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vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">目錄</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">移去側欄</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">收埋</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">文頭</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-定義" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#定義"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>定義</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-定義-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-思維嘅類型" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#思維嘅類型"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>思維嘅類型</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-思維嘅類型-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>切換去思維嘅類型細章節</span> </button> <ul id="toc-思維嘅類型-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-思考、判斷同推理" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#思考、判斷同推理"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>思考、判斷同推理</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-思考、判斷同推理-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-概念形成" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#概念形成"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>概念形成</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-概念形成-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-解決問題" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#解決問題"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>解決問題</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-解決問題-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-深思同決策" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#深思同決策"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>深思同決策</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-深思同決策-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-情景記憶同想像" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#情景記憶同想像"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>情景記憶同想像</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-情景記憶同想像-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-無意識思考" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#無意識思考"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>無意識思考</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-無意識思考-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-參考" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#參考"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>參考</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-參考-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-疏仕" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#疏仕"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>疏仕</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-疏仕-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-睇埋" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#睇埋"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>睇埋</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-睇埋-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目錄" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="內容一覽" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="開/收內容一覽" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">開/收內容一覽</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">思維</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="去睇另一種語文嘅文章。有134種語言版本。" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-134" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">134種語言</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denke" title="Denke – 南非荷蘭文" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Denke" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="南非荷蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denken" title="Denken – 德文（瑞士）" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Denken" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="德文（瑞士）" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pensamiento" title="Pensamiento – 阿拉貢文" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Pensamiento" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="阿拉貢文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%81%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%B1" title="تفكير – 阿拉伯文" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تفكير" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pensamientu" title="Pensamientu – 阿斯圖里亞文" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Pensamientu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="阿斯圖里亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%8A" title="Ургъ – 阿瓦爾文" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Ургъ" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="阿瓦爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%BC%C5%9F%C3%BCnc%C9%99" title="Düşüncə – 亞塞拜然文" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Düşüncə" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="亞塞拜然文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B4%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%87" title="دوشونجه – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="دوشونجه" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D3%99%D2%AF_(%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Фекерләү (психология) – 巴什客爾文" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Фекерләү (психология)" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="巴什客爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denga" title="Denga – 巴伐利亞文" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Denga" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="巴伐利亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%97slins%C4%97na" title="Mėslinsėna – 薩莫吉希亞文" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Mėslinsėna" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="薩莫吉希亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Мысленне – 白俄羅斯文" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Мысленне" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="白俄羅斯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Мысьленьне – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Мысьленьне" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Мислене – 保加利亞文" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Мислене" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="保加利亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE" title="চিন্তা – 孟加拉文" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="চিন্তা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="孟加拉文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misao" title="Misao – 波士尼亞文" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Misao" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="波士尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pikiran" title="Pikiran – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Pikiran" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Mandailing</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pensament" title="Pensament – 加泰羅尼亞文" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Pensament" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="加泰羅尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D1%8F%D1%80" title="Ойла яр – 車臣文" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Ойла яр" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="車臣文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%BE%D8%B2%D8%B1" title="ھزر – 索拉尼庫爾德文" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ھزر" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="索拉尼庫爾德文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fikir_et%C3%BCv" title="Fikir etüv – 克里米亞半島的土耳其文；克里米亞半島的塔塔爾文" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Fikir etüv" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="克里米亞半島的土耳其文；克里米亞半島的塔塔爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/My%C5%A1len%C3%AD" title="Myšlení – 捷克文" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Myšlení" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="捷克文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meddyliau" title="Meddyliau – 威爾斯文" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Meddyliau" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="威爾斯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A6nkning" title="Tænkning – 丹麥文" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Tænkning" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="丹麥文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denken" title="Denken – 德文" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Denken" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C4%B1kri" title="Fıkri – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Fıkri" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CE%BA%CE%AD%CF%88%CE%B7" title="Σκέψη – 希臘文" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σκέψη" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="希臘文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thought" title="Thought – 英文" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Thought" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pensado" title="Pensado – 世界文" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Pensado" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="世界文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pensamiento" title="Pensamiento – 西班牙文" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Pensamiento" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B5tlemine" title="Mõtlemine – 愛沙尼亞文" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Mõtlemine" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="愛沙尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentsamendu" title="Pentsamendu – 巴斯克文" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Pentsamendu" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="巴斯克文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pensaeru" title="Pensaeru – 埃斯特雷馬杜拉文" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Pensaeru" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="埃斯特雷馬杜拉文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%B4%D9%87" title="اندیشه – 波斯文" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اندیشه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ff mw-list-item"><a href="https://ff.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tammunde" title="Tammunde – 富拉文" lang="ff" hreflang="ff" data-title="Tammunde" data-language-autonym="Fulfulde" data-language-local-name="富拉文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fulfulde</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajattelu" title="Ajattelu – 芬蘭文" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ajattelu" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="芬蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanuma" title="Nanuma – 斐濟文" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Nanuma" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="斐濟文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pens%C3%A9e" title="Pensée – 法文" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Pensée" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seenken" title="Seenken – 北弗里西亞文" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Seenken" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="北弗里西亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinken" title="Tinken – 西弗里西亞文" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Tinken" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="西弗里西亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%80%9D%E6%83%B3" title="思想 – 贛語" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="思想" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="贛語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pans%C3%A9" title="Pansé – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Pansé" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pensamento" title="Pensamento – 加里西亞文" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Pensamento" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="加里西亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ak%C3%A3ngeta" title="Akãngeta – 瓜拉尼文" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Akãngeta" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="瓜拉尼文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chintnam" title="Chintnam – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="Chintnam" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunani" title="Tunani – 豪撒文" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Tunani" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="豪撒文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%97%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%91%D7%94" title="חשיבה – 希伯來文" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="חשיבה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="希伯來文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A8" title="चिंतन – 北印度文" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="चिंतन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="北印度文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhyan" title="Dhyan – 斐濟印地文" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Dhyan" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="斐濟印地文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misao" title="Misao – 克羅埃西亞文" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Misao" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="克羅埃西亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panse" title="Panse – 海地文" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Panse" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="海地文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gondolkod%C3%A1s" title="Gondolkodás – 匈牙利文" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Gondolkodás" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="匈牙利文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%AE%D5%B8%D5%B2%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Մտածողություն – 亞美尼亞文" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մտածողություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="亞美尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%AE%D5%B8%D5%B2%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%AB%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Մտածողութիւն – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Մտածողութիւն" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pensamento" title="Pensamento – 國際文" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Pensamento" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="國際文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pikiran" title="Pikiran – 印尼文" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pikiran" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印尼文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panunot" title="Panunot – 伊洛闊文" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Panunot" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="伊洛闊文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugsun" title="Hugsun – 冰島文" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Hugsun" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="冰島文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pensiero" title="Pensiero – 義大利文" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Pensiero" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="義大利文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%80%9D%E8%80%83" title="思考 – 日文" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="思考" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taat" title="Taat – 牙買加克裏奧爾英文" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Taat" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="牙買加克裏奧爾英文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/pensi" title="pensi – 邏輯文" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="pensi" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="邏輯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%96%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%95%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%90" title="აზროვნება – 喬治亞文" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="აზროვნება" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="喬治亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oy-pikir" title="Oy-pikir – 卡拉卡爾帕克文" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Oy-pikir" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="卡拉卡爾帕克文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asekti" title="Asekti – 卡比爾文" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Asekti" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="卡比爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%83" title="Ойлау – 哈薩克文" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Ойлау" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="哈薩克文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%82%E1%9F%86%E1%9E%93%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%8F" title="គំនិត – 高棉文" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="គំនិត" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="高棉文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9A%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%86" title="ಚಿಂತನೆ – 坎那達文" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಚಿಂತನೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="坎那達文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%83%9D%EA%B0%81" title="생각 – 韓文" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="생각" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韓文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hizir" title="Hizir – 庫爾德文" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Hizir" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="庫爾德文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preder" title="Preder – 康瓦耳文" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Preder" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="康瓦耳文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BC" title="Ойлом – 吉爾吉斯文" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Ойлом" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="吉爾吉斯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cogitatio" title="Cogitatio – 拉丁文" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Cogitatio" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="拉丁文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penser" title="Penser – 倫巴底文" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Penser" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="倫巴底文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%84%E0%BA%A7%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%A1%E0%BA%84%E0%BA%B6%E0%BA%94" title="ຄວາມຄຶດ – 寮文" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ຄວາມຄຶດ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="寮文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%85stymas" title="Mąstymas – 立陶宛文" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Mąstymas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="立陶宛文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dom%C4%81%C5%A1ana" title="Domāšana – 