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subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Pirates_or_Privateers_?-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-State_institution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#State_institution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>State institution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-State_institution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legal_status" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legal_status"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Legal status</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legal_status-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Corsair_state_of_Algiers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Corsair_state_of_Algiers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Corsair state of Algiers</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Corsair_state_of_Algiers-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Corsair state of Algiers subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Corsair_state_of_Algiers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-General_characteristics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_characteristics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>General characteristics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_characteristics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chain_of_command" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chain_of_command"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Chain of command</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chain_of_command-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Christian_renegade_corsairs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Christian_renegade_corsairs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Christian renegade corsairs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Christian_renegade_corsairs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Algerian_corsair_fleet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Algerian_corsair_fleet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Algerian corsair fleet</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Algerian_corsair_fleet-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Algerian corsair fleet subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Algerian_corsair_fleet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Earlier_flotilla" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Earlier_flotilla"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Earlier flotilla</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Earlier_flotilla-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_navy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_navy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Later navy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_navy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-How_the_corsairs_operated" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#How_the_corsairs_operated"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>How the corsairs operated</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-How_the_corsairs_operated-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle How the corsairs operated subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-How_the_corsairs_operated-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Jihad_against_Spain:_Barbary_galleys_in_the_Mediterranean" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jihad_against_Spain:_Barbary_galleys_in_the_Mediterranean"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Jihad against Spain: Barbary galleys in the Mediterranean</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jihad_against_Spain:_Barbary_galleys_in_the_Mediterranean-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Atlantic_razzias:_Hunt_for_enemy_merchant_ships" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Atlantic_razzias:_Hunt_for_enemy_merchant_ships"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Atlantic razzias: Hunt for enemy merchant ships</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Atlantic_razzias:_Hunt_for_enemy_merchant_ships-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Naval_spoils" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Naval_spoils"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Naval spoils</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Naval_spoils-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Corsair_city_of_Algiers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Corsair_city_of_Algiers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Corsair city of Algiers</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Corsair_city_of_Algiers-sublist" 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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Christian_captives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Christian captives</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Christian_captives-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Christian captives subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Christian_captives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Share_and_use_of_slaves" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Share_and_use_of_slaves"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Share and use of slaves</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Share_and_use_of_slaves-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Number_of_slaves" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Number_of_slaves"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Number of slaves</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Number_of_slaves-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Emblems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Emblems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Emblems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Emblems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Works_cited" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_cited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Works cited</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_cited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc 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.mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Corsairs of Algiers</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">The Tai'fa of Raïs</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Bonnart-Turc_d%27Alger,_soldat.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Bonnart-Turc_d%27Alger%2C_soldat.jpg/220px-Bonnart-Turc_d%27Alger%2C_soldat.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="326" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Bonnart-Turc_d%27Alger%2C_soldat.jpg/330px-Bonnart-Turc_d%27Alger%2C_soldat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Bonnart-Turc_d%27Alger%2C_soldat.jpg/440px-Bonnart-Turc_d%27Alger%2C_soldat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1685" data-file-height="2500" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">A Corsair of Algiers</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Active</th><td class="infobox-data">1516–1830</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Disbanded</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/De_jure" title="De jure">De jure</a> 1830</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Regency_of_Algiers.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Regency_of_Algiers.svg/20px-Flag_of_Regency_of_Algiers.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Regency_of_Algiers.svg/30px-Flag_of_Regency_of_Algiers.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Regency_of_Algiers.svg/40px-Flag_of_Regency_of_Algiers.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="960" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Algeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman Algeria">Regency of Algiers</a> (part of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Allegiance</th><td class="infobox-data">Wakil al-Kharadj, or minister of the navy of Algiers and foreign affairs, Kapudan-reïs, "admiral, hierarchical chief of all the reïs"</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Main location</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Algiers" title="Algiers">Algiers</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Equipment</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Yatagan" title="Yatagan">Yatagan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nimcha" title="Nimcha">Nimcha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kabyle_musket" class="mw-redirect" title="Kabyle musket">Kabyle musket</a>, and other locally made weapons</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Engagements</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Algiers_expedition_(1541)" title="Algiers expedition (1541)">Algiers expedition (1541)</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lepanto" title="Battle of Lepanto">Battle of Lepanto (1571)</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Odjak_of_Algiers_Revolution" title="Odjak of Algiers Revolution">Odjak of Algiers Revolution</a><br /><a href="/wiki/French-Algerian_War_1681%E2%80%9388" class="mw-redirect" title="French-Algerian War 1681–88">French-Algerian War 1681–88</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Algiers_(1775)" title="Invasion of Algiers (1775)">Invasion of Algiers (1775)</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Battle_off_Cape_Gata" title="Battle off Cape Gata">Battle off Cape Gata (1815)</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Algiers_(1816)" title="Bombardment of Algiers (1816)">Bombardment of Algiers (1816)</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Algiers_in_1830" class="mw-redirect" title="Invasion of Algiers in 1830">Invasion of Algiers in 1830</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Notable<br />commanders</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Oru%C3%A7_Reis" class="mw-redirect" title="Oruç Reis">Oruç Reis</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Hayreddin_Barbarossa" title="Hayreddin Barbarossa">Hayreddin Barbarossa</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Occhiali" title="Occhiali">Occhiali</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Jan_Janszoon" title="Jan Janszoon">Jan Janszoon</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Ali_Bitchin" title="Ali Bitchin">Ali Bitchin</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Mezzo_Morto_H%C3%BCseyin_Pasha" class="mw-redirect" title="Mezzo Morto Hüseyin Pasha">Mezzo Morto Hüseyin Pasha</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Ra%C3%AFs_Hamidou" title="Raïs Hamidou">Raïs Hamidou</a></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Military unit</div> <p>The <b>ta'ifa of raïs</b> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">طائفة الريس</span>, <i>community of corsair captains</i>) or the <b>Raïs</b> for short, were <a href="/wiki/Barbary_pirates" title="Barbary pirates">Barbary pirates</a> based in <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Algeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman Algeria">Ottoman Algeria</a> who were involved in <a href="/wiki/Barbary_pirates" title="Barbary pirates">piracy</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Barbary_slave_trade" title="Barbary slave trade">slave trade</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a> from the 16th to the 19th century. They were an ethnically mixed group of seafarers, including mostly "renegades" from European provinces of the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean</a> and the <a href="/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</a>, along with a minority of Turks and Moors. Such crews were experienced in naval combat, making Algiers a formidable pirate base. Its activity was directed against the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish empire</a>, but it did not neglect the coasts of <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sardinia" title="Sardinia">Sardinia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Naples" title="Naples">Naples</a> or <a href="/wiki/Provence" title="Provence">Provence</a>. It was the <i>taifa</i> which, through its seizures, maintained the prosperity of Algiers and its finances. </p><p>The corsair <i>taifa</i> of Algiers reached the zenith of its power in the first half of the seventeenth century as an Ottoman military elite, theoritically. Up until 1626, the Algerian corsair admiral (<i>Kapudan-rais</i>) was invested by the <a href="/wiki/List_of_sultans_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="List of sultans of the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman sultan</a> and subordinate to the <i><a href="/wiki/Kapudan_Pasha" title="Kapudan Pasha">Kapudan Pasha</a></i> of the Ottoman empire. Often former Christian slaves were promoted up the <i>ta'ifa</i> chain of command, the admirals and their corsairs were a powerful military and political force in the regency of Algiers, and could even challenge the authority of the <a href="/wiki/Pasha" title="Pasha">Pasha</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Odjak_of_Algiers" title="Odjak of Algiers">Odjak</a> Janissary corps. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pirates_or_Privateers_?"><span id="Pirates_or_Privateers_.3F"></span>Pirates or Privateers ?</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Corsairs_of_Algiers&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Pirates or Privateers ?"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Privateer" title="Privateer">Privateer</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="State_institution">State institution</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Corsairs_of_Algiers&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: State institution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Regency_of_Algiers" title="Regency of Algiers">Regency of Algiers</a> by the Barbarossa brothers gave the Muslim <i>corso</i> a solid territorial base, which was organized in its beginnings for self-defence as well as <a href="/wiki/Religious_war" title="Religious war">holy war</a>; described as al-jihad fi'l-bahr (<a href="/wiki/Religious_war" title="Religious war">holy war at sea</a>) against the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish Empire</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Maltese_knights" class="mw-redirect" title="Maltese knights">Christian Knights</a> who continued the work of the <a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">crusades</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Fatima_Maameri_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fatima_Maameri-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the days of <a href="/wiki/Hayreddin_Barbarossa" title="Hayreddin Barbarossa">Hayreddin Barbarossa</a> and his immediate successors, the <i>raïs</i> were an integral part of the Ottoman navy, but by the 17th century they had become a distinct group.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unlike in <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Tunisia" title="Ottoman Tunisia">Ottoman Tunisia</a>, where privateers were allowed to equip their own pirate ships, piracy in Ottoman Algeria was a monopoly of the state. The <i>Kapudan-raïs</i> (admiral, hierarchical chief of all the <i>reïs</i>), or captain of vessels, was often, after the Pasha, the most important person in the Diwan of Algiers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarrot1910380_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarrot1910380-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, the corso became a permanent institution in the Regency of Algiers, and its main income was included in the state budget. Enriching those who cared for it and returning to the treasury one-fifth of its takings, the corso effectively created the state of Algiers,<sup id="cite_ref-:7_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was essential to its existence, which all the efforts of the government tended to develop. It was also the activity upon which the economical and political prosperity of the Odjak as well as its religious prestige to a great extent depended.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legal_status">Legal status</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Corsairs_of_Algiers&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Legal status"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>European authors continued to view the Ottoman regencies as 'dens of pirates' and their actions as "African banditry", but France, the Dutch Republic and England all concluded peace treaties with the North African regencies in the 17th century. These treaties prompted legal theorists in Europe to change their views about the general status of the regencies. <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Grotius" title="Hugo Grotius">Hugo Grotius</a> implicitly admitted that Algiers exercised the <i><a href="/wiki/Jus_ad_bellum" title="Jus ad bellum">Jus ad bellum</a></i> of a sovereign power through its corsairs. The treaties were also influential in the development of the <a href="/wiki/Law_of_the_sea" title="Law of the sea">law of the sea</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Law_of_Nations" title="The Law of Nations">the Law of Nations</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmirel201458_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmirel201458-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKoskenniemi2017205_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKoskenniemi2017205-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Irish lawyer <a href="/wiki/Charles_Molloy_(lawyer)" title="Charles Molloy (lawyer)">Charles Molloy</a> wrote in 1682 regarding those shifts in dealing with: "Pirates that have reduced themselves into a Government of State, as those of Algier, Sally, Tripoli, Tunis, and the like" and should not "obtain the rights of solemnities of war." He added:<sup id="cite_ref-:40_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:40-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Tunis and Tripoli and their Sister Algier do at this day (though Nests of Pirates) obtain the right of Legation' demonstrated by the treaties concluded by Britain with Tunis and Tripoli. This makes them not Pirates (enemies of mankind) but gives them the status of enemies (in war): So that now (though indeed Pirates) yet having acquired the reputation of a Government, they cannot properly be esteemed Pirates but Enemies.</p></blockquote> <p>In 1737, Dutch <a href="/wiki/Jurist" title="Jurist">jurist</a> and legal theorist <a href="/wiki/Cornelius_van_Bynkershoek" title="Cornelius van Bynkershoek">Cornelius van Bynkershoek</a> wrote: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The peoples of Algiers, Tripoli, Tunis, and Salee are not pirates, but rather organized states, which have a fixed territory in which there is an established government, and with which, as with other nations, we [i.e. <a href="/wiki/States_General_of_the_Netherlands" title="States General of the Netherlands">the Staten-General</a>] are now at peace, now at war. Hence they seem to be entitled to the rights of independent states.</p></blockquote> <p>Thus, the ':corso<i> acquired both religious and legitimate dimensions, which in turn gave it an international dimension that negated the faithless and lawless nature of piracy upon Algerian and other barbary corsairs.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></i> </p><p>French historian Dianel Panzac, although admitting that the Barbary corsairs hardly differed in their methods from pirates that were still distinguishable by their <i>"</i>black flag, uncertain nationality, the vandalising of the ship, and especially the killing of the crew in order to leave no trace<i>"</i>, nevertheless respected the administrative and diplomatic frameworks that North African regencies were bounded with, which is why the Barbary warships were classified as privateering vessels and not pirate ships.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Corsair_state_of_Algiers">Corsair state of Algiers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Corsairs_of_Algiers&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Corsair state of Algiers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dynastie_Alaouite.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Dynastie_Alaouite.jpg/220px-Dynastie_Alaouite.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Dynastie_Alaouite.jpg/330px-Dynastie_Alaouite.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Dynastie_Alaouite.jpg/440px-Dynastie_Alaouite.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1680" data-file-height="1055" /></a><figcaption>Extent of the Regency of Algiers in late 18th-/early 19th-century according to multiple primary sources</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General_characteristics">General characteristics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Corsairs_of_Algiers&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: General characteristics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Ottoman sultan issued a <i><a href="/wiki/Firman" title="Firman">firman</a></i> (royal decree) appointing a ruler to govern Algiers. This governor might hold the rank of beylerbey, then pasha, and his initial appointment was usually for three years, after which it could be extended or cancelled. The sultan expected obedience from the ruler, particularly in matters of foreign policy; an annual financial tribute to Istanbul; and ships and men for his fleets when they were demanded. Otherwise the ruler was given a free hand to govern as he saw fit.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In practice, the <i>rais</i> and the Odjak acted autonomously and the pasha gradually lost his power.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the <a href="/wiki/Odjak_of_Algiers_Revolution" title="Odjak of Algiers Revolution">Odjak revolution</a> in 1659, the ruler was elected and the sultan only confirmed this election as a sign of its legitimacy, without however having any effective rule over Algiers.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Regency government became a naval power, and turned its main activities towards the sea. From the 16th century on, the growing volume of international trade, the succession of political crises leading to armed conflicts, the territorial appetites of certain states and the tendencies towards hegemony in the Mediterranean made the constitution and maintenance of an active navy essential, capable of defending a determined policy, which could be comprised as maintaining the following:<sup id="cite_ref-:7_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Defense of the territory, particularly the coastline,</li> <li>Support for the Muslims of Spain attacked by the religious fanaticism of their conquerors,</li> <li>Presence alongside the Ottoman Sultan in face of his adversaries,</li> <li>Control of the navigation to know friends from enemies,</li> <li>Leading the corso war against Europe.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chain_of_command">Chain of command</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Corsairs_of_Algiers&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Chain of command"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_l%27interieur_du_palais_des_Rais_ou_Bastion_23_(Arcade).