermind">Nevermind</a> (1991), which combined elements of <a href="/wiki/Hardcore_punk" title="Hardcore punk">hardcore punk</a> and heavy metal into a "dirty" sound that made use of heavy guitar distortion, fuzz and feedback, along with darker lyrical themes than their "hair band" predecessors.<a href="#cite_note-AllmusicGrunge-116">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-AllmusicHairMetal-117">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bogdanov2002Alternative-118">[118]</a> Although most grunge bands had a sound that sharply contrasted mainstream hard rock, several, including <a href="/wiki/Pearl_Jam" title="Pearl Jam">Pearl Jam</a>,<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> <a href="/wiki/Alice_in_Chains" title="Alice in Chains">Alice in Chains</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mother_Love_Bone" title="Mother Love Bone">Mother Love Bone</a> and <a href="/wiki/Soundgarden" title="Soundgarden">Soundgarden</a>, were more strongly influenced by 1970s and 1980s rock and metal, while <a href="/wiki/Stone_Temple_Pilots" title="Stone Temple Pilots">Stone Temple Pilots</a> managed to turn alternative rock into a form of stadium rock.<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> However, all grunge bands shunned the macho, anthemic and fashion-focused aesthetics particularly associated with glam metal.<a href="#cite_note-AllmusicGrunge-116">[116]</a> In the UK, <a href="/wiki/Oasis_(band)" title="Oasis (band)">Oasis</a> were unusual among the Britpop bands of the mid-1990s in incorporating a hard rock sound.<a href="#cite_note-AllMusicHard-5">[5]</a> Welsh band <a href="/wiki/Manic_Street_Preachers" title="Manic Street Preachers">Manic Street Preachers</a> emerged in 1991 with a sound <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Thomas_Erlewine" title="Stephen Thomas Erlewine">Stephen Thomas Erlewine</a> proclaimed to be "crunching hard-rock".<a href="#cite_note-ammanics-122">[122]</a> By 1996, the band enjoyed remarkable vogue throughout much of the world, but were commercially unsuccessful in the U.S.<a href="#cite_note-ammanics-122">[122]</a> In the new commercial climate glam metal bands like Europe, Ratt,<a href="#cite_note-AllmusicRatt-82">[82]</a> White Lion<a href="#cite_note-AllmusicWhiteLion-83">[83]</a> and Cinderella<a href="#cite_note-AllmusicCinderella-95">[95]</a> broke up, Whitesnake went on hiatus in 1991, and while many of these bands would re-unite again in the late 1990s or early 2000s, they never reached the commercial success they saw in the 1980s or early 1990s.<a href="#cite_note-AllmusicHairMetal-117">[117]</a> Other bands such as Mötley Crüe<a href="#cite_note-Bogdanov2002MotleyCrue-100">[100]</a> and Poison<a href="#cite_note-AllmusicPoison-94">[94]</a> saw personnel changes which impacted those bands' commercial viability during the decade. In 1995 Van Halen released <a href="/wiki/Balance_(Van_Halen_album)" title="Balance (Van Halen album)">Balance</a>, a multi-platinum seller that would be the band's last with Sammy Hagar on vocals. In 1996 <a href="/wiki/David_Lee_Roth" title="David Lee Roth">David Lee Roth</a> returned briefly and his replacement, former <a href="/wiki/Extreme_(band)" title="Extreme (band)">Extreme</a> singer <a href="/wiki/Gary_Cherone" title="Gary Cherone">Gary Cherone</a>, was fired soon after the release of the commercially unsuccessful 1998 album <a href="/wiki/Van_Halen_III" title="Van Halen III">Van Halen III</a> and Van Halen would not tour or record again until 2004.<a href="#cite_note-AllmusicVanHalen-72">[72]</a> Guns N' Roses' original lineup was whittled away throughout the decade. Drummer <a href="/wiki/Steven_Adler" title="Steven Adler">Steven Adler</a> was fired in 1990, guitarist <a href="/wiki/Izzy_Stradlin" title="Izzy Stradlin">Izzy Stradlin</a> left in late 1991 after recording Use Your Illusion I and II with the band. Tensions between the other band members and lead singer <a href="/wiki/Axl_Rose" title="Axl Rose">Axl Rose</a> continued after the release of the 1993 covers album <a href="/wiki/The_Spaghetti_Incident%3F" class="mw-redirect" title="The Spaghetti Incident?">The Spaghetti Incident?</a> Guitarist <a href="/wiki/Slash_(musician)" title="Slash (musician)">Slash</a> left in 1996, followed by bassist <a href="/wiki/Duff_McKagan" title="Duff McKagan">Duff McKagan</a> in 1997. Axl Rose, the only original member, worked with a constantly changing lineup in recording an album that would take over fifteen years to complete.<a href="#cite_note-AllmusicGn-123">[123]</a> Slash and McKagan eventually rejoined the band in 2016 and went on the <a href="/wiki/Not_in_this_Lifetime..._Tour" class="mw-redirect" title="Not in this Lifetime... Tour">Not in this Lifetime... Tour</a> with them. <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Foo_Fighters_Live_29.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Foo_Fighters_Live_29.jpg/250px-Foo_Fighters_Live_29.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Foo_Fighters_Live_29.jpg/375px-Foo_Fighters_Live_29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Foo_Fighters_Live_29.jpg/500px-Foo_Fighters_Live_29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2760" data-file-height="1836" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Foo_Fighters" title="Foo Fighters">Foo Fighters</a> performing an acoustic show in 2007</figcaption></figure> Some established acts continued to enjoy commercial success, such as Aerosmith, with their number one multi-platinum albums: <a href="/wiki/Get_a_Grip" title="Get a Grip">Get a Grip</a> (1993), which produced four hit singles and became the band's best-selling album worldwide (going on to sell over 10 million copies), and <a href="/wiki/Nine_Lives_(Aerosmith_album)" title="Nine Lives (Aerosmith album)">Nine Lives</a> (1997). In 1998, Aerosmith released the hit "<a href="/wiki/I_Don%27t_Want_to_Miss_a_Thing" title="I Don't Want to Miss a Thing">I Don't Want to Miss a Thing</a>".<a href="#cite_note-AllmusicAerosmith-98">[98]</a> AC/DC produced the double platinum <a href="/wiki/Ballbreaker" title="Ballbreaker">Ballbreaker</a> (1995).<a href="#cite_note-AllmusicAC/DCOnline-124">[124]</a> Bon Jovi appealed to their hard rock audience with songs such as "<a href="/wiki/Keep_the_Faith_(Bon_Jovi_song)" title="Keep the Faith (Bon Jovi song)">Keep the Faith</a>" (1992), but also achieved success in <a href="/wiki/Adult_contemporary" class="mw-redirect" title="Adult contemporary">adult contemporary</a> radio, with the hit ballads "<a href="/wiki/Bed_of_Roses_(Bon_Jovi_song)" title="Bed of Roses (Bon Jovi song)">Bed of Roses</a>" (1993) and "<a href="/wiki/Always_(Bon_Jovi_song)" title="Always (Bon Jovi song)">Always</a>" (1994).<a href="#cite_note-AllmusicBonJovi-102">[102]</a> Bon Jovi's 1995 album <a href="/wiki/These_Days_(Bon_Jovi_album)" title="These Days (Bon Jovi album)">These Days</a> was a bigger hit in Europe than it was in the United States,<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> spawning four hit singles in the UK.<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> Metallica's <a href="/wiki/Load_(album)" title="Load (album)">Load</a> (1996) and <a href="/wiki/Reload_(Metallica_album)" title="Reload (Metallica album)">ReLoad</a> (1997) each sold in excess of 4 million copies in the US and saw the band develop a more melodic and blues rock sound.<a href="#cite_note-AllmusicMetallica-127">[127]</a> As the initial impetus of grunge bands faltered in the middle years of the decade, <a href="/wiki/Post-grunge" title="Post-grunge">post-grunge</a> bands emerged. They emulated the attitudes and music of grunge, particularly thick, distorted guitars, but with a more radio-friendly commercially oriented sound that drew more directly on traditional hard rock.<a href="#cite_note-AllmusicPostGrunge-128">[128]</a> Among the most successful acts were the <a href="/wiki/Foo_Fighters" title="Foo Fighters">Foo Fighters</a>, <a href="/wiki/Candlebox" title="Candlebox">Candlebox</a>, <a href="/wiki/Live_(band)" title="Live (band)">Live</a>, <a href="/wiki/Collective_Soul" title="Collective Soul">Collective Soul</a>, Australia's <a href="/wiki/Silverchair" title="Silverchair">Silverchair</a> and England's <a href="/wiki/Bush_(British_band)" title="Bush (British band)">Bush</a>, who all cemented post-grunge as one of the most commercially viable subgenres by the late 1990s.<a href="#cite_note-Bogdanov2002Alternative-118">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-AllmusicPostGrunge-128">[128]</a> Similarly, some <a href="/wiki/Post-Britpop" title="Post-Britpop">post-Britpop</a> bands that followed in the wake of Oasis, including <a href="/wiki/Feeder_(band)" title="Feeder (band)">Feeder</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stereophonics" title="Stereophonics">Stereophonics</a>, adopted a hard rock or "pop-metal" sound.