拉脫維亞文" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Domāšana" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="拉脫維亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fieritreretana" title="Fieritreretana – 馬拉加什文" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fieritreretana" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="馬拉加什文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Мисла – 馬其頓文" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Мисла" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="馬其頓文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9A%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4" title="ചിന്ത – 馬來亞拉姆文" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ചിന്ത" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="馬來亞拉姆文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0" title="विचार – 馬拉地文" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="विचार" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="馬拉地文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pemikiran" title="Pemikiran – 馬來文" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pemikiran" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="馬來文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pensamiento" title="Pensamiento – 米蘭德斯文" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Pensamiento" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="米蘭德斯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%85%E1%80%89%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%85%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8%E1%80%81%E1%80%BC%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="စဉ်းစားခြင်း – 緬甸文" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="စဉ်းစားခြင်း" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="緬甸文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denken" title="Denken – 低地德文" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Denken" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="低地德文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE" title="बिचा – 尼瓦爾文" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="बिचा" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="尼瓦爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denken" title="Denken – 荷蘭文" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Denken" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="荷蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanke" title="Tanke – 耐諾斯克挪威文" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Tanke" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="耐諾斯克挪威文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanke" title="Tanke – 巴克摩挪威文" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Tanke" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="巴克摩挪威文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pensada" title="Pensada – 奧克西坦文" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Pensada" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="奧克西坦文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%9A" title="ਸੋਚ – 旁遮普文" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸੋਚ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="旁遮普文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/My%C5%9Blenie" title="Myślenie – 波蘭文" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Myślenie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pens%C3%A9" title="Pensé – 皮埃蒙特文" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Pensé" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="皮埃蒙特文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%DA%86" title="سوچ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="سوچ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%86%D8%AF" title="آند – 普什圖文" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="آند" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="普什圖文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pensamento" title="Pensamento – 葡萄牙文" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Pensamento" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuyaychakuy" title="Yuyaychakuy – 蓋楚瓦文" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Yuyaychakuy" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="蓋楚瓦文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A2ndire" title="Gândire – 羅馬尼亞文" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Gândire" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="羅馬尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%8B%D1%88%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_(%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Мышление (психология) – 俄文" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Мышление (психология)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%BB%D1%97%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Мыслїня – 盧森尼亞文" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Мыслїня" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="盧森尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B0" title="Санаа – 雅庫特文" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Санаа" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="雅庫特文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinzeru" title="Pinzeru – 西西里文" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Pinzeru" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="西西里文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thocht" title="Thocht – 蘇格蘭文" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Thocht" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="蘇格蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misao" title="Misao – 塞爾維亞克羅埃西亞文" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Misao" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="塞爾維亞克羅埃西亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thought" title="Thought – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Thought" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/My%C5%A1lienka" title="Myšlienka – 斯洛伐克文" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Myšlienka" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="斯洛伐克文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misel" title="Misel – 斯洛維尼亞文" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Misel" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="斯洛維尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%81faufau" title="Māfaufau – 薩摩亞文" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Māfaufau" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="薩摩亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagana Samoa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nhondero" title="Nhondero – 塞內加爾文" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Nhondero" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="塞內加爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mendimi" title="Mendimi – 阿爾巴尼亞文" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Mendimi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="阿爾巴尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BE" title="Мисао – 塞爾維亞文" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Мисао" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="塞爾維亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="推薦文章"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A4nkande" title="Tänkande – 瑞典文" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Tänkande" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="瑞典文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fikira" title="Fikira – 史瓦希里文" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Fikira" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="史瓦希里文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="சிந்தித்தல் – 坦米爾文" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சிந்தித்தல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="坦米爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%86%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%9A%E0%B0%A8" title="ఆలోచన – 泰盧固文" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఆలోచన" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="泰盧固文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%B0" title="Андеша – 塔吉克文" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Андеша" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="塔吉克文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%94" title="ความคิด – 泰文" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ความคิด" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="泰文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pag-iisip" title="Pag-iisip – 塔加路族文" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Pag-iisip" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="塔加路族文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%BC%C5%9F%C3%BCnce" title="Düşünce – 土耳其文" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Düşünce" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="土耳其文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mi_anakanyo" title="Mi anakanyo – 特松加文" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="Mi anakanyo" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="特松加文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Xitsonga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B9" title="Уй – 韃靼文" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Уй" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="韃靼文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Мислення – 烏克蘭文" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Мислення" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="烏克蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%84_(%D8%AF%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%BA)" title="خیال (دماغ) – 烏都文" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="خیال (دماغ)" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="烏都文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tafakkur_(psixologiya)" title="Tafakkur (psixologiya) – 烏茲別克文" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Tafakkur (psixologiya)" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="烏茲別克文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pensi%C3%A8r" title="Pensièr – 威尼斯文" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Pensièr" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="威尼斯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C6%B0_duy" title="Tư duy – 越南文" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tư duy" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="越南文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pamuroboot" title="Pamuroboot – 瓦瑞文" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Pamuroboot" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="瓦瑞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%80%9D%E6%83%B3" title="思想 – 吳語" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="思想" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="吳語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%96%E1%83%A3%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%90" title="არზუანობა – 明格列爾文" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="არზუანობა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="明格列爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%9B%D7%98%D7%9F" title="טראכטן – 意第緒文" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="טראכטן" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="意第緒文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swhsiengj" title="Swhsiengj – 壯文" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Swhsiengj" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="壯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%80%9D%E6%83%B3" title="思想 – 中文" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="思想" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="中文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%84%8F" title="意 – 文言文" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="意" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="文言文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Su-si%C3%B3ng" title="Su-sióng – 閩南語" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Su-sióng" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="閩南語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q9420#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="改跨語言拎" class="wbc-editpage">改拎</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div 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class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">出自維基百科，自由嘅百科全書</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(由<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AB%97%E5%98%A2&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="諗嘢">諗嘢</a>跳轉過嚟)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="yue" dir="ltr"><p><b>思維</b>（<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E7%B2%B5%E6%96%87%E6%8B%BC%E9%9F%B3" title="Wikipedia:粵文拼音">粵拼</a>：<span class="plainlinks" style="display:inline-block"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://yue.forvo.com/word/yue/思維/#yue"><span><b>si<span class="Jpingtone">1</span> wai<span class="Jpingtone">4</span></b></span></a></span>）或<b>思想</b>（<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E7%B2%B5%E6%96%87%E6%8B%BC%E9%9F%B3" title="Wikipedia:粵文拼音">粵拼</a>：<span class="plainlinks" style="display:inline-block"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://yue.forvo.com/word/yue/思維/#yue"><span><b>si<span class="Jpingtone">1</span> soeng<span class="Jpingtone">2</span></b></span></a></span>），指人<a href="/wiki/%E8%85%A6" title="腦">腦</a>對現實事物間接、概括加工形式，以內隱或外隱語言或動作表現出嚟。 </p><p>各種思維嘅理論已經被提出，當中有啲理論嘗試捕捉思維嘅特徵。「<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9F%8F%E6%8B%89%E5%9C%96%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="柏拉圖主義 (無呢版)">柏拉圖學派</a>」認為思維係透過辨別同檢視柏拉圖嘅形式同佢哋嘅相互關係，涉及分辨純粹嘅柏拉圖形式同現實世界入面嘅<a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%A5%E8%A6%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="知覺">知覺</a>模仿物。而「<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%9E%E9%87%8C%E5%A3%AB%E5%A4%9A%E5%BE%B7%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="亞里士多德主義 (無呢版)">亞里士多德主義</a>」就認為，思考一樣嘢就係喺自己嘅心裡面具現化嗰個物件嘅普遍<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%AC%E8%B3%AA" title="本質">本質</a>。呢啲普遍概念係從感官經驗中抽象出嚟，而唔似柏拉圖主義咁認為佢哋存在喺一個唔會變嘅<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%9F%A5%E6%80%A7%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="知性世界 (無呢版)">知性世界</a>。<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A6%82%E5%BF%B5%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="概念主義 (無呢版)">概念主義</a>同亞里士多德主義關係密切：佢將思維定義為喺腦裡面喚起概念，而唔係具現化本質。「內在語言理論」認為，思維係一種<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%A7%E5%BF%83%E7%8D%A8%E7%99%BD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="內心獨白 (無呢版)">內心獨白</a>，喺呢個過程中，語言喺思想者嘅心中無聲表達。根據某啲講法，呢個過程係用常見語言進行，好似英文或者法文。相反，「<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%80%9D%E7%B6%AD%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%81%87%E8%AA%AA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="思維語言假說 (無呢版)">思維語言假說</a>」認為呢個過程係用一種叫做「心靈語言」（Mentalese）嘅獨特心靈語言嚟進行。呢個理論嘅中心思想係，語言嘅表述系統係由原子同複合嘅表示組成，呢個結構喺思維中都存在。 </p><p>「<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%81%AF%E6%83%B3%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="聯想主義 (無呢版)">聯想主義</a>」理解思維係一連串嘅想法或者圖像嘅接續。佢哋特別有興趣研究聯想嘅規律，點樣控制思維嘅流程。「<a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%8C%E7%82%BA%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="行為主義">行為主義</a>者」就反而將思維定義為一種行為嘅傾向，當受到某啲外部<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%BA%E6%BF%80" class="mw-disambig" title="刺激">刺激</a>時，個人會表現出聰明嘅行為。而「<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A8%88%E7%AE%97%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="計算主義 (無呢版)">計算主義</a>」係呢啲理論中最新嘅一個，佢將思維同電腦嘅運作作比喻，視思維為資訊嘅儲存、傳遞同處理。 </p><p>學術文獻討論咗各種思維類型。「判斷」係一個<a href="/wiki/%E5%91%BD%E9%A1%8C" title="命題">命題</a>被喚起，然後被肯定或者否定嘅心理操作。「<a href="/wiki/%E6%8E%A8%E7%90%86" title="推理">推理</a>」係從前提或者證據中得出結論嘅過程。判斷同推理都依賴於相關概念嘅掌握，呢啲概念喺「<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A6%82%E5%BF%B5%E5%BD%A2%E6%88%90&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="概念形成 (無呢版)">概念形成</a>」過程中被獲得。喺「解決問題」嘅情況下，思維嘅目標係透過克服某啲障礙達到預定目標。「<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%80%9D%E9%87%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="思量 (無呢版)">思量</a>」係實用思維嘅一種重要形式，佢包含咗制定可能嘅行動方案，並且評估支持或反對佢哋嘅理由。呢個過程可能會通過選擇最有利嘅方案而作出決定。「<a href="/wiki/%E6%83%85%E7%AF%80%E8%A8%98%E6%86%B6" title="情節記憶">情節記憶</a>」同「<a href="/wiki/%E6%83%B3%E5%83%8F" title="想像">想像</a>」都喺內心呈現物件同情境，前者試圖準確重現以前經歷過嘅嘢，後者則係自由重組。「<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%84%A1%E6%84%8F%E8%AD%98%E6%80%9D%E7%B6%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="無意識思維 (無呢版)">無意識思維</a>」係指無需直接經歷就發生嘅思維，有時會用嚟解釋喺冇使用有意識思維嘅情況下解決<a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%A3%E9%9B%A3" title="解難">解難</a>嘅問題。 </p><p>思維喺唔同嘅學術範疇中都有討論。「<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%8F%BE%E8%B1%A1%E5%AD%B8_(%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="現象學 (哲學) (無呢版)">現象學</a>」對思維嘅經驗有興趣，一個重要嘅問題係，思維嘅經驗特徵有幾大程度可以用感官經驗嚟解釋。「<a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%A2%E8%80%8C%E4%B8%8A%E5%AD%B8" title="形而上學">形而上學</a>」除咗其他嘢之外，亦都關注<a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E9%9D%88" title="心靈">心靈</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E8%B3%AA" title="物質">物質</a>之間嘅關係，特別係點樣將思維納入到<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="自然科學">自然科學</a>描述嘅物質世界中。「<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="認知心理學">認知心理學</a>」旨在理解思維係一種資訊處理形式。「<a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BC%E5%B1%95%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="發展心理學">發展心理學</a>」研究思維從出生到成熟嘅發展過程，並且探討呢個過程受咩因素影響。「<a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%BE%E7%A5%9E%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90" class="mw-redirect" title="精神分析">精神分析</a>」強調<a href="/wiki/%E7%84%A1%E6%84%8F%E8%AD%98" class="mw-redirect" title="無意識">無意識</a>喺精神生活中嘅角色。其他關注思維嘅領域仲有<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8" title="語言學">語言學</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="神經科學">神經科學</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD" title="人工智能">人工智能</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%B8" title="生物學">生物學</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E5%AD%B8" title="社會學">社會學</a>。 </p><p>有啲概念同理論同思維主題關係密切。「<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%80%9D%E7%B6%AD%E6%B3%95%E5%89%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="思維法則 (無呢版)">思維法則</a>」呢個詞指三條邏輯嘅基本定律：矛盾律、排中律同同一律。「<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8D%E4%BA%8B%E5%AF%A6%E6%80%9D%E7%B6%AD" title="反事實思維">反事實思維</a>」涉及對非現實情況同事件嘅心理表述，喺呢啲情況中，思想者會試圖評估如果情況唔一樣會係點。「<a href="/wiki/%E6%80%9D%E6%83%B3%E5%AF%A6%E9%A9%97" title="思想實驗">思想實驗</a>」經常運用反事實思維嚟解釋理論或者測試佢哋嘅合理性。「<a href="/wiki/%E6%89%B9%E5%88%A4%E6%80%A7%E6%80%9D%E7%B6%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="批判性思維">批判性思維</a>」係一種理性、反思性同集中於決定應該相信乜或者點樣行動嘅思維方式。「正面思維」則係將注意力集中喺自己處境中嘅好方面，並且與<a href="/wiki/%E6%A8%82%E8%A7%80%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="樂觀主義">樂觀主義</a>密切相關。 </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="定義"><span id=".E5.AE.9A.E7.BE.A9"></span>定義</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%80%9D%E7%B6%AD&action=edit&section=1" title="編輯小節: 定義"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>「思想」同「思考」呢啲詞語指嘅係各種唔同嘅心理活動。