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</li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Circumnavigation_(1577–1580)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Circumnavigation_(1577–1580)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Circumnavigation (1577–1580) </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Circumnavigation_(1577–1580)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Circumnavigation (1577–1580) subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Circumnavigation_(1577–1580)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Execution_of_Thomas_Doughty" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Execution_of_Thomas_Doughty"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Execution of Thomas Doughty </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Execution_of_Thomas_Doughty-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Entering_the_Pacific_(1578)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Entering_the_Pacific_(1578)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Entering the Pacific (1578) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Entering_the_Pacific_(1578)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Raids_on_Spanish_American_west_coast" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Raids_on_Spanish_American_west_coast"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Raids on Spanish American west coast </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Raids_on_Spanish_American_west_coast-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Coast_of_California:_Nova_Albion_(1579)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coast_of_California:_Nova_Albion_(1579)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Coast of California: Nova Albion (1579) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coast_of_California:_Nova_Albion_(1579)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Across_the_Pacific_and_around_Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Across_the_Pacific_and_around_Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Across the Pacific and around Africa </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Across_the_Pacific_and_around_Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Return_to_Plymouth_(1580)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Return_to_Plymouth_(1580)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6 Return to Plymouth (1580) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Return_to_Plymouth_(1580)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Knighthood_and_arms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Knighthood_and_arms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.7 Knighthood and arms </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Knighthood_and_arms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_career" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_career"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Political career </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Great_Expedition_to_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Great_Expedition_to_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Great Expedition to America </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Great_Expedition_to_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conflict_with_the_Spanish_Armada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conflict_with_the_Spanish_Armada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Conflict with the Spanish Armada </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Conflict_with_the_Spanish_Armada-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Conflict with the Spanish Armada subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Conflict_with_the_Spanish_Armada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cádiz_raid" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cádiz_raid"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Cádiz raid </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cádiz_raid-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Defeat_of_the_Spanish_Armada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Defeat_of_the_Spanish_Armada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Defeat of the Spanish Armada </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Defeat_of_the_Spanish_Armada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-English_Armada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#English_Armada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 English Armada </div> </a> <ul id="toc-English_Armada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Defeats_and_death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Defeats_and_death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Defeats and death </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Defeats_and_death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Family_and_heritage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Family_and_heritage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Family and heritage </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Family_and_heritage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy_and_honours" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy_and_honours"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Legacy and honours </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legacy_and_honours-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Legacy and honours subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Legacy_and_honours-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Geographical_names" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geographical_names"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Geographical names </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geographical_names-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Francis Drake</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 109 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-109" aria-hidden="true" > 109 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Drake" title="Francis Drake – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Francis Drake" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8D%8D%E1%88%AB%E1%8A%95%E1%88%B2%E1%88%B5_%E1%8B%B5%E1%88%A8%E1%8B%AD%E1%8A%AD" title="ፍራንሲስ ድረይክ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ፍራንሲስ ድረይክ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95" title="फ़्रांसिस ड्रेक – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="फ़्रांसिस ड्रेक" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%B3_%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%83" title="فرنسيس دريك – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فرنسيس دريك" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Drake" title="Francis Drake – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Francis Drake" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Drake" title="Francis Drake – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Francis Drake" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95" title="फ्रान्सिस ड्रेक – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="फ्रान्सिस ड्रेक" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">अवधी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frensis_Dreyk" title="Frensis Dreyk – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Frensis Dreyk" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AB%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B8_%E0%A6%A1%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%95" title="ফ্রান্সিস ড্রেক – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ফ্রান্সিস ড্রেক" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Drake" title="Francis Drake – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Francis Drake" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81_%D0%94%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BA" title="Фрэнсис Дрейк – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Фрэнсис Дрейк" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%96%D1%81_%D0%94%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%B9%D0%BA" title="Фрэнсіс Дрэйк – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Фрэнсіс Дрэйк" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%96%D1%81_%D0%94%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%B9%D0%BA" title="Фрэнсіс Дрэйк – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Фрэнсіс Дрэйк" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81_%D0%94%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BA" title="Франсис Дрейк – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Франсис Дрейк" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Drake" title="Francis Drake – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Francis Drake" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Drake" title="Francis Drake – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Francis Drake" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Drake" title="Francis Drake – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Francis Drake" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81_%D0%94%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BA" title="Фрэнсис Дрейк – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Фрэнсис Дрейк" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Drake" title="Francis Drake – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Francis Drake" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Drake" title="Francis Drake – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Francis Drake" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Drake" title="Francis Drake – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Francis Drake" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Drake" title="Francis Drake – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Francis Drake" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Drake" title="Francis Drake – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Francis Drake" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A6%CF%81%CE%AC%CE%BD%CF%83%CE%B9%CF%82_%CE%9D%CF%84%CF%81%CE%AD%CE%B9%CE%BA" title="Φράνσις Ντρέικ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Φράνσις Ντρέικ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Drake" title="Francis Drake – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Francis Drake" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Drake" title="Francis Drake – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Francis Drake" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Drake" title="Francis Drake – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Francis Drake" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%B3_%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="فرانسیس دریک – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فرانسیس دریک" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Drake" title="Francis Drake – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Francis Drake" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Drake" title="Francis Drake – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Francis Drake" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Drake" title="Francis Drake – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Francis Drake" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Drake" title="Francis Drake – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Francis Drake" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Drake" title="Francis Drake – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Francis Drake" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BA,_%D0%A4%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Дрейк, Фрэнсис – Kalmyk" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Дрейк, Фрэнсис" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="Kalmyk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Хальмг</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%94%84%EB%9E%9C%EC%8B%9C%EC%8A%A4_%EB%93%9C%EB%A0%88%EC%9D%B4%ED%81%AC" title="프랜시스 드레이크 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="프랜시스 드레이크" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%96%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%BD%D5%AB%D5%BD_%D4%B4%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%B5%D6%84" title="Ֆրենսիս Դրեյք – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ֆրենսիս Դրեյք" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95" title="फ़्रांसिस ड्रेक – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="फ़्रांसिस ड्रेक" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Drake" title="Francis Drake – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Francis Drake" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Drake" title="Francis Drake – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Francis Drake" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Drake" title="Francis Drake – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Francis Drake" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Drake" title="Francis Drake – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Francis Drake" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BA,_%D0%A4%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Дрейк, Фрэнсис – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Дрейк, Фрэнсис" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Drake" title="Francis Drake – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Francis Drake" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Drake" title="Francis Drake – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Francis Drake" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%A0%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%A1_%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A7" title="פרנסיס דרייק – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פרנסיס דרייק" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Drake" title="Francis Drake – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Francis Drake" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Drake" title="Francis Drake – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Francis Drake" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Drake" title="Francis Drake – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Francis Drake" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A4%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%93%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%98" title="ფრენსის დრეიკი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ფრენსის დრეიკი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81_%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BA" title="Френсис дрейк – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Френсис дрейк" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Drake" title="Francis Drake – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Francis Drake" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kotava</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Drake" title="Francis Drake – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Francis Drake" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81_%D0%94%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BA" title="Фрэнсис Дрейк – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Фрэнсис Дрейк" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Drake" title="Francis Drake – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Francis Drake" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franciscus_Drakus" title="Franciscus Drakus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Franciscus Drakus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C4%81nsiss_Dreiks" title="Frānsiss Dreiks – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Frānsiss Dreiks" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Drake" title="Francis Drake – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Francis Drake" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Drake" title="Francis Drake – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Francis Drake" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Drake" title="Francis Drake – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Francis Drake" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Drake" title="Francis Drake – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Francis Drake" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Drake" title="Francis Drake – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Francis Drake" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95" title="फ्रान्सिस ड्रेक – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="फ्रान्सिस ड्रेक" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81_%D0%94%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%98%D0%BA" title="Френсис Дрејк – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Френсис Дрејк" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Drake" title="Francis Drake – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Francis Drake" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AB%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BB%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D" title="ഫ്രാൻസീസ് ഡ്രേക്ക് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഫ്രാൻസീസ് ഡ്രേക്ക്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%B3_%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%83" title="فرنسيس دريك – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="فرنسيس دريك" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Drake" title="Francis Drake – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Francis Drake" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Drake" title="Francis Drake – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Francis Drake" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%92%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AD%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA_%E1%80%86%E1%80%AC%E1%80%96%E1%80%9B%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%85%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA" title="ဒရိတ် ဆာဖရန်းစစ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဒရိတ် ဆာဖရန်းစစ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Drake" title="Francis Drake – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Francis Drake" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95" title="फ्रान्सिस ड्रेक – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="फ्रान्सिस ड्रेक" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D_%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95" title="फ्रान्सिस् ड्रेक – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="फ्रान्सिस् ड्रेक" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B7%E3%82%B9%E3%83%BB%E3%83%89%E3%83%AC%E3%83%BC%E3%82%AF" title="フランシス・ドレーク – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="フランシス・ドレーク" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Drake" title="Francis Drake – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Francis Drake" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Drake" title="Francis Drake – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Francis Drake" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Drake" title="Francis Drake – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Francis Drake" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Drake" title="Francis Drake – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Francis Drake" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pag mw-list-item"><a href="https://pag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Drake" title="Francis Drake – Pangasinan" lang="pag" hreflang="pag" data-title="Francis Drake" data-language-autonym="Pangasinan" data-language-local-name="Pangasinan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pangasinan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Drake" title="Francis Drake – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Francis Drake" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Drake" title="Francis Drake – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Francis Drake" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Drake" title="Francis Drake – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Francis Drake" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Drake" title="Francis Drake – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Francis Drake" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BA,_%D0%A4%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Дрейк, Фрэнсис – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Дрейк, Фрэнсис" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Drake" title="Francis Drake – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Francis Drake" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Drake" title="Francis Drake – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Francis Drake" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Drake" title="Francis Drake – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Francis Drake" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%86%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%90%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%92%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A_%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%A9%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%9A%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A" title="ෆ්‍රැන්සිස් ‍ඩ්රේක් – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ෆ්‍රැන්සිස් ‍ඩ්රේක්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Drake" title="Francis Drake – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Francis Drake" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Drake" title="Francis Drake – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Francis Drake" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Drake" title="Francis Drake – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Francis Drake" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81_%D0%94%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%98%D0%BA" title="Франсис Дрејк – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Франсис Дрејк" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Drake" title="Francis Drake – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Francis Drake" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Drake" title="Francis Drake – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Francis Drake" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Drake" title="Francis Drake – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Francis Drake" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Drake" title="Francis Drake – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Francis Drake" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Drake" title="Francis Drake – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Francis Drake" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D" title="பிரான்சிஸ் டிரேக் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பிரான்சிஸ் டிரேக்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA_%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%81" title="ฟรานซิส เดรก – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ฟรานซิส เดรก" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Drake" title="Francis Drake – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Francis Drake" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%96%D1%81_%D0%94%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BA" title="Френсіс Дрейк – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Френсіс Дрейк" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%B3_%DA%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="فرانسس ڈریک – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="فرانسس ڈریک" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Drake" title="Francis Drake – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Francis Drake" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drake%27i_Francis" title="Drake'i Francis – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Drake'i Francis" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Drake" title="Francis Drake – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Francis Drake" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E6%9C%97%E8%A5%BF%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%BE%B7%E9%9B%B7%E5%85%8B" title="弗朗西斯·德雷克 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="弗朗西斯·德雷克" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E8%98%AD%E8%A5%BF%E6%96%AF%E6%88%B4%E5%9F%BA" title="法蘭西斯戴基 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="法蘭西斯戴基" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Drake" title="Francis Drake – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Francis Drake" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" 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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">English sailor and privateer (c. 1540 – 1596)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the Elizabethan naval commander. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Francis_Drake_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Francis Drake (disambiguation)">Francis Drake (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Vice_Admiral" class="mw-redirect" title="Vice Admiral">Vice Admiral</a></div><div class="fn">Sir Francis Drake</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Gheeraerts_Francis_Drake_1591.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Gheeraerts_Francis_Drake_1591.jpg/220px-Gheeraerts_Francis_Drake_1591.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="285" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Gheeraerts_Francis_Drake_1591.jpg/330px-Gheeraerts_Francis_Drake_1591.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Gheeraerts_Francis_Drake_1591.jpg/440px-Gheeraerts_Francis_Drake_1591.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1933" data-file-height="2500" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Portrait by <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Gheeraerts_the_Younger" title="Marcus Gheeraerts the Younger">Marcus Gheeraerts</a>, 1591</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1540 <div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Tavistock" title="Tavistock">Tavistock</a>, <a href="/wiki/Devon" title="Devon">Devon</a>, England</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">28 January 1596 (1596-01-29) (aged 56) <div style="display:inline" class="deathplace">off the coast of <a href="/wiki/Portobelo,_Col%C3%B3n" title="Portobelo, Colón">Portobelo</a> (today <a href="/wiki/Panama" title="Panama">Panama</a>)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouses</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;">Mary Newman</div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style>1569; died 1581)</div></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1151524712"> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;">Elizabeth Sydenham</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1585)</div></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Knight_Bachelor" title="Knight Bachelor">Knight Bachelor</a> (1581)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><a href="/wiki/Piracy" title="Piracy">Piratical career</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nickname</th><td class="infobox-data nickname">El Draque (the Dragon)<a href="#cite_note-Edmundson2009-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Privateer" title="Privateer">Privateer</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Allegiance</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">Kingdom of England</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Years active</th><td class="infobox-data">1563–1596</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Vice_admiral" title="Vice admiral">Vice admiral</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Base of operations</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Piracy_in_the_Caribbean" title="Piracy in the Caribbean">Caribbean Sea</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Commands</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Hind" title="Golden Hind">Golden Hind</a> (previously known as Pelican)</li><li><a href="/wiki/English_ship_Bonaventure_(1567)" title="English ship Bonaventure (1567)">Bonaventure</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/English_ship_Revenge_(1577)" title="English ship Revenge (1577)">Revenge</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Battles/wars</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1116488514">.mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Treeview-grey-line.png")no-repeat 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px}</style><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tudor_conquest_of_Ireland" title="Tudor conquest of Ireland">Anglo-Irish War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rathlin_Island_massacre" title="Rathlin Island massacre">Rathlin Island massacre</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Spanish_War_(1585)#Causes" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Spanish War (1585)">Anglo-Spanish trade war</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_San_Juan_de_Ul%C3%BAa_(1568)" title="Battle of San Juan de Ulúa (1568)">Expedition of 1568</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Drake%27s_expedition_of_1572%E2%80%931573" title="Francis Drake's expedition of 1572–1573">Expedition of 1572–1573</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Drake%27s_circumnavigation" title="Francis Drake's circumnavigation">Expedition of 1577–1580</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo%E2%80%93Spanish_War_(1585)" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo–Spanish War (1585)">Anglo–Spanish War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Santiago_(1585)" title="Capture of Santiago (1585)">Battle of Santiago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Santo_Domingo_(1586)" title="Battle of Santo Domingo (1586)">Battle of Santo Domingo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cartagena_de_Indias_(1586)" title="Battle of Cartagena de Indias (1586)">Battle of Cartagena de Indias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_St._Augustine" title="Raid on St. Augustine">Raid on St. Augustine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singeing_the_King_of_Spain%27s_Beard" title="Singeing the King of Spain's Beard">Expedition of 1587</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Armada" title="Spanish Armada">Spanish Armada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Naval_battle_of_Gravelines" class="mw-redirect" title="Naval battle of Gravelines">Battle of Gravelines</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Armada" title="English Armada">Drake-Norris Expedition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Coru%C3%B1a" title="Siege of Coruña">Siege of Coruña</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Armada#Landing_at_Peniche" title="English Armada">Siege of Peniche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Armada#Attack_on_Lisbon" title="English Armada">Siege of Lisbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Armada#Raid_on_Vigo" title="English Armada">Raid on Vigo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Las_Palmas" title="Battle of Las Palmas">Battle of Las Palmas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_San_Juan_(1595)" title="Battle of San Juan (1595)">Battle of San Juan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drake%27s_Assault_on_Panama" title="Drake's Assault on Panama">Assault on Panama</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Wealth</th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="Equivalent to">Equiv.</abbr> <a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">US$</a>162.7 million in 2023;<a href="#cite_note-inflation-US-2">[2]</a> #2 <a href="/wiki/Forbes" title="Forbes">Forbes</a> top-earning pirates<a href="#cite_note-ForbesRank-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Signature</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Francis_Drake_Signature.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Francis_Drake_Signature.svg/150px-Francis_Drake_Signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Francis_Drake_Signature.svg/225px-Francis_Drake_Signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Francis_Drake_Signature.svg/300px-Francis_Drake_Signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="344" data-file-height="114" /></a></td></tr></tbody></table> Sir Francis Drake (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1540 – 28 January 1596) was an English <a href="/wiki/Exploration" title="Exploration">explorer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Privateer" title="Privateer">privateer</a> best known for <a href="/wiki/Francis_Drake%27s_circumnavigation" title="Francis Drake's circumnavigation">his circumnavigation of the world</a> in a single expedition between 1577 and 1580. This was the first English circumnavigation, and second circumnavigation overall. He is also known for participating in the early <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Britain#Enslaved_Africans" title="Slavery in Britain">English slaving voyages</a> of his cousin, Sir <a href="/wiki/John_Hawkins_(naval_commander)" title="John Hawkins (naval commander)">John Hawkins</a>, and <a href="/wiki/John_Lovell_(slave_trader)" title="John Lovell (slave trader)">John Lovell</a>. Having started as a simple seaman, in 1588 he was part of the fight against the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Armada" title="Spanish Armada">Spanish Armada</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Vice-admiral" class="mw-redirect" title="Vice-admiral">vice-admiral</a>. At an early age, Drake was placed into the household of a relative, <a href="/wiki/William_Hawkins_(died_c._1554)" title="William Hawkins (died c. 1554)">William Hawkins</a>, a prominent sea captain in <a href="/wiki/Plymouth" title="Plymouth">Plymouth</a>. In 1572, he set sail on his <a href="/wiki/Francis_Drake%27s_expedition_of_1572%E2%80%931573" title="Francis Drake's expedition of 1572–1573">first independent mission</a>, privateering along the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Main" title="Spanish Main">Spanish Main</a>. Drake's circumnavigation began on 15 December 1577. He crossed the Pacific Ocean, until then an area of exclusive Spanish interest, and laid claim to <a href="/wiki/New_Albion" title="New Albion">New Albion</a>, plundering coastal towns and ships for treasure and supplies as he went. He arrived back in England on 26 September 1580. <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_I" title="Elizabeth I">Elizabeth I</a> awarded Drake a <a href="/wiki/Knight_Bachelor" title="Knight Bachelor">knighthood</a> in 1581 which he received aboard his galleon the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Hind" title="Golden Hind">Golden Hind</a>. Drake's circumnavigation inaugurated an era of conflict with the Spanish and in 1585, the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Spanish_War_(1585%E2%80%931604)" title="Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604)">Anglo-Spanish War</a> began. Drake was in command of an expedition to the Americas that attacked Spanish shipping and ports. When <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain" title="Philip II of Spain">Philip II</a> sent the Spanish Armada to England in 1588 as a precursor to its invasion, Drake was second-in-command of the English fleet that fought against and repulsed the Spanish fleet. A year later he led the <a href="/wiki/English_Armada" title="English Armada">English Armada</a> in a failed attempt to destroy the remaining Spanish fleet. Drake was a <a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(United_Kingdom)" title="Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)">member of parliament</a> (MP) for three constituencies: <a href="/wiki/Camelford_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Camelford (UK Parliament constituency)">Camelford</a> in 1581, <a href="/wiki/Bossiney_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Bossiney (UK Parliament constituency)">Bossiney</a> in 1584, and <a href="/wiki/Plymouth_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Plymouth (UK Parliament constituency)">Plymouth</a> in 1593. Drake's exploits made him a hero to the English, but his privateering led the Spanish to brand him a <a href="/wiki/Pirate" class="mw-redirect" title="Pirate">pirate</a>, known to them as El Draque ("The Dragon" in old Spanish).<a href="#cite_note-Edmundson2009-1">[1]</a> He died of <a href="/wiki/Dysentery" title="Dysentery">dysentery</a> after his <a href="/wiki/Drake%27s_Assault_on_Panama" title="Drake's Assault on Panama">failed assault on Panama</a> in January 1596. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Birth_and_early_years">Birth and early years</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Francis_Drake&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Birth and early years">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sfdrake42.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Sfdrake42.jpg/220px-Sfdrake42.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Sfdrake42.jpg/330px-Sfdrake42.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/57/Sfdrake42.jpg 2x" data-file-width="419" data-file-height="417" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Portrait_miniature" title="Portrait miniature">Portrait miniature</a> by <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Hilliard" title="Nicholas Hilliard">Nicholas Hilliard</a>, 1581, inscribed Aetatis suae 42, An(n)o D(omi)ni 1581 ("42 years of his age, 1581 AD")</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1583_portrait_of_Sir_Francis_Drake.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/1583_portrait_of_Sir_Francis_Drake.jpg/220px-1583_portrait_of_Sir_Francis_Drake.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="280" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/1583_portrait_of_Sir_Francis_Drake.jpg/330px-1583_portrait_of_Sir_Francis_Drake.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/1583_portrait_of_Sir_Francis_Drake.jpg/440px-1583_portrait_of_Sir_Francis_Drake.