CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Sacred grove - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"5092d419-6f1c-40a7-abdb-d769c524835a","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Sacred_grove","wgTitle":"Sacred grove","wgCurRevisionId":1259813185,"wgRevisionId":1259813185,"wgArticleId":1035886,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Webarchive template wayback links","CS1 errors: missing periodical","Articles with short description","Short description matches Wikidata","Articles containing Japanese-language text","Articles needing additional references from October 2024","All articles needing additional references","Articles containing Estonian-language text","Articles to be expanded from July 2021","All articles to be expanded","All articles with unsourced statements", "Articles with unsourced statements from February 2024","All articles lacking reliable references","Articles lacking reliable references from September 2015","Articles to be expanded from February 2024","Articles with unsourced statements from April 2013","Commons category link from Wikidata","Sacred groves"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Sacred_grove","wgRelevantArticleId":1035886,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgRedirectedFrom":"Sacred_groves","wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false, "nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":50000,"wgInternalRedirectTargetUrl":"/wiki/Sacred_grove","wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q811600","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons": "ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["mediawiki.action.view.redirect","ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.quicksurveys.init","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Ancient_monoliths_in_Mawphlang_sacred_grove.jpg/1200px-Ancient_monoliths_in_Mawphlang_sacred_grove.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1800"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Ancient_monoliths_in_Mawphlang_sacred_grove.jpg/800px-Ancient_monoliths_in_Mawphlang_sacred_grove.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Ancient_monoliths_in_Mawphlang_sacred_grove.jpg/640px-Ancient_monoliths_in_Mawphlang_sacred_grove.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="960"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Sacred grove - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacred_grove"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Sacred_grove&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacred_grove"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Sacred_grove rootpage-Sacred_grove skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Sacred+grove" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Sacred+grove" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Sacred+grove" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Sacred+grove" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-In_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>In history</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-In_history-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle In history subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-In_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ancient_Greece_and_Rome" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_Greece_and_Rome"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Ancient Greece and Rome</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_Greece_and_Rome-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ancient_Near_East" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_Near_East"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Ancient Near East</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_Near_East-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Baltic_polytheism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Baltic_polytheism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Baltic polytheism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Baltic_polytheism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Celtic_polytheism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Celtic_polytheism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Celtic polytheism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Celtic_polytheism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Germanic_paganism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Germanic_paganism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Germanic paganism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Germanic_paganism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Today" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Today"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Today</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Today-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Today subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Today-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Africa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Benin_and_Togo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Benin_and_Togo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>Benin and Togo</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Benin_and_Togo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ghana" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ghana"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2</span> <span>Ghana</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ghana-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kenya" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kenya"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.3</span> <span>Kenya</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kenya-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nigeria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nigeria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.4</span> <span>Nigeria</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nigeria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cambodia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cambodia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>Cambodia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cambodia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.2</span> <span>India</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Japan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Japan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.3</span> <span>Japan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Japan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Okinawa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Okinawa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.3.1</span> <span>Okinawa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Okinawa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Malaysia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Malaysia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.4</span> <span>Malaysia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Malaysia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nepal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nepal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.5</span> <span>Nepal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nepal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Philippines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Philippines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.6</span> <span>Philippines</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Philippines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Thailand" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Thailand"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.7</span> <span>Thailand</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Thailand-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Singapore" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Singapore"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.8</span> <span>Singapore</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Singapore-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Estonia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Estonia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.1</span> <span>Estonia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Estonia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Russia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.2</span> <span>Russia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Finland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Finland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.3</span> <span>Finland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Finland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Latvia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Latvia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.4</span> <span>Latvia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Latvia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lithuania" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lithuania"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.5</span> <span>Lithuania</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lithuania-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Poland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Poland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.6</span> <span>Poland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Poland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Americas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Americas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Americas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Americas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.1</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ecology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ecology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Ecology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ecology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_fiction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_fiction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>In fiction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_fiction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Sacred grove</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 25 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-25" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">25 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%85%D9%82%D8%AF%D8%B3" title="بستان مقدس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بستان مقدس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A7%B0_%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%9B" title="পবিত্ৰ গছ – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="পবিত্ৰ গছ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosc_sagrat" title="Bosc sagrat – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Bosc sagrat" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posv%C3%A1tn%C3%BD_h%C3%A1j" title="Posvátný háj – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Posvátný háj" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baumkult" title="Baumkult – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Baumkult" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosque_sagrado" title="Bosque sagrado – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Bosque sagrado" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baso_sakratu" title="Baso sakratu – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Baso sakratu" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bois_sacr%C3%A9" title="Bois sacré – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Bois sacré" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%84%B1%EB%A6%BC" title="성림 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="성림" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8" title="पवित्र उपवन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="पवित्र उपवन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hutan_larangan" title="Hutan larangan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Hutan larangan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosco_sacro" title="Bosco sacro – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Bosco sacro" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nemus_sacrum" title="Nemus sacrum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Nemus sacrum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sv%C4%93tme%C5%BEs" title="Svētmežs – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Svētmežs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0ventoji_girait%C4%97" title="Šventoji giraitė – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Šventoji giraitė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%88" title="देवराई – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="देवराई" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boomheiligdom" title="Boomheiligdom – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Boomheiligdom" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellig_lund" title="Hellig lund – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Hellig lund" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heilag_lund" title="Heilag lund – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Heilag lund" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Awi%C4%99ty_gaj_(antropologia)" title="Święty gaj (antropologia) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Święty gaj (antropologia)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%89%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%89%D0%B0" title="Священная роща – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Священная роща" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korijet_e_shenjta" title="Korijet e shenjta – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Korijet e shenjta" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyh%C3%A4_lehto" title="Pyhä lehto – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Pyhä lehto" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kutsal_koru" title="Kutsal koru – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kutsal koru" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%E1%BB%ABng_thi%C3%AAng" title="Rừng thiêng – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Rừng thiêng" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q811600#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Sacred_grove" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Sacred_grove" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Sacred_grove"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sacred_grove&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sacred_grove&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Sacred_grove"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sacred_grove&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sacred_grove&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Sacred_grove" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Sacred_grove" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sacred_grove&oldid=1259813185" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sacred_grove&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Sacred_grove&id=1259813185&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FSacred_grove"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FSacred_grove"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Sacred_grove&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sacred_grove&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Sacred_groves" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q811600" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sacred_groves&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacred groves">Sacred groves</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Grove of trees of special religious importance to a particular culture</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For particular sacred groves, and for other meanings, see <a href="/wiki/Sacred_grove_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Sacred grove (disambiguation)">Sacred grove (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ancient_monoliths_in_Mawphlang_sacred_grove.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Ancient_monoliths_in_Mawphlang_sacred_grove.jpg/220px-Ancient_monoliths_in_Mawphlang_sacred_grove.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Ancient_monoliths_in_Mawphlang_sacred_grove.jpg/330px-Ancient_monoliths_in_Mawphlang_sacred_grove.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Ancient_monoliths_in_Mawphlang_sacred_grove.jpg/440px-Ancient_monoliths_in_Mawphlang_sacred_grove.