<sup id="cite_ref-BritannicaThought_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BritannicaThought-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>最常見嘅意思係指可以獨立於感官刺激而發生嘅有意識過程。<sup id="cite_ref-Breyer_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Breyer-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Nida-rümelin_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nida-rümelin-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>呢包括各種唔同嘅心理過程，好似考慮一個想法或命題，或者判斷佢係咪真嘅。喺呢個意義上，<a href="/wiki/%E8%A8%98%E6%86%B6" title="記憶">記憶</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E6%83%B3%E5%83%8F%E5%8A%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="想像力">想像力</a>都係思想嘅一種形式，但<a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%A5%E8%A6%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="知覺">知覺</a>就唔係。<sup id="cite_ref-Crowell_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crowell-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>喺一個更加狹義嘅意思上，只有最具代表性嘅情況先被認為係思想。呢啲包括有意識嘅概念性或語言性嘅過程，而且要夠抽象，例如判斷、推理、解決問題同埋深思熟慮。<sup id="cite_ref-BritannicaThought_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BritannicaThought-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mole_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mole-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Katsafanas_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Katsafanas-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>有時「思想」同「思考」呢啲詞會以一個好廣泛嘅意思去理解，指任何形式嘅心理過程，無論係有意識定無意識嘅。<sup id="cite_ref-Garrison_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garrison-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dijksterhuis_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dijksterhuis-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>喺呢個意義上，佢哋可能會同「心靈」呢個詞同義。呢種用法可以喺<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%9B%E5%8D%A1%E7%88%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="笛卡爾">笛卡爾</a>傳統中見到，喺嗰度，心靈被理解為會思考嘅事物，喺<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="認知科學">認知科學</a>中都可以見到。<sup id="cite_ref-Crowell_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crowell-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Baum_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baum-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>但呢個意思可能包括一個限制，就係呢啲過程必須導致智能行為先可以被認為係思想。<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>喺學術文獻中有時會見到思考同<a href="/wiki/%E6%84%9F%E5%8F%97" class="mw-redirect" title="感受">感受</a>之間嘅對比。喺呢個語境中，思考同一種冷靜、冷淡同<a href="/wiki/%E7%90%86%E6%80%A7" title="理性">理性</a>嘅方法有關，而感受則涉及直接嘅<a href="/wiki/%E6%83%85%E7%B7%92" class="mw-redirect" title="情緒">情緒</a>參與。<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>「思想」同「思考」呢啲詞都可以用嚟指由呢啲心理過程產生嘅心理狀態或者想法系統，而唔係指呢啲心理過程本身。<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>喺呢個意義上，佢哋經常同「信念」呢個詞同義，可以指屬於個人或者喺某個群體中常見嘅心理狀態。<sup id="cite_ref-Mandelbaum2_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mandelbaum2-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-DictThink_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DictThink-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>喺學術文獻中討論思想時，經常都唔會明確講清楚佢哋係指邊個意思。 </p><p>「思想」呢個詞嚟自<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E8%8B%B1%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="古英語">古英語</a>嘅「þoht」或者「geþoht」，源自「þencan」嘅詞根，意思係「喺心裏構思，考慮」。<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="思維嘅類型"><span id=".E6.80.9D.E7.B6.AD.E5.98.85.E9.A1.9E.E5.9E.8B"></span>思維嘅類型</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%80%9D%E7%B6%AD&action=edit&section=2" title="編輯小節: 思維嘅類型"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>學術文獻中討論咗好多種思維類型。一個常見嘅分類方法係將佢哋分為以創造理論知識為目標嘅思維形式，同埋以產生行動或正確決策為目標嘅思維形式，<sup id="cite_ref-BorchertThinking_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BorchertThinking-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>不過冇一個普遍認可嘅分類法可以總結所有呢啲類型。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="思考、判斷同推理"><span id=".E6.80.9D.E8.80.83.E3.80.81.E5.88.A4.E6.96.B7.E5.90.8C.E6.8E.A8.E7.90.86"></span>思考、判斷同推理</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%80%9D%E7%B6%AD&action=edit&section=3" title="編輯小節: 思考、判斷同推理"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>思維經常被等同於<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%88%A4%E6%96%B7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="判斷 (無呢版)">判斷</a>嘅行為。判斷係一種心理操作，喺呢個過程中，一個命題被提出，然後被肯定或者否定。<sup id="cite_ref-Crowell_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crowell-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Schmidt_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schmidt-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>佢包括決定相信乜嘢，目的係要確定被判斷嘅命題係真係假。<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>各種判斷理論都有人提出過。傳統上佔主導地位嘅方法係組合理論。佢話判斷由概念嘅組合構成。<sup id="cite_ref-Rojszczak_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rojszczak-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>根據呢個觀點，判斷「所有人都會死」就係將「人」同「會死」呢兩個概念組合埋一齊。相同嘅概念可以用唔同方式組合，對應唔同形式嘅判斷，例如「有啲人會死」或者「冇人會死」。<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>其他判斷理論更加注重被判斷嘅命題同現實之間嘅關係。根據<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BC%97%E6%9C%97%E8%8C%A8%C2%B7%E5%B8%83%E5%80%AB%E5%A1%94%E8%AB%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="弗朗茨·布倫塔諾 (無呢版)">弗朗茨·布倫塔諾</a>嘅話，判斷就係相信或者唔相信某樣嘢嘅存在。<sup id="cite_ref-Rojszczak_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rojszczak-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Brandl_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brandl-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>喺呢個意義上，只有兩種基本形式嘅判斷：「A存在」同「A唔存在」。應用到「所有人都會死」呢句說話，相關嘅實體就係「永生嘅人」，而我哋就話佢哋唔存在。<sup id="cite_ref-Rojszczak_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rojszczak-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Brandl_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brandl-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>布倫塔諾認為，區分判斷內容嘅單純表述同對內容嘅肯定或否定好重要。<sup id="cite_ref-Rojszczak_26-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rojszczak-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Brandl_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brandl-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>單純表述一個命題通常被稱為「思考一個命題」。例如，當一個人考慮一個命題但仲未決定佢係真係假嘅時候就係咁。<sup id="cite_ref-Rojszczak_26-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rojszczak-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Brandl_28-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brandl-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>「思維」呢個詞可以同時指判斷同單純思考。呢個分別喺表達思維嘅方式中經常係明確嘅：「認為」通常涉及一個判斷，而「思考關於」就指中性地表述一個命題，但冇伴隨信念。喺呢種情況下，命題只係被思考，但仲未被判斷。<sup id="cite_ref-Mandelbaum2_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mandelbaum2-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>有啲形式嘅思維可能涉及對象嘅表述而冇任何命題，例如當有人諗緊佢嘅嫲嫲嘅時候。<sup id="cite_ref-Crowell_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crowell-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>推理係思維最典型嘅形式之一。佢係從前提或證據中得出結論嘅過程。推理類型可以分為演繹推理同非演繹推理。<a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%94%E7%B9%B9%E6%8E%A8%E7%90%86" title="演繹推理">演繹推理</a>受某啲<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8E%A8%E7%90%86%E8%A6%8F%E5%89%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="推理規則 (無呢版)">推理規則</a>支配，如果前提為真，呢啲規則就保證結論為真。<sup id="cite_ref-BritannicaThought_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BritannicaThought-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Vinacke_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vinacke-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>例如，假設前提係「所有人都會死」同「蘇格拉底係人」，演繹推理就得出「蘇格拉底會死」嘅結論。非演繹推理，又叫<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%AF%E6%8E%A8%E7%BF%BB%E6%8E%A8%E7%90%86&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="可推翻推理 (無呢版)">可推翻推理</a>或<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9D%9E%E5%96%AE%E8%AA%BF%E6%8E%A8%E7%90%86&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="非單調推理 (無呢版)">非單調推理</a>，雖然仲係理性上有說服力，但前提為真唔能保證結論為真。<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%B8%E7%B4%8D%E6%8E%A8%E7%90%86" class="mw-redirect" title="歸納推理">歸納推理</a>係非演繹推理嘅一種形式，例如，根據以前每日嘅經驗得出「太陽聽日會升起」嘅結論。其他形式嘅非演繹推理包括<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9C%80%E4%BD%B3%E8%A7%A3%E9%87%8B%E6%8E%A8%E7%90%86&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="最佳解釋推理 (無呢版)">最佳解釋推理</a>同<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%A1%9E%E6%AF%94%E6%8E%A8%E7%90%86&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="類比推理 (無呢版)">類比推理</a>。<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E8%AC%AC%E8%AA%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="謬誤">謬誤</a>係違反正確推理規範嘅錯誤思維形式。<a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%A2%E5%BC%8F%E8%AC%AC%E8%AA%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="形式謬誤">形式謬誤</a>係指喺演繹推理中發現嘅錯誤推論。<sup id="cite_ref-HansenFallacy_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HansenFallacy-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%90%A6%E5%AE%9A%E5%89%8D%E4%BB%B6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="否定前件 (無呢版)">否定前件</a>係一種形式謬誤，例如「如果奧賽羅係單身漢，咁佢就係男性。奧賽羅唔係單身漢。所以，奧賽羅唔係男性」。<sup id="cite_ref-BritannicaThought_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BritannicaThought-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>另一方面，<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9D%9E%E5%BD%A2%E5%BC%8F%E8%AC%AC%E8%AA%A4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="非形式謬誤 (無呢版)">非形式謬誤</a>適用於所有類型嘅推理。佢哋嘅缺陷來源喺論證嘅<i>內容</i>或者<i>語境</i>中。<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-HansenFallacy_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HansenFallacy-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-John_Benjamins_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-John_Benjamins-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>呢通常由<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80" title="自然語言">自然語言</a>中嘅含糊或者模糊表達引起，例如「羽毛係輕嘅。輕嘅嘢唔可以係暗嘅。所以，羽毛唔可以係暗嘅」。<sup id="cite_ref-philpapers.org_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-philpapers.org-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>謬誤嘅一個重要方面係佢哋乍看之下似乎係理性上有說服力嘅，從而誘使人接受同犯錯。<sup id="cite_ref-HansenFallacy_32-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HansenFallacy-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>一個推理行為係咪構成謬誤，唔取決於前提係真係假，而係取決於佢哋同結論嘅關係，喺某啲情況下仲要睇語境。<sup id="cite_ref-BritannicaThought_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BritannicaThought-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="概念形成"><span id=".E6.A6.82.E5.BF.B5.E5.BD.A2.E6.88.90"></span>概念形成</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%80%9D%E7%B6%AD&action=edit&section=4" title="編輯小節: 概念形成"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E6%A6%82%E5%BF%B5" title="概念">概念</a>係構成思維基本構建塊嘅一般觀念。<sup id="cite_ref-Margolis_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Margolis-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BritannicaThoughtsAndAttitudes_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BritannicaThoughtsAndAttitudes-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>佢哋係支配物體如何分類到唔同類別嘅規則。<sup id="cite_ref-BritannicaConceptFormation_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BritannicaConceptFormation-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kazdin_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kazdin-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>一個人只有擁有相關概念先至可以思考一個命題。<sup id="cite_ref-Fodor_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fodor-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>例如，「<a href="/wiki/%E8%A2%8B%E7%86%8A" title="袋熊">袋熊</a>係動物」呢個命題涉及「袋熊」同「動物」兩個概念。冇「袋熊」呢個概念嘅人可能仲係讀得出呢句說話，但唔能夠思考相應嘅命題。概念形成係一種獲得新概念嘅思維形式。<sup id="cite_ref-Kazdin_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kazdin-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>佢包括熟悉相應類型實體嘅所有實例共有嘅特徵，同埋發展識別正面同負面例子嘅能力。呢個過程通常對應於學習同相關類型相關嘅詞語嘅意思。<sup id="cite_ref-BritannicaConceptFormation_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BritannicaConceptFormation-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kazdin_41-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kazdin-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>有唔同嘅理論講概念同概念擁有應該點樣理解。<sup id="cite_ref-Margolis_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Margolis-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>使用<a href="/wiki/%E9%9A%B1%E5%96%BB" title="隱喻">隱喻</a>可能有助於概念形成嘅過程。<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>根據一種廣受歡迎嘅觀點，概念應該透過<a href="/wiki/%E8%83%BD%E5%8A%9B#概念同概念擁有" class="mw-redirect" title="能力">能力</a>嚟理解。喺呢個觀點下面，擁有概念嘅兩個核心方面係：區分正面同負面例子嘅能力，同埋由呢個概念推斷出相關概念嘅能力。概念形成就係對應到獲得呢啲能力。<sup id="cite_ref-Fodor_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fodor-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Weiskopf_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weiskopf-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Margolis_38-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Margolis-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 有人提出動物都可以喺一定程度上學習概念，因為佢哋有能力區分唔同類型嘅情況，並相應調整佢哋嘅行為。<sup id="cite_ref-BritannicaConceptFormation_40-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BritannicaConceptFormation-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="解決問題"><span id=".E8.A7.A3.E6.B1.BA.E5.95.8F.E9.A1.8C"></span>解決問題</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%80%9D%E7%B6%AD&action=edit&section=5" title="編輯小節: 解決問題"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>喺<a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%A3%E6%B1%BA%E5%95%8F%E9%A1%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="解決問題">解決問題</a>嘅情況下，思考嘅目標係透過克服某啲障礙嚟達到預定嘅目標。<sup id="cite_ref-Mole_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mole-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BritannicaThought_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BritannicaThought-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kazdin_41-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kazdin-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 呢個過程通常涉及兩種唔同嘅思考方式。一方面，「發散思維」嘅目標係諗出盡可能多嘅替代解決方案。另一方面，「聚合思維」嘅目標係將各種可能性縮窄到最有前景嘅候選方案。<sup id="cite_ref-BritannicaThought_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BritannicaThought-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 有啲研究人員識別出解決問題過程中嘅各個步驟。呢啲步驟包括認識到問題、嘗試理解問題嘅本質、識別解決方案應該滿足嘅一般準則、決定呢啲準則應該點樣排優先次序、監察進度，同埋評估結果。<sup id="cite_ref-BritannicaThought_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BritannicaThought-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>一個重要嘅區別係關於所面對嘅問題類型。對於「結構良好嘅問題」，好容易確定需要採取邊啲步驟嚟解決佢哋，但執行呢啲步驟可能仲係困難嘅。<sup id="cite_ref-BritannicaThought_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BritannicaThought-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Reed_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reed-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 另一方面，對於結構不良嘅問題，就唔清楚需要採取邊啲步驟，即係冇明確嘅公式可以保證如果正確執行就一定成功。喺呢種情況下，解決方案有時可能會喺一瞬間嘅頓悟中出現，突然以新嘅角度睇問題。<sup id="cite_ref-BritannicaThought_1-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BritannicaThought-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Reed_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reed-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 另一種分類唔同形式嘅解決問題方法係透過區分<a href="/wiki/%E7%AE%97%E6%B3%95" class="mw-redirect" title="算法">算法</a>同<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%95%9F%E7%99%BC%E5%BC%8F%E6%96%B9%E6%B3%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="啟發式方法 (無呢版)">啟發式方法</a>。<sup id="cite_ref-Kazdin_41-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kazdin-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 算法係一個正式嘅程序，每一步都有明確嘅定義。如果正確應用，佢可以保證成功。<sup id="cite_ref-BritannicaThought_1-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BritannicaThought-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kazdin_41-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kazdin-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 喺學校教嘅<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B9%98%E6%B3%95%E7%AE%97%E6%B3%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="乘法算法 (無呢版)">長乘法</a>就係一個用嚟解決大數相乘問題嘅算法例子。另一方面，啟發式方法係非正式嘅程序。佢哋係粗略嘅經驗法則，傾向於令思考者更接近解決方案，但即使正確執行，都唔能保證每次都成功。<sup id="cite_ref-BritannicaThought_1-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BritannicaThought-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kazdin_41-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kazdin-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 啟發式方法嘅例子包括正向工作同反向工作。呢啲方法涉及一次計劃一個步驟，可以係由開始向前推進，或者由結束向後推進。例如喺計劃旅程嘅時候，可以按照旅程實現嘅時間順序嚟計劃由起點到目的地嘅唔同階段，或者用相反嘅順序。<sup id="cite_ref-BritannicaThought_1-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BritannicaThought-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>解決問題嘅障礙可能源於思考者因為固執於某個特定行動方案，而冇考慮到某啲可能性。<sup id="cite_ref-BritannicaThought_1-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BritannicaThought-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 新手同專家解決問題嘅方式有重要嘅分別。例如，專家傾向於分配更多時間嚟概念化問題，並使用更複雜嘅表示方法，而新手傾向於投入更多時間嚟執行假設嘅解決方案。<sup id="cite_ref-BritannicaThought_1-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BritannicaThought-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="深思同決策"><span id=".E6.B7.B1.E6.80.9D.E5.90.8C.E6.B1.BA.E7.AD.96"></span>深思同決策</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%80%9D%E7%B6%AD&action=edit&section=6" title="編輯小節: 深思同決策"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B7%B1%E6%80%9D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="深思 (無呢版)">深思</a>係一種重要嘅實踐思考形式。佢嘅目標係制定可能嘅行動方案，並透過考慮支持同反對嘅理由嚟評估佢哋嘅價值。<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 呢個過程涉及預見可能發生嘅事情。根據呢個預見，可以制定唔同嘅行動方案嚟影響將會發生嘅事。決策係深思嘅一個重要部分。佢哋涉及比較替代嘅行動方案同選擇最有利嘅一個。<sup id="cite_ref-Vinacke_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vinacke-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BorchertThinking_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BorchertThinking-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%BA%E7%AD%96%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96" class="mw-redirect" title="決策理論">決策理論</a>係一個關於理想嘅理性代理人應該點樣做決策嘅正式模型。<sup id="cite_ref-Kazdin_41-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kazdin-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Steele_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Steele-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Buchak_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Buchak-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 佢建基於呢個想法：佢哋應該永遠選擇期望值最高嘅替代方案。每個替代方案可以導致唔同嘅可能結果，每個結果都有唔同嘅價值。一個替代方案嘅期望值係由與佢相關嘅每個結果嘅價值乘以呢個結果發生嘅機會率，然後將呢啲乘積相加得出嚟嘅。<sup id="cite_ref-Steele_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Steele-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Buchak_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Buchak-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 根據決策理論，如果代理人從自己嘅角度評估，選擇了與最高期望值相關嘅替代方案，呢個決策就係理性嘅。