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7454" data-file-height="9498" /></a><figcaption> 1583 portrait of Sir Francis Drake by Jodocus Hondius I</figcaption></figure> Francis Drake was born at Crowndale Farm in <a href="/wiki/Tavistock,_Devon" class="mw-redirect" title="Tavistock, Devon">Tavistock, Devon</a>, England.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelsey20003-4">[4]</a> His birth date is not formally recorded – such writers as <a href="/wiki/E._F._Benson" title="E. F. Benson">E. F. Benson</a> have claimed that he was born while the <a href="/wiki/Thirty-nine_Articles#Six_Articles_(1539)" title="Thirty-nine Articles">Six Articles of 1539</a> were in force,<a href="#cite_note-Benson1927-5">[5]</a> but British naval historian <a href="/wiki/Julian_Corbett" title="Julian Corbett">Julian Corbett</a>, writing of <a href="/wiki/William_Camden" title="William Camden">William Camden</a>'s account, on which this information is based, writes that "As a slip of memory, too, we must put down his difficult assertion that Edmund Drake was driven from <a href="/wiki/Devonshire" class="mw-redirect" title="Devonshire">Devonshire</a> during a persecution under the <a href="/wiki/Statute_of_the_Six_Articles" class="mw-redirect" title="Statute of the Six Articles">Six Articles Act of 1539</a>."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECorbett1898393-6">[6]</a> His birth date is estimated from the wording of texts in contemporary sources such as: "Drake was two and twenty when he obtained the command of the Judith"<a href="#cite_note-Campbell1841-7">[7]</a> (1566). This would date his birth to 1544. A date of <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1540 is suggested from two portraits: one a <a href="/wiki/Portrait_miniature" title="Portrait miniature">miniature</a>, painted by <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Hilliard" title="Nicholas Hilliard">Nicholas Hilliard</a> in 1581, when he was allegedly 42, which would place his birth <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1539, while the other, painted in 1594 when he was said to be 52,<a href="#cite_note-DNB1921-8">[8]</a> would give a birth year of c. 1541. He was the eldest of the twelve sons<a href="#cite_note-ODNB04-9">[9]</a> of Edmund Drake (1518–1585), a <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a> farmer, and his wife, Mary Mylwaye. The first son was said to have been named after his <a href="/wiki/Godparent" title="Godparent">godfather</a>, <a href="/wiki/Francis_Russell,_2nd_Earl_of_Bedford" title="Francis Russell, 2nd Earl of Bedford">Francis Russell, 2nd Earl of Bedford</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Froude1896-10">[10]</a> Due to religious persecution during the <a href="/wiki/Prayer_Book_Rebellion" title="Prayer Book Rebellion">Prayer Book Rebellion</a> in 1549, the Drake family fled from <a href="/wiki/Devon" title="Devon">Devon</a> to <a href="/wiki/Kent" title="Kent">Kent</a>. There Drake's father obtained an appointment to minister to the men in the King's Navy. He was ordained <a href="/wiki/Deacon" title="Deacon">deacon</a> and was made vicar of <a href="/wiki/Upchurch" title="Upchurch">Upchurch</a> Church on the <a href="/wiki/Medway" title="Medway">Medway</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhitfield200412-11">[11]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_career_at_sea">Early career at sea</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Francis_Drake&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early career at sea">edit</a>]</div> At an early age, Drake was placed into the household of a relative, sea-captain <a href="/wiki/William_Hawkins_(died_1589)" title="William Hawkins (died 1589)">William Hawkins</a> of Plymouth, and began his seagoing training as an apprentice on Hawkins' boats.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELoades2007-12">[12]</a> By 18, he was a <a href="/wiki/Purser" title="Purser">purser</a>, according to the English chronicler <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Howes" title="Edmund Howes">Edmund Howes</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelsey200011-13">[13]</a> and in the 1550s, Drake's father found the young man a position with the owner and master of a small <a href="/wiki/Barque" title="Barque">barque</a>, one of the small traders plying between the Medway River and the Dutch coast. Drake likely engaged in commerce along the coast of England, the Low Countries and France.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESugden20068–9-14">[14]</a> The ship's master was so satisfied with the young Drake's conduct that, being unmarried and childless at his death, he bequeathed the barque to Drake.<a href="#cite_note-Best2021-15">[15]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Slave_trade">Slave trade</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Francis_Drake&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Slave trade">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thomas_Cavendish_(1560-92),_Sir_Francis_Drake_(1540%3F-96)_and_Sir_John_Hawkins_(1532-95)_RMG_BHC2603.tiff" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Thomas_Cavendish_%281560-92%29%2C_Sir_Francis_Drake_%281540%3F-96%29_and_Sir_John_Hawkins_%281532-95%29_RMG_BHC2603.tiff/lossy-page1-220px-Thomas_Cavendish_%281560-92%29%2C_Sir_Francis_Drake_%281540%3F-96%29_and_Sir_John_Hawkins_%281532-95%29_RMG_BHC2603.tiff.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Thomas_Cavendish_%281560-92%29%2C_Sir_Francis_Drake_%281540%3F-96%29_and_Sir_John_Hawkins_%281532-95%29_RMG_BHC2603.tiff/lossy-page1-330px-Thomas_Cavendish_%281560-92%29%2C_Sir_Francis_Drake_%281540%3F-96%29_and_Sir_John_Hawkins_%281532-95%29_RMG_BHC2603.tiff.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Thomas_Cavendish_%281560-92%29%2C_Sir_Francis_Drake_%281540%3F-96%29_and_Sir_John_Hawkins_%281532-95%29_RMG_BHC2603.tiff/lossy-page1-440px-Thomas_Cavendish_%281560-92%29%2C_Sir_Francis_Drake_%281540%3F-96%29_and_Sir_John_Hawkins_%281532-95%29_RMG_BHC2603.tiff.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5799" data-file-height="5238" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/John_Hawkins_(naval_commander)" title="John Hawkins (naval commander)">Sir John Hawkins</a> (left) with Sir Francis Drake (centre) and Sir <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cavendish" title="Thomas Cavendish">Thomas Cavendish</a></figcaption></figure> In 1562, the West African slave trade was a duopoly dominated by the Portuguese and the Spanish. <a href="/wiki/John_Hawkins_(naval_commander)" title="John Hawkins (naval commander)">Sir John Hawkins</a> devised a plan to break into that trade, and enlisted the aid of colleagues and family to finance his first slave voyage. Drake was not part of that group of financiers,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhitfield200420-16">[16]</a> though his presence as one of hundreds of seamen on Hawkins's first two slaving voyages has been assumed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhitfield200421-17">[17]</a> There is some anecdotal evidence to support Drake serving as a common seaman on the first two voyages, and good evidence of his presence for the last two of four slaving voyages made by Hawkins' ships between 1562 and 1569.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELoades2007-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhitfield200417-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-RoyalMuseumsGreenwich2023-19">[19]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AnthonyRoll-6_Jesus_of_L%C3%BCbeck.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/AnthonyRoll-6_Jesus_of_L%C3%BCbeck.jpg/220px-AnthonyRoll-6_Jesus_of_L%C3%BCbeck.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/AnthonyRoll-6_Jesus_of_L%C3%BCbeck.jpg/330px-AnthonyRoll-6_Jesus_of_L%C3%BCbeck.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/AnthonyRoll-6_Jesus_of_L%C3%BCbeck.jpg/440px-AnthonyRoll-6_Jesus_of_L%C3%BCbeck.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4018" data-file-height="2827" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jesus_of_L%C3%BCbeck" title="Jesus of Lübeck">Jesus of Lübeck</a>, flagship of Sir John Hawkins</figcaption></figure> In 1562, Hawkins sailed to the coast of the Sierra Leone, seized Portuguese slave ships, and sold the Africans in the Spanish Indies.<a href="#cite_note-Sauer1975-20">[20]</a> It was highly profitable, so for his second slave voyage in 1564, Hawkins gained Queen Elizabeth I's support. She lent him one of her ships, <a href="/wiki/Jesus_of_L%C3%BCbeck" title="Jesus of Lübeck">Jesus of Lübeck</a>, which served as his flagship.<a href="#cite_note-Bradford2014-21">[21]</a> Hawkins attacked an African native town and sold many of its inhabitants in Spanish ports on the Caribbean mainland, making another large profit for himself, the Queen and the consortium of investors from her court.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhitfield200421-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sauer1975-20">[20]</a> Sources vary on the dates and the age of Drake at the time;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhitfield200413-22">[22]</a> Harry Kelsey says he was twenty years old, "[a]ccording to Howes" (in reference to the English chronicler Edmund Howes writing in 1615).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelsey200011–13-23">[23]</a> Drake was not a member of that consortium, but the crew would have received a small share of the profits.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESugden20069-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelsey200043-25">[25]</a> Based on this association, scholar <a href="/wiki/Kris_Lane" title="Kris Lane">Kris Lane</a> lists Drake as one of the first English slave traders.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELane201529-26">[26]</a> The Spanish and Portuguese were aggrieved that the English had entered into the slave trade and were selling slaves to their colonies despite being forbidden from doing so. Queen Elizabeth I, under pressure to avoid an armed conflict, forbade Hawkins from going to sea for a third slave voyage. In response, he set up a slave voyage with a relative, <a href="/wiki/John_Lovell_(slave_trader)" title="John Lovell (slave trader)">John Lovell</a>, in command in 1566.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhitfield200421-17">[17]</a> Drake accompanied Lovell on this voyage.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhitfield200421-17">[17]</a> The voyage was unsuccessful, as more than 90 enslaved Africans were released without payment.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESugden200619–22-27">[27]</a> In 1567, Drake accompanied Hawkins on their next and last joint voyage.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> The crew attempted to capture slaves around <a href="/wiki/Cape_Verde" title="Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a>, but failed. Hawkins allied himself with two local kings in <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a> who asked for help against their enemies in exchange for half of any captives they took. Attacking from both sides, they took several hundred prisoners, though Kelsey says the kings kept "the larger share of slaves and dared Hawkins to do anything about it".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelsey200032-29">[29]</a> Events worsened for the fleet as it faced storms, Spanish hostility, armed conflict, and finally a hurricane that separated one ship from the rest, and it had to find its own way home.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhitfield200422-30">[30]</a> The remaining ships were forced into the port of <a href="/wiki/San_Juan_de_Ul%C3%BAa" title="San Juan de Ulúa">San Juan de Ulúa</a> near <a href="/wiki/Veracruz_(city)" title="Veracruz (city)">Vera Cruz</a> so they could make repairs. Soon afterward the newly appointed viceroy of New Spain, <a href="/wiki/Mart%C3%ADn_Enr%C3%ADquez_de_Almanza" title="Martín Enríquez de Almanza">Martín Enríquez de Almanza</a>, arrived with a fleet of ships. While still negotiating to resupply and repair, Hawkins' ships were attacked by the Spanish ships in what became known as the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_San_Juan_de_Ul%C3%BAa_(1568)" title="Battle of San Juan de Ulúa (1568)">Battle of San Juan de Ulúa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> The battle ended in an English defeat with all but two of the English ships lost. The Spanish launched a fireship against Hawkins' flagship Jesus of Lübeck, and the crew of Minion in panic and fear cut the lines securing them to Jesus. Hawkins was among those who jumped from the flagship's bulwarks to Minion's decks.<a href="#cite_note-Childs2009-32">[32]</a> Drake, by this time the captain of Judith, fled leaving Hawkins behind. Hawkins escaped on Minion and limped back to England with dozens of his men dying along the way,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESugden201237-33">[33]</a> and arriving with a crew of just 15.<a href="#cite_note-RobertsRobertsBisson2016-34">[34]</a> Hundreds of English seamen were abandoned.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESugden201236-35">[35]</a> After arriving back in England, Hawkins accused Drake of desertion and of stealing the treasure they had accumulated. Drake denied both accusations asserting he had distributed all profits among the crew and that he had believed Hawkins was lost when he left.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelsey200043-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhitfield200424-36">[36]</a> The bitter end of the fourth voyage turned Drake's life in a different direction: thereafter he would not pursue trading and slaving but would, instead, dedicate himself to attacking Spanish possessions wherever he found them.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhitfield200425-37">[37]</a> Drake's hostility towards the Spanish is said to have started with the battle and its aftermath.<a href="#cite_note-Sims2022-38">[38]</a> The voyage of 1567–1569 was Drake's last association with slaving. In total, approximately 1,200 Africans were enslaved on these four voyages,<a href="#cite_note-Morgan2007-39">[39]</a> and an estimated three times as many Africans were killed (based on the contemporaneous accounts of slavers).<a href="#cite_note-RoyalMuseumsGreenwich2023-19">[19]</a> On the issue of slaving, scholar John Sugden writes that "Drake was in his twenties and did not question what his elders accepted", but must share some culpability for his participation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESugden200626-40">[40]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Expedition_of_1572–1573">Expedition of 1572–1573</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Francis_Drake&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Expedition of 1572–1573">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Francis_Drake%27s_expedition_of_1572%E2%80%931573" title="Francis Drake's expedition of 1572–1573">Francis Drake's expedition of 1572–1573</a></div> In 1572, Drake embarked on his first major independent enterprise. He planned an attack on the <a href="/wiki/Isthmus_of_Panama" title="Isthmus of Panama">Isthmus of Panama</a>, known to the Spanish as part of <a href="/wiki/Tierra_Firma" class="mw-redirect" title="Tierra Firma">Tierra Firme</a> and to the English as part of the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Main" title="Spanish Main">Spanish Main</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Sauer1966-41">[41]</a> This was the point at which the silver and gold treasure of Peru had to be brought ashore and transported overland to the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Sea" title="Caribbean Sea">Caribbean Sea</a>, where galleons from Spain would take it aboard at the town of <a href="/wiki/Nombre_de_Dios,_Col%C3%B3n" title="Nombre de Dios, Colón">Nombre de Dios</a>. Drake left Plymouth on 24 May 1572, with a crew of 73 men in two small vessels, Pascha (70 tons) and Swan (25 tons), to capture Nombre de Dios.<a href="#cite_note-Dean2014-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhitfield200429-43">[43]</a> Drake's first raid was late in July 1572. Drake captured Nombre de Dios, but he was badly wounded when the Spanish arrived from Panama, and his forces had to retreat without the gold, silver, pearls and jewels stored in the royal treasury. Rather than sacking Nombre de Dios again, Drake raided Spanish galleons along the coast<a href="#cite_note-Lindsay2014-44">[44]</a> and with his <a href="/wiki/Cimarron_people_(Panama)" title="Cimarron people (Panama)">Cimarrón</a> (African slaves who had escaped from their Spanish owners)<a href="#cite_note-Laviña2020-45">[45]</a> allies looted the mule trains that transported gold, silver and trade goods from Panama City.<a href="#cite_note-Schwaller2021-46">[46]</a> One of these men was Diego, who later became a <a href="/wiki/Free_people_of_color" title="Free people of color">free man</a> after years of service under Drake.<a href="#cite_note-Kaufman2017-47">[47]</a> Among Drake's adventures along the Spanish Main, his capture of the Spanish silver train at Nombre de Dios on 1 April 1573<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESugden200672–73-48">[48]</a> made him rich and famous.<a href="#cite_note-Rodger2004-49">[49]</a> Near Cabo de Cativas he encountered a French privateer, <a href="/wiki/Guillaume_Le_Testu" title="Guillaume Le Testu">Guillaume Le Testu</a>, who was in command of the 80-ton warship Havre, and joined forces with him in a combined fleet. Drake had determined to intercept the mule train at the Campos River, two leagues from Nombre de Dios, and instructed the captains of his pinnaces to meet them at the Francisca River on 3 April to carry them off after the raid. The combined English and French raiding parties marched through the forest towards the trail, to within a mile of the city while the Cimarróns performed reconnaissance. The next morning, 1 April, they surprised the mule convoy and seized more than 200,000 pesos' worth of treasure.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESugden200672–73-48">[48]</a> After their attack on the richly laden <a href="/wiki/Mule" title="Mule">mule</a> train, Drake and his party found that they had captured around 20 tons of silver and gold. They buried much of the treasure, as it was too much for their party to carry, and made off with a fortune in gold.<a href="#cite_note-Marley2008-50">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-Konstam2011-51">[51]</a> (An account of this may have given rise to subsequent stories of pirates and buried treasure).<a href="#cite_note-Little2010-52">[52]</a> Badly wounded, Le Testu was captured and beheaded. The small band of adventurers dragged as much gold and silver as they could carry back across some 18 miles (29 km) of jungle-covered mountains to where they had left the raiding boats. When they got to the coast, the boats were gone. Drake and his men, downhearted, exhausted and hungry, had nowhere to go and the Spanish were not far behind.<a href="#cite_note-Best202152-53">[53]</a> At this point, Drake rallied his men, buried the treasure on the beach, and built a raft to sail in a heavy swell with four men twelve miles along the coast to where they had left two <a href="/wiki/Pinnace_(ship%27s_boat)" title="Pinnace (ship's boat)">pinnaces</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Best202152-53">[53]</a> When Drake finally reached them, his men were alarmed at his bedraggled appearance. Fearing the worst, they asked him how the raid had gone. Drake could not resist a joke and teased them by looking downhearted.<a href="#cite_note-Herman2005-54">[54]</a> Then he laughed, pulled a quoit of Spanish gold from his clothes and said, "Our voyage is made."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESugden200675-55">[55]</a> By the second week of August 1573, he had returned to Plymouth.<a href="#cite_note-Bradford201448-56">[56]</a> It was during this expedition that on 11 February Drake and his lieutenant <a href="/wiki/John_Oxenham" title="John Oxenham">John Oxenham</a> climbed a high tree in the central mountains of the <a href="/wiki/Isthmus_of_Panama" title="Isthmus of Panama">Isthmus of Panama</a> and thus became the first Englishmen to see the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific Ocean</a>, mirroring the achievement of the Spaniard <a href="/wiki/Vasco_N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez_de_Balboa" title="Vasco Núñez de Balboa">Vasco Núñez de Balboa</a> in 1513. The Cimarróns had cut steps into its trunk, on which Drake and the Cimarrón leader Pedro ascended to a platform at the top of the giant tree, where they were joined by Oxenham.<a href="#cite_note-Bradford201444-57">[57]</a> The Englishmen vowed when they saw the Pacific Ocean that one day they would sail its waters<a href="#cite_note-Morison1986-58">[58]</a> – which Drake would do years later as part of his circumnavigation of the world.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECummins1997287-59">[59]</a> When Drake returned to Plymouth after the raids, the government signed a temporary truce with King Philip II of Spain and so was unable to acknowledge Drake's accomplishment officially. Drake was considered a hero in England and a pirate in Spain for his raids.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECummins1997273-60">[60]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rathlin_Island_massacre">Rathlin Island massacre</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Francis_Drake&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Rathlin Island massacre">edit</a>]</div> Drake was present at the 1575 <a href="/wiki/Rathlin_Island_massacre" title="Rathlin Island massacre">Rathlin Island massacre</a> in Ireland. <a href="/wiki/John_Norris_(soldier)" title="John Norris (soldier)">Sir John Norris</a> (or Norreys) and Drake, acting on the instructions of Sir Henry Sidney and the <a href="/wiki/Robert_Devereux,_2nd_Earl_of_Essex" title="Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex">Earl of Essex</a>, Robert Devereux, laid siege to <a href="/wiki/Rathlin_Castle" title="Rathlin Castle">Rathlin Castle</a>. Despite its surrender, Norris' troops killed all the 200 defenders and several hundred more men, women and children of Clan MacDonnell.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESugden200685-61">[61]</a> Meanwhile, Drake was given the task of preventing any Gaelic Irish or Scottish reinforcements reaching the island. Therefore, the remaining leader of the Gaelic defence against English power, <a href="/wiki/Sorley_Boy_MacDonnell" title="Sorley Boy MacDonnell">Sorley Boy MacDonnell</a>, was forced to stay on the mainland. Essex wrote in his letter to Queen Elizabeth's secretary that following the attack Sorley Boy "was likely to have run mad for sorrow, tearing and tormenting himself and saying that he there lost all that he ever had."<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Circumnavigation_(1577–1580)">Circumnavigation (1577–1580)</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Francis_Drake&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Circumnavigation (1577–1580)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Francis_Drake%27s_circumnavigation" title="Francis Drake's circumnavigation">Francis Drake's circumnavigation</a></div> Following the success of the Panama isthmus raid, Drake's so-called "Famous Voyage" – an expedition against the Spanish along the Pacific coast of the Americas – was organized and financed by a private syndicate that included <a href="/wiki/Francis_Walsingham" title="Francis Walsingham">Francis Walsingham</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Dudley,_1st_Earl_of_Leicester" title="Robert Dudley, 1st Earl of Leicester">Robert Dudley, 1st Earl of Leicester</a>, John Hawkins, <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Hatton" title="Christopher Hatton">Christopher Hatton</a>, and Drake himself.<a href="#cite_note-Bradley1999-63">[63]</a> Drake acted on the plan authored by Sir <a href="/wiki/Richard_Grenville" title="Richard Grenville">Richard Grenville</a>, who in 1574 had received a royal patent for that purpose; just a year later this patent had been rescinded after <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_I_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Elizabeth I of England">Elizabeth I</a> learned of Grenville's intentions against the Spanish.<a href="#cite_note-KinneySwainHillLong2000-64">[64]</a> Elizabeth likely invested in Drake's voyage to South America in 1577, but never issued him a formal commission.<a href="#cite_note-Parry1984-65">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-Black2019-66">[66]</a> This would be the <a href="/wiki/List_of_circumnavigations" title="List of circumnavigations">first circumnavigation in 58 years</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKraus1970-67">[67]</a> Diego was once again employed under Drake; his fluency in Spanish and English would make him a useful interpreter when Spaniards or Spanish-speaking Portuguese were captured. He was employed as Drake's servant and was paid wages like the rest of the crew.<a href="#cite_note-Kaufman2017-47">[47]</a> Drake and the fleet set out from Plymouth on 15 November 1577, but bad weather threatened him and his fleet. They were forced to take refuge in <a href="/wiki/Falmouth,_Cornwall" title="Falmouth, Cornwall">Falmouth, Cornwall</a>, from where they returned to Plymouth for repair.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESugden2006102-68">[68]</a> After this major setback, Drake set sail again on 13 December aboard <a href="/wiki/Golden_Hind" title="Golden Hind">Pelican</a> with four other ships and 164 men. He soon added a sixth ship, Mary (formerly Santa María), a Portuguese merchant ship that had been captured off the coast of Africa near the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Cape_Verde" title="Portuguese Cape Verde">Cape Verde Islands</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Best202157-69">[69]</a> He also kidnapped its captain, <a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuno_da_Silva" class="extiw" title="pt:Nuno da Silva">Nuno da Silva</a>, a man with considerable experience navigating in South American waters.<a href="#cite_note-Moreno-Madrid&Salomoni2022-70">[70]</a> Drake's fleet suffered great attrition; he scuttled both Christopher and the <a href="/wiki/Flyboat" title="Flyboat">flyboat</a> Swan due to loss of men on the Atlantic crossing. He made landfall at the gloomy bay of <a href="/wiki/Puerto_San_Juli%C3%A1n" title="Puerto San Julián">Puerto San Julián</a>, in what is now <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Magellan" title="Ferdinand Magellan">Ferdinand Magellan</a> had called there half a century earlier, where he put to death some mutineers. Drake's men saw weathered and bleached skeletons on the Spanish <a href="/wiki/Gibbet" class="mw-redirect" title="Gibbet">gibbets</a>. Following Magellan's example, Drake tried and executed his own "mutineer" <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Doughty_(explorer)" title="Thomas Doughty (explorer)">Thomas Doughty</a>. The crew discovered that Mary had rotting timbers, so they put the vessel ashore, stripped it, and abandoned it. Drake decided to remain the winter in San Julián before attempting the <a href="/wiki/Strait_of_Magellan" title="Strait of Magellan">Strait of Magellan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelsey2000104–106-71">[71]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Execution_of_Thomas_Doughty">Execution of Thomas Doughty</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Francis_Drake&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Execution of Thomas Doughty">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Doughty_(explorer)" title="Thomas Doughty (explorer)">Thomas Doughty (explorer)</a></div> On his voyage to interfere with Spanish treasure fleets, Drake had several quarrels with his co-commander Thomas Doughty and on 3 June 1578, accused him of witchcraft and charged him with <a href="/wiki/Mutiny" title="Mutiny">mutiny</a> and <a href="/wiki/Treason" title="Treason">treason</a> in a shipboard trial.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoote2005133-72">[72]</a> Drake claimed to have a (never presented) commission from the Queen to carry out such acts and denied Doughty a trial in England. The main pieces of evidence against Doughty were the testimony of the ship's carpenter, Edward Bright, who after the trial was promoted to master of the ship Marigold, and Doughty's admission of telling <a href="/wiki/William_Cecil,_1st_Baron_Burghley" title="William Cecil, 1st Baron Burghley">Lord Burghley</a>, a vocal opponent of agitating the Spanish, of the intent of the voyage. Drake consented to his request of <a href="/wiki/Eucharist" title="Eucharist">Communion</a> and dined with him,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelsey2000109-73">[73]</a> of which <a href="/wiki/Francis_Fletcher_(priest)" title="Francis Fletcher (priest)">Francis Fletcher</a> had this account: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">And after this holy repast, they dined also at the same table together, as cheerfully, in sobriety, as ever in their lives they had done aforetime, each cheering up the other, and taking their leave, by drinking each to other, as if some journey only had been in hand.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarrow1843[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidzo0xAQAAMAAJpgPA102_102]-74">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hampden1972-75">[75]</a></blockquote> Drake had Thomas Doughty beheaded on 2 July 1578. In January 1580, when Drake became stranded upon a reef off the Celebes Sea, the ship's chaplain, Francis Fletcher, in a sermon suggested that the woes of the voyage were connected to the unjust demise of Doughty, Drake chained the clergyman to a hatch cover and pronounced him excommunicated.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESugden2006143-76">[76]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Entering_the_Pacific_(1578)">Entering the Pacific (1578)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Francis_Drake&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Entering the Pacific (1578)">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Golden_Hinde,_Londres,_Inglaterra,_2014-08-11,_DD_107.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Golden_Hinde%2C_Londres%2C_Inglaterra%2C_2014-08-11%2C_DD_107.JPG/220px-Golden_Hinde%2C_Londres%2C_Inglaterra%2C_2014-08-11%2C_DD_107.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="316" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Golden_Hinde%2C_Londres%2C_Inglaterra%2C_2014-08-11%2C_DD_107.JPG/330px-Golden_Hinde%2C_Londres%2C_Inglaterra%2C_2014-08-11%2C_DD_107.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Golden_Hinde%2C_Londres%2C_Inglaterra%2C_2014-08-11%2C_DD_107.JPG/440px-Golden_Hinde%2C_Londres%2C_Inglaterra%2C_2014-08-11%2C_DD_107.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2877" data-file-height="4131" /></a><figcaption>A replica of the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Hind" title="Golden Hind">Golden Hind</a> at <a href="/wiki/Bankside" title="Bankside">Bankside</a> in London</figcaption></figure> The three remaining ships of his convoy departed for the Magellan Strait at the southern tip of South America. A few weeks later in September 1578 Drake made it to the Pacific, but violent storms destroyed one of the three ships, Marigold (captained by John Thomas) in the strait and caused another, Elizabeth, captained by <a href="/wiki/John_Wynter" title="John Wynter">John Wynter</a>, to return to England,<a href="#cite_note-MontanezUrbina2019-77">[77]</a> leaving only Pelican. After this passage, Pelican was pushed south and discovered an island that Drake called <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Island_(Cape_Horn)" title="Elizabeth Island (Cape Horn)">Elizabeth Island</a>. Drake, like navigators before him, probably reached a latitude of 55°S (according to astronomical data quoted in <a href="/wiki/Richard_Hakluyt" title="Richard Hakluyt">Richard Hakluyt</a>'s The Principall Navigations, Voiages and Discoveries of the English Nation of 1589) along the Chilean coast.<a href="#cite_note-Wagner2006-78">[78]</a> In the Magellan Strait Francis and his men engaged in skirmishes with local indigenous people, becoming the first Europeans to kill indigenous peoples in southern Patagonia. During their stay in the strait, crew members discovered that an infusion made of the bark of <a href="/wiki/Drimys_winteri" title="Drimys winteri">Drimys winteri</a> could be used as remedy against <a href="/wiki/Scurvy" title="Scurvy">scurvy</a>. Captain Wynter ordered the collection of great amounts of bark – hence the scientific name.<a href="#cite_note-Martinic1977-79">[79]</a> Historian <a href="/wiki/Mateo_Martinic" title="Mateo Martinic">Mateo Martinic</a>, who examined records of Drake's travels, credits him with the discovery of the "southern end of the Americas and the oceanic space south of it".<a href="#cite_note-Martinic2019-80">[80]</a> The first report of his discovery of an open channel south of <a href="/wiki/Tierra_del_Fuego" title="Tierra del Fuego">Tierra del Fuego</a> was written after the 1618 publication of the voyage of <a href="/wiki/Willem_Schouten" title="Willem Schouten">Willem Schouten</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jacob_le_Maire" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacob le Maire">Jacob le Maire</a> around Cape Horn in 1616.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelsey2000135-81">[81]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Raids_on_Spanish_American_west_coast">Raids on Spanish American west coast</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Francis_Drake&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Raids on Spanish American west coast">edit</a>]</div> Drake pushed onwards in his lone flagship, now renamed <a href="/wiki/Golden_Hind" title="Golden Hind">Golden Hind</a> in honour of Sir <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Hatton" title="Christopher Hatton">Christopher Hatton</a> (after his <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms" title="Coat of arms">coat of arms</a>). Golden Hind sailed north along the Pacific coast of South America, attacking Spanish ports and pillaging towns. Some Spanish ships were captured, and Drake used their more accurate charts to inform his navigation. Before reaching the coast of <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a>, Drake visited <a href="/wiki/Mocha_Island" title="Mocha Island">Mocha Island</a> off the coast of what is now Chile, where he and his manservant Diego were seriously injured by hostile <a href="/wiki/Mapuche" title="Mapuche">Mapuche</a> who shot them with arrows.<a href="#cite_note-Kaufman201767-82">[82]</a> Later he sacked the port of <a href="/wiki/Valpara%C3%ADso" title="Valparaíso">Valparaíso</a> further north in Chile, where he also captured a ship full of <a href="/wiki/Chilean_wine" title="Chilean wine">Chilean wine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Orich2005-83">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lévi_Alvarès1849-84">[84]</a> Near <a href="/wiki/Lima" title="Lima">Lima</a>, Drake captured a Spanish ship with 25,000 <a href="/wiki/Spanish_dollar" title="Spanish dollar">pesos</a> of Peruvian gold, amounting in value to 37,000 <a href="/wiki/Ducat" title="Ducat">ducats</a> of Spanish money (about £7m by modern standards). Drake also discovered news of another ship, <a href="/wiki/Nuestra_Se%C3%B1ora_de_la_Concepci%C3%B3n" title="Nuestra Señora de la Concepción">Nuestra Señora de la Concepción</a>, which was sailing west towards <a href="/wiki/Manila" title="Manila">Manila</a>. It would come to be called Cacafuego. Drake gave chase and eventually captured the treasure ship, which proved his most profitable capture.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESugden2006-85">[85]</a> Aboard Nuestra Señora de la Concepción, Drake found 36 kilograms (80 lb) of gold, a golden <a href="/wiki/Crucifix" title="Crucifix">crucifix</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gemstone" title="Gemstone">jewels</a>, 13 chests of <a href="/wiki/Spanish_real" title="Spanish real">silver reals</a> and 26,000 kilograms (26 long tons) of silver. Drake was naturally pleased at his good luck in capturing the galleon, and he showed it by dining with the captured ship's officers and gentleman passengers. He offloaded his captives a short time later, and gave each one gifts appropriate to their rank, as well as a letter of <a href="/wiki/Safe_conduct" title="Safe conduct">safe conduct</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESugden2006-85">[85]</a> Drake continued north, raiding more Spanish settlements and ships as he went. His last stop in this phase of the voyage was in the town of Guatulco, where he and his crew stayed from 13 to 16 April, looting provisions and other materials. From here, Drake began to consider how best to return to England.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESugden2006130-86">[86]</a> One possibility was to sail back south, along the Spanish coast, and return to the Atlantic Ocean via the Strait of Magellan (or possibly Cape Horn); this route was ruled out, however, to avoid the dangerous weather near the strait and presumed Spanish resistance all along the coast. This left two possible routes – continue north up the American coast, and return to the Atlantic by the rumored <a href="/wiki/Strait_of_Ani%C3%A1n" title="Strait of Anián">Strait of Anián</a>; or, sail across the Pacific, making for the <a href="/wiki/East_Indies" title="East Indies">East Indies</a>, and from there return to England by completing a circumnavigation of the world.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESugden2006132-87">[87]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Coast_of_California:_Nova_Albion_(1579)">Coast of California: Nova Albion (1579)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Francis_Drake&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Coast of California: Nova Albion (1579)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/New_Albion" title="New Albion">New Albion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Drake_in_California" title="Drake in California">Drake in California</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Drake_CA_1590.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Drake_CA_1590.jpg/250px-Drake_CA_1590.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Drake_CA_1590.jpg/375px-Drake_CA_1590.