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="5184" /></a><figcaption>Ancient monoliths in Mawphlang sacred grove, India</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Sacred groves,</b> <b>sacred woods,</b> or <b>sacred forests</b> are <a href="/wiki/Grove_(nature)" title="Grove (nature)">groves</a> of trees that have special <a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">religious</a> importance within a particular <a href="/wiki/Culture" title="Culture">culture</a>. Sacred groves feature in various cultures throughout the world. These are forest areas that are, for the most part, untouched by local people and often protected by local communities. They often play a critical role in protecting water sources and biodiversity, including essential resources for the groups that protect them.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>They were important features of the <a href="/wiki/Myth" title="Myth">mythological</a> <a href="/wiki/Landscape" title="Landscape">landscape</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cult_(religion)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cult (religion)">cult practice</a> of <a href="/wiki/Celtic_polytheism" class="mw-redirect" title="Celtic polytheism">Celtic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Estonian_mythology" title="Estonian mythology">Estonian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baltic_paganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Baltic paganism">Baltic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germanic_paganism" title="Germanic paganism">Germanic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_ancient_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in ancient Greece">ancient Greek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Religions_of_the_ancient_Near_East" title="Religions of the ancient Near East">Near Eastern</a>, <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_ancient_Rome" title="Religion in ancient Rome">Roman</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Slavic_polytheism" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavic polytheism">Slavic polytheism</a>. They are also found in locations such as <a href="/wiki/Sacred_groves_of_India" title="Sacred groves of India">India (Maharashtra, Karnataka, Kerala, and Tamil Nadu)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Shinto_shrine" title="Shinto shrine">sacred shrine forests</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>),<a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> (<a href="/wiki/Fengshui_woodland" title="Fengshui woodland">Fengshui woodland</a>), West Africa and <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Church_forests_of_Ethiopia" title="Church forests of Ethiopia">church forests</a><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). Examples of sacred groves include the Greco-Roman <i><a href="/wiki/Temenos" title="Temenos">temenos</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Sacred_trees_and_groves_in_Germanic_paganism_and_mythology" title="Sacred trees and groves in Germanic paganism and mythology">various Germanic words for sacred groves</a>, and the Celtic <i><a href="/wiki/Nemeton" title="Nemeton">nemeton</a></i>, which was largely but not exclusively associated with <a href="/wiki/Druid" title="Druid">Druidic</a> practice.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Crusades" title="Northern Crusades">Northern Crusades</a> of the Middle Ages, conquering Christians commonly built churches on the sites of sacred groves. The <a href="/wiki/Lakota_people" title="Lakota people">Lakota</a> and various other North American tribes regard particular forests or other natural landmarks as sacred places. Singular trees which a <a href="/wiki/Community" title="Community">community</a> deems to hold religious significance are known as <a href="/wiki/Sacred_tree" title="Sacred tree">sacred trees</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_history">In history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sacred_grove&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: In history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_Greece_and_Rome">Ancient Greece and Rome</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sacred_grove&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Ancient Greece and Rome"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Temenos" title="Temenos">Temenos</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lucus" title="Lucus">Lucus</a></div> <p>The most famous sacred grove in mainland Greece was the oak grove at <a href="/wiki/Dodona" title="Dodona">Dodona</a>. Outside the walls of <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a>, the site of the <a href="/wiki/Platonic_Academy" title="Platonic Academy">Platonic Academy</a> was a sacred grove of olive trees, still recalled in the phrase "the groves of Academe". </p><p>In central Italy, the town of <a href="/wiki/Nemi" title="Nemi">Nemi</a> recalls the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> <i>nemus Aricinum</i>, or "grove of <a href="/wiki/Ariccia" title="Ariccia">Ariccia</a>", a small town a quarter of the way around the lake. In antiquity, the area had no town, but the grove was the site of one of the most famous of Roman cults and temples: that of <a href="/wiki/Diana_Nemorensis" title="Diana Nemorensis">Diana Nemorensis</a>, a study of which served as the seed for Sir <a href="/wiki/James_Frazer" class="mw-redirect" title="James Frazer">James Frazer</a>'s seminal work on the anthropology of religion, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Golden_Bough" title="The Golden Bough">The Golden Bough</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A sacred grove behind the House of the <a href="/wiki/Vestal_Virgins" class="mw-redirect" title="Vestal Virgins">Vestal Virgins</a> on the edge of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Forum" title="Roman Forum">Roman Forum</a> lingered until its last vestiges were burnt in the <a href="/wiki/Great_Fire_of_Rome" title="Great Fire of Rome">Great Fire of Rome</a> in 64 CE. </p><p>In the town of <a href="/wiki/Spoleto" title="Spoleto">Spoleto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Umbria" title="Umbria">Umbria</a>, two stones from the late third century BCE, inscribed in archaic Latin, that established punishments for the profanation of the woods dedicated to Jupiter (<i>Lex Luci Spoletina</i>) have survived; they are preserved in the National Archeological Museum of Spoleto.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i>Bosco Sacro</i> (literally <i>sacred grove</i>) in the garden of <a href="/wiki/Bomarzo" title="Bomarzo">Bomarzo</a>, Italy, lends its associations to the uncanny atmosphere. </p><p><i>Lucus Pisaurensis</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-auto_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Sacred Grove of <a href="/wiki/Pesaro" title="Pesaro">Pesaro</a>, Italy was discovered by Patrician <a href="/wiki/Annibale_degli_Abati_Olivieri" title="Annibale degli Abati Olivieri">Annibale degli Abati Olivieri</a> in 1737 on property he owned along the 'Forbidden Road' (<i>Collina di Calibano</i>),<sup id="cite_ref-auto_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> just outside Pesaro. This sacred grove is the site of the <a href="/wiki/Votive_Stones_of_Pesaro" class="mw-redirect" title="Votive Stones of Pesaro">Votive Stones of Pesaro</a> and was dedicated to <i>Salus</i>, the ancient Roman demi-goddess of well-being.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The city of <a href="/wiki/Massilia" class="mw-redirect" title="Massilia">Massilia</a>, a Greek colony, had a sacred grove so close by it that Julius Caesar had it cut down to facilitate his <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Massilia" title="Siege of Massilia">siege</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <i><a href="/wiki/Pharsalia" title="Pharsalia">Pharsalia</a></i>, the poet <a href="/wiki/Lucan" title="Lucan">Lucan</a> dramatized it as a place where sunlight could not reach through the branches, where no animal or bird lived, where the wind did not blow, but branches moved on their own, where human sacrifice was practiced, in a clear attempt to dramatize the situation and distract from the sacrilege entailed in its destruction.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_Near_East">Ancient Near East</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sacred_grove&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Ancient Near East"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Religions_of_the_ancient_Near_East" title="Religions of the ancient Near East">Religions of the ancient Near East</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Olives_of_Gethsemane.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Olives_of_Gethsemane.jpg/220px-Olives_of_Gethsemane.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Olives_of_Gethsemane.jpg/330px-Olives_of_Gethsemane.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Olives_of_Gethsemane.jpg/440px-Olives_of_Gethsemane.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Olive_tree" class="mw-redirect" title="Olive tree">Olive trees</a> can attain impressive age, as here at <a href="/wiki/Gethsemane" title="Gethsemane">Gethsemane</a></figcaption></figure> <p>There are two mentions on this tradition in the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a>: </p> <blockquote><p>And <a href="/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham">Abraham</a> planted a grove in Beersheba, and called there on the name of God. </p><dl><dd>—<a href="/wiki/Book_of_Genesis" title="Book of Genesis">Genesis</a> 21:33</dd></dl></blockquote> <p>and </p> <blockquote><p>where the women wove hangings for the grove. </p><dl><dd>—<a href="/wiki/Books_of_Kings" title="Books of Kings">II Kings</a> 23:7</dd></dl></blockquote> <p>Excavations at <a href="/wiki/Labraunda" title="Labraunda">Labraunda</a> have revealed a large shrine assumed to be that of Zeus Stratios mentioned by <a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as a large sacred grove of <a href="/wiki/Plane_tree" class="mw-redirect" title="Plane tree">plane trees</a> sacred to <a href="/wiki/Carian" class="mw-redirect" title="Carian">Carians</a>. In Syria, there was a grove sacred to <a href="/wiki/Adonis" title="Adonis">Adonis</a> at <a href="/wiki/Afqa" title="Afqa">Afqa</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Baltic_polytheism">Baltic polytheism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sacred_grove&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Baltic polytheism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Alka_(Baltic_religion)" title="Alka (Baltic religion)">Alka (Baltic religion)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Romuva_sanctuary.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Romuva_sanctuary.jpg/220px-Romuva_sanctuary.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Romuva_sanctuary.jpg/330px-Romuva_sanctuary.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Romuva_sanctuary.jpg/440px-Romuva_sanctuary.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="968" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Romuva_(temple)" title="Romuva (temple)">Romuva</a> sanctuary in <a href="/wiki/Prussia_(region)" title="Prussia (region)">Prussia</a>: a depiction based on the 16th-century account of <a href="/wiki/Simon_Grunau" title="Simon Grunau">Simon Grunau</a></figcaption></figure> <p>A sacred grove is known as <i><a href="/wiki/Alka_(Baltic_religion)" title="Alka (Baltic religion)">alka(s)</a></i> in <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_language" title="Lithuanian language">Lithuanian</a> and <i>elks</i> in <a href="/wiki/Latvian_language" title="Latvian language">Latvian</a>, however, the terms are also sometimes used to refer to natural holy places in general.<sup id="cite_ref-Vaitkevičius_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vaitkevičius-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first mention of Baltic sacred groves dates back to 1075 when <a href="/wiki/Adam_of_Bremen" title="Adam of Bremen">Adam of Bremen</a> noted <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Prussian" class="mw-redirect" title="Baltic Prussian">Baltic Prussian</a> sacred groves and springs whose sacredness was believed to be polluted by the entry of Christians (<i>solus prohibetur accessus lucorum et fontium, quos autumant pollui christianorum accessu</i>). A few sacred groves in <a href="/wiki/Sambian_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Sambian Peninsula">Sambian Peninsula</a> are mentioned in the 14th-century documents of the <a href="/wiki/Teutonic_Order" title="Teutonic Order">Teutonic Order</a> (<i>sacra sylva, que Scayte vulgariter nominatur..., silva, quae dicitur Heyligewalt...</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-Vaitkevičius_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vaitkevičius-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A religious centre of intertribal significance was <a href="/wiki/Romuva_(temple)" title="Romuva (temple)">Romuva</a> (<i>Romow</i>) in <a href="/wiki/Nadruvia" class="mw-redirect" title="Nadruvia">Nadruvia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prussia_(region)" title="Prussia (region)">Prussia</a>, as described by <a href="/wiki/Peter_of_Dusburg" title="Peter of Dusburg">Peter of Dusburg</a> in 1326.<sup id="cite_ref-Vaitkevičius(1)_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vaitkevičius(1)-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For <a href="/wiki/Curonians" title="Curonians">Curonians</a> sacred groves were closely associated with the <a href="/wiki/Cult_of_the_dead" class="mw-redirect" title="Cult of the dead">cult of the dead</a>. By the early 15th century, with the disappearance of cremation traditions among the Curonians the sacred groves of <a href="/wiki/Courland" title="Courland">Courland</a> had lost their <a href="/wiki/Crematory" class="mw-redirect" title="Crematory">crematory</a> function but remained as an inviolable place reserved for the dead. The role of the sacred forests in the 16th-century traditions of <a href="/wiki/Curonian_Kings" title="Curonian Kings">Curonian Kings</a> is described in a travel description by Königsberg apothecary Reinhold Lubenau:<sup id="cite_ref-Laime_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Laime-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>I first reached Mummel and then passed through Courland, reaching the Curonian king, where we had to watch his pagan superstitions. Since <a href="/wiki/Ziemassv%C4%93tki" title="Ziemassvētki">Christmas</a> was approaching, they went hunting in their holy forest, where they do no hunting and do not cut a single rod throughout the rest of the year. All that they now hunted there: roe deer, red deer and hares, they skinned, cooked and placed on a long table. They fastened a large number of wax candles to the table, for the souls of their parents, children and relatives. After this, standing and walking to and fro, they ate and drank, and forced us to do likewise. Later, they brought an empty beer keg and beat on it with two sticks, and the men and women, as well as the children, danced around the table, something that continued for the whole night. When they went to bed one after another, they invited us to eat and take with us what we would, since they would not eat what was left over, but would give it to the dogs. Neither did they want to take any payment from us for what we had eaten.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Reinhold Lubenau (20 December 1585)<sup id="cite_ref-Laime_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Laime-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Celtic_polytheism">Celtic polytheism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sacred_grove&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Celtic polytheism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Nemeton" title="Nemeton">Nemeton</a></div> <p>The Celts used sacred groves, called <i>nemeton</i> in <a href="/wiki/Gaulish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaulish language">Gaulish</a>, for performing rituals, based on <a href="/wiki/Celtic_mythology" title="Celtic mythology">Celtic mythology</a>. The deity involved was usually <a href="/wiki/Nemetona" title="Nemetona">Nemetona</a> – a Celtic goddess. Druids oversaw such rituals. Existence of such groves have been found in Germany, Switzerland, <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a> and Hungary in Central Europe, in many sites of ancient <a href="/wiki/Gaul" title="Gaul">Gaul</a> in France, as well as England and <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a>. Sacred groves had been plentiful up until the 1st century BC, when the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Romans</a> attacked and conquered Gaul. One of the best known <i>nemeton</i> sites is that in the <i>Nevet</i> forest near <a href="/wiki/Locronan" title="Locronan">Locronan</a> in <a href="/wiki/Brittany" title="Brittany">Brittany</a>, France. <a href="/wiki/Gournay-sur-Aronde" title="Gournay-sur-Aronde">Gournay-sur-Aronde</a> (Gournay-on-Aronde), a village in the <a href="/wiki/Oise" title="Oise">Oise</a> department of France, also houses the remains of a <i>nemeton</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nemetons were often fenced off by enclosures, as indicated by the German term <i>Viereckschanze</i> – meaning a quadrangular space surrounded by a ditch enclosed by wooden palisades. </p><p>Many of these groves, like the sacred grove at <a href="/wiki/Didyma" title="Didyma">Didyma</a>, Turkey are thought to be <i>nemeton</i>s, sacred groves protected by druids based on Celtic mythology. In fact, according to <a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a>, the central shrine at <a href="/wiki/Galatia" title="Galatia">Galatia</a> was called <i>Drunemeton</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of these were also sacred groves in Greek times (as in the case of Didyma), but were based on a different or slightly changed mythology. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Germanic_paganism">Germanic paganism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sacred_grove&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Germanic paganism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sacred_trees_and_groves_in_Germanic_paganism_and_mythology" title="Sacred trees and groves in Germanic paganism and mythology">Sacred trees and groves in Germanic paganism and mythology</a></div> <p>Trees hold a particular role in Germanic paganism and Germanic mythology, both as individuals (sacred trees) and in groups (sacred groves). The central role of trees in Germanic religion is noted in the earliest written reports about the Germanic peoples, with the Roman historian <a href="/wiki/Tacitus" title="Tacitus">Tacitus</a> stating that Germanic cult practices took place exclusively in groves rather than temples. Scholars consider that reverence for and rites performed at individual trees are derived from the mythological role of the world tree, <a href="/wiki/Yggdrasil" title="Yggdrasil">Yggdrasil</a>; onomastic and some historical evidence also connects individual deities to both groves and individual trees. After Christianization, trees continue to play a significant role in the folk beliefs of the Germanic peoples. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Today">Today</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sacred_grove&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Today"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Africa">Africa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sacred_grove&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Benin_and_Togo">Benin and Togo</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sacred_grove&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Benin and Togo"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Across Benin and Togo (Dahomey Gap, West Africa), sacred forests form islands of biodiversity in the middle of overgrazed, woody, semiarid savannahs and croplands.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to their tendency to be maintained over long periods of time, the sacred forests contain valuable remnants of ecological communities from the once extensive forests.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Soils in these forests store significant amounts <a href="/wiki/Soil_carbon" title="Soil carbon">soil carbon</a> as both soil organic carbon (SOC) and soil inorganic carbon (SIC).<sup id="cite_ref-:0_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Soil inorganic carbon is an important <a href="/wiki/Carbon_sink" title="Carbon sink">carbon sink</a> because it preserved over a longer time frame than the soil organic carbon.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is a high potential for development of the soils for potential <a href="/wiki/Carbon_sequestration" title="Carbon sequestration">carbon sequestration</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ghana">Ghana</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sacred_grove&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Ghana"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sacred groves are also present in <a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a>. One of Ghana's most famous sacred groves – the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Buoyem_Sacred_Grove&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buoyem Sacred Grove (page does not exist)">Buoyem Sacred Grove</a> – and numerous other sacred groves are present in the <a href="/wiki/Techiman_Municipal_District" title="Techiman Municipal District">Techiman Municipal District</a> and nearby districts of the <a href="/wiki/Brong_Ahafo_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Brong Ahafo Region">Brong Ahafo Region</a>. They provide a refuge for wildlife which has been exterminated in nearby areas, and one grove most notably houses 20,000 <a href="/wiki/Fruit_bat" class="mw-redirect" title="Fruit bat">fruit bats</a> in caves.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The capital of the historical <a href="/wiki/Ghana_Empire" title="Ghana Empire">Ghana Empire</a>, contained a sacred grove called <i>al-gâba</i> (Ar. "the forest") for performing religious rites of the <a href="/wiki/Soninke_people" title="Soninke people">Soninke people</a>. Other sacred groves in Ghana include sacred groves along the coastal <a href="/wiki/Savannah" class="mw-redirect" title="Savannah">savannahs</a> of Ghana.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many sacred groves in Ghana are now under federal protection – like the <i>Anweam Sacred Grove</i> in the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Esukawkaw_Forest_Reserve&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Esukawkaw Forest Reserve (page does not exist)">Esukawkaw Forest Reserve</a><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other well-known sacred groves in present-day Ghana include the <i><a href="/wiki/Malishegu" title="Malishegu">Malshegu</a> Sacred Grove</i> in <a href="/wiki/Northern_Region_(Ghana)" title="Northern Region (Ghana)">Northern Ghana</a> – one of the last remaining closed-canopy forests in the savannah regions,<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the Jachie sacred grove. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Tanoboase_Sacred_Grove_and_Shrine" title="Tanoboase Sacred Grove and Shrine">Tanoboase Sacred Grove and Shrine</a> is located near the village of Tanoboase in the Techiman, <a href="/wiki/Brong_Ahafo" class="mw-redirect" title="Brong Ahafo">Brong Ahafo</a> region of Ghana. The site is home of the <a href="/wiki/Bono_people" title="Bono people">Bono people</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Kenya">Kenya</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sacred_grove&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Kenya"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are many groups of trees and groves that remain sacred to local indigenous populations, such as the <a href="/wiki/Kikuyu_people" title="Kikuyu people">Kikuyu</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Maasai_people" title="Maasai people">Maasai</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Mbeere_people" title="Mbeere people">Mbeere tribe of central Kenya</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2008, the <a href="/wiki/Kaya_(Mijikenda)" title="Kaya (Mijikenda)">Kaya</a> forests, a group of 10 forest sites spread over 200 km (124 mi), were made a <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a> by <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a>. They are a series of forests located along the coast of Kenya, accompanied by fortified villages known as kayas. These kayas were originally built in the 16th century but have uninhabited since the 1940s. They are now regarded as sacred sites.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kaya_Kinondo,_Sacred_Forest,_Kenya_-_51988955351.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Kaya_Kinondo%2C_Sacred_Forest%2C_Kenya_-_51988955351.jpg/233px-Kaya_Kinondo%2C_Sacred_Forest%2C_Kenya_-_51988955351.jpg" decoding="async" width="233" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Kaya_Kinondo%2C_Sacred_Forest%2C_Kenya_-_51988955351.jpg/350px-Kaya_Kinondo%2C_Sacred_Forest%2C_Kenya_-_51988955351.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Kaya_Kinondo%2C_Sacred_Forest%2C_Kenya_-_51988955351.jpg/466px-Kaya_Kinondo%2C_Sacred_Forest%2C_Kenya_-_51988955351.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4743" data-file-height="3162" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kaya_(Mijikenda)" title="Kaya (Mijikenda)">Kaya Kinondo Sacred Forest</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a>, one of the 10 forest locations of the Kaya forests.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Mount_Kenya" title="Mount Kenya">Mount Kenya</a> is a mountain of <a href="/wiki/Volcano" title="Volcano">volcanic origin</a> that stands 5,199 metres (17,057 feet) tall. It has a unique forest and plant ecosystem that holds significant biological and cultural importance, and is home to over 882 plant species.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1949, it was designated a <a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_Kenya" title="List of national parks of Kenya">national park</a>, and in 1978, the <a href="/wiki/Man_and_the_Biosphere_Programme" title="Man and the Biosphere Programme">UNESCO Man and the Biosphere Programme</a> named it a Biosphere Reserve. It is considered a sacred site by the Kikuyu, who believed that the top of the mountain was the ‘house’ of God.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ramogi_hill&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ramogi hill (page does not exist)">Ramogi hill</a> is located in the <a href="/wiki/Siaya_County" title="Siaya County">Siaya County</a> of western Kenya. The hill and forest cover a distance of 283 hectares (699 acres) and is home to rich flora including trees, <a href="/wiki/Shrub" title="Shrub">shrubs</a>, flowers, over 100 plant species in total.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is an important <a href="/wiki/Historic_site" title="Historic site">historical site</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Luo_people" title="Luo people">Luo people</a> of <a href="/wiki/Western_Province_(Kenya)" title="Western Province (Kenya)">western Kenya</a>, and is said to be the first site they established after migrating from <a href="/wiki/South_Sudan" title="South Sudan">South Sudan</a>. The hill is named after Ramogi, a notable Luo leader. The hill and forests are considered holy and sacred, and the Luo people use the hill for cultural and religious practices, including as a source of <a href="/wiki/Herbal_medicine" title="Herbal medicine">herbal medicine</a> and a place of <a href="/wiki/Meditation" title="Meditation">meditation</a>. According to the Luo people, the medicinal plants that grow in the forests of Ramogi hill are considered to have strong healing powers.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Nigeria">Nigeria</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sacred_grove&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Nigeria"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rio_Osun.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Rio_Osun.jpg/220px-Rio_Osun.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Rio_Osun.jpg/330px-Rio_Osun.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Rio_Osun.jpg/440px-Rio_Osun.jpg 2x" data-file-width="704" data-file-height="472" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Osun-Osogbo_Sacred_Grove" class="mw-redirect" title="Osun-Osogbo Sacred Grove">Osun-Osogbo Sacred Grove</a>, Nigeria</figcaption></figure> <p>The concept of sacred groves is present in <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigerian</a> mythology as well. The <a href="/wiki/Osun-Osogbo" title="Osun-Osogbo">Osun-Osogbo Sacred Grove</a>, containing dense forests, is located just outside the city of <a href="/wiki/Osogbo" title="Osogbo">Osogbo</a>, and is regarded as one of the last virgin high forests in Nigeria. It is dedicated to the fertility goddess in <a href="/wiki/Yoruba_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Yoruba mythology">Yoruba mythology</a>, and is dotted with shrines and sculptures. <a href="/wiki/Oba_(ruler)#Oloye" title="Oba (ruler)">Oloye</a> <a href="/wiki/Susanne_Wenger" title="Susanne Wenger">Susanne Wenger</a>, an Austrian artist, helped revive the grove. The grove was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2005.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Asia">Asia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sacred_grove&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sacred forests continue to hold an important place in the everyday lives of Indigenous and rural people across South, East, and Southeast Asia. A large-scale comparative analysis of sacred groves in ten countries within these regions indicates that they have long played a critical role in the protection of watersheds and water sources.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cambodia">Cambodia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sacred_grove&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Cambodia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Indigenous <a href="/wiki/Bunong_people" title="Bunong people">Bunong people</a> in <a href="/wiki/Mondulkiri_province" title="Mondulkiri province">Mondulkiri province</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a> consider forests to be sacred. <a href="/wiki/Deforestation_in_Cambodia" title="Deforestation in Cambodia">Deforestation</a> and land concessions in the country has threatened their land tenure and traditions.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="India">India</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sacred_grove&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: India"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ChandodSacredGrove.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/ChandodSacredGrove.jpg/220px-ChandodSacredGrove.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/ChandodSacredGrove.jpg/330px-ChandodSacredGrove.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/ChandodSacredGrove.jpg/440px-ChandodSacredGrove.jpg 2x" data-file-width="944" data-file-height="699" /></a><figcaption><i>The Sacred Hindoo Grove near Chandod on the Banks of the Nerbudda</i> by <a href="/wiki/James_Forbes_(artist)" title="James Forbes (artist)">James Forbes</a>, 1782</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sacred_groves_of_India" title="Sacred groves of India">Sacred groves of India</a></div> <p>In India, sacred groves are scattered all over the country, and do enjoy protection. Prior to 2002, these forest regions were not recognized under any of the existing laws. But in 2002 an amendment was brought in <a href="/wiki/Wildlife_Protection_Act,_1972" class="mw-redirect" title="Wildlife Protection Act, 1972">Wildlife Protection Act, 1972</a> to include Sacred Groves under the act. In 2016, a framework was published by the intergovernmental organization <a href="/wiki/ICIMOD" class="mw-redirect" title="ICIMOD">ICIMOD</a> to help assess the present day significance of <a href="/wiki/Sacred_natural_site" title="Sacred natural site">sacred natural sites</a>, including sacred groves in all Himalayan countries to enable better policy uptake of these sites.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some NGOs work with local villagers to protect such groves. Each grove is associated with a presiding deity, and the groves are referred to by different names in different parts of India. They were maintained by local communities with hunting and logging strictly prohibited within these patches. While most of these sacred deities are associated with local <a href="/wiki/Hindu_mythology" title="Hindu mythology">Hindu</a> gods, sacred groves of Islamic and Buddhist origins are also known. Sacred groves occur in a variety of places – from <a href="/wiki/Deserts_and_xeric_shrublands" title="Deserts and xeric shrublands">scrub forests</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Thar_Desert" title="Thar Desert">Thar Desert</a> of <a href="/wiki/Rajasthan" title="Rajasthan">Rajasthan</a> maintained by the <a href="/wiki/Bishnoi" title="Bishnoi">Bishnois</a>, to <a href="/wiki/Rain_forest" class="mw-redirect" title="Rain forest">rain forests</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a> <a href="/wiki/Western_Ghats" title="Western Ghats">Western Ghats</a>. <a href="/wiki/Himachal_Pradesh" title="Himachal Pradesh">Himachal Pradesh</a> in the North and Kerala in the South are specifically known for their large numbers of sacred groves. The Kodavas of Karnataka maintained over 1000 sacred groves in Kodagu alone.