<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Survivals_and_revivals_(2000s)">Survivals and revivals (2000s)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hard_rock&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Survivals and revivals (2000s)">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aerosmith2007.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Aerosmith2007.jpg/250px-Aerosmith2007.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Aerosmith2007.jpg/375px-Aerosmith2007.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Aerosmith2007.jpg/500px-Aerosmith2007.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1129" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>Aerosmith performing at <a href="/wiki/Quilmes_Rock" title="Quilmes Rock">Quilmes Rock</a> in Buenos Aires, Argentina on April 15, 2007</figcaption></figure> A few hard rock bands from the 1970s and 1980s managed to sustain highly successful recording careers. Bon Jovi were still able to achieve a commercial hit with "<a href="/wiki/It%27s_My_Life_(Bon_Jovi_song)" title="It's My Life (Bon Jovi song)">It's My Life</a>" from their double platinum-certified album <a href="/wiki/Crush_(Bon_Jovi_album)" title="Crush (Bon Jovi album)">Crush</a> (2000).<a href="#cite_note-AllmusicBonJovi-102">[102]</a> and AC/DC released the platinum-certified <a href="/wiki/Stiff_Upper_Lip_(album)" title="Stiff Upper Lip (album)">Stiff Upper Lip</a> (2000)<a href="#cite_note-AllmusicAC/DCOnline-124">[124]</a> Aerosmith released a platinum album, <a href="/wiki/Just_Push_Play" title="Just Push Play">Just Push Play</a> (2001), which saw the band foray further into pop with the hit "<a href="/wiki/Jaded_(Aerosmith_song)" title="Jaded (Aerosmith song)">Jaded</a>", and a blues cover album, <a href="/wiki/Honkin%27_on_Bobo" title="Honkin' on Bobo">Honkin' on Bobo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-AllmusicAerosmith-98">[98]</a> <a href="/wiki/Heart_(band)" title="Heart (band)">Heart</a> achieved their first hit album since the early 90s with <a href="/wiki/Red_Velvet_Car" title="Red Velvet Car">Red Velvet Car</a> in 2010,<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> becoming the first female-led hard rock band to earn Top 10 albums spanning five decades. There were reunions and subsequent tours from Van Halen (with Hagar in 2004 and then Roth in 2007),<a href="#cite_note-AllmusicVanHalenOnline-132">[132]</a> the Who (delayed in 2002 by the death of bassist <a href="/wiki/John_Entwistle" title="John Entwistle">John Entwistle</a> until 2006)<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> and Black Sabbath (with Osbourne 1997–2006 and Dio 2006–2010)<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> and even a one-off performance by Led Zeppelin (2007),<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> renewing the interest in previous eras. Additionally, hard rock supergroups, such as <a href="/wiki/Audioslave" title="Audioslave">Audioslave</a> (with former members of <a href="/wiki/Rage_Against_the_Machine" title="Rage Against the Machine">Rage Against the Machine</a> and Soundgarden) and <a href="/wiki/Velvet_Revolver" title="Velvet Revolver">Velvet Revolver</a> (with former members of Guns N' Roses, punk band <a href="/wiki/Wasted_Youth_(American_band)" title="Wasted Youth (American band)">Wasted Youth</a> and Stone Temple Pilots singer <a href="/wiki/Scott_Weiland" title="Scott Weiland">Scott Weiland</a>), emerged and experienced some success. However, these bands were short-lived, ending in 2007 and 2008, respectively.<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> The long-awaited Guns N' Roses album <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Democracy" title="Chinese Democracy">Chinese Democracy</a> was finally released in 2008, but only went platinum and failed to come close to the success of the band's late 1980s and early 1990s material.<a href="#cite_note-Certification-138">[138]</a> More successfully, AC/DC released the double platinum-certified <a href="/wiki/Black_Ice_(album)" title="Black Ice (album)">Black Ice</a> (2008).<a href="#cite_note-AllmusicAC/DCOnline-124">[124]</a> Bon Jovi continued to enjoy success, branching into <a href="/wiki/Country_music" title="Country music">country music</a> with "<a href="/wiki/Who_Says_You_Can%27t_Go_Home" title="Who Says You Can't Go Home">Who Says You Can't Go Home</a>", and the rock/country album <a href="/wiki/Lost_Highway_(Bon_Jovi_album)" title="Lost Highway (Bon Jovi album)">Lost Highway</a> (2007). In 2009, Bon Jovi released <a href="/wiki/The_Circle_(Bon_Jovi_album)" title="The Circle (Bon Jovi album)">The Circle</a>, which marked a return to their hard rock sound.<a href="#cite_note-AllmusicBonJovi-102">[102]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wolfmother_closeup.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Wolfmother_closeup.JPG/250px-Wolfmother_closeup.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Wolfmother_closeup.JPG/375px-Wolfmother_closeup.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Wolfmother_closeup.JPG/500px-Wolfmother_closeup.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1936" data-file-height="1288" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Wolfmother" title="Wolfmother">Wolfmother</a>, 2007</figcaption></figure> The term "retro-metal" has been applied to such bands as Texas based <a href="/wiki/The_Sword" title="The Sword">the Sword</a>, California's <a href="/wiki/High_on_Fire" title="High on Fire">High on Fire</a>, Sweden's <a href="/wiki/Witchcraft_(band)" title="Witchcraft (band)">Witchcraft</a> and Australia's <a href="/wiki/Wolfmother" title="Wolfmother">Wolfmother</a>.<a href="#cite_note-AgeofWinters-139">[139]</a> Wolfmother's <a href="/wiki/Wolfmother_(album)" title="Wolfmother (album)">self-titled 2005 debut album</a> combined elements of the sounds of Deep Purple and Led Zeppelin.<a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a> Fellow Australians <a href="/wiki/Airbourne_(band)" title="Airbourne (band)">Airbourne</a>'s début album <a href="/wiki/Runnin%27_Wild_(Airbourne_album)" title="Runnin' Wild (Airbourne album)">Runnin' Wild</a> (2007) followed in the hard riffing tradition of AC/DC.<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a> England's <a href="/wiki/The_Darkness_(band)" title="The Darkness (band)">the Darkness</a>' <a href="/wiki/Permission_to_Land" title="Permission to Land">Permission to Land</a> (2003), described as an "eerily realistic simulation of '80s metal and '70s glam",<a href="#cite_note-AllmusicTheDarkness-142">[142]</a> went quintuple platinum in the UK. The follow-up, <a href="/wiki/One_Way_Ticket_to_Hell..._and_Back" title="One Way Ticket to Hell... and Back">One Way Ticket to Hell... and Back</a> (2005) was also a hit, but the band broke up in 2006,<a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a> becoming active again in 2011. Los Angeles band <a href="/wiki/Steel_Panther" title="Steel Panther">Steel Panther</a> managed to gain a following by sending up 80s glam metal.<a href="#cite_note-AllmusicSteelPanther-144">[144]</a> A more serious attempt to revive glam metal was made by bands of the sleaze metal movement in Sweden, including <a href="/wiki/Vains_of_Jenna" title="Vains of Jenna">Vains of Jenna</a>,<a href="#cite_note-AllmusicVainsofJenna-145">[145]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hardcore_Superstar" title="Hardcore Superstar">Hardcore Superstar</a><a href="#cite_note-AllmusicHardcoreSuperstar-146">[146]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Crashd%C3%AFet" title="Crashdïet">Crashdïet</a>.<a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a> The Swedish rock band <a href="/wiki/Ghost_(Swedish_band)" title="Ghost (Swedish band)">Ghost</a> is among the most successful recent hard-rock bands, being nominated 4 times for the <a href="/wiki/Grammy_Awards" title="Grammy Awards">Grammy Awards</a>, winning 1 award in the <a href="/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Best_Metal_Performance" title="Grammy Award for Best Metal Performance">Best Metal Performance</a> category for the song <a href="/wiki/Cirice" title="Cirice">Cirice</a>.<a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a> Although Foo Fighters continued to be one of the most successful rock acts, with albums like <a href="/wiki/In_Your_Honor" title="In Your Honor">In Your Honor</a> (2005), many of the first wave of post-grunge bands began to fade in popularity. Acts like <a href="/wiki/Creed_(band)" title="Creed (band)">Creed</a>, <a href="/wiki/Staind" title="Staind">Staind</a>, <a href="/wiki/Puddle_of_Mudd" title="Puddle of Mudd">Puddle of Mudd</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nickelback" title="Nickelback">Nickelback</a> took the genre into the 2000s with considerable commercial success, abandoning most of the angst and anger of the original movement for more conventional anthems, narratives and romantic songs. They were followed in this vein by new acts including <a href="/wiki/Shinedown" title="Shinedown">Shinedown</a> and <a href="/wiki/Seether" title="Seether">Seether</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Grierson-149">[149]</a> Acts with more conventional hard rock sounds included <a href="/wiki/Andrew_W.K." title="Andrew W.K.">Andrew W.K.