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/A_l%27interieur_du_palais_des_Rais_ou_Bastion_23_%28Arcade%29.JPG/220px-A_l%27interieur_du_palais_des_Rais_ou_Bastion_23_%28Arcade%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/A_l%27interieur_du_palais_des_Rais_ou_Bastion_23_%28Arcade%29.JPG/330px-A_l%27interieur_du_palais_des_Rais_ou_Bastion_23_%28Arcade%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/A_l%27interieur_du_palais_des_Rais_ou_Bastion_23_%28Arcade%29.JPG/440px-A_l%27interieur_du_palais_des_Rais_ou_Bastion_23_%28Arcade%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>Inside the <a href="/wiki/Palais_des_Rais" title="Palais des Rais">Palais des Rais</a> (Palace of the Corsair captains) in Algiers</figcaption></figure><p>The ruler would be guided by a Divan - a council of government - while another council known as a <i>tai'fa</i> was charged with naval or privateering matters. The <i>tai'fa</i> consisted of the port's senior privateering captains, led by the regency's <i>Kapudan Rais</i> or local admiral (also known as the <i>rais al bahriyya</i> or Captain of the Marine).<sup id="cite_ref-:4_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Direct access to the pasha gave the privateering captains considerable influence in the regency. The ruler was also advised by an <i>Agha</i>, or commander-in- chief of the Algerian Janissary <a href="/wiki/Odjak_of_Algiers" title="Odjak of Algiers">Odjak</a>, whose duties included the annual collection of taxes and ensuring the security of the regency. The Agha also controlled the administration of the city of Algiers and its surroundings (known as Dar-Es-sultan), and presided over deliberations of the Divan.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meanwhile, the <i>Kapudan Rais</i> supervised foreign affairs, and also administered the port of Algiers. Other lesser officials oversaw various aspects of the regency's administration, including the operation of the slave-markets, trade within the regency and the policing of the city. As the regency's legal framework was based on the <a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">sharia</a>, the pasha was advised by two <i>muftis</i>, and justice was usually swift and severe.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In theory the same draconian system applied to the regency's ships and privateers when they were at sea; but in practice, the <i>Kapudan Rais</i>, the <i>tai'fa,</i> and individual captains were largely left to govern their own affairs.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELowenheim200988_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELowenheim200988-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:S-l1600_(14).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/S-l1600_%2814%29.jpg/220px-S-l1600_%2814%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/S-l1600_%2814%29.jpg/330px-S-l1600_%2814%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/S-l1600_%2814%29.jpg/440px-S-l1600_%2814%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1141" /></a><figcaption>Admiralty of Algiers in 1880, seat of Captain Raïs, harbor master and <i>Wakil al-kharadj</i> (minister of the navy)</figcaption></figure> <p>While the original holders of the title of <i>Kapudan Rais</i> were usually Turks or leading local privateers, by the 17th century the post was frequently held by a European renegade.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>Kapudan Rais</i> had a headquarters building near the harbour, and from there he and a small staff of clerks supervised the movement of all merchant shipping, as well as the activities of privateers and any regency warships. Before a privateering captain could put to sea he had to obtain permission to sail from the <i>Kapudan Rais</i>, and collect a renewed <a href="/wiki/Letter_of_marque" title="Letter of marque">letter of marque</a> from the ' <i>tai'fa</i>. This council established cruising areas in advance, and often the duration of cruises. If the vessel was a <a href="/wiki/Galley" title="Galley">galley</a>] or <a href="/wiki/Galiot" title="Galiot">galiot</a>, however, the lack of space for water, provisions, captives or plunder meant that cruises were of fairly short duration. Once these permissions were granted the captain hoisted a green flag to indicate that he was about to sail on a <i>corso</i>, and his crew would embark, accompanied in many cases by a detachment of the regency's Janissaries.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Christian_renegade_corsairs">Christian renegade corsairs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Corsairs_of_Algiers&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Christian renegade corsairs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_Barbary_Pirate_by_Giovanni_Guida.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/A_Barbary_Pirate_by_Giovanni_Guida.jpg/220px-A_Barbary_Pirate_by_Giovanni_Guida.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="363" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/A_Barbary_Pirate_by_Giovanni_Guida.jpg/330px-A_Barbary_Pirate_by_Giovanni_Guida.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/A_Barbary_Pirate_by_Giovanni_Guida.jpg/440px-A_Barbary_Pirate_by_Giovanni_Guida.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="2309" /></a><figcaption>"A Barbary Pirate", by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Giovanni_Guida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Giovanni Guida (page does not exist)">Giovanni Guida</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Guida" class="extiw" title="de:Giovanni Guida">de</a>]</span> (1837-1895)</figcaption></figure><p>The corsair captains were joined by adventurers from many parts of the Mediterranean. Non-Turks who came to Algiers as captives of Algerian corsairs gained admittance to the <i>ta'ifa</i> of <i>raïs</i> through conversion to Islam and by virtue of their knowledge of the areas the corsairs raided.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarrot1910380_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarrot1910380-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The rank of <i>raïs</i> or commander of a <i>corso</i> vessel, was obtained only after an examination passed before the council of <i>raïs</i>, chaired by the captain (admiral) a reserved for the oldest of the <i>raïs</i>, who no longer sailed. Another captain chosen by the council commanded the fleet. A <i>rais</i> was the absolute master on board, where the most rigorous discipline reigned.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarrot1910382_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarrot1910382-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The influx of "tenegades", or converts of European origin who brought their knowledge of European coasts and navigation, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_the_Moriscos" title="Expulsion of the Moriscos">expulsion of the Moriscos</a> from Spain, who also imported valuable knowledge in the construction of <a href="/wiki/Frigate" title="Frigate">frigates</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brigantine" title="Brigantine">brigantines</a>, were important factors in the growth of the fleet and the <i>corso</i>. Based in <a href="/wiki/Cherchell" title="Cherchell">Cherchell</a>, they knew the Spanish coastline, and around the 1570s, the <i>corso</i> took on the aspect of a private enterprise, even if public investments were allocated to arsenals and ports under pressure from the community and the privateers.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Diego de Haedo, the fleet of Algiers (including the vessels based at Cherchell) consisted, in 1581, of 35 <a href="/wiki/Galiot" title="Galiot">galiots</a> - including two with 24 benches, one with 23 benches, 11 of 22 benches, 8 of 20 benches, 10 of 18 benches, one with 19 benches, and two with 15 benches — and about 25 <a href="/wiki/Frigates" class="mw-redirect" title="Frigates">frigates</a> (small rowing and undecked vessels), from 8 to 13 benches. More than two thirds of the Algiers galiots were commanded by European renegades (six Genoese, two Venetians, two Albanians, three Greeks, two Spaniards, one Frenchman, one Hungarian, one Sicilian, one Neapolitan, one Corsican and three of their sons).<sup id="cite_ref-Albert_Devoulx_p3902_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Albert_Devoulx_p3902-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All these renegades occupied key positions. After the founder of the regency of Algiers, <a href="/wiki/Hayreddin_Barbarossa" title="Hayreddin Barbarossa">Hayreddin Barbarossa</a>, the Sardinian renegade <a href="/wiki/Hasan_Agha" title="Hasan Agha">Hasan Agha</a> (1535-1543), the Corsican <a href="/wiki/Hasan_Corso" title="Hasan Corso">Hassan Corso</a> (1549-1556), the Calabrian <a href="/wiki/Occhiali" title="Occhiali">Uluj Ali Pasha</a> (1568-1571) ended up with the title of admiral of the fleet, then the Venetian <a href="/wiki/Hassan_Veneziano" title="Hassan Veneziano">Hassan Veneziano</a> (1577-1580 and 1582-1583).<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They also took part in the armies of occupation of the subjected zones like local governments before the creation of the three beyliks; of the 23 territorial bosses, 13 were renegades or sons of renegades. Haedo would be able to say :<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>"In them, reside almost all the power, the influence, the government and the wealth of Algiers".</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Diego_Ha%C3%ABdo" title="Diego Haëdo">Diego Haëdo</a>, Histoire des rois d'Alger (History of the Kings of Algiers)</cite></div></blockquote><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%C3%85land_piratflagga.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/%C3%85land_piratflagga.jpg/220px-%C3%85land_piratflagga.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/%C3%85land_piratflagga.jpg/330px-%C3%85land_piratflagga.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/%C3%85land_piratflagga.jpg/440px-%C3%85land_piratflagga.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3492" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>200-year-old pirate flag at the Åland Maritime Museum originating from the North African coast</figcaption></figure><p>In the early 17th century, Algiers also became, along with other North African ports such as <a href="/wiki/Tunis" title="Tunis">Tunis</a>, one of the bases for <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Turkish_piracy" title="Anglo-Turkish piracy">Anglo-Turkish piracy</a>. The peace in Europe forced the Norse privateers to shift their field of activity to the Mediterranean and to serve the enemies of Algiers. Yet many of those privateers converted to Islam and were enlisted in the Algerian corsair Navy. As a result of this privateer spill, international piracy activity in the region intensified to an unprecedented degree.<sup id="cite_ref-Fatima_Maameri_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fatima_Maameri-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There were as many as 8,000 <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/renegade" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:renegade">renegades</a> in the city in 1634.<sup id="cite_ref-Bosworth_243_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bosworth_243-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A contemporary letter stated: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>"The infinity of goods, merchandise jewels and treasure taken by our English pirates daily from Christians and carried to <a href="/wiki/Algiers" title="Algiers">Algire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tunis" title="Tunis">Tunis</a> to the great enriching of Mores and Turks and impoverishing of Christians"</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Contemporary letter sent from Portugal to England.<sup id="cite_ref-Harris_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harris-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Algerian_corsair_fleet">Algerian corsair fleet</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Corsairs_of_Algiers&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Algerian corsair fleet"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Andries_van_Eertvelt_(1590-1652)_-_An_Algerine_Ship_off_a_Barbary_Port_-_BHC0751_-_Royal_Museums_Greenwich.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Andries_van_Eertvelt_%281590-1652%29_-_An_Algerine_Ship_off_a_Barbary_Port_-_BHC0751_-_Royal_Museums_Greenwich.jpg/220px-Andries_van_Eertvelt_%281590-1652%29_-_An_Algerine_Ship_off_a_Barbary_Port_-_BHC0751_-_Royal_Museums_Greenwich.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Andries_van_Eertvelt_%281590-1652%29_-_An_Algerine_Ship_off_a_Barbary_Port_-_BHC0751_-_Royal_Museums_Greenwich.jpg/330px-Andries_van_Eertvelt_%281590-1652%29_-_An_Algerine_Ship_off_a_Barbary_Port_-_BHC0751_-_Royal_Museums_Greenwich.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Andries_van_Eertvelt_%281590-1652%29_-_An_Algerine_Ship_off_a_Barbary_Port_-_BHC0751_-_Royal_Museums_Greenwich.jpg/440px-Andries_van_Eertvelt_%281590-1652%29_-_An_Algerine_Ship_off_a_Barbary_Port_-_BHC0751_-_Royal_Museums_Greenwich.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="834" /></a><figcaption>An Algerine Ship off a Barbary Port by <a href="/wiki/Andries_van_Eertvelt" title="Andries van Eertvelt">Andries van Eertvelt</a></figcaption></figure><p>The Algerians armed for war the captured merchant ships which seemed fit for the <i>corso</i>, and also bought ships in Europe. They had ship construction sites as well, located in <a href="/wiki/Bab-el-Oued" class="mw-redirect" title="Bab-el-Oued">Bab-el-Oued</a> for large ships, and in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bab-Azoun&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bab-Azoun (page does not exist)">Bab-Azoun</a> for those of smaller dimensions. Christian slaves were employed in these shipyards, the management of which was often entrusted to renegades, even to free Christians, as captains of armament or engineers of naval constructions, who hired their services for a time, without being required to convert to Islam. The masts, yards, sails, ropes, powder, ammunition, and artillery pieces, were supplied by the government of the Ottoman Porte and by certain minor powers of Europe, the latter in the form of tribute.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Earlier_flotilla">Earlier flotilla</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Corsairs_of_Algiers&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Earlier flotilla"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At the beginning of the 17th century, Algiers' pirate fleet numbered 100 ships and employed 8,000 to 10,000 men. The piracy "industry" accounted for 25 percent of the workforce of the city, not counting other activities related directly to the port. The fleet averaged 25 ships in the 1680s, but these were larger vessels than had been used the 1620s, thus the fleet still employed some 7,000 men.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The introduction of round ships by the Flemish corsair <a href="/wiki/Zymen_Danseker" title="Zymen Danseker">Zymen Danseker</a> and the arrival of <a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_the_Moriscos" title="Expulsion of the Moriscos">expelled Moriscos</a> from Spain contributed strongly to the development of the fleet of Algiers,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which was modernized and enlarged,<sup id="cite_ref-:36_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:36-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it numbered as follows: </p> <ul><li>In 1625, the corsair fleet included six <a href="/wiki/Galleass" title="Galleass">Galleasses</a>, a large number of <a href="/wiki/Brigantine" title="Brigantine">brigantines</a> and a hundred <a href="/wiki/Galley" title="Galley">Galleyes</a>, more than sixty of them were equipped with 24 to 40 guns.<sup id="cite_ref-Albert_Devoulx_p3902_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Albert_Devoulx_p3902-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In 1630, about 70 ships were in the port of the capital, with what the Algerians owned from the French years prior, and<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (February 2024)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>in 1632, 13 galleys were in the port, all of which were driven by oars, and 70 others with sails, and 23 boats of 30 to 50 cannons.</li> <li>In 1634, the Algerian fleet consisted of 70 vessels, each of which was armed with between 25 and 40 cannons.</li> <li>In 1657, the number decreased to 23 ships, and each ship included 30 to 50 cannons.</li> <li>In 1662, there were 22 barges and nine galleys in the capital, and in 1681 there were only 17 barges and two large ships with heavy weapons of 112 cannons. These 17 ships were mentioned by their names in the report of Sieur Hayet, among them: <i>the Golden Mare</i>, <i>the Rose</i>, <i>the little Rose</i>, <i>the city of Algiers</i>, <i>the Marzouk</i>, <i>the Canaria</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceC2_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceC2-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>On the consul's Fiolle report, he says that in 1686: "The ship called "<i>the Golden Rose</i>" was armed with 40 cannons, the "<i>Seven Stars</i>" with 30 cannons, the "<i>Golden Lion</i>" equipped with 32 cannons, and that there were also on this date, 10 ships with two bridges, each containing 30 cannons, and 10 single-barreled ships, each containing 14 cannons, sometimes reaching 20. There were also two ships with two bridges containing 45 cannons and a fire equipped with 20 cannons, and five other ships, two of them with 50 cannons, two with 30 cannons, and besides that, there were 39 ships for transport and trade".</li> <li>It came in the report of Dr. Duke de Grafton<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (February 2024)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> dated October 14, 1687, that the number of Algerian ships in the diversity of their forms and the difference in weight and their cargo amounted to 60 ships, which had 570 cannons in total.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceC2_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceC2-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Later_navy">Later navy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Corsairs_of_Algiers&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Later navy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_American_Fleet_Defeating_Rais_Hamdu_off_Cape_Gata_MET_DP-19637-001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/The_American_Fleet_Defeating_Rais_Hamdu_off_Cape_Gata_MET_DP-19637-001.jpg/220px-The_American_Fleet_Defeating_Rais_Hamdu_off_Cape_Gata_MET_DP-19637-001.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/The_American_Fleet_Defeating_Rais_Hamdu_off_Cape_Gata_MET_DP-19637-001.jpg/330px-The_American_Fleet_Defeating_Rais_Hamdu_off_Cape_Gata_MET_DP-19637-001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/The_American_Fleet_Defeating_Rais_Hamdu_off_Cape_Gata_MET_DP-19637-001.jpg/440px-The_American_Fleet_Defeating_Rais_Hamdu_off_Cape_Gata_MET_DP-19637-001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2968" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ra%C3%AFs_Hamidou" title="Raïs Hamidou">Rais Hamidou</a>'s Algerian flagship "<a href="/wiki/Mashouda" title="Mashouda">Mashuda</a>" in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_off_Cape_Gata" title="Battle off Cape Gata">battle off Cape Gata</a> (1815) against <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Decatur" title="Stephen Decatur">Stephen Decatur</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/USS_Constitution" title="USS Constitution">USS Constitution</a>"</figcaption></figure> <p>In the 18th century the number of Algerian ships diminished and was varying from 20 to 30 ships and were mostly <a href="/wiki/Xebec" title="Xebec">Xebecs</a> armed with 12 to 32 cannons. </p> <ul><li>During <a href="/wiki/Barbary_Wars" title="Barbary Wars">the Barbary Wars</a> the said number increased in 1802 to 66 barges, each with between 25 and 80 long-range cannons</li> <li>In 1815, the number decreased to 41 ships, and there were only five battleships, the General Consul of the United States of America <a href="/wiki/William_Shaler" title="William Shaler">William Shaler</a> tells about the Algerian Navy in 1815: <i>"</i>The Algerian fleet was composed of five frigates with 38 to 50 cannons and five corvettes<i>".</i></li> <li>In 1816, four barges and 30 ships. Gouthrot<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (February 2024)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> says on that date only two battleships of 50 to 60 cannons, two corvettes with five cannons, two barges of 80 cannons, four galleys of 15 to 26 cannons, and one ship of 20 cannon of the <a href="/wiki/Polacca" title="Polacca">polacre</a> type, and 35 ships.</li> <li>In 1820, 32 ships numbering 368 cannons.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Among these ships were the well-known "<i>Al-Marikana</i>", the famous "<i><a href="/wiki/Mashouda" title="Mashouda">Mashouda</a></i>" and the 44 cannon captured vessel "<i>Portuguesa"</i>, the latter was captured by Rais Hamidou from the Portuguese navy in May 1802 with 282 prisoners, but then it was lost and others were burned when <a href="/wiki/Edward_Pellew,_1st_Viscount_Exmouth" title="Edward Pellew, 1st Viscount Exmouth">Lord admiral Exmouth</a> attacked Algiers in 1816. There are also names for other ships, such as the <i>Miftah al-Salam</i>, <i>Dik al-Marsa</i>, <i>Guide to Alexandria</i>, and others seized.by the Algerian Navy, which left them with the names by which they were previously known.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceC2_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceC2-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="How_the_corsairs_operated">How the corsairs operated</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Corsairs_of_Algiers&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: How the corsairs operated"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jihad_against_Spain:_Barbary_galleys_in_the_Mediterranean">Jihad against Spain: Barbary galleys in the Mediterranean</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Corsairs_of_Algiers&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Jihad against Spain: Barbary galleys in the Mediterranean"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Plate_8-_A_the_bow_of_a_galley_at_left_and_another_galley_at_right,_seen_from_behind,_two_rowboats_in_center,_a_hill_with_a_fortress_in_the_background,_from_%27Various_landscapes%27_(Divers_paysages)_MET_DP827791.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Plate_8-_A_the_bow_of_a_galley_at_left_and_another_galley_at_right%2C_seen_from_behind%2C_two_rowboats_in_center%2C_a_hill_with_a_fortress_in_the_background%2C_from_%27Various_landscapes%27_%28Divers_paysages%29_MET_DP827791.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Plate_8-_A_the_bow_of_a_galley_at_left_and_another_galley_at_right%2C_seen_from_behind%2C_two_rowboats_in_center%2C_a_hill_with_a_fortress_in_the_background%2C_from_%27Various_landscapes%27_%28Divers_paysages%29_MET_DP827791.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Plate_8-_A_the_bow_of_a_galley_at_left_and_another_galley_at_right%2C_seen_from_behind%2C_two_rowboats_in_center%2C_a_hill_with_a_fortress_in_the_background%2C_from_%27Various_landscapes%27_%28Divers_paysages%29_MET_DP827791.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="1858" /></a><figcaption>Barbary galleys</figcaption></figure> <p>During most of the 16th century; maritime wars were undertaken with fleets of thirty to forty galleys.