<sup id="cite_ref-Steele_50-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Steele-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Buchak_51-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Buchak-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>好多理論家強調思考嘅實用性質，即係思考通常由佢想解決嘅某種任務指引。喺呢個意義上，思考被比作動物喺面對新問題時嘅試錯行為。喺呢個觀點下，重要嘅分別係呢個過程喺內心發生，係一種模擬嘅形式。<sup id="cite_ref-BritannicaThought_1-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BritannicaThought-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 呢個過程通常更加有效率，因為一旦喺思考中搵到解決方案，就淨係需要喺外部執行對應於搵到嘅解決方案嘅行為，而唔需要執行所有其他嘅行為。<sup id="cite_ref-BritannicaThought_1-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BritannicaThought-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="情景記憶同想像"><span id=".E6.83.85.E6.99.AF.E8.A8.98.E6.86.B6.E5.90.8C.E6.83.B3.E5.83.8F"></span>情景記憶同想像</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%80%9D%E7%B6%AD&action=edit&section=7" title="編輯小節: 情景記憶同想像"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>當思考以廣義嚟理解嘅時候，佢包括<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%83%85%E6%99%AF%E8%A8%98%E6%86%B6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="情景記憶 (無呢版)">情景記憶</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E6%83%B3%E5%83%8F" title="想像">想像</a>。<sup id="cite_ref-DictThink_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DictThink-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 喺情景記憶中，人會重新經歷過去經歷過嘅事件。<sup id="cite_ref-Perrin_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Perrin-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gardiner_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gardiner-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Michaelian3_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Michaelian3-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 佢係一種心理時間旅行，喺呢個過程中過去嘅經歷被重新體驗。<sup id="cite_ref-Michaelian3_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Michaelian3-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 但呢唔係原始經歷嘅精確複製，因為情景記憶涉及原始經歷中冇出現嘅額外方面同信息。呢包括對過去事件嘅熟悉感同埋喺現在相對於過去事件嘅時間信息。<sup id="cite_ref-Perrin_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Perrin-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Michaelian3_54-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Michaelian3-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 記憶嘅目標係表現事物喺過去實際上係點樣嘅，相反，想像係呈現對象而唔係旨在展示事物實際上係或者曾經係點樣嘅。<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 因為冇呢種同實際情況嘅聯繫，大多數形式嘅想像涉及更多嘅自由：佢嘅內容可以自由變化、改變同重新組合，從而創造出從未經歷過嘅新安排。<sup id="cite_ref-Manser_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Manser-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 情景記憶同想像同其他形式嘅思考有共同點，就係佢哋可以喺冇任何感官器官刺激嘅情況下內部產生。<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Manser_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Manser-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 但佢哋仲係比更抽象嘅思考形式更接近感覺，因為佢哋呈現嘅感官內容至少原則上都可以被感知到。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="無意識思考"><span id=".E7.84.A1.E6.84.8F.E8.AD.98.E6.80.9D.E8.80.83"></span>無意識思考</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%80%9D%E7%B6%AD&action=edit&section=8" title="編輯小節: 無意識思考"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E6%84%8F%E8%AD%98" title="意識">意識</a>思考係思考嘅典型形式，而且通常係相關研究嘅焦點。但有人認為，某啲形式嘅思考都會喺<a href="/wiki/%E7%84%A1%E6%84%8F%E8%AD%98" class="mw-redirect" title="無意識">無意識</a>層面發生。<sup id="cite_ref-Garrison_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garrison-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dijksterhuis_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dijksterhuis-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Breyer_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Breyer-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Nida-rümelin_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nida-rümelin-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 無意識思考係喺背景中發生而冇被經歷到嘅思考。因此，佢唔係直接被觀察到嘅。相反，佢嘅存在通常係透過其他方式推斷出嚟嘅。<sup id="cite_ref-Dijksterhuis_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dijksterhuis-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 舉個例，當一個人面對一個重要嘅決定或者一個困難嘅問題嘅時候，佢可能冇辦法即刻解決佢。但之後，喺某個時刻，解決方案可能會突然閃現喺佢面前，即使喺呢段時間內冇採取任何有意識嘅思考步驟去尋求呢個解決方案。<sup id="cite_ref-Dijksterhuis_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dijksterhuis-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Garrison_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garrison-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 喺呢啲情況下，達到解決方案所需嘅認知勞動通常會以無意識思考嚟解釋。中心思想係發生咗一個認知轉變，而我哋需要假設有無意識思考嚟解釋呢個轉變係點樣發生嘅。<sup id="cite_ref-Dijksterhuis_10-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dijksterhuis-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Garrison_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garrison-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>有人認為有意識同無意識嘅思考唔單止喺佢哋同經驗嘅關係上有分別，喺佢哋嘅能力上都有分別。例如，根據<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%84%A1%E6%84%8F%E8%AD%98%E6%80%9D%E8%80%83%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="無意識思考理論 (無呢版)">無意識思考理論</a>嘅支持者，有意識思考喺處理簡單、變量少嘅問題時表現出色，但喺處理複雜、變量多嘅問題時，無意識思考嘅表現反而更好。<sup id="cite_ref-Dijksterhuis_10-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dijksterhuis-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Garrison_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garrison-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 呢個有時會透過呢個說法嚟解釋：一個人可以同時有意識思考嘅項目數量相當有限，而無意識思考就冇呢啲限制。<sup id="cite_ref-Dijksterhuis_10-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dijksterhuis-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 但其他研究人員否認無意識思考通常優於有意識思考嘅說法。<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 其他關於呢兩種思考方式嘅分別嘅建議包括：有意識思考傾向於遵循形式邏輯法則，而無意識思考更多依賴聯想處理；而且只有有意識思考係概念上清晰表達同通過語言嘅媒介進行嘅。<sup id="cite_ref-Dijksterhuis_10-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dijksterhuis-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="參考"><span id=".E5.8F.83.E8.80.83"></span>參考</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%80%9D%E7%B6%AD&action=edit&section=9" title="編輯小節: 參考"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Gleitan H.,psycholgy,ch.9 norton & company, 1981.</li> <li>Zimbardo p.,psycholgy and life,chapter10,illinois:scott,forse-man and company, 1985年。</li> <li>克雷奇等著，周先庚等譯：《心理學綱要》，文化教育出版社，1981年。</li> <li>杰拉爾德温伯格著，張佐等譯：《系統化思維導論》，清華大學出版社，2003年。</li> <li>黃學誠著：《思考力密碼》，方向出版社，2009年。</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="疏仕"><span id=".E7.96.8F.E4.BB.95"></span>疏仕</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%80%9D%E7%B6%AD&action=edit&section=10" title="編輯小節: 疏仕"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r2020813">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-BritannicaThought-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-BritannicaThought_1-0">1.00</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-BritannicaThought_1-1">1.01</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-BritannicaThought_1-2">1.02</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-BritannicaThought_1-3">1.03</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-BritannicaThought_1-4">1.04</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-BritannicaThought_1-5">1.05</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-BritannicaThought_1-6">1.06</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-BritannicaThought_1-7">1.07</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-BritannicaThought_1-8">1.08</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-BritannicaThought_1-9">1.09</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-BritannicaThought_1-10">1.10</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-BritannicaThought_1-11">1.11</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-BritannicaThought_1-12">1.12</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-BritannicaThought_1-13">1.13</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-BritannicaThought_1-14">1.14</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-BritannicaThought_1-15">1.15</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-BritannicaThought_1-16">1.16</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r2190673">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free 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.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#3a3;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .references-small,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .pin1ming4,.mw-parser-output .syu1ming4{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .pin1ming4>.zit3,.mw-parser-output .syu1ming4>.zit3,.mw-parser-output .zyun1ming4>.zit3,.mw-parser-output .zoek6zung6>.zit3{display:inline-block}.mw-parser-output .pin1ming4 .zit3>.zit3,.mw-parser-output .syu1ming4 .zit3>.zit3,.mw-parser-output .zyun1ming4 .zit3>.zit3,.mw-parser-output .zoek6zung6 .zit3>.zit3{display:inline-flex}.mw-parser-output .pin1ming4 .hoi1,.mw-parser-output .pin1ming4 .fan1gaak3,.mw-parser-output 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.hai2zeoi3mei1ge3.zit3 .hai2zeoi3mei1ge3.zi6:after,.mw-parser-output .syu1ming4 .hai2zeoi3mei1ge3.zit3 .hai2zeoi3mei1ge3.zi6:after{clip-path:inset(0 0.14em 0 0)}.mw-parser-output a[href$=".pdf"].external>span[aria-label]>.pin1ming4>.saan1,.mw-parser-output a[href$=".pdf?"].external>span[aria-label]>.pin1ming4>.saan1,.mw-parser-output a[href$=".pdf#"].external>span[aria-label]>.pin1ming4>.saan1,.mw-parser-output a[href$=".PDF"].external>span[aria-label]>.pin1ming4>.saan1,.mw-parser-output a[href$=".PDF?"].external>span[aria-label]>.pin1ming4>.saan1,.mw-parser-output a[href$=".PDF#"].external>span[aria-label]>.pin1ming4>.saan1,.mw-parser-output a[href$=".pdf"].external>span[aria-label]>.syu1ming4>.saan1,.mw-parser-output a[href$=".pdf?"].external>span[aria-label]>.syu1ming4>.saan1,.mw-parser-output a[href$=".pdf#"].external>span[aria-label]>.syu1ming4>.saan1,.mw-parser-output a[href$=".PDF"].external>span[aria-label]>.syu1ming4>.saan1,.mw-parser-output a[href$=".PDF?"].external>span[aria-label]>.syu1ming4>.saan1,.mw-parser-output a[href$=".PDF#"].external>span[aria-label]>.syu1ming4>.saan1{width:unset;font-size:unset}.mw-parser-output .zyun1ming4 .hai2tau4ge3.zit3 .hai2tau4ge3.zi6:after{overflow:hidden}.mw-parser-output .zyun1ming4 .hai2tau4ge3.hai2zeoi3mei1ge3.zit3{clip-path:inset(0 0 0 0)}.mw-parser-output .zyun1ming4 .hai2tau4ge3.hai2zeoi3mei1ge3.zit3 .hai2tau4ge3.hai2zeoi3mei1ge3.zi6:after{clip-path:inset(0.14em 0 0 0)}.mw-parser-output .zyun1ming4 .hai2zeoi3mei1ge3.zit3 .hai2zeoi3mei1ge3.zi6:after{transform:rotate(90deg)translate(-0.25em,0.5em)}.mw-parser-output .fan1gaak3+.zi6:after{clip-path:inset(0 0 0 0.1em)}.mw-parser-output .pin1ming4 .zi6:after,.mw-parser-output .syu1ming4 .zi6:after,.mw-parser-output .zyun1ming4 .zi6:after,.mw-parser-output .zoek6zung6 .zi6:after{position:absolute;align-self:baseline;margin-left:-1em}.mw-parser-output .pin1ming4 .zi6:after,.mw-parser-output .syu1ming4 .zi6:after{padding-top:1em;content:"﹋"}.mw-parser-output .zyun1ming4 .zi6:after{content:"︳";transform-origin:bottom left;transform:rotate(90deg)translate(-0.25em,0.35em)}.mw-parser-output .zoek6zung6 .zi6:after{padding-top:0.6em;content:"·";width:1em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .koen1zo2,.mw-parser-output .pin1ming4-b .hoi1-adj,.mw-parser-output .syu1ming4-b .hoi1-adj{margin-left:-0.4em}.mw-parser-output .koen1jau6,.mw-parser-output .pin1ming4-b .saan1-adj,.mw-parser-output .syu1ming4-b .saan1-adj{margin-right:-0.4em}.mw-parser-output .zyun1ming4-b{white-space:nowrap;border-bottom:0.05em solid currentColor}.mw-parser-output .zyun1ming4-b+link+.zyun1ming4-b,.mw-parser-output .zyun1ming4-b+.zyun1ming4-b{margin-left:0.083em}.mw-parser-output .references-small>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .references-small>ul>li{margin-left:3em;text-indent:-3em;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/thought">"Thought"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i> (英文)<span class="reference-accessdate">. 喺<span class="nowrap">14 October</span> 2021搵到</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Thought&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2Fthought&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%80%9D%E7%B6%AD" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary，第二版，2001年，Random House, Inc. 出版，<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%9B%B8%E6%9C%AC%E4%BE%86%E6%BA%90/978-0-375-42599-8" title="Special:書本來源/978-0-375-42599-8">978-0-375-42599-8</a>，第1975頁</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Webster's II New College Dictionary，Webster Staff，Webster，Houghton Mifflin Company，第二版，插圖版，修訂版，Houghton Mifflin Harcourt 出版，1999年，<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%9B%B8%E6%9C%AC%E4%BE%86%E6%BA%90/978-0-395-96214-5" title="Special:書本來源/978-0-395-96214-5">978-0-395-96214-5</a>，第1147頁</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Breyer-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Breyer_4-0">4.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Breyer_4-1">4.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673"><cite id="CITEREFBreyerGutland2015" class="citation book cs1">Breyer, Thiemo; Gutland, Christopher (2015). "Introduction". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://philpapers.org/rec/BREI-15"><i>Phenomenology of Thinking: Philosophical Investigations into the Character of Cognitive Experiences</i></a>. pp. 1–24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.btitle=Phenomenology+of+Thinking%3A+Philosophical+Investigations+into+the+Character+of+Cognitive+Experiences&rft.pages=1-24&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Breyer&rft.aufirst=Thiemo&rft.au=Gutland%2C+Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fphilpapers.org%2Frec%2FBREI-15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%80%9D%E7%B6%AD" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nida-rümelin-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Nida-rümelin_5-0">5.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Nida-rümelin_5-1">5.1</a></sup></span> <span class="error mw-ext-cite-error" lang="yue" dir="ltr">引用錯誤無效嘅<code><ref></code>標籤；無文字提供畀叫做<code>Nida-rümelin</code>嘅參照</span></li> <li id="cite_note-Crowell-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Crowell_6-0">6.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Crowell_6-1">6.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Crowell_6-2">6.2</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Crowell_6-3">6.3</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673"><cite id="CITEREFCrowell2015" class="citation book cs1">Crowell, Steven (2015). "What Is It to Think?". 出自 Breyer, Thiemo; Gutland, Christopher (編). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781315697734-14/think-steven-crowell"><i>Phenomenology of Thinking</i></a>. Routledge. pp. 189–212. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9781315697734">10.4324/9781315697734</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%9B%B8%E6%9C%AC%E4%BE%86%E6%BA%90/978-1-315-69773-4" title="Special:書本來源/978-1-315-69773-4"><bdi>978-1-315-69773-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=What+Is+It+to+Think%3F&rft.btitle=Phenomenology+of+Thinking&rft.pages=189-212&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4324%2F9781315697734&rft.isbn=978-1-315-69773-4&rft.aulast=Crowell&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.taylorfrancis.com%2Fchapters%2Fedit%2F10.4324%2F9781315697734-14%2Fthink-steven-crowell&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%80%9D%E7%B6%AD" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mole-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Mole_7-0">7.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Mole_7-1">7.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673"><cite id="CITEREFMole2021" class="citation web cs1">Mole, Christopher (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/attention/#CohThe">"Attention: 2.3 Coherence Theories"</a>. <i>The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i>. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University<span class="reference-accessdate">. 喺<span class="nowrap">21 October</span> 2021搵到</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.atitle=Attention%3A+2.3+Coherence+Theories&rft.date=2021&rft.aulast=Mole&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Fattention%2F%23CohThe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%80%9D%E7%B6%AD" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Katsafanas-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Katsafanas_8-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673"><cite id="CITEREFKatsafanas2015" class="citation journal cs1">Katsafanas, Paul (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://philpapers.org/rec/KATNOT">"Nietzsche on the Nature of the Unconscious"</a>. <i>Inquiry: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Philosophy</i>. <b>58</b> (3): 327–352. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F0020174X.2013.855658">10.1080/0020174X.2013.855658</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=S2CID_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="S2CID (identifier) (無呢版)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:38776513">38776513</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Inquiry%3A+An+Interdisciplinary+Journal+of+Philosophy&rft.atitle=Nietzsche+on+the+Nature+of+the+Unconscious&rft.volume=58&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=327-352&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F0020174X.2013.855658&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A38776513%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Katsafanas&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fphilpapers.org%2Frec%2FKATNOT&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%80%9D%E7%B6%AD" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Garrison-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Garrison_9-0">9.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Garrison_9-1">9.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Garrison_9-2">9.2</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Garrison_9-3">9.3</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Garrison_9-4">9.4</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673"><cite id="CITEREFGarrisonHandley2017" class="citation journal cs1">Garrison, Katie E.; Handley, Ian M. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5498519">"Not Merely Experiential: Unconscious Thought Can Be Rational"</a>. <i>Frontiers in Psychology</i>. <b>8</b>: 1096. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffpsyg.2017.01096">10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01096</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1664-1078">1664-1078</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PMC_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PMC (identifier) (無呢版)">PMC</a> <span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5498519">5498519</a></span>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PMID_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PMID (identifier) (無呢版)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28729844">28729844</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Frontiers+in+Psychology&rft.atitle=Not+Merely+Experiential%3A+Unconscious+Thought+Can+Be+Rational&rft.volume=8&rft.pages=1096&rft.date=2017&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5498519%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1664-1078&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28729844&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3389%2Ffpsyg.2017.01096&rft.aulast=Garrison&rft.aufirst=Katie+E.