</a>,<a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a> <a href="/wiki/Beautiful_Creatures_(band)" title="Beautiful Creatures (band)">Beautiful Creatures</a><a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Buckcherry" title="Buckcherry">Buckcherry</a>, whose breakthrough album <a href="/wiki/15_(Buckcherry_album)" title="15 (Buckcherry album)">15</a> (2006) went platinum and spawned the single "<a href="/wiki/Sorry_(Buckcherry_song)" title="Sorry (Buckcherry song)">Sorry</a>" (2007).<a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a> These were joined by bands with hard rock leanings that emerged in the mid-2000s from the <a href="/wiki/Garage_rock" title="Garage rock">garage rock</a>, <a href="/wiki/Southern_Rock" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Rock">Southern Rock</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Post_punk_revival" class="mw-redirect" title="Post punk revival">post punk revival</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Black_Rebel_Motorcycle_Club" title="Black Rebel Motorcycle Club">Black Rebel Motorcycle Club</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kings_of_Leon" title="Kings of Leon">Kings of Leon</a>,<a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Queens_of_the_Stone_Age" title="Queens of the Stone Age">Queens of the Stone Age</a><a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a> from the US, <a href="/wiki/Three_Days_Grace" title="Three Days Grace">Three Days Grace</a> from Canada,<a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jet_(band)" title="Jet (band)">Jet</a> from Australia<a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Datsuns" title="The Datsuns">The Datsuns</a> from New Zealand.<a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a> In 2009 <a href="/wiki/Them_Crooked_Vultures" title="Them Crooked Vultures">Them Crooked Vultures</a>, a supergroup that brought together Foo Fighters' Dave Grohl, Queens of the Stone Age's Josh Homme and Led Zeppelin bass player <a href="/wiki/John_Paul_Jones_(musician)" title="John Paul Jones (musician)">John Paul Jones</a> attracted attention as a live act and released a <a href="/wiki/Them_Crooked_Vultures_(album)" title="Them Crooked Vultures (album)">self-titled debut album</a> that was a hit in the US and UK.<a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a><a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hard_rock&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Guitar_1.svg/22px-Guitar_1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Guitar_1.svg/34px-Guitar_1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Guitar_1.svg/45px-Guitar_1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="709" data-file-height="886" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Rock_music" title="Portal:Rock music">Rock music portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Female_performers_of_hard_rock_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Female performers of hard rock music">Female performers of hard rock music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_hard_rock_musicians_(A%E2%80%93M)" class="mw-redirect" title="List of hard rock musicians (A–M)">List of hard rock musicians (A–M)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_hard_rock_musicians_(N%E2%80%93Z)" class="mw-redirect" title="List of hard rock musicians (N–Z)">List of hard rock musicians (N–Z)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hard_rock&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFPhilo2015" class="citation book cs1">Philo, Simon (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WqiDBQAAQBAJ&q=%22rock+had+become+hard+or+heavy%22">British Invasion: The Crosscurrents of Musical Influence</a>. 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Huey, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.allmusic.com/artist/p372991">"Hardcore Superstar"</a>, Allmusic, retrieved 19 June 2010. </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> K. R. Hoffman, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.allmusic.com/artist/p748845">"Crashdïet"</a>, Allmusic, retrieved 19 June 2010. </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJurek" class="citation web cs1">Jurek, Thom. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.allmusic.com/artist/ghost-mn0002616588">"Ghost Songs, Albums, Reviews, Bio & More | All..."</a> AllMusic. Retrieved 2024-11-30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AllMusic&rft.atitle=Ghost+Songs%2C+Albums%2C+Reviews%2C+Bio+%26+More+%7C+All...&rft.aulast=Jurek&rft.aufirst=Thom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.allmusic.com%2Fartist%2Fghost-mn0002616588&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHard+rock" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Grierson-149"><a href="#cite_ref-Grierson_149-0">^</a> T. Grierson, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rock.about.com/od/rockmusic101/a/PostGrunge.htm">"Post-Grunge: A History of Post-Grunge Rock"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160530111043/http://rock.about.com/od/rockmusic101/a/PostGrunge.htm">Archived</a> 2016-05-30 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, About.com, retrieved 1 January 2010. </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> H. Phares, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.allmusic.com/artist/p434089">"Andrew W.K."</a>, Allmusic, retrieved 19 June 2010. </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> J. Loftus, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.allmusic.com/artist/p483976">"Beautiful Creatures"</a>, Allmusic, retrieved 20 June 2010. </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> J. Loftus, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.allmusic.com/artist/p366452">"Buckcherry"</a>, Allmusic, retrieved 19 June 2010. </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> S. J. Blackman, Chilling out: the Cultural Politics of Substance Consumption, Youth and Drug Policy (McGraw-Hill International, 2004), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-335-20072-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-335-20072-9">0-335-20072-9</a>, p. 90. </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> J. Ankeny and G. Prato, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.allmusic.com/artist/p296068">"Queens of the Stone Age"</a>, Allmusic, retrieved 19 June 2010. </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> M. Sutton, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.allmusic.com/artist/p561754">"Three Days Grace"</a>, Allmusic, retrieved 19 June 2010. </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> P. Smitz, C. Bain, S. Bao, S. Farfor, Australia (Footscray Victoria: Lonely Planet, 14th edn., 2005), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-74059-740-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-74059-740-0">1-74059-740-0</a>, p. 58. </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> C. Rawlings-Way, Lonely Planet New Zealand (Footscray Victoria: Lonely Planet, 14th edn., 2008), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-74104-816-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-74104-816-8">1-74104-816-8</a>, p. 52. </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> H. Phares, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.allmusic.com/artist/p1170106">"Them Crooked Vultures"</a>, Allmusic, retrieved 2 October 2010. </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://acharts.us/album/51934">"Them Crooked Vultures – Them Crooked Vultures"</a>, Acharts.us, retrieved 2 October 2010. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hard_rock&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Nicolas Bénard, La culture Hard Rock, Paris, Dilecta, 2008.</li> <li>Nicolas Bénard, Métalorama, ethnologie d'une culture contemporaine, 1983–2010, Rosières-en-Haye, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Camion_Blanc&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Camion Blanc (page does not exist)">Camion Blanc</a>, 2011.</li> <li>Fast, Susan (2001). In the Houses of the Holy: Led Zeppelin and the Power of Rock Music. Oxford University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-511756-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-511756-5">0-19-511756-5</a></li> <li>Fast, Susan (2005). "Led Zeppelin and the Construction of Masculinity," in Music Cultures in the United States, ed. Ellen Koskoff. Routledge. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-96588-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-96588-8">0-415-96588-8</a></li> <li>Guibert, Gérôme, and Fabien Hein (ed.) (2007), "Les Scènes Metal. Sciences sociales et pratiques culturelles radicales", Volume! La revue des musiques populaires, n°5-2, Bordeaux: Éditions Mélanie Seteun. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-913169-24-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-913169-24-1">978-2-913169-24-1</a></li> <li>Kahn-Harris, Keith, Extreme Metal: Music and Culture on the Edge, Oxford: Berg, 2007, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84520-399-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-84520-399-2">1-84520-399-2</a></li> <li>Kahn-Harris, Keith and Fabien Hein (2007), "Metal studies: a bibliography", Volume! La revue des musiques populaires, n°5-2, Bordeaux: Éditions Mélanie Seteun. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-913169-24-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-913169-24-1">978-2-913169-24-1</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://volume.revues.org/467">Downloadable here</a></li> <li>Weinstein, Deena (1991). Heavy Metal: A Cultural Sociology. Lexington. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-669-21837-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-669-21837-5">0-669-21837-5</a>. Revised edition: (2000). Heavy Metal: The Music and its Culture. Da Capo. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-306-80970-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-306-80970-2">0-306-80970-2</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hard_rock&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Hard_rock" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Hard rock">hard rock</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output 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navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beat_(music)#Backbeat" title="Beat (music)">Backbeat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distortion_(music)" title="Distortion (music)">Distortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Band_(rock_and_pop)" title="Band (rock and pop)">Rock band</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electric_guitar" title="Electric guitar">Electric guitar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bass_guitar" title="Bass guitar">Electric bass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhythm_section" title="Rhythm section">Rhythm section</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drum_kit" title="Drum kit">Drum kit</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Genres by decade of origin (sub-subgenres not included)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1950s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Instrumental_rock" title="Instrumental rock">Instrumental rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_rock" title="Latin rock">Latin rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pop_rock" title="Pop rock">Pop rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_and_roll" title="Rock and roll">Rock and roll</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_rock_and_roll" title="British rock and roll">British</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rockabilly" title="Rockabilly">Rockabilly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surf_music" title="Surf music">Surf music</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1960s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_rock" title="Anatolian rock">Anatolian rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_rock" title="Art rock">Art rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baroque_pop" title="Baroque pop">Baroque rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beat_music" title="Beat music">Beat music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blues_rock" title="Blues rock">Blues rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boogie_rock" title="Boogie rock">Boogie rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamber_pop" title="Chamber pop">Chamber pop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_rock" title="Christian rock">Christian rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_rock" title="Comedy rock">Comedy rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Country_rock" title="Country rock">Country rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_rock" title="Electronic rock">Electronic rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_rock" title="Experimental rock">Experimental rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flamenco_rock" title="Flamenco rock">Flamenco rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_rock" title="Folk rock">Folk rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garage_rock" title="Garage rock">Garage rock</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hard rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heavy_metal_music" title="Heavy metal music">Heavy metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jam_band" title="Jam band">Jam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jazz_fusion" title="Jazz fusion">Jazz rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krautrock" title="Krautrock">Krautrock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noise_rock" title="Noise rock">Noise rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occult_rock" title="Occult rock">Occult rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_rock" title="Progressive rock">Progressive rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_rock" title="Psychedelic rock">Psychedelic rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raga_rock" title="Raga rock">Raga rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roots_rock" title="Roots rock">Roots rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samba_rock" title="Samba rock">Samba rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soft_rock" title="Soft rock">Soft rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_rock" title="Southern rock">Southern rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_rock" title="Space rock">Space rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swamp_rock" title="Swamp rock">Swamp rock</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1970s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arena_rock" title="Arena rock">Arena rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cello_rock" title="Cello rock">Cello rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cock_rock" title="Cock rock">Cock rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance-rock" title="Dance-rock">Dance-rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funk_rock" title="Funk rock">Funk rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glam_rock" title="Glam rock">Glam rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heartland_rock" title="Heartland rock">Heartland rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_rock" title="Industrial rock">Industrial rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_wave_music" title="New wave music">New wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-progressive" title="Post-progressive">Post-progressive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-punk" title="Post-punk">Post-punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_pop" title="Power pop">Power pop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pub_rock_(Australia)" title="Pub rock (Australia)">Pub rock (Australia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pub_rock_(United_Kingdom)" title="Pub rock (United Kingdom)">Pub rock (United Kingdom)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punk_rock" title="Punk rock">Punk rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shock_rock" title="Shock rock">Shock rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soft_rock" title="Soft rock">Soft rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_kei" title="Visual kei">Visual kei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yacht_rock" title="Yacht rock">Yacht rock</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1980s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_rock" title="Alternative rock">Alternative rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deathrock" title="Deathrock">Deathrock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dream_pop" title="Dream pop">Dream pop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_rock" title="Gothic rock">Gothic rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grebo_(music)" title="Grebo (music)">Grebo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grunge" title="Grunge">Grunge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indie_rock" title="Indie rock">Indie rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jangle_pop" title="Jangle pop">Jangle pop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rap_rock" title="Rap rock">Rap rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_kapak" title="Rock kapak">Rock kapak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoegaze" title="Shoegaze">Shoegaze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slacker_rock" title="Slacker rock">Slacker rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_rock" title="Tropical rock">Trop rock</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1990s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Britpop" title="Britpop">Britpop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emo" title="Emo">Emo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Math_rock" title="Math rock">Math rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-rock" title="Post-rock">Post-rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoner_rock" title="Stoner rock">Stoner rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufi_rock" title="Sufi rock">Sufi rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_rock" title="Viking rock">Viking rock</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regional scenes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_rock" title="American rock">American</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Palm_Desert_Scene" title="Palm Desert Scene">Palm Desert Scene</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_of_Canada" title="Rock music of Canada">Canadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Costa_Rica#Rock_music" title="Music of Costa Rica">Costa Rican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_rock" title="Cuban rock">Cuban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_rock" title="Dominican rock">Dominican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_rock" title="Haitian rock">Haitian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Mexico" title="Rock music in Mexico">Mexican</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chicano_rock" title="Chicano rock">Chicano rock</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Music of Puerto Rico">Puerto Rican</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_rock" title="Argentine rock">Argentine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_rock" title="Brazilian rock">Brazilian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_thrash_metal" title="Brazilian thrash metal">Brazilian thrash metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samba_rock" title="Samba rock">Samba rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropic%C3%A1lia" title="Tropicália">Tropicália</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilean_rock" title="Chilean rock">Chilean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombian_rock" title="Colombian rock">Colombian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecuadorian_rock" title="Ecuadorian rock">Ecuadorian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_rock" title="Peruvian rock">Peruvian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruguayan_rock" title="Uruguayan rock">Uruguayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_rock" title="Venezuelan rock">Venezuelan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Albania" title="Rock music in Albania">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Belarus" title="Rock music in Belarus">Belarusian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Belgium" title="Rock music in Belgium">Belgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Rock music in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_rock_music" title="British rock music">British</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_rock_and_roll" title="British rock and roll">British rock and roll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Britpop" title="Britpop">Britpop</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Post-Britpop" title="Post-Britpop">Post-Britpop</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Croatia#Rock" title="Music of Croatia">Croatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Denmark" title="Rock music in Denmark">Danish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_the_Netherlands" title="Rock music in the Netherlands">Dutch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indorock" title="Indorock">Indorock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nederbeat" title="Nederbeat">Nederbeat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra_(music)" title="Ultra (music)">Ultra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Estonia" title="Rock music in Estonia">Estonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Finland" title="Rock music in Finland">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_France" title="Rock music in France">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Germany" title="Rock music in Germany">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Greece" title="Rock music in Greece">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Hungary" title="Rock music in Hungary">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Iceland" title="Rock music in Iceland">Icelandic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Ireland" title="Rock music in Ireland">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Italy" title="Rock music in Italy">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Latvia" title="Rock music in Latvia">Latvian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Lithuania" title="Rock music in Lithuania">Lithuanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_North_Macedonia#Rock_music" title="Music of North Macedonia">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Norway" title="Rock music in Norway">Norwegian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Poland" title="Rock music in Poland">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Portugal" title="Rock music in Portugal">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Romania" title="Rock music in Romania">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Russia" title="Rock music in Russia">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Serbia" title="Rock music in Serbia">Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Slovenia" title="Rock music in Slovenia">Slovenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Spain" title="Rock music in Spain">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_music_in_Sweden" title="Popular music in Sweden">Swedish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Switzerland" title="Rock music in Switzerland">Swiss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Ukraine" title="Rock music in Ukraine">Ukrainian</a></li> <li>Yugoslavian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Popular_music_in_Yugoslavia#Art_rock" title="Popular music in Yugoslavia">Art rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_music_in_Yugoslavia#Hard_rock_and_heavy_metal" title="Popular music in Yugoslavia">Hard rock and heavy metal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Popular_music_in_Yugoslavia#Extreme_metal" title="Popular music in Yugoslavia">Extreme metal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_music_in_Yugoslavia#Neo-rockabilly" title="Popular music in Yugoslavia">Neo-rockabilly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_wave_music_in_Yugoslavia" title="New wave music in Yugoslavia">New wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_music_in_Yugoslavia#Post-punk" title="Popular music in Yugoslavia">Post-punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punk_rock_in_Yugoslavia" title="Punk rock in Yugoslavia">Punk</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_rock" title="Armenian rock">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_rock" title="Azerbaijani rock">Azerbaijani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_rock" title="Bangladeshi rock">Bangladeshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Cambodia#Cambodian_rock_and_pop" title="Music of Cambodia">Cambodian</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cambodian_rock_(1960s%E2%80%931970s)" title="Cambodian rock (1960s–1970s)">1959–1975</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_rock" title="Chinese rock">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinoy_rock" title="Pinoy rock">Filipino</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bisrock" title="Bisrock">Bisrock</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_rock" title="Indian