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The district of Uttara Kannada in Karnataka also harbours a large number of sacred groves.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Around 14,000 sacred groves have been reported from all over India, which act as reservoirs of rare fauna, and more often rare flora, amid rural and even urban settings. Experts believe that the total number of sacred groves could be as high as 100,000. Threats to the groves include urbanization, and <a href="/wiki/Over-exploitation" class="mw-redirect" title="Over-exploitation">over-exploitation</a> of resources. While many of the groves are looked upon as abode of Hindu gods, in the recent past a number of them have been partially cleared for construction of shrines and temples.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ritualistic dances and dramatizations based on the local deities that protect the groves are called <i>Theyyam</i> in Kerala and <i>Nagmandalam</i>, among other names, in <a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a>. There are sacred groves in Ernakulam region in a place named Mangatoor in Kerala. Sacred groves are being destroyed as a part of <a href="/wiki/Urbanization" title="Urbanization">urbanization</a>. The family "Nalukettil Puthenpurayil" still protects sacred groves. </p><p>Dev Bhoomi, or the "Land of Gods," is part of the 133 sacred groves in the foothills of the Himalayas in Uttarakhand. Known for its rivers, lakes, caves, and forests, it is considered the holiest land in the region. Local communities honor deities like Haat Kaali, Kotgyari Devi, and Mahakaali. Unlike typical forests, these sacred groves are alpine meadows, deeply tied to the ethnic identity of local groups. Their survival is believed to depend on oral traditions, with no written laws. Customary taboos forbid harming the groves, including plucking flowers, uprooting plants, or disturbing animals and religious objects.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite the abundance of sacred groves in India, they are gradually disappearing due to cultural shifts and growing pressure to exploit the natural resources within these groves.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Japan">Japan</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sacred_grove&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Japan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sacred groves in Japan are typically associated with <a href="/wiki/Shinto_shrine" title="Shinto shrine">Shinto shrines</a> and are located all over Japan. They have existed since ancient times and shrines are often built in the midst of preexisting groves. The <a href="/wiki/Cryptomeria" title="Cryptomeria">Cryptomeria</a> tree is venerated in <a href="/wiki/Shinto" title="Shinto">Shinto</a> practice, and considered sacred. </p><p>Among the sacred groves associated with such <i>jinja</i>s or Shinto shrines is the 20-hectare wooded area associated with Atsuta Shrine<span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">熱田神宮</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">Atsuta-jingū</i></span>)</span> at <a href="/wiki/Atsuta-ku,_Nagoya" title="Atsuta-ku, Nagoya">Atsuta-ku, Nagoya</a>. The 1500-hectare forest associated with <a href="/wiki/Kashima_Shrine" title="Kashima Shrine">Kashima Shrine</a> was declared a "protected area" in 1953.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Today it is part of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kashima_Wildlife_Preservation_Area&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kashima Wildlife Preservation Area (page does not exist)">Kashima Wildlife Preservation Area</a>. The woods include over 800 kinds of trees and varied animal and plant life.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Tadasu_no_Mori" title="Tadasu no Mori">Tadasu no Mori</a><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">糺の森</span></span>)</span> is a general term for a wooded area associated with the <a href="/wiki/Kamo_Shrine" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamo Shrine">Kamo Shrine</a>, which is a Shinto sanctuary near the banks of the Kamo River in northeast Kyoto.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ambit of today's forest encompasses approximately 12.4 hectares, which are preserved as a national historic site (国の史跡).<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Kamigamo_Shrine" title="Kamigamo Shrine">Kamigamo Shrine</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Shimogamo_Shrine" title="Shimogamo Shrine">Shimogamo Shrine</a>, along with other <a href="/wiki/Historic_Monuments_of_Ancient_Kyoto_(Kyoto,_Uji_and_Otsu_Cities)" title="Historic Monuments of Ancient Kyoto (Kyoto, Uji and Otsu Cities)">Historic Monuments of Ancient Kyoto (Kyoto, Uji and Otsu Cities)</a>, have been designated <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/688/multiple=1&unique_number=814">World Heritage Sites</a> since 1994. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Okinawa">Okinawa</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sacred_grove&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Okinawa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Utaki" title="Utaki">Utaki</a> sacred sites (often with associated burial grounds) on <a href="/wiki/Okinawa_Prefecture" title="Okinawa Prefecture">Okinawa</a> are based on <a href="/wiki/Ryukyuan_religion" title="Ryukyuan religion">Ryukyuan religion</a>, and usually are associated with <a href="/wiki/Toun" class="mw-redirect" title="Toun">toun</a> or <i>kami-asagi</i> – regions dedicated to the gods where people are forbidden to go. Sacred groves are often present in such places, as also in <a href="/wiki/Gusuku" title="Gusuku">Gusukus</a> – fortified areas which contain sacred sites within them.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Seifa-utaki" class="mw-redirect" title="Seifa-utaki">Seifa-utaki</a> was designated as a <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a> designated in 2003.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It consists of a triangular cavern formed by gigantic rocks, and contains a sacred grove with rare, indigenous trees like the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kubanoki&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kubanoki (page does not exist)">Kubanoki</a> (a kind of palm) and the <i>yabunikkei</i> or <a href="/wiki/Cinnamomum_japonicum" class="mw-redirect" title="Cinnamomum japonicum">Cinnamomum japonicum</a> (a form of wild cinnamon). Direct access to the grove is forbidden. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Malaysia">Malaysia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sacred_grove&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Malaysia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Sacred_grove" title="Special:EditPage/Sacred grove">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Sacred+grove%22">"Sacred grove"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Sacred+grove%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Sacred+grove%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Sacred+grove%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Sacred+grove%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Sacred+grove%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Much of the ways of the ancient inhabitants of <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a> have largely been forgotten, mostly due to the taboos among the local populace on putting certain esoteric knowledge down in ink, thus only passed down through examples and word of mouth from mother to daughter and father to son. However, much can be observed by the ways and habits of the natives of Malaysia which include 18 tribes of <a href="/wiki/Orang_Asli" title="Orang Asli">Orang Asli</a> (<a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a> for Natural People) and the <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_Malays" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic Malays">Malays</a>, who are often regarded as the 19th tribe. </p><p>There is a practice of tree planting around houses to the extent that the walls and wooden structures are allowed to give way to the roots of creeping plants, purposely sown at the bases of these structures. With increased migration towards the larger cities, these houses are abandoned and allowed to return to nature. As most traditional Orang Asli and Malay houses are made of only wood, <a href="/wiki/Bamboo" title="Bamboo">bamboo</a>, rattan and woven palm leaves (being built without using a single nail), the remains of those houses crumble easily into its surrounding. </p><p>Besides that, a practice of creating arches of <a href="/wiki/Vine" title="Vine">vine</a> and creeping flowering plants so that each time one were to enter the gates of the house, one has to bow, as if implying or imitating respect upon entry to a sacred grove which were practiced by their <a href="/wiki/Ancestors" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancestors">ancestors</a>. Such practices are even performed by those who have migrated into the cities who prefer to live in houses on the ground, rather than in high rise apartments. A garden of fruit trees surrounded by larger trees are planted around the houses to provide shade and an illusion of being at 'home' as well as to provide sustenance (in the form of fruits and seeds) to <a href="/wiki/Squirrel" title="Squirrel">squirrels</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fox" title="Fox">foxes</a>, insects and birds. Commonly, a cat, or in most instances, many cats are kept to patrol the gardens and guard from harmful spirits as well as against <a href="/wiki/Rat" title="Rat">rats</a> which were believed to carry <a href="/w/index.php?title=Unclean_spirits&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Unclean spirits (page does not exist)">unclean spirits</a> and diseases. </p><p>However, one of the most striking examples of the tree reverence among them can be seen in the <a href="/wiki/Graveyards" class="mw-redirect" title="Graveyards">graveyards</a> which are considered as <a href="/wiki/Sacred#Sacred_ground" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacred">holy ground</a>, on which no stone structure can be built upon. The whole area are covered by large and tall trees, so much foliage that the scorching tropical sun is reduced to a dim shadow as temperatures drop to a comfortable cool. Malay folklore relates that the trees whisper prayers to the creator in <a href="/wiki/Absolution" title="Absolution">absolution</a> of the past transgression of the ground's once human inhabitants. The trees are also allowed to take root into the graves where the grave keepers (<i>penjaga kubur</i> in Malay) slowly remove gravestones (which used to be made from wood) as they are ejected from the grounds onto the surface. There is also a ritual of planting small tree <a href="/wiki/Sapling" class="mw-redirect" title="Sapling">sapling</a> on fresh graves by family members who will then water it and tend to it periodically. Petals from fresh red and pink roses are also brought upon visitation to be scattered on the graves and a ritual of pouring rose water upon the soils are also performed. </p><p>The Malays regard visiting the graves from between sunset to sunrise as a <a href="/wiki/Taboo" title="Taboo">taboo</a> as it is believed that as sunrise is the beginning of the day to mankind, sunset is perceived as the beginning of <i>day</i> to those who dwell in the grave area. Burials are almost always postponed until the next day except in certain cases where it is allowed, provided that additional rules are observed, such as, women and children are not allowed at the night time burial ceremony. </p><p>An ancient ritual of renaming the deceased as she or he is laid into the earth is also practiced. The Orang Asli and Malay (see <a href="/wiki/Malaysian_names" title="Malaysian names">Malaysian names</a>) naming system has a living name and a spirit name, which is given during the ritual of burial. This name is known as <i>nama arwah</i> (spirit name). The living name is usually the given name plus the word 'anak' which means 'son/daughter of' or 'bin' and 'binti' which mean 'son of' or 'daughter of' respectively; followed by the name of the father. When a person dies, the father's name is replaced with his or her mother's name and this is made known during the reading of burial sentences. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Nepal">Nepal</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sacred_grove&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Nepal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Granted <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage</a> status by <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> in 1997,<sup id="cite_ref-UNESC01997_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNESC01997-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-UNESCO2014_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNESCO2014-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Lumbini" title="Lumbini">Lumbini Grove</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_pilgrimage" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist pilgrimage">Buddhist pilgrimage</a> site in the <a href="/wiki/Rupandehi_District" title="Rupandehi District">Rupandehi District</a> of <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a>. It is the place where, according to <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhist</a> tradition, <a href="/wiki/Maya_(mother_of_Buddha)" class="mw-redirect" title="Maya (mother of Buddha)">Queen Mayadevi</a> gave birth to Siddhartha Gautama in 623 <a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">BCE</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-UNESC01997_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNESC01997-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-UNESCO2014_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNESCO2014-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gautama, who achieved <a href="/wiki/Nirvana_(Buddhism)" title="Nirvana (Buddhism)">nirvana</a> some time around 543 BCE,<sup id="cite_ref-Cousins1996_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cousins1996-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> became the Lord <a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Gautama Buddha">Gautama Buddha</a> and founded Buddhism after achieving <a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_in_Buddhism" title="Enlightenment in Buddhism">Enlightenment</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Maya_Devi_Temple,_Lumbini" title="Maya Devi Temple, Lumbini">Mayadevi Temple</a> is located at Lumbini. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Philippines">Philippines</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sacred_grove&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Philippines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Enchanted_Balete_Tree_in_Lazi.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Enchanted_Balete_Tree_in_Lazi.JPG/220px-Enchanted_Balete_Tree_in_Lazi.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Enchanted_Balete_Tree_in_Lazi.JPG/330px-Enchanted_Balete_Tree_in_Lazi.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Enchanted_Balete_Tree_in_Lazi.JPG/440px-Enchanted_Balete_Tree_in_Lazi.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>A 400-year old <a href="/wiki/Balete_tree" title="Balete tree"><i>balete</i> tree</a> with a <a href="/wiki/Natural_spring" class="mw-redirect" title="Natural spring">natural spring</a> between its roots in <a href="/wiki/Lazi,_Siquijor" title="Lazi, Siquijor">Lazi, Siquijor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>. It is believed to be home to <i><a href="/wiki/Anito" title="Anito">diwata</a></i> (<i>anito</i>) spirits.</figcaption></figure> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Animistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Animistic">animistic</a> native <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Filipino</a> religion called <a href="/wiki/Bathala" title="Bathala">Bathala</a>, the worshiping <i><a href="/wiki/Anito" title="Anito">anito</a></i> spirits, <a href="/wiki/Balete_tree" title="Balete tree"><i>balete</i> trees</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Ficus" title="Ficus">Ficus</a></i> spp.), also known as <i>nonok</i> or <i>nunuk</i>, are regarded as abodes of spirits or gateways to the spirit world. Cutting them down was <a href="/wiki/Taboo" title="Taboo">taboo</a>, a superstition that is still followed today. Outdoor shrines or altars known as <i><a href="/wiki/Dambana" class="mw-redirect" title="Dambana">dambana</a></i>, <i>latangan</i>, and <i>tambara</i> among other names were often built near the trees during <a href="/wiki/Babaylan" class="mw-redirect" title="Babaylan">shaman rituals</a>. Aside from individual trees, natural formations, bodies of water, rocks, groves, and even entire forests also commonly became sacred places to various communities.