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Drake_CA_1590.jpg/500px-Drake_CA_1590.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2109" data-file-height="1632" /></a><figcaption>Drake's landing in California, engraving published 1590 by <a href="/wiki/Theodor_de_Bry" title="Theodor de Bry">Theodor de Bry</a></figcaption></figure> In May, Drake's two ships passed the <a href="/wiki/Baja_California_peninsula" title="Baja California peninsula">Baja California peninsula</a> and continued north. Prior to Drake's voyage, the western coast of North America had only been partially explored in 1542 by <a href="/wiki/Juan_Rodr%C3%ADguez_Cabrillo" title="Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo">Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo</a> who sailed for Spain.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> So, intending to avoid further conflict with Spain, Drake navigated north-west of Spanish presence and sought a discreet site at which the crew could prepare for the journey back to England.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESugden2006188-89">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gough1980-90">[90]</a> The northernmost extent of this leg of the expedition has been the subject of much scholarly debate,<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kelsey1990-93">[93]</a> but most sources agree that Drake reached a latitude of at least 48° north before turning back and heading south.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESugden2006133-94">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBawlf2003270-95">[95]</a> On 5 June 1579, the ship briefly made first landfall at what is now South Cove, Cape Arago, just south of <a href="/wiki/Coos_Bay,_Oregon" title="Coos Bay, Oregon">Coos Bay, Oregon</a>, and then sailed southward.<a href="#cite_note-Gough1980-90">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-Morison1986700-96">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> On 17 June, Drake and his crew found a protected cove when they landed on the Pacific coast of what is now Northern California.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> While ashore, he claimed the area for Queen Elizabeth I as Nova Albion or <a href="/wiki/New_Albion" title="New Albion">New Albion</a>. To document and assert his claim, Drake posted an engraved <a href="/wiki/Drake%27s_Plate_of_Brass" title="Drake's Plate of Brass">plate of brass</a> to claim sovereignty for Elizabeth and every successive English monarch. After erecting a fort and tents ashore, the crew laboured for several weeks as they prepared for the circumnavigating voyage ahead by <a href="/wiki/Careening" title="Careening">careening</a> their ship, Golden Hind, to effectively clean and repair the hull.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESugden2006135–137-100">[100]</a> Drake had friendly interactions with the <a href="/wiki/Coast_Miwok" title="Coast Miwok">Coast Miwok</a> and explored the surrounding land by foot. When his ship was ready for the return voyage, Drake and the crew left New Albion on 23 July and paused the journey the next day when anchoring the ship at the <a href="/wiki/Farallon_Islands" title="Farallon Islands">Farallon Islands</a> where they hunted sea lions<a href="#cite_note-Morison1986702-101">[101]</a> or seals.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Across_the_Pacific_and_around_Africa">Across the Pacific and around Africa</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Francis_Drake&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Across the Pacific and around Africa">edit</a>]</div> Drake left the Pacific coast, heading south-west to catch the winds that would carry his ship across the Pacific, and a few months later reached the <a href="/wiki/Maluku_Islands" title="Maluku Islands">Moluccas</a>, a group of islands in the western Pacific, in eastern modern-day <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>. Harry Kelsey maintains, against scholarly consensus, that because of the contrary prevailing winds and currents, it is much more probable that Drake careened his ship on the shore of <a href="/wiki/Magdalena_Bay" title="Magdalena Bay">Magdalena Bay</a> in <a href="/wiki/Baja_California_peninsula" title="Baja California peninsula">Lower California</a>, and sailed to the Moluccas and Spice Islands from there.<a href="#cite_note-Kelsey2016-103">[103]</a> At this time Diego died from wounds he had sustained earlier in the voyage; Golden Hind later became caught on a reef and was almost lost. Afterwards, the sailors waited three days for convenient tides and had dumped cargo. Befriending Sultan <a href="/wiki/Babullah_of_Ternate" title="Babullah of Ternate">Babullah of Ternate</a> in the Moluccas, Drake and his men became involved in some intrigues with the Portuguese there.<a href="#cite_note-Lessa1984-104">[104]</a> He made multiple stops on his way toward the tip of Africa, eventually rounded the <a href="/wiki/Cape_of_Good_Hope" title="Cape of Good Hope">Cape of Good Hope</a>, and reached <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a> by 22 July 1580. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Return_to_Plymouth_(1580)">Return to Plymouth (1580)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Francis_Drake&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Return to Plymouth (1580)">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Francis_Drake_by_Henry_Bone.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Francis_Drake_by_Henry_Bone.jpg/220px-Francis_Drake_by_Henry_Bone.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="278" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Francis_Drake_by_Henry_Bone.jpg/330px-Francis_Drake_by_Henry_Bone.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ec/Francis_Drake_by_Henry_Bone.jpg 2x" data-file-width="335" data-file-height="424" /></a><figcaption>1829 portrait of Drake wearing the <a href="/wiki/Drake_Jewel" title="Drake Jewel">Drake Jewel</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sir_Francis_Drake,_1540-96_RMG_BHC26622.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Sir_Francis_Drake%2C_1540-96_RMG_BHC26622.jpg/220px-Sir_Francis_Drake%2C_1540-96_RMG_BHC26622.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="305" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Sir_Francis_Drake%2C_1540-96_RMG_BHC26622.jpg/330px-Sir_Francis_Drake%2C_1540-96_RMG_BHC26622.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Sir_Francis_Drake%2C_1540-96_RMG_BHC26622.jpg/440px-Sir_Francis_Drake%2C_1540-96_RMG_BHC26622.jpg 2x" data-file-width="923" data-file-height="1280" /></a><figcaption>The Drake Jewel as painted by <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Gheeraerts_the_Younger" title="Marcus Gheeraerts the Younger">Marcus Gheeraerts the Younger</a> in a 1591 portrait of Drake</figcaption></figure> On 26 September 1580, Golden Hind sailed into Plymouth with Drake and 59 remaining crew aboard, along with a rich cargo of spices and captured Spanish treasures. The queen's half-share of the cargo surpassed the rest of the crown's income for that entire year. Drake was hailed as the first Englishman to circumnavigate the Earth, and his was the second such voyage arriving with at least one ship intact, after <a href="/wiki/Elcano" class="mw-redirect" title="Elcano">Elcano</a>'s in 1520.<a href="#cite_note-Shields2010-105">[105]</a> Queen Elizabeth declared that all written accounts of Drake's voyages were to become the queen's secrets of the Realm, and Drake and the other participants of his voyages on the pain of death sworn to their secrecy; she intended to keep Drake's activities hidden from the eyes of rival Spain.<a href="#cite_note-Shields2010-105">[105]</a> Drake presented the queen with a jewel token commemorating the circumnavigation. Taken as a prize off the Pacific coast of Mexico, it was made of enamelled gold and bore an African diamond and a ship with an ebony hull.<a href="#cite_note-Shields2010-105">[105]</a> To show her gratitude the queen gave him the <a href="/wiki/Drake_Jewel" title="Drake Jewel">Drake Jewel</a>, a valuable pendant surrounded by diamonds, rubies and pearls. It was an unusual gift to bestow upon a commoner, and one that Drake wore in a 1591 portrait by <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Gheeraerts_the_Younger" title="Marcus Gheeraerts the Younger">Marcus Gheeraerts</a>. On one side of the pendant is a state portrait of Elizabeth by the miniaturist <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Hilliard" title="Nicholas Hilliard">Nicholas Hilliard</a>, on the other a <a href="/wiki/Sardonyx" class="mw-redirect" title="Sardonyx">sardonyx</a> cameo of double portrait busts, a regal woman and an African male. The Drake Jewel is a rare documented survivor among sixteenth-century jewels; it is conserved at the <a href="/wiki/Victoria_and_Albert_Museum" title="Victoria and Albert Museum">Victoria and Albert Museum</a>, London.<a href="#cite_note-Shields2010-105">[105]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Knighthood_and_arms">Knighthood and arms</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Francis_Drake&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Knighthood and arms">edit</a>]</div> Queen <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_I" title="Elizabeth I">Elizabeth</a> awarded Drake a knighthood aboard Golden Hind in Deptford on 4 April 1581; the <a href="/wiki/Accolade" title="Accolade">dubbing</a> being performed by a French diplomat, Monsieur de Marchaumont, who was negotiating for Elizabeth to marry the King of France's brother, <a href="/wiki/Francis,_Duke_of_Anjou" title="Francis, Duke of Anjou">Francis, Duke of Anjou</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECummins1997127-106">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-Moseley2011-107">[107]</a> By getting the French diplomat involved in the knighting, Elizabeth was gaining the implicit political support of the French for Drake's actions.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> During the Victorian era, in a spirit of nationalism, the story was promoted that Elizabeth I had done the knighting.<a href="#cite_note-Moseley2011-107">[107]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Francis_Drake.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Coat_of_arms_of_Francis_Drake.svg/220px-Coat_of_arms_of_Francis_Drake.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="314" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Coat_of_arms_of_Francis_Drake.svg/330px-Coat_of_arms_of_Francis_Drake.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Coat_of_arms_of_Francis_Drake.svg/440px-Coat_of_arms_of_Francis_Drake.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="734" data-file-height="1047" /></a><figcaption>Sir Francis Drake's new heraldic <a href="/wiki/Achievement_(heraldry)" title="Achievement (heraldry)">achievement</a>, with motto: Sic Parvis Magna<a href="#cite_note-von_Einsiedel2012-111">[111]</a></figcaption></figure> After receiving his knighthood Drake unilaterally adopted the <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms" title="Coat of arms">coat of arms</a> of the ancient Devon family of Drake of Ash, to whom he claimed a distant but unspecified kinship. The right to use the arms was disputed in court<a href="#cite_note-Prince1701-112">[112]</a> so Queen Elizabeth awarded Drake his own coat of arms. Drake's <a href="/wiki/Achievement_(heraldry)" title="Achievement (heraldry)">heraldic achievement</a> and coat of arms contains the motto, Sic Parvis Magna, which means: "Great achievements from small beginnings".<a href="#cite_note-von_Einsiedel2012-111">[111]</a> A hand coming out of the clouds is labelled Auxilio Divino, which means "By divine aid".<a href="#cite_note-Casellas2017-113">[113]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_career">Political career</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Francis_Drake&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Political career">edit</a>]</div> Drake first became a member of parliament for the last session of the 4th Parliament of <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_I" title="Elizabeth I">Elizabeth I</a>,<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> on 16 January 1581, for the constituency of <a href="/wiki/Camelford_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Camelford (UK Parliament constituency)">Camelford</a>. He did not actively participate at this point, and on 17 February 1581 he was granted leave of absence "for certain his necessary business in the service of Her Majesty".<a href="#cite_note-fd_history_parl-115">[115]</a> Drake became the Mayor of <a href="/wiki/Plymouth" title="Plymouth">Plymouth</a> in September 1581.<a href="#cite_note-ODNB04-9">[9]</a> During his tenure, he installed a compass in the town's <a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Hoe" title="Plymouth Hoe">Hoe</a>, and passed a law regulating the local <a href="/wiki/Pilchard" class="mw-redirect" title="Pilchard">pilchard</a> trade.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESugden2006163-116">[116]</a> During his term as lord mayor, Drake contracted to construct a <a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Leat" class="mw-redirect" title="Plymouth Leat">leat</a>, or canal, to bring water from the <a href="/wiki/River_Meavy" title="River Meavy">River Meavy</a>, and to build six new gristmills on it from which he derived a substantial profit.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelsey2000229–230-117">[117]</a> Drake became a member of parliament again in 1584 for <a href="/wiki/Bossiney_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Bossiney (UK Parliament constituency)">Bossiney</a>,<a href="#cite_note-ODNB04-9">[9]</a> on the forming of the 5th Parliament of Elizabeth I.<a href="#cite_note-HistoryofParliament2017-118">[118]</a> He served the duration of the parliament and was active in issues regarding the navy, fishing, early American colonisation, and issues related chiefly to <a href="/wiki/Devon" title="Devon">Devon</a>. He spent the time covered by the next two parliamentary terms engaged in other duties and an expedition to <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-fd_history_parl-115">[115]</a> He became a member of parliament for <a href="/wiki/Plymouth_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Plymouth (UK Parliament constituency)">Plymouth</a> in 1593.<a href="#cite_note-fd_history_parl-115">[115]</a> He was active in issues of interest to Plymouth as a whole, but also to emphasise defence against the Spanish.<a href="#cite_note-fd_history_parl-115">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Great_Expedition_to_America">Great Expedition to America</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Francis_Drake&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Great Expedition to America">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Boazio-Sir_Francis_Drakes_West_Indian_Voyage.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Boazio-Sir_Francis_Drakes_West_Indian_Voyage.jpg/220px-Boazio-Sir_Francis_Drakes_West_Indian_Voyage.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Boazio-Sir_Francis_Drakes_West_Indian_Voyage.jpg/330px-Boazio-Sir_Francis_Drakes_West_Indian_Voyage.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Boazio-Sir_Francis_Drakes_West_Indian_Voyage.jpg/440px-Boazio-Sir_Francis_Drakes_West_Indian_Voyage.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6640" data-file-height="5134" /></a><figcaption>Map of Drake's Great Expedition in 1585 by <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Battista_Boazio" title="Giovanni Battista Boazio">Giovanni Battista Boazio</a></figcaption></figure> War broke out between <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Spanish_War_(1585%E2%80%931604)" title="Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604)">England and Spain</a> in 1585, after the signing of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Nonsuch" title="Treaty of Nonsuch">Treaty of Nonsuch</a>. Queen Elizabeth I, through her principal secretary <a href="/wiki/Francis_Walsingham" title="Francis Walsingham">Francis Walsingham</a>, ordered Sir Francis Drake to lead an expedition to attack the Spanish colonies in a kind of <a href="/wiki/Pre-emptive_strike" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-emptive strike">pre-emptive strike</a>. An expedition left Plymouth in September 1585 with Drake in command of twenty-one ships with 1,800 soldiers under <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Carleill" title="Christopher Carleill">Christopher Carleill</a>. He first attacked <a href="/wiki/Vigo" title="Vigo">Vigo</a> in Spain and held the place for two weeks ransoming supplies.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelsey2000247–249-120">[120]</a> He then <a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Santiago_(1585)" title="Capture of Santiago (1585)">plundered Santiago</a> in the Cape Verde islands after which the fleet then sailed across the Atlantic, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Santo_Domingo_(1586)" title="Battle of Santo Domingo (1586)">sacked the port</a> of <a href="/wiki/Santo_Domingo" title="Santo Domingo">Santo Domingo</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cartagena_de_Indias_(1586)" title="Battle of Cartagena de Indias (1586)">captured the city</a> of <a href="/wiki/Cartagena_de_Indias" class="mw-redirect" title="Cartagena de Indias">Cartagena de Indias</a> in present-day Colombia. At Cartagena, Drake released one hundred Turkish slaves.<a href="#cite_note-Kaufman2017138-121">[121]</a> On 6 June 1586, during the return leg of the voyage, <a href="/wiki/Raid_on_St._Augustine" title="Raid on St. Augustine">he attacked</a> the wooden Spanish fort at <a href="/wiki/St._Augustine,_Florida" title="St. Augustine, Florida">San Agustín</a> in <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Florida" title="Spanish Florida">Spanish Florida</a> and burnt the town to the ground.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESugden2006189–190-122">[122]</a> After the raids he then went on to find Sir <a href="/wiki/Walter_Raleigh" title="Walter Raleigh">Walter Raleigh</a>'s settlement much further north at <a href="/wiki/Roanoke_Colony" title="Roanoke Colony">Roanoke</a> which he replenished and also took back with him all of the original colonists before Sir <a href="/wiki/Richard_Grenville" title="Richard Grenville">Richard Grenville</a> arrived with supplies and more colonists. He finally reached England on 22 July, when he sailed into <a href="/wiki/Portsmouth" title="Portsmouth">Portsmouth</a>, England to a hero's welcome.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESugden2006189–190-122">[122]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Conflict_with_the_Spanish_Armada">Conflict with the Spanish Armada</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Francis_Drake&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Conflict with the Spanish Armada">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:English_Ships_and_the_Spanish_Armada,_August_1588_RMG_BHC0262.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/English_Ships_and_the_Spanish_Armada%2C_August_1588_RMG_BHC0262.jpg/220px-English_Ships_and_the_Spanish_Armada%2C_August_1588_RMG_BHC0262.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/English_Ships_and_the_Spanish_Armada%2C_August_1588_RMG_BHC0262.jpg/330px-English_Ships_and_the_Spanish_Armada%2C_August_1588_RMG_BHC0262.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/English_Ships_and_the_Spanish_Armada%2C_August_1588_RMG_BHC0262.jpg/440px-English_Ships_and_the_Spanish_Armada%2C_August_1588_RMG_BHC0262.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7200" data-file-height="5634" /></a><figcaption>Painting depicting 'English Ships and the Spanish Armada'</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Armada" title="Spanish Armada">Spanish Armada</a></div> In part to prevent future such attacks by English and Dutch privateers against Spanish interests in the Americas, Philip II ordered a planned invasion of England. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cádiz_raid">Cádiz raid</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Francis_Drake&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Cádiz raid">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Singeing_the_King_of_Spain%27s_Beard" title="Singeing the King of Spain's Beard">Singeing the King of Spain's Beard</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:P522_Sir_Francis_Drake._From_the_original_Portrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/P522_Sir_Francis_Drake._From_the_original_Portrait.jpg/220px-P522_Sir_Francis_Drake._From_the_original_Portrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="245" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/P522_Sir_Francis_Drake._From_the_original_Portrait.jpg/330px-P522_Sir_Francis_Drake._From_the_original_Portrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/P522_Sir_Francis_Drake._From_the_original_Portrait.jpg/440px-P522_Sir_Francis_Drake._From_the_original_Portrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1079" data-file-height="1203" /></a><figcaption>Portrait of Drake around 1587, in Cassell's illustrated history of England</figcaption></figure> On 15 March 1587, Drake accepted a new commission with several purposes: to disrupt the shipping routes in order to slow supplies from Italy and <a href="/wiki/Andalucia" class="mw-redirect" title="Andalucia">Andalucia</a> to <a href="/wiki/Lisbon" title="Lisbon">Lisbon</a>, to trouble enemy fleets that were in their home ports, and to capture Spanish ships laden with treasure. Drake was also to confront and attack the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Armada" title="Spanish Armada">Spanish Armada</a> had it already sailed for England. When arriving at <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A1diz" title="Cádiz">Cádiz</a> on 19 April, Drake found the harbour packed with ships and supplies as the Armada was readying and waiting for a fair wind to launch the fleet to attack. In the early hours of the next day, Drake pressed his attack into the inner harbour and inflicted heavy damage. Claims of the exact Spanish ship losses vary: Drake claimed he had sunk 39 ships, while the Spanish admitted the loss of only 24.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESugden2006205–210-123">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhiting198836–38-124">[124]</a> The attack became known as the "singeing of the King's beard" and delayed the Spanish invasion by a year.<a href="#cite_note-Thompson1873-125">[125]</a> Over the next month, Drake patrolled the <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian coasts</a> between <a href="/wiki/Lisbon" title="Lisbon">Lisbon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cape_St._Vincent" title="Cape St. Vincent">Cape St. Vincent</a>, intercepting and destroying ships on the Spanish supply lines. Drake estimated that he had captured around 1,600 to 1,700 tons of barrel staves, enough to make 25,000 to 30,000 barrels (4,000 to 4,800 m3) for containing provisions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKraus1970-67">[67]</a> The expedition resulted in a total profit for England of around £140,000, £18,235 of which went to Drake.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhiting198837-126">[126]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Defeat_of_the_Spanish_Armada">Defeat of the Spanish Armada</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Francis_Drake&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Defeat of the Spanish Armada">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DrakeMonumentTavistock.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/DrakeMonumentTavistock.jpg/220px-DrakeMonumentTavistock.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/DrakeMonumentTavistock.jpg/330px-DrakeMonumentTavistock.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/DrakeMonumentTavistock.jpg/440px-DrakeMonumentTavistock.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>Drake was reportedly playing bowls when first informed about the approach of the Armada.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Loutherbourg-Spanish_Armada.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Loutherbourg-Spanish_Armada.jpg/220px-Loutherbourg-Spanish_Armada.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Loutherbourg-Spanish_Armada.jpg/330px-Loutherbourg-Spanish_Armada.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Loutherbourg-Spanish_Armada.jpg/440px-Loutherbourg-Spanish_Armada.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7200" data-file-height="5539" /></a><figcaption>Eighteenth-century painting of the Spanish Armada, showing fire ships</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vald%C3%A9s_surrenders_to_Francis_Drake_aboard_Revenge.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Vald%C3%A9s_surrenders_to_Francis_Drake_aboard_Revenge.jpg/220px-Vald%C3%A9s_surrenders_to_Francis_Drake_aboard_Revenge.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Vald%C3%A9s_surrenders_to_Francis_Drake_aboard_Revenge.jpg/330px-Vald%C3%A9s_surrenders_to_Francis_Drake_aboard_Revenge.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Vald%C3%A9s_surrenders_to_Francis_Drake_aboard_Revenge.jpg/440px-Vald%C3%A9s_surrenders_to_Francis_Drake_aboard_Revenge.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="645" /></a><figcaption>Admiral Pedro de Valdés surrendering his sword to Francis Drake aboard Revenge during the attack of the Spanish Armada, 1588. Oil on canvas by <a href="/wiki/John_Seymour_Lucas" title="John Seymour Lucas">John Seymour Lucas</a> (1889)</figcaption></figure> The Spanish Armada set sail for England in May 1588, and arrived on the English coast on 29 July, near <a href="/wiki/Cornwall" title="Cornwall">Cornwall</a>. An English fleet consisting of 55 ships set out from Plymouth to confront the Armada, under the command of <a href="/wiki/Charles_Howard,_1st_Earl_of_Nottingham" title="Charles Howard, 1st Earl of Nottingham">Lord Howard of Effingham</a>, with Sir Francis Drake serving as vice admiral, commanding from the galleon <a href="/wiki/English_ship_Revenge_(1577)" title="English ship Revenge (1577)">Revenge</a>. As the English fleet pursued the Armada up the English Channel in closing darkness, Drake broke off and captured the disabled Spanish galleon <a href="/wiki/Spanish_ship_Nuestra_Se%C3%B1ora_del_Rosario_(1587)" title="Spanish ship Nuestra Señora del Rosario (1587)">Nuestra Señora del Rosario</a>, along with Admiral Pedro de Valdés and most of his crew. The Spanish ship was known to be carrying substantial funds to pay the Spanish Armada.<a href="#cite_note-Kendall2022-127">[127]</a> Drake's ship had been leading the English pursuit of the Armada by means of a lantern.<a href="#cite_note-Hughes-Hallett2010-128">[128]</a> By extinguishing this for the capture, Drake put the English fleet into disarray overnight.<a href="#cite_note-Fernández-Armesto1988-129">[129]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Alonso_P%C3%A9rez_de_Guzm%C3%A1n,_7th_Duke_of_Medina_Sidonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Alonso Pérez de Guzmán, 7th Duke of Medina Sidonia">Duke of Medina Sidonia</a>, whom Philip had appointed to command the Armada despite his complete lack of military experience on land or at sea, made his way up the Channel towards the French shore in his flagship San Martín with the English in pursuit, thinking that if he anchored in the <a href="/wiki/Roadstead" title="Roadstead">roadstead</a> of <a href="/wiki/Calais" title="Calais">Calais</a> they would not dare molest the Spanish ships in French waters.<a href="#cite_note-Callender1912-130">[130]</a> A council of war was held aboard Howard's flagship <a href="/wiki/English_ship_Ark_Royal_(1587)" title="English ship Ark Royal (1587)">Ark</a>, where Howard, Drake, Seymour, Hawkins, <a href="/wiki/Martin_Frobisher" title="Martin Frobisher">Martin Frobisher</a>, and two or three others, decided to launch <a href="/wiki/Fire_ships" class="mw-redirect" title="Fire ships">fire ships</a>. That night the English launched eight fire ships into the midst of the Armada at its moorings, forcing its captains to cut their anchors and sail out of Calais into the open sea.<a href="#cite_note-Perrett2012146-131">[131]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Naval_battle_of_Gravelines" class="mw-redirect" title="Naval battle of Gravelines">decisive action</a> was fought the next day on the shoals off <a href="/wiki/Gravelines" title="Gravelines">Gravelines</a>, where Frobisher, Drake, and Hawkins pounded the Spanish ships with their guns. Drake's squadron gave Medina Sidonia's flagship San Martin a single <a href="/wiki/Broadside_(naval)" title="Broadside (naval)">broadside</a> and moved on; Frobisher, directly behind him in the English line, stayed with the San Martin at close range and poured cannon shot into her oaken flanks, but failed to take her.<a href="#cite_note-McDermott2001-132">[132]</a> Five Spanish ships were lost. Drake wrote as follows to Admiral Henry Seymour after coming upon part of the Spanish Armada, whilst aboard <a href="/wiki/English_ship_Revenge_(1577)" title="English ship Revenge (1577)">Revenge</a> on 31 July 1588 (21 July 1588 <a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">OS</a>): <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">The 21st we had them in chase, and so coming up unto them, there hath passed some cannon shot between some of our fleet and some of them, and as far as we perceive they are determined to sell their lives with blows.<a href="#cite_note-Newbolt1925-133">[133]</a></blockquote> The Armada, having failed in their aim, were unable to sail back via the English channel. The English ships, including Revenge, pursued them to prevent any landing on English soil, although by this time most of Howard's ships were almost out of shot. Nevertheless, the battered Spanish fleet were forced to sail instead around the British isles and encountered heavy storms off the coast of Ireland. The fleet eventually limped back to Spanish ports having lost overall some 63 ships and vessels.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhiting1988230–232-134">[134]</a> The most famous (but probably <a href="/wiki/Apocrypha" title="Apocrypha">apocryphal</a>) anecdote about Drake relates that, prior to the battle, he was playing a game of <a href="/wiki/Bowls" title="Bowls">bowls</a> on <a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Hoe" title="Plymouth Hoe">Plymouth Hoe</a>. On being warned of the approach of the Spanish fleet, Drake is said to have remarked that there was plenty of time to finish the game and still beat the Spaniards, perhaps because he was waiting for <a href="/wiki/High_tide" class="mw-redirect" title="High tide">high tide</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Waters1984-135">[135]</a> There is no known eyewitness account of this incident and the earliest retelling of it was printed 37 years later. Adverse winds and currents caused some delay in the launching of the English fleet as the Spanish drew nearer,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelsey2000104-136">[136]</a> perhaps prompting a popular myth of Drake's cavalier attitude to the Spanish threat. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="English_Armada">English Armada</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Francis_Drake&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: English Armada">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/English_Armada" title="English Armada">English Armada</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:320px; border-width: 1px; font-size: 100%; color: #202122;background-color: #ffe4b5;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote center-aligned" style=""> The people of quality dislike him for having risen so high from such a lowly family; the rest say he is the main cause of wars. </blockquote> <div style="padding-bottom: 0;"><cite class="center-aligned" style=""> – Gonzalo González del Castillo, letter to King <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain" title="Philip II of Spain">Philip II</a>, 1592<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECummins19975-137">[137]</a></cite></div> </div> In 1589, the year after the failure of the Spanish Armada, the English sent their own armada to attack Spain. Drake and Norris were given three tasks. First, to destroy the battered Spanish Atlantic fleet, which was being repaired in ports of northern Spain. Second, to make a landing at <a href="/wiki/Lisbon" title="Lisbon">Lisbon</a>, Portugal and raise a revolt there against King Philip II (Philip I of Portugal) installing the pretender Dom <a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio,_Prior_of_Crato" title="António, Prior of Crato">António, Prior of Crato</a> to the Portuguese throne. And, third, to take the <a href="/wiki/Azores" title="Azores">Azores</a> if possible so as to establish a permanent base.<a href="#cite_note-Meyer2011-138">[138]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Coru%C3%B1a" title="Siege of Coruña">siege of Coruña</a>, Drake and Norris destroyed a few ships in the harbour of <a href="/wiki/A_Coru%C3%B1a" title="A Coruña">A Coruña</a> in Spain but were repelled. This defeat in all fronts delayed Drake for two weeks, and he was forced to forgo hunting the rest of the surviving ships and head on to Lisbon.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKraus1970-67">[67]</a> Norris led his army on a difficult march over the rocky coast to Lisbon, while Drake sailed around the peninsula to join Essex with his heavy artillery. Norris's troops were sick and exhausted by the time they reached the western limits of the city, consequently he demanded that Dom António raise provisions and men to fight for his cause from amongst the local populace, or the army would retreat. Drake, against their agreed plans, had anchored his fleet in the mouth of the Tagus estuary, rather than running the risk of sailing past the well-defended stretches of the Tagus to bring the desperately needed heavy cannon and ordnance.<a href="#cite_note-Guy2016-139">[139]</a> The anticipated rebellion never materialised and the ground campaign was a total failure, so Norris, with his army and António, re-embarked to make an attempt at capturing the treasure fleet. The weather was not in their favour so they eventually sailed for home. However, Drake wanted to atone for such a bitter setback and, in order not to return empty-handed and with the morale of his troops sunk, he made a fleeting stop in the Galician <a href="/wiki/R%C3%ADas_Baixas" title="Rías Baixas">rías</a>, or coastal inlets, pillaging the defenceless town of Vigo for two days and razing it to the ground. This abusive demonstration did not leave the corsair unharmed, as he lost hundreds more men on land, in addition to as many as two hundred wounded.<a href="#cite_note-Santos2018-140">[140]</a> The growing defences of the inhabitants, and the arrivals of militias from Portugal, put the ships in retreat again. Two of the vessels sailing back to Plymouth were captured in the <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Biscay" title="Bay of Biscay">Bay of Biscay</a> by a squadron of <a href="/wiki/Zabra" title="Zabra">zabras</a> led by Captain Diego de Aramburu.<a href="#cite_note-González-Rodríguez2002-141">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a> The failure cost the lives of 11,000 English soldiers and sailors, according to Bucholz and Key;<a href="#cite_note-BucholzKey2008-143">[143]</a> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Hutchinson_(historian)" title="Robert Hutchinson (historian)">Robert Hutchinson</a> says between 8,000 and 11,000 died;<a href="#cite_note-Hutchinson2014-144">[144]</a> while Gorrochategui Santos calculates the number at over 20,000.<a href="#cite_note-Santos2018245-145">[145]</a> Upon his return, Drake's behaviour in the expedition was increasingly called into question, culminating in his being charged by <a href="/wiki/Privy_Council_of_England" title="Privy Council of England">England's Privy Council</a> of deliberate failings and a mishandling of his command. Despite never being publicly admonished on these charges,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESugden2006283-146">[146]</a> he nevertheless fell out of favour, and was not given command of another naval expedition until 1595.<a href="#cite_note-Wernham2020-147">[147]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Defeats_and_death">Defeats and death</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Francis_Drake&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Defeats and death">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Drake%27s_Assault_on_Panama" title="Drake's Assault on Panama">Drake's Assault on Panama</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BurialOfDrakeTavistockMonument.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/BurialOfDrakeTavistockMonument.jpg/220px-BurialOfDrakeTavistockMonument.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/BurialOfDrakeTavistockMonument.jpg/330px-BurialOfDrakeTavistockMonument.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/BurialOfDrakeTavistockMonument.jpg/440px-BurialOfDrakeTavistockMonument.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>Drake's burial at sea off <a href="/wiki/Portobelo,_Col%C3%B3n" title="Portobelo, Colón">Portobello</a> (artistic licence - he was in fact buried in a coffin). Bronze plaque by <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Boehm" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph Boehm">Joseph Boehm</a>, 1883, base of Drake statue, Tavistock</figcaption></figure> Drake's seafaring career continued into his mid-fifties. In 1595, he <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Las_Palmas" title="Battle of Las Palmas">failed to conquer</a> the port of <a href="/wiki/Las_Palmas" title="Las Palmas">Las Palmas</a>, and following a disastrous campaign against Spanish America, where he suffered a number of defeats, he unsuccessfully attacked San Juan de Puerto Rico, and lost the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_San_Juan_(1595)" title="Battle of San Juan (1595)">Battle of San Juan</a>. The Spanish gunners from <a href="/wiki/El_Morro_Castle" class="mw-redirect" title="El Morro Castle">El Morro Castle</a> shot a cannonball through his stateroom on the expedition's flagship, but he survived.