rock">Indian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_of_West_Bengal" class="mw-redirect" title="Rock music of West Bengal">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raga_rock" title="Raga rock">Raga</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_rock" title="Indonesian rock">Indonesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_rock" title="Iranian rock">Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_rock" title="Israeli rock">Israeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_rock" title="Japanese rock">Japanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Visual_kei" title="Visual kei">Visual kei</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_rock" title="Korean rock">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_rock" title="Malaysian rock">Malaysian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rock_kapak" title="Rock kapak">Rock kapak</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_rock" title="Nepalese rock">Nepalese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_rock" title="Pakistani rock">Pakistani</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sufi_rock" title="Sufi rock">Sufi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Russia" title="Rock music in Russia">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_rock" title="Taiwanese rock">Taiwanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_rock" title="Thai rock">Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_rock" title="Anatolian rock">Turkish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Angola" title="Rock music in Angola">Angolan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desert_blues" title="Desert blues">Sahara desert region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zamrock" title="Zamrock">Zambian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Australia" title="Rock music in Australia">Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_New_Zealand" title="Rock music in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Radio formats</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Active_rock" title="Active rock">Active rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adult_album_alternative" title="Adult album alternative">Adult album alternative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Album-oriented_rock" title="Album-oriented rock">Album-oriented rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classic_rock" title="Classic rock">Classic rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainstream_rock" title="Mainstream rock">Mainstream rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_rock" title="Modern rock">Modern rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_rock_(radio_format)" title="Progressive rock (radio format)">Progressive rock (radio format)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>History</li><li>Culture</li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Invasion" title="British Invasion">British Invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_rock_music" title="List of years in rock music">List of years in rock music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_rock_and_roll" title="Origins of rock and roll">Origins of rock and roll</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Country_music" title="Country music">Country music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">Jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhythm_and_blues" title="Rhythm and blues">Rhythm and blues</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronics_in_rock_music" title="Electronics in rock music">Electronics in rock music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_effects_of_rock_music" title="Social effects of rock music">Social effects</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rock_Against_Communism" title="Rock Against Communism">Rock Against Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_Against_Racism" title="Rock Against Racism">Rock Against Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_Against_Sexism" title="Rock Against Sexism">Rock Against Sexism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_and_the_fall_of_communism" title="Rock music and the fall of communism">Rock music and the fall of communism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rockism_and_poptimism" title="Rockism and poptimism">Rockism and poptimism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_rock" title="Women in rock">Women in rock</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beatlesque" title="Beatlesque">Beatlesque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rock_genres" title="List of rock genres">List of rock genres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motorik" title="Motorik">Motorik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outlaw_country" title="Outlaw country">Outlaw country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_music" title="Progressive music">Progressive music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_and_Roll_Hall_of_Fame" title="Rock and Roll Hall of Fame">Rock and Roll Hall of Fame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_concert" title="Rock concert">Rock concert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_festival" title="Rock festival">Rock festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_musical" title="Rock musical">Rock musical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_opera" title="Rock opera">Rock opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wagnerian_rock" title="Wagnerian rock">Wagnerian rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wall_of_Sound" title="Wall of Sound">Wall of Sound</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /><a href="/wiki/Category:Rock_music" title="Category:Rock music">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Rock_music" title="Portal:Rock music">Portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Heavy_metal303" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Heavy_metal_music" title="Template:Heavy metal music"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Heavy_metal_music" title="Template talk:Heavy metal music"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Heavy_metal_music" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Heavy metal music"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Heavy_metal303" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Heavy_metal_music" title="Heavy metal music">Heavy metal</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Heavy_metal_genres" title="Heavy metal genres">Subgenres and fusion genres</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_metal" title="Alternative metal">Alternative metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avant-garde_metal" title="Avant-garde metal">Avant-garde metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beatdown_hardcore" title="Beatdown hardcore">Beatdown hardcore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biker_metal" title="Biker metal">Biker metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_metal" title="Black metal">Black metal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_black_metal" title="National Socialist black metal">National Socialist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symphonic_black_metal" title="Symphonic black metal">Symphonic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackened_death_metal" title="Blackened death metal">Blackened death metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackgaze" title="Blackgaze">Blackgaze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_metal" title="Christian metal">Christian metal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_death_metal" title="Christian death metal">Christian death metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unblack_metal" title="Unblack metal">Unblack metal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crust_punk" title="Crust punk">Crust punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_metal" title="Death metal">Death metal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brutal_death_metal" title="Brutal death metal">Brutal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melodic_death_metal" title="Melodic death metal">Melodic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technical_death_metal" title="Technical death metal">Technical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deathgrind" class="mw-redirect" title="Deathgrind">Deathgrind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_%27n%27_roll" title="Death 'n' roll">Death 