&rft.au=Handley%2C+Ian+M.&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5498519&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%80%9D%E7%B6%AD" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dijksterhuis-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Dijksterhuis_10-0">10.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Dijksterhuis_10-1">10.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Dijksterhuis_10-2">10.2</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Dijksterhuis_10-3">10.3</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Dijksterhuis_10-4">10.4</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Dijksterhuis_10-5">10.5</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Dijksterhuis_10-6">10.6</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Dijksterhuis_10-7">10.7</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673"><cite id="CITEREFDijksterhuisNordgren2006" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Dijksterhuis, Ap; Nordgren, Loran F. (1 June 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1111/j.1745-6916.2006.00007.x">"A Theory of Unconscious Thought"</a>. <i>Perspectives on Psychological Science</i> (英文). <b>1</b> (2): 95–109. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1745-6916.2006.00007.x">10.1111/j.1745-6916.2006.00007.x</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hdl_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hdl (identifier) (無呢版)">hdl</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//hdl.handle.net/2066%2F55863">2066/55863</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1745-6916">1745-6916</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PMID_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PMID (identifier) (無呢版)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26151465">26151465</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=S2CID_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="S2CID (identifier) (無呢版)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:7875280">7875280</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Perspectives+on+Psychological+Science&rft.atitle=A+Theory+of+Unconscious+Thought&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=95-109&rft.date=2006-06-01&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2066%2F55863&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A7875280%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1745-6916.2006.00007.x&rft.issn=1745-6916&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26151465&rft.aulast=Dijksterhuis&rft.aufirst=Ap&rft.au=Nordgren%2C+Loran+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.sagepub.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1745-6916.2006.00007.x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%80%9D%E7%B6%AD" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673"><cite id="CITEREFSkirry" class="citation web cs1">Skirry, Justin. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iep.utm.edu/descmind/">"Descartes, Rene: Mind-Body Distinction"</a>. <i>Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 喺<span class="nowrap">17 October</span> 2021搵到</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Internet+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.atitle=Descartes%2C+Rene%3A+Mind-Body+Distinction&rft.aulast=Skirry&rft.aufirst=Justin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fiep.utm.edu%2Fdescmind%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%80%9D%E7%B6%AD" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2021" class="citation web cs1">Smith, Kurt (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/descartes-ideas/#thoughts">"Descartes' Theory of Ideas: 1. Ideas Understood as Modes of Thinking"</a>. <i>The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i>. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University<span class="reference-accessdate">. 喺<span class="nowrap">21 October</span> 2021搵到</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.atitle=Descartes%27+Theory+of+Ideas%3A+1.+Ideas+Understood+as+Modes+of+Thinking&rft.date=2021&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Kurt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Fdescartes-ideas%2F%23thoughts&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%80%9D%E7%B6%AD" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Baum-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Baum_13-0">↑</a></span> <span class="error mw-ext-cite-error" lang="yue" dir="ltr">引用錯誤無效嘅<code><ref></code>標籤；無文字提供畀叫做<code>Baum</code>嘅參照</span></li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673"><cite id="CITEREFBlock1981" class="citation journal cs1">Block, Ned (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://philpapers.org/rec/BLOPAB">"Psychologism and Behaviorism"</a>. <i>Philosophical Review</i>. <b>90</b> (1): 5–43. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2184371">10.2307/2184371</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=JSTOR_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="JSTOR (identifier) (無呢版)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.jstor.org/stable/2184371">2184371</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophical+Review&rft.atitle=Psychologism+and+Behaviorism&rft.volume=90&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=5-43&rft.date=1981&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2184371&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2184371%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Block&rft.aufirst=Ned&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fphilpapers.org%2Frec%2FBLOPAB&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%80%9D%E7%B6%AD" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673"><cite id="CITEREFRomer2000" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Romer, Paul M. (May 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aeaweb.org/articles?id=10.1257/aer.90.2.439">"Thinking and Feeling"</a>. <i>American Economic Review</i> (英文). <b>90</b> (2): 439–443. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1257%2Faer.90.2.439">10.1257/aer.90.2.439</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0002-8282">0002-8282</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Economic+Review&rft.atitle=Thinking+and+Feeling&rft.volume=90&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=439-443&rft.date=2000-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1257%2Faer.90.2.439&rft.issn=0002-8282&rft.aulast=Romer&rft.aufirst=Paul+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aeaweb.org%2Farticles%3Fid%3D10.1257%2Faer.90.2.439&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%80%9D%E7%B6%AD" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673"><cite id="CITEREFPlanalpFitness1999" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Planalp, Sally; Fitness, Julie (1 December 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0265407599166004">"Thinking/Feeling about Social and Personal Relationships"</a>. <i>Journal of Social and Personal Relationships</i> (英文). <b>16</b> (6): 731–750. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0265407599166004">10.1177/0265407599166004</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0265-4075">0265-4075</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=S2CID_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="S2CID (identifier) (無呢版)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145750153">145750153</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Social+and+Personal+Relationships&rft.atitle=Thinking%2FFeeling+about+Social+and+Personal+Relationships&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=731-750&rft.date=1999-12-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145750153%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0265-4075&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0265407599166004&rft.aulast=Planalp&rft.aufirst=Sally&rft.au=Fitness%2C+Julie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.sagepub.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1177%2F0265407599166004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%80%9D%E7%B6%AD" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-17">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673"><cite id="CITEREFPhelanAricoNichols2013" class="citation journal cs1">Phelan, Mark; Arico, Adam; Nichols, Shaun (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://philpapers.org/rec/PHETTA">"Thinking Things and Feeling Things: On an Alleged Discontinuity in Folk Metaphysics of Mind"</a>. <i>Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences</i>. <b>12</b> (4): 703–725. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11097-012-9278-7">10.1007/s11097-012-9278-7</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=S2CID_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="S2CID (identifier) (無呢版)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:15856600">15856600</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Phenomenology+and+the+Cognitive+Sciences&rft.atitle=Thinking+Things+and+Feeling+Things%3A+On+an+Alleged+Discontinuity+in+Folk+Metaphysics+of+Mind&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=703-725&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs11097-012-9278-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A15856600%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Phelan&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft.au=Arico%2C+Adam&rft.au=Nichols%2C+Shaun&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fphilpapers.org%2Frec%2FPHETTA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%80%9D%E7%B6%AD" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-18">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=thought">"The American Heritage Dictionary entry: thought"</a>. <i>www.ahdictionary.com</i>. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing<span class="reference-accessdate">. 喺<span class="nowrap">23 October</span> 2021搵到</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ahdictionary.com&rft.atitle=The+American+Heritage+Dictionary+entry%3A+thought&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ahdictionary.com%2Fword%2Fsearch.html%3Fq%3Dthought&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%80%9D%E7%B6%AD" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mandelbaum2-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Mandelbaum2_19-0">19.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Mandelbaum2_19-1">19.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673"><cite id="CITEREFMandelbaum2014" class="citation journal cs1">Mandelbaum, Eric (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://philpapers.org/rec/MANTIB-2">"Thinking is Believing"</a>. <i>Inquiry: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Philosophy</i>. <b>57</b> (1): 55–96. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F0020174X.2014.858417">10.1080/0020174X.2014.858417</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=S2CID_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="S2CID (identifier) (無呢版)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:52968342">52968342</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Inquiry%3A+An+Interdisciplinary+Journal+of+Philosophy&rft.atitle=Thinking+is+Believing&rft.volume=57&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=55-96&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F0020174X.2014.858417&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A52968342%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Mandelbaum&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fphilpapers.org%2Frec%2FMANTIB-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%80%9D%E7%B6%AD" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DictThink-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-DictThink_20-0">20.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-DictThink_20-1">20.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=think">"The American Heritage Dictionary entry: think"</a>. <i>www.ahdictionary.com</i>. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing<span class="reference-accessdate">. 喺<span class="nowrap">23 October</span> 2021搵到</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ahdictionary.com&rft.atitle=The+American+Heritage+Dictionary+entry%3A+think&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ahdictionary.com%2Fword%2Fsearch.html%3Fq%3Dthink&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%80%9D%E7%B6%AD" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-21">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673"><cite id="CITEREFHarper" class="citation web cs1">Harper, Douglas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=Thought">"Etymology of Thought"</a>. <i>Online Etymology Dictionary</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 喺<span class="nowrap">2009-05-22</span>搵到</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Etymology+of+Thought&rft.aulast=Harper&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Findex.php%3Fsearch%3DThought&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%80%9D%E7%B6%AD" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BorchertThinking-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-BorchertThinking_22-0">22.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-BorchertThinking_22-1">22.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673"><cite id="CITEREFBorchert2006" class="citation book cs1">Borchert, Donald (2006). "Thinking". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://philpapers.org/rec/BORMEO"><i>Macmillan Encyclopedia of Philosophy, 2nd Edition</i></a>. Macmillan.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Thinking&rft.btitle=Macmillan+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy%2C+2nd+Edition&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Borchert&rft.aufirst=Donald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fphilpapers.org%2Frec%2FBORMEO&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%80%9D%E7%B6%AD" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schmidt-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Schmidt_23-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673"><cite id="CITEREFSchmidt" class="citation book cs1">Schmidt, R. W. "Judgment". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.encyclopedia.com/social-sciences-and-law/law/law/judgment"><i>New Catholic Encyclopedia</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Judgment&rft.btitle=New+Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.aulast=Schmidt&rft.aufirst=R.+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.encyclopedia.com%2Fsocial-sciences-and-law%2Flaw%2Flaw%2Fjudgment&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%80%9D%E7%B6%AD" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-24">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673"><cite id="CITEREFSgarbi2006" class="citation journal cs1">Sgarbi, Marco (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://philpapers.org/rec/SGATOJ">"Theories of Judgment. Historical and Theoretical Perspectives"</a>. <i>Quaestio</i>. <b>6</b> (1): 589–592. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1484%2FJ.QUAESTIO.2.302491">10.1484/J.QUAESTIO.2.302491</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Quaestio&rft.atitle=Theories+of+Judgment.+Historical+and+Theoretical+Perspectives&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=589-592&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1484%2FJ.QUAESTIO.2.302491&rft.aulast=Sgarbi&rft.aufirst=Marco&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fphilpapers.org%2Frec%2FSGATOJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%80%9D%E7%B6%AD" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-25">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673"><cite id="CITEREFRobins1898" class="citation journal cs1">Robins, E. P. (1898). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://philpapers.org/rec/ROBMTO">"Modern Theories of Judgment"</a>. <i>Philosophical Review</i>. <b>7</b> (6): 583–603. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2176171">10.2307/2176171</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=JSTOR_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="JSTOR (identifier) (無呢版)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.jstor.org/stable/2176171">2176171</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophical+Review&rft.atitle=Modern+Theories+of+Judgment&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=583-603&rft.date=1898&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2176171&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2176171%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Robins&rft.aufirst=E.+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fphilpapers.org%2Frec%2FROBMTO&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%80%9D%E7%B6%AD" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rojszczak-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Rojszczak_26-0">26.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Rojszczak_26-1">26.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Rojszczak_26-2">26.2</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Rojszczak_26-3">26.3</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Rojszczak_26-4">26.4</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673"><cite id="CITEREFRojszczakSmith2003" class="citation journal cs1">Rojszczak, Artur; Smith, Barry (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://philpapers.org/rec/ROJTOJ">"Theories of Judgment"</a>. <i>The Cambridge History of Philosophy 1870-1945</i>. Cambridge University Press: 157–173. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FCHOL9780521591041.013">10.1017/CHOL9780521591041.013</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%9B%B8%E6%9C%AC%E4%BE%86%E6%BA%90/978-0521591041" title="Special:書本來源/978-0521591041"><bdi>978-0521591041</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Philosophy+1870-1945&rft.atitle=Theories+of+Judgment&rft.pages=157-173&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FCHOL9780521591041.013&rft.isbn=978-0521591041&rft.aulast=Rojszczak&rft.aufirst=Artur&rft.au=Smith%2C+Barry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fphilpapers.org%2Frec%2FROJTOJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%80%9D%E7%B6%AD" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-27">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673"><cite id="CITEREFHanna2018" class="citation web cs1">Hanna, Robert (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/kant-judgment/">"Kant's Theory of Judgment"</a>. <i>The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i>. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University<span class="reference-accessdate">. 喺<span class="nowrap">24 October</span> 2021搵到</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.atitle=Kant%27s+Theory+of+Judgment&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Hanna&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Fkant-judgment%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%80%9D%E7%B6%AD" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brandl-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Brandl_28-0">28.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Brandl_28-1">28.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Brandl_28-2">28.2</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Brandl_28-3">28.3</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673"><cite id="CITEREFBrandlTextor2020" class="citation web cs1">Brandl, Johannes L.; Textor, Mark (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/brentano-judgement/">"Brentano's Theory of Judgement"</a>. <i>The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i>. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University<span class="reference-accessdate">. 喺<span class="nowrap">24 October</span> 2021搵到</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.atitle=Brentano%27s+Theory+of+Judgement&rft.date=2020&rft.aulast=Brandl&rft.aufirst=Johannes+L.&rft.au=Textor%2C+Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Fbrentano-judgement%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%80%9D%E7%B6%AD" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vinacke-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Vinacke_29-0">29.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Vinacke_29-1">29.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673"><cite id="CITEREFVinacke" class="citation book cs1">Vinacke, W. Edgar. "Thought". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.encyclopedia.com/social-sciences-and-law/sociology-and-social-reform/sociology-general-terms-and-concepts/thinking"><i>International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Thought&rft.btitle=International+Encyclopedia+of+the+Social+Sciences&rft.aulast=Vinacke&rft.aufirst=W.+Edgar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.encyclopedia.com%2Fsocial-sciences-and-law%2Fsociology-and-social-reform%2Fsociology-general-terms-and-concepts%2Fthinking&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%80%9D%E7%B6%AD" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-30">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673"><cite id="CITEREFPollock1987" class="citation journal cs1">Pollock, John L. (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1207%2Fs15516709cog1104_4">"Defeasible Reasoning"</a>. <i>Cognitive Science</i>. <b>11</b> (4): 481–518. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1207%2Fs15516709cog1104_4">10.1207/s15516709cog1104_4</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cognitive+Science&rft.atitle=Defeasible+Reasoning&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=481-518&rft.date=1987&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1207%2Fs15516709cog1104_4&rft.aulast=Pollock&rft.aufirst=John+L.&rft_id=%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1207%252Fs15516709cog1104_4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%80%9D%E7%B6%AD" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-31">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673"><cite id="CITEREFKoons2021" class="citation web cs1">Koons, Robert (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/reasoning-defeasible/">"Defeasible Reasoning"</a>. <i>The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i>. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University<span class="reference-accessdate">. 喺<span class="nowrap">16 October</span> 2021搵到</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.atitle=Defeasible+Reasoning&rft.date=2021&rft.aulast=Koons&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Freasoning-defeasible%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%80%9D%E7%B6%AD" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HansenFallacy-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-HansenFallacy_32-0">32.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-HansenFallacy_32-1">32.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-HansenFallacy_32-2">32.2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673"><cite id="CITEREFHansen2020" class="citation web cs1">Hansen, Hans (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/fallacies/">"Fallacies"</a>. <i>The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i>. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University<span class="reference-accessdate">. 喺<span class="nowrap">18 March</span> 2021搵到</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.atitle=Fallacies&rft.date=2020&rft.aulast=Hansen&rft.aufirst=Hans&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Ffallacies%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%80%9D%E7%B6%AD" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-33">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673"><cite id="CITEREFVleet2010" class="citation book cs1">Vleet, Van Jacob E. (2010). "Introduction". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://philpapers.org/rec/VLEILF"><i>Informal Logical Fallacies: A Brief Guide</i></a>. Upa.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.btitle=Informal+Logical+Fallacies%3A+A+Brief+Guide&rft.pub=Upa&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Vleet&rft.aufirst=Van+Jacob+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fphilpapers.org%2Frec%2FVLEILF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%80%9D%E7%B6%AD" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-34">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673"><cite id="CITEREFStone2012" class="citation journal cs1">Stone, Mark A. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://philpapers.org/rec/STODTA">"Denying the Antecedent: Its Effective Use in Argumentation"</a>. <i>Informal Logic</i>. <b>32</b> (3): 327–356. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.22329%2Fil.v32i3.3681">10.22329/il.v32i3.3681</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Informal+Logic&rft.atitle=Denying+the+Antecedent%3A+Its+Effective+Use+in+Argumentation&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=327-356&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.22329%2Fil.v32i3.3681&rft.aulast=Stone&rft.aufirst=Mark+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fphilpapers.org%2Frec%2FSTODTA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%80%9D%E7%B6%AD" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-35">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673"><cite id="CITEREFDowden" class="citation web cs1">Dowden, Bradley. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iep.utm.edu/fallacy/">"Fallacies"</a>. <i>Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 喺<span class="nowrap">19 March</span> 2021搵到</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Internet+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.atitle=Fallacies&rft.aulast=Dowden&rft.aufirst=Bradley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fiep.utm.edu%2Ffallacy%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%80%9D%E7%B6%AD" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-John_Benjamins-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-John_Benjamins_36-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673"><cite id="CITEREFWalton1987" class="citation book cs1">Walton, Douglas N. (1987). "1. A new model of argument". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://philpapers.org/rec/WALIFT"><i>Informal Fallacies: Towards a Theory of Argument Criticisms</i></a>. John Benjamins.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=1.+A+new+model+of+argument&rft.btitle=Informal+Fallacies%3A+Towards+a+Theory+of+Argument+Criticisms&rft.pub=John+Benjamins&rft.date=1987&rft.aulast=Walton&rft.aufirst=Douglas+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fphilpapers.org%2Frec%2FWALIFT&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%80%9D%E7%B6%AD" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-philpapers.org-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-philpapers.org_37-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673"><cite id="CITEREFEngel1982" class="citation book cs1">Engel, S. Morris (1982). "2. The medium of language". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://philpapers.org/rec/ENGWGR"><i>With Good Reason an Introduction to Informal Fallacies</i></a>. St. Martin's Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=2.+The+medium+of+language&rft.btitle=With+Good+Reason+an+Introduction+to+Informal+Fallacies&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=1982&rft.aulast=Engel&rft.aufirst=S.+Morris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fphilpapers.org%2Frec%2FENGWGR&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%80%9D%E7%B6%AD" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Margolis-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Margolis_38-0">38.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Margolis_38-1">38.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Margolis_38-2">38.2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673"><cite id="CITEREFMargolisLaurence2021" class="citation web cs1">Margolis, Eric; Laurence, Stephen (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/concepts/">"Concepts"</a>. <i>The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i>. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University<span class="reference-accessdate">. 喺<span class="nowrap">28 September</span> 2021搵到</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.atitle=Concepts&rft.date=2021&rft.aulast=Margolis&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft.au=Laurence%2C+Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Fconcepts%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%80%9D%E7%B6%AD" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BritannicaThoughtsAndAttitudes-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-BritannicaThoughtsAndAttitudes_39-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/philosophy-of-mind/Thoughts-and-attitudes">"Philosophy of mind – Thoughts and attitudes"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i> (英文)<span class="reference-accessdate">. 喺<span class="nowrap">16 October</span> 2021搵到</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Philosophy+of+mind+%E2%80%93+Thoughts+and+attitudes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2Fphilosophy-of-mind%2FThoughts-and-attitudes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%80%9D%E7%B6%AD" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BritannicaConceptFormation-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-BritannicaConceptFormation_40-0">40.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-BritannicaConceptFormation_40-1">40.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-BritannicaConceptFormation_40-2">40.2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/concept-formation">"Concept formation"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i> (英文)<span class="reference-accessdate">. 喺<span class="nowrap">16 October</span> 2021搵到</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Concept+formation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2Fconcept-formation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%80%9D%E7%B6%AD" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kazdin-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Kazdin_41-0">41.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Kazdin_41-1">41.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Kazdin_41-2">41.2</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Kazdin_41-3">41.3</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Kazdin_41-4">41.4</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Kazdin_41-5">41.5</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Kazdin_41-6">41.6</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Kazdin_41-7">41.7</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673"><cite id="CITEREFKazdin2000" class="citation book cs1">Kazdin, Alan E., 編 (2000). "Thinking: An Overview". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.apa.org/pubs/books/4600100"><i>Encyclopedia of Psychology</i></a>. American Psychological Association. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%9B%B8%E6%9C%AC%E4%BE%86%E6%BA%90/978-1-55798-187-5" title="Special:書本來源/978-1-55798-187-5"><bdi>978-1-55798-187-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Thinking%3A+An+Overview&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Psychology&rft.pub=American+Psychological+Association&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1-55798-187-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.apa.org%2Fpubs%2Fbooks%2F4600100&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%80%9D%E7%B6%AD" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fodor-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Fodor_42-0">42.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Fodor_42-1">42.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673"><cite id="CITEREFFodor2004" class="citation journal cs1">Fodor, Jerry (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://philpapers.org/rec/FODHCA">"Having Concepts: A Brief Refutation of the Twentieth Century"</a>. <i>Mind and Language</i>. <b>19</b> (1): 29–47. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1468-0017.2004.00245.x">10.1111/j.1468-0017.2004.00245.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mind+and+Language&rft.atitle=Having+Concepts%3A+A+Brief+Refutation+of+the+Twentieth+Century&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=29-47&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1468-0017.2004.00245.x&rft.aulast=Fodor&rft.aufirst=Jerry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fphilpapers.org%2Frec%2FFODHCA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%80%9D%E7%B6%AD" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-43">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673"><cite id="CITEREFOrtony1993" class="citation book cs1">Ortony, Andrew (26 November 1993) [1979]. "Metaphor, language, and thought". 出自 Ortony, Andrew (編). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QiJRvuXA_VcC"><i>Metaphor and Thought</i></a> (第2版). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%9B%B8%E6%9C%AC%E4%BE%86%E6%BA%90/9780521405614" title="Special:書本來源/9780521405614"><bdi>9780521405614</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 喺<span class="nowrap">21 February</span> 2024搵到</span>. <q>建構主義嘅方法似乎意味住隱喻喺語言同思維中都有重要嘅作用 [...] 。</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Metaphor%2C+language%2C+and+thought&rft.btitle=Metaphor+and+Thought&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=2&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1993-11-26&rft.isbn=9780521405614&rft.aulast=Ortony&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQiJRvuXA_VcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%80%9D%E7%B6%AD" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Weiskopf-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Weiskopf_44-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673"><cite id="CITEREFWeiskopfBechtel2004" class="citation journal cs1">Weiskopf, Daniel A.; Bechtel, William (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://philpapers.org/rec/WEIROF">"Remarks on Fodor on Having Concepts"</a>. <i>Mind and Language</i>. <b>19</b> (1): 48–56. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1468-0017.2004.00246.x">10.1111/j.1468-0017.2004.00246.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mind+and+Language&rft.atitle=Remarks+on+Fodor+on+Having+Concepts&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=48-56&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1468-0017.2004.00246.x&rft.aulast=Weiskopf&rft.aufirst=Daniel+A.&rft.au=Bechtel%2C+William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fphilpapers.org%2Frec%2FWEIROF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%80%9D%E7%B6%AD" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-45">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/science/learning-theory">"Learning theory"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i> (英文)<span class="reference-accessdate">. 喺<span class="nowrap">16 October</span> 2021搵到</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Learning+theory&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fscience%2Flearning-theory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%80%9D%E7%B6%AD" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-46">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673"><cite id="CITEREFKimPierce2013" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kim, Kyung Hee; Pierce, Robert A. (2013). "Convergent Versus Divergent Thinking". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007%2F978-1-4614-3858-8_22"><i>Encyclopedia of Creativity, Invention, Innovation and Entrepreneurship</i></a>. <i>Encyclopedia of Creativity, Invention, Innovation and Entrepreneurship</i> (英文). Springer. pp. 245–250. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-1-4614-3858-8_22">10.1007/978-1-4614-3858-8_22</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%9B%B8%E6%9C%AC%E4%BE%86%E6%BA%90/978-1-4614-3857-1" title="Special:書本來源/978-1-4614-3857-1"><bdi>978-1-4614-3857-1</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 喺<span class="nowrap">24 October</span> 2021搵到</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Convergent+Versus+Divergent+Thinking&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Creativity%2C+Invention%2C+Innovation+and+Entrepreneurship&rft.pages=245-250&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-1-4614-3858-8_22&rft.isbn=978-1-4614-3857-1&rft.aulast=Kim&rft.aufirst=Kyung+Hee&rft.au=Pierce%2C+Robert+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Freferenceworkentry%2F10.1007%252F978-1-4614-3858-8_22&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%80%9D%E7%B6%AD" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-47">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673"><cite id="CITEREFRazumnikova2013" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Razumnikova, Olga M. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007%2F978-1-4614-3858-8_362">"Divergent Versus Convergent Thinking"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia of Creativity, Invention, Innovation and Entrepreneurship</i>. <i>Encyclopedia of Creativity, Invention, Innovation and Entrepreneurship</i> (英文). Springer. pp. 546–552. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-1-4614-3858-8_362">10.1007/978-1-4614-3858-8_362</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%9B%B8%E6%9C%AC%E4%BE%86%E6%BA%90/978-1-4614-3857-1" title="Special:書本來源/978-1-4614-3857-1"><bdi>978-1-4614-3857-1</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 喺<span class="nowrap">24 October</span> 2021搵到</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Divergent+Versus+Convergent+Thinking&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Creativity%2C+Invention%2C+Innovation+and+Entrepreneurship&rft.pages=546-552&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-1-4614-3858-8_362&rft.isbn=978-1-4614-3857-1&rft.aulast=Razumnikova&rft.aufirst=Olga+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Freferenceworkentry%2F10.1007%252F978-1-4614-3858-8_362&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%80%9D%E7%B6%AD" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Reed-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Reed_48-0">48.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Reed_48-1">48.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673"><cite id="CITEREFReed2016" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Reed, Stephen K. (1 December 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10648-015-9343-1">"The Structure of Ill-Structured (and Well-Structured) Problems Revisited"</a>. <i>Educational Psychology Review</i> (英文). <b>28</b> (4): 691–716. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10648-015-9343-1">10.1007/s10648-015-9343-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1573-336X">1573-336X</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=S2CID_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="S2CID (identifier) (無呢版)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:146496245">146496245</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Educational+Psychology+Review&rft.atitle=The+Structure+of+Ill-Structured+%28and+Well-Structured%29+Problems+Revisited&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=691-716&rft.date=2016-12-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A146496245%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1573-336X&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10648-015-9343-1&rft.aulast=Reed&rft.aufirst=Stephen+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Farticle%2F10.1007%2Fs10648-015-9343-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%80%9D%E7%B6%AD" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-49">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673"><cite id="CITEREFArpalySchroeder2012" class="citation journal cs1">Arpaly, N.; Schroeder, T. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://philpapers.org/rec/ARPDAA">"Deliberation and Acting for Reasons"</a>. <i>Philosophical Review</i>. <b>121</b> (2): 209–239. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1215%2F00318108-1539089">10.1215/00318108-1539089</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophical+Review&rft.atitle=Deliberation+and+Acting+for+Reasons&rft.volume=121&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=209-239&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1215%2F00318108-1539089&rft.aulast=Arpaly&rft.aufirst=N.&rft.au=Schroeder%2C+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fphilpapers.org%2Frec%2FARPDAA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%80%9D%E7%B6%AD" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Steele-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Steele_50-0">50.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Steele_50-1">50.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Steele_50-2">50.2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673"><cite id="CITEREFSteeleStefánsson2020" class="citation web cs1">Steele, Katie; Stefánsson, H. Orri (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/decision-theory/">"Decision Theory"</a>. <i>The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i>. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University<span class="reference-accessdate">. 喺<span class="nowrap">24 October</span> 2021搵到</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.atitle=Decision+Theory&rft.date=2020&rft.aulast=Steele&rft.aufirst=Katie&rft.au=Stef%C3%A1nsson%2C+H.+Orri&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Fdecision-theory%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%80%9D%E7%B6%AD" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Buchak-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Buchak_51-0">51.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Buchak_51-1">51.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Buchak_51-2">51.2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673"><cite id="CITEREFBuchak2016" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lara_Buchak&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lara Buchak (無呢版)">Buchak, Lara</a> (2016). "Decision Theory". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://philpapers.org/rec/BUCDT"><i>The Oxford Handbook of Probability and Philosophy</i></a>. Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Decision+Theory&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Probability+and+Philosophy&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Buchak&rft.aufirst=Lara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fphilpapers.org%2Frec%2FBUCDT&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%80%9D%E7%B6%AD" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Perrin-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Perrin_52-0">52.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Perrin_52-1">52.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673"><cite id="CITEREFPerrinMichaelianSant'Anna2020" class="citation journal cs1">Perrin, Denis; Michaelian, Kourken; Sant'Anna, André (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7350950">"The Phenomenology of Remembering Is an Epistemic Feeling"</a>. <i>Frontiers in Psychology</i>. <b>11</b>: 1531. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffpsyg.2020.01531">10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01531</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1664-1078">1664-1078</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PMC_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PMC (identifier) (無呢版)">PMC</a> <span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7350950">7350950</a></span>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PMID_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PMID (identifier) (無呢版)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32719642">32719642</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Frontiers+in+Psychology&rft.atitle=The+Phenomenology+of+Remembering+Is+an+Epistemic+Feeling&rft.volume=11&rft.pages=1531&rft.date=2020&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7350950%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1664-1078&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F32719642&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3389%2Ffpsyg.2020.01531&rft.aulast=Perrin&rft.aufirst=Denis&rft.au=Michaelian%2C+Kourken&rft.au=Sant%27Anna%2C+Andr%C3%A9&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7350950&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%80%9D%E7%B6%AD" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gardiner-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Gardiner_53-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673"><cite id="CITEREFGardiner2001" class="citation journal cs1">Gardiner, J. M. (29 September 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1088519">"Episodic memory and autonoetic consciousness: a first-person approach"</a>. <i>Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences</i>. <b>356</b> (1413): 1351–1361. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frstb.2001.0955">10.1098/rstb.2001.0955</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0962-8436">0962-8436</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PMC_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PMC (identifier) (無呢版)">PMC</a> <span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1088519">1088519</a></span>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PMID_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PMID (identifier) (無呢版)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11571027">11571027</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophical+Transactions+of+the+Royal+Society+of+London.+Series+B%2C+Biological+Sciences&rft.atitle=Episodic+memory+and+autonoetic+consciousness%3A+a+first-person+approach&rft.volume=356&rft.issue=1413&rft.pages=1351-1361&rft.date=2001-09-29&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1088519%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=0962-8436&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11571027&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frstb.2001.0955&rft.aulast=Gardiner&rft.aufirst=J.+M.&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1088519&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%80%9D%E7%B6%AD" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Michaelian3-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Michaelian3_54-0">54.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Michaelian3_54-1">54.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Michaelian3_54-2">54.2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673"><cite id="CITEREFMichaelianSutton2017" class="citation web cs1">Michaelian, Kourken; Sutton, John (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/memory/#Epis">"Memory: 3. Episodicity"</a>. <i>The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i>. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University<span class="reference-accessdate">. 喺<span class="nowrap">2 October</span> 2021搵到</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.atitle=Memory%3A+3.+Episodicity&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Michaelian&rft.aufirst=Kourken&rft.au=Sutton%2C+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Fmemory%2F%23Epis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%80%9D%E7%B6%AD" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-55">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673"><cite id="CITEREFTulving" class="citation web cs1">Tulving, Endel. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.encyclopedia.com/psychology/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/episodic-memory">"Learning and Memory: Episodic Memory"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Learning+and+Memory%3A+Episodic+Memory&rft.aulast=Tulving&rft.aufirst=Endel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.encyclopedia.com%2Fpsychology%2Fencyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps%2Fepisodic-memory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%80%9D%E7%B6%AD" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-56">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673"><cite id="CITEREFMichaelianSutton2017" class="citation web cs1">Michaelian, Kourken; Sutton, John (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/memory/#Mnem">"Memory: 4. Mnemicity"</a>. <i>The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i>. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University<span class="reference-accessdate">. 喺<span class="nowrap">2 October</span> 2021搵到</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.atitle=Memory%3A+4.+Mnemicity&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Michaelian&rft.aufirst=Kourken&rft.au=Sutton%2C+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Fmemory%2F%23Mnem&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%80%9D%E7%B6%AD" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Manser-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Manser_57-0">57.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Manser_57-1">57.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673"><cite id="CITEREFManser" class="citation web cs1">Manser, A. R. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.encyclopedia.com/medicine/psychology/psychology-and-psychiatry/imagination">"Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Imagination"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 喺<span class="nowrap">3 October</span> 2021搵到</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy%3A+Imagination&rft.aulast=Manser&rft.aufirst=A.+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.encyclopedia.com%2Fmedicine%2Fpsychology%2Fpsychology-and-psychiatry%2Fimagination&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%80%9D%E7%B6%AD" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-58">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673"><cite id="CITEREFRussell1915" class="citation journal cs1">Russell, Bertrand (1915). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://philpapers.org/rec/RUSSAI">"Sensation and Imagination"</a>. <i>The Monist</i>. <b>25</b> (1): 28–44. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5840%2Fmonist191525136">10.5840/monist191525136</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Monist&rft.atitle=Sensation+and+Imagination&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=28-44&rft.date=1915&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5840%2Fmonist191525136&rft.aulast=Russell&rft.aufirst=Bertrand&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fphilpapers.org%2Frec%2FRUSSAI&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%80%9D%E7%B6%AD" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-59">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673"><cite id="CITEREFAbbott2015" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Abbott, Alison (1 January 2015). "Unconscious thought not so smart after all". <i>Nature</i> (英文). <b>517</b> (7536): 537–538. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bibcode_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bibcode (identifier) (無呢版)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015Natur.517..537A">2015Natur.517..537A</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F517537a">10.1038/517537a</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1476-4687">1476-4687</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PMID_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PMID (identifier) (無呢版)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25631423">25631423</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Unconscious+thought+not+so+smart+after+all&rft.volume=517&rft.issue=7536&rft.pages=537-538&rft.date=2015-01-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F517537a&rft.issn=1476-4687&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25631423&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2015Natur.517..537A&rft.aulast=Abbott&rft.aufirst=Alison&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%80%9D%E7%B6%AD" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-60">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673"><cite id="CITEREFMealorDienes2012" class="citation journal cs1">Mealor, Andy David; Dienes, Zoltan (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://philpapers.org/rec/MEACAU">"Conscious and Unconscious Thought in Artificial Grammar Learning"</a>. <i>Consciousness and Cognition</i>. <b>21</b> (2): 865–874. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.concog.2012.03.001">10.1016/j.concog.2012.03.001</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PMID_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PMID (identifier) (無呢版)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22472202">22472202</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=S2CID_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="S2CID (identifier) (無呢版)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:40114660">40114660</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Consciousness+and+Cognition&rft.atitle=Conscious+and+Unconscious+Thought+in+Artificial+Grammar+Learning&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=865-874&rft.date=2012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A40114660%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22472202&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.concog.2012.03.001&rft.aulast=Mealor&rft.aufirst=Andy+David&rft.au=Dienes%2C+Zoltan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fphilpapers.org%2Frec%2FMEACAU&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%80%9D%E7%B6%AD" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-61">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673"><cite id="CITEREFFowles2019" class="citation journal cs1">Fowles, Christopher (2 January 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/0020174X.2019.1527537?journalCode=sinq20">"Nietzsche on conscious and unconscious thought"</a>. <i>Inquiry</i>. <b>62</b> (1): 1–22. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F0020174X.2019.1527537">10.1080/0020174X.2019.1527537</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0020-174X">0020-174X</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=S2CID_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="S2CID (identifier) (無呢版)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:171812391">171812391</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Inquiry&rft.atitle=Nietzsche+on+conscious+and+unconscious+thought&rft.volume=62&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-22&rft.date=2019-01-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A171812391%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0020-174X&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F0020174X.2019.1527537&rft.aulast=Fowles&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1080%2F0020174X.2019.1527537%3FjournalCode%3Dsinq20&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%80%9D%E7%B6%AD" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="睇埋"><span id=".E7.9D.87.E5.9F.8B"></span>睇埋</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%80%9D%E7%B6%AD&action=edit&section=11" title="編輯小節: 睇埋"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> 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colspan="3"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5" title="Template:認知"><abbr title="去睇呢個模" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">睇</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5" title="Template talk:認知"><abbr title="傾呢個模" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">傾</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5&action=edit"><abbr title="編輯呢個模" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">改</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="認知" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5" title="認知">認知</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div id="研究認知嘅科學領域就係認知心理學">研究認知嘅<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="科學">科學</a>領域就係<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="認知心理學">認知心理學</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">基本概念</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%87%E8%A8%8A" title="資訊">資訊</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E6%99%BA%E8%A1%A8%E5%BE%B5" title="心智表徵">心智表徵</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5%E5%9C%B0%E5%9C%96" title="認知地圖">認知地圖</a>）<span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5%E8%A4%87%E9%9B%9C%E5%BA%A6" title="認知複雜度">認知複雜度</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%85%A6" title="腦">腦</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E5%BA%95%E8%B3%AA" title="神經底質">神經底質</a>）<span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5%E5%81%8F%E8%AA%A4" title="認知偏誤">認知偏誤</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5%E5%81%8F%E8%AA%A4%E4%B8%80%E8%A6%BD" title="認知偏誤一覽">一覽</a>）<span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD" title="認知革命">認知革命</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%84%8F%E8%AD%98" title="意識">意識</a></div></td><td class="navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flaticonbrain.