<a href="#cite_note-Zarzeczny2018-148">[148]</a> He and his second-in-command, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Baskerville_(general)" title="Thomas Baskerville (general)">Thomas Baskerville</a>, captured and burned Nombre de Dios, and started an overland crossing of the isthmus to <a href="/wiki/Drake%27s_Assault_on_Panama" title="Drake's Assault on Panama">attack</a> the city of <a href="/wiki/Panama_City" title="Panama City">Panama</a>, but were repulsed by the well-entrenched Spaniards who had barricaded the road;<a href="#cite_note-Andrews1972-149">[149]</a> suffering heavy casualties, they gave up the attempt.<a href="#cite_note-Marley1998-150">[150]</a> A few weeks later, on 28 January 1596, Drake died (aged about 56) of <a href="/wiki/Dysentery" title="Dysentery">dysentery</a>, a common disease at the time, while anchored off the coast of <a href="/wiki/Portobelo,_Col%C3%B3n" title="Portobelo, Colón">Portobelo</a> where some Spanish treasure ships had sought shelter.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaynarde1849-151">[151]</a><a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhitfield2004149-153">[153]</a> Following his death, the English fleet withdrew defeated.<a href="#cite_note-Kluge2021-154">[154]</a> Before dying, he asked to be dressed in his full armour. He was buried at sea in a sealed lead-lined coffin, near <a href="/wiki/Portobelo,_Col%C3%B3n" title="Portobelo, Colón">Portobelo</a>, a few miles off the coastline. It is supposed that his final resting place is near the wrecks of two British ships, Elizabeth and Delight, scuttled in Portobelo Bay.<a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a> Efforts by researchers and treasure hunters to discover the location of his remains are ongoing,<a href="#cite_note-Zarzeczny2018-148">[148]</a> while divers continue to search the seabed for the coffin.<a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a><a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Family_and_heritage">Family and heritage</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Francis_Drake&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Family and heritage">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Elizabeth_Sydenham_Lady_Drake.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Elizabeth_Sydenham_Lady_Drake.jpg/150px-Elizabeth_Sydenham_Lady_Drake.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Elizabeth_Sydenham_Lady_Drake.jpg/225px-Elizabeth_Sydenham_Lady_Drake.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Elizabeth_Sydenham_Lady_Drake.jpg/300px-Elizabeth_Sydenham_Lady_Drake.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1621" /></a><figcaption>Elizabeth Sydenham Lady Drake</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2018_gb-plymouth-ggd-buckland_abbey_140718_08.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/2018_gb-plymouth-ggd-buckland_abbey_140718_08.jpg/400px-2018_gb-plymouth-ggd-buckland_abbey_140718_08.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/2018_gb-plymouth-ggd-buckland_abbey_140718_08.jpg/600px-2018_gb-plymouth-ggd-buckland_abbey_140718_08.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/2018_gb-plymouth-ggd-buckland_abbey_140718_08.jpg/800px-2018_gb-plymouth-ggd-buckland_abbey_140718_08.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Buckland_Abbey" title="Buckland Abbey">Buckland Abbey</a> in Devon</figcaption></figure> Francis Drake married Mary Newman at <a href="/wiki/St_Budeaux" title="St Budeaux">St Budeaux</a> church near <a href="/wiki/Plymouth" title="Plymouth">Plymouth</a>, on 4 July 1569.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelsey200044-158">[158]</a> She died about 24 January 1583.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelsey2000236-159">[159]</a> In 1585, Drake married Elizabeth Sydenham, born around 1562, the only child of Sir George Sydenham, of <a href="/wiki/Combe_Sydenham" title="Combe Sydenham">Combe Sydenham</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESugden2006174-160">[160]</a> who was the <a href="/wiki/High_Sheriff_of_Somerset" title="High Sheriff of Somerset">High Sheriff of Somerset</a>.<a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a> In 1580, Drake purchased <a href="/wiki/Buckland_Abbey" title="Buckland Abbey">Buckland Abbey</a>, a large manor house near <a href="/wiki/Yelverton,_Devon" title="Yelverton, Devon">Yelverton, Devon</a>, via intermediaries from Sir Richard Grenville. He lived there for fifteen years, until his final voyage, and it remained in his family until 1946.<a href="#cite_note-Gill1984-162">[162]</a> Buckland Abbey is now in the care of the <a href="/wiki/National_Trust_for_Places_of_Historic_Interest_or_Natural_Beauty" class="mw-redirect" title="National Trust for Places of Historic Interest or Natural Beauty">National Trust</a> and a number of mementos of his life are displayed there. His coat of arms and full achievement is depicted in the form of a large, coloured plaster overmantel in the Lifetimes Gallery at Buckland Abbey.<a href="#cite_note-von_Einsiedel2012-111">[111]</a> Drake was one of twelve children. His brother Thomas accompanied him on voyages, and named his son after him. That nephew eventually became <a href="/wiki/Sir_Francis_Drake,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir Francis Drake, 1st Baronet">Sir Francis Drake, 1st Baronet</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FullerEliottDrake1911-163">[163]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy_and_honours">Legacy and honours</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Francis_Drake&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Legacy and honours">edit</a>]</div> Historical sources on Drake's early life are scarce, and tend to be obscure.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelsey200011-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhitfield200413-22">[22]</a> Two common scholarly traditions concerning his life and contributions have resulted.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESugden2012xiii-164">[164]</a> The older tradition can be found in Julian Corbett's biography, Drake and the Tudor Navy (1898) which identifies Drake as the single most important figure in the founding and triumph of the <a href="/wiki/British_navy" class="mw-redirect" title="British navy">British navy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECorbett1898440-165">[165]</a> The alternative approach locates Drake squarely within privateering. The first has tended to laud only his successes, while Sugden writes that the second approach, which emphasises his flaws and failures, has sometimes been less than just.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESugden2012xiv-166">[166]</a> Drake left behind no words of his own, only his actions and their interpretation which, as Peter Whitfield says, "is open to deep disagreement". According to Whitfield, scholarship on Drake has moved "from the hero worship of the Victorians to the cold iconoclasm" of the twenty-first century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhitfield20048–9-167">[167]</a> Drake's will was the focus of an extensive confidence scam which <a href="/wiki/Oscar_Hartzell" title="Oscar Hartzell">Oscar Hartzell</a> perpetrated in the 1920s and 1930s.<a href="#cite_note-Rayner2002-168">[168]</a> <a href="/wiki/Drake%27s_Drum" title="Drake's Drum">Drake's Drum</a> has become an icon of <a href="/wiki/English_folklore" title="English folklore">English folklore</a> with its variation of the classic <a href="/wiki/King_asleep_in_mountain" title="King asleep in mountain">king asleep in mountain</a> story motif. Drake was a major focus in the video game series <a href="/wiki/Uncharted" title="Uncharted">Uncharted</a>, specifically its first and third instalments, <a href="/wiki/Uncharted:_Drake%27s_Fortune" title="Uncharted: Drake's Fortune">Uncharted: Drake's Fortune</a> and <a href="/wiki/Uncharted_3:_Drake%27s_Deception" title="Uncharted 3: Drake's Deception">Uncharted 3: Drake's Deception</a>, respectively. The series follows <a href="/wiki/Nathan_Drake_(Uncharted)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nathan Drake (Uncharted)">Nathan Drake</a>, a self-proclaimed descendant of Drake who retraces his ancestor's voyages.<a href="#cite_note-169">[169]</a> Drake was the subject of a TV series, <a href="/wiki/Sir_Francis_Drake_(TV_series)" title="Sir Francis Drake (TV series)">Sir Francis Drake</a> (1961–1962). <a href="/wiki/Terence_Morgan" title="Terence Morgan">Terence Morgan</a> played Drake in the 26-episode adventure drama. In <a href="/wiki/Valpara%C3%ADso" title="Valparaíso">Valparaíso</a>, Chile, folklore associates a cave known as <a href="/wiki/Cueva_del_Pirata" title="Cueva del Pirata">Cueva del Pirata</a> (lit. "Cave of the Pirate") with Francis Drake. A legend says that when Drake ransacked the port, he was disappointed with the scant plunder, and proceeded to enter the churches in fury to sack them and <a href="/wiki/Desecration" title="Desecration">urinate on</a> the <a href="/wiki/Chalice" title="Chalice">chalices</a>. Supposedly he still found the plunder to be not worth enough to take on board his galleon, and hid it in the cave.<a href="#cite_note-Montecino-Aguirre2015-170">[170]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Geographical_names">Geographical names</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Francis_Drake&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Geographical names">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Drake_Passage" title="Drake Passage">Drake Passage</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Strait" title="Strait">strait</a> connecting the southern <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific Ocean</a>, is named after him. There are various places in the United Kingdom named after him, especially in Plymouth, Devon. Places there carrying his name include <a href="/wiki/Drake%27s_Island" title="Drake's Island">Drake's Island</a>, <a href="/wiki/Drake_Circus_Shopping_Centre" title="Drake Circus Shopping Centre">Drake Circus Shopping Centre</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a> base <a href="/wiki/HMNB_Devonport" title="HMNB Devonport">HMNB Devonport</a> (also known as "HMS Drake").<a href="#cite_note-RoyalNavy2023-171">[171]</a> <a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Hoe" title="Plymouth Hoe">Plymouth Hoe</a> is also home to a statue of Drake.<a href="#cite_note-Kendall2022-127">[127]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Sir_Francis_Drake_Channel" title="Sir Francis Drake Channel">Sir Francis Drake Channel</a> is located in the <a href="/wiki/British_Virgin_Islands" title="British Virgin Islands">British Virgin Islands</a>.<a href="#cite_note-DMAHC1976-172">[172]</a> Various mountains in <a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a> were named in the 1930s for Drake, or in connection with Elizabeth I or other figures of that era, including <a href="/wiki/Mount_Sir_Francis_Drake" title="Mount Sir Francis Drake">Mount Sir Francis Drake</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mount_Queen_Bess" title="Mount Queen Bess">Mount Queen Bess</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Hinde_(mountain)" title="Golden Hinde (mountain)">Golden Hinde</a>, the highest mountain on <a href="/wiki/Vancouver_Island" title="Vancouver Island">Vancouver Island</a>. <a href="/wiki/Fringe_theories_on_the_location_of_New_Albion" title="Fringe theories on the location of New Albion">Fringe theorists</a> suggest he may also have landed to the north of the usual site considered to be <a href="/wiki/Nova_Albion" class="mw-redirect" title="Nova Albion">Nova Albion</a> – among them Canadian Samuel Bawlf, who claims that its true location was on <a href="/wiki/Vancouver_Island" title="Vancouver Island">Vancouver Island</a> at latitude 50 degrees north.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBawlf2003228-173">[173]</a> Several landmarks in northern California were named after Drake, beginning in the late 19th century and continuing into the 20th century. American historian <a href="/wiki/Richard_White_(historian)" title="Richard White (historian)">Richard White</a> posits that these commemorations have origins in <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxonism_in_the_19th_century" title="Anglo-Saxonism in the 19th century">19th-century Anglo-Saxonism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite2020-174">[174]</a> Public scrutiny of these memorials intensified in 2020 after the <a href="/wiki/George_Floyd_protests" title="George Floyd protests">George Floyd protests</a> drew critical attention to <a href="/wiki/List_of_name_changes_due_to_the_George_Floyd_protests" title="List of name changes due to the George Floyd protests">place names</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_monuments_and_memorials_removed_during_the_George_Floyd_protests" title="List of monuments and memorials removed during the George Floyd protests">monuments</a> perceived to be connected to white supremacy, colonialism, or racial injustice. Several California landmarks that commemorated Drake were removed or renamed. Citing Drake's associations with the transatlantic slave trade, colonialism and piracy,<a href="#cite_note-175">[175]</a><a href="#cite_note-176">[176]</a> Sir Francis Drake High School, in <a href="/wiki/San_Anselmo,_California" title="San Anselmo, California">San Anselmo, California</a>, changed its name to <a href="/wiki/Archie_Williams_High_School" title="Archie Williams High School">Archie Williams High School</a>, after former teacher and Olympic athlete <a href="/wiki/Archie_Williams" title="Archie Williams">Archie Williams</a>. A statue of Drake in <a href="/wiki/Larkspur,_California" title="Larkspur, California">Larkspur, California</a> was also removed by the city authorities.<a href="#cite_note-177">[177]</a><a href="#cite_note-178">[178]</a> Multiple jurisdictions in <a href="/wiki/Marin_County,_California" title="Marin County, California">Marin County</a> considered renaming <a href="/wiki/Sir_Francis_Drake_Boulevard" title="Sir Francis Drake Boulevard">Sir Francis Drake Boulevard</a>, one of its major thoroughfares, but left the name intact when they failed to reach a consensus.<a href="#cite_note-Anna_Guth2021-179">[179]</a> In San Francisco, the Sir Francis Drake Hotel was renamed the Beacon Grand Hotel.<a href="#cite_note-180">[180]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 280px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Francis_Drake,_por_un_artista_an%C3%B3nimo.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="This portrait, c. 1581, is at the National Portrait Gallery, London"><img alt="This portrait, c. 1581, is at the National Portrait Gallery, London" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Francis_Drake%2C_por_un_artista_an%C3%B3nimo.jpg/153px-Francis_Drake%2C_por_un_artista_an%C3%B3nimo.jpg" decoding="async" width="153" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Francis_Drake%2C_por_un_artista_an%C3%B3nimo.jpg/229px-Francis_Drake%2C_por_un_artista_an%C3%B3nimo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Francis_Drake%2C_por_un_artista_an%C3%B3nimo.jpg/305px-Francis_Drake%2C_por_un_artista_an%C3%B3nimo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1028" data-file-height="1682" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">This portrait, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1581, is at the <a href="/wiki/National_Portrait_Gallery,_London" title="National Portrait Gallery, London">National Portrait Gallery</a>, London</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 280px;"><a href="/wiki/File:DrakeStatueTavistock.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bronze statue in Tavistock, the parish in which he was born, by Joseph Boehm, 1883"><img alt="Bronze statue in Tavistock, the parish in which he was born, by Joseph Boehm, 1883" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/DrakeStatueTavistock.jpg/158px-DrakeStatueTavistock.jpg" decoding="async" width="158" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/DrakeStatueTavistock.jpg/237px-DrakeStatueTavistock.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/DrakeStatueTavistock.jpg/316px-DrakeStatueTavistock.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1016" data-file-height="1606" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Bronze statue in Tavistock, the parish in which he was born, by <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Boehm" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph Boehm">Joseph Boehm</a>, 1883</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Francis_Drake&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Francis_William_Drake" title="Francis William Drake">Francis William Drake</a> – relative of Sir Francis Drake</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drake%27s_Leat" title="Drake's Leat">Drake's Leat</a> – a water supply for Plymouth, promoted by Drake</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Francis_Drake&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Edmundson2009-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Edmundson2009_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Edmundson2009_1-1">b</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFEdmundson2009" class="citation book cs1">Edmundson, William (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WVjCAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA9">A History of the British Presence in Chile: From Bloody Mary to Charles Darwin and the Decline of British Influence</a>. Springer. p. 9. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0230101210" title="Special:BookSources/978-0230101210"><bdi>978-0230101210</bdi></a>. <q>The fame of his exploits spread to the extent that by the mid-1570s, Philip began to refer to him as Draque, Francisco Draque, El Draque, and even more intimately as El Capitán Francisco. Educated Spaniards called him Francisco Draguez, and Spanish mothers warned their children that if they did not behave, El Draco would come and take them away – a play on words, since el drake in old Spanish means "the dragon", derived from the Latin Draco.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+British+Presence+in+Chile%3A+From+Bloody+Mary+to+Charles+Darwin+and+the+Decline+of+British+Influence&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0230101210&rft.aulast=Edmundson&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWVjCAAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+Drake" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-inflation-US-2"><a href="#cite_ref-inflation-US_2-0">^</a> 1634–1699: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCusker1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_J._McCusker" title="John J. McCusker">McCusker, J. J.</a> (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.americanantiquarian.org/proceedings/44525121.pdf">How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States: Addenda et Corrigenda</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/American_Antiquarian_Society" title="American Antiquarian Society">American Antiquarian Society</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+Much+Is+That+in+Real+Money%3F+A+Historical+Price+Index+for+Use+as+a+Deflator+of+Money+Values+in+the+Economy+of+the+United+States%3A+Addenda+et+Corrigenda&rft.pub=American+Antiquarian+Society&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=McCusker&rft.aufirst=J.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.americanantiquarian.org%2Fproceedings%2F44525121.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+Drake" class="Z3988"> 1700–1799: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCusker1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_J._McCusker" title="John J. McCusker">McCusker, J. J.</a> (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.americanantiquarian.org/proceedings/44517778.pdf">How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/American_Antiquarian_Society" title="American Antiquarian Society">American Antiquarian Society</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+Much+Is+That+in+Real+Money%3F+A+Historical+Price+Index+for+Use+as+a+Deflator+of+Money+Values+in+the+Economy+of+the+United+States&rft.pub=American+Antiquarian+Society&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=McCusker&rft.aufirst=J.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.americanantiquarian.org%2Fproceedings%2F44517778.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+Drake" class="Z3988"> 1800–present: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFederal_Reserve_Bank_of_Minneapolis" class="citation web cs1">Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.minneapolisfed.org/about-us/monetary-policy/inflation-calculator/consumer-price-index-1800-">"Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–"</a>. Retrieved 29 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Consumer+Price+Index+%28estimate%29+1800%E2%80%93&rft.au=Federal+Reserve+Bank+of+Minneapolis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.minneapolisfed.org%2Fabout-us%2Fmonetary-policy%2Finflation-calculator%2Fconsumer-price-index-1800-&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+Drake" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ForbesRank-3"><a href="#cite_ref-ForbesRank_3-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoolsey2008" class="citation web cs1">Woolsey, Matt (19 September 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/2008/09/18/top-earning-pirates-biz-logistics-cx_mw_0919piracy.html">"Top-Earning Pirates"</a>. Forbes.com. <a href="/wiki/Forbes_Magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="Forbes Magazine">Forbes Magazine</a>. Retrieved 5 February 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Forbes.com&rft.atitle=Top-Earning+Pirates&rft.date=2008-09-19&rft.aulast=Woolsey&rft.aufirst=Matt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2F2008%2F09%2F18%2Ftop-earning-pirates-biz-logistics-cx_mw_0919piracy.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+Drake" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelsey20003-4"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelsey20003_4-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKelsey2000">Kelsey 2000</a>, p. 3. </li> <li id="cite_note-Benson1927-5"><a href="#cite_ref-Benson1927_5-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenson1927" class="citation book cs1">Benson, Edward Frederic (1927). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Zc4gAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA6">Sir Francis Drake</a>. Harper & Brothers. p. 6.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sir+Francis+Drake&rft.pages=6&rft.pub=Harper+%26+Brothers&rft.date=1927&rft.aulast=Benson&rft.aufirst=Edward+Frederic&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZc4gAAAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+Drake" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECorbett1898393-6"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECorbett1898393_6-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCorbett1898">Corbett 1898</a>, p. 393. </li> <li id="cite_note-Campbell1841-7"><a href="#cite_ref-Campbell1841_7-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampbell1841" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Campbell_(author)" title="John Campbell (author)">Campbell, John</a> (1841). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SD3M-bWc6a8C&pg=PA104">Lives of the British Admirals and Naval History of Great Britain from the Time of Caesar to the Chinese War of 1841 Chiefly Abridged from the work of Dr. John Campbell</a>. Glasgow: Richard Griffin & Co. p. 104. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0665347566" title="Special:BookSources/978-0665347566"><bdi>978-0665347566</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/12129656">12129656</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151125061454/https://books.google.com/books?id=SD3M-bWc6a8C&pg=PA104">Archived</a> from the original on 25 November 2015. Retrieved 30 August 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lives+of+the+British+Admirals+and+Naval+History+of+Great+Britain+from+the+Time+of+Caesar+to+the+Chinese+War+of+1841+Chiefly+Abridged+from+the+work+of+Dr.+John+Campbell&rft.place=Glasgow&rft.pages=104&rft.pub=Richard+Griffin+%26+Co&rft.date=1841&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F12129656&rft.isbn=978-0665347566&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSD3M-bWc6a8C%26pg%3DPA104&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+Drake" class="Z3988"> Direct quote is followed by "this carries back his birth to 1544, at which time the six articles were in force, and Francis Russell was seventeen years of age." </li> <li id="cite_note-DNB1921-8"><a href="#cite_ref-DNB1921_8-0">^</a> 1921/22 edition of the <a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Dictionary of National Biography</a>, which quotes <a href="/wiki/John_Barrow_(English_statesman)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Barrow (English statesman)">Barrow</a>'s Life of Drake (1843) p. 5. </li> <li id="cite_note-ODNB04-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB04_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB04_9-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB04_9-2">c</a> <a href="/wiki/George_Malcolm_Thomson_(1899%E2%80%931996)" class="mw-redirect" title="George Malcolm Thomson (1899–1996)">Thomson, George Malcolm</a> (1972), 'Sir Francis Drake', William Morrow & Company Inc. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0436520495" title="Special:BookSources/978-0436520495">978-0436520495</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Froude1896-10"><a href="#cite_ref-Froude1896_10-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFroude1896" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Anthony_Froude" title="James Anthony Froude">Froude, James Anthony</a> (1896). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/englishseamenins00frou/page/n8">English Seamen in the Sixteenth Century</a>. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=English+Seamen+in+the+Sixteenth+Century&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Charles+Scribner%27s+Sons&rft.date=1896&rft.aulast=Froude&rft.aufirst=James+Anthony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fenglishseamenins00frou%2Fpage%2Fn8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+Drake" class="Z3988"> Quote: "He told <a href="/wiki/William_Camden" title="William Camden">Camden</a> that he was of mean extraction. He meant merely that he was proud of his parents and made no idle pretensions to noble birth. His father was a tenant of the <a href="/wiki/John_Russell,_1st_Earl_of_Bedford" title="John Russell, 1st Earl of Bedford">Earl of Bedford</a>, and must have stood well with him, for Francis Russell, the heir of the earldom, was the boy's godfather." </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhitfield200412-11"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhitfield200412_11-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWhitfield2004">Whitfield 2004</a>, p. 12. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELoades2007-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELoades2007_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELoades2007_12-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFLoades2007">Loades 2007</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelsey200011-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelsey200011_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelsey200011_13-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFKelsey2000">Kelsey 2000</a>, p. 11. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESugden20068–9-14"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESugden20068–9_14-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSugden2006">Sugden (2006)</a>, pp. 8–9. </li> <li id="cite_note-Best2021-15"><a href="#cite_ref-Best2021_15-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBest2021" class="citation book cs1">Best, Brian (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Qv0hEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA45">Elizabeth's Sea Dogs and their War Against Spain</a>. Frontline Books. p. 45. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1526782885" title="Special:BookSources/978-1526782885"><bdi>978-1526782885</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Elizabeth%27s+Sea+Dogs+and+their+War+Against+Spain&rft.pages=45&rft.pub=Frontline+Books&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-1526782885&rft.aulast=Best&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQv0hEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA45&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+Drake" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhitfield200420-16"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhitfield200420_16-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWhitfield2004">Whitfield 2004</a>, p. 20. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhitfield200421-17">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhitfield200421_17-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhitfield200421_17-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhitfield200421_17-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhitfield200421_17-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFWhitfield2004">Whitfield 2004</a>, p. 21. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhitfield200417-18"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhitfield200417_18-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWhitfield2004">Whitfield 2004</a>, p. 17. </li> <li id="cite_note-RoyalMuseumsGreenwich2023-19">^ <a href="#cite_ref-RoyalMuseumsGreenwich2023_19-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-RoyalMuseumsGreenwich2023_19-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rmg.co.uk/stories/topics/john-hawkins-admiral-privateer-slave-trader">"John Hawkins | Admiral, Privateer, Slave Trader"</a>. www.rmg.co.uk. Royal Museums Greenwich. Retrieved 19 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.rmg.co.uk&rft.atitle=John+Hawkins+%7C+Admiral%2C+Privateer%2C+Slave+Trader&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rmg.co.uk%2Fstories%2Ftopics%2Fjohn-hawkins-admiral-privateer-slave-trader&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+Drake" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sauer1975-20">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sauer1975_20-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sauer1975_20-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSauer1975" class="citation book cs1">Sauer, Carl Ortwin (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EWXU6sjN9ZUC&pg=PA235">Sixteenth Century North America: The Land and the People as Seen by the Europeans</a>. University of California Press. p. 235. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0520027770" title="Special:BookSources/978-0520027770"><bdi>978-0520027770</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sixteenth+Century+North+America%3A+The+Land+and+the+People+as+Seen+by+the+Europeans&rft.pages=235&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=978-0520027770&rft.aulast=Sauer&rft.aufirst=Carl+Ortwin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEWXU6sjN9ZUC%26pg%3DPA235&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+Drake" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bradford2014-21"><a href="#cite_ref-Bradford2014_21-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBradford2014" class="citation book cs1">Bradford, Ernle (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bbAfAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT22">Drake: England's Greatest Seafarer</a>. Open Road Media. p. 22. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1497617155" title="Special:BookSources/978-1497617155"><bdi>978-1497617155</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Drake%3A+England%27s+Greatest+Seafarer&rft.pages=22&rft.pub=Open+Road+Media&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1497617155&rft.aulast=Bradford&rft.aufirst=Ernle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbbAfAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT22&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+Drake" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhitfield200413-22">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhitfield200413_22-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhitfield200413_22-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFWhitfield2004">Whitfield 2004</a>, p. 13. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelsey200011–13-23"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelsey200011–13_23-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKelsey2000">Kelsey 2000</a>, pp. 11–13. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESugden20069-24"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESugden20069_24-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSugden2006">Sugden (2006)</a>, p. 9. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelsey200043-25">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelsey200043_25-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelsey200043_25-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFKelsey2000">Kelsey 2000</a>, p. 43. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELane201529-26"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELane201529_26-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLane2015">Lane 2015</a>, p. 29. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESugden200619–22-27"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESugden200619–22_27-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSugden2006">Sugden (2006)</a>, pp. 19–22. </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenezet1788" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Benezet" title="Anthony Benezet">Benezet, Anthony</a> (1788). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/somehistoricalac1788bene/page/n6">Some historical account of Guinea, : its situation, produce, and the general disposition of its inhabitants, with an inquiry into the rise and progress of the slave trade, its nature and lamentable effects</a>. London: J. Phillips. p. 49.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Some+historical+account+of+Guinea%2C+%3A+its+situation%2C+produce%2C+and+the+general+disposition+of+its+inhabitants%2C+with+an+inquiry+into+the+rise+and+progress+of+the+slave+trade%2C+its+nature+and+lamentable+effects&rft.place=London&rft.pages=49&rft.pub=J.+Phillips&rft.date=1788&rft.aulast=Benezet&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsomehistoricalac1788bene%2Fpage%2Fn6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+Drake" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelsey200032-29"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelsey200032_29-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKelsey2000">Kelsey 2000</a>, p. 32. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhitfield200422-30"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhitfield200422_30-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWhitfield2004">Whitfield 2004</a>, p. 22. </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrickrodt2006" class="citation journal cs1">Strickrodt, Silke (1 February 2006). "The British Transatlantic Slave Trade (4 vols.)". The English Historical Review. CXXI (490): 226–230. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fehr%2Fcej026">10.1093/ehr/cej026</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+English+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=The+British+Transatlantic+Slave+Trade+%284+vols.%29&rft.volume=CXXI&rft.issue=490&rft.pages=226-230&rft.date=2006-02-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fehr%2Fcej026&rft.aulast=Strickrodt&rft.aufirst=Silke&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+Drake" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Childs2009-32"><a href="#cite_ref-Childs2009_32-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChilds2009" class="citation book cs1">Childs, David (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Qe_RAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA83">Tudor Sea Power: The Foundation of Greatness</a>. Seaforth Publishing. p. 83. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1848320314" title="Special:BookSources/978-1848320314"><bdi>978-1848320314</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tudor+Sea+Power%3A+The+Foundation+of+Greatness&rft.pages=83&rft.pub=Seaforth+Publishing&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1848320314&rft.aulast=Childs&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQe_RAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA83&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+Drake" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESugden201237-33"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESugden201237_33-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSugden2012">Sugden 2012</a>, p. 37. </li> <li id="cite_note-RobertsRobertsBisson2016-34"><a href="#cite_ref-RobertsRobertsBisson2016_34-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobertsRobertsBisson2016" class="citation book cs1">Roberts, Clayton; Roberts, F. David; Bisson, Douglas (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=C4uTDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA175">A History of England, Volume 1: Prehistory to 1714</a>. Routledge. p. 175. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1315510002" title="Special:BookSources/978-1315510002"><bdi>978-1315510002</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+England%2C+Volume+1%3A+Prehistory+to+1714&rft.pages=175&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1315510002&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=Clayton&rft.au=Roberts%2C+F.+David&rft.au=Bisson%2C+Douglas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DC4uTDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA175&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+Drake" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESugden201236-35"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESugden201236_35-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSugden2012">Sugden 2012</a>, p. 36. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhitfield200424-36"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhitfield200424_36-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWhitfield2004">Whitfield 2004</a>, p. 24. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhitfield200425-37"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhitfield200425_37-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWhitfield2004">Whitfield 2004</a>, p. 25. </li> <li id="cite_note-Sims2022-38"><a href="#cite_ref-Sims2022_38-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSims2022" class="citation book cs1">Sims, Jennifer E. (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/book/44620/chapter-abstract/378612109">"Gaining Decision Advantage in the Anglo-Spanish War"</a>. Decision Advantage: Intelligence in International Politics from the Spanish Armada to Cyberwar. pp. 51–C3.P124. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foso%2F9780197508046.003.0003">10.1093/oso/9780197508046.003.0003</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0197508077" title="Special:BookSources/978-0197508077"><bdi>978-0197508077</bdi></a>. <q>Hawkins's motives, like Drake's, went back to that Spanish deceit in the Mexican port of San Juan de Ulúa.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Gaining+Decision+Advantage+in+the+Anglo-Spanish+War&rft.btitle=Decision+Advantage%3A+Intelligence+in+International+Politics+from+the+Spanish+Armada+to+Cyberwar&rft.pages=51-C3.P124&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Foso%2F9780197508046.003.0003&rft.isbn=978-0197508077&rft.aulast=Sims&rft.aufirst=Jennifer+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facademic.oup.com%2Fbook%2F44620%2Fchapter-abstract%2F378612109&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+Drake" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Morgan2007-39"><a href="#cite_ref-Morgan2007_39-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorgan2007" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Morgan, Basil (4 October 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/display/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-12672">"Hawkins, Sir John (1532–1595), merchant and naval commander"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a> (online ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F12672">10.1093/ref:odnb/12672</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hawkins%2C+Sir+John+%281532%E2%80%931595%29%2C+merchant+and+naval+commander&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2007-10-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F12672&rft.aulast=Morgan&rft.aufirst=Basil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxforddnb.com%2Fdisplay%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F9780198614128.001.0001%2Fodnb-9780198614128-e-12672&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+Drake" class="Z3988"> (Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESugden200626-40"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESugden200626_40-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSugden2006">Sugden 2006</a>, p. 26. </li> <li id="cite_note-Sauer1966-41"><a href="#cite_ref-Sauer1966_41-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSauer1966" class="citation book cs1">Sauer, Carl Ortwin (1966). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=H6IimGc3OqIC&pg=PA2">The Early Spanish Main</a>. University of California Press. pp. 2–4. <q>Tierra Firme continued to be the common name for the south side of the Caribbean. It was translated into English as the Spanish Main, the ports of which were raided by English ships.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Early+Spanish+Main&rft.pages=2-4&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1966&rft.aulast=Sauer&rft.aufirst=Carl+Ortwin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DH6IimGc3OqIC%26pg%3DPA2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+Drake" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dean2014-42"><a href="#cite_ref-Dean2014_42-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDean2014" class="citation book cs1">Dean, James Seay (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MUMTDQAAQBAJ&pg=PT89">Sea Dogs: Life Aboard an English Galleon</a>. The History Press. p. 89. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0750957380" title="Special:BookSources/978-0750957380"><bdi>978-0750957380</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sea+Dogs%3A+Life+Aboard+an+English+Galleon&rft.pages=89&rft.pub=The+History+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0750957380&rft.aulast=Dean&rft.aufirst=James+Seay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMUMTDQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT89&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+Drake" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhitfield200429-43"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhitfield200429_43-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWhitfield2004">Whitfield 2004</a>, p. 29. </li> <li id="cite_note-Lindsay2014-44"><a href="#cite_ref-Lindsay2014_44-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLindsay2014" class="citation book cs1">Lindsay, Ivan (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TsG7BAAAQBAJ&pg=PA17-IA44">The History of Loot and Stolen Art: from Antiquity until the Present Day</a>. Andrews UK Limited. p. 17. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1906509576" title="Special:BookSources/978-1906509576"><bdi>978-1906509576</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Loot+and+Stolen+Art%3A+from+Antiquity+until+the+Present+Day&rft.pages=17&rft.pub=Andrews+UK+Limited&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1906509576&rft.aulast=Lindsay&rft.aufirst=Ivan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTsG7BAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA17-IA44&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+Drake" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Laviña2020-45"><a href="#cite_ref-Laviña2020_45-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaviña2020" class="citation book cs1">Laviña, Javier (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BO_cDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA183">"Atlantization and the First Failed Slavery: Panama from the Sixteenth to the Seventeenth Century"</a>. In Tomich, Dale W. (ed.). Atlantic Transformations: Empire, Politics, and Slavery during the Nineteenth Century. State University of New York Press. pp. 183–184. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1438477862" title="Special:BookSources/978-1438477862"><bdi>978-1438477862</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Atlantization+and+the+First+Failed+Slavery%3A+Panama+from+the+Sixteenth+to+the+Seventeenth+Century&rft.btitle=Atlantic+Transformations%3A+Empire%2C+Politics%2C+and+Slavery+during+the+Nineteenth+Century&rft.pages=183-184&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1438477862&rft.aulast=Lavi%C3%B1a&rft.aufirst=Javier&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBO_cDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA183&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+Drake" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schwaller2021-46"><a href="#cite_ref-Schwaller2021_46-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchwaller2021" class="citation book cs1">Schwaller, Robert C. (2021). Schwaller, Robert C. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZlkmEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA103">African Maroons in Sixteenth-Century Panama: A History in Documents</a>. University of Oklahoma Press. p. 103. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0806176765" title="Special:BookSources/978-0806176765"><bdi>978-0806176765</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=African+Maroons+in+Sixteenth-Century+Panama%3A+A+History+in+Documents&rft.pages=103&rft.pub=University+of+Oklahoma+Press&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-0806176765&rft.aulast=Schwaller&rft.aufirst=Robert+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZlkmEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA103&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+Drake" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kaufman2017-47">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kaufman2017_47-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kaufman2017_47-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaufmann2017" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Miranda_Kaufmann" title="Miranda Kaufmann">Kaufmann, Miranda</a> (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7D-9DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT74">Black Tudors: The Untold Story</a>. Simon and Schuster. pp. 74–75. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1786071859" title="Special:BookSources/978-1786071859"><bdi>978-1786071859</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Black+Tudors%3A+The+Untold+Story&rft.pages=74-75&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1786071859&rft.aulast=Kaufmann&rft.aufirst=Miranda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7D-9DwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT74&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+Drake" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESugden200672–73-48">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESugden200672–73_48-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESugden200672–73_48-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSugden2006">Sugden (2006)</a>, pp. 72–73. </li> <li id="cite_note-Rodger2004-49"><a href="#cite_ref-Rodger2004_49-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRodger2004" class="citation book cs1">Rodger, N. A. M. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FNKKupCv4VwC&pg=PR73">The Safeguard of the Sea: A Naval History of Britain 660–1649</a>. Penguin UK. p. lxxxiii. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0141912578" title="Special:BookSources/978-0141912578"><bdi>978-0141912578</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Safeguard+of+the+Sea%3A+A+Naval+History+of+Britain+660%E2%80%931649&rft.pages=lxxxiii&rft.pub=Penguin+UK&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0141912578&rft.aulast=Rodger&rft.aufirst=N.+A.+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFNKKupCv4VwC%26pg%3DPR73&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+Drake" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Marley2008-50"><a href="#cite_ref-Marley2008_50-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarley2008" class="citation book cs1">Marley, David (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DkgGVTOr2EsC&pg=PA103">Wars of the Americas: A Chronology of Armed Conflict in the Western Hemisphere, 1492 to the Present</a>. ABC-CLIO. pp. 103–104. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1598841008" title="Special:BookSources/978-1598841008"><bdi>978-1598841008</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wars+of+the+Americas%3A+A+Chronology+of+Armed+Conflict+in+the+Western+Hemisphere%2C+1492+to+the+Present&rft.pages=103-104&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1598841008&rft.aulast=Marley&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDkgGVTOr2EsC%26pg%3DPA103&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+Drake" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Konstam2011-51"><a href="#cite_ref-Konstam2011_51-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKonstam2011" class="citation book cs1">Konstam, Angus (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UKyHCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT29">The Great Expedition: Sir Francis Drake on the Spanish Main 1585–86</a>. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 29. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1780962337" title="Special:BookSources/978-1780962337"><bdi>978-1780962337</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+Expedition%3A+Sir+Francis+Drake+on+the+Spanish+Main+1585%E2%80%9386&rft.pages=29&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1780962337&rft.aulast=Konstam&rft.aufirst=Angus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUKyHCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+Drake" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Little2010-52"><a href="#cite_ref-Little2010_52-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLittle2010" class="citation book cs1">Little, Benerson (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dD-HBxNLkdsC&pg=PA59">How History's Greatest Pirates Pillaged, Plundered, and Got Away With It: The Stories, Techniques, and Tactics of the Most Feared Sea Rovers from 1500–1800</a>. Quarto Publishing Group USA. pp. 59–60. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1610595001" title="Special:BookSources/978-1610595001"><bdi>978-1610595001</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+History%27s+Greatest+Pirates+Pillaged%2C+Plundered%2C+and+Got+Away+With+It%3A+The+Stories%2C+Techniques%2C+and+Tactics+of+the+Most+Feared+Sea+Rovers+from+1500%E2%80%931800&rft.pages=59-60&rft.pub=Quarto+Publishing+Group+USA&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1610595001&rft.aulast=Little&rft.aufirst=Benerson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdD-HBxNLkdsC%26pg%3DPA59&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+Drake" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Best202152-53">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Best202152_53-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Best202152_53-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBest2021" class="citation book cs1">Best, Brian (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Qv0hEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA52">Elizabeth's Sea Dogs and their War Against Spain</a>. Frontline Books. p. 52. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1526782885" title="Special:BookSources/978-1526782885"><bdi>978-1526782885</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Elizabeth%27s+Sea+Dogs+and+their+War+Against+Spain&rft.pages=52&rft.pub=Frontline+Books&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-1526782885&rft.aulast=Best&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQv0hEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA52&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+Drake" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Herman2005-54"><a href="#cite_ref-Herman2005_54-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerman2005" class="citation book cs1">Herman, Arthur (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dF2W7BAo4x0C&pg=PA59">To Rule the Waves: How the British Navy Shaped the Modern World</a>. Harper Collins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0060534257" title="Special:BookSources/978-0060534257"><bdi>978-0060534257</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=To+Rule+the+Waves%3A+How+the+British+Navy+Shaped+the+Modern+World&rft.pub=Harper+Collins&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0060534257&rft.aulast=Herman&rft.aufirst=Arthur&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdF2W7BAo4x0C%26pg%3DPA59&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+Drake" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESugden200675-55"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESugden200675_55-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSugden2006">Sugden (2006)</a>, p. 75. </li> <li id="cite_note-Bradford201448-56"><a href="#cite_ref-Bradford201448_56-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBradford2014" class="citation book cs1">Bradford, Ernle (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bbAfAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT48">Drake: England's Greatest Seafarer</a>. Open Road Media. pp. 48–49. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1497617155" title="Special:BookSources/978-1497617155"><bdi>978-1497617155</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Drake%3A+England%27s+Greatest+Seafarer&rft.pages=48-49&rft.pub=Open+Road+Media&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1497617155&rft.aulast=Bradford&rft.aufirst=Ernle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbbAfAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT48&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+Drake" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bradford201444-57"><a href="#cite_ref-Bradford201444_57-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBradford2014" class="citation book cs1">Bradford, Ernle (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bbAfAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT44">Drake: England's Greatest Seafarer</a>. Open Road Media. pp. 44–45. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1497617155" title="Special:BookSources/978-1497617155"><bdi>978-1497617155</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Drake%3A+England%27s+Greatest+Seafarer&rft.pages=44-45&rft.pub=Open+Road+Media&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1497617155&rft.aulast=Bradford&rft.aufirst=Ernle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbbAfAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT44&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+Drake" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Morison1986-58"><a href="#cite_ref-Morison1986_58-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorison1986" class="citation book cs1">Morison, Samuel Eliot (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JnotvLHX80gC&pg=PA675">The Great Explorers: The European Discovery of America</a>. Oxford University Press. p. 675. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0195042221" title="Special:BookSources/978-0195042221"><bdi>978-0195042221</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+Explorers%3A+The+European+Discovery+of+America&rft.pages=675&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0195042221&rft.aulast=Morison&rft.aufirst=Samuel+Eliot&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJnotvLHX80gC%26pg%3DPA675&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+Drake" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECummins1997287-59"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECummins1997287_59-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCummins1997">Cummins 1997</a>, p. 287. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECummins1997273-60"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECummins1997273_60-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCummins1997">Cummins 1997</a>, p. 273. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESugden200685-61"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESugden200685_61-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSugden2006">Sugden 2006</a>, p. 85. </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFForde1923" class="citation book cs1">Forde, Hugh (1923). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.libraryireland.com/sketches/toc.php">Sketches Of Olden Days in Northern Ireland: Including Portrush, Dunluce Castle, Dunseverick Castle, Ballycastle, Giant's Causeway, Rathlin Island, Coleraine, Derry, Inishowen, Tory Island</a>. Belfast: MC'aw, Stevenson and Orr Ltd. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190616133647/https://www.libraryireland.com/sketches/toc.php">Archived</a> from the original on 16 June 2019. Retrieved 16 June 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sketches+Of+Olden+Days+in+Northern+Ireland%3A+Including+Portrush%2C+Dunluce+Castle%2C+Dunseverick+Castle%2C+Ballycastle%2C+Giant%27s+Causeway%2C+Rathlin+Island%2C+Coleraine%2C+Derry%2C+Inishowen%2C+Tory+Island&rft.place=Belfast&rft.pub=MC%27aw%2C+Stevenson+and+Orr+Ltd&rft.date=1923&rft.aulast=Forde&rft.aufirst=Hugh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.libraryireland.com%2Fsketches%2Ftoc.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+Drake" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bradley1999-63"><a href="#cite_ref-Bradley1999_63-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBradley1999" class="citation book cs1">Bradley, Peter T. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hfL2AMHsJXEC&pg=PA348">British Maritime Enterprise in the New World: From the Late Fifteenth to the Mid-eighteenth Century</a>. Edwin Mellen. p. 348. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0773478664" title="Special:BookSources/978-0773478664"><bdi>978-0773478664</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=British+Maritime+Enterprise+in+the+New+World%3A+From+the+Late+Fifteenth+to+the+Mid-eighteenth+Century&rft.pages=348&rft.pub=Edwin+Mellen&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0773478664&rft.aulast=Bradley&rft.aufirst=Peter+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhfL2AMHsJXEC%26pg%3DPA348&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+Drake" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-KinneySwainHillLong2000-64"><a href="#cite_ref-KinneySwainHillLong2000_64-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAppleby2000" class="citation book cs1">Appleby, John C. (2000). Kinney, Arthur F.; Swain, David W.; Hill, Eugene D.; Long, William A. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nHasAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA307">Tudor England: An Encyclopedia</a>. Routledge. p. 307. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1136745300" title="Special:BookSources/978-1136745300"><bdi>978-1136745300</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tudor+England%3A+An+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=307&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1136745300&rft.aulast=Appleby&rft.aufirst=John+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnHasAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA307&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+Drake" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Parry1984-65"><a href="#cite_ref-Parry1984_65-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParry1984" class="citation book cs1">Parry, John H. (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tPJVxZu8btoC&pg=PA3">"Drake and the World Encompassed"</a>. In Thrower, Norman J.W. (ed.). Sir Francis Drake and the Famous Voyage, 1577–1580: Essays Commemorating the Quadricentennial of Drake's Circumnavigation of the Earth. University of California Press. pp. 3–4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0520048768" title="Special:BookSources/978-0520048768"><bdi>978-0520048768</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Drake+and+the+World+Encompassed&rft.btitle=Sir+Francis+Drake+and+the+Famous+Voyage%2C+1577%E2%80%931580%3A+Essays+Commemorating+the+Quadricentennial+of+Drake%27s+Circumnavigation+of+the+Earth&rft.pages=3-4&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0520048768&rft.aulast=Parry&rft.aufirst=John+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtPJVxZu8btoC%26pg%3DPA3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+Drake" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Black2019-66"><a href="#cite_ref-Black2019_66-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlack2019" class="citation book cs1">Black, Jeremy (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Lx7UDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT145">England in the Age of Shakespeare</a>. Indiana University Press. p. 145. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0253042323" title="Special:BookSources/978-0253042323"><bdi>978-0253042323</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=England+in+the+Age+of+Shakespeare&rft.pages=145&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-0253042323&rft.aulast=Black&rft.aufirst=Jeremy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLx7UDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT145&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+Drake" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKraus1970-67">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKraus1970_67-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKraus1970_67-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKraus1970_67-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFKraus1970">Kraus 1970</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESugden2006102-68"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESugden2006102_68-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSugden2006">Sugden (2006)</a>, p. 102. </li> <li id="cite_note-Best202157-69"><a href="#cite_ref-Best202157_69-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBest2021" class="citation book cs1">Best, Brian (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Qv0hEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA57">Elizabeth's Sea Dogs and their War Against Spain</a>. Frontline Books. p. 57. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1526782885" title="Special:BookSources/978-1526782885"><bdi>978-1526782885</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Elizabeth%27s+Sea+Dogs+and+their+War+Against+Spain&rft.pages=57&rft.pub=Frontline+Books&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-1526782885&rft.aulast=Best&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQv0hEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA57&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+Drake" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Moreno-Madrid&Salomoni2022-70"><a href="#cite_ref-Moreno-Madrid&Salomoni2022_70-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoreno_MadridSalomoni2022" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Moreno Madrid, José María; Salomoni, David (2 January 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00822884.2022.2048246">"Nuno Da Silva's Third Relation : An Unknown Report on Francis Drake's Voyage (1577–1580)"</a>. Terrae Incognitae (in English and Spanish). 54 (1): 68. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00822884.2022.2048246">10.1080/00822884.2022.2048246</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:247908624">247908624</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Terrae+Incognitae&rft.atitle=Nuno+Da+Silva%27s+Third+Relation+%3A+An+Unknown+Report+on+Francis+Drake%27s+Voyage+%281577%E2%80%931580%29&rft.volume=54&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=68&rft.date=2022-01-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00822884.2022.2048246&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A247908624%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Moreno+Madrid&rft.aufirst=Jos%C3%A9+Mar%C3%ADa&rft.au=Salomoni%2C+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%252F00822884.2022.2048246&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+Drake" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelsey2000104–106-71"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelsey2000104–106_71-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKelsey2000">Kelsey 2000</a>, pp. 104–106. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECoote2005133-72"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoote2005133_72-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCoote2005">Coote 2005</a>, p. 133. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelsey2000109-73"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelsey2000109_73-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKelsey2000">Kelsey 2000</a>, p. 109. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarrow1843[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidzo0xAQAAMAAJpgPA102_102]-74"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarrow1843[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidzo0xAQAAMAAJpgPA102_102]_74-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarrow1843">Barrow (1843)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zo0xAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA102">102</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Hampden1972-75"><a href="#cite_ref-Hampden1972_75-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHampden1972" class="citation book cs1">Hampden, John (1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zmNnAAAAMAAJ&q=%22holy%20repast%22">Francis Drake, Privateer: Contemporary Narratives and Documents</a>. Eyre Methuen Limited. p. 150. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0413284303" title="Special:BookSources/978-0413284303"><bdi>978-0413284303</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Francis+Drake%2C+Privateer%3A+Contemporary+Narratives+and+Documents&rft.pages=150&rft.pub=Eyre+Methuen+Limited&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=978-0413284303&rft.aulast=Hampden&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzmNnAAAAMAAJ%26q%3D%2522holy%2520repast%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+Drake" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESugden2006143-76"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESugden2006143_76-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSugden2006">Sugden (2006)</a>, p. 143. </li> <li id="cite_note-MontanezUrbina2019-77"><a href="#cite_ref-MontanezUrbina2019_77-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMontanez-SanabriaUrbina_Carasco2019" class="citation book cs1">Montanez-Sanabria, Elizabeth; Urbina Carasco, María Ximena (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vCy7DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA727">"The Spanish Empire's Southernmost Frontiers: From Arauco to the Strait of Magellan"</a>. In Rojo, Danna A. Levin; Radding, Cynthia (eds.). The Oxford Handbook of Borderlands of the Iberian World. Oxford University Press. p. 727. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0197507704" title="Special:BookSources/978-0197507704"><bdi>978-0197507704</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Spanish+Empire%27s+Southernmost+Frontiers%3A+From+Arauco+to+the+Strait+of+Magellan&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Borderlands+of+the+Iberian+World&rft.pages=727&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-0197507704&rft.aulast=Montanez-Sanabria&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rft.au=Urbina+Carasco%2C+Mar%C3%ADa+Ximena&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvCy7DwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA727&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+Drake" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wagner2006-78"><a href="#cite_ref-Wagner2006_78-0">^</a> Wagner, Henry R., Sir Francis Drake's Voyage Around the World: Its Aims and Achievements, Kessinger Publishing, LLC, 2006, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1428622551" title="Special:BookSources/1428622551">1428622551</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Martinic1977-79"><a href="#cite_ref-Martinic1977_79-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartinic1977" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Mateo_Martinic" title="Mateo Martinic">Martinic, Mateo</a> (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.memoriachilena.cl/602/w3-article-10441.html">Historia del Estrecho de Magallanes</a> (in Spanish). Santiago: Andrés Bello. pp. 67–68. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160315073421/http://www.memoriachilena.cl/602/w3-article-10441.html">Archived</a> from the original on 15 March 2016. Retrieved 28 January 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historia+del+Estrecho+de+Magallanes&rft.place=Santiago&rft.pages=67-68&rft.pub=Andr%C3%A9s+Bello&rft.date=1977&rft.aulast=Martinic&rft.aufirst=Mateo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.memoriachilena.cl%2F602%2Fw3-article-10441.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+Drake" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Martinic2019-80"><a href="#cite_ref-Martinic2019_80-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartinic_B.2019" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Mateo_Martinic" title="Mateo Martinic">Martinic B., Mateo</a> (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4067%2FS0718-22442019000100005">"Entre el mito y la realidad. La situación de la misteriosa Isla Elizabeth de Francis Drake"</a> [Between myth and reality. The situation of the mysterious Elizabeth Island of Francis Drake]. Magallania (in Spanish). 47 (1): 5–14. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4067%2FS0718-22442019000100005">10.4067/S0718-22442019000100005</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Magallania&rft.atitle=Entre+el+mito+y+la+realidad.+La+situaci%C3%B3n+de+la+misteriosa+Isla+Elizabeth+de+Francis+Drake&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=5-14&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4067%2FS0718-22442019000100005&rft.aulast=Martinic+B.&rft.aufirst=Mateo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.4067%252FS0718-22442019000100005&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+Drake" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelsey2000135-81"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelsey2000135_81-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKelsey2000">Kelsey 2000</a>, p. 135. </li> <li id="cite_note-Kaufman201767-82"><a href="#cite_ref-Kaufman201767_82-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaufmann2017" class="citation book cs1">Kaufmann, Miranda (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7D-9DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT67">Black Tudors: The Untold Story</a>. Simon and Schuster. p. 67. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1786071859" title="Special:BookSources/978-1786071859"><bdi>978-1786071859</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Black+Tudors%3A+The+Untold+Story&rft.pages=67&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1786071859&rft.aulast=Kaufmann&rft.aufirst=Miranda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7D-9DwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT67&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+Drake" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Orich2005-83"><a href="#cite_ref-Orich2005_83-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCortés_Olivares2005" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Cortés Olivares, Hernán F (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4067%2FS0718-23762005000200005">"El origen, producción y comercio del pisco chileno, 1546–1931"</a> [The origin, production and trade of Chilean pisco, 1546–1931]. Universum (in Spanish). 20 (2). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4067%2FS0718-23762005000200005">10.4067/S0718-23762005000200005</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Universum&rft.atitle=El+origen%2C+producci%C3%B3n+y+comercio+del+pisco+chileno%2C+1546%E2%80%931931&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=2&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4067%2FS0718-23762005000200005&rft.aulast=Cort%C3%A9s+Olivares&rft.aufirst=Hern%C3%A1n+F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.4067%252FS0718-23762005000200005&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+Drake" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lévi_Alvarès1849-84"><a href="#cite_ref-Lévi_Alvarès1849_84-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLévi_Alvarès1849" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Lévi Alvarès, David Eugène (1849). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uNprdVMuHQoC&pg=PA76">Manual de la historia de los pueblos antiguos i modernos; obra elemental para el estudio de la historia ... Traducida por D. F. Sarmiento</a> (in Spanish). p. 76. <q>Sir Francis Drake tomó en Valparaiso un navío cargado con vino i 60,000 pesos; los habitantes que eran solo nueve familias abandonaron la poblacion i los. Ingleses saquearon a Valparaiso. English: "Sir Francis Drake took in Valparaiso a ship loaded with wine and 60,000 pesos; the English sacked Valparaiso, whose inhabitants, only nine families, had abandoned the town.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Manual+de+la+historia+de+los+pueblos+antiguos+i+modernos%3B+obra+elemental+para+el+estudio+de+la+historia+...+Traducida+por+D.+F.+Sarmiento&rft.pages=76&rft.date=1849&rft.aulast=L%C3%A9vi+Alvar%C3%A8s&rft.aufirst=David+Eug%C3%A8ne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuNprdVMuHQoC%26pg%3DPA76&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+Drake" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESugden2006-85">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESugden2006_85-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESugden2006_85-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSugden2006">Sugden (2006)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESugden2006130-86"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESugden2006130_86-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSugden2006">Sugden 2006</a>, p. 130. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESugden2006132-87"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESugden2006132_87-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSugden2006">Sugden 2006</a>, p. 132. </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavis2013" class="citation cs2">Davis, Loren; et al. (November 2013), "Inventory and Analysis of Coastal and Submerged Archaeological Site Occurrence on the Pacific Outer Continental Shelf", U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Ocean Energy Management: 188</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=U.S.+Department+of+the+Interior%2C+Bureau+of+Ocean+Energy+Management&rft.atitle=Inventory+and+Analysis+of+Coastal+and+Submerged+Archaeological+Site+Occurrence+on+the+Pacific+Outer+Continental+Shelf&rft.pages=188&rft.date=2013-11&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=Loren&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+Drake" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESugden2006188-89"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESugden2006188_89-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSugden2006">Sugden (2006)</a>, p. 188. </li> <li id="cite_note-Gough1980-90">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gough1980_90-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gough1980_90-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGough1980" class="citation book cs1">Gough, Barry M. (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/distantdominionb0000goug">Distant Dominion : Britain and the Northwest Coast of North America, 1579–1809</a>. Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press. p. 15. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0774801133" title="Special:BookSources/978-0774801133"><bdi>978-0774801133</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Distant+Dominion+%3A+Britain+and+the+Northwest+Coast+of+North+America%2C+1579%E2%80%931809&rft.pages=15&rft.pub=Vancouver%3A+University+of+British+Columbia+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-0774801133&rft.aulast=Gough&rft.aufirst=Barry+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdistantdominionb0000goug&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+Drake" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeddie2017" class="citation web cs1">Keddie, Grant (20 June 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230327172658/https://staff.royalbcmuseum.bc.ca/2017/06/20/francis-drake-on-the-northwest-coast-of-america-introductory-notes-part-1/">"Francis Drake on the Northwest Coast of America. Introductory Notes. Part 1"</a>. Royal BC Museum. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://staff.royalbcmuseum.bc.ca/2017/06/20/francis-drake-on-the-northwest-coast-of-america-introductory-notes-part-1/">the original</a> on 27 March 2023. Retrieved 27 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Royal+BC+Museum&rft.atitle=Francis+Drake+on+the+Northwest+Coast+of+America.+Introductory+Notes.+Part+1.&rft.date=2017-06-20&rft.aulast=Keddie&rft.aufirst=Grant&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstaff.royalbcmuseum.bc.ca%2F2017%2F06%2F20%2Ffrancis-drake-on-the-northwest-coast-of-america-introductory-notes-part-1%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+Drake" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220220204553/https://lib-dbserver.princeton.edu/visual_materials/maps/websites/pacific/drake/drake.html">"Sir Francis Drake, 1540?–1596"</a>. Princeton Library. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lib-dbserver.princeton.edu/visual_materials/maps/websites/pacific/drake/drake.html">the original</a> on 20 February 2022. Retrieved 27 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Princeton+Library&rft.atitle=Sir+Francis+Drake%2C+1540%3F%E2%80%931596&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flib-dbserver.princeton.edu%2Fvisual_materials%2Fmaps%2Fwebsites%2Fpacific%2Fdrake%2Fdrake.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+Drake" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kelsey1990-93"><a href="#cite_ref-Kelsey1990_93-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKelsey1990" class="citation journal cs1">Kelsey, Harry (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/969250">"Did Francis Drake Really Visit California?"</a>. The Western Historical Quarterly. 21 (4): 445–462. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F969250">10.2307/969250</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0043-3810">0043-3810</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/969250">969250</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Western+Historical+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Did+Francis+Drake+Really+Visit+California%3F&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=445-462&rft.date=1990&rft.issn=0043-3810&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F969250%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F969250&rft.aulast=Kelsey&rft.aufirst=Harry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F969250&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+Drake" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESugden2006133-94"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESugden2006133_94-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSugden2006">Sugden 2006</a>, p. 133. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBawlf2003270-95"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBawlf2003270_95-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBawlf2003">Bawlf 2003</a>, p. 270. </li> <li id="cite_note-Morison1986700-96"><a href="#cite_ref-Morison1986700_96-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorison1986" class="citation book cs1">Morison, Samuel Eliot (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JnotvLHX80gC&pg=PA700">The Great Explorers: The European Discovery of America</a>. Oxford University Press. p. 700. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0195042221" title="Special:BookSources/978-0195042221"><bdi>978-0195042221</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+Explorers%3A+The+European+Discovery+of+America&rft.pages=700&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0195042221&rft.aulast=Morison&rft.aufirst=Samuel+Eliot&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJnotvLHX80gC%26pg%3DPA700&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+Drake" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCassels2003" class="citation journal cs1">Cassels, Simon (January 2003). "Where Did Drake Careen The Golden Hind in June/July 1579? A Mariner's Assessment". The Mariner's Mirror. 89 (3): 263. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00253359.2003.10659292">10.1080/00253359.2003.10659292</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:161710358">161710358</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Mariner%27s+Mirror&rft.atitle=Where+Did+Drake+Careen+The+Golden+Hind+in+June%2FJuly+1579%3F+A+Mariner%27s+Assessment&rft.volume=89&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=263&rft.date=2003-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00253359.2003.10659292&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A161710358%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Cassels&rft.aufirst=Simon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+Drake" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCassels2003" class="citation journal cs1">Cassels, Sir Simon (1 January 2003). "Where Did Drake Careen the Golden Hind in June/July 1579? A Mariner's Assessment". The Mariner's Mirror. 89 (3): 260–271. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00253359.2003.10659292">10.1080/00253359.2003.10659292</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:161710358">161710358</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Mariner%27s+Mirror&rft.atitle=Where+Did+Drake+Careen+the+Golden+Hind+in+June%2FJuly+1579%3F+A+Mariner%27s+Assessment&rft.volume=89&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=260-271&rft.date=2003-01-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00253359.2003.10659292&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A161710358%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Cassels&rft.aufirst=Sir+Simon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+Drake" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGough1980" class="citation book cs1">Gough, Barry (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/distantdominionb0000goug">Distant Dominion: Britain and the Northwest Coast of North America, 1579–1809</a>. Vancouver: Univ. of British Columbia Press. p. 15. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0774801131" title="Special:BookSources/0774801131"><bdi>0774801131</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Distant+Dominion%3A+Britain+and+the+Northwest+Coast+of+North+America%2C+1579%E2%80%931809&rft.place=Vancouver&rft.pages=15&rft.pub=Univ.+of+British+Columbia+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=0774801131&rft.aulast=Gough&rft.aufirst=Barry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdistantdominionb0000goug&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+Drake" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESugden2006135–137-100"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESugden2006135–137_100-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSugden2006">Sugden (2006)</a>, pp. 135–137. </li> <li id="cite_note-Morison1986702-101"><a href="#cite_ref-Morison1986702_101-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorison1986" class="citation book cs1">Morison, Samuel Eliot (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JnotvLHX80gC&pg=PA716">The Great Explorers: The European Discovery of America</a>. Oxford University Press. p. 716. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0195042221" title="Special:BookSources/978-0195042221"><bdi>978-0195042221</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+Explorers%3A+The+European+Discovery+of+America&rft.pages=716&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0195042221&rft.aulast=Morison&rft.aufirst=Samuel+Eliot&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJnotvLHX80gC%26pg%3DPA716&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+Drake" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRickBrajeWakeSanchez2019" class="citation journal cs1">Rick, Torben; Braje, Todd; Wake, Thomas; Sanchez, Gabriel; DeLong, Robert; Lightfoot, Kent (3 July 2019). "Seventy Years of Archaeological Research on California's Farallon Islands". California Archaeology. 11 (2): 183–203. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F1947461X.2019.1652043">10.1080/1947461X.2019.1652043</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:210268051">210268051</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=California+Archaeology&rft.atitle=Seventy+Years+of+Archaeological+Research+on+California%27s+Farallon+Islands&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=183-203&rft.date=2019-07-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F1947461X.2019.1652043&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A210268051%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Rick&rft.aufirst=Torben&rft.au=Braje%2C+Todd&rft.au=Wake%2C+Thomas&rft.au=Sanchez%2C+Gabriel&rft.au=DeLong%2C+Robert&rft.au=Lightfoot%2C+Kent&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+Drake" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kelsey2016-103"><a href="#cite_ref-Kelsey2016_103-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKelsey2016" class="citation book cs1">Kelsey, Harry (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=b3tJDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA131">The First Circumnavigators: Unsung Heroes of the Age of Discovery</a>. Yale University Press. pp. 131–132. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0300217780" title="Special:BookSources/978-0300217780"><bdi>978-0300217780</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+First+Circumnavigators%3A+Unsung+Heroes+of+the+Age+of+Discovery&rft.pages=131-132&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0300217780&rft.aulast=Kelsey&rft.aufirst=Harry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Db3tJDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA131&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+Drake" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lessa1984-104"><a href="#cite_ref-Lessa1984_104-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLessa1984" class="citation book cs1">Lessa (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tPJVxZu8btoC&pg=PA70">"Drake in the South Seas"</a>. 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Oieahc.wm.edu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100611163003/http://oieahc.wm.edu/uncommon/118/drake.cfm">Archived</a> from the original on 11 June 2010. Retrieved 25 February 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Drake+Jewel&rft.pub=Oieahc.wm.edu&rft.aulast=Shields&rft.aufirst=David+S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foieahc.wm.edu%2Funcommon%2F118%2Fdrake.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+Drake" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECummins1997127-106"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECummins1997127_106-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCummins1997">Cummins 1997</a>, p. 127. </li> <li id="cite_note-Moseley2011-107">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Moseley2011_107-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Moseley2011_107-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoseley2011" class="citation web cs1">Moseley, Brian (26 February 2011) [2004]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120401142540/http://www.plymouthdata.info/PP-Drake.htm">"Sir Francis Drake (c. 1541–1596)"</a>. The Encyclopaedia of Plymouth History. Plymouthdata.info. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.plymouthdata.info/PP-Drake.htm">the original</a> on 1 April 2012. Retrieved 12 February 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Encyclopaedia+of+Plymouth+History&rft.atitle=Sir+Francis+Drake+%28c.+1541%E2%80%931596%29&rft.date=2011-02-26&rft.aulast=Moseley&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.plymouthdata.info%2FPP-Drake.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+Drake" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHazard2000" class="citation book cs1">Hazard, Mary E. (August 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wtFtcD-u6YoC&pg=PA251">Elizabethan silent language</a>. U of Nebraska Press. p. 251. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0803223974" title="Special:BookSources/978-0803223974"><bdi>978-0803223974</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151130092216/https://books.google.com/books?id=wtFtcD-u6YoC&pg=PA251">Archived</a> from the original on 30 November 2015. Retrieved 23 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Elizabethan+silent+language&rft.pages=251&rft.pub=U+of+Nebraska+Press&rft.date=2000-08&rft.isbn=978-0803223974&rft.aulast=Hazard&rft.aufirst=Mary+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwtFtcD-u6YoC%26pg%3DPA251&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+Drake" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerry1990" class="citation book cs1">Perry, Maria (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ifnFBjfo1UIC&pg=PA182">The Word of a Prince: A Life of Elizabeth I from Contemporary Documents</a>. Boydell Press. p. 182. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0851156330" title="Special:BookSources/978-0851156330"><bdi>978-0851156330</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201112061723/https://books.google.com/books?id=ifnFBjfo1UIC&pg=PA182">Archived</a> from the original on 12 November 2020. Retrieved 23 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Word+of+a+Prince%3A+A+Life+of+Elizabeth+I+from+Contemporary+Documents&rft.pages=182&rft.pub=Boydell+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0851156330&rft.aulast=Perry&rft.aufirst=Maria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DifnFBjfo1UIC%26pg%3DPA182&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+Drake" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHakluyt1970" class="citation book cs1">Hakluyt, Richard (1970). The Tudor Venturers. London: The Folio Society Ltd. p. 166. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1443704709" title="Special:BookSources/1443704709"><bdi>1443704709</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Tudor+Venturers&rft.place=London&rft.pages=166&rft.pub=The+Folio+Society+Ltd.&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=1443704709&rft.aulast=Hakluyt&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+Drake" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-von_Einsiedel2012-111">^ <a href="#cite_ref-von_Einsiedel2012_111-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-von_Einsiedel2012_111-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-von_Einsiedel2012_111-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvon_Einsiedel" class="citation web cs1">von Einsiedel, Andreas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationaltrustimages.org.uk/image/169478">"Image details"</a>. National Trust Images. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120903192626/http://www.nationaltrustimages.org.uk/image/169478">Archived</a> from the original on 3 September 2012. Retrieved 25 October 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Image+details&rft.pub=National+Trust+Images&rft.aulast=von+Einsiedel&rft.aufirst=Andreas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationaltrustimages.org.uk%2Fimage%2F169478&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+Drake" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Prince1701-112"><a href="#cite_ref-Prince1701_112-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrince1810" class="citation book cs1">Prince, John (1810) [1701]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/danmoniioriental00prin">Danmonii orientales illustres: or, The worthies of Devon</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/danmoniioriental00prin/page/329">329</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Danmonii+orientales+illustres%3A+or%2C+The+worthies+of+Devon&rft.pages=329&rft.date=1810&rft.aulast=Prince&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdanmoniioriental00prin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+Drake" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Casellas2017-113"><a href="#cite_ref-Casellas2017_113-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCasellas2017" class="citation journal cs1">Casellas, Jesus Lopez-Pelaez (1 September 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CA528075191&sid=googleScholar&v=2.1&it=r&linkaccess=abs&issn=16546970&p=AONE&sw=w&userGroupName=anon%7E1116187b">"Meaning and trade in some early modern Spanish and English emblems"</a>. Nordic Journal of English Studies. 16 (3): 1–37. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.35360%2Fnjes.410">10.35360/njes.410</a>. <q>Furthermore, soon after that she granted him a coat of arms which showed a ship on a globe guided by the Divine Hand of Providence above an open visor, resting on a shield bearing the two pole stars divided by the sea: over, the motto auxilio divino, underneath: sic parvis magna (Great achievements from small beginnings). More explicit than previous emblems in its endorsement of protocapitalistic ventures, Whitney's "Auxilio divino" (By divine aid, see fig. 8), emblem 203 in his Choice of Emblems, was composed "in praise of Francis Drake.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nordic+Journal+of+English+Studies&rft.atitle=Meaning+and+trade+in+some+early+modern+Spanish+and+English+emblems&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=1-37&rft.date=2017-09-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.35360%2Fnjes.410&rft.aulast=Casellas&rft.aufirst=Jesus+Lopez-Pelaez&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgo.gale.com%2Fps%2Fi.do%3Fid%3DGALE%257CA528075191%26sid%3DgoogleScholar%26v%3D2.1%26it%3Dr%26linkaccess%3Dabs%26issn%3D16546970%26p%3DAONE%26sw%3Dw%26userGroupName%3Danon%257E1116187b&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+Drake" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1558-1603/parliament/1572">"1572"</a>. History of Parliament. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170729050636/http://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1558-1603/parliament/1572">Archived</a> from the original on 29 July 2017. Retrieved 28 July 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=History+of+Parliament.&rft.atitle=1572&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historyofparliamentonline.org%2Fvolume%2F1558-1603%2Fparliament%2F1572&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+Drake" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-fd_history_parl-115">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fd_history_parl_115-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-fd_history_parl_115-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-fd_history_parl_115-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-fd_history_parl_115-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHasler" class="citation web cs1">Hasler, P W. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1558-1603/member/drake-francis-1540-96">"Drake, Francis"</a>. History of Parliament. The History of Parliament Trust. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170729003854/http://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1558-1603/member/drake-francis-1540-96">Archived</a> from the original on 29 July 2017. Retrieved 28 July 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=History+of+Parliament&rft.atitle=Drake%2C+Francis&rft.aulast=Hasler&rft.aufirst=P+W&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historyofparliamentonline.org%2Fvolume%2F1558-1603%2Fmember%2Fdrake-francis-1540-96&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+Drake" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESugden2006163-116"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESugden2006163_116-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSugden2006">Sugden 2006</a>, p. 163. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelsey2000229–230-117"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelsey2000229–230_117-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKelsey2000">Kelsey 2000</a>, pp. 229–230. </li> <li id="cite_note-HistoryofParliament2017-118"><a href="#cite_ref-HistoryofParliament2017_118-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1558-1603/parliament/1584">"1584"</a>. History of Parliament. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170729050840/http://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1558-1603/parliament/1584">Archived</a> from the original on 29 July 2017. Retrieved 28 July 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=History+of+Parliament&rft.atitle=1584&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historyofparliamentonline.org%2Fvolume%2F1558-1603%2Fparliament%2F1584&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+Drake" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrews2016" class="citation web cs1">Andrews, Evan (4 April 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.com/news/10-things-you-may-not-know-about-francis-drake">"10 Things You May Not Know About Francis Drake"</a>. <a href="/wiki/History_(U.S._TV_network)" class="mw-redirect" title="History (U.S. TV network)">History</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170729015226/http://www.history.com/news/10-things-you-may-not-know-about-francis-drake">Archived</a> from the original on 29 July 2017. Retrieved 28 July 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=History&rft.atitle=10+Things+You+May+Not+Know+About+Francis+Drake&rft.date=2016-04-04&rft.aulast=Andrews&rft.aufirst=Evan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.com%2Fnews%2F10-things-you-may-not-know-about-francis-drake&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+Drake" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelsey2000247–249-120"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelsey2000247–249_120-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKelsey2000">Kelsey 2000</a>, pp. 247–249. </li> <li id="cite_note-Kaufman2017138-121"><a href="#cite_ref-Kaufman2017138_121-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaufmann2017" class="citation book cs1">Kaufmann, Miranda (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7D-9DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT138">Black Tudors: The Untold Story</a>. Simon and Schuster. p. 138. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1786071859" title="Special:BookSources/978-1786071859"><bdi>978-1786071859</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Black+Tudors%3A+The+Untold+Story&rft.pages=138&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1786071859&rft.aulast=Kaufmann&rft.aufirst=Miranda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7D-9DwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT138&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+Drake" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESugden2006189–190-122">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESugden2006189–190_122-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESugden2006189–190_122-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSugden2006">Sugden (2006)</a>, pp. 189–190. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESugden2006205–210-123"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESugden2006205–210_123-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSugden2006">Sugden (2006)</a>, pp. 205–210. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhiting198836–38-124"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhiting198836–38_124-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWhiting1988">Whiting 1988</a>, pp. 36–38. </li> <li id="cite_note-Thompson1873-125"><a href="#cite_ref-Thompson1873_125-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThompson1873" class="citation book cs1">Thompson, Edith (1873). <a href="/wiki/Edward_Augustus_Freeman" title="Edward Augustus Freeman">Freeman, Edward Augustus</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofengland01thom">History of England</a>. Freeman's Historical Course for Schools. New York: Henry Holt and Company. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofengland01thom/page/136">136</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+England&rft.place=New+York&rft.series=Freeman%27s+Historical+Course+for+Schools&rft.pages=136&rft.pub=Henry+Holt+and+Company&rft.date=1873&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.aufirst=Edith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofengland01thom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+Drake" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhiting198837-126"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhiting198837_126-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWhiting1988">Whiting 1988</a>, p. 37. </li> <li id="cite_note-Kendall2022-127">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kendall2022_127-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kendall2022_127-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKendall2022" class="citation book cs1">Kendall, Paul (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=T-yKEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA204">Queen Elizabeth I: Life and Legacy of the Virgin Queen</a>. Frontline Books. pp. 204–205. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1399018388" title="Special:BookSources/978-1399018388"><bdi>978-1399018388</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Queen+Elizabeth+I%3A+Life+and+Legacy+of+the+Virgin+Queen&rft.pages=204-205&rft.pub=Frontline+Books&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-1399018388&rft.aulast=Kendall&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DT-yKEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA204&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+Drake" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hughes-Hallett2010-128"><a href="#cite_ref-Hughes-Hallett2010_128-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHughes-Hallett2010" class="citation book cs1">Hughes-Hallett, Lucy (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qsDm5hjMcBsC&pg=PT352">Heroes: A History of Hero Worship</a>. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. pp. 352–353. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0307485908" title="Special:BookSources/978-0307485908"><bdi>978-0307485908</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Heroes%3A+A+History+of+Hero+Worship&rft.pages=352-353&rft.pub=Knopf+Doubleday+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0307485908&rft.aulast=Hughes-Hallett&rft.aufirst=Lucy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqsDm5hjMcBsC%26pg%3DPT352&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+Drake" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fernández-Armesto1988-129"><a href="#cite_ref-Fernández-Armesto1988_129-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFernández-Armesto1988" class="citation book cs1">Fernández-Armesto, Felipe (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BWZnAAAAMAAJ&q=%22show%20a%20lantern%22%20%22guide%20the%20rest%22">The Spanish Armada: The Experience of War in 1588</a>. Oxford University Press. p. 177. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0198229261" title="Special:BookSources/978-0198229261"><bdi>978-0198229261</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Spanish+Armada%3A+The+Experience+of+War+in+1588&rft.pages=177&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0198229261&rft.aulast=Fern%C3%A1ndez-Armesto&rft.aufirst=Felipe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBWZnAAAAMAAJ%26q%3D%2522show%2520a%2520lantern%2522%2520%2522guide%2520the%2520rest%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+Drake" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Callender1912-130"><a href="#cite_ref-Callender1912_130-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCallender1912" class="citation book cs1">Callender, Geoffrey (1912). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tigyAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA79">Sea Kings of Britain: Hawkins. Drake. Howard. Grenville. Blake</a>. Longmans, Green, and Company. pp. 79–81.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sea+Kings+of+Britain%3A+Hawkins.+Drake.+Howard.+Grenville.+Blake&rft.pages=79-81&rft.pub=Longmans%2C+Green%2C+and+Company&rft.date=1912&rft.aulast=Callender&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtigyAQAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA79&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+Drake" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Perrett2012146-131"><a href="#cite_ref-Perrett2012146_131-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBryan_Perrett2012" class="citation book cs1">Bryan Perrett (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Cew3AgAAQBAJ&pg=PT146">The Changing Face Of Battle</a>. Orion Publishing Group. p. 146. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1780225258" title="Special:BookSources/978-1780225258"><bdi>978-1780225258</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Changing+Face+Of+Battle&rft.pages=146&rft.pub=Orion+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1780225258&rft.au=Bryan+Perrett&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCew3AgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT146&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+Drake" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-McDermott2001-132"><a href="#cite_ref-McDermott2001_132-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcDermott2001" class="citation book cs1">McDermott, James (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YeMcPYIKNYUC&pg=PA363">Martin Frobisher: Elizabethan Privateer</a>. Yale University Press. p. 363. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0300083804" title="Special:BookSources/978-0300083804"><bdi>978-0300083804</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Martin+Frobisher%3A+Elizabethan+Privateer&rft.pages=363&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0300083804&rft.aulast=McDermott&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYeMcPYIKNYUC%26pg%3DPA363&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+Drake" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Newbolt1925-133"><a href="#cite_ref-Newbolt1925_133-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNewbolt1925" class="citation book cs1">Newbolt, Sir Henry John (1925). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KzfPAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA70">Sea-life in English Literature from the Fourteenth to the Nineteenth Century</a>. T. Nelson & Sons, Limited.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sea-life+in+English+Literature+from+the+Fourteenth+to+the+Nineteenth+Century&rft.pub=T.+Nelson+%26+Sons%2C+Limited&rft.date=1925&rft.aulast=Newbolt&rft.aufirst=Sir+Henry+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKzfPAAAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA70&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+Drake" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhiting1988230–232-134"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhiting1988230–232_134-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWhiting1988">Whiting 1988</a>, pp. 230–232. </li> <li id="cite_note-Waters1984-135"><a href="#cite_ref-Waters1984_135-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaters1984" class="citation book cs1">Waters, David W. (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tPJVxZu8btoC&pg=PA17">"Elizabethan Navigation"</a>. In Thrower, Norman J.W. (ed.). Sir Francis Drake and the Famous Voyage, 1577–1580: Essays Commemorating the Quadricentennial of Drake's Circumnavigation of the Earth. University of California Press. p. 17. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0520048768" title="Special:BookSources/978-0520048768"><bdi>978-0520048768</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Elizabethan+Navigation&rft.btitle=Sir+Francis+Drake+and+the+Famous+Voyage%2C+1577%E2%80%931580%3A+Essays+Commemorating+the+Quadricentennial+of+Drake%27s+Circumnavigation+of+the+Earth&rft.pages=17&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0520048768&rft.aulast=Waters&rft.aufirst=David+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtPJVxZu8btoC%26pg%3DPA17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+Drake" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelsey2000104-136"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelsey2000104_136-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKelsey2000">Kelsey 2000</a>, p. 104. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECummins19975-137"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECummins19975_137-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCummins1997">Cummins 1997</a>, p. 5. </li> <li id="cite_note-Meyer2011-138"><a href="#cite_ref-Meyer2011_138-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeyer2011" class="citation book cs1">Meyer, G. 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Penguin. pp. 132–133. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1101609019" title="Special:BookSources/978-1101609019"><bdi>978-1101609019</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Elizabeth%3A+The+Later+Years&rft.pages=132-133&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1101609019&rft.aulast=Guy&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVGdYCgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA132&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+Drake" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Santos2018-140"><a href="#cite_ref-Santos2018_140-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSantos2018" class="citation book cs1">Santos, Luis Gorrochategui (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=w-JDDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA231">The English Armada: The Greatest Naval Disaster in English History</a>. Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 231–233. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1350016996" title="Special:BookSources/978-1350016996"><bdi>978-1350016996</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+English+Armada%3A+The+Greatest+Naval+Disaster+in+English+History&rft.pages=231-233&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1350016996&rft.aulast=Santos&rft.aufirst=Luis+Gorrochategui&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dw-JDDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA231&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+Drake" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-González-Rodríguez2002-141"><a href="#cite_ref-González-Rodríguez2002_141-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGonzález-Rodríguez2002" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">González-Rodríguez, Agustín Ramón (19 September 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://repositorioinstitucional.ceu.es/handle/10637/1416">"Una derrota de Drake ante Lisboa"</a>. Circulo Naval Español (in Spanish): 252.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Circulo+Naval+Espa%C3%B1ol&rft.atitle=Una+derrota+de+Drake+ante+Lisboa.&rft.pages=252&rft.date=2002-09-19&rft.aulast=Gonz%C3%A1lez-Rodr%C3%ADguez&rft.aufirst=Agust%C3%ADn+Ram%C3%B3n&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frepositorioinstitucional.ceu.es%2Fhandle%2F10637%2F1416&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+Drake" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGonzalez-Arnao_Conde-Luque1995" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Gonzalez-Arnao Conde-Luque, Mariano (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oN5cIltA3IoC">Derrota y muerte de Sir Francis Drake, a Coruña 1589 – Portobelo 1596</a> (in Spanish). Xunta de Galicia, Servicio Central de Publicacións. p. 94. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8445314630" title="Special:BookSources/978-8445314630"><bdi>978-8445314630</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Derrota+y+muerte+de+Sir+Francis+Drake%2C+a+Coru%C3%B1a+1589+%E2%80%93+Portobelo+1596&rft.pages=94&rft.pub=Xunta+de+Galicia%2C+Servicio+Central+de+Publicaci%C3%B3ns&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-8445314630&rft.aulast=Gonzalez-Arnao+Conde-Luque&rft.aufirst=Mariano&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoN5cIltA3IoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+Drake" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BucholzKey2008-143"><a href="#cite_ref-BucholzKey2008_143-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBucholzKey2008" class="citation book cs1">Bucholz, Robert; Key, Newton (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0WVvxIGRi-kC&pg=PA145">Early Modern England 1485–1714: A Narrative History</a>. John Wiley & Sons. p. 145. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1405162753" title="Special:BookSources/978-1405162753"><bdi>978-1405162753</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Early+Modern+England+1485%E2%80%931714%3A+A+Narrative+History&rft.pages=145&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1405162753&rft.aulast=Bucholz&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft.au=Key%2C+Newton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0WVvxIGRi-kC%26pg%3DPA145&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+Drake" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hutchinson2014-144"><a href="#cite_ref-Hutchinson2014_144-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHutchinson2014" class="citation book cs1">Hutchinson, Robert (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rRzSAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA239">The Spanish Armada: A History</a>. Macmillan. p. 239. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1466847484" title="Special:BookSources/978-1466847484"><bdi>978-1466847484</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Spanish+Armada%3A+A+History&rft.pages=239&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1466847484&rft.aulast=Hutchinson&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrRzSAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA239&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+Drake" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Santos2018245-145"><a href="#cite_ref-Santos2018245_145-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSantos2018" class="citation book cs1">Santos, Luis Gorrochategui (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=w-JDDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA245">The English Armada: The Greatest Naval Disaster in English History</a>. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 245. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1350016996" title="Special:BookSources/978-1350016996"><bdi>978-1350016996</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+English+Armada%3A+The+Greatest+Naval+Disaster+in+English+History&rft.pages=245&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1350016996&rft.aulast=Santos&rft.aufirst=Luis+Gorrochategui&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dw-JDDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA245&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+Drake" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESugden2006283-146"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESugden2006283_146-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSugden2006">Sugden 2006</a>, p. 283. </li> <li id="cite_note-Wernham2020-147"><a href="#cite_ref-Wernham2020_147-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWernham2020" class="citation book cs1">Wernham, R. B. (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UOcJEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT35">Expedition of Sir John Norris and Sir Francis Drake to Spain and Portugal, 1589</a>. Routledge. p. xxxv. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1000341652" title="Special:BookSources/978-1000341652"><bdi>978-1000341652</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Expedition+of+Sir+John+Norris+and+Sir+Francis+Drake+to+Spain+and+Portugal%2C+1589&rft.pages=xxxv&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1000341652&rft.aulast=Wernham&rft.aufirst=R.+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUOcJEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT35&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+Drake" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zarzeczny2018-148">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Zarzeczny2018_148-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zarzeczny2018_148-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZarzeczny2018" class="citation book cs1">Zarzeczny, Matthew D. (2018). 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ABC-CLIO. p. 323. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1440836695" title="Special:BookSources/978-1440836695"><bdi>978-1440836695</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shaping+North+America%3A+From+Exploration+to+the+American+Revolution+%5B3+volumes%5D&rft.pages=323&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1440836695&rft.aulast=Zarzeczny&rft.aufirst=Matthew+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYgVnDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA323&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+Drake" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Andrews1972-149"><a href="#cite_ref-Andrews1972_149-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrews1972" class="citation book cs1">Andrews, Kenneth R. (1972). Andrews, Kenneth R. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TuIsmjb8WZMC&pg=PA183">The Last Voyage of Drake and Hawkins</a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 183–187. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521010399" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521010399"><bdi>978-0521010399</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Last+Voyage+of+Drake+and+Hawkins&rft.pages=183-187&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=978-0521010399&rft.aulast=Andrews&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTuIsmjb8WZMC%26pg%3DPA183&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+Drake" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Marley1998-150"><a href="#cite_ref-Marley1998_150-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarley1998" class="citation book cs1">Marley, David (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rdvp3cGJUZoC&pg=PA89">Wars of the Americas: A Chronology of Armed Conflict in the New World, 1492 to the Present</a>. ABC-CLIO. p. 89. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0874368376" title="Special:BookSources/978-0874368376"><bdi>978-0874368376</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wars+of+the+Americas%3A+A+Chronology+of+Armed+Conflict+in+the+New+World%2C+1492+to+the+Present&rft.pages=89&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0874368376&rft.aulast=Marley&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Drdvp3cGJUZoC%26pg%3DPA89&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+Drake" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaynarde1849-151"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaynarde1849_151-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMaynarde1849">Maynarde 1849</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=rbdk&fileName=d0302/rbdkd0302.db&recNum=607">"The Last Voyage of Sir Francis Drake"</a>. loc.gov. p. 588. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200707110508/https://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=rbdk&fileName=d0302%2Frbdkd0302.db&recNum=607">Archived</a> from the original on 7 July 2020. Retrieved 7 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=loc.gov&rft.atitle=The+Last+Voyage+of+Sir+Francis+Drake&rft.pages=588&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmemory.loc.gov%2Fcgi-bin%2Fampage%3FcollId%3Drbdk%26fileName%3Dd0302%2Frbdkd0302.db%26recNum%3D607&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+Drake" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhitfield2004149-153"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhitfield2004149_153-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWhitfield2004">Whitfield 2004</a>, p. 149. </li> <li id="cite_note-Kluge2021-154"><a href="#cite_ref-Kluge2021_154-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKluge2021" class="citation book cs1">Kluge, Sofie (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=u_0-EAAAQBAJ&pg=PT138">Literature and Historiography in the Spanish Golden Age: The Poetics of History</a>. Routledge. p. 138. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1000450866" title="Special:BookSources/978-1000450866"><bdi>978-1000450866</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Literature+and+Historiography+in+the+Spanish+Golden+Age%3A+The+Poetics+of+History&rft.pages=138&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-1000450866&rft.aulast=Kluge&rft.aufirst=Sofie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Du_0-EAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT138&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+Drake" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFriar1975" class="citation journal cs1">Friar, Willie K. (Spring 1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://original-ufdc.uflib.ufl.edu/UF00097366/00009">"In the Wake of Drake"</a>. Panama Canal Review: 8.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Panama+Canal+Review&rft.atitle=In+the+Wake+of+Drake&rft.ssn=spring&rft.pages=8&rft.date=1975&rft.aulast=Friar&rft.aufirst=Willie+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Foriginal-ufdc.uflib.ufl.edu%2FUF00097366%2F00009&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+Drake" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-15447632">"Sir Francis Drake's body 'close to being found off Panama'"</a>. BBC News. 25 October 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130314071737/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-15447632">Archived</a> from the original on 14 March 2013. Retrieved 9 October 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Sir+Francis+Drake%27s+body+%27close+to+being+found+off+Panama%27&rft.date=2011-10-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk-15447632&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+Drake" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHendersonSwaine2011" class="citation web cs1">Henderson, Barney; Swaine, Jon (24 October 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/centralamericaandthecaribbean/panama/8847105/Sir-Francis-Drakes-final-fleet-discovered-off-the-coast-of-Panama.html">"Sir Francis Drake's final fleet 'discovered off the coast of Panama'"</a>. The Daily Telegraph. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170731185545/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/centralamericaandthecaribbean/panama/8847105/Sir-Francis-Drakes-final-fleet-discovered-off-the-coast-of-Panama.html">Archived</a> from the original on 31 July 2017. Retrieved 28 July 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Sir+Francis+Drake%27s+final+fleet+%27discovered+off+the+coast+of+Panama%27&rft.date=2011-10-24&rft.aulast=Henderson&rft.aufirst=Barney&rft.au=Swaine%2C+Jon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworldnews%2Fcentralamericaandthecaribbean%2Fpanama%2F8847105%2FSir-Francis-Drakes-final-fleet-discovered-off-the-coast-of-Panama.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+Drake" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelsey200044-158"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelsey200044_158-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKelsey2000">Kelsey 2000</a>, p. 44. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelsey2000236-159"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelsey2000236_159-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKelsey2000">Kelsey 2000</a>, p. 236. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESugden2006174-160"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESugden2006174_160-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSugden2006">Sugden 2006</a>, p. 174. </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tudorplace.com.ar/Documents/sheriffs_of_somerset.htm">"The Occupants of the ancient office of High Sheriff of Somerset"</a>. Tudor Court. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110513235542/http://www.tudorplace.com.ar/Documents/sheriffs_of_somerset.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 13 May 2011. Retrieved 30 March 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Occupants+of+the+ancient+office+of+High+Sheriff+of+Somerset&rft.pub=Tudor+Court&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tudorplace.com.ar%2FDocuments%2Fsheriffs_of_somerset.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+Drake" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gill1984-162"><a href="#cite_ref-Gill1984_162-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGill1984" class="citation book cs1">Gill, Crispin (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tPJVxZu8btoC&pg=85">"Drake and Plymouth"</a>. In Thrower, Norman J.W. (ed.). Sir Francis Drake and the Famous Voyage, 1577–1580: Essays Commemorating the Quadricentennial of Drake's Circumnavigation of the Earth. University of California Press. p. 85. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0520048768" title="Special:BookSources/978-0520048768"><bdi>978-0520048768</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Drake+and+Plymouth&rft.btitle=Sir+Francis+Drake+and+the+Famous+Voyage%2C+1577%E2%80%931580%3A+Essays+Commemorating+the+Quadricentennial+of+Drake%27s+Circumnavigation+of+the+Earth&rft.pages=85&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0520048768&rft.aulast=Gill&rft.aufirst=Crispin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtPJVxZu8btoC%26pg%3D85&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+Drake" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FullerEliottDrake1911-163"><a href="#cite_ref-FullerEliottDrake1911_163-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFuller-Eliott-Drake1911" class="citation web cs1">Fuller-Eliott-Drake, Elizabeth (Douglas) (19 March 1911). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/familyheirsofsir01fulluoft">"The family and heirs of Sir Francis Drake"</a>. London : Smith, Elder – via Internet Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+family+and+heirs+of+Sir+Francis+Drake&rft.pub=London+%3A+Smith%2C+Elder&rft.date=1911-03-19&rft.aulast=Fuller-Eliott-Drake&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth+%28Douglas%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffamilyheirsofsir01fulluoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+Drake" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESugden2012xiii-164"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESugden2012xiii_164-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSugden2012">Sugden 2012</a>, p. xiii. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECorbett1898440-165"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECorbett1898440_165-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCorbett1898">Corbett 1898</a>, p. 440. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESugden2012xiv-166"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESugden2012xiv_166-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSugden2012">Sugden 2012</a>, p. xiv. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhitfield20048–9-167"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhitfield20048–9_167-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWhitfield2004">Whitfield 2004</a>, pp. 8–9. </li> <li id="cite_note-Rayner2002-168"><a href="#cite_ref-Rayner2002_168-0">^</a> Rayner, Richard (22 April 2002). "The Admiral and the Con Man". The New Yorker. p. 150. </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHusein2022" class="citation web cs1">Husein, Baker (20 February 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://screenrant.com/uncharted-nathan-drake-francis-history-sequel-setup/">"Uncharted: Nate's Francis Drake Link Explained (& How It Sets Up A Sequel)"</a>. Screen Rant.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Screen+Rant&rft.atitle=Uncharted%3A+Nate%27s+Francis+Drake+Link+Explained+%28%26+How+It+Sets+Up+A+Sequel%29&rft.date=2022-02-20&rft.aulast=Husein&rft.aufirst=Baker&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscreenrant.com%2Funcharted-nathan-drake-francis-history-sequel-setup%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+Drake" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Montecino-Aguirre2015-170"><a href="#cite_ref-Montecino-Aguirre2015_170-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMontecino_Aguirre2015" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Montecino Aguirre, Sonia (2015). Mitos de Chile: Enciclopedia de seres, apariciones y encantos (in Spanish). <a href="/wiki/Catalonia_(publisher)" title="Catalonia (publisher)">Catalonia</a>. p. 279. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9563243758" title="Special:BookSources/978-9563243758"><bdi>978-9563243758</bdi></a>. <q>In the same port is the Pirate's Cave. It is said that when the pirate Francis Drake attacked Valparaíso all its inhabitants were forewarned and had fled to the hills, taking with them the most valuable things, so the pirate found only trinkets in the city. Furious, he went through the houses taking trinkets and entered the churches taking the chalices, in which he spat and urinated. Gathering all the loot, he decided that it was not worth using the space in his galleons to carry it and looked for a place to hide it. Others point out, on the contrary, that the treasure was so great that he decided to hide it in a cave. Whatever the nature of the booty, it is said that Drake decided to hide it in one of the hidden caverns on the coast of Valparaíso, which was difficult to access.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mitos+de+Chile%3A+Enciclopedia+de+seres%2C+apariciones+y+encantos&rft.pages=279&rft.pub=Catalonia&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-9563243758&rft.aulast=Montecino+Aguirre&rft.aufirst=Sonia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+Drake" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-RoyalNavy2023-171"><a href="#cite_ref-RoyalNavy2023_171-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.royalnavy.mod.uk/our-organisation/bases-and-stations/naval-base/devonport">"HMNB Devonport"</a>. Royal Navy. Retrieved 14 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=HMNB+Devonport&rft.pub=Royal+Navy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.royalnavy.mod.uk%2Four-organisation%2Fbases-and-stations%2Fnaval-base%2Fdevonport&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+Drake" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-DMAHC1976-172"><a href="#cite_ref-DMAHC1976_172-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sOPgS6jBpsIC&pg=PA158">Sailing Directions (enroute) for the Caribbean Sea</a>. United States Department of Defense, Defense Mapping Agency, Hydrographic/Topographic Center. 1976. p. 158.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sailing+Directions+%28enroute%29+for+the+Caribbean+Sea&rft.pages=158&rft.pub=United+States+Department+of+Defense%2C+Defense+Mapping+Agency%2C+Hydrographic%2FTopographic+Center&rft.date=1976&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsOPgS6jBpsIC%26pg%3DPA158&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+Drake" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBawlf2003228-173"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBawlf2003228_173-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBawlf2003">Bawlf 2003</a>, p. 228. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite2020-174"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite2020_174-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWhite2020">White 2020</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrenner2021" class="citation news cs1">Brenner, Keri (9 May 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mercurynews.com/2021/05/09/drake-panel-taps-archie-williams-for-new-high-school-name">"Marin panel taps Olympic gold medallist, Tuskegee Airman Archie Williams for new high school name"</a>. The Mercury News. Retrieved 29 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Mercury+News&rft.atitle=Marin+panel+taps+Olympic+gold+medallist%2C+Tuskegee+Airman+Archie+Williams+for+new+high+school+name&rft.date=2021-05-09&rft.aulast=Brenner&rft.aufirst=Keri&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mercurynews.com%2F2021%2F05%2F09%2Fdrake-panel-taps-archie-williams-for-new-high-school-name&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+Drake" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docs.google.com/document/d/1UA5SePs-8axEYJC89FugJb8z7XUZGXMeXChQpI0Or1g">"Communication to Community"</a>. Google Docs. 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Retrieved 10 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Marin+Independent+Journal&rft.atitle=Drake+sculpture%2C+school+signs+removed+ahead+of+protest&rft.aulast=Morotti&rft.aufirst=Lorenzo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.marinij.com%2F2020%2F07%2F29%2Fsir-francis-drake-sculpture-removed-amid-safety-concerns%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+Drake" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFreedman2020" class="citation news cs1">Freedman, Wayne (11 June 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://abc7news.com/society/movement-underway-to-erase-sir-francis-drake-from-marin-county/6241631/">"Movement underway to erase Sir Francis Drake namesake, sculpture from Marin County"</a>. <a href="/wiki/KABC-TV" title="KABC-TV">ABC 7 News</a>. Retrieved 11 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Movement+underway+to+erase+Sir+Francis+Drake+namesake%2C+sculpture+from+Marin+County&rft.date=2020-06-11&rft.aulast=Freedman&rft.aufirst=Wayne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fabc7news.com%2Fsociety%2Fmovement-underway-to-erase-sir-francis-drake-from-marin-county%2F6241631%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+Drake" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Anna_Guth2021-179"><a href="#cite_ref-Anna_Guth2021_179-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuth2021" class="citation news cs1">Guth, Anna (10 March 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ptreyeslight.com/news/supes-keep-francis-drake-road-name//">"Supes to keep Francis Drake road name"</a>. Point Reyes Light. Retrieved 21 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Point+Reyes+Light&rft.atitle=Supes+to+keep+Francis+Drake+road+name&rft.date=2021-03-10&rft.aulast=Guth&rft.aufirst=Anna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ptreyeslight.com%2Fnews%2Fsupes-keep-francis-drake-road-name%2F%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+Drake" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDowd2022" class="citation news cs1">Dowd, Katie (21 February 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sfgate.com/travel/article/SF-Sir-Francis-Drake-Hotel-changes-name-16935743.php">"San Francisco's iconic Sir Francis Drake Hotel permanently changes name"</a>. SFGate. Retrieved 21 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=SFGate&rft.atitle=San+Francisco%27s+iconic+Sir+Francis+Drake+Hotel+permanently+changes+name&rft.date=2022-02-21&rft.aulast=Dowd&rft.aufirst=Katie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sfgate.com%2Ftravel%2Farticle%2FSF-Sir-Francis-Drake-Hotel-changes-name-16935743.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+Drake" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Francis_Drake&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Bibliography">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarrow1843" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sir_John_Barrow,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir John Barrow, 1st Baronet">Barrow, John</a> (1843). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zo0xAQAAMAAJ">The life, voyages, and exploits of Sir Francis Drake : with numerous original letters from him and the Lord High Admiral to the Queen and great officers of state</a>. London: John Murray, Albemarle Street. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78987-509-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78987-509-6"><bdi>978-1-78987-509-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/26727420">26727420</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+life%2C+voyages%2C+and+exploits+of+Sir+Francis+Drake+%3A+with+numerous+original+letters+from+him+and+the+Lord+High+Admiral+to+the+Queen+and+great+officers+of+state&rft.place=London&rft.pub=John+Murray%2C+Albemarle+Street&rft.date=1843&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F26727420&rft.isbn=978-1-78987-509-6&rft.aulast=Barrow&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dzo0xAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+Drake" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBawlf2003" class="citation book cs1">Bawlf, Samuel (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/secretvoyageofsi0000bawl">The Secret Voyage of Sir Francis Drake: 1577–1580</a>. Bloomsbury Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0802718082" title="Special:BookSources/978-0802718082"><bdi>978-0802718082</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Secret+Voyage+of+Sir+Francis+Drake%3A+1577%E2%80%931580&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0802718082&rft.aulast=Bawlf&rft.aufirst=Samuel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsecretvoyageofsi0000bawl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+Drake" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Laurence_Bergreen" title="Laurence Bergreen">Bergreen, Laurence</a> (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-JHrDwAAQBAJ">In Search of a Kingdom: Francis Drake, Elizabeth I, and the Perilous Birth of the British Empire</a> (1st ed.). New York: Custom House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780062875389" title="Special:BookSources/9780062875389"><bdi>9780062875389</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1193560224">1193560224</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+Search+of+a+Kingdom%3A+Francis+Drake%2C+Elizabeth+I%2C+and+the+Perilous+Birth+of+the+British+Empire&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Custom+House&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1193560224&rft.isbn=9780062875389&rft.aulast=Bergreen&rft.aufirst=Laurence&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-JHrDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+Drake" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Bevan, Bryan (1971). The Great Seamen of Elizabeth I. London: Robert Hale.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+Seamen+of+Elizabeth+I&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Robert+Hale&rft.date=1971&rft.aulast=Bevan&rft.aufirst=Bryan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+Drake" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoote2005" class="citation book cs1">Coote, Stephen (2005). Drake: The Life and Legend of an Elizabethan Hero. New York: Thomas Dunne Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0743468701" title="Special:BookSources/978-0743468701"><bdi>978-0743468701</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Drake%3A+The+Life+and+Legend+of+an+Elizabethan+Hero&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Thomas+Dunne+Books&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0743468701&rft.aulast=Coote&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+Drake" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCorbett1898" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Julian_Corbett" title="Julian Corbett">Corbett, Julian</a> (1898). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/draketudornavy02corb/page/n5/mode/2up">Drake and the Tudor navy</a>. Longmans, Green, and Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Drake+and+the+Tudor+navy&rft.pub=Longmans%2C+Green%2C+and+Co.&rft.date=1898&rft.aulast=Corbett&rft.aufirst=Julian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdraketudornavy02corb%2Fpage%2Fn5%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+Drake" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCummins1997" class="citation book cs1">Cummins, John (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YAcU-WA0X3QC&pg=PA126">Francis Drake: The Lives of a Hero</a>. St. Martin's Press. p. 126. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0312163655" title="Special:BookSources/978-0312163655"><bdi>978-0312163655</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Francis+Drake%3A+The+Lives+of+a+Hero&rft.pages=126&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0312163655&rft.aulast=Cummins&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYAcU-WA0X3QC%26pg%3DPA126&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+Drake" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Hakluyt" title="Richard Hakluyt">Hakluyt, Richard</a> (1880). <a href="/wiki/Edward_John_Payne" title="Edward John Payne">Payne, Edward John</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/voyagesofelizabe00haklrich/page/n4">Voyages of the Elizabethan seamen to America. Thirteen original narratives from the collection of Hakluyt</a>. London: Thos. de la Rue & Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Voyages+of+the+Elizabethan+seamen+to+America.+Thirteen+original+narratives+from+the+collection+of+Hakluyt&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Thos.+de+la+Rue+%26+Co.&rft.date=1880&rft.aulast=Hakluyt&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fvoyagesofelizabe00haklrich%2Fpage%2Fn4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+Drake" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKelsey2000" class="citation book cs1">Kelsey, Harry (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sirfrancisdrakeq0000kels">Sir Francis Drake: The Queen's Pirate</a>. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0300084634" title="Special:BookSources/978-0300084634"><bdi>978-0300084634</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sir+Francis+Drake%3A+The+Queen%27s+Pirate&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0300084634&rft.aulast=Kelsey&rft.aufirst=Harry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsirfrancisdrakeq0000kels&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+Drake" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKraus1970" class="citation book cs1">Kraus, Hans (1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/collections/sir-francis-drake/articles-and-essays/drake-biography/">Sir Francis Drake: A Pictorial Biography</a>. N. Israel, Amsterdam.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sir+Francis+Drake%3A+A+Pictorial+Biography&rft.pub=N.+Israel%2C+Amsterdam&rft.date=1970&rft.aulast=Kraus&rft.aufirst=Hans&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loc.gov%2Fcollections%2Fsir-francis-drake%2Farticles-and-essays%2Fdrake-biography%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+Drake" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Lace, William (2009). Sir Francis Drake. Chelsea House Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1604134179" title="Special:BookSources/978-1604134179"><bdi>978-1604134179</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sir+Francis+Drake&rft.pub=Chelsea+House+Publishers&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1604134179&rft.aulast=Lace&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+Drake" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLane2015" class="citation book cs1">Lane, Kris (2015) [1990]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OTU-CgAAQBAJ">Pillaging the Empire: Piracy in the Americas 1500–1750</a>. M.E. Sharpe. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0765602565" title="Special:BookSources/978-0765602565"><bdi>978-0765602565</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pillaging+the+Empire%3A+Piracy+in+the+Americas+1500%E2%80%931750&rft.pub=M.E.+Sharpe&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0765602565&rft.aulast=Lane&rft.aufirst=Kris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOTU-CgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+Drake" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLoades2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Loades" title="David Loades">Loades, David</a> (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195130751.001.0001/acref-9780195130751-e-0245">"Drake, Francis (1540–1595) English seaman and circumnavigator"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/John_B._Hattendorf" title="John B. Hattendorf">Hattendorf, John J.</a> (ed.). The Oxford Encyclopedia of Maritime History. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0195307405" title="Special:BookSources/978-0195307405"><bdi>978-0195307405</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Drake%2C+Francis+%281540%E2%80%931595%29+English+seaman+and+circumnavigator&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Encyclopedia+of+Maritime+History&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0195307405&rft.aulast=Loades&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordreference.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780195130751.001.0001%2Facref-9780195130751-e-0245&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+Drake" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Garett_Mattingly" class="mw-redirect" title="Garett Mattingly">Mattingly, Garett</a> (1959). <a href="/wiki/The_Defeat_of_the_Spanish_Armada" class="mw-redirect" title="The Defeat of the Spanish Armada">The Defeat of the Spanish Armada</a>. Houghton Mifflin Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Defeat+of+the+Spanish+Armada&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin+Company&rft.date=1959&rft.aulast=Mattingly&rft.aufirst=Garett&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+Drake" class="Z3988">. Received a special citation from the <a href="/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize" title="Pulitzer Prize">Pulitzer Prize</a> committee in 1960.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaynarde1849" class="citation book cs1">Maynarde, Thomas (1849). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sirfrancisdrakeh04mayn">Sir Francis Drake his voyage, 1595</a> – via Internet Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sir+Francis+Drake+his+voyage%2C+1595&rft.date=1849&rft.aulast=Maynarde&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsirfrancisdrakeh04mayn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+Drake" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSugden2006" class="citation book cs1">Sugden, John (2006) [1990]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2CEgmN-3VcMC">Sir Francis Drake</a>. United Kingdom: Pimlico. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1844137626" title="Special:BookSources/978-1844137626"><bdi>978-1844137626</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sir+Francis+Drake&rft.place=United+Kingdom&rft.pub=Pimlico&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1844137626&rft.aulast=Sugden&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2CEgmN-3VcMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+Drake" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSugden2012" class="citation book cs1">Sugden, John (2012). Sir Francis Drake. Random House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1448129508" title="Special:BookSources/978-1448129508"><bdi>978-1448129508</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sir+Francis+Drake&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1448129508&rft.aulast=Sugden&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+Drake" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Wallis, Helen (1984). "The Cartography of Drake's voyages". Sir Francis Drake and the famous voyage, 1577–1580. Berkley: University of California Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Cartography+of+Drake%27s+voyages&rft.btitle=Sir+Francis+Drake+and+the+famous+voyage%2C+1577%E2%80%931580&rft.place=Berkley&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.aulast=Wallis&rft.aufirst=Helen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+Drake" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Wilson, Derek (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/worldencompassed00wils">The World Encompassed: Drake's Great Voyage, 1577–80</a>. Harper & Row. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0060146795" title="Special:BookSources/978-0060146795"><bdi>978-0060146795</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World+Encompassed%3A+Drake%27s+Great+Voyage%2C+1577%E2%80%9380&rft.pub=Harper+%26+Row&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=978-0060146795&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=Derek&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fworldencompassed00wils&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+Drake" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhite2020" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_White_(historian)" title="Richard White (historian)">White, Richard</a> (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1102467481">California Exposures: Envisioning Myth and History</a>. New York: W. W. Norton & Company. pp. 1–31. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0393243062" title="Special:BookSources/978-0393243062"><bdi>978-0393243062</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1102467481">1102467481</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=California+Exposures%3A+Envisioning+Myth+and+History&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=1-31&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1102467481&rft.isbn=978-0393243062&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1102467481&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+Drake" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhitfield2004" class="citation book cs1">Whitfield, Peter (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DcpswxkiKcEC">Sir Francis Drake</a>. NYU Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0814794036" title="Special:BookSources/978-0814794036"><bdi>978-0814794036</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sir+Francis+Drake&rft.pub=NYU+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0814794036&rft.aulast=Whitfield&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDcpswxkiKcEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+Drake" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhiting1988" class="citation book cs1">Whiting, J. R. S. (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/enterpriseofengl00whit">The Enterprise of England: The Spanish Armada</a>. Gloucester: St. Martin's Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0312024010" title="Special:BookSources/0312024010"><bdi>0312024010</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Enterprise+of+England%3A+The+Spanish+Armada&rft.place=Gloucester&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=0312024010&rft.aulast=Whiting&rft.aufirst=J.+R.