'n' roll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deathcore" title="Deathcore">Deathcore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death-doom" title="Death-doom">Death-doom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Funeral_doom" title="Funeral doom">Funeral doom</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djent" title="Djent">Djent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doom_metal" title="Doom metal">Doom metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drone_metal" title="Drone metal">Drone metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronicore" title="Electronicore">Electronicore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_metal" title="Extreme metal">Extreme metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_metal" title="Folk metal">Folk metal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_metal" title="Celtic metal">Celtic metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_metal" title="Medieval metal">Medieval metal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funk_metal" title="Funk metal">Funk metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glam_metal" title="Glam metal">Glam metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goregrind" title="Goregrind">Goregrind</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pornogrind" title="Pornogrind">Pornogrind</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_metal" title="Gothic metal">Gothic metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grindcore" title="Grindcore">Grindcore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grunge" title="Grunge">Grunge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groove_metal" title="Groove metal">Groove metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_metal" title="Industrial metal">Industrial metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawaii_metal" title="Kawaii metal">Kawaii metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_metal" title="Latin metal">Latin metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathcore" title="Mathcore">Mathcore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metalcore" title="Metalcore">Metalcore</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Melodic_metalcore" title="Melodic metalcore">Melodic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_metalcore" title="Progressive metalcore">Progressive</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_metal" title="Neoclassical metal">Neoclassical metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neue_Deutsche_H%C3%A4rte" title="Neue Deutsche Härte">Neue Deutsche Härte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nintendocore" title="Nintendocore">Nintendocore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nu_metal" title="Nu metal">Nu metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pagan_metal" title="Pagan metal">Pagan metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirate_metal" title="Pirate metal">Pirate metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pornogrind" title="Pornogrind">Pornogrind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-metal" title="Post-metal">Post-metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pop_metal" title="Pop metal">Pop metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_metal" title="Power metal">Power metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_metal" title="Progressive metal">Progressive metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rap_metal" title="Rap metal">Rap metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sludge_metal" title="Sludge metal">Sludge metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speed_metal" title="Speed metal">Speed metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoner_metal" class="mw-redirect" title="Stoner metal">Stoner metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symphonic_metal" title="Symphonic metal">Symphonic metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrash_metal" title="Thrash metal">Thrash metal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crossover_thrash" title="Crossover thrash">Crossover thrash</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_metal" title="Viking metal">Viking metal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Musical elements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heavy_metal_bass" title="Heavy metal bass">Bass</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fuzz_bass" title="Fuzz bass">Fuzz bass</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heavy_metal_drumming" title="Heavy metal drumming">Drumming</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blast_beat" title="Blast beat">Blast beat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cymbal_choke" title="Cymbal choke">Cymbal choke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heavy_metal_gallop" title="Heavy metal gallop">Gallop drumbeat</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heavy_metal_guitar" title="Heavy metal guitar">Guitar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Distortion_(music)" title="Distortion (music)">Distortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guitar_solo" title="Guitar solo">Guitar solo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palm_mute" title="Palm mute">Palm muting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_chord" title="Power chord">Power chord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shred_guitar" title="Shred guitar">Shred guitar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heavy_metal_lyrics" title="Heavy metal lyrics">Lyrics</a></li> <li>Vocals <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Death_growl" title="Death growl">Death growl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Screaming_(music)" title="Screaming (music)">Screaming</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Notable scenes and movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_heavy_metal" title="African heavy metal">African heavy metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_heavy_metal" title="Argentine heavy metal">Argentine heavy metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_thrash_metal" title="Australian thrash metal">Australian thrash metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_heavy_metal" title="Australian heavy metal">Australian heavy metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_heavy_metal" title="Bangladeshi heavy metal">Bangladeshi heavy metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_Area_thrash_metal" title="Bay Area thrash metal">Bay Area thrash metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_thrash_metal" title="Brazilian thrash metal">Brazilian thrash metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_heavy_metal" title="Canadian heavy metal">Canadian heavy metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_heavy_metal" title="Chinese heavy metal">Chinese heavy metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florida_death_metal" title="Florida death metal">Florida death metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_metal" title="Hungarian metal">Hungarian metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_metal_music" title="Indigenous metal music">Indigenous metal music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_metal" title="Japanese metal">Japanese metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Les_L%C3%A9gions_Noires" title="Les Légions Noires">Les Légions Noires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_wave_of_American_heavy_metal" title="New wave of American heavy metal">New wave of American heavy metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_wave_of_British_heavy_metal" title="New wave of British heavy metal">New wave of British heavy metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Norwegian_black_metal_scene" title="Early Norwegian black metal scene">Early Norwegian black metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palm_Desert_Scene" title="Palm Desert Scene">Palm Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_death_metal" title="Swedish death metal">Swedish death metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teutonic_thrash_metal" title="Teutonic thrash metal">Teutonic thrash metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_metal" title="Ukrainian metal">Ukrainian metal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Heavy_metal_subculture" title="Heavy metal subculture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heavy_metal_bands" title="List of heavy metal bands">Bands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism_in_heavy_metal" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmentalism in heavy metal">Environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heavy_metal_fashion" title="Heavy