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padding-right:0.65em;">Born</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;">Jhinabhai Ratanji Desai<br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1903-04-16</span>)</span>16 April 1903<br /><a href="/wiki/Chikhli,_Gujarat" title="Chikhli, Gujarat">Chikhli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bombay_Presidency" title="Bombay Presidency">Bombay Presidency</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Died</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;">6 January 1991<span style="display:none">(1991-01-06)</span> (aged 87)<br /><a href="/wiki/Ahmedabad" title="Ahmedabad">Ahmedabad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat">Gujarat</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Pen name</th><td class="infobox-data nickname" style="line-height:1.4em;">Snehrashmi</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Language</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_language" title="Gujarati language">Gujarati</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">Indian</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Jhinabhai Ratanji Desai</b> (16 April 1903 – 6 January 1991), better known by his pen name <b>Snehrashmi</b>, was a <a href="/wiki/Gujarati_language" title="Gujarati language">Gujarati language</a> author and <a href="/wiki/Indian_independence_movement" title="Indian independence movement">Indian independence activist</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jhinabhai_Desai&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Desai was born on 16 April 1903 at <a href="/wiki/Chikhli,_Gujarat" title="Chikhli, Gujarat">Chikhli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bombay_Presidency" title="Bombay Presidency">Bombay Presidency</a>. He left studies of <a href="/wiki/Matriculation" title="Matriculation">matriculation</a> and joined <a href="/wiki/Non-cooperation_movement_(1919%E2%80%9322)" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-cooperation movement (1919–22)">non-cooperation movement</a> in 1920. He joined <a href="/wiki/Gujarat_Vidyapith" title="Gujarat Vidyapith">Gujarat Vidyapith</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ahmedabad" title="Ahmedabad">Ahmedabad</a> in 1921 and graduated with a political science degree in 1926. He taught history and political science at Gujarat Vidyapith from 1926 to 1928. He was jailed from 1932 to 1933 for his involvement in Indian independence activities. He joined Rashtriya Shala in 1934 as the principal. He joined <a href="/wiki/Sheth_Chimanlal_Nagindas_Vidyalaya" title="Sheth Chimanlal Nagindas Vidyalaya">Sheth Chimanlal Nagindas Vidyalaya</a> in Ahmedabad as principal in 1938 and later served as its director.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He served as the acting Vice Chancellor of <a href="/wiki/Gujarat_University" title="Gujarat University">Gujarat University</a> thrice. He presided over <a href="/wiki/Gujarati_Sahitya_Parishad" title="Gujarati Sahitya Parishad">Gujarati Sahitya Parishad</a> at <a href="/wiki/Madras" class="mw-redirect" title="Madras">Madras</a> in 1972.<sup id="cite_ref-gsp_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gsp-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also served as a senate and syndicate member in different universities of Gujarat. He also served as a member of the <a href="/wiki/Sahitya_Akademi" title="Sahitya Akademi">Sahitya Akademi</a> and Historical Records Commission. </p><p>He also served as president of <a href="/wiki/Surat" title="Surat">Surat</a> City Congress.<sup id="cite_ref-YājñikaSheth2005_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-YājñikaSheth2005-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-DesāīDesāī1997_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DesāīDesāī1997-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many Congress leaders in the 1920s aligned themselves with <a href="/wiki/Hindu_Mahasabha" title="Hindu Mahasabha">Hindu Mahasabha</a> in <a href="/wiki/Shuddhi_(Hinduism)" title="Shuddhi (Hinduism)">Shuddhi</a> campaign. However, Snehrashmi was one of few who was against divisive politics. Hindu-Muslim relations later reached a low point in Surat and resulted in an economic boycott of the minority community. Snehrashmi, to lessen the impact of the boycott, convinced <a href="/wiki/Vallabhbhai_Patel" title="Vallabhbhai Patel">Sardar Patel</a> and organised a khadi exhibition. Patel himself attended the exhibition and locally famous Razaak band played at the venue which helped achieve the objective of breaking the boycott of Muslims.<sup id="cite_ref-YājñikaSheth2005_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-YājñikaSheth2005-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He died on 6 January 1991.