<sup id="cite_ref-Scott1994_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scott1994-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-kroeber_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kroeber-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-blumetritt_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-blumetritt-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Thailand">Thailand</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sacred_grove&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Thailand"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sacred groves, mostly connected to <a href="/wiki/Thai_folklore" title="Thai folklore">Thai folk belief</a>, are known to have existed in Thailand since medieval times. Recently, new areas are being marked off as sacred as an environmental movement. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Singapore">Singapore</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sacred_grove&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Singapore"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Keramat Kusu is an island with <i>keramat</i> graves.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Europe">Europe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sacred_grove&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Estonia">Estonia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sacred_grove&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Estonia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tori_iiesaar.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Tori_iiesaar.JPG/220px-Tori_iiesaar.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Tori_iiesaar.JPG/330px-Tori_iiesaar.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Tori_iiesaar.JPG/440px-Tori_iiesaar.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Sacred Grove Island in <a href="/wiki/Tori_Parish" title="Tori Parish">Tori Parish</a>, <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A4rnumaa" class="mw-redirect" title="Pärnumaa">Pärnumaa</a>, Estonia</figcaption></figure> <p>Based on historical data, it is estimated that there are around 2500 <a href="/wiki/Sacred_natural_site" title="Sacred natural site">sacred natural sites</a> in Estonia, the largest of them covering up to 100 hectares. Although rather exceptional among most of the technologically developed countries, in Estonia both the sacred natural sites and indigenous customs connected to them are still in use. Therefore, the heritage that is connected to sacred natural sites has great importance to the national identity and environment of Estonians. </p><p>In a collaboration between followers of Estonian native religion (<a href="/wiki/Maausk" class="mw-redirect" title="Maausk">Maausk</a>) and governmental ministries, a national plan was prepared in 2008: "Sacred Natural Sites in Estonia: Study and Conservation 2008–2012" which includes about 550 sacred groves (<a href="/wiki/Estonian_language" title="Estonian language">Estonian</a>: <i lang="et">hiis</i>). The National Plan on Sacred Natural Sites consists of a historical overview of sacred natural sites in Estonia, a current situation analysis, and several concrete conservation measures and instructions on how to apply them. The coordinating steering committee of the Conservation Plan consists of Environment, Agriculture, Internal Affairs and Education and Research ministries, National Heritage Board and MK. The University of Tartu is the implementing agency. Measures of the Conservation Plan are designed to handle natural sanctuaries and values connected to them in all aspects. </p><p>The Conservation Plan foresees creating a database which supports researching and managing natural sanctuaries. The database would consist of folkloric, archaeological, natural, historical and other data on sacred natural sites and provide information on the exact location, condition and form of ownership of each site.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2011 a scandal occurred when a company started <a href="/wiki/Clearcutting" title="Clearcutting">clearcutting</a> Rebala's sacred grove nearby <a href="/w/index.php?title=Maardu_manor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maardu manor (page does not exist)">Maardu manor</a> due to a misunderstanding between the Environmental Board and the National Heritage Board.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Russia">Russia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sacred_grove&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Russia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Both the prechristian <a href="/wiki/Slavic_paganism" title="Slavic paganism">Slavic pagans</a> and some <a href="/wiki/Shamanism_in_Siberia" title="Shamanism in Siberia">Siberian pagans</a> of the modern era considered trees or forests themselves sacred. Throughout the boreal forests of Siberia, there are upwards of 600 known sacred groves and over twice that number are estimated to exist. These are most prominent in <a href="/wiki/Komi_Republic" title="Komi Republic">Komi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buryatia" title="Buryatia">Buryatia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Irkutsk_Oblast" title="Irkutsk Oblast">Irktusk</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Sakha_Republic" title="Sakha Republic">Sakha Republic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Finland">Finland</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sacred_grove&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Finland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finnish</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Hiisi" title="Hiisi">hiisi</a></i> sites are locations where the dead and spirits of ancestors are worshipped and respected. While the exact definition of the word <i>hiisi</i> is still unclear, they are often describes as situated on the top of stony mountains or hills and are often close to water.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Hiisi</i> sites are considered holy groves.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1967, the linguist <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mauno_Koski&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mauno Koski (page does not exist)">Mauno Koski</a> produced a list of <i>hiisi</i> sites in his doctoral thesis. In list, he mentions 14 possible <i>hiisi</i> sites, mostly from the provinces of <a href="/wiki/Southwest_Finland" title="Southwest Finland">Southwest Finland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Satakunta" title="Satakunta">Satakunta</a>, and <a href="/wiki/H%C3%A4me" title="Häme">Häme</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The word <i>hiisi</i> is used in archaeological literature as denoting a pre-Christian <a href="/wiki/Burial" title="Burial">burial site</a> or sacred grove, and the negative connotations of the word (devil, demon) probably developed during <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</a> times.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Latvia">Latvia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sacred_grove&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Latvia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are three known sacred groves associated with the seven <a href="/wiki/Curonian_Kings" title="Curonian Kings">Curonian King</a> villages in <a href="/wiki/Turlava_parish" class="mw-redirect" title="Turlava parish">Turlava parish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Courland" title="Courland">Courland</a>. The most famous one of them is the Ķoniņi Elka Grove (<i>Ķoniņu Elka birzs</i>) or simply Elka that today covers around one hectare of land and is protected as an archaeological monument of national importance. Folklore researcher Sandis Laime has suggested that the sacred grove might have been a religious centre and probably covered a more extensive area in the past. He points to the toponym Elka Meadow (<i>Elku pļava</i>) localized approximately 1.5 kilometres from the remaining grove and speculates that the meadow could have retained its original name even after the part of the sacred grove on it was cut down. Nowadays a strong oral tradition persists among the Turlava area residents regarding the prohibition of certain actions in the grove and the misfortune that may follow if the prohibitions are not abided.<sup id="cite_ref-Laime_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Laime-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Lithuania">Lithuania</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sacred_grove&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Lithuania"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are around 40 known sacred groves and forests in Lithuania. Lithuanian archaeologist <a href="/wiki/Vykintas_Vaitkevi%C4%8Dius" title="Vykintas Vaitkevičius">Vykintas Vaitkevičius</a> has grouped some of the sacred forests and groves according to the components <i>šventas</i> (13), <i>alka</i> (11) and <i>gojus</i> (more than 520) in their name.<sup id="cite_ref-Vaitkevičius(1)_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vaitkevičius(1)-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kleczanow_-_cmentarzysko_cia%C5%82opalne_z_VIII-X_w.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Kleczanow_-_cmentarzysko_cia%C5%82opalne_z_VIII-X_w.jpg/220px-Kleczanow_-_cmentarzysko_cia%C5%82opalne_z_VIII-X_w.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Kleczanow_-_cmentarzysko_cia%C5%82opalne_z_VIII-X_w.jpg/330px-Kleczanow_-_cmentarzysko_cia%C5%82opalne_z_VIII-X_w.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Kleczanow_-_cmentarzysko_cia%C5%82opalne_z_VIII-X_w.jpg/440px-Kleczanow_-_cmentarzysko_cia%C5%82opalne_z_VIII-X_w.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kleczan%C3%B3w_Forest" class="mw-redirect" title="Kleczanów Forest">Kleczanów Forest</a>, a sacred forest in Poland located in the vicinity of the village <a href="/wiki/Kleczan%C3%B3w" title="Kleczanów">Kleczanów</a>.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Poland">Poland</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sacred_grove&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Poland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sacred_grove&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2021</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="/wiki/Kleczan%C3%B3w_Forest" class="mw-redirect" title="Kleczanów Forest">Kleczanów Forest</a> is a sacred forest in the vicinity of <a href="/wiki/Kleczan%C3%B3w" title="Kleczanów">Kleczanów</a> village in <a href="/wiki/Sandomierz_County" title="Sandomierz County">Sandomierz County</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>. It features an ancient site of 37 <a href="/wiki/Slavic_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavic peoples">Slavic</a> <a href="/wiki/Kurgans" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurgans">kurgans</a> (burial mounds) 4–10 metres high.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Americas">Americas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sacred_grove&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Americas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_States">United States</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sacred_grove&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Sacred_Grove_(Latter_Day_Saints)" title="Sacred Grove (Latter Day Saints)">Sacred Grove (Latter Day Saints)</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Lakota_people" title="Lakota people">Lakota</a> and various other North American tribes consider particular forests or other natural landmarks to be sacred. This is one of the reasons that there has been recent dispute over the nullification of acknowledgment of <a href="/wiki/Indian_reservation" title="Indian reservation">Native American reservation land</a> by the US government and an attempt to compensate Native Americans for the reacquisition of this sacred space.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Wikipedia_and_sources_that_mirror_or_use_it" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="This claim cites another Wikipedia article. Articles need references to reliable third-party sources. (September 2015)">circular reference</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ecology">Ecology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sacred_grove&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Ecology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Sacred_groves_of_India" title="Sacred groves of India">Sacred groves of India</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sacred_grove&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2024</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Sacred groves have been found to harbor more biodiversity than surrounding areas.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_fiction">In fiction</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sacred_grove&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: In fiction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Enchanted_forest" title="Enchanted forest">Enchanted forest</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien" title="J. R. R. Tolkien">J. R. R. Tolkien</a> included many magical trees and woods in his fictional writings which he based on English and Norse mythology.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_R._R._Martin" title="George R. R. Martin">George R. R. Martin</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/A_Song_of_Ice_and_Fire" title="A Song of Ice and Fire">A Song of Ice and Fire</a></i> features "godswoods", sacred groves containing sacred trees, notably "weirwood" trees but also oaks, et al.</li> <li>In <i><a href="/wiki/The_Legend_of_Zelda" title="The Legend of Zelda">The Legend of Zelda</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Video_game" title="Video game">video game</a> series there is a location called the Sacred Grove in <a href="/wiki/Universe_of_The_Legend_of_Zelda#Hyrule" title="Universe of The Legend of Zelda">Hyrule</a>, usually depicted as a gateway to the <a href="/wiki/Universe_of_The_Legend_of_Zelda#Recurring_areas" title="Universe of The Legend of Zelda">Temple of Time</a> and thus the Sacred Realm, one of the most important locations in the series' backstory.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>In MTV's <i><a href="/wiki/Teen_Wolf_(2011_TV_series)" title="Teen Wolf (2011 TV series)">Teen Wolf</a></i>, a sacred tree known as a <a href="/wiki/Nemeton" title="Nemeton">nemeton</a> serves as a beacon for supernatural creatures and retained some of its power even after being cut down.</li> <li>In the <a href="/wiki/Hayao_Miyazaki" title="Hayao Miyazaki">Hayao Miyazaki</a> animated film <i><a href="/wiki/My_Neighbor_Totoro" title="My Neighbor Totoro">My Neighbor Totoro</a></i> the large tree in which the Totoros live is modeled after a 2000-year-old sacred camphor tree in <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Cameron" title="James Cameron">James Cameron</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Avatar_(2009_film)" title="Avatar (2009 film)">Avatar</a></i>, the natives of Pandora, the Na'vi, live in a massive tree called Hometree and at the center of their sacred grove is the Tree of Souls.