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Barbary <a href="/wiki/Galley" title="Galley">galleys</a> formed the Western naval division of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Navy" title="Ottoman Navy">Ottoman fleets</a>. Their special function was to harm the hereditary enemy, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spain</a>, by ravaging its coasts, landing unexpectedly in enemy territory, sacking villages and towns as it had at <a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Lipari" title="Sack of Lipari">Lipari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Naples" title="Sack of Naples">Naples</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Sori" class="mw-redirect" title="Sack of Sori">Genoa</a><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and carrying off their inhabitants into captivity. The Spanish watch towers and defense networks could not hold off the corsairs in <a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Cullera" title="Sack of Cullera">Cullera</a> and <a href="/wiki/Villajoyosa" title="Villajoyosa">Villajoyosa</a>, and so the <i>tierras maritimas</i> (coastal lands) were abandoned.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> Attacks on Christian and especially Catholic shipping, with <a href="/wiki/Barbary_Slave_Trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbary Slave Trade">slavery for the captured</a>, became prevalent in Algiers and were actually the main industry and source of revenues of the Regency.<sup id="cite_ref-Bosworth_243_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bosworth_243-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The corsairs targeted Spanish commerce, and interrupted maritime communications with Spanish domains in Italy by boarding vessels, capturing crews and cargoes and taking everything back to Algiers, enriching it at the expanse of Spanish trade.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gibraltor.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Gibraltor.png/224px-Gibraltor.png" decoding="async" width="224" height="274" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Gibraltor.png/336px-Gibraltor.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Gibraltor.png/449px-Gibraltor.png 2x" data-file-width="723" data-file-height="883" /></a><figcaption>Algerine <a href="/wiki/Xebec" title="Xebec">xebec</a> near Gibraltar, by <a href="/wiki/Dominic_Serres" title="Dominic Serres">Dominic Serres</a> (1722-1793)</figcaption></figure><p>The severe discipline and care, made the Algiers galley a war instrument of the first order; the damage that the <i>rais</i> caused the enemies of the Ottoman sultan was so significant that Spanish <a href="/wiki/Benedictines" title="Benedictines">Benedictine</a> and historian Diego Haëdo wrote:<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Sailing without any fear, they travel the sea from east to west, making fun of our galleys, whose crews, meanwhile, enjoy banqueting in the ports. Knowing well that when their galiotes, so well equipped, so light, encounter the Christian galleys, so heavy and so crowded, the latter cannot think of giving chase, and preventing them from pillaging and stealing at will. They have the habit, to mock them, of tacking, and showing them the stern... They are so careful about the order, cleanliness and layout of their ships, that they do not think about something else, focusing especially on good tie-down, to be able to line and tack well. It is for this reason that they do not have rumbalières... Finally, for this same reason, it is not permitted for anyone, even the son of the pasha himself, to change places, nor to move from where he is.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Diego de Haedo, Topographia e Historia general de Argel</cite></div></blockquote><p> Algerian corsairs provided much needed help to the attempted <a href="/wiki/Rebellion_of_the_Alpujarras_(1568%E2%80%931571)" title="Rebellion of the Alpujarras (1568–1571)">rebellion of the Moriscos</a>. In this long <a href="/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Habsburg_wars" title="Ottoman–Habsburg wars">war</a>, the <i>raïs</i> of Algiers had no rival; They showed incessant ardor and temerity almost always crowned with success. At a signal from the Sultan, they were seen running forward and fighting in the front ranks, as in <a href="/wiki/Capture_of_B%C3%A9ja%C3%AFa_(1555)" title="Capture of Béjaïa (1555)">Bejaïa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Great_Siege_of_Malta" title="Great Siege of Malta">Malta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lepanto" title="Battle of Lepanto">Lepanto</a> and <a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Tunis_(1574)" title="Conquest of Tunis (1574)">Tunis</a>, where they acquired the well-deserved reputation of being the best and bravest sailors in the Mediterranean.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> French writer <a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_de_Baudicour&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Louis de Baudicour (page does not exist)">Louis de Baudicour</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_de_Baudicour" class="extiw" title="fr:Louis de Baudicour">fr</a>]</span> wrote:<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Algiers had become the firmest support of the Sultans of Constantinople. No event took place in the Mediterranean basin without the Algerian corsairs taking part in it. The main force of the entire Ottoman Navy rested on them.</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Atlantic_razzias:_Hunt_for_enemy_merchant_ships">Atlantic razzias: Hunt for enemy merchant ships</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Corsairs_of_Algiers&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Atlantic razzias: Hunt for enemy merchant ships"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Teckning_-_Sj%C3%B6historiska_museet_-_OB_405.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Teckning_-_Sj%C3%B6historiska_museet_-_OB_405.tif/lossy-page1-220px-Teckning_-_Sj%C3%B6historiska_museet_-_OB_405.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Teckning_-_Sj%C3%B6historiska_museet_-_OB_405.tif/lossy-page1-330px-Teckning_-_Sj%C3%B6historiska_museet_-_OB_405.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Teckning_-_Sj%C3%B6historiska_museet_-_OB_405.tif/lossy-page1-440px-Teckning_-_Sj%C3%B6historiska_museet_-_OB_405.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3127" data-file-height="2486" /></a><figcaption>Xebec types, by <a href="/wiki/Jacob_H%C3%A4gg" title="Jacob Hägg">Jacob Hägg</a> (1839–1931)</figcaption></figure> <p><i>Ra'ises</i> (captains of corsair ships) such as <a href="/wiki/Murat_Reis_the_Elder" title="Murat Reis the Elder">Murat Rais the Elder</a> in the 1580s and <a href="/wiki/Ra%C3%AFs_Hamidou" title="Raïs Hamidou">Hamidou Raïs</a> at the turn of the 19th century distinguished themselves through audacious attacks on Christian ships and bringing important prizes to Algiers.<sup id="cite_ref-abun-nasr1971p1593_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-abun-nasr1971p1593-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mediterranean ships were at first the main targets of the corsairs, but the <i>raïs</i> appeared in the oceans as soon as they adopted the use of round vessels. Exploring the routes of India and America, they disturbed the commerce of all enemy nations. In 1616, <a href="/wiki/Jan_Janszoon" title="Jan Janszoon">Rais Mourad the Younger (Jan Janszoon)</a> plundered the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Abductions" title="Turkish Abductions">coasts of Iceland</a>, from where he brought back to Algiers 400 captives. In 1619 the corsairs <a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Madeira" title="Sack of Madeira">ravaged Madeira</a>. In 1631, they <a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Baltimore" title="Sack of Baltimore">sacked Baltimore in Ireland</a>, blocked the English Channel, and seized ships in the <a href="/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</a> towards the 1650s.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarrot1910383_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarrot1910383-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:36_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:36-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Algerian pirate naval warfare was intelligent and flexible, but its countermeasures were incredibly clumsy. The Algerians used <a href="/wiki/Xebec" title="Xebec">xebecs</a>, fast-sailed galleys, to attack individual merchant ships when there was no wind. Algerians usually hid five to seven xebecs behind a large cliff near the coast, each with at least 100 soldiers. A clifftop lookout would spot European ships and signal them to approach. Europeans usually surrendered quickly when faced with a much superior attacking force. In the defense, the corsairs usually expected only the death of many sailors and certain defeat.<sup id="cite_ref-Ressel2_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ressel2-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i>raïs</i> pushed audacity so far as to found in <a href="/wiki/Livorno" title="Livorno">Livorno</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with the authorization of the Grand Duke of <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany" title="Grand Duchy of Tuscany">Tuscany</a>, to whom they paid high royalties, a penal colony warehouse, where they came to deposit under the guard of the soldiers of the Grand Duke, the Christian slaves likely to obtain their freedom by means of a ransom. They still had a station at <a href="/wiki/Cape_Verde" title="Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a> to be nearer to stopping the Indian galleons. <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">The Republic of Genoa</a> tolerated for a very long time the traffic in its ports of goods coming from the looting of the <i>rais</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarrot1910383_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarrot1910383-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Naval_spoils">Naval spoils</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Corsairs_of_Algiers&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Naval spoils"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rais_hamidou.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Rais_hamidou.jpg/220px-Rais_hamidou.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="367" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Rais_hamidou.jpg/330px-Rais_hamidou.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Rais_hamidou.jpg/440px-Rais_hamidou.jpg 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="1350" /></a><figcaption>Rais Hamidou: famous Algerian corsair of the 18th century</figcaption></figure><p>The spoils of the Corsairs multiplied in the first period of the regency, then began to decrease until they almost disappeared in the eighteenth century. By the end of the deys period they witnessed a remarkable growth with the attempt to develop the navy and increase its military activity, especially during the period of Europe's preoccupation with the wars of <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">the French Revolution</a> and <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">the conquests of Napoleon</a>. The renewed activity of the Algerian Navy was linked to the efforts of sailors led by <a href="/wiki/Ra%C3%AFs_Hamidou" title="Raïs Hamidou">Rais Hamidou</a> (1790-1815). Of the naval spoils, the state used to take one fifth, and distribute the rest to the shipowners who had contributed to equipping the fleet. </p><dl><dt>Spoils according to years</dt> <dd><sup id="cite_ref-gallica.bnf.fr2_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gallica.bnf.fr2-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <ul><li>1556: 28 ships were captured near <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1laga" title="Málaga">Málaga</a> and 50 others near <a href="/wiki/Gibraltar_strait" class="mw-redirect" title="Gibraltar strait">Gibraltar strait</a></li> <li>1608 - 1621: Nearly 1000 European ships were captured, among them 447 of Dutch nationality, 193 French, 120 Spanish, 60 English, and 50 from various German principalities. More than 12,000 people were enslaved.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1619 - 1627: More than 20,000 people were captured</li> <li>1628 - 1634: 80 ships were captured during the war against France with 1331 people, which made the value of the total spoils in that war rise to about 4,752,000 pounds. Pere dan<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (February 2024)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> estimated the value of seized cargo at around 20,000,000 francs, and one million people enslaved.</li> <li>1737 - 1799: the <i>rais</i> took 376 ships. In 1785, Genoese, Venetian and Neapolitan ships were captured, their spoils estimated at 75,000,000 francs. In 1793, 11 American ships were captured and 100 American sailors were enslaved, then 16 Portuguese ships were captured by Rais Hamidou in 1797 along with 118 prisoners.</li> <li>1800 - 1802: The spoils were estimated at 575,152 francs, and 20 ships were seized, of which 19 were Neapolitan, in addition to another Portuguese ship seized by Rais Hamidou, equipped with 44 cannons, its value estimated at 194,231.25 francs.</li> <li>1805 - 1815: The value of spoils was estimated at 8 million francs, from 1800 prisoners and 30 ships. A truce in 1810 was followed by the treaty of 1813 with Portugal, in which 541 Portuguese prisoners were ransomed for 850,000 Algerian <i>doro</i></li> <li>1825: The spoils reached eight ships, mostly Dutch, Spanish and English, with an estimated value of about 770,415.74 francs.</li> <li>1817 - 1827: the value of spoils was approximately 700,000 francs, with 26 Greek ships seized.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Corsair_city_of_Algiers">Corsair city of Algiers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Corsairs_of_Algiers&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Corsair city of Algiers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Defences">Defences</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Corsairs_of_Algiers&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Defences"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Atlante_Neroni_-_Algieri.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Atlante_Neroni_-_Algieri.jpg/220px-Atlante_Neroni_-_Algieri.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Atlante_Neroni_-_Algieri.jpg/330px-Atlante_Neroni_-_Algieri.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Atlante_Neroni_-_Algieri.jpg/440px-Atlante_Neroni_-_Algieri.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2217" data-file-height="1495" /></a><figcaption>Algiers in one of the maps of cities and fortresses in the <i>Atlante Neroni</i> of 1602</figcaption></figure><p> In 1529, Hayreddin Barbarossa seized the <a href="/wiki/Pe%C3%B1%C3%B3n_of_Algiers" title="Peñón of Algiers">Peñon</a> facing the city of Algiers from the Spanish and linked the rock to the port by building a <a href="/wiki/Pier" title="Pier">pier</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-WDL_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WDL-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This allowed Algiers to become a secure port for naval and corsair companies. The city became the main base for corsairs in the Mediterranean.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This domination enabled him to repel several attacks from a number of European countries, in particular, in October 1541, that of <a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor</a>, whose troops were defeated by the forces of the regency under the command of Hassan Agha, well aided by a storm which destroyed a good part of the enemy fleet. </p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:La_Consulaire_(Baba_Merzoug).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/La_Consulaire_%28Baba_Merzoug%29.jpg/220px-La_Consulaire_%28Baba_Merzoug%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/La_Consulaire_%28Baba_Merzoug%29.jpg/330px-La_Consulaire_%28Baba_Merzoug%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/La_Consulaire_%28Baba_Merzoug%29.jpg/440px-La_Consulaire_%28Baba_Merzoug%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3006" data-file-height="4509" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/La_Consulaire" title="La Consulaire">Consulaire</a> cannon (a.k.a. Baba Merzoug), in Brest arsenal</figcaption></figure><p>In response Hassan Agha ordered the construction of a large artillery piece, designed in the foundries of Dar Ennahas, near the Bab El Oued gate in 1542, by a Venetian master builder in the pay of the beylerbey of Algiers, Hassan Agha. The cannon was placed during the completion of the "Kheir Eddine pier" at the end, on the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bordj_Amar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bordj Amar (page does not exist)">Bordj Amar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on an unreliable source. (February 2024)">unreliable source?</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Oruç Barbarossa built a new kasbah a little above the previous Berber kasbah. Hayreddin and his successors rebuilt the wall surrounding the town, 36 t42 feet high, and some one and a half miles in length, of unbaked brick bonded with good mortar, resting on a substructure of concrete. The sea-front, though thick and high, was not solid enough to resist massive assaults. The wall accordingly was protected by a moat some 20 to 26 feet deep and 37 to 48 feet across, reinforced by square towers and slightly projecting bastions.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two more large works protected Khair al-Din. The breakwater and the Fishery Arsenal were protected by the parapet, crenellated and pierced with <a href="/wiki/Embrasure" title="Embrasure">embrasures</a> for muskets and cannon. Access to the town was through five main gates. The <i>Bab Jdid</i> or New Gate was to the south-west at the foot of the kasbah, <i>Bab Azoun</i> was to the south, the most important since people entered this way from the <a href="/wiki/Hinterland" title="Hinterland">hinterland</a> It was linked by a long mercantile street to the <i>Bab al-Oued</i> to the north. The 'Island' or 'Holy War' gate (<i>Bāb al-Jazira</i> or <i>Bab al-Jihad</i>), through which the raïs passed, opened on to the mole,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (February 2024)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and finally the 'Fish', 'Fishery' or 'Customs' gate (<i>Bab Es-serdin</i>), opened onto the road leading up from the harbour.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Outside the wall several forts supplemented the seafront fortifications. The <i>Eulj 'Ali burj</i>, built in 1568-1569 and known as the 'fort of the twenty-four hours', guarded the <i>Bab al-Oued</i> beach. On the landward side the approaches to the town were defended by the fort known as the 'Star', built above the kasbah in 1568, and the Emperor Fort (<i>Sultan Kalassi</i>) built facing south between 1545 and 1580 on the site of the camp of Charles V.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Urban_area">Urban area</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Corsairs_of_Algiers&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Urban area"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Atlas_Van_der_Hagen-KW1049B13_058-The_City_of_ALGIER.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Atlas_Van_der_Hagen-KW1049B13_058-The_City_of_ALGIER.jpeg/220px-Atlas_Van_der_Hagen-KW1049B13_058-The_City_of_ALGIER.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Atlas_Van_der_Hagen-KW1049B13_058-The_City_of_ALGIER.jpeg/330px-Atlas_Van_der_Hagen-KW1049B13_058-The_City_of_ALGIER.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Atlas_Van_der_Hagen-KW1049B13_058-The_City_of_ALGIER.jpeg/440px-Atlas_Van_der_Hagen-KW1049B13_058-The_City_of_ALGIER.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="5500" data-file-height="4121" /></a><figcaption>City of Algiers, 17th century</figcaption></figure><p>In the confined space enclosed within the walls white houses were grouped closely together with terraces rising in tiers, their overhanging canopies supported on beams jutting so far out over the narrow streets as to sometimes meet those across the way, thus forming a ceiling of corduroy or of groined vaulting.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (February 2024)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> It was not until the end of the fifteenth century that the <i>rais</i> built their costly dwellings in the lower town.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Algiers, as in the other Barbary ports, the captains tended to maintain houses in the western part of the city, close to the kasbah, with their crews quartered close by. This was a precaution against any attack by political or domestic opponents, and it helped to ensure that the community of privateers formed an identifiable political and social bloc in the city.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These new constructions modified the outward aspect of the town, which remained a Maghrebi city, although the greater part of the inhabitants were not of the Maghreb. Likewise, the interior arrangement of some rich houses was no longer of Maghrebi style. </p><p>According to Diego de Haëdo, about the year 1580 Algiers had a hundred mosques, chapels or <a href="/wiki/Zawiyas_in_Algeria" title="Zawiyas in Algeria">zawiyas</a>, not one of which survives. There were 'prayer halls with parallel <a href="/wiki/Nave" title="Nave">naves</a> and pitched tile roofs'.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Christian_captives">Christian captives</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Corsairs_of_Algiers&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Christian captives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Barbary_slave_trade" title="Barbary slave trade">Barbary slave trade</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Share_and_use_of_slaves">Share and use of slaves</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Corsairs_of_Algiers&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Share and use of slaves"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Purchase_of_Christian_captives_from_the_Barbary_States.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Purchase_of_Christian_captives_from_the_Barbary_States.jpg/220px-Purchase_of_Christian_captives_from_the_Barbary_States.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Purchase_of_Christian_captives_from_the_Barbary_States.jpg/330px-Purchase_of_Christian_captives_from_the_Barbary_States.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Purchase_of_Christian_captives_from_the_Barbary_States.jpg/440px-Purchase_of_Christian_captives_from_the_Barbary_States.