metal fashion">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heavy_metal_festivals" title="List of heavy metal festivals">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Headbanging" title="Headbanging">Headbanging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heavy_metal_subculture" title="Heavy metal subculture">Heavy metal subculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poseur" title="Poseur">Poseur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metal_umlaut" title="Metal umlaut">Umlaut</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hard rock</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Heavy_metal_music" title="Category:Heavy metal music">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Timeline_of_heavy_metal_and_hard_rock_music128" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Timeline_of_heavy_metal_and_hard_rock_music" title="Template:Timeline of heavy metal and hard rock music"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Timeline_of_heavy_metal_and_hard_rock_music" title="Template talk:Timeline of heavy metal and hard rock music"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Timeline_of_heavy_metal_and_hard_rock_music" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Timeline of heavy metal and hard rock music"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Timeline_of_heavy_metal_and_hard_rock_music128" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Timeline of <a href="/wiki/Heavy_metal_music" title="Heavy metal music">heavy metal</a> and <a class="mw-selflink selflink">hard rock</a> music</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heavy_metal_music_before_1970" title="Heavy metal music before 1970">Heavy metal music before 1970</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>... <a href="/wiki/1968_in_heavy_metal_music" title="1968 in heavy metal music">1968</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1969_in_heavy_metal_music" title="1969 in heavy metal music">1969</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1970_in_heavy_metal_music" title="1970 in heavy metal music">1970</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_in_heavy_metal_music" title="1971 in heavy metal music">1971</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972_in_heavy_metal_music" title="1972 in heavy metal music">1972</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_in_heavy_metal_music" title="1973 in heavy metal music">1973</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1974_in_heavy_metal_music" title="1974 in heavy metal music">1974</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1975_in_heavy_metal_music" title="1975 in heavy metal music">1975</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1976_in_heavy_metal_music" title="1976 in heavy metal music">1976</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1977_in_heavy_metal_music" title="1977 in heavy metal music">1977</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1978_in_heavy_metal_music" title="1978 in heavy metal music">1978</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1979_in_heavy_metal_music" title="1979 in heavy metal music">1979</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_in_heavy_metal_music" title="1980 in heavy metal music">1980</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1981_in_heavy_metal_music" title="1981 in heavy metal music">1981</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1982_in_heavy_metal_music" title="1982 in heavy metal music">1982</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1983_in_heavy_metal_music" title="1983 in heavy metal music">1983</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1984_in_heavy_metal_music" title="1984 in heavy metal music">1984</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1985_in_heavy_metal_music" title="1985 in heavy metal music">1985</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1986_in_heavy_metal_music" title="1986 in heavy metal music">1986</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987_in_heavy_metal_music" title="1987 in heavy metal music">1987</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_in_heavy_metal_music" title="1988 in heavy metal music">1988</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1989_in_heavy_metal_music" title="1989 in heavy metal music">1989</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1990_in_heavy_metal_music" title="1990 in heavy metal music">1990</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_in_heavy_metal_music" title="1991 in heavy metal music">1991</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_in_heavy_metal_music" title="1992 in heavy metal music">1992</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1993_in_heavy_metal_music" title="1993 in heavy metal music">1993</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1994_in_heavy_metal_music" title="1994 in heavy metal music">1994</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1995_in_heavy_metal_music" title="1995 in heavy metal music">1995</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_in_heavy_metal_music" title="1996 in heavy metal music">1996</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1997_in_heavy_metal_music" title="1997 in heavy metal music">1997</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1998_in_heavy_metal_music" title="1998 in heavy metal music">1998</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1999_in_heavy_metal_music" title="1999 in heavy metal music">1999</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_in_heavy_metal_music" title="2000 in heavy metal music">2000</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">21st century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2001_in_heavy_metal_music" title="2001 in heavy metal music">2001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2002_in_heavy_metal_music" title="2002 in heavy metal music">2002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2003_in_heavy_metal_music" title="2003 in heavy metal music">2003</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_in_heavy_metal_music" title="2004 in heavy metal music">2004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2005_in_heavy_metal_music" title="2005 in heavy metal music">2005</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_in_heavy_metal_music" title="2006 in heavy metal music">2006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_in_heavy_metal_music" title="2007 in heavy metal music">2007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_in_heavy_metal_music" title="2008 in heavy metal music">2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_in_heavy_metal_music" title="2009 in heavy metal music">2009</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_in_heavy_metal_music" title="2010 in heavy metal music">2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_in_heavy_metal_music" title="2011 in heavy metal music">2011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_in_heavy_metal_music" title="2012 in heavy metal music">2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_in_heavy_metal_music" title="2013 in heavy metal music">2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_in_heavy_metal_music" title="2014 in heavy metal music">2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_in_heavy_metal_music" title="2015 in heavy metal music">2015</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_in_heavy_metal_music" title="2016 in heavy metal music">2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_in_heavy_metal_music" title="2017 in heavy metal music">2017</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_in_heavy_metal_music" title="2018 in heavy metal music">2018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_in_heavy_metal_music" title="2019 in heavy metal music">2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_in_heavy_metal_music" title="2020 in heavy metal music">2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_in_heavy_metal_music" title="2021 in heavy metal music">2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_in_heavy_metal_music" title="2022 in heavy metal music">2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_in_heavy_metal_music" title="2023 in heavy metal music">2023</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_in_heavy_metal_music" title="2024 in heavy metal music">2024</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2025_in_heavy_metal_music" title="2025 in heavy metal music">2025</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hard_rock&oldid=1276171334">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hard_rock&oldid=1276171334</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hard_rock" 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