<sup id="cite_ref-gsp2_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gsp2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works">Works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jhinabhai_Desai&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Desai's initial works were influenced by nationalist sentiments and Gandhian ideals as he participated in the <a href="/wiki/Indian_independence_movement" title="Indian independence movement">Indian independence movement</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Duggal1988_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Duggal1988-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Malik1981_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Malik1981-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His later works were more focused on beauty and emotions. He chiefly wrote poetry and short stories but also ventured into the other forms of literature.<sup id="cite_ref-gsp_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gsp-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Poetry">Poetry</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jhinabhai_Desai&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Poetry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>His poetry collections <i>Ardhya</i> (1935) and <i>Panghat</i> (1948) including <i>Bar Majoor nu Geet</i> (The Song of Twelve Peasants) are the examples of Gandhian influence.<sup id="cite_ref-Sharma1992_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sharma1992-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His other poetry collections are <i>Atitni Pankhmathi</i> (1974), <i>Kshitije Tya Lambavyo Hath</i> (1984), and <i>Nijleela</i> (1984).<sup id="cite_ref-gsp_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gsp-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NatarajanNelson1996_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NatarajanNelson1996-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He introduced <i><a href="/wiki/Haiku" title="Haiku">haiku</a></i>, Japanese short form of poetry, in Gujarati literature and popularized it.<sup id="cite_ref-gsp_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gsp-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NatarajanNelson1996_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NatarajanNelson1996-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Satyendra2000_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Satyendra2000-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Soneri Chand Rooperi Suraj</i> (1967) is a collection of 359 haiku and six <a href="/wiki/Tanka" title="Tanka">tanka</a> poems.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Kevalveej</i> (1984) and <i>Sunrise on the Snowpeaks</i> are his other haiku collections.<sup id="cite_ref-gsp_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gsp-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Tarapo</i> (1980) and <i>Ujani</i> are collections of <a href="/wiki/Children%27s_poetry" title="Children's poetry">children's poetry</a>. <i>Sakal Kavita</i> is a collection of all his poems published between 1921 and 1984.<sup id="cite_ref-gsp_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gsp-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Short_story">Short story</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jhinabhai_Desai&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Short story"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Gata Aasopalav</i> (1934) was his first short story collection.<sup id="cite_ref-Das1995_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Das1995-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Tutela Taar</i> (1934), <i>Swarg ane Prithvi</i> (1935), <i>Moti Bahen</i> (1955), <i>Heera na Latkaniya</i> (1962), <i>Shrifal</i> (1969), <i>Kala Topi</i> (1962) and <i>Snehrashmi ni Shreshth Vartao</i> (1983) are his other short story collections.<sup id="cite_ref-gsp_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gsp-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NatarajanNelson1996_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NatarajanNelson1996-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Autobiography">Autobiography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jhinabhai_Desai&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Autobiography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>His autobiography starts from 1920. His childhood till schooling is described in <i>Mari Duniya</i> (1970). It is followed by <i>Safalyatanu</i> (1983) which has detailed account of the <a href="/wiki/Non-cooperation_movement_(1919%E2%80%9322)" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-cooperation movement (1919–22)">non-cooperation movement</a> and its leaders. It ends in 1933.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is followed by two more volumes, <i>Ughade Navi Kshitijo</i> (1987) and <i>Vali Nava Aa Shrung</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-gsp_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gsp-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_works">Other works</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jhinabhai_Desai&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Other works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Antarpat</i> (1961) is a novel about social and cultural dimensions. <i>Matodu ne Tulsi</i> (1983) is a collection of plays. <i>Bharat na Ghadvaiya</i> (1957) is a biographocal collection. <i>Pratisad</i> (1984) is his book on criticism. <i> Kavya Sangraha</i> with <a href="/wiki/Umashankar_Joshi" title="Umashankar Joshi">Umashankar Joshi</a> (1937), <i>Sahitya Pallav</i> (1941) and <i>Sahitya Pathavali</i> (1966) are his other compilations.