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sacred_grove&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Sacred related <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_trees" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacred trees">Sacred trees</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bodhi_Tree" title="Bodhi Tree">Bodhi Tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_banyan_trees_in_India" title="List of banyan trees in India">List of banyan trees in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_groves_of_India" title="Sacred groves of India">Sacred groves of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_trees_and_groves_in_Germanic_paganism_and_mythology" title="Sacred trees and groves in Germanic paganism and mythology">Sacred trees and groves in Germanic paganism and mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trees_in_mythology" title="Trees in mythology">Trees in mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_worship" class="mw-redirect" title="Tree worship">Tree worship</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_mountain" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacred mountain">Sacred mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_natural_site" title="Sacred natural site">Sacred natural site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_space" title="Sacred space">Sacred space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_waters" title="Sacred waters">Sacred waters</a></li></ul></li> <li>General <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_types_of_formally_designated_forests" title="List of types of formally designated forests">List of types of formally designated forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_superlative_trees" title="List of superlative trees">Superlative trees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_hugger_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Tree hugger (disambiguation)">Tree hugger (disambiguation)</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sacred_grove&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sacred_grove&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Coggins, Chris and Bixia Chen (Eds/Auths). 2022. Sacred Forests of Asia: Spiritual Ecology and the Politics of Nature Conservation. Routledge/Earthscan Forest Library. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.routledge.com/Sacred-Forests-of-Asia-Spiritual-Ecology-and-the-Politics-of-Nature-Conservation/Coggins-Chen/p/book/9780367698737}">https://www.routledge.com/Sacred-Forests-of-Asia-Spiritual-Ecology-and-the-Politics-of-Nature-Conservation/Coggins-Chen/p/book/9780367698737}</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arboretum.harvard.edu/stories/eternal-forests-the-veneration-of-old-trees-in-japan/">"Eternal Forests: The Veneration of Old Trees in Japan, Arnold Arboretum"</a>. <i>arboretum.harvard.edu</i>. 18 May 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-07-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=arboretum.harvard.edu&rft.atitle=Eternal+Forests%3A+The+Veneration+of+Old+Trees+in+Japan%2C+Arnold+Arboretum&rft.date=2020-05-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farboretum.harvard.edu%2Fstories%2Feternal-forests-the-veneration-of-old-trees-in-japan%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASacred+grove" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210304123327/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/article/ethiopian-church-forest-conservation-biodiversity">"See the incredible "church forests" of Ethiopia"</a>. <i>Environment</i>. 2019-01-18. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/article/ethiopian-church-forest-conservation-biodiversity">the original</a> on March 4, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-07-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Environment&rft.atitle=See+the+incredible+%22church+forests%22+of+Ethiopia&rft.date=2019-01-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalgeographic.com%2Fenvironment%2Farticle%2Fethiopian-church-forest-conservation-biodiversity&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASacred+grove" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWiśniewski2022" class="citation web cs1">Wiśniewski, Tomasz (2022-03-18). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://przekroj.org/en/soul-body/practise-courage-abstain-from-wrongdoing/">"Practice Courage, Abstain from Wrongdoing"</a>. <i>Przekrój.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-11-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Przekr%C3%B3j.org&rft.atitle=Practice+Courage%2C+Abstain+from+Wrongdoing&rft.date=2022-03-18&rft.aulast=Wi%C5%9Bniewski&rft.aufirst=Tomasz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fprzekroj.org%2Fen%2Fsoul-body%2Fpractise-courage-abstain-from-wrongdoing%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASacred+grove" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">James Frazer, The Golden Bough, Dover reprint of 1922 abridged edition, (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-486-42492-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-486-42492-8">0-486-42492-8</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eng.archeopg.arti.beniculturali.it/canale.asp?id=436">National Archeological Museum of Spoleto</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060508051332/http://www.eng.archeopg.arti.beniculturali.it/canale.asp?id=436">Archived</a> 2006-05-08 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> website entry for the exhibit of the inscribed stones</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ilpignocco.it/en/about-us/history/">"Lucus Pisaurensis"</a>. <i>Agriturismo nelle Marche - Il Pignocco Country House</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 November</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Agriturismo+nelle+Marche+-+Il+Pignocco+Country+House&rft.atitle=Lucus+Pisaurensis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ilpignocco.it%2Fen%2Fabout-us%2Fhistory%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASacred+grove" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.italythisway.com/places/articles/pesaro-history.php">"History of Pesaro, Italy"</a>. <i>www.italythisway.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.italythisway.com&rft.atitle=History+of+Pesaro%2C+Italy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.italythisway.com%2Fplaces%2Farticles%2Fpesaro-history.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASacred+grove" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Hutton" title="Ronald Hutton">Ronald Hutton</a>, <i>The Druids</i>, p97 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85285-533-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85285-533-8">978-1-85285-533-8</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ronald Hutton, <i>The Druids</i>, p97-8 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85285-533-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85285-533-8">978-1-85285-533-8</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Herodotus, v.119. Herodotus adds that "the Carians are indeed the only people we know of to conduct sacrifices to Zeus Stratios"; the connection of the presiding deity at Labraunda to Hellene <a href="/wiki/Zeus" title="Zeus">Zeus</a> is simply <i><a href="/wiki/Interpretatio_graeca" title="Interpretatio graeca">interpretatio graeca</a></i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vaitkevičius-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Vaitkevičius_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vaitkevičius_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVaitkevičius2009" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Vykintas_Vaitkevi%C4%8Dius" title="Vykintas Vaitkevičius">Vaitkevičius, Vykintas</a> (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.folklore.ee/folklore/vol42/vaitkevicius.pdf">"The Sacred Groves of the Balts: Lost History and Modern Research"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Folklore_(journal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Folklore (journal)">Folklore</a></i>. <b>42</b>: 82. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7592%2FFEJF2009.42.vaitkevicius">10.7592/FEJF2009.42.vaitkevicius</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 20,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Folklore&rft.atitle=The+Sacred+Groves+of+the+Balts%3A+Lost+History+and+Modern+Research&rft.volume=42&rft.pages=82&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7592%2FFEJF2009.42.vaitkevicius&rft.aulast=Vaitkevi%C4%8Dius&rft.aufirst=Vykintas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.folklore.ee%2Ffolklore%2Fvol42%2Fvaitkevicius.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASacred+grove" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vaitkevičius(1)-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Vaitkevičius(1)_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vaitkevičius(1)_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVaitkevičius2003" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Vykintas_Vaitkevi%C4%8Dius" title="Vykintas Vaitkevičius">Vaitkevičius, Vykintas</a> (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tautosmenta.lt/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/Vaitkevicius_Vykintas/Vaitkevicius_2003_Alkai_EN_santrauka.pdf">"Alkai: A study on Baltic sacred places"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 20,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Alkai%3A+A+study+on+Baltic+sacred+places&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Vaitkevi%C4%8Dius&rft.aufirst=Vykintas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftautosmenta.lt%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2013%2F12%2FVaitkevicius_Vykintas%2FVaitkevicius_2003_Alkai_EN_santrauka.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASacred+grove" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Laime-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Laime_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Laime_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Laime_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaime2009" class="citation journal cs1">Laime, Sandis (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.folklore.ee/folklore/vol42/laime.pdf">"The Sacred Groves of the Curonian Ķoniņi: Past and Present"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Folklore_(journal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Folklore (journal)">Folklore</a></i>. <b>42</b>: 67–80. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7592%2FFEJF2009.42.laime">10.7592/FEJF2009.42.laime</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Folklore&rft.atitle=The+Sacred+Groves+of+the+Curonian+%C4%B6oni%C5%86i%3A+Past+and+Present&rft.volume=42&rft.pages=67-80&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7592%2FFEJF2009.42.laime&rft.aulast=Laime&rft.aufirst=Sandis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.folklore.ee%2Ffolklore%2Fvol42%2Flaime.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASacred+grove" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Venceslas_Kruta" title="Venceslas Kruta">Venceslas Kruta</a>, <i>Les Celtes, Histoire et dictionnaire</i>, Robert Laffont, coll. Bouquins, Paris, 2000, (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-7028-6261-6" title="Special:BookSources/2-7028-6261-6">2-7028-6261-6</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Maurice Meuleau, <i>Les Celtes en Europe</i>, Éditions Édilarge, Rennes, 2004, (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-7028-9095-4" title="Special:BookSources/2-7028-9095-4">2-7028-9095-4</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Horace L. Jones, ed. and tr. The Geography of Strabo. Vols 1-8, containing Books 1-17. Harvard University Press and Heinemann, 1917–32</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKokouAdjossouKokutse2008" class="citation journal cs1">Kokou, Kouami; Adjossou, Kossi; Kokutse, Adzo Dzifa (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1470160X06001038">"Considering sacred and riverside forests in criteria and indicators of forest management in low wood producing countries: The case of Togo"</a>. <i>Ecological Indicators</i>. <b>8</b> (2): 158–169. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008EcInd...8..158K">2008EcInd...8..158K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ecolind.2006.11.008">10.1016/j.ecolind.2006.11.008</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ecological+Indicators&rft.atitle=Considering+sacred+and+riverside+forests+in+criteria+and+indicators+of+forest+management+in+low+wood+producing+countries%3A+The+case+of+Togo&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=158-169&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.ecolind.2006.11.008&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2008EcInd...8..158K&rft.aulast=Kokou&rft.aufirst=Kouami&rft.au=Adjossou%2C+Kossi&rft.au=Kokutse%2C+Adzo+Dzifa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS1470160X06001038&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASacred+grove" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampbell2004" class="citation journal cs1">Campbell, Michael O'Neal (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0376892904001389/type/journal_article">"Traditional forest protection and woodlots in the coastal savannah of Ghana"</a>. <i>Environmental Conservation</i>. <b>31</b> (3): 225–232. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004EnvCo..31..225C">2004EnvCo..31..225C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0376892904001389">10.1017/S0376892904001389</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0376-8929">0376-8929</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:84231375">84231375</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Environmental+Conservation&rft.atitle=Traditional+forest+protection+and+woodlots+in+the+coastal+savannah+of+Ghana&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=225-232&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0376892904001389&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A84231375%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0376-8929&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2004EnvCo..31..225C&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=Michael+O%27Neal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fproduct%2Fidentifier%2FS0376892904001389%2Ftype%2Fjournal_article&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASacred+grove" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_20-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUr_RehmanPochScarcigliaFrancis2021" class="citation journal cs1">Ur Rehman, Hafeez; Poch, Rosa M.; Scarciglia, Fabio; Francis, Michele L. (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.catena.2020.105027">"A carbon-sink in a sacred forest: Biologically-driven calcite formation in highly weathered soils in Northern Togo (West Africa)"</a>. <i>Catena</i>. <b>198</b>: 105027. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021Caten.19805027U">2021Caten.19805027U</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.catena.2020.105027">10.1016/j.catena.2020.105027</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:228861150">228861150</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Catena&rft.atitle=A+carbon-sink+in+a+sacred+forest%3A+Biologically-driven+calcite+formation+in+highly+weathered+soils+in+Northern+Togo+%28West+Africa%29&rft.volume=198&rft.pages=105027&rft.date=2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A228861150%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.catena.2020.105027&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2021Caten.19805027U&rft.aulast=Ur+Rehman&rft.aufirst=Hafeez&rft.au=Poch%2C+Rosa+M.&rft.au=Scarciglia%2C+Fabio&rft.au=Francis%2C+Michele+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.catena.2020.105027&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASacred+grove" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/esa/sustdev/mgroups/success/2000/SARD-19.htm">Entry</a> at the United Nations Division of Sustainable Development</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michael O'Neal Campbell, Traditional forest protection and woodlots in the coastal savannah of Ghana, Environmental Conservation (2004), 31: 225-232 Cambridge University Press</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Boakye Amoako-Atta, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0011/001138/113898eo.pdf">Preservation of Sacred Groves in Ghana: Esukawkaw Forest Reserve and its Anweam Sacred Grove</a>, Working Papers, South-South Co-operation Programme for Environmentally Sound Socio-Economic Development in the Humid Tropics, UNESCO</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">C. Dorm-Adzobu, O. Ampadu-Agyei, and P. Veit; Religious Beliefs and Environmental Protection: The Malshegu Sacred Grove in Northern Ghana; World Resources Institute and African Centre for Technology Studies, Washington, D.C., 1991</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_25-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMuhando2005" class="citation journal cs1">Muhando, Jacob (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.co.za/doi/pdf/10.10520/EJC61476">"Sacred sites and environmental conservation: a case study of Kenya"</a>. <i>African Journal of Indigenous Knowledge Systems</i>. <b>4</b> (1) – via Kenya Resource Centre for Indigenous Knowledge.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=African+Journal+of+Indigenous+Knowledge+Systems&rft.atitle=Sacred+sites+and+environmental+conservation%3A+a+case+study+of+Kenya&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=1&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Muhando&rft.aufirst=Jacob&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.co.za%2Fdoi%2Fpdf%2F10.10520%2FEJC61476&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASacred+grove" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCentre" class="citation web cs1">Centre, UNESCO World Heritage. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1231/">"Sacred Mijikenda Kaya Forests"</a>. <i>UNESCO World Heritage Centre</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-02-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UNESCO+World+Heritage+Centre&rft.atitle=Sacred+Mijikenda+Kaya+Forests&rft.aulast=Centre&rft.aufirst=UNESCO+World+Heritage&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwhc.unesco.org%2Fen%2Flist%2F1231%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASacred+grove" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUNEP-WCMC2017" class="citation web cs1">UNEP-WCMC (2017-05-22). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://world-heritage-datasheets.unep-wcmc.org/datasheet/output/site/mount-kenya-national-park-natural-forest">"Mount Kenya National Park / Natural Forest"</a>. <i>World Heritage Datasheet</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-02-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Heritage+Datasheet&rft.atitle=Mount+Kenya+National+Park+%2F+Natural+Forest&rft.date=2017-05-22&rft.au=UNEP-WCMC&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworld-heritage-datasheets.unep-wcmc.org%2Fdatasheet%2Foutput%2Fsite%2Fmount-kenya-national-park-natural-forest&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASacred+grove" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShisiaNelimaAteng2017" class="citation journal cs1">Shisia, Esther Were; Nelima, Florence; Ateng, Benson A. (September 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ijern.com/journal/2017/September-2017/04.pdf">"Resilient Biodiversity and Indigenous Knowledge System: the Case of Ramogi Hill, Kenya"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>International Journal of Education and Research</i>. <b>5</b> (9). <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2411-5681">2411-5681</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Education+and+Research&rft.atitle=Resilient+Biodiversity+and+Indigenous+Knowledge+System%3A+the+Case+of+Ramogi+Hill%2C+Kenya&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=9&rft.date=2017-09&rft.issn=2411-5681&rft.aulast=Shisia&rft.aufirst=Esther+Were&rft.au=Nelima%2C+Florence&rft.au=Ateng%2C+Benson+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ijern.com%2Fjournal%2F2017%2FSeptember-2017%2F04.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASacred+grove" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1118">Entry</a> at the UNESCO website</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Coggins, Chris and Bixia Chen. 2022. Sacred Forests of Asia: Spiritual Ecology and the Politics of Nature Conservation. Routledge/Earthscan Forest Library. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.routledge.com/Sacred-Forests-of-Asia-Spiritual-Ecology-and-the-Politics-of-Nature-Conservation/Coggins-Chen/p/book/9780367698737}">https://www.routledge.com/Sacred-Forests-of-Asia-Spiritual-Ecology-and-the-Politics-of-Nature-Conservation/Coggins-Chen/p/book/9780367698737}</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPry2022" class="citation web cs1">Pry, Nehru (2022-10-17). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mekongeye.com/2022/10/17/indigenous-cambodians-land/">"Indigenous Cambodians stripped of ancestral land"</a>. <i>Mekong Eye</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-10-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mekong+Eye&rft.atitle=Indigenous+Cambodians+stripped+of+ancestral+land&rft.date=2022-10-17&rft.aulast=Pry&rft.aufirst=Nehru&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mekongeye.com%2F2022%2F10%2F17%2Findigenous-cambodians-land%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASacred+grove" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPandeyKotruPradhan2016" class="citation journal cs1">Pandey, Abhimanyu; Kotru, Rajan; Pradhan, Nawraj (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lib.icimod.org/record/32317">"A Framework for the Assessment of Cultural Ecosystem Services of Sacred Natural Sites in the Hindu Kush Himalayas; Based on fieldwork in the Kailash Sacred Landscape regions of India and Nepal - ICIMOD Working Paper 2016/8 | HimalDoc"</a>. <i>lib.icimod.org</i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.53055%2FICIMOD.615">10.53055/ICIMOD.615</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:155231369">155231369</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-12-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=lib.icimod.org&rft.atitle=A+Framework+for+the+Assessment+of+Cultural+Ecosystem+Services+of+Sacred+Natural+Sites+in+the+Hindu+Kush+Himalayas%3B+Based+on+fieldwork+in+the+Kailash+Sacred+Landscape+regions+of+India+and+Nepal+-+ICIMOD+Working+Paper+2016%2F8+%7C+HimalDoc&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.53055%2FICIMOD.615&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A155231369%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Pandey&rft.aufirst=Abhimanyu&rft.au=Kotru%2C+Rajan&rft.au=Pradhan%2C+Nawraj&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flib.icimod.org%2Frecord%2F32317&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASacred+grove" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cseindia.org/dte-supplement/forest20031231/forest-index.htm">series</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070203075638/http://cseindia.org/dte-supplement/forest20031231/forest-index.htm">Archived</a> 2007-02-03 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> of articles in the journal <i>Down to Earth</i> on sacred groves</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGadgil" class="citation web cs1">Gadgil, Madhav. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/333664026">"Sacred Groves and Sacred Trees of Uttara Kannada"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sacred+Groves+and+Sacred+Trees+of+Uttara+Kannada&rft.aulast=Gadgil&rft.aufirst=Madhav&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F333664026&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASacred+grove" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Malhotra, K. C., Ghokhale, Y., Chatterjee, S. and Srivastava, S., Cultural and Ecological Dimensions of Sacred Groves in India, INSA, New Delhi, 2001</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ramachandra Guha, The Unquiet Woods, University of California Press, 2000 (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0520222359" title="Special:BookSources/978-0520222359">978-0520222359</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iucn.org/blog/202308/sacred-groves-secret-wizards-conservation">"Sacred Groves, the secret wizards of conservation - Blog | IUCN"</a>. <i>iucn.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-10-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=iucn.org&rft.atitle=Sacred+Groves%2C+the+secret+wizards+of+conservation+-+Blog+%7C+IUCN&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fiucn.org%2Fblog%2F202308%2Fsacred-groves-secret-wizards-conservation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASacred+grove" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPatwardhanGhateMhaskarBansude2021" class="citation journal cs1">Patwardhan, Ankur; Ghate, Pooja; Mhaskar, Monali; Bansude, Amit (2021-09-29). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2Fs41257-021-00053-6">"Cultural dimensions of sacred forests in the Western Ghats Biodiversity Hot Spot, Southern India and its implications for biodiversity protection"</a>. <i>International Journal of Anthropology and Ethnology</i>. <b>5</b> (1): 12. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2Fs41257-021-00053-6">10.1186/s41257-021-00053-6</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2366-1003">2366-1003</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Anthropology+and+Ethnology&rft.atitle=Cultural+dimensions+of+sacred+forests+in+the+Western+Ghats+Biodiversity+Hot+Spot%2C+Southern+India+and+its+implications+for+biodiversity+protection&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=12&rft.date=2021-09-29&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2Fs41257-021-00053-6&rft.issn=2366-1003&rft.aulast=Patwardhan&rft.aufirst=Ankur&rft.au=Ghate%2C+Pooja&rft.au=Mhaskar%2C+Monali&rft.au=Bansude%2C+Amit&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1186%252Fs41257-021-00053-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASacred+grove" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Secretariat of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbd.int/">Convention on Biodiversity</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbd.int/doc/publications/cbd-ts-36-en.pdf">"Protected Areas in Today's World: Their Values and Benefits for the Welfare of the Planet,"</a> CBC technical Series No. 36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://int.kateigaho.com/spr05/forests-sacred.html">A guide</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070124042747/http://int.kateigaho.com/spr05/forests-sacred.html">Archived</a> 2007-01-24 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> to Japan's sacred forests at <i>kateigaho.com</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Terry, Philip. (1914). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9ipbUA13CHoC&dq=tadasu+no+mori&pg=PA479"><i>Terry's Japanese empire</i>, p. 479.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Shimogamo-jinja: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.shimogamo-jinja.or.jp/english/index.html">"Tadasu-no-mori (Forest of justice)"</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Asato Susumu, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jpf.go.jp/e/culture/news/0412/img/pdf/report07.pdf">From Gusuku to Utaki : Okinawa’s Sacred Areas from an Archeological Perspective</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070628173416/http://www.jpf.go.jp/e/culture/news/0412/img/pdf/report07.pdf">Archived</a> 2007-06-28 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Board of Education of Urasoe</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wonder Okinawa: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wonder-okinawa.jp/002/002/e_riyu.html">World Heritage site inclusion</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UNESC01997-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-UNESC01997_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UNESC01997_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCentre" class="citation web cs1">Centre, UNESCO World Heritage. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/180/">"World Heritage Committee Inscribes 46 New Sites on World Heritage List"</a>. <i>UNESCO World Heritage Centre</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UNESCO+World+Heritage+Centre&rft.atitle=World+Heritage+Committee+Inscribes+46+New+Sites+on+World+Heritage+List&rft.aulast=Centre&rft.aufirst=UNESCO+World+Heritage&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwhc.unesco.org%2Fen%2Fnews%2F180%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASacred+grove" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UNESCO2014-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-UNESCO2014_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UNESCO2014_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/666">"Lumbini, the Birthplace of the Lord Buddha"</a>. UNESCO<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 March</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lumbini%2C+the+Birthplace+of+the+Lord+Buddha&rft.pub=UNESCO&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwhc.unesco.org%2Fen%2Flist%2F666&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASacred+grove" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cousins1996-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cousins1996_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCousins1996" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/L._S._Cousins" title="L. S. Cousins">Cousins, LS</a> (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://indology.info/papers/cousins/">"The Dating of the Historical Buddha: A Review Article"</a>. <i>Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society</i>. <b>6</b> (1): 57–63. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs1356186300014760">10.1017/s1356186300014760</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25183119">25183119</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162929573">162929573</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Royal+Asiatic+Society&rft.atitle=The+Dating+of+the+Historical+Buddha%3A+A+Review+Article&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=57-63&rft.date=1996&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162929573%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25183119%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs1356186300014760&rft.aulast=Cousins&rft.aufirst=LS&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Findology.info%2Fpapers%2Fcousins%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASacred+grove" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchumann2003" class="citation book cs1">Schumann, Hans Wolfgang (2003). <i>The Historical Buddha: The Times, Life, and Teachings of the Founder of Buddhism</i>. Motilal Banarsidass Press. pp. 10–13. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/8120818172" title="Special:BookSources/8120818172"><bdi>8120818172</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Historical+Buddha%3A+The+Times%2C+Life%2C+and+Teachings+of+the+Founder+of+Buddhism&rft.pages=10-13&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=8120818172&rft.aulast=Schumann&rft.aufirst=Hans+Wolfgang&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASacred+grove" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/666/">"Lumbini, the Birthplace of the Lord Buddha – UNESCO World Heritage Centre"</a>. Whc.unesco.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 August</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lumbini%2C+the+Birthplace+of+the+Lord+Buddha+%E2%80%93+UNESCO+World+Heritage+Centre&rft.pub=Whc.unesco.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwhc.unesco.org%2Fen%2Flist%2F666%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASacred+grove" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Gautama Buddha (B.C. 623-543)" by T.W. Rhys-Davids, The World's Great Events, B.C. 4004-A.D. 70 (1908) by Esther Singleton, pp. 124–35".</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%22Gautama+Buddha+%28B.C.+623-543%29%22+by+T.W.+Rhys-Davids%2C+The+World%27s+Great+Events%2C+B.C.+4004-A.D.+70+%281908%29+by+Esther+Singleton%2C+pp.+124%E2%80%9335&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASacred+grove" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.booksie.com/religion_and_spirituality/article/myoma_myint_kywe/the-buddha-%28bc-623bc-543%29">"The Buddha (BC 623-BC 543) – Religion and spirituality Article – Buddha, Bc, 623"</a>. Booksie. 8 July 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 August</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Buddha+%28BC+623-BC+543%29+%E2%80%93+Religion+and+spirituality+Article+%E2%80%93+Buddha%2C+Bc%2C+623&rft.pub=Booksie&rft.date=2012-07-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.booksie.com%2Freligion_and_spirituality%2Farticle%2Fmyoma_myint_kywe%2Fthe-buddha-%2528bc-623bc-543%2529&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASacred+grove" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Scott1994-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Scott1994_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliam_Henry_Scott1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Scott_(historian)" title="William Henry Scott (historian)">William Henry Scott</a> (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/BarangaySixteenthCenturyPhilippineCultureAndSociety"><i>Barangay: Sixteenth Century Philippine Culture and Society</i></a>. Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9715501354" title="Special:BookSources/9715501354"><bdi>9715501354</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Barangay%3A+Sixteenth+Century+Philippine+Culture+and+Society&rft.place=Quezon+City&rft.pub=Ateneo+de+Manila+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=9715501354&rft.au=William+Henry+Scott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FBarangaySixteenthCenturyPhilippineCultureAndSociety&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASacred+grove" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGocuyo" class="citation news cs1">Gocuyo, Raquel C. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ichcourier.ichcap.org/article/experiencing-healing-rituals-of-the-philippines/">"Experiencing Healing Rituals of the Philippines"</a>. <i>Windows to ICH</i>. Vol. 26. Intangible Cultural Heritage Courier of Asia and the Pacific, United Nations<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Windows+to+ICH&rft.atitle=Experiencing+Healing+Rituals+of+the+Philippines&rft.volume=26&rft.aulast=Gocuyo&rft.aufirst=Raquel+C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fichcourier.ichcap.org%2Farticle%2Fexperiencing-healing-rituals-of-the-philippines%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASacred+grove" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kroeber-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-kroeber_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFA._L._Kroeber1918" class="citation journal cs1">A. L. Kroeber (1918). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digitallibrary.amnh.org/bitstream/handle/2246/286/A019a02.pdf;jsessionid=EB1447C19043A20F8A2BCE9726E4A3D1?sequence=1">"The History of Philippine Civilization as Reflected in Religious Nomenclature"</a>. <i>Anthropological Papers of the American Museum of Natural History</i>. <b>XXI</b> (Part II): 35–37.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Anthropological+Papers+of+the+American+Museum+of+Natural+History&rft.atitle=The+History+of+Philippine+Civilization+as+Reflected+in+Religious+Nomenclature&rft.volume=XXI&rft.issue=Part+II&rft.pages=35-37&rft.date=1918&rft.au=A.+L.+Kroeber&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdigitallibrary.amnh.org%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F2246%2F286%2FA019a02.pdf%3Bjsessionid%3DEB1447C19043A20F8A2BCE9726E4A3D1%3Fsequence%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASacred+grove" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-blumetritt-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-blumetritt_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFerdinand_Blumentritt1894" class="citation book cs1">Ferdinand Blumentritt (1894). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LLVBAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA147">"Alphabetisches Verzeichnis der bei den philippinischen Eingeborenen üblichen Eigennamen, welche auf Religion, Opfer und priesterliche Titel und Amtsverrichtungen sich beziehen. (Fortsetzung.)"</a>. <i>Wiener Zeitschrift für die Kunde des Morgenlandes</i>. Vol. 8. Orientalisches Institut, Universität Wien. p. 147.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Alphabetisches+Verzeichnis+der+bei+den+philippinischen+Eingeborenen+%C3%BCblichen+Eigennamen%2C+welche+auf+Religion%2C+Opfer+und+priesterliche+Titel+und+Amtsverrichtungen+sich+beziehen.+%28Fortsetzung.%29&rft.btitle=Wiener+Zeitschrift+f%C3%BCr+die+Kunde+des+Morgenlandes&rft.pages=147&rft.pub=Orientalisches+Institut%2C+Universit%C3%A4t+Wien&rft.date=1894&rft.au=Ferdinand+Blumentritt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLLVBAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA147&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASacred+grove" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalker2017" class="citation news cs1">Walker, Timothy (9 June 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://philippineslifestyle.com/how-the-sacred-forests-of-palawan-maintain-balance-between-man-and-nature/">"How the 'sacred forests' of Palawan maintain balance between man and nature"</a>. <i>Philippine Lifestyle News</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philippine+Lifestyle+News&rft.atitle=How+the+%27sacred+forests%27+of+Palawan+maintain+balance+between+man+and+nature&rft.date=2017-06-09&rft.aulast=Walker&rft.aufirst=Timothy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fphilippineslifestyle.com%2Fhow-the-sacred-forests-of-palawan-maintain-balance-between-man-and-nature%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASacred+grove" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sunstar.com.ph/article/64490">"Forests of Apo now sacred grounds"</a>. <i>SunStar Philippines</i>. 22 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=SunStar+Philippines&rft.atitle=Forests+of+Apo+now+sacred+grounds&rft.date=2016-03-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sunstar.com.ph%2Farticle%2F64490&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASacred+grove" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://indianoceanexchanges.com/husni/">"Sacred Grave, Sacred Grove: Keramat Kusu Island as Sacred Forest"</a>. <i>Indian Ocean Exchanges</i>. 2024-06-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-11-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Indian+Ocean+Exchanges&rft.atitle=Sacred+Grave%2C+Sacred+Grove%3A+Keramat+Kusu+Island+as+Sacred+Forest&rft.date=2024-06-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Findianoceanexchanges.com%2Fhusni%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASacred+grove" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ahto Kaasik (2012) Conserving Sacred Natural sites in Estonia, in J-M Mallarach; T. Papayannis & R. Väisänen, editors. the Diversity of Sacred Lands in Europe. Proceedings of the Third Workshop of the Delos Initiative – Inari/Aanaar 2010, pages 61-74. IUCN, WCPA & Metsähallitus.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTammik2011" class="citation web cs1">Tammik, Ott (8 April 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.err.ee/99767/heritage-board-halts-clearcutting-of-sacred-grove">"Heritage Board Halts Clearcutting of Sacred Grove"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Eesti_Rahvusringh%C3%A4%C3%A4ling" title="Eesti Rahvusringhääling">Eesti Rahvusringhääling</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 August</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Heritage+Board+Halts+Clearcutting+of+Sacred+Grove&rft.pub=Eesti+Rahvusringh%C3%A4%C3%A4ling&rft.date=2011-04-08&rft.aulast=Tammik&rft.aufirst=Ott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.err.ee%2F99767%2Fheritage-board-halts-clearcutting-of-sacred-grove&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASacred+grove" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://e360.yale.edu/features/sacred-groves-religion-forests">"Sacred Groves: How the Spiritual Connection Helps Protect Nature"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sacred+Groves%3A+How+the+Spiritual+Connection+Helps+Protect+Nature&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fe360.yale.edu%2Ffeatures%2Fsacred-groves-religion-forests&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASacred+grove" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_62-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_62-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWessman2009" class="citation journal cs1">Wessman, Anna (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.folklore.ee/folklore/vol42/wessman.pdf">"Iron Age Cemeteries and Hiisi Sites: Is There a Connection?"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Folklore: Electronic Journal of Folklore</i>. <b>42</b>: 7–22. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7592%2FFEJF2009.42.wessman">10.7592/FEJF2009.42.wessman</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Folklore%3A+Electronic+Journal+of+Folklore&rft.atitle=Iron+Age+Cemeteries+and+Hiisi+Sites%3A+Is+There+a+Connection%3F&rft.volume=42&rft.pages=7-22&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7592%2FFEJF2009.42.wessman&rft.aulast=Wessman&rft.aufirst=Anna&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.folklore.ee%2Ffolklore%2Fvol42%2Fwessman.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASacred+grove" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationalparks.fi/hiidenporttinp/sightsandhistory">"Sights and History of Hiidenportti"</a>. <i>Nationalparks.fi</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-02-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Nationalparks.fi&rft.atitle=Sights+and+History+of+Hiidenportti&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalparks.fi%2Fhiidenporttinp%2Fsightsandhistory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASacred+grove" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKoski1990" class="citation journal cs1">Koski, Mauno (1990-01-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journal.fi/scripta/article/view/67189">"A Finnic holy word and its subsequent history"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Scripta_Instituti_Donneriani_Aboensis" class="mw-redirect" title="Scripta Instituti Donneriani Aboensis">Scripta Instituti Donneriani Aboensis</a></i>. <b>13</b>: 404–440. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.30674%2Fscripta.67189">10.30674/scripta.67189</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2343-4937">2343-4937</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scripta+Instituti+Donneriani+Aboensis&rft.atitle=A+Finnic+holy+word+and+its+subsequent+history&rft.volume=13&rft.pages=404-440&rft.date=1990-01-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.30674%2Fscripta.67189&rft.issn=2343-4937&rft.aulast=Koski&rft.aufirst=Mauno&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournal.fi%2Fscripta%2Farticle%2Fview%2F67189&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASacred+grove" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Black_Hills_Land_Claim" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Hills Land Claim">Black Hills Land Claim</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParthasarathyNaveen_Babu2019" class="citation cs2">Parthasarathy, N.; Naveen Babu, K. (2019), Leal Filho, Walter; Azul, Anabela Marisa; Brandli, Luciana; Özuyar, Pinar Gökcin (eds.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-71065-5_10-1">"Sacred Groves: Potential for Biodiversity and Bioresource Management"</a>, <i>Life on Land</i>, Encyclopedia of the UN Sustainable Development Goals, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 1–16, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-319-71065-5_10-1">10.1007/978-3-319-71065-5_10-1</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-71065-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-319-71065-5"><bdi>978-3-319-71065-5</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-01-19</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Life+on+Land&rft.atitle=Sacred+Groves%3A+Potential+for+Biodiversity+and+Bioresource+Management&rft.pages=1-16&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-319-71065-5_10-1&rft.isbn=978-3-319-71065-5&rft.aulast=Parthasarathy&rft.aufirst=N.&rft.au=Naveen+Babu%2C+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1007%2F978-3-319-71065-5_10-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASacred+grove" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGadgilVartak1975" class="citation journal cs1">Gadgil, Madhav; Vartak, V. D. (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wgbis.ces.iisc.ernet.in/biodiversity/pubs/mg/pdfs/mg014.pdf">"Sacred groves of India- a plea for continued conservation"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society</i>. <b>72</b> (2): 314–320. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0006-6982">0006-6982</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Bombay+Natural+History+Society&rft.atitle=Sacred+groves+of+India-+a+plea+for+continued+conservation&rft.volume=72&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=314-320&rft.date=1975&rft.issn=0006-6982&rft.aulast=Gadgil&rft.aufirst=Madhav&rft.au=Vartak%2C+V.+D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwgbis.ces.iisc.ernet.in%2Fbiodiversity%2Fpubs%2Fmg%2Fpdfs%2Fmg014.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASacred+grove" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sacred_grove&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Taylor, Isaac (1864). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/wordsandplaceso00unkngoog"><i>Words and places: or, etymological illustrations of history, ethnology, and geography</i></a>. New York: Macmillan. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/13735328">13735328</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sacred_grove&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Sacred_groves" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Sacred groves">Sacred groves</a> at Wikimedia Commons </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041016124415/http://ignca.nic.in/cd_08008.htm">M. D. Subash Chandran Madhav Gadgil, "Sacred Groves and Sacred Trees of Uttara Kannada"</a></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sacred_grove&oldid=1259813185">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sacred_grove&oldid=1259813185</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Category</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sacred_groves" title="Category:Sacred groves">Sacred groves</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_errors:_missing_periodical" title="Category:CS1 errors: missing periodical">CS1 errors: missing periodical</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Japanese-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Japanese-language text">Articles containing Japanese-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_October_2024" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from October 2024">Articles needing additional references from October 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references" title="Category:All articles needing additional references">All articles needing additional references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Estonian-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Estonian-language text">Articles containing Estonian-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_to_be_expanded_from_July_2021" title="Category:Articles to be expanded from July 2021">Articles to be expanded from July 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_to_be_expanded" title="Category:All articles to be expanded">All articles to be expanded</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_February_2024" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from February 2024">Articles with unsourced statements from February 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_lacking_reliable_references" title="Category:All articles lacking reliable references">All articles lacking reliable references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_lacking_reliable_references_from_September_2015" title="Category:Articles lacking reliable references from September 2015">Articles lacking reliable references from September 2015</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_to_be_expanded_from_February_2024" title="Category:Articles to be expanded from February 2024">Articles to be expanded from February 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_April_2013" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from April 2013">Articles with unsourced statements from April 2013</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link from Wikidata">Commons category link from Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 27 November 2024, at 05:20<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sacred_grove&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-6b8d669998-rz6v5","wgBackendResponseTime":206,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.759","walltime":"0.913","ppvisitednodes":{"value":5255,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":116664,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":7433,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":16,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":17,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":188333,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 763.588 1 -total"," 46.62% 355.997 1 Template:Reflist"," 16.36% 124.886 18 Template:Cite_web"," 12.59% 96.108 2 Template:Nihongo"," 11.72% 89.476 16 Template:Cite_journal"," 8.94% 68.242 3 Template:Ambox"," 8.66% 66.144 1 Template:Unsourced"," 8.29% 63.334 1 Template:Short_description"," 4.98% 38.005 2 Template:Pagetype"," 4.37% 33.385 6 Template:ISBN"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.436","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":16124666,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-57488d5c7d-c74ff","timestamp":"20241128021744","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Sacred grove","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sacred_grove","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q811600","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q811600","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2004-10-03T05:30:39Z","dateModified":"2024-11-27T05:20:47Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/f\/fb\/Ancient_monoliths_in_Mawphlang_sacred_grove.jpg","headline":"grove of trees of special religious importance to a particular culture"}</script> </body> </html>