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2237" data-file-height="1623" /></a><figcaption>Purchase of Christian slaves by French friars (<a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Blessed_Virgin_Mary_of_Mercy" title="Order of the Blessed Virgin Mary of Mercy">Religieux de la Mercy de France</a>) in Algiers in 1662</figcaption></figure> <p>When a corsair ship returned to Algiers towing its booty, goods and captives were landed. The pasha would take his fifth, in addition to the body and tackle of the captured ship, then the cargo was sold. The slaves not chosen by the pasha were led into the <a href="/wiki/Bedesten" title="Bedesten">Badestan</a>, a long street closed at both ends, located on the site of the current Mahon square in Algiers. There, brokers ran the captives naked, so that buyers could make their selections. Half of the proceeds from these sales belonged to the outfitter of the capturing vessel: individual, company, <i>rais</i> himself; the other half was divided into shares, of which forty went to the captain, thirty to the agha of the Janissaries on board, ten to the officers, and the rest to the sailors and the soldiers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarrot1910384_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarrot1910384-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Until the use of round vessels in the 17th century, which did away with <a href="/wiki/Oar" title="Oar">oars</a>, the <i>rais</i> composed the crews of their galleys, which were generally very low in the water, with slaves they bought for this purpose, or captured at sea or on the Christian coasts. The rowers were tied to their benches, as many as 300 on a single vessel. When, at the beginning of the 17th century, sail became the only form of navigation, the use of slaves on <i>corso</i> ships diminished notably; but the <i>raïs</i> still employed a few for heavy work: turning the <a href="/wiki/Capstan_(nautical)" title="Capstan (nautical)">capstan</a>, towing other boats, cleaning and so on.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarrot1910382_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarrot1910382-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Number_of_slaves">Number of slaves</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Corsairs_of_Algiers&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Number of slaves"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Marche_aux_esclaves_d_alger_gravure.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Marche_aux_esclaves_d_alger_gravure.jpg/320px-Marche_aux_esclaves_d_alger_gravure.jpg" decoding="async" width="320" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Marche_aux_esclaves_d_alger_gravure.jpg/480px-Marche_aux_esclaves_d_alger_gravure.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Marche_aux_esclaves_d_alger_gravure.jpg/640px-Marche_aux_esclaves_d_alger_gravure.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6392" data-file-height="3728" /></a><figcaption>The slave market of Algiers in the early 17th century.</figcaption></figure><p>The number of European Christians in captivity in the city of Algiers alone was estimated at about one million people throughout the seventeenth century, equivalent to a quarter of the city's population, numbering at that time about 100,000 people.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (February 2024)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In the four beylik prisons established specifically for this purpose after 1607, most prisoners were released for <a href="/wiki/Ransom" title="Ransom">ransom</a>, some converted to Islam -- 8000 in 1634 of a total of 35,000 prisoners -- and some were integrated into the population and became an active in society, like many of the beleyrbeys who assumed power before the era of the pashas.<sup id="cite_ref-archive.org2_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-archive.org2-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The work that these prisoners carried out was divided between social services and economic tasks within the city of Algiers, and agricultural work outside the city of Algiers. The number of prisoners varied from year to year. </p><p>The following table extracted from European sources presents aggregate estimates for the city of Algiers according to year:<sup id="cite_ref-gallica.bnf.fr2_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gallica.bnf.fr2-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption class="nowrap">Christian slaves in Algiers according to European sources<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Year </th> <th>Number of prisoners </th> <th>Authors </th> <th>Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td>1580 </td> <td>25,000 </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diego_Haedo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diego Haedo (page does not exist)">Diego Haedo</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1598 </td> <td>15,000 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Antonio_Magini" title="Giovanni Antonio Magini">Giovanni Antonio Magini</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1620 </td> <td>35,000 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Gramaye" title="Jean-Baptiste Gramaye">Gramaye</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1634 </td> <td>25,000 </td> <td><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Dan" class="extiw" title="fr:Pierre Dan">Pere Dan</a> </td> <td>During the war with the King of France (1630 - 1634), 1331 prisoners were captured on 80 French ships </td></tr> <tr> <td>1640 </td> <td>30,000 to 40,000 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_de_Aranda" title="Emmanuel de Aranda">Aranda</a> </td> <td>Including those who were in the prisons of <a href="/wiki/Ali_Bitchin" title="Ali Bitchin">Ali Bitchin Reis</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1662 </td> <td>40,000 </td> <td><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Auvry" class="extiw" title="fr:Claude Auvry">Auvry</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1683 </td> <td>35,000 to 40,000 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_P%C3%A9tis_de_la_Croix" title="François Pétis de la Croix">Pétis de la Croix</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1700 </td> <td>8,000 to 10,000 </td> <td>Comelin </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1729 </td> <td>9,000 to 10,000 </td> <td><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Claude_Fau#:~:text=Jean-Claude_Fau,_né_le,historien_de_l'art_roman." class="extiw" title="fr:Jean-Claude Fau">Fau</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1785 </td> <td>6000 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jean_Michel_de_Venture_de_Paradis" title="Jean Michel de Venture de Paradis">Venture de Paradis</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1816 </td> <td>1642 </td> <td>De Grammont </td> <td>2000 freed by Lord Exmouth </td></tr> <tr> <td>1830 </td> <td>122 </td> <td><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Antoine_Rozet" class="extiw" title="fr:Claude Antoine Rozet">Rozet</a> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Among the most famous of these prisoners were:<sup id="cite_ref-archive.org2_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-archive.org2-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cervantes_brought_before_Hassan_Pasha,_the_king_of_Algiers.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Cervantes_brought_before_Hassan_Pasha%2C_the_king_of_Algiers.jpg/220px-Cervantes_brought_before_Hassan_Pasha%2C_the_king_of_Algiers.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Cervantes_brought_before_Hassan_Pasha%2C_the_king_of_Algiers.jpg/330px-Cervantes_brought_before_Hassan_Pasha%2C_the_king_of_Algiers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Cervantes_brought_before_Hassan_Pasha%2C_the_king_of_Algiers.jpg/440px-Cervantes_brought_before_Hassan_Pasha%2C_the_king_of_Algiers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="419" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Miguel_de_Cervantes" title="Miguel de Cervantes">Cervantes</a> brought before <a href="/wiki/Hassan_Veneziano" title="Hassan Veneziano">Hassan Veneziano Pasha</a>, beylerbey of Algiers</figcaption></figure> <ol><li>French scientist <a href="/wiki/Petrus_Gyllius" title="Petrus Gyllius">Petrus Gyllius</a>, captured in 1546 while traveling from France to Greece on a scientific mission at the request of <a href="/wiki/Francis_I_of_France" title="Francis I of France">King Francis I of France</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominique_de_Gourgues" title="Dominique de Gourgues">Dominique de Gourgues</a>, the hero of Florida County, captured while traveling from Europe to America (1558).</li> <li>Famous Italian painter <a href="/wiki/Filippo_Lippi" title="Filippo Lippi">Fra Filippo Lippi de Madone</a>, imprisoned in 1435</li> <li>Italian writer <a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_de_Aranda" title="Emmanuel de Aranda">Emmanuel d'Aranda de Bruges</a>, captured while traveling from France to Spain in 1640.</li> <li>French comic poet, who wrote the story known as the Beautiful Provençal, <a href="/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Regnard" title="Jean-François Regnard">Jean-François Regnard</a>, captured in 1678.</li> <li>Famous Spanish writer <a href="/wiki/Miguel_de_Cervantes" title="Miguel de Cervantes">Miguel de Cervantes</a>, author of <a href="/wiki/Don_Quixote" title="Don Quixote">Don Quixote</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Morisco" title="Morisco">Moriscan</a> plays inspired by his memories in Algeria. He remained in captivity in Algeria from 1575 to 1580.</li> <li>French scientist <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Foy-Vaillant" class="extiw" title="fr:Jean Foy-Vaillant">Jean Foy-Vaillant</a> was captured in 1674, when he was on a scientific trip to study money, commissioned by <a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV" title="Louis XIV">King Louis XIV</a>.</li> <li>Italian cleric apriest of the city of Catania, called <a href="/wiki/House_of_Caracciolo" title="House of Caracciolo">Caraccioli</a>, captured in 1561.</li> <li>Italian poet <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Veneziano_(poet)" title="Antonio Veneziano (poet)">Antonio Veneziano</a>, captured along with Don Carlo Davagona in April 1578.</li> <li>Writer Rene de Bois (Rene de Boys), captured in 1642.</li></ol> <p>Privateers and enslavemement of Christians originating from Algiers were major problems for centuries, leading to regular punitive expeditions by European powers: </p> <ul><li>Spain (1567, 1775, 1783)</li> <li>Denmark (1770)</li> <li>France (1661, 1665, 1682, 1683, 1688)</li> <li>England (1622, 1655, 1672)</li></ul> <p>All led to naval bombardment of Algiers.<sup id="cite_ref-Bosworth_243_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bosworth_243-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Duquesne" title="Abraham Duquesne">Abraham Duquesne</a> fought <a href="/wiki/Barbary_pirates" title="Barbary pirates">Barbary pirates</a> in 1681 and bombarded Algiers between 1682 and 1683 to help Christian captives.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Emblems">Emblems</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Corsairs_of_Algiers&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Emblems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerycaption">18th</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Type_d%27%C3%A9tendard_de_gierre_(XVIII_siecle).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Regency war standard from John Beaumont's album (1705).[54]"><img alt="Regency war standard from John Beaumont's album (1705).[54]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Type_d%27%C3%A9tendard_de_gierre_%28XVIII_siecle%29.svg/120px-Type_d%27%C3%A9tendard_de_gierre_%28XVIII_siecle%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Type_d%27%C3%A9tendard_de_gierre_%28XVIII_siecle%29.svg/180px-Type_d%27%C3%A9tendard_de_gierre_%28XVIII_siecle%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Type_d%27%C3%A9tendard_de_gierre_%28XVIII_siecle%29.svg/240px-Type_d%27%C3%A9tendard_de_gierre_%28XVIII_siecle%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="325" data-file-height="217" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Regency war standard from John Beaumont's album (1705).<sup id="cite_ref-:5_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pavillon_du_day_d%27Alger_(XVIII_-_XIX_siecle).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pavilion of the dey of Algiers according to the album by John Beaumont (1705).[54]"><img alt="Pavilion of the dey of Algiers according to the album by John Beaumont (1705).[54]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Pavillon_du_day_d%27Alger_%28XVIII_-_XIX_siecle%29.svg/120px-Pavillon_du_day_d%27Alger_%28XVIII_-_XIX_siecle%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Pavillon_du_day_d%27Alger_%28XVIII_-_XIX_siecle%29.svg/180px-Pavillon_du_day_d%27Alger_%28XVIII_-_XIX_siecle%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Pavillon_du_day_d%27Alger_%28XVIII_-_XIX_siecle%29.svg/240px-Pavillon_du_day_d%27Alger_%28XVIII_-_XIX_siecle%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="310" data-file-height="217" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Pavilion of the dey of Algiers according to the album by John Beaumont (1705).<sup id="cite_ref-:5_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Type_de_pavillon_maritime_(XVI_-_XVIII_siecle).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Type of maritime flag of the regency of Algiers[54][55]"><img alt="Type of maritime flag of the regency of Algiers[54][55]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Type_de_pavillon_maritime_%28XVI_-_XVIII_siecle%29.svg/120px-Type_de_pavillon_maritime_%28XVI_-_XVIII_siecle%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Type_de_pavillon_maritime_%28XVI_-_XVIII_siecle%29.svg/180px-Type_de_pavillon_maritime_%28XVI_-_XVIII_siecle%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Type_de_pavillon_maritime_%28XVI_-_XVIII_siecle%29.svg/240px-Type_de_pavillon_maritime_%28XVI_-_XVIII_siecle%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="286" data-file-height="217" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Type of maritime flag of the regency of Algiers<sup id="cite_ref-:5_54-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bowles_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bowles-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pavillon_de_la_R%C3%A9gence_d%27Alger_(XVIIe-XVIIIe_si%C3%A8cles)_A5.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Type of maritime flag of the regency of Algiers.[55]"><img alt="Type of maritime flag of the regency of Algiers.[55]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Pavillon_de_la_R%C3%A9gence_d%27Alger_%28XVIIe-XVIIIe_si%C3%A8cles%29_A5.svg/120px-Pavillon_de_la_R%C3%A9gence_d%27Alger_%28XVIIe-XVIIIe_si%C3%A8cles%29_A5.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Pavillon_de_la_R%C3%A9gence_d%27Alger_%28XVIIe-XVIIIe_si%C3%A8cles%29_A5.svg/180px-Pavillon_de_la_R%C3%A9gence_d%27Alger_%28XVIIe-XVIIIe_si%C3%A8cles%29_A5.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Pavillon_de_la_R%C3%A9gence_d%27Alger_%28XVIIe-XVIIIe_si%C3%A8cles%29_A5.svg/240px-Pavillon_de_la_R%C3%A9gence_d%27Alger_%28XVIIe-XVIIIe_si%C3%A8cles%29_A5.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="310" data-file-height="217" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Type of maritime flag of the regency of Algiers.<sup id="cite_ref-Bowles_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bowles-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pavillon_de_la_R%C3%A9gence_d%27Alger_(XVIIe-XVIIIe_si%C3%A8cles)_A6.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Example of a flag used by corsairs of the Algiers regency.[55]"><img alt="Example of a flag used by corsairs of the Algiers regency.[55]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Pavillon_de_la_R%C3%A9gence_d%27Alger_%28XVIIe-XVIIIe_si%C3%A8cles%29_A6.svg/120px-Pavillon_de_la_R%C3%A9gence_d%27Alger_%28XVIIe-XVIIIe_si%C3%A8cles%29_A6.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Pavillon_de_la_R%C3%A9gence_d%27Alger_%28XVIIe-XVIIIe_si%C3%A8cles%29_A6.svg/180px-Pavillon_de_la_R%C3%A9gence_d%27Alger_%28XVIIe-XVIIIe_si%C3%A8cles%29_A6.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Pavillon_de_la_R%C3%A9gence_d%27Alger_%28XVIIe-XVIIIe_si%C3%A8cles%29_A6.svg/240px-Pavillon_de_la_R%C3%A9gence_d%27Alger_%28XVIIe-XVIIIe_si%C3%A8cles%29_A6.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="580" data-file-height="387" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Example of a flag used by corsairs of the Algiers regency.<sup id="cite_ref-Bowles_55-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bowles-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pavillon_de_la_R%C3%A9gence_d%27Alger_(XVIIe-XVIIIe_si%C3%A8cles)_A9.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Example of a flag used by corsairs of the Algiers regency.[55]"><img alt="Example of a flag used by corsairs of the Algiers regency.[55]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Pavillon_de_la_R%C3%A9gence_d%27Alger_%28XVIIe-XVIIIe_si%C3%A8cles%29_A9.svg/120px-Pavillon_de_la_R%C3%A9gence_d%27Alger_%28XVIIe-XVIIIe_si%C3%A8cles%29_A9.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="86" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Pavillon_de_la_R%C3%A9gence_d%27Alger_%28XVIIe-XVIIIe_si%C3%A8cles%29_A9.svg/180px-Pavillon_de_la_R%C3%A9gence_d%27Alger_%28XVIIe-XVIIIe_si%C3%A8cles%29_A9.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Pavillon_de_la_R%C3%A9gence_d%27Alger_%28XVIIe-XVIIIe_si%C3%A8cles%29_A9.svg/240px-Pavillon_de_la_R%C3%A9gence_d%27Alger_%28XVIIe-XVIIIe_si%C3%A8cles%29_A9.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="914" data-file-height="652" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Example of a flag used by corsairs of the Algiers regency.<sup id="cite_ref-Bowles_55-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bowles-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:AlgierRegency2.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Type of maritime flag of the regency of Algiers.[56]"><img alt="Type of maritime flag of the regency of Algiers.[56]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/AlgierRegency2.svg/120px-AlgierRegency2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/AlgierRegency2.svg/180px-AlgierRegency2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/AlgierRegency2.svg/240px-AlgierRegency2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1052" data-file-height="744" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Type of maritime flag of the regency of Algiers.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pavillon_de_la_R%C3%A9gence_d%27Alger_(XVIIe-XVIIIe_si%C3%A8cles)_A8.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="A pavilion of the regency of Algiers[57]"><img alt="A pavilion of the regency of Algiers[57]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Pavillon_de_la_R%C3%A9gence_d%27Alger_%28XVIIe-XVIIIe_si%C3%A8cles%29_A8.svg/120px-Pavillon_de_la_R%C3%A9gence_d%27Alger_%28XVIIe-XVIIIe_si%C3%A8cles%29_A8.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Pavillon_de_la_R%C3%A9gence_d%27Alger_%28XVIIe-XVIIIe_si%C3%A8cles%29_A8.svg/180px-Pavillon_de_la_R%C3%A9gence_d%27Alger_%28XVIIe-XVIIIe_si%C3%A8cles%29_A8.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Pavillon_de_la_R%C3%A9gence_d%27Alger_%28XVIIe-XVIIIe_si%C3%A8cles%29_A8.svg/240px-Pavillon_de_la_R%C3%A9gence_d%27Alger_%28XVIIe-XVIIIe_si%C3%A8cles%29_A8.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="286" data-file-height="217" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A pavilion of the regency of Algiers<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Ottoman_Algiers_(18th_century).png" class="mw-file-description" title="A standard of the regency of Algiers[58]"><img alt="A standard of the regency of Algiers[58]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Flag_of_Ottoman_Algiers_%2818th_century%29.png/120px-Flag_of_Ottoman_Algiers_%2818th_century%29.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Flag_of_Ottoman_Algiers_%2818th_century%29.png/180px-Flag_of_Ottoman_Algiers_%2818th_century%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Flag_of_Ottoman_Algiers_%2818th_century%29.png/240px-Flag_of_Ottoman_Algiers_%2818th_century%29.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A standard of the regency of Algiers<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pavillon_de_la_R%C3%A9gence_d%27Alger_(XVIIe-XVIIIe_si%C3%A8cles)_A4.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pavilion of the Regency of Algiers (17th-18th centuries)(B. Dubreuil)"><img alt="Pavilion of the Regency of Algiers (17th-18th centuries)(B. Dubreuil)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Pavillon_de_la_R%C3%A9gence_d%27Alger_%28XVIIe-XVIIIe_si%C3%A8cles%29_A4.svg/120px-Pavillon_de_la_R%C3%A9gence_d%27Alger_%28XVIIe-XVIIIe_si%C3%A8cles%29_A4.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Pavillon_de_la_R%C3%A9gence_d%27Alger_%28XVIIe-XVIIIe_si%C3%A8cles%29_A4.svg/180px-Pavillon_de_la_R%C3%A9gence_d%27Alger_%28XVIIe-XVIIIe_si%C3%A8cles%29_A4.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Pavillon_de_la_R%C3%A9gence_d%27Alger_%28XVIIe-XVIIIe_si%C3%A8cles%29_A4.svg/240px-Pavillon_de_la_R%C3%A9gence_d%27Alger_%28XVIIe-XVIIIe_si%C3%A8cles%29_A4.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="310" data-file-height="217" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Pavilion of the Regency of Algiers (17th-18th centuries)(B. Dubreuil)</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Corsairs_of_Algiers&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 267.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 265.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_French_Ship_and_Barbary_Pirates_RMG_L9748.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A French Ship and Barbary Pirates by Aert Anthoniszoon and Cornelis Bol"><img alt="A French Ship and Barbary Pirates by Aert Anthoniszoon and Cornelis Bol" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/A_French_Ship_and_Barbary_Pirates_RMG_L9748.jpg/398px-A_French_Ship_and_Barbary_Pirates_RMG_L9748.jpg" decoding="async" width="266" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/A_French_Ship_and_Barbary_Pirates_RMG_L9748.jpg/596px-A_French_Ship_and_Barbary_Pirates_RMG_L9748.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/A_French_Ship_and_Barbary_Pirates_RMG_L9748.jpg/795px-A_French_Ship_and_Barbary_Pirates_RMG_L9748.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="580" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A French Ship and Barbary Pirates by <a href="/wiki/Aert_Anthoniszoon" title="Aert Anthoniszoon">Aert Anthoniszoon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cornelis_Bol" title="Cornelis Bol">Cornelis Bol</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 104px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 102px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Laureys_a_Castro_-_A_Sea_Fight_with_Barbary_Corsairs.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A Sea Fight with Barbary Corsair by Laureys a Castro (1664–1700)"><img alt="A Sea Fight with Barbary Corsair by Laureys a Castro (1664–1700)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Laureys_a_Castro_-_A_Sea_Fight_with_Barbary_Corsairs.jpg/153px-Laureys_a_Castro_-_A_Sea_Fight_with_Barbary_Corsairs.jpg" decoding="async" width="102" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Laureys_a_Castro_-_A_Sea_Fight_with_Barbary_Corsairs.jpg/230px-Laureys_a_Castro_-_A_Sea_Fight_with_Barbary_Corsairs.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Laureys_a_Castro_-_A_Sea_Fight_with_Barbary_Corsairs.jpg/306px-Laureys_a_Castro_-_A_Sea_Fight_with_Barbary_Corsairs.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1411" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A Sea Fight with Barbary Corsair by <a href="/wiki/Laureys_a_Castro" title="Laureys a Castro">Laureys a Castro</a> (1664–1700)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 163.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 161.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Spanish_engagement_with_Barbary_pirates_RMG_BHC0747.tiff" class="mw-file-description" title="Spanish engagement with Barbary pirates by Andries van Eertvelt (1590–1652)"><img alt="Spanish engagement with Barbary pirates by Andries van Eertvelt (1590–1652)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Spanish_engagement_with_Barbary_pirates_RMG_BHC0747.tiff/lossy-page1-242px-Spanish_engagement_with_Barbary_pirates_RMG_BHC0747.tiff.jpg" decoding="async" width="162" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Spanish_engagement_with_Barbary_pirates_RMG_BHC0747.tiff/lossy-page1-362px-Spanish_engagement_with_Barbary_pirates_RMG_BHC0747.tiff.