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Flaticonbrain.png/150px-Flaticonbrain.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Flaticonbrain.png/225px-Flaticonbrain.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Flaticonbrain.png/300px-Flaticonbrain.png 2x" data-file-width="733" data-file-height="711" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">研究方法</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%A6%E9%A9%97%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="實驗心理學">心理實驗</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8D%E6%87%89%E6%99%82%E9%96%93" title="反應時間">反應時間</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%BC%E5%8B%95%E8%BF%BD%E8%B9%A4" title="眼動追蹤">眼動追蹤</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%A3%E8%AC%8E%E9%81%8A%E6%88%B2" title="解謎遊戲">解謎遊戲</a>）<span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B" title="認知模型">認知模型</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%AF%E7%B5%90%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="聯結主義">聯結主義</a>）<span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5%E6%9E%B6%E6%A7%8B" title="認知架構">認知架構</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E9%80%A0%E5%BD%B1" title="神經造影">神經造影</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">認　<br />知　<br />功　<br />能　</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%84%9F%E7%9F%A5" title="感知">感知</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/%E8%A6%96%E8%A6%BA" title="視覺">視覺</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E9%8C%AF%E8%A6%8B" title="錯見">錯見</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%A9%E8%89%B2%E8%A6%96%E8%A6%BA" title="彩色視覺">彩色視覺</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AF%E6%B7%B1%E6%84%9F%E7%9F%A5" title="景深感知">景深感知</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%A2%E6%85%8B%E6%84%9F%E7%9F%A5" title="形態感知">形態感知</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%91%A8%E9%82%8A%E8%A6%96%E5%8A%9B" title="周邊視力">周邊視力</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E5%83%8F" title="心像">心像</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E6%97%8B%E8%BD%89" title="心理旋轉">心理旋轉</a>）</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;">其他</div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E6%84%9F%E5%AE%98" title="感官">感官</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%81%BD%E8%A6%BA" title="聽覺">聽覺</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%B3%E9%AB%98" title="音高">音高感知</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E9%9F%B3%E6%84%9F%E7%9F%A5" title="語音感知">語音感知</a>）、<a href="/wiki/%E5%97%85%E8%A6%BA" title="嗅覺">嗅覺</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%91%B3%E8%A6%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="味覺">味覺</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%82%E8%A6%BA" title="時覺">時覺</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E9%8C%AF%E8%A6%BA" title="錯覺">錯覺</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%84%9F%E5%AE%98%E6%8F%90%E7%A4%BA" title="感官提示">感官提示</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;">　<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A8%E6%84%8F%E5%8A%9B" title="注意力">注意力</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%88%E6%B3%A8" title="專注">專注</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A8%E6%84%8F%E5%8A%9B%E9%95%B7%E5%BA%A6" title="注意力長度">長度</a>）同<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E5%BF%83" title="分心">分心</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E9%A1%9E%E5%A4%9A%E4%BD%9C%E6%A5%AD%E8%99%95%E7%90%86" title="人類多作業處理">多作業處理</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A8%E6%84%8F%E5%8A%9B%E5%B0%8E%E5%90%91" title="注意力導向">注意力導向</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%AD%A6%E8%A6%BA" title="警覺">警覺</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E5%BE%B5%E6%95%B4%E5%90%88%E8%AB%96" title="特徵整合論">特徵整合論</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/%E8%A8%98%E6%86%B6" title="記憶">記憶</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E8%A8%98%E6%86%B6%E5%85%A5%E7%A2%BC" title="記憶入碼">入碼</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%A8%98%E6%86%B6%E5%84%B2%E8%97%8F" title="記憶儲藏">儲藏</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%A8%98%E6%86%B6%E6%8F%90%E5%8F%96" class="mw-redirect" title="記憶提取">提取</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9E%E6%83%B3" title="回想">回想</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%A8%E8%AD%98" title="辨識">辨識</a>）<span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A5%E4%BD%9C%E8%A8%98%E6%86%B6" title="工作記憶">工作記憶</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5%E8%B2%A0%E8%8D%B7" title="認知負荷">認知負荷</a>）<span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%99%82%E9%96%93%E7%B5%B1%E8%A6%BA" title="時間統覺">時間統覺</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%A3%E9%9B%A3" title="解難">解難</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">思考</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%BA%E7%AD%96" title="決策">決策</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E8%A8%8A%E8%99%9F%E6%8E%A2%E6%B8%AC%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96" title="訊號探測理論">訊號探測</a>）<span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%A8%88%E5%8A%83" title="計劃">計劃</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%99%E9%87%8D%E9%81%8E%E7%A8%8B%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96" title="雙重過程理論">雙重過程理論</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%B4%E8%A6%BA" title="直覺">直覺</a>同埋<a href="/wiki/%E7%90%86%E6%80%A7" title="理性">理性</a>）<span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%8D%B7%E6%80%9D%E6%B3%95" title="捷思法">捷思法</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%B4%9E%E5%AF%9F" title="洞察">洞察</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%A5%E8%AD%98" title="知識">知識</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%96%E9%A1%AF%E7%9F%A5%E8%AD%98" title="外顯知識">外顯</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A7%E9%9A%B1%E7%9F%A5%E8%AD%98" title="內隱知識">內隱</a>知識<span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%A6%82%E5%BF%B5" title="概念">概念</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%8A%BD%E8%B1%A1%E5%8C%96" title="抽象化">抽象化</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%A5%E8%AD%98%E8%A1%A8%E7%A4%BA" title="知識表示">知識表示</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%88%E5%AE%B6" title="專家">專家知識</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E9%9D%88%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B" title="心靈模型">心靈模型</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%B2%9D%E8%91%89%E6%96%AF%E8%85%A6%E5%81%87%E8%AA%AA" title="貝葉斯腦假說">貝葉斯腦假說</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;">拉雜功能</div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E7%90%86%E8%A7%A3" title="理解">理解</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%B8%E7%BF%92" title="學習">學習</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8" title="認知語言學">語言認知</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%83%B3%E5%83%8F" title="想像">想像</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%8C%E8%A8%AD%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5" title="後設認知">後設認知</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5" title="社會認知">社會認知</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E9%9D%88%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96" title="心靈理論">心靈理論</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%AE%A1%E6%8E%A7%E5%8A%9F%E8%83%BD" title="管控功能">管控功能</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD" title="智能">智能</a>概念</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E9%A1%9E%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD" title="人類智能">人類智能</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%80%E8%88%AC%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD%E5%9B%A0%E7%B4%A0" title="一般智能因素">一般智能因素</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%99%BA%E5%95%86" title="智商">智商</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%87%E5%84%AA" title="資優">資優</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E6%89%8D" title="天才">天才</a>）<span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5" title="動物認知">動物認知</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD" title="植物智能">植物智能</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD%E9%AB%94" title="智能體">智能體</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%89%B5%E6%84%8F" title="創意">創意</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="認知科學">相關領域</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="心腦領域" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="心理學">心</a><a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="神經科學">腦</a>領域</div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="認知心理學">認知心理學</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B8%E7%90%86%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="數理心理學">數理心理學</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="心理物理學">心理物理學</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="認知神經科學">認知神經科學</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E9%81%8B%E7%AE%97%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="運算神經科學">運算神經科學</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E6%B8%AC%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%B8" title="心理測量學">心理測量學</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%87%E8%A8%8A%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96" title="資訊理論">資訊理論</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD" title="人工智能">AI</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%A9%9F%E6%A2%B0%E4%BA%BA%E5%AD%B8" title="機械人學">機械人學</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8" title="語言學">語言學</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8" title="認知語言學">認知語言學</a>）<span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%B5%B1%E8%A8%88%E5%AD%B8" title="統計學">統計學</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%BA%E7%AD%96%E8%AB%96" title="決策論">決策論</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E5%9B%A0%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B" title="人因工程">人因工程</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E6%A9%9F%E4%BA%92%E5%8B%95" title="人機互動">人機互動</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%A5%E8%AD%98%E8%AB%96" title="知識論">知識論</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/Category:%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5" title="Category:認知">認知類</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="人類智能" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E4%BA%BA%E9%A1%9E%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD" title="Template:人類智能"><abbr title="去睇呢個模" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">睇</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:%E4%BA%BA%E9%A1%9E%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:人類智能 (無呢版)"><abbr title="傾呢個模" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">傾</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:%E4%BA%BA%E9%A1%9E%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD&action=edit"><abbr title="編輯呢個模" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">改</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="人類智能" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E9%A1%9E%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD" title="人類智能">人類智能</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="顧名思義係指人類所展現嘅智能">顧名思義係指<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E9%A1%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="人類">人類</a>所展現嘅<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD" title="智能">智能</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:LightYellow;"><a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5" title="認知">認知</a>概念</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD" title="智能">智能</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%A8%98%E6%86%B6" title="記憶">記憶</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%B8%E7%BF%92" title="學習">學習</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%A3%E9%9B%A3" title="解難">解難</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%90%86%E6%80%A7" title="理性">理性</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">思維</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%90%86%E8%A7%A3" title="理解">理解</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%A5%E8%AD%98" title="知識">知識</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%BA%9D%E9%80%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="溝通">溝通</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%89%B5%E6%84%8F" title="創意">創意</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%AE%A1%E6%8E%A7%E5%8A%9F%E8%83%BD" title="管控功能">管控功能</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5" title="動物認知">動物認知</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:LightYellow;">理論模型</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%80%E8%88%AC%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD%E5%9B%A0%E7%B4%A0" title="一般智能因素"><i>g</i> 因素</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%81%E5%8B%95%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD%E5%90%8C%E5%9B%BA%E5%AE%9A%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD" title="流動智能同固定智能">流動同固定智能</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E5%B1%A4%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96" title="三層智能理論">三層理論</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E5%85%83%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96" title="多元智能理論">多元智能</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD%E4%B8%89%E5%85%83%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96" title="智能三元理論">三元理論</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="PASS 智能理論" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英文" data-foreign-title="PASS theory of intelligence"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=PASS_%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PASS 智能理論 (無呢版)">PASS 智能理論</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英文</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PASS_theory_of_intelligence" class="extiw" title="en:PASS theory of intelligence"><span lang="en" dir="auto">PASS theory of intelligence</span></a></span>）</span></span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD%E9%AB%94" title="智能體">智能體</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:LightYellow;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E5%85%83%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="多元智能">多元智能</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A9%BA%E9%96%93%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD" title="空間智能">空間</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E7%A9%BA%E9%96%93%E8%A6%96%E5%83%8F%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD" title="空間視像智能">空間視像</a>）、<a href="/wiki/%E8%A8%80%E8%AA%9E%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD" title="言語智能">言語</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%83%85%E7%B7%92%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD" title="情緒智能">情緒</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BA%A4%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD" title="社交智能">社交</a>智能<span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%95%E4%BD%9C%E6%8A%80%E8%83%BD" title="動作技能">動作技能</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%B3%E6%A8%82%E6%84%9F" title="音樂感">音樂感</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%99%BA%E6%85%A7" title="智慧">智慧</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%B8%E8%80%85%E7%97%87%E5%80%99%E7%BE%A4" title="學者症候群">學者症候群</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:LightYellow;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%BA%E5%95%86%E6%B8%AC%E8%A9%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="智商測試">智商測試</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%BA%E5%95%86" title="智商">智商</a>概念</div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%B8%E6%85%8B%E5%88%86%E4%BD%88" title="常態分佈">常態分佈</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%87%E5%84%AA" title="資優">資優</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E6%89%8D" title="天才">天才</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%B1%E6%99%BA" title="弱智">弱智</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%99%BA%E5%95%86%E5%98%85%E9%81%BA%E5%82%B3%E5%BA%A6" title="智商嘅遺傳度">智商嘅遺傳度</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E6%9E%97%E6%95%88%E6%87%89" title="弗林效應">弗林效應</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E6%99%BA%E5%95%86%E5%AD%B8%E6%9C%83" title="高智商學會">高智商學會</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;">常用測試</div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8C%E5%A2%B3%E6%B0%8F%E6%A8%99%E6%BA%96%E6%8E%A8%E7%90%86%E6%B8%AC%E9%A9%97" title="里墳氏標準推理測驗">里墳氏測驗</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B2%E4%B8%B9%E7%A6%8F-%E6%AF%94%E5%A5%88%E6%99%BA%E5%8A%9B%E9%87%8F%E8%A1%A8" title="史丹福-比奈智力量表">史丹福-比奈量表</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%8B%E6%9F%A5%E6%96%AF%E5%8B%92%E5%85%92%E7%AB%A5%E6%99%BA%E5%8A%9B%E9%87%8F%E8%A1%A8" title="韋查斯勒兒童智力量表">韋查斯勒兒童量表</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%8B%E6%9F%A5%E6%96%AF%E5%8B%92%E6%88%90%E4%BA%BA%E6%99%BA%E5%8A%9B%E9%87%8F%E8%A1%A8" title="韋查斯勒成人智力量表">韋查斯勒成人量表</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:LightYellow;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%B8" title="生物學">生物</a>研究</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E9%A1%9E%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD%E5%98%85%E9%80%B2%E5%8C%96" title="人類智能嘅進化">人類智能嘅進化</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E5%90%8C%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD" title="神經科學同智能">神經科學同智能</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E8%85%A6%E5%AE%B9%E9%87%8F" title="腦容量">腦容量</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%81%B0%E8%B3%AA" title="灰質">灰質</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BD%E8%B3%AA" title="白質">白質</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%85%A6%E7%9A%AE%E5%B1%A4" title="大腦皮層">大腦皮層</a>）</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:LightYellow;">相關領域</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="認知科學" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a 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