<sup id="cite_ref-gsp_2-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gsp-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NatarajanNelson1996_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NatarajanNelson1996-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Recognition">Recognition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jhinabhai_Desai&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Recognition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Desai was awarded the President's Award as the best teacher in 1961. He received the <a href="/wiki/Ranjitram_Suvarna_Chandrak" title="Ranjitram Suvarna Chandrak">Ranjitram Suvarna Chandrak</a> in 1967 and the <a href="/wiki/Narmad_Suvarna_Chandrak" title="Narmad Suvarna Chandrak">Narmad Suvarna Chandrak</a> in 1979.<sup id="cite_ref-gsp_2-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gsp-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1987, he received the <a href="/wiki/Sahitya_Gaurav_Puraskar" title="Sahitya Gaurav Puraskar">Sahitya Gaurav Puraskar</a>. </p><p>Gujarat Chief Minister <a href="/wiki/Narendra_Modi" title="Narendra Modi">Narendra Modi</a> dedicated <a href="/wiki/Sneh_Rashmi_Botanical_Garden" class="mw-redirect" title="Sneh Rashmi Botanical Garden">Snehrashmi Botanical Garden</a> in Surat in his memory in 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Uma-Snehrashmi_Prize" title="Uma-Snehrashmi Prize">Uma-Snehrashmi Paritoshik</a>, instituted first by Desai in his deceased daughter's memory, is conferred by <a href="/wiki/Gujarati_Sahitya_Parishad" title="Gujarati Sahitya Parishad">Gujarati Sahitya Parishad</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jhinabhai_Desai&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tbBJAQAAIAAJ"><i>India Who's who</i></a>. INFA Publications. 1972. p. 193.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India+Who%27s+who&rft.pages=193&rft.pub=INFA+Publications.&rft.date=1972&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtbBJAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJhinabhai+Desai" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gsp-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gsp_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gsp_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gsp_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gsp_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gsp_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gsp_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gsp_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gsp_2-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gsp_2-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gsp_2-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gujaratisahityaparishad.com/prakashan/sarjako/savishesh/Savishesh-Snehrashmi.html">"દેસાઈ ઝીણાભાઈ રતનજી, 'સ્નેહરશ્મિ' (Desai Jhinabhai Ratanji, 'Snehrashmi')"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_Sahitya_Parishad" title="Gujarati Sahitya Parishad">Gujarati Sahitya Parishad</a></i> (in Gujarati)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 September</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gujarati+Sahitya+Parishad&rft.atitle=%E0%AA%A6%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%B8%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%88+%E0%AA%9D%E0%AB%80%E0%AA%A3%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%AD%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%88+%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%A4%E0%AA%A8%E0%AA%9C%E0%AB%80%2C+%27%E0%AA%B8%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%A8%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%B9%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%B6%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%AE%E0%AA%BF%27+%28Desai+Jhinabhai+Ratanji%2C+%27Snehrashmi%27%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gujaratisahityaparishad.com%2Fprakashan%2Fsarjako%2Fsavishesh%2FSavishesh-Snehrashmi.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJhinabhai+Desai" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-YājñikaSheth2005-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-YājñikaSheth2005_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-YājñikaSheth2005_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAcyuta_YājñikaSuchitra_Sheth2005" class="citation book cs1">Acyuta Yājñika; Suchitra Sheth (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wmKIiAPgnF0C&pg=PA215"><i>The Shaping of Modern Gujarat: Plurality, Hindutva, and Beyond</i></a>. Penguin Books India. pp. 214–215. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-400038-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-400038-8"><bdi>978-0-14-400038-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Shaping+of+Modern+Gujarat%3A+Plurality%2C+Hindutva%2C+and+Beyond&rft.pages=214-215&rft.pub=Penguin+Books+India&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-14-400038-8&rft.au=Acyuta+Y%C4%81j%C3%B1ika&rft.au=Suchitra+Sheth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwmKIiAPgnF0C%26pg%3DPA215&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJhinabhai+Desai" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DesāīDesāī1997-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DesāīDesāī1997_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHakūmatarāya_DesāīKiraṇa_Desāī1997" class="citation book cs1">Hakūmatarāya Desāī; Kiraṇa Desāī (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sZWGAAAAIAAJ"><i>The Pardi Annakhed Satyagraha: Adivasi Assertion for Rights</i></a>. Centre for Social Studies. p. 46.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Pardi+Annakhed+Satyagraha%3A+Adivasi+Assertion+for+Rights&rft.pages=46&rft.pub=Centre+for+Social+Studies&rft.date=1997&rft.au=Hak%C5%ABmatar%C4%81ya+Des%C4%81%C4%AB&rft.au=Kira%E1%B9%87a+Des%C4%81%C4%AB&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsZWGAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJhinabhai+Desai" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gsp2-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-gsp2_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gujaratisahityaparishad.com/prakashan/photo-gallery/sahitya-sarjako/SnehaRashmi.html">"દેસાઈ ઝીણાભાઈ રતનજી, 'સ્નેહરશ્મિ' (Desai Jhinabhai Ratanji, 'Snehrashmi')"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_Sahitya_Parishad" title="Gujarati Sahitya Parishad">Gujarati Sahitya Parishad</a></i> (in Gujarati)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 September</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gujarati+Sahitya+Parishad&rft.atitle=%E0%AA%A6%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%B8%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%88+%E0%AA%9D%E0%AB%80%E0%AA%A3%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%AD%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%88+%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%A4%E0%AA%A8%E0%AA%9C%E0%AB%80%2C+%27%E0%AA%B8%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%A8%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%B9%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%B6%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%AE%E0%AA%BF%27+%28Desai+Jhinabhai+Ratanji%2C+%27Snehrashmi%27%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gujaratisahityaparishad.com%2Fprakashan%2Fphoto-gallery%2Fsahitya-sarjako%2FSnehaRashmi.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJhinabhai+Desai" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Duggal1988-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Duggal1988_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKartar_Singh_Duggal1988" class="citation book cs1">Kartar Singh Duggal (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sDUaAAAAIAAJ"><i>Writer in freedom struggle, India & Bulgaria</i></a>. Twenty-first Century India Society. pp. 67–72.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Writer+in+freedom+struggle%2C+India+%26+Bulgaria&rft.pages=67-72&rft.pub=Twenty-first+Century+India+Society&rft.date=1988&rft.au=Kartar+Singh+Duggal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsDUaAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJhinabhai+Desai" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Malik1981-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Malik1981_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYogendra_K._Malik1981" class="citation book cs1">Yogendra K. Malik (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5ZvZAAAAMAAJ"><i>South Asian intellectuals and social change: a study of the role of vernacular-speaking intelligentsia</i></a>. Heritage. p. 194. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780836408256" title="Special:BookSources/9780836408256"><bdi>9780836408256</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=South+Asian+intellectuals+and+social+change%3A+a+study+of+the+role+of+vernacular-speaking+intelligentsia&rft.pages=194&rft.pub=Heritage&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=9780836408256&rft.au=Yogendra+K.+Malik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5ZvZAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJhinabhai+Desai" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sharma1992-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sharma1992_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSita_Ram_Sharma1992" class="citation book cs1">Sita Ram Sharma (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-IVhAAAAMAAJ"><i>Gujarati</i></a>. Anmol Publications. pp. 83–87. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7041-545-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7041-545-9"><bdi>978-81-7041-545-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gujarati&rft.pages=83-87&rft.pub=Anmol+Publications&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-81-7041-545-9&rft.au=Sita+Ram+Sharma&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-IVhAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJhinabhai+Desai" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NatarajanNelson1996-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NatarajanNelson1996_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NatarajanNelson1996_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NatarajanNelson1996_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NatarajanNelson1996_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNalini_NatarajanEmmanuel_Sampath_Nelson1996" class="citation book cs1">Nalini Natarajan; Emmanuel Sampath Nelson (1 January 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1lTnv6o-d_oC&pg=PA115"><i>Handbook of Twentieth-century Literatures of India</i></a>. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 115. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-28778-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-28778-7"><bdi>978-0-313-28778-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Twentieth-century+Literatures+of+India&rft.pages=115&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=1996-01-01&rft.isbn=978-0-313-28778-7&rft.au=Nalini+Natarajan&rft.au=Emmanuel+Sampath+Nelson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1lTnv6o-d_oC%26pg%3DPA115&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJhinabhai+Desai" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Satyendra2000-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Satyendra2000_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuśa_Satyendra2000" class="citation book cs1">Kuśa Satyendra (1 January 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UcAwrV60cpAC&pg=PA15"><i>Dictionary of Hindu Literature</i></a>. Sarup & Sons. pp. 15–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7625-159-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7625-159-4"><bdi>978-81-7625-159-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Hindu+Literature&rft.pages=15-&rft.pub=Sarup+%26+Sons&rft.date=2000-01-01&rft.isbn=978-81-7625-159-4&rft.au=Ku%C5%9Ba+Satyendra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUcAwrV60cpAC%26pg%3DPA15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJhinabhai+Desai" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LePkAAAAMAAJ"><i>Japan Review: Bulletin of the International Research Center for Japanese Studies</i></a>. International Research Center for Japanese Studies. 1992. p. 19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Japan+Review%3A+Bulletin+of+the+International+Research+Center+for+Japanese+Studies&rft.pages=19&rft.pub=International+Research+Center+for+Japanese+Studies&rft.date=1992&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLePkAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJhinabhai+Desai" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=v7gLNXa6jXsC&pg=PA268"><i>East Asian Literatures: Japanese, Chinese and Korean : an Interface with India</i></a>. Northern Book Centre. 1 January 2006. p. 268. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7211-205-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7211-205-9"><bdi>978-81-7211-205-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=East+Asian+Literatures%3A+Japanese%2C+Chinese+and+Korean+%3A+an+Interface+with+India&rft.pages=268&rft.pub=Northern+Book+Centre&rft.date=2006-01-01&rft.isbn=978-81-7211-205-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dv7gLNXa6jXsC%26pg%3DPA268&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJhinabhai+Desai" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_WjVAAAAMAAJ"><i>Indian Writing Today</i></a>. Nirmala Sadanand Publishers. 1967. p. 27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indian+Writing+Today&rft.pages=27&rft.pub=Nirmala+Sadanand+Publishers.&rft.date=1967&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_WjVAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJhinabhai+Desai" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Das1995-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Das1995_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSisir_Kumar_Das1995" class="citation book cs1">Sisir Kumar Das (1 January 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sqBjpV9OzcsC&pg=PA671"><i>History of Indian Literature: 1911-1956, struggle for freedom : triumph and tragedy</i></a>. Sahitya Akademi. p. 671. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7201-798-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7201-798-9"><bdi>978-81-7201-798-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Indian+Literature%3A+1911-1956%2C+struggle+for+freedom+%3A+triumph+and+tragedy&rft.pages=671&rft.pub=Sahitya+Akademi&rft.date=1995-01-01&rft.isbn=978-81-7201-798-9&rft.au=Sisir+Kumar+Das&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsqBjpV9OzcsC%26pg%3DPA671&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJhinabhai+Desai" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YKS2AAAAIAAJ"><i>Indian Literature</i></a>. Sähitya Akademi. 1984. p. 37.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indian+Literature&rft.pages=37&rft.pub=S%C3%A4hitya+Akademi.&rft.date=1984&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYKS2AAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJhinabhai+Desai" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.narendramodi.in/honble-cm-dedicates-%E2%80%98snehrashmi-botanical-garden%E2%80%99-at-surat-lays-foundation-of-rs-44-cr-river-front-project-3838">"Hon'ble CM dedicates 'Snehrashmi Botanical Garden' at Surat & lays foundation of Rs. 44 Cr River Front Project"</a>.</cite><span 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