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Spanish_engagement_with_Barbary_pirates_RMG_BHC0747.tiff/lossy-page1-483px-Spanish_engagement_with_Barbary_pirates_RMG_BHC0747.tiff.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4363" data-file-height="3253" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Spanish engagement with Barbary pirates by <a href="/wiki/Andries_van_Eertvelt" title="Andries van Eertvelt">Andries van Eertvelt</a> (1590–1652)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 218.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 216.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:An_English_Ship_in_Action_with_Barbary_Vessels_RMG_BHC0893.tiff" class="mw-file-description" title="An English Ship in Action with Barbary Vessels by Willem van de Velde the Younger (1633–1707)"><img alt="An English Ship in Action with Barbary Vessels by Willem van de Velde the Younger (1633–1707)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/An_English_Ship_in_Action_with_Barbary_Vessels_RMG_BHC0893.tiff/lossy-page1-325px-An_English_Ship_in_Action_with_Barbary_Vessels_RMG_BHC0893.tiff.jpg" decoding="async" width="217" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/An_English_Ship_in_Action_with_Barbary_Vessels_RMG_BHC0893.tiff/lossy-page1-487px-An_English_Ship_in_Action_with_Barbary_Vessels_RMG_BHC0893.tiff.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/An_English_Ship_in_Action_with_Barbary_Vessels_RMG_BHC0893.tiff/lossy-page1-649px-An_English_Ship_in_Action_with_Barbary_Vessels_RMG_BHC0893.tiff.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7200" data-file-height="3998" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">An English Ship in Action with Barbary Vessels by <a href="/wiki/Willem_van_de_Velde_the_Younger" title="Willem van de Velde the Younger">Willem van de Velde the Younger</a> (1633–1707)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 238.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 236.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:DonAntonioBarcel%C3%B3ConSuJabequeCorreoRindeADosGaleotasArgelinas.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A Spanish xebec facing two Algerian corsair galiots by Ángel Cortellini y Sánchez"><img alt="A Spanish xebec facing two Algerian corsair galiots by Ángel Cortellini y Sánchez" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/DonAntonioBarcel%C3%B3ConSuJabequeCorreoRindeADosGaleotasArgelinas.jpg/355px-DonAntonioBarcel%C3%B3ConSuJabequeCorreoRindeADosGaleotasArgelinas.jpg" decoding="async" width="237" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/DonAntonioBarcel%C3%B3ConSuJabequeCorreoRindeADosGaleotasArgelinas.jpg/533px-DonAntonioBarcel%C3%B3ConSuJabequeCorreoRindeADosGaleotasArgelinas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/DonAntonioBarcel%C3%B3ConSuJabequeCorreoRindeADosGaleotasArgelinas.jpg/710px-DonAntonioBarcel%C3%B3ConSuJabequeCorreoRindeADosGaleotasArgelinas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3084" data-file-height="1564" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A Spanish xebec facing two Algerian corsair galiots by <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%81ngel_Cortellini_y_S%C3%A1nchez&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ángel Cortellini y Sánchez (page does not exist)">Ángel Cortellini y Sánchez</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 146px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 144px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nils_Simonsen_Seegefecht_1844.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Barbary corsairs in action, by Niels Simonsen (1844)"><img alt="Barbary corsairs in action, by Niels Simonsen (1844)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Nils_Simonsen_Seegefecht_1844.jpg/216px-Nils_Simonsen_Seegefecht_1844.jpg" decoding="async" width="144" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Nils_Simonsen_Seegefecht_1844.jpg/323px-Nils_Simonsen_Seegefecht_1844.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Nils_Simonsen_Seegefecht_1844.jpg/431px-Nils_Simonsen_Seegefecht_1844.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4716" data-file-height="3940" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Barbary corsairs in action, by <a href="/wiki/Niels_Simonsen" title="Niels Simonsen">Niels Simonsen</a> (1844)</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Corsairs_of_Algiers&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Fatima_Maameri-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fatima_Maameri_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fatima_Maameri_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMaameri2008" class="citation book cs1">Maameri, Fatima (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archives.umc.edu.dz/bitstream/handle/123456789/2522/MAA1018%20.pdf?sequence=1"><i>Ottoman Algeria in Western Diplomatic History with Particular Emphasis on Relations with the United States of America, 1776-1816</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Constantine: Mentouri University. pp. 108–142<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ottoman+Algeria+in+Western+Diplomatic+History+with+Particular+Emphasis+on+Relations+with+the+United+States+of+America%2C+1776-1816&rft.place=Constantine&rft.pages=108-142&rft.pub=Mentouri+University&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Maameri&rft.aufirst=Fatima&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchives.umc.edu.dz%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F123456789%2F2522%2FMAA1018%2520.pdf%3Fsequence%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACorsairs+of+Algiers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurmanCatlosMeyerson2022" class="citation book cs1">Burman, Thomas E.; Catlos, Brian A.; Meyerson, Mark D. (2022-08-23). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=T4x0EAAAQBAJ&dq=corsairs+algiers+most+renegades&pg=PA350"><i>The Sea in the Middle: The Mediterranean World, 650–1650</i></a>. Univ of California Press. p. 350. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-96900-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-96900-1"><bdi>978-0-520-96900-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sea+in+the+Middle%3A+The+Mediterranean+World%2C+650%E2%80%931650&rft.pages=350&rft.pub=Univ+of+California+Press&rft.date=2022-08-23&rft.isbn=978-0-520-96900-1&rft.aulast=Burman&rft.aufirst=Thomas+E.&rft.au=Catlos%2C+Brian+A.&rft.au=Meyerson%2C+Mark+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DT4x0EAAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dcorsairs%2Balgiers%2Bmost%2Brenegades%26pg%3DPA350&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACorsairs+of+Algiers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarrot1910380-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarrot1910380_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarrot1910380_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGarrot1910">Garrot 1910</a>, p. 380.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:7-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:7_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBelhamissi2003">Belhamissi 2003</a>, p. 11</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbun-Nasr1987" class="citation book cs1">Abun-Nasr, Jamil M. (1987-08-20). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_NDLCgAAQBAJ"><i>A History of the Maghrib in the Islamic Period</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 159. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-316-58334-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-316-58334-0"><bdi>978-1-316-58334-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Maghrib+in+the+Islamic+Period&rft.pages=159&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1987-08-20&rft.isbn=978-1-316-58334-0&rft.aulast=Abun-Nasr&rft.aufirst=Jamil+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_NDLCgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACorsairs+of+Algiers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmirel201458-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmirel201458_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAmirel2014">Amirel 2014</a>, p. 58.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKoskenniemi2017205-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKoskenniemi2017205_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKoskenniemi2017">Koskenniemi 2017</a>, p. 205.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:40-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:40_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmirelMüllerAmirell2014" class="citation book cs1">Amirel, S.; Müller, L.; Amirell, Stefan Eklöf (2014-06-03). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9pqxAwAAQBA&pg=PT58"><i>Persistent Piracy: Maritime Violence and State-Formation in Global Historical Perspective</i></a>. Springer. p. 58. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-137-35286-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-137-35286-6"><bdi>978-1-137-35286-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Persistent+Piracy%3A+Maritime+Violence+and+State-Formation+in+Global+Historical+Perspective&rft.pages=58&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2014-06-03&rft.isbn=978-1-137-35286-6&rft.aulast=Amirel&rft.aufirst=S.&rft.au=M%C3%BCller%2C+L.&rft.au=Amirell%2C+Stefan+Ekl%C3%B6f&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9pqxAwAAQBA%26pg%3DPT58&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACorsairs+of+Algiers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKoskenniemiRechFonseca2017" class="citation book cs1">Koskenniemi, Martti; Rech, Walter; Fonseca, Manuel Jiménez (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HGfODQAAQBAJ&pg=PA205"><i>International Law and Empire: Historical Explorations</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 205. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-879557-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-879557-5"><bdi>978-0-19-879557-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=International+Law+and+Empire%3A+Historical+Explorations&rft.pages=205&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-19-879557-5&rft.aulast=Koskenniemi&rft.aufirst=Martti&rft.au=Rech%2C+Walter&rft.au=Fonseca%2C+Manuel+Jim%C3%A9nez&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHGfODQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA205&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACorsairs+of+Algiers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMaameri2008">Maameri 2008</a>, p. 100</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPanzac2005" class="citation book cs1">Panzac, Daniel (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_dyeFP5Hyc4C"><i>The Barbary Corsairs: The End of a Legend, 1800-1820</i></a>. BRILL. pp. 89–90. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-12594-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-12594-0"><bdi>978-90-04-12594-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Barbary+Corsairs%3A+The+End+of+a+Legend%2C+1800-1820&rft.pages=89-90&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-90-04-12594-0&rft.aulast=Panzac&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_dyeFP5Hyc4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACorsairs+of+Algiers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKonstam2016">Konstam 2016</a>, p. 42</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoodhead2011" class="citation book cs1">Woodhead, Christine (2011-12-15). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jt_FBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT366"><i>The Ottoman World</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-49894-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-49894-7"><bdi>978-1-136-49894-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ottoman+World&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2011-12-15&rft.isbn=978-1-136-49894-7&rft.aulast=Woodhead&rft.aufirst=Christine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Djt_FBQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT366&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACorsairs+of+Algiers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:12-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:12_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLapidus2014" class="citation book cs1">Lapidus, Ira M. (2014-10-13). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kFJNBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA319"><i>A History of Islamic Societies</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 319. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-51430-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-51430-9"><bdi>978-0-521-51430-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Islamic+Societies&rft.pages=319&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2014-10-13&rft.isbn=978-0-521-51430-9&rft.aulast=Lapidus&rft.aufirst=Ira+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkFJNBAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA319&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACorsairs+of+Algiers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCourtinat2003" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Courtinat, Roland (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xcLOZOCHf4YC&pg=PA23"><i>La piraterie barbaresque en Méditerranée: XVI-XIXe siècle</i></a> [<i>Barbary Piracy in the Mediterranean: 16tb to 1)the centuries</i>] (in French). Serre Editeur. p. 23. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-906431-65-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-906431-65-2"><bdi>978-2-906431-65-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+piraterie+barbaresque+en+M%C3%A9diterran%C3%A9e%3A+XVI-XIXe+si%C3%A8cle&rft.pages=23&rft.pub=Serre+Editeur&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-2-906431-65-2&rft.aulast=Courtinat&rft.aufirst=Roland&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxcLOZOCHf4YC%26pg%3DPA23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACorsairs+of+Algiers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELowenheim200988-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELowenheim200988_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLowenheim2009">Lowenheim 2009</a>, p. 88.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'ConnellDursteler2016" class="citation book cs1">O'Connell, Monique; Dursteler, Eric R. (2016-05-15). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oVcjDAAAQBAJ&pg=PT503"><i>The Mediterranean World: From the Fall of Rome to the Rise of Napoleon</i></a>. Johns Hopkins University Press+ORM. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4214-1902-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4214-1902-2"><bdi>978-1-4214-1902-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mediterranean+World%3A+From+the+Fall+of+Rome+to+the+Rise+of+Napoleon&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press%2BORM&rft.date=2016-05-15&rft.isbn=978-1-4214-1902-2&rft.aulast=O%27Connell&rft.aufirst=Monique&rft.au=Dursteler%2C+Eric+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoVcjDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT503&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACorsairs+of+Algiers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:6_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKonstam2016">Konstam 2016</a>, p. 43</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarrot1910382-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarrot1910382_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarrot1910382_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGarrot1910">Garrot 1910</a>, p. 382.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:8-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:8_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHrodejButi2013" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Hrodej, Philippe; Buti, Gilbert (2013-04-25). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9C8ZmBptXlIC&pg=PT23"><i>Dictionnaire des corsaires et des pirates</i></a> [<i>Dictionary of Corsairs and Pirates</i>] (in French). CNRS. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-271-07701-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-271-07701-1"><bdi>978-2-271-07701-1</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-12-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionnaire+des+corsaires+et+des+pirates&rft.pub=CNRS&rft.date=2013-04-25&rft.isbn=978-2-271-07701-1&rft.aulast=Hrodej&rft.aufirst=Philippe&rft.au=Buti%2C+Gilbert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9C8ZmBptXlIC%26pg%3DPT23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACorsairs+of+Algiers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Albert_Devoulx_p3902-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Albert_Devoulx_p3902_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Albert_Devoulx_p3902_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k66731v">Albert Devoulx, "La marine de la régence d'Alger" {The Fleet.of the Regency of Algiers}, Revue africaine, no 77, September 1869</a>, p390</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pierre Boyer, "Les renégats et la marine de la Régence d'Alger".(Renegades and the Fleet of the Regency of Algiers), Revue de l'Occident musulman et de la Méditerranée, vol. 39, no 1, 1985, p94<a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">DOI</a><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.persee.fr/doc/remmm%200035-1474%201985%20num%2039%201%202066">10.3406/remmm.1985.2066</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged November 2023">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pierre Boyer, "Les renégats et la marine de la Régence d'Alger", Revue de l'Occident musulman et de la Méditerranée, vol. 39, no 1, 1985, p95<a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">DOI</a><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.persee.fr/doc/remmm%200035-1474%201985%20num%2039%201%202066">10.3406/remmm.1985.2066</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged November 2023">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bosworth_243-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bosworth_243_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bosworth_243_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bosworth_243_24-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBosworth2008" class="citation book cs1">Bosworth, Clifford Edmund (30 January 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UB4uSVt3ulUC&pg=PA24"><i>Historic cities of the Islamic world</i></a>. Brill Academic Publishers. p. 24. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-15388-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-15388-2"><bdi>978-90-04-15388-2</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 October</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historic+cities+of+the+Islamic+world&rft.pages=24&rft.pub=Brill+Academic+Publishers&rft.date=2008-01-30&rft.isbn=978-90-04-15388-2&rft.aulast=Bosworth&rft.aufirst=Clifford+Edmund&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUB4uSVt3ulUC%26pg%3DPA24&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACorsairs+of+Algiers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTenenti1967" class="citation book cs1">Tenenti, Alberto Tenenti (1967). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hAtpBrOdQlIC&pg=PA81"><i>Piracy and the Decline of Venice, 1580-1615</i></a>. University of California Press. p. 81<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 October</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Piracy+and+the+Decline+of+Venice%2C+1580-1615&rft.pages=81&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1967&rft.aulast=Tenenti&rft.aufirst=Alberto+Tenenti&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhAtpBrOdQlIC%26pg%3DPA81&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACorsairs+of+Algiers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Harris-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Harris_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarris2003" class="citation book cs1">Harris, Jonathan Gil (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6oiCewSlFlQC&pg=PA225"><i>Sick Economies: Drama, mercantilism, and disease in Shakespeare's England</i></a>. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 152<i>ff</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-3773-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-3773-3"><bdi>978-0-8122-3773-3</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 October</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sick+Economies%3A+Drama%2C+mercantilism%2C+and+disease+in+Shakespeare%27s+England&rft.pages=152%27%27ff%27%27&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-8122-3773-3&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=Jonathan+Gil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6oiCewSlFlQC%26pg%3DPA225&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACorsairs+of+Algiers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGarrot1910">Garrot 1910</a>, p. 381</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gregory Hanlon. "The Twilight Of A Military Tradition: Italian Aristocrats And European Conflicts, 1560-1800." Routledge: 1997. Pages 27-28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:36-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:36_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:36_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJamieson2013">Jamieson 2013</a>, pp. 75–131</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceC2-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceC2_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceC2_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceC2_30-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFالجيلالي1994">الجيلالي 1994</a>, p. 490</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFبوعزيز2007">بوعزيز 2007</a>, p. 211</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLoades2000" class="citation book cs1">Loades, D. M. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_VRnAAAAMAAJ"><i>England's Maritime Empire: Seapower, Commerce, and Policy, 1490-1690</i></a>. Longman. p. 201. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-582-35629-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-582-35629-0"><bdi>978-0-582-35629-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=England%27s+Maritime+Empire%3A+Seapower%2C+Commerce%2C+and+Policy%2C+1490-1690&rft.pages=201&rft.pub=Longman&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-582-35629-0&rft.aulast=Loades&rft.aufirst=D.+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_VRnAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACorsairs+of+Algiers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKirk2013" class="citation book cs1">Kirk, Thomas Allison (2013-01-03). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ud8CgI7UCe8C&pg=PA72"><i>Genoa and the Sea: Policy and Power in an Early Modern Maritime Republic, 1559–1684</i></a>. JHU Press. p. 72. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4214-0966-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4214-0966-5"><bdi>978-1-4214-0966-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Genoa+and+the+Sea%3A+Policy+and+Power+in+an+Early+Modern+Maritime+Republic%2C+1559%E2%80%931684&rft.pages=72&rft.pub=JHU+Press&rft.date=2013-01-03&rft.isbn=978-1-4214-0966-5&rft.aulast=Kirk&rft.aufirst=Thomas+Allison&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUd8CgI7UCe8C%26pg%3DPA72&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACorsairs+of+Algiers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJulien1970">Julien 1970</a>, p. 286</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaedo1612" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Haedo, Diego de (1612). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sNVUAAAAcAAJ"><i>Topographia e historia general de Argel (etc.)</i></a> (in Spanish). de Cordova y Oviedo. p. 21.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Topographia+e+historia+general+de+Argel+%28etc.%29&rft.pages=21&rft.pub=de+Cordova+y+Oviedo&rft.date=1612&rft.aulast=Haedo&rft.aufirst=Diego+de&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsNVUAAAAcAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACorsairs+of+Algiers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrammont1887" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Grammont, H. D. de (1887). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wgJwFYP7uLIC&pg=PA50"><i>Histoire d'Alger sous la domination turque (1515-1830)</i></a> [<i>History of Algiers under Turkish Domination</i>] (in French). E. Leroux. p. 50.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Histoire+d%27Alger+sous+la+domination+turque+%281515-1830%29&rft.pages=50&rft.pub=E.+Leroux&rft.date=1887&rft.aulast=Grammont&rft.aufirst=H.+D.+de&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwgJwFYP7uLIC%26pg%3DPA50&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACorsairs+of+Algiers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaudicour1853" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Baudicour, Louis de (1853). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6358968g"><i>La guerre et le gouvernement de l'Algérie / par Louis de Baudicour</i></a> [<i>War and the Government of Algeria</i>] (in French). Paris: Sagnier et Bray. pp. 97–98.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+guerre+et+le+gouvernement+de+l%27Alg%C3%A9rie+%2F+par+Louis+de+Baudicour&rft.place=Paris&rft.pages=97-98&rft.pub=Sagnier+et+Bray&rft.date=1853&rft.aulast=Baudicour&rft.aufirst=Louis+de&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgallica.bnf.fr%2Fark%3A%2F12148%2Fbpt6k6358968g&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACorsairs+of+Algiers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-abun-nasr1971p1593-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-abun-nasr1971p1593_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/a-history-of-the-maghrib-in-the-islamic-period-jamil-m.-abun-nasr/page/158/mode/2up?view=theater">Jamil M. Abun Nasr(1971), A History Of The Maghrib In The Islamic Period</a>, p159</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarrot1910383-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarrot1910383_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarrot1910383_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGarrot1910">Garrot 1910</a>, p. 383.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ressel2-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ressel2_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRessel2012" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ressel, Magnus (6 December 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sT6u9sZA5m8C"><i>Zwischen Sklavenkassen und Türkenpässen: Nordeuropa und die Barbaresken in der Frühen Neuzeit</i></a> (in German). Berlin: Walter de Gruyter. pp. 482–484. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-028857-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-028857-5"><bdi>978-3-11-028857-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Zwischen+Sklavenkassen+und+T%C3%BCrkenp%C3%A4ssen%3A+Nordeuropa+und+die+Barbaresken+in+der+Fr%C3%BChen+Neuzeit&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pages=482-484&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2012-12-06&rft.isbn=978-3-11-028857-5&rft.aulast=Ressel&rft.aufirst=Magnus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsT6u9sZA5m8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACorsairs+of+Algiers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gallica.bnf.fr2-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gallica.bnf.fr2_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gallica.bnf.fr2_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlbert_Devoulx1872" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Albert Devoulx (1872). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k66733j/f3.item.texteImage"><i>Le registre des prises maritimes : document authentique et inédit concernant le partage des captures amenées par les corsaires algériens</i></a> [<i>Register of Maritime Prizes: Authentic and Unpublishef.Document Concerning the Sharing of Catches Brought in by Algerian Corsairs</i>] (in French). Alger: Bibliothèque nationale de France, département Littérature et art. p. 111.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Le+registre+des+prises+maritimes+%3A+document+authentique+et+in%C3%A9dit+concernant+le+partage+des+captures+amen%C3%A9es+par+les+corsaires+alg%C3%A9riens&rft.place=Alger&rft.pages=111&rft.pub=Biblioth%C3%A8que+nationale+de+France%2C+d%C3%A9partement+Litt%C3%A9rature+et+art&rft.date=1872&rft.au=Albert+Devoulx&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgallica.bnf.fr%2Fark%3A%2F12148%2Fbpt6k66733j%2Ff3.item.texteImage&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACorsairs+of+Algiers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFبوعزيز2007">بوعزيز 2007</a>, p. 201</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGarrot1910">Garrot 1910</a>, pp. 451–459</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WDL-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WDL_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wdl.org/en/item/8759/">"Moonlight View, with Lighthouse, Algiers, Algeria"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/World_Digital_Library" title="World Digital Library">World Digital Library</a></i>. 1899<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-09-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Digital+Library&rft.atitle=Moonlight+View%2C+with+Lighthouse%2C+Algiers%2C+Algeria&rft.date=1899&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wdl.org%2Fen%2Fitem%2F8759%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACorsairs+of+Algiers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">E.J. Brill's first encyclopaedia of Islam, 1913–1936 by Martijn Theodoor Houtsma p. 258 <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zJU3AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA258">[1]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-08265-4" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-08265-4">90-04-08265-4</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFB._Babaci2014" class="citation web cs1">B. Babaci (30 January 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2.php?url=https%3A%2F%2Fbabzman.com%2Fbaba-merzoug-histoire-dun-exil%2F#federation=archive.wikiwix.com&tab=url">"BABA MERZOUG, histoire d'un exil"</a>. <i>Babzman - Information historique et socioculturelle sur l'Algérie</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Babzman+-+Information+historique+et+socioculturelle+sur+l%27Alg%C3%A9rie&rft.atitle=BABA+MERZOUG%2C+histoire+d%27un+exil&rft.date=2014-01-30&rft.au=B.+Babaci&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.wikiwix.com%2Fcache%2Findex2.php%3Furl%3Dhttps%253A%252F%252Fbabzman.com%252Fbaba-merzoug-histoire-dun-exil%252F%23federation%3Darchive.wikiwix.com%26tab%3Durl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACorsairs+of+Algiers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJulien1970">Julien 1970</a>, p. 288</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJulien1970">Julien 1970</a>, p. 289</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJulien1970">Julien 1970</a>, p. 290</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarrot1910384-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarrot1910384_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGarrot1910">Garrot 1910</a>, p. 384.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-archive.org2-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-archive.org2_51-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-archive.org2_51-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFناصر_الدين_سعيدوني2009" class="citation book cs1">ناصر الدين سعيدوني (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/Waraqat.Jazairiya/page/n135/mode/2up"><i>ورقات جزائرية: دراسات وأبحاث في تاريخ الجزائر في العهد العثماني (Algerian papers: studies and research on the history of Algeria during the Ottoman era)</i></a>. الجزائر: دار البصائر للنشر والتوزيع. pp. 137–139.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA+%D8%AC%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9%3A+%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AA+%D9%88%D8%A3%D8%A8%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AB+%D9%81%D9%8A+%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B1+%D9%81%D9%8A+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%87%D8%AF+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%AB%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A+%28Algerian+papers%3A+studies+and+research+on+the+history+of+Algeria+during+the+Ottoman+era%29&rft.place=%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B1&rft.pages=137-139&rft.pub=%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B1+%D9%84%D9%84%D9%86%D8%B4%D8%B1+%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%B9&rft.date=2009&rft.au=%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B5%D8%B1+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86+%D8%B3%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FWaraqat.Jazairiya%2Fpage%2Fn135%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACorsairs+of+Algiers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJayyusiHolodPetruccioliRaymond2008" class="citation book cs1">Jayyusi, Salma Khadra; Holod, Renata; Petruccioli, Antillio; Raymond, André (2008-06-30). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tO55DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA436"><i>The City in the Islamic World (2 vols.)</i></a>. BRILL. pp. 428–429. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-474-4265-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-474-4265-3"><bdi>978-90-474-4265-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+City+in+the+Islamic+World+%282+vols.%29&rft.pages=428-429&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2008-06-30&rft.isbn=978-90-474-4265-3&rft.aulast=Jayyusi&rft.aufirst=Salma+Khadra&rft.au=Holod%2C+Renata&rft.au=Petruccioli%2C+Antillio&rft.au=Raymond%2C+Andr%C3%A9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtO55DwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA436&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACorsairs+of+Algiers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin1864" class="citation book cs1">Martin, Henri (1864). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_nW0PAAAAYAAJ"><i>Martin's History of France</i></a>. Walker, Wise & Co. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_nW0PAAAAYAAJ/page/n545">522</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 October</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Martin%27s+History+of+France&rft.pages=522&rft.pub=Walker%2C+Wise+%26+Co.&rft.date=1864&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=Henri&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbub_gb_nW0PAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACorsairs+of+Algiers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_54-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_54-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_54-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPierre_Lux-Wurm2001" class="citation book cs1">Pierre Lux-Wurm (2001). <i>Les drapeaux de l'islam</i> [<i>Flags of Islam</i>]. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Buchet-Chastel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buchet-Chastel (page does not exist)">Buchet-Chastel</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-283-01813-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-283-01813-2"><bdi>978-2-283-01813-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Les+drapeaux+de+l%27islam&rft.pub=Buchet-Chastel&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-2-283-01813-2&rft.au=Pierre+Lux-Wurm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACorsairs+of+Algiers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bowles-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bowles_55-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bowles_55-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bowles_55-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bowles_55-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarington_Bowles1783" class="citation book cs1">Carington Bowles (1783). <a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bowles%27s_naval_flags_of_the_world,_1783.jpg"><i>Bowles's universal display of the naval flags of all nations in the world</i></a>. London.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bowles%27s+universal+display+of+the+naval+flags+of+all+nations+in+the+world&rft.place=London&rft.date=1783&rft.au=Carington+Bowles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcommons.wikimedia.org%2Fwiki%2FFile%3ABowles%2527s_naval_flags_of_the_world%2C_1783.jpg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACorsairs+of+Algiers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatthäus_Seutter1732" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Matthäus Seutter (1732). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catawiki.eu/l/13189827-algerije-algiers-matth-us-seutter-algercum-munita-metropolis-regni-algeriani-1732"><i>Atlas Novus : Algercum munita metropolis Regni Algeriani</i></a> (in German). Augsbourg.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Atlas+Novus+%3A+Algercum+munita+metropolis+Regni+Algeriani&rft.place=Augsbourg&rft.date=1732&rft.au=Matth%C3%A4us+Seutter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.catawiki.eu%2Fl%2F13189827-algerije-algiers-matth-us-seutter-algercum-munita-metropolis-regni-algeriani-1732&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACorsairs+of+Algiers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">B. Dubreuil, Les pavillons des États musulmans, Publications de la Faculté des lettres et des sciences humaines de Rabat, 1965, p. 11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Karl-Heinz Hesmer: Flaggen und Wappen der Welt, page 18. Bertelsmann Lexikon Verlag, Gütersloh 1992</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Corsairs_of_Algiers&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Works cited"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarrot1910" class="citation book cs1">Garrot, Henri (1910). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/histoiregnra00garr/page/383/mode/2up?view=theater"><i>Histoire générale de l'Algérie</i></a>. Impr. P. Crescenzo.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Histoire+g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale+de+l%27Alg%C3%A9rie&rft.pub=Impr.+P.+Crescenzo&rft.date=1910&rft.aulast=Garrot&rft.aufirst=Henri&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoiregnra00garr%2Fpage%2F383%2Fmode%2F2up%3Fview%3Dtheater&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACorsairs+of+Algiers" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJamieson2013" class="citation book cs1">Jamieson, Alan G. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7DlMqY9OQXAC"><i>Lords of the Sea: A History of the Barbary Corsairs</i></a>. Reaktion Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86189-946-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86189-946-0"><bdi>978-1-86189-946-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lords+of+the+Sea%3A+A+History+of+the+Barbary+Corsairs&rft.pub=Reaktion+Books&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-86189-946-0&rft.aulast=Jamieson&rft.aufirst=Alan+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7DlMqY9OQXAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACorsairs+of+Algiers" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJulien1970" class="citation book cs1">Julien, Charles André (1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofnorthaf0000juli/page/n5/mode/2up?view=theater"><i>History of North Africa: Tunisia, Algeria, Morocco, from the Arab Conquest to 1830</i></a>. Routledge & K. Paul. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7100-6614-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7100-6614-5"><bdi>978-0-7100-6614-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+North+Africa%3A+Tunisia%2C+Algeria%2C+Morocco%2C+from+the+Arab+Conquest+to+1830&rft.pub=Routledge+%26+K.+Paul&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=978-0-7100-6614-5&rft.aulast=Julien&rft.aufirst=Charles+Andr%C3%A9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofnorthaf0000juli%2Fpage%2Fn5%2Fmode%2F2up%3Fview%3Dtheater&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACorsairs+of+Algiers" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaddache2003" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kaddache, Mahfoud (2003). <i>L'Algérie des Algériens de la préhistoire à 1954</i> [<i>Algeria of the Algerians: Prehistory to 1954</i>] (in French). Paris-Méditerranée. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-84272-166-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-84272-166-4"><bdi>978-2-84272-166-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=L%27Alg%C3%A9rie+des+Alg%C3%A9riens+de+la+pr%C3%A9histoire+%C3%A0+1954&rft.pub=Paris-M%C3%A9diterran%C3%A9e&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-2-84272-166-4&rft.aulast=Kaddache&rft.aufirst=Mahfoud&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACorsairs+of+Algiers" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKonstam2016" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Angus_Konstam" title="Angus Konstam">Konstam, Angus</a> (2016). <i>The Barbary Pirates. 15th–17th Centuries</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford">Oxford</a>: <a href="/wiki/Osprey_Publishing" title="Osprey Publishing">Osprey Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4728-1543-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4728-1543-9"><bdi>978-1-4728-1543-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Barbary+Pirates.+15th%E2%80%9317th+Centuries&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-4728-1543-9&rft.aulast=Konstam&rft.aufirst=Angus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACorsairs+of+Algiers" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpencer1976" class="citation book cs1">Spencer, William (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/algiersinageofco0000spen/mode/2up?view=theater"><i>Algiers in the Age of the Corsairs</i></a>. University of Oklahoma Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8061-1334-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8061-1334-0"><bdi>978-0-8061-1334-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Algiers+in+the+Age+of+the+Corsairs&rft.pub=University+of+Oklahoma+Press&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=978-0-8061-1334-0&rft.aulast=Spencer&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Falgiersinageofco0000spen%2Fmode%2F2up%3Fview%3Dtheater&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACorsairs+of+Algiers" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolf1979" class="citation book cs1">Wolf, John Baptiste (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=R9qZQgAACAAJ"><i>The Barbary Coast: Algiers Under the Turks, 1500 to 1830</i></a>. Norton. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-01205-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-01205-7"><bdi>978-0-393-01205-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Barbary+Coast%3A+Algiers+Under+the+Turks%2C+1500+to+1830&rft.pub=Norton&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=978-0-393-01205-7&rft.aulast=Wolf&rft.aufirst=John+Baptiste&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DR9qZQgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACorsairs+of+Algiers" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBelhamissi2003" class="citation book cs1">Belhamissi, Moulay (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=P9OhtgAACAAJ"><i>Marine et Marins d'Alger (1518-1830)</i></a> [<i>Navy and Sailors of Algiers (1518-1830)</i>]. Bibliothèque Nationale d'Algerie. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9961-901-12-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-9961-901-12-0"><bdi>978-9961-901-12-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Marine+et+Marins+d%27Alger+%281518-1830%29&rft.pub=Biblioth%C3%A8que+Nationale+d%27Algerie&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-9961-901-12-0&rft.aulast=Belhamissi&rft.aufirst=Moulay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DP9OhtgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACorsairs+of+Algiers" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFبوعزيز2007" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">بوعزيز, يحيى (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bplpdjelfa.dz/opac/index.php?p=show_detail&id=3970&keywords="><i>الموجز في تاريخ الجزائر - الجزء الثاني (Brief history of Algeria - Part Two)</i></a> (in Arabic). الجزائر: ديوان المطبوعات الجامعية. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9961-0-1045-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-9961-0-1045-7"><bdi>978-9961-0-1045-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AC%D8%B2+%D9%81%D9%8A+%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B1+-+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%B2%D8%A1+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A+%28Brief+history+of+Algeria+-+Part+Two%29&rft.place=%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B1&rft.pub=%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B7%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%AA+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%A9&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-9961-0-1045-7&rft.aulast=%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B9%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%B2&rft.aufirst=%D9%8A%D8%AD%D9%8A%D9%89&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbplpdjelfa.dz%2Fopac%2Findex.php%3Fp%3Dshow_detail%26id%3D3970%26keywords%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACorsairs+of+Algiers" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFالجيلالي1994" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">الجيلالي, عبد الرحمن (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/tarikh.-eljazayer.-3/page/39/mode/2up?view=theater"><i>تاريخ الجزائر العام للعلامة عبد الرحمن الجيلالي الجزء الثالث: الخاص بالفترة بين 1514 إلى 1830م [The General History of Algeria by Abd al-Rahman al-Jilali, Part Three: Concerning the period between 1514 and 1830 AD]</i></a> (in Arabic). الجزائر: الشركة الوطنية للنشر والتوزيع.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B1+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%85+%D9%84%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A9+%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%AD%D9%85%D9%86+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%B2%D8%A1+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB%3A+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B5+%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A9+%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%86+1514+%D8%A5%D9%84%D9%89+1830%D9%85+%5BThe+General+History+of+Algeria+by+Abd+al-Rahman+al-Jilali%2C+Part+Three%3A+Concerning+the+period+between+1514+and+1830+AD%5D&rft.place=%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B1&rft.pub=%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9+%D9%84%D9%84%D9%86%D8%B4%D8%B1+%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%B9&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A&rft.aufirst=%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%AD%D9%85%D9%86&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftarikh.-eljazayer.-3%2Fpage%2F39%2Fmode%2F2up%3Fview%3Dtheater&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACorsairs+of+Algiers" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLowenheim2009" class="citation book cs1">Lowenheim, Oded (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rhU3P1au4uMC&dq=taifa+des+reis+corsairs&pg=PA88"><i>Predators and Parasites: Persistent Agents of Transnational Harm and Great Power Authority</i></a>. University of Michigan Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-472-02225-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-472-02225-0"><bdi>978-0-472-02225-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Predators+and+Parasites%3A+Persistent+Agents+of+Transnational+Harm+and+Great+Power+Authority&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-472-02225-0&rft.aulast=Lowenheim&rft.aufirst=Oded&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrhU3P1au4uMC%26dq%3Dtaifa%2Bdes%2Breis%2Bcorsairs%26pg%3DPA88&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACorsairs+of+Algiers" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmirel2014" class="citation book cs1">Amirel, S. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9pqxAwAAQBAJ&dq=regency+of+algiers+military+republic&pg=PT58"><i>Persistent Piracy: Maritime Violence and State-Formation in Global Historical Perspective</i></a>. Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-137-35286-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-137-35286-6"><bdi>978-1-137-35286-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Persistent+Piracy%3A+Maritime+Violence+and+State-Formation+in+Global+Historical+Perspective&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-137-35286-6&rft.aulast=Amirel&rft.aufirst=S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9pqxAwAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dregency%2Bof%2Balgiers%2Bmilitary%2Brepublic%26pg%3DPT58&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACorsairs+of+Algiers" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKoskenniemi2017" class="citation book cs1">Koskenniemi, Martti (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HGfODQAAQBAJ&dq=Algiers+centre+of+Ottoman+authority&pg=PA205"><i>International Law and Empire: Historical Explorations</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-879557-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-879557-5"><bdi>978-0-19-879557-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=International+Law+and+Empire%3A+Historical+Explorations&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-19-879557-5&rft.aulast=Koskenniemi&rft.aufirst=Martti&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHGfODQAAQBAJ%26dq%3DAlgiers%2Bcentre%2Bof%2BOttoman%2Bauthority%26pg%3DPA205&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACorsairs+of+Algiers" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <p><br /> </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Template:Pirates" title="Template:Pirates"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pirates" title="Template talk:Pirates"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pirates" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pirates"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Piracy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Piracy" title="Piracy">Piracy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Piracy_by_period" title="Category:Piracy by period">Periods</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Mediterranean_piracy" title="Ancient Mediterranean piracy">Ancient Mediterranean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Age_of_Piracy" title="Golden Age of Piracy">Golden Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_in_the_21st_century" title="Piracy in the 21st century">21st century</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2022_in_piracy" title="2022 in piracy">2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_in_piracy" title="2023 in piracy">2023</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_in_piracy" title="2024 in piracy">2024</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: normal;">Types of pirate</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_piracy" title="Albanian piracy">Albanian piracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Turkish_piracy" title="Anglo-Turkish piracy">Anglo-Turkish piracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_Slavic_piracy" title="Baltic Slavic piracy">Baltic Slavic pirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbary_pirates" title="Barbary pirates">Barbary pirates (corsairs)</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Algiers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brethren_of_the_Coast" title="Brethren of the Coast">Brethren of the Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buccaneer" title="Buccaneer">Buccaneers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cilician_pirates" title="Cilician pirates">Cilician pirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_pirate" title="Child pirate">Child pirate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cossacks" title="Cossacks">Cossack pirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filibuster_(military)" title="Filibuster (military)">Filibusters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_corsairs" title="French corsairs">French corsairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_pirates" title="Jewish pirates">Jewish pirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_in_the_Sulu_and_Celebes_Seas" title="Piracy in the Sulu and Celebes Seas">Moro pirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narentines" title="Narentines">Narentines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privateer" title="Privateer">Privateers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_privateer" title="Confederate privateer">Confederate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_pirate" title="River pirate">River pirate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geuzen" title="Geuzen">Sea Beggars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabethan_Sea_Dogs" title="Elizabethan Sea Dogs">Sea Dogs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bawarij" title="Bawarij">Sindhi corsairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timber_pirate" title="Timber pirate">Timber pirate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ushkuyniks" title="Ushkuyniks">Ushkuyniks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uskoks" title="Uskoks">Uskoks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vikings" title="Vikings">Vikings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victual_Brothers" title="Victual Brothers">Victual Brothers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wokou" title="Wokou">Wokou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_piracy" title="Women in piracy">Women in piracy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: normal;">Areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Piracy_in_the_Atlantic_World" title="Piracy in the Atlantic World">Atlantic World</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_in_the_Caribbean" title="Piracy in the Caribbean">Caribbean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_in_the_British_Virgin_Islands" title="Piracy in the British Virgin Islands">British Virgin Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Main" title="Spanish Main">Spanish Main</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_on_Lake_Nicaragua" title="Piracy on Lake Nicaragua">Lake Nicaragua</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_off_the_coast_of_Venezuela" class="mw-redirect" title="Piracy off the coast of Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_in_the_Gulf_of_Guinea" title="Piracy in the Gulf of Guinea">Gulf of Guinea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indian Ocean</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_around_the_Horn_of_Africa" title="Piracy around the Horn of Africa">Horn of Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_off_the_coast_of_Somalia" title="Piracy off the coast of Somalia">Somali Coast</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_in_Indonesia" title="Piracy in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_in_the_Persian_Gulf" title="Piracy in the Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_in_the_Strait_of_Malacca" title="Piracy in the Strait of Malacca">Strait of Malacca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nosy_Boraha" title="Nosy Boraha">Nosy Boraha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other waters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_Slavic_piracy" title="Baltic Slavic piracy">Baltic Slavic piracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbary_Coast" title="Barbary Coast">Barbary Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_on_Falcon_Lake" title="Piracy on Falcon Lake">Falcon Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirates_of_the_South_China_Coast" title="Pirates of the South China Coast">South China Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_in_the_Sulu_and_Celebes_Seas" title="Piracy in the Sulu and Celebes Seas">Sulu Sea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pirate_haven" title="Pirate haven">Pirate havens</a><br />and bases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barataria_Bay" title="Barataria Bay">Barataria Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%8Ele_Sainte-Marie" class="mw-redirect" title="Île Sainte-Marie">Île Sainte-Marie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertatia" title="Libertatia">Libertatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lundy" title="Lundy">Lundy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehdya,_Morocco" title="Mehdya, Morocco">Mamora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_Royal" title="Port Royal">Port Royal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Pirates" title="Republic of Pirates">Republic of Pirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Sal%C3%A9" title="Republic of Salé">Republic of Salé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Augustin,_Madagascar" title="Saint Augustin, Madagascar">Saint Augustin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Malo" title="Saint-Malo">Saint-Malo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tortuga_(Haiti)" title="Tortuga (Haiti)">Tortuga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: normal;">Major figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pirates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abduwali_Muse" title="Abduwali Muse">Abduwali Muse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abshir_Boyah" title="Abshir Boyah">Abshir Boyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Baldridge" title="Adam Baldridge">Adam Baldridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Samuel" title="Abraham Samuel">Abraham Samuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alf_and_Alfhild" title="Alf and Alfhild">Alfhild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_W._Hicks" title="Albert W. Hicks">Albert W. Hicks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Bonny" title="Anne Bonny">Anne Bonny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Dieu-le-Veut" title="Anne Dieu-le-Veut">Anne Dieu-le-Veut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_de_Faria" title="António de Faria">António de Faria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Exquemelin" title="Alexandre Exquemelin">Alexandre Exquemelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artemisia_I_of_Caria" title="Artemisia I of Caria">Artemisia I of Caria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awilda" title="Awilda">Awilda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bartolomeu_Portugu%C3%AAs" title="Bartolomeu Português">Bartolomeu Português</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bartholomew_Roberts" title="Bartholomew Roberts">Bartholomew Roberts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benito_de_Soto" title="Benito de Soto">Benito de Soto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Hornigold" title="Benjamin Hornigold">Benjamin Hornigold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Caesar_(pirate)" title="Black Caesar (pirate)">Black Caesar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackbeard" title="Blackbeard">Blackbeard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bully_Hayes" title="Bully Hayes">Bully Hayes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cai_Qian" title="Cai Qian">Cai Qian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calico_Jack" title="Calico Jack">Calico Jack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Gibbs" title="Charles Gibbs">Charles Gibbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_de_Berry" title="Charlotte de Berry">Charlotte de Berry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheung_Po_Tsai" title="Cheung Po Tsai">Cheung Po Tsai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christina_Anna_Skytte" title="Christina Anna Skytte">Christina Anna Skytte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chui_A-poo" title="Chui A-poo">Chui A-poo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Seavey" title="Dan Seavey">Dan Seavey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diabolito" title="Diabolito">Diabolito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dido" title="Dido">Dido</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirk_Chivers" title="Dirk Chivers">Dirk Chivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominique_You" title="Dominique You">Dominique You</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_England" title="Edward England">Edward England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Low" title="Edward Low">Edward Low</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eli_Boggs" title="Eli Boggs">Eli Boggs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elise_Eskilsdotter" title="Elise Eskilsdotter">Elise Eskilsdotter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eustace_the_Monk" title="Eustace the Monk">Eustace the Monk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_Burn" title="Flora Burn">Flora Burn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flying_Gang" title="Flying Gang">Flying Gang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C5%ABma_Kotar%C5%8D" title="Fūma Kotarō">Fūma Kotarō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Drake" title="Francis Drake">Francis Drake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Le_Clerc" title="François Le Clerc">François Le Clerc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_l%27Olonnais" title="François l'Olonnais">François l'Olonnais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gan_Ning" title="Gan Ning">Gan Ning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grace_O%27Malley" title="Grace O'Malley">Grace O'Malley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayreddin_Barbarossa" title="Hayreddin Barbarossa">Hayreddin Barbarossa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hendrick_Lucifer" title="Hendrick Lucifer">Hendrick Lucifer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Caesar" title="Henri Caesar">Henri Caesar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Every" title="Henry Every">Henry Every</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Morgan" title="Henry Morgan">Henry Morgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Strangways_(pirate)" title="Henry Strangways (pirate)">Henry Strangways</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippolyte_Bouchard" title="Hippolyte Bouchard">Hippolyte Bouchard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huang_Bamei" title="Huang Bamei">Huang Bamei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel_Hands" title="Israel Hands">Israel Hands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacquotte_Delahaye" title="Jacquotte Delahaye">Jacquotte Delahaye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Janszoon" title="Jan Janszoon">Jan Janszoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Lafitte" title="Jean Lafitte">Jean Lafitte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeanne_de_Clisson" title="Jeanne de Clisson">Jeanne de Clisson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johanna_H%C3%A5rd" title="Johanna Hård">Johanna Hård</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hawkins_(naval_commander)" title="John Hawkins (naval commander)">John Hawkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hoar" title="John Hoar">John Hoar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Newland_Maffitt_(privateer)" title="John Newland Maffitt (privateer)">John Newland Maffitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Pro" title="John Pro">John Pro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B8rgen_J%C3%B8rgensen" title="Jørgen Jørgensen">Jørgen Jørgensen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Joaquim_Almeida" title="José Joaquim Almeida">José Joaquim Almeida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Baker_(pirate)" title="Joseph Baker (pirate)">Joseph Baker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Barss" title="Joseph Barss">Joseph Barss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klaus_St%C3%B6rtebeker" title="Klaus Störtebeker">Klaus Störtebeker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lai_Choi_San" title="Lai Choi San">Lai Choi San</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurens_de_Graaf" title="Laurens de Graaf">Laurens de Graaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Prince" title="Lawrence Prince">Lawrence Prince</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liang_Daoming" title="Liang Daoming">Liang Daoming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limahong" title="Limahong">Limahong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lo_Hon-cho" title="Lo Hon-cho">Lo Hon-cho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis-Michel_Aury" title="Louis-Michel Aury">Louis-Michel Aury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mansel_Alcantra" title="Mansel Alcantra">Mansel Alcantra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Ribeiro_Pardal" title="Manuel Ribeiro Pardal">Manuel Ribeiro Pardal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Frobisher" title="Martin Frobisher">Martin Frobisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Cobham_and_Maria_Lindsey" title="Eric Cobham and Maria Lindsey">Mary Lindsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Read" title="Mary Read">Mary Read</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Wolverston" title="Mary Wolverston">Mary Wolverston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_de_Grammont" title="Michel de Grammont">Michel de Grammont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses_Cohen_Henriques" title="Moses Cohen Henriques">Moses Cohen Henriques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Gordon" title="Nathaniel Gordon">Nathaniel Gordon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_van_Hoorn" title="Nicholas van Hoorn">Nicholas van Hoorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ng_Akew" title="Ng Akew">Ng Akew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olivier_Levasseur" title="Olivier Levasseur">Olivier Levasseur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Gilbert" title="Pedro Gilbert">Pedro Gilbert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Easton" title="Peter Easton">Peter Easton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Lafitte" title="Pierre Lafitte">Pierre Lafitte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piet_Pieterszoon_Hein" title="Piet Pieterszoon Hein">Piet Pieterszoon Hein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Sela" title="Princess Sela">Princess Sela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rahmah_ibn_Jabir_al-Jalhami" title="Rahmah ibn Jabir al-Jalhami">Rahmah ibn Jabir al-Jalhami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rachel_Wall" title="Rachel Wall">Rachel Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oru%C3%A7_Reis" class="mw-redirect" title="Oruç Reis">Redbeard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Glover_(pirate)" title="Richard Glover (pirate)">Richard Glover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Culliford" title="Robert Culliford">Robert Culliford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Surcouf" title="Robert Surcouf">Robert Surcouf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roberto_Cofres%C3%AD" title="Roberto Cofresí">Roberto Cofresí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roche_Braziliano" title="Roche Braziliano">Roche Braziliano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rusla" title="Rusla">Rusla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadie_Farrell" title="Sadie Farrell">Sadie Farrell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Bellamy" title="Samuel Bellamy">Samuel Bellamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Hall_Lord" title="Samuel Hall Lord">Samuel Hall Lord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Mason" title="Samuel Mason">Samuel Mason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Pallache" title="Samuel Pallache">Samuel Pallache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayyida_al_Hurra" title="Sayyida al Hurra">Sayyida al Hurra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sister_Ping" title="Sister Ping">Sister Ping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shap-ng-tsai" title="Shap-ng-tsai">Shap-ng-tsai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirahama_Kenki" title="Shirahama Kenki">Shirahama Kenki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Mascarino" title="Simon Mascarino">Simon Mascarino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stede_Bonnet" title="Stede Bonnet">Stede Bonnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teuta" title="Teuta">Teuta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cavendish" title="Thomas Cavendish">Thomas Cavendish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Tew" title="Thomas Tew">Thomas Tew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veborg" title="Veborg">Veborg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victual_Brothers" title="Victual Brothers">Victual Brothers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincenzo_Gambi" title="Vincenzo Gambi">Vincenzo Gambi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Zhi_(pirate)" title="Wang Zhi (pirate)">Wang Zhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Dampier" title="William Dampier">William Dampier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Kidd" title="William Kidd">William Kidd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zheng_Jing" title="Zheng Jing">Zheng Jing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zheng_Qi_(pirate)" title="Zheng Qi (pirate)">Zheng Qi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zheng_Yi_(pirate)" title="Zheng Yi (pirate)">Zheng Yi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zheng_Zhilong" title="Zheng Zhilong">Zheng Zhilong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zheng_Yi_Sao" title="Zheng Yi Sao">Zheng Yi Sao</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pirate<br />hunters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angelo_Emo" title="Angelo Emo">Angelo Emo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaloner_Ogle" title="Chaloner Ogle">Chaloner Ogle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Porter_(naval_officer)" title="David Porter (naval officer)">David Porter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duarte_Pacheco_Pereira" title="Duarte Pacheco Pereira">Duarte Pacheco Pereira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Brooke" title="James Brooke">James Brooke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campuzano_Polanco_family" class="mw-redirect" title="Campuzano Polanco family">Jose Campuzano-Polanco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_Fajardo_(Spanish_Navy_officer)" title="Luis Fajardo (Spanish Navy officer)">Luis Fajardo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_Enr%C3%ADquez_(privateer)" title="Miguel Enríquez (privateer)">Miguel Enríquez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Men%C3%A9ndez_de_Avil%C3%A9s" title="Pedro Menéndez de Avilés">Pedro Menéndez de Avilés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pompey" title="Pompey">Pompey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Avery_Hornsby" title="Richard Avery Hornsby">Richard Avery Hornsby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Maynard" title="Robert Maynard">Robert Maynard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Warren_(Royal_Navy_officer)" title="Thomas Warren (Royal Navy officer)">Thomas Warren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodes_Rogers" title="Woodes Rogers">Woodes Rogers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: normal;">Pirate ships</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Adventure_Galley" title="Adventure Galley">Adventure Galley</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ambrose_Light_(ship)" title="Ambrose Light (ship)">Ambrose Light</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fancy_(ship)" title="Fancy (ship)">Fancy</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Flying_Dutchman" title="Flying Dutchman">Flying Dutchman</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ganj-i-Sawai" title="Ganj-i-Sawai">Ganj-i-Sawai</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Queen_Anne%27s_Revenge" title="Queen Anne's Revenge">Queen Anne's Revenge</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Quedagh_Merchant" title="Quedagh Merchant">Quedagh Merchant</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/CSS_McRae" title="CSS McRae">Marquis of Havana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jeanne_de_Clisson" title="Jeanne de Clisson">My Revenge</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bartholomew_Roberts" title="Bartholomew Roberts">Royal Fortune</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Saladin_(barque)" title="Saladin (barque)">Saladin</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Whydah_Gally" title="Whydah Gally">Whydah Gally</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/MV_York" title="MV York">York</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: normal;">Pirate battles and incidents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><figure class="mw-halign-right noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pirate_Flag.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Pirate_Flag.svg/100px-Pirate_Flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="63" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Pirate_Flag.svg/150px-Pirate_Flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Pirate_Flag.svg/200px-Pirate_Flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="470" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1582_Cagayan_battles" title="1582 Cagayan battles">1582 Cagayan battles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1985_Lahad_Datu_ambush" title="1985 Lahad Datu ambush">1985 Lahad Datu ambush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_9_November_1822" title="Action of 9 November 1822">Action of 9 November 1822</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_28_October_2007" title="Action of 28 October 2007">Action of 28 October 2007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_11_November_2008" title="Action of 11 November 2008">Action of 11 November 2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_2009_raid_off_Somalia" title="April 2009 raid off Somalia">Action of 9 April 2009</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_23_March_2010" class="mw-redirect" title="Action of 23 March 2010">Action of 23 March 2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_1_April_2010" class="mw-redirect" title="Action of 1 April 2010">Action of 1 April 2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_5_April_2010" class="mw-redirect" title="Action of 5 April 2010">Action of 5 April 2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aegean_Sea_anti-piracy_operations_of_the_United_States" title="Aegean Sea anti-piracy operations of the United States">Anti-piracy in the Aegean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antelope_of_Boston" title="Antelope of Boston">Antelope incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Indies_anti-piracy_operations_of_the_United_States" title="West Indies anti-piracy operations of the United States">Anti-piracy in the West Indies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Veracruz" title="Attack on Veracruz">Attack on Veracruz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_expedition_to_Balanguingui" title="Spanish expedition to Balanguingui">Balanguingui Expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Boca_Teacapan" title="Battle of Boca Teacapan">Battle of Boca Teacapan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Fear_River_(1718)" title="Battle of Cape Fear River (1718)">Battle of Cape Fear River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Lopez" title="Battle of Cape Lopez">Battle of Cape Lopez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Doro_Passage" title="Battle of Doro Passage">Battle of Doro Passage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganj-i-Sawai" title="Ganj-i-Sawai">Battle of Mandab Strait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Manila_(1574)" title="Battle of Manila (1574)">Battle of Manila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_off_Minicoy_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle off Minicoy Island">Battle off Minicoy Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_off_Mukah" title="Battle off Mukah">Battle off Mukah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nam_Quan" title="Battle of Nam Quan">Battle of Nam Quan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_New_Orleans" title="Battle of New Orleans">Battle of New Orleans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackbeard" title="Blackbeard">Battle of Ocracoke Inlet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pianosa" title="Battle of Pianosa">Battle of Pianosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Leotung" title="Battle of the Leotung">Battle of the Leotung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Tiger%27s_Mouth" title="Battle of the Tiger's Mouth">Battle of the Tiger's Mouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tonkin_River" title="Battle of Tonkin River">Battle of Tonkin River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ty-ho_Bay" title="Battle of Ty-ho Bay">Battle of Ty-ho Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tysami" title="Battle of Tysami">Battle of Tysami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MV_Beluga_Nomination_incident" title="MV Beluga Nomination incident"><i>Beluga Nomination</i> incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Vane" title="Charles Vane">Blockade of Charleston (Vane)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chepo_expedition" title="Chepo expedition">Chepo Expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrose_Light_(ship)" title="Ambrose Light (ship)">Capture of the <i>Ambrose Light</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_John_%22Calico_Jack%22_Rackham" title="Capture of John "Calico Jack" Rackham">Capture of John "Calico Jack" Rackham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_the_schooner_Bravo" title="Capture of the schooner Bravo">Capture of the schooner <i>Bravo</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_the_schooner_Fancy" class="mw-redirect" title="Capture of the schooner Fancy">Capture of the schooner <i>Fancy</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_the_sloop_Anne" title="Capture of the sloop Anne">Capture of the sloop <i>Anne</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carr%C3%A9_d%27As_IV_incident" title="Carré d'As IV incident"><i>Carré d'As IV</i> incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dai_Hong_Dan_incident" title="Dai Hong Dan incident"><i>Dai Hong Dan</i> incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falklands_Expedition" title="Falklands Expedition">Falklands Expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_Patrol" title="Great Lakes Patrol">Great Lakes Patrol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irene_incident" title="Irene incident"><i>Irene</i> incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiajing_wokou_raids" title="Jiajing wokou raids">Jiajing wokou raids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maersk_Alabama_hijacking" title="Maersk Alabama hijacking"><i>Maersk Alabama</i> hijacking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MT_Zafirah_hijacking" title="MT Zafirah hijacking">MT <i>Zafirah</i> hijacking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MT_Orkim_Harmony_hijacking" title="MT Orkim Harmony hijacking">MT <i>Orkim Harmony</i> hijacking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MV_Moscow_University_hijacking" title="MV Moscow University hijacking">MV <i>Moscow University</i> hijacking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Star_affair" title="North Star affair"><i>North Star</i> affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Enduring_Freedom_%E2%80%93_Horn_of_Africa" title="Operation Enduring Freedom – Horn of Africa">Operation Enduring Freedom – HOA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Atalanta" title="Operation Atalanta">Operation Atalanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Dawn_of_Gulf_of_Aden" title="Operation Dawn of Gulf of Aden">Operation Dawn of Gulf of Aden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Dawn_8:_Gulf_of_Aden" title="Operation Dawn 8: Gulf of Aden">Operation Dawn 8: Gulf of Aden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Ocean_Shield" title="Operation Ocean Shield">Operation Ocean Shield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf_campaign_of_1809" title="Persian Gulf campaign of 1809">Persian Gulf Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross_border_attacks_in_Sabah" title="Cross border attacks in Sabah">Pirate attacks in Borneo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SY_Quest_incident" title="SY Quest incident"><i>Quest</i> incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Cartagena_(1683)" title="Raid on Cartagena (1683)">Raid on Cartagena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Baltimore" title="Sack of Baltimore">Sack of Baltimore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Campeche_(1663)" title="Sack of Campeche (1663)">Sack of Campeche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvador_Pirates" title="Salvador Pirates">Salvador Pirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_raid_of_Su%C3%B0uroy" title="Slave raid of Suðuroy">Slave raid of Suðuroy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Abductions" title="Turkish Abductions">Turkish Abductions</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: normal;">Piracy law</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_grace_(piracy)" title="Acts of grace (piracy)">Acts of grace</a> (<a href="/wiki/1717%E2%80%931718_Acts_of_Grace" title="1717–1718 Acts of Grace">1717–1718 Acts of Grace</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_piracy_law" title="International piracy law">International piracy law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Letter_of_marque" title="Letter of marque">Letter of marque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_Declaration_Respecting_Maritime_Law" title="Paris Declaration Respecting Maritime Law">Paris Declaration Respecting Maritime Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_Act" title="Piracy Act">Piracy Act</a> (<a href="/wiki/Offences_at_Sea_Act_1536" title="Offences at Sea Act 1536">1536</a>, <a href="/wiki/Piracy_Act_1698" title="Piracy Act 1698">1698</a>, <a href="/wiki/Transportation_Act_1717" class="mw-redirect" title="Transportation Act 1717">1717</a>, <a href="/wiki/Piracy_Act_1721" title="Piracy Act 1721">1721</a>, <a href="/wiki/Piracy_Act_1837" title="Piracy Act 1837">1837</a>, <a href="/wiki/Piracy_Act_1850" title="Piracy Act 1850">1850</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_Law_of_1820" class="mw-redirect" title="Piracy Law of 1820">Piracy Law of 1820</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: normal;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery" title="History of slavery">Slave trade</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Africa" title="Slavery in Africa">African slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Slave_Trade_Patrol" title="African Slave Trade Patrol">African Slave Trade Patrol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Amistad" title="La Amistad"><i>Amistad</i> Incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">Atlantic slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbary_slave_trade" title="Barbary slave trade">Barbary slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blockade_of_Africa" title="Blockade of Africa">Blockade of Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_the_Veloz_Passagera" title="Capture of the Veloz Passagera">Capture of the <i>Veloz Passagera</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_the_brig_Brillante" title="Capture of the brig Brillante">Capture of the brig <i>Brillante</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_slave_trade" title="Indian Ocean slave trade">Indian Ocean slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans-Saharan_slave_trade" title="Trans-Saharan slave trade">Trans-Saharan slave trade</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Pirates_in_the_arts_and_popular_culture" title="Pirates in the arts and popular culture">Pirates in<br />popular<br />culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_fictional_pirates" title="List of fictional pirates">Fictional pirates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Askeladd" title="Askeladd">Askeladd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Ayrton" title="Tom Ayrton">Tom Ayrton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redbeard_(comics)" title="Redbeard (comics)">Barbe Rouge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captain_Birdseye" title="Captain Birdseye">Captain Birdseye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captain_Blood_(novel)" title="Captain Blood (novel)">Captain Blood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McDonaldland" title="McDonaldland">Captain Crook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captain_Flint" title="Captain Flint">Captain Flint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captain_Hook" title="Captain Hook">Captain Hook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captain_Nemo" title="Captain Nemo">Captain Nemo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captain_Pugwash" title="Captain Pugwash">Captain Pugwash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captain_Sabertooth" title="Captain Sabertooth">Captain Sabertooth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captain_Stingaree" title="Captain Stingaree">Captain Stingaree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_de_Berry" title="Charlotte de Berry">Charlotte de Berry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Davy_Jones_(Pirates_of_the_Caribbean)" title="Davy Jones (Pirates of the Caribbean)">Davy Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Kenway" title="Edward Kenway">Edward Kenway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elaine_Marley" title="Elaine Marley">Elaine Marley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Swann" title="Elizabeth Swann">Elizabeth Swann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franky_(One_Piece)" title="Franky (One Piece)">Franky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guybrush_Threepwood" title="Guybrush Threepwood">Guybrush Threepwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hector_Barbossa" title="Hector Barbossa">Hector Barbossa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Sparrow" title="Jack Sparrow">Jack Sparrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacquotte_Delahaye" title="Jacquotte Delahaye">Jacquotte Delahaye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Gaspar" title="José Gaspar">José Gaspar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joshamee_Gibbs" title="Joshamee Gibbs">Joshamee Gibbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_John_Silver" title="Long John Silver">Long John Silver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monkey_D._Luffy" title="Monkey D. Luffy">Monkey D. Luffy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaas_Montenegro" title="Vaas Montenegro">Vaas Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mr._Smee" title="Mr. Smee">Mr. Smee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nami_(One_Piece)" title="Nami (One Piece)">Nami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nico_Robin" title="Nico Robin">Nico Robin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roronoa_Zoro" title="Roronoa Zoro">Roronoa Zoro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandokan" title="Sandokan">Sandokan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanji_(One_Piece)" title="Sanji (One Piece)">Sanji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Tony_Chopper" title="Tony Tony Chopper">Tony Tony Chopper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usopp" title="Usopp">Usopp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Will_Turner" title="Will Turner">Will Turner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zanzibar_(G.I._Joe)" title="Zanzibar (G.I. Joe)">Zanzibar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Novels</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Pirate_(novel)" title="The Pirate (novel)">The Pirate</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Pilot:_A_Tale_of_the_Sea" title="The Pilot: A Tale of the Sea">The Pilot: A Tale of the Sea</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Treasure_Island" title="Treasure Island">Treasure Island</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Facing_the_Flag" title="Facing the Flag">Facing the Flag</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/On_Stranger_Tides" title="On Stranger Tides">On Stranger Tides</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jim_Hawkins_and_the_Curse_of_Treasure_Island" title="Jim Hawkins and the Curse of Treasure Island">Jim Hawkins and the Curse of Treasure Island</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Castaways_of_the_Flying_Dutchman" title="Castaways of the Flying Dutchman">Castaways of the Flying Dutchman</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Angel%27s_Command" title="The Angel's Command">The Angel's Command</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Voyage_of_Slaves" title="Voyage of Slaves">Voyage of Slaves</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Long_John_Silver_(comics)" title="Long John Silver (comics)">Long John Silver</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pirate_Latitudes" title="Pirate Latitudes">Pirate Latitudes</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mistress_of_the_Seas" title="Mistress of the Seas">Mistress of the Seas</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Silver_(Motion_novel)" title="Silver (Motion novel)">Silver: Return to Treasure Island</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tropes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buried_treasure" title="Buried treasure">Buried treasure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Davy_Jones%27s_locker" title="Davy Jones's locker">Davy Jones's locker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eyepatch" title="Eyepatch">Eyepatch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jolly_Roger" title="Jolly Roger">Jolly Roger</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Skull_and_crossbones_(symbol)" class="mw-redirect" title="Skull and crossbones (symbol)">skull and crossbones</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keelhauling" title="Keelhauling">Keelhauling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marooning" title="Marooning">Marooning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_purchase,_no_pay" title="No purchase, no pay">No purchase, no pay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pegleg" class="mw-redirect" title="Pegleg">Pegleg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Companion_parrot" title="Companion parrot">Pet parrot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirate_code" title="Pirate code">Pirate code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirate_utopia" title="Pirate utopia">Pirate utopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treasure_map" title="Treasure map">Treasure map</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walking_the_plank" title="Walking the plank">Walking the plank</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_pirate" title="Air pirate">Air pirate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_space_pirates" title="List of space pirates">Space pirate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Talk_Like_a_Pirate_Day" title="International Talk Like a Pirate Day">International Talk Like a Pirate Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirates_versus_Ninjas" title="Pirates versus Ninjas">Pirates versus Ninjas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: normal;">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/A_General_History_of_the_Pyrates" title="A General History of the Pyrates">A General History of the Pyrates</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Captain_Charles_Johnson" title="Captain Charles Johnson">Captain Charles Johnson</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truce_of_Ratisbon" title="Truce of Ratisbon">Truce of Ratisbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirate_Round" title="Pirate Round">Pirate Round</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mutiny" title="Mutiny">Mutiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matelotage" title="Matelotage">Matelotage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_kidnappings" title="Piracy kidnappings">Piracy kidnappings</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: normal;">Meta</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pirates" title="List of pirates">Pirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pirate_films_and_television_series" title="List of pirate films and television series">Pirate films and TV series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_privateers" title="List of privateers">Privateers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ships_attacked_by_Somali_pirates" title="List of ships attacked by Somali pirates">List of ships attacked by Somali pirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_piracy" title="Timeline of piracy">Timeline of piracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_piracy" title="Women in piracy">Women in piracy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Categories</th><td 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