+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fenterpriseofengl00whit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+Drake" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Francis_Drake&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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title="Encyclopedia Americana">Encyclopedia Americana</a> article about <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Encyclopedia_Americana_(1920)/Drake,_Francis" class="extiw" title="s:The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Drake, Francis">Francis Drake</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Francis_Drake" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Francis Drake">Francis Drake</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Wikiquote-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/13px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/20px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/27px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a> Quotations related to <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Francis_Drake" class="extiw" title="wikiquote:Special:Search/Francis Drake">Francis Drake</a> at Wikiquote</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Template:Francis_Drake" title="Template:Francis Drake"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Francis_Drake" title="Template talk:Francis Drake"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Francis_Drake" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Francis Drake"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Sir_Francis_Drake" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sir Francis Drake</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/Drake%27s_Drum" title="Drake's Drum">Drake's Drum</a>  • <a href="/wiki/Drake_Jewel" title="Drake Jewel">Drake Jewel</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events and locations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_San_Juan_de_Ul%C3%BAa_(1568)" title="Battle of San Juan de Ulúa (1568)">Battle of San Juan de Ulúa (1568)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Drake%27s_expedition_of_1572%E2%80%931573" title="Francis Drake's expedition of 1572–1573">Francis Drake's expedition of 1572–1573</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rathlin_Island_massacre" title="Rathlin Island massacre">Rathlin Island massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Drake%27s_circumnavigation" title="Francis Drake's circumnavigation">Francis Drake's circumnavigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drake_in_California" title="Drake in California">Drake in California</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Albion" title="New Albion">New Albion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Santiago_(1585)" title="Capture of Santiago (1585)">Capture of Santiago (1585)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Santo_Domingo_(1586)" title="Battle of Santo Domingo (1586)">Battle of Santo Domingo (1586)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cartagena_de_Indias_(1586)" title="Battle of Cartagena de Indias (1586)">Battle of Cartagena de Indias (1586)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_St._Augustine" title="Raid on St. Augustine">Raid on St. Augustine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roanoke_Colony" title="Roanoke Colony">Roanoke Colony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singeing_the_King_of_Spain%27s_Beard" title="Singeing the King of Spain's Beard">Singeing the King of Spain's Beard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Armada" title="Spanish Armada">Spanish Armada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Armada" title="English Armada">English Armada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Las_Palmas" title="Battle of Las Palmas">Battle of Las Palmas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_San_Juan_(1595)" title="Battle of San Juan (1595)">Battle of San Juan (1595)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drake%27s_Assault_on_Panama" title="Drake's Assault on Panama">Drake's Assault on Panama</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Francis_Drake.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Coat_of_arms_of_Francis_Drake.svg/80px-Coat_of_arms_of_Francis_Drake.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Coat_of_arms_of_Francis_Drake.svg/120px-Coat_of_arms_of_Francis_Drake.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Coat_of_arms_of_Francis_Drake.svg/160px-Coat_of_arms_of_Francis_Drake.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="734" data-file-height="1047" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related people</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elizabethan_Sea_Dogs" title="Elizabethan Sea Dogs">Elizabethan Sea Dogs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Baskerville_(general)" title="Thomas Baskerville (general)">Thomas Baskerville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Carleill" title="Christopher Carleill">Christopher Carleill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Doughty_(explorer)" title="Thomas Doughty (explorer)">Thomas Doughty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_Francis_Drake,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir Francis Drake, 1st Baronet">Sir Francis Drake, 1st Baronet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Fletcher_(priest)" title="Francis Fletcher (priest)">Francis Fletcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Hatton" title="Christopher Hatton">Christopher Hatton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lovell_(slave_trader)" title="John Lovell (slave trader)">John Lovell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Oxenham" title="John Oxenham">John Oxenham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Norris_(soldier)" title="John Norris (soldier)">John Norris</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Namesakes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drakes_Bay" title="Drakes Bay">Drakes Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drake%27s_Island" title="Drake's Island">Drake's Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drake%27s_Leat" title="Drake's Leat">Drake's Leat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drake_Passage" title="Drake Passage">Drake Passage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drake%27s_Plate_of_Brass" title="Drake's Plate of Brass">Drake's Plate of Brass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drake_Navigators_Guild" title="Drake Navigators Guild">Drake Navigators Guild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Drake" title="HMS Drake">HMS Drake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Sir_Francis_Drake" title="Mount Sir Francis Drake">Mount Sir Francis Drake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_Francis_Drake_Boulevard" title="Sir Francis Drake Boulevard">Sir Francis Drake Boulevard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_Francis_Drake_Channel" title="Sir Francis Drake Channel">Sir Francis Drake Channel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/Buckland_Abbey" title="Buckland Abbey">Buckland Abbey</a> • <a href="/wiki/Golden_Hind" title="Golden Hind">Golden Hind</a> • <a href="/wiki/Nuestra_Se%C3%B1ora_de_la_Concepci%C3%B3n" title="Nuestra Señora de la Concepción">Nuestra Señora de la Concepción</a>  • <a href="/wiki/English_ship_Bonaventure_(1567)" title="English ship Bonaventure (1567)">English ship Bonaventure (1567)</a>  • <a href="/wiki/English_ship_Revenge_(1577)" title="English ship Revenge (1577)">English ship Revenge (1577)</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Piracy" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pirates" title="Template:Pirates"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pirates" title="Template talk:Pirates"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pirates" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pirates"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Piracy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Piracy" title="Piracy">Piracy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Piracy_by_period" title="Category:Piracy by period">Periods</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Mediterranean_piracy" title="Ancient Mediterranean piracy">Ancient Mediterranean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Age_of_Piracy" title="Golden Age of Piracy">Golden Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_in_the_21st_century" title="Piracy in the 21st century">21st century</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2022_in_piracy" title="2022 in piracy">2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_in_piracy" title="2023 in piracy">2023</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_in_piracy" title="2024 in piracy">2024</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: normal;">Types of pirate</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_piracy" title="Albanian piracy">Albanian piracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Turkish_piracy" title="Anglo-Turkish piracy">Anglo-Turkish piracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_Slavic_piracy" title="Baltic Slavic piracy">Baltic Slavic pirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbary_pirates" title="Barbary pirates">Barbary pirates (corsairs)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corsairs_of_Algiers" title="Corsairs of Algiers">Algiers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brethren_of_the_Coast" title="Brethren of the Coast">Brethren of the Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buccaneer" title="Buccaneer">Buccaneers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cilician_pirates" title="Cilician pirates">Cilician pirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_pirate" title="Child pirate">Child pirate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cossacks" title="Cossacks">Cossack pirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filibuster_(military)" title="Filibuster (military)">Filibusters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_corsairs" title="French corsairs">French corsairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_pirates" title="Jewish pirates">Jewish pirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_in_the_Sulu_and_Celebes_Seas" title="Piracy in the Sulu and Celebes Seas">Moro pirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narentines" title="Narentines">Narentines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privateer" title="Privateer">Privateers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_privateer" title="Confederate privateer">Confederate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_pirate" title="River pirate">River pirate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geuzen" title="Geuzen">Sea Beggars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabethan_Sea_Dogs" title="Elizabethan Sea Dogs">Sea Dogs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bawarij" title="Bawarij">Sindhi corsairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timber_pirate" title="Timber pirate">Timber pirate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ushkuyniks" title="Ushkuyniks">Ushkuyniks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uskoks" title="Uskoks">Uskoks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vikings" title="Vikings">Vikings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victual_Brothers" title="Victual Brothers">Victual Brothers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wokou" title="Wokou">Wokou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_piracy" title="Women in piracy">Women in piracy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: normal;">Areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Piracy_in_the_Atlantic_World" title="Piracy in the Atlantic World">Atlantic World</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_in_the_Caribbean" title="Piracy in the Caribbean">Caribbean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_in_the_British_Virgin_Islands" title="Piracy in the British Virgin Islands">British Virgin Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Main" title="Spanish Main">Spanish Main</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_on_Lake_Nicaragua" title="Piracy on Lake Nicaragua">Lake Nicaragua</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_off_the_coast_of_Venezuela" class="mw-redirect" title="Piracy off the coast of Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_in_the_Gulf_of_Guinea" title="Piracy in the Gulf of Guinea">Gulf of Guinea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indian Ocean</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_around_the_Horn_of_Africa" title="Piracy around the Horn of Africa">Horn of Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_off_the_coast_of_Somalia" title="Piracy off the coast of Somalia">Somali Coast</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_in_Indonesia" title="Piracy in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_in_the_Persian_Gulf" title="Piracy in the Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_in_the_Strait_of_Malacca" title="Piracy in the Strait of Malacca">Strait of Malacca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nosy_Boraha" title="Nosy Boraha">Nosy Boraha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other waters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_Slavic_piracy" title="Baltic Slavic piracy">Baltic Slavic piracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbary_Coast" title="Barbary Coast">Barbary Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_on_Falcon_Lake" title="Piracy on Falcon Lake">Falcon Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirates_of_the_South_China_Coast" title="Pirates of the South China Coast">South China Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_in_the_Sulu_and_Celebes_Seas" title="Piracy in the Sulu and Celebes Seas">Sulu Sea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pirate_haven" title="Pirate haven">Pirate havens</a> and bases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barataria_Bay" title="Barataria Bay">Barataria Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%8Ele_Sainte-Marie" class="mw-redirect" title="Île Sainte-Marie">Île Sainte-Marie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertatia" title="Libertatia">Libertatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lundy" title="Lundy">Lundy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehdya,_Morocco" title="Mehdya, Morocco">Mamora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_Royal" title="Port Royal">Port Royal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Pirates" title="Republic of Pirates">Republic of Pirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Sal%C3%A9" title="Republic of Salé">Republic of Salé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Augustin,_Madagascar" title="Saint Augustin, Madagascar">Saint Augustin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Malo" title="Saint-Malo">Saint-Malo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tortuga_(Haiti)" title="Tortuga (Haiti)">Tortuga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: normal;">Major figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pirates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abduwali_Muse" title="Abduwali Muse">Abduwali Muse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abshir_Boyah" title="Abshir Boyah">Abshir Boyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Baldridge" title="Adam Baldridge">Adam Baldridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Samuel" title="Abraham Samuel">Abraham Samuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alf_and_Alfhild" title="Alf and Alfhild">Alfhild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_W._Hicks" title="Albert W. Hicks">Albert W. Hicks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Bonny" title="Anne Bonny">Anne Bonny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Dieu-le-Veut" title="Anne Dieu-le-Veut">Anne Dieu-le-Veut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_de_Faria" title="António de Faria">António de Faria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Exquemelin" title="Alexandre Exquemelin">Alexandre Exquemelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artemisia_I_of_Caria" title="Artemisia I of Caria">Artemisia I of Caria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awilda" title="Awilda">Awilda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bartolomeu_Portugu%C3%AAs" title="Bartolomeu Português">Bartolomeu Português</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bartholomew_Roberts" title="Bartholomew Roberts">Bartholomew Roberts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benito_de_Soto" title="Benito de Soto">Benito de Soto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Hornigold" title="Benjamin Hornigold">Benjamin Hornigold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Caesar_(pirate)" title="Black Caesar (pirate)">Black Caesar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackbeard" title="Blackbeard">Blackbeard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bully_Hayes" title="Bully Hayes">Bully Hayes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cai_Qian" title="Cai Qian">Cai Qian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calico_Jack" title="Calico Jack">Calico Jack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Gibbs" title="Charles Gibbs">Charles Gibbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_de_Berry" title="Charlotte de Berry">Charlotte de Berry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheung_Po_Tsai" title="Cheung Po Tsai">Cheung Po Tsai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christina_Anna_Skytte" title="Christina Anna Skytte">Christina Anna Skytte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chui_A-poo" title="Chui A-poo">Chui A-poo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Seavey" title="Dan Seavey">Dan Seavey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diabolito" title="Diabolito">Diabolito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dido" title="Dido">Dido</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirk_Chivers" title="Dirk Chivers">Dirk Chivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominique_You" title="Dominique You">Dominique You</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_England" title="Edward England">Edward England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Low" title="Edward Low">Edward Low</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eli_Boggs" title="Eli Boggs">Eli Boggs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elise_Eskilsdotter" title="Elise Eskilsdotter">Elise Eskilsdotter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eustace_the_Monk" title="Eustace the Monk">Eustace the Monk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_Burn" title="Flora Burn">Flora Burn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flying_Gang" title="Flying Gang">Flying Gang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C5%ABma_Kotar%C5%8D" title="Fūma Kotarō">Fūma Kotarō</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Francis Drake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Le_Clerc" title="François Le Clerc">François Le Clerc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_l%27Olonnais" title="François l'Olonnais">François l'Olonnais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gan_Ning" title="Gan Ning">Gan Ning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grace_O%27Malley" title="Grace O'Malley">Grace O'Malley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayreddin_Barbarossa" title="Hayreddin Barbarossa">Hayreddin Barbarossa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hendrick_Lucifer" title="Hendrick Lucifer">Hendrick Lucifer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Caesar" title="Henri Caesar">Henri Caesar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Every" title="Henry Every">Henry Every</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Morgan" title="Henry Morgan">Henry Morgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Strangways_(pirate)" title="Henry Strangways (pirate)">Henry Strangways</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippolyte_Bouchard" title="Hippolyte Bouchard">Hippolyte Bouchard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huang_Bamei" title="Huang Bamei">Huang Bamei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel_Hands" title="Israel Hands">Israel Hands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacquotte_Delahaye" title="Jacquotte Delahaye">Jacquotte Delahaye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Janszoon" title="Jan Janszoon">Jan Janszoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Lafitte" title="Jean Lafitte">Jean Lafitte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeanne_de_Clisson" title="Jeanne de Clisson">Jeanne de Clisson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johanna_H%C3%A5rd" title="Johanna Hård">Johanna Hård</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hawkins_(naval_commander)" title="John Hawkins (naval commander)">John Hawkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hoar" title="John Hoar">John Hoar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Newland_Maffitt_(privateer)" title="John Newland Maffitt (privateer)">John Newland Maffitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Pro" title="John Pro">John Pro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B8rgen_J%C3%B8rgensen" title="Jørgen Jørgensen">Jørgen Jørgensen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Joaquim_Almeida" title="José Joaquim Almeida">José Joaquim Almeida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Baker_(pirate)" title="Joseph Baker (pirate)">Joseph Baker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Barss" title="Joseph Barss">Joseph Barss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klaus_St%C3%B6rtebeker" title="Klaus Störtebeker">Klaus Störtebeker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lai_Choi_San" title="Lai Choi San">Lai Choi San</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurens_de_Graaf" title="Laurens de Graaf">Laurens de Graaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Prince" title="Lawrence Prince">Lawrence Prince</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liang_Daoming" title="Liang Daoming">Liang Daoming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limahong" title="Limahong">Limahong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lo_Hon-cho" title="Lo Hon-cho">Lo Hon-cho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis-Michel_Aury" title="Louis-Michel Aury">Louis-Michel Aury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mansel_Alcantra" title="Mansel Alcantra">Mansel Alcantra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Ribeiro_Pardal" title="Manuel Ribeiro Pardal">Manuel Ribeiro Pardal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Frobisher" title="Martin Frobisher">Martin Frobisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Cobham_and_Maria_Lindsey" title="Eric Cobham and Maria Lindsey">Mary Lindsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Read" title="Mary Read">Mary Read</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Wolverston" title="Mary Wolverston">Mary Wolverston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_de_Grammont" title="Michel de Grammont">Michel de Grammont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses_Cohen_Henriques" title="Moses Cohen Henriques">Moses Cohen Henriques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Gordon" title="Nathaniel Gordon">Nathaniel Gordon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_van_Hoorn" title="Nicholas van Hoorn">Nicholas van Hoorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ng_Akew" title="Ng Akew">Ng Akew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olivier_Levasseur" title="Olivier Levasseur">Olivier Levasseur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Gilbert" title="Pedro Gilbert">Pedro Gilbert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Easton" title="Peter Easton">Peter Easton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Lafitte" title="Pierre Lafitte">Pierre Lafitte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piet_Pieterszoon_Hein" title="Piet Pieterszoon Hein">Piet Pieterszoon Hein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Sela" title="Princess Sela">Princess Sela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rahmah_ibn_Jabir_al-Jalhami" title="Rahmah ibn Jabir al-Jalhami">Rahmah ibn Jabir al-Jalhami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rachel_Wall" title="Rachel Wall">Rachel Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oru%C3%A7_Reis" class="mw-redirect" title="Oruç Reis">Redbeard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Glover_(pirate)" title="Richard Glover (pirate)">Richard Glover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Culliford" title="Robert Culliford">Robert Culliford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Surcouf" title="Robert Surcouf">Robert Surcouf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roberto_Cofres%C3%AD" title="Roberto Cofresí">Roberto Cofresí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roche_Braziliano" title="Roche Braziliano">Roche Braziliano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rusla" title="Rusla">Rusla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadie_Farrell" title="Sadie Farrell">Sadie Farrell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Bellamy" title="Samuel Bellamy">Samuel Bellamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Hall_Lord" title="Samuel Hall Lord">Samuel Hall Lord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Mason" title="Samuel Mason">Samuel Mason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Pallache" title="Samuel Pallache">Samuel Pallache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayyida_al_Hurra" title="Sayyida al Hurra">Sayyida al Hurra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sister_Ping" title="Sister Ping">Sister Ping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shap-ng-tsai" title="Shap-ng-tsai">Shap-ng-tsai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirahama_Kenki" title="Shirahama Kenki">Shirahama Kenki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Mascarino" title="Simon Mascarino">Simon Mascarino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stede_Bonnet" title="Stede Bonnet">Stede Bonnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teuta" title="Teuta">Teuta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cavendish" title="Thomas Cavendish">Thomas Cavendish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Tew" title="Thomas Tew">Thomas Tew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veborg" title="Veborg">Veborg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victual_Brothers" title="Victual Brothers">Victual Brothers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincenzo_Gambi" title="Vincenzo Gambi">Vincenzo Gambi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Zhi_(pirate)" title="Wang Zhi (pirate)">Wang Zhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Dampier" title="William Dampier">William Dampier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Kidd" title="William Kidd">William Kidd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zheng_Jing" title="Zheng Jing">Zheng Jing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zheng_Qi_(pirate)" title="Zheng Qi (pirate)">Zheng Qi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zheng_Yi_(pirate)" title="Zheng Yi (pirate)">Zheng Yi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zheng_Zhilong" title="Zheng Zhilong">Zheng Zhilong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zheng_Yi_Sao" title="Zheng Yi Sao">Zheng Yi Sao</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pirate hunters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angelo_Emo" title="Angelo Emo">Angelo Emo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaloner_Ogle" title="Chaloner Ogle">Chaloner Ogle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Porter_(naval_officer)" title="David Porter (naval officer)">David Porter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duarte_Pacheco_Pereira" title="Duarte Pacheco Pereira">Duarte Pacheco Pereira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Brooke" title="James Brooke">James Brooke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campuzano_Polanco_family" class="mw-redirect" title="Campuzano Polanco family">Jose Campuzano-Polanco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_Fajardo_(Spanish_Navy_officer)" title="Luis Fajardo (Spanish Navy officer)">Luis Fajardo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_Enr%C3%ADquez_(privateer)" title="Miguel Enríquez (privateer)">Miguel Enríquez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Men%C3%A9ndez_de_Avil%C3%A9s" title="Pedro Menéndez de Avilés">Pedro Menéndez de Avilés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pompey" title="Pompey">Pompey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Avery_Hornsby" title="Richard Avery Hornsby">Richard Avery Hornsby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Maynard" title="Robert Maynard">Robert Maynard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Warren_(Royal_Navy_officer)" title="Thomas Warren (Royal Navy officer)">Thomas Warren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodes_Rogers" title="Woodes Rogers">Woodes Rogers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: normal;">Pirate ships</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adventure_Galley" title="Adventure Galley">Adventure Galley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrose_Light_(ship)" title="Ambrose Light (ship)">Ambrose Light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fancy_(ship)" title="Fancy (ship)">Fancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flying_Dutchman" title="Flying Dutchman">Flying Dutchman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganj-i-Sawai" title="Ganj-i-Sawai">Ganj-i-Sawai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Anne%27s_Revenge" title="Queen Anne's Revenge">Queen Anne's Revenge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quedagh_Merchant" title="Quedagh Merchant">Quedagh Merchant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CSS_McRae" title="CSS McRae">Marquis of Havana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeanne_de_Clisson" title="Jeanne de Clisson">My Revenge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bartholomew_Roberts" title="Bartholomew Roberts">Royal Fortune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saladin_(barque)" title="Saladin (barque)">Saladin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whydah_Gally" title="Whydah Gally">Whydah Gally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MV_York" title="MV York">York</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: normal;">Pirate battles and incidents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><figure class="mw-halign-right noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pirate_Flag.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Pirate_Flag.svg/100px-Pirate_Flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="63" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Pirate_Flag.svg/150px-Pirate_Flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Pirate_Flag.svg/200px-Pirate_Flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="470" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1582_Cagayan_battles" title="1582 Cagayan battles">1582 Cagayan battles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1985_Lahad_Datu_ambush" title="1985 Lahad Datu ambush">1985 Lahad Datu ambush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_9_November_1822" title="Action of 9 November 1822">Action of 9 November 1822</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_28_October_2007" title="Action of 28 October 2007">Action of 28 October 2007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_11_November_2008" title="Action of 11 November 2008">Action of 11 November 2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_2009_raid_off_Somalia" title="April 2009 raid off Somalia">Action of 9 April 2009</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_23_March_2010" class="mw-redirect" title="Action of 23 March 2010">Action of 23 March 2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_1_April_2010" class="mw-redirect" title="Action of 1 April 2010">Action of 1 April 2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_5_April_2010" class="mw-redirect" title="Action of 5 April 2010">Action of 5 April 2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aegean_Sea_anti-piracy_operations_of_the_United_States" title="Aegean Sea anti-piracy operations of the United States">Anti-piracy in the Aegean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antelope_of_Boston" title="Antelope of Boston">Antelope incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Indies_anti-piracy_operations_of_the_United_States" title="West Indies anti-piracy operations of the United States">Anti-piracy in the West Indies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Veracruz" title="Attack on Veracruz">Attack on Veracruz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_expedition_to_Balanguingui" title="Spanish expedition to Balanguingui">Balanguingui Expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Boca_Teacapan" title="Battle of Boca Teacapan">Battle of Boca Teacapan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Fear_River_(1718)" title="Battle of Cape Fear River (1718)">Battle of Cape Fear River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Lopez" title="Battle of Cape Lopez">Battle of Cape Lopez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Doro_Passage" title="Battle of Doro Passage">Battle of Doro Passage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganj-i-Sawai" title="Ganj-i-Sawai">Battle of Mandab Strait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Manila_(1574)" title="Battle of Manila (1574)">Battle of Manila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_off_Minicoy_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle off Minicoy Island">Battle off Minicoy Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_off_Mukah" title="Battle off Mukah">Battle off Mukah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nam_Quan" title="Battle of Nam Quan">Battle of Nam Quan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_New_Orleans" title="Battle of New Orleans">Battle of New Orleans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackbeard" title="Blackbeard">Battle of Ocracoke Inlet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pianosa" title="Battle of Pianosa">Battle of Pianosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Leotung" title="Battle of the Leotung">Battle of the Leotung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Tiger%27s_Mouth" title="Battle of the Tiger's Mouth">Battle of the Tiger's Mouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tonkin_River" title="Battle of Tonkin River">Battle of Tonkin River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ty-ho_Bay" title="Battle of Ty-ho Bay">Battle of Ty-ho Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tysami" title="Battle of Tysami">Battle of Tysami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MV_Beluga_Nomination_incident" title="MV Beluga Nomination incident">Beluga Nomination incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Vane" title="Charles Vane">Blockade of Charleston (Vane)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chepo_expedition" title="Chepo expedition">Chepo Expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrose_Light_(ship)" title="Ambrose Light (ship)">Capture of the Ambrose Light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_John_%22Calico_Jack%22_Rackham" title="Capture of John "Calico Jack" Rackham">Capture of John "Calico Jack" Rackham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_the_schooner_Bravo" title="Capture of the schooner Bravo">Capture of the schooner Bravo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_the_schooner_Fancy" class="mw-redirect" title="Capture of the schooner Fancy">Capture of the schooner Fancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_the_sloop_Anne" title="Capture of the sloop Anne">Capture of the sloop Anne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carr%C3%A9_d%27As_IV_incident" title="Carré d'As IV incident">Carré d'As IV incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dai_Hong_Dan_incident" title="Dai Hong Dan incident">Dai Hong Dan incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falklands_Expedition" title="Falklands Expedition">Falklands Expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_Patrol" title="Great Lakes Patrol">Great Lakes Patrol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irene_incident" title="Irene incident">Irene incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiajing_wokou_raids" title="Jiajing wokou raids">Jiajing wokou raids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maersk_Alabama_hijacking" title="Maersk Alabama hijacking">Maersk Alabama hijacking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MT_Zafirah_hijacking" title="MT Zafirah hijacking">MT Zafirah hijacking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MT_Orkim_Harmony_hijacking" title="MT Orkim Harmony hijacking">MT Orkim Harmony hijacking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MV_Moscow_University_hijacking" title="MV Moscow University hijacking">MV Moscow University hijacking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Star_affair" title="North Star affair">North Star affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Enduring_Freedom_%E2%80%93_Horn_of_Africa" title="Operation Enduring Freedom – Horn of Africa">Operation Enduring Freedom – HOA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Atalanta" title="Operation Atalanta">Operation Atalanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Dawn_of_Gulf_of_Aden" title="Operation Dawn of Gulf of Aden">Operation Dawn of Gulf of Aden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Dawn_8:_Gulf_of_Aden" title="Operation Dawn 8: Gulf of Aden">Operation Dawn 8: Gulf of Aden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Ocean_Shield" title="Operation Ocean Shield">Operation Ocean Shield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf_campaign_of_1809" title="Persian Gulf campaign of 1809">Persian Gulf Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross_border_attacks_in_Sabah" title="Cross border attacks in Sabah">Pirate attacks in Borneo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SY_Quest_incident" title="SY Quest incident">Quest incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Cartagena_(1683)" title="Raid on Cartagena (1683)">Raid on Cartagena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Baltimore" title="Sack of Baltimore">Sack of Baltimore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Campeche_(1663)" title="Sack of Campeche (1663)">Sack of Campeche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvador_Pirates" title="Salvador Pirates">Salvador Pirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_raid_of_Su%C3%B0uroy" title="Slave raid of Suðuroy">Slave raid of Suðuroy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Abductions" title="Turkish Abductions">Turkish Abductions</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: normal;">Piracy law</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_grace_(piracy)" title="Acts of grace (piracy)">Acts of grace</a> (<a href="/wiki/1717%E2%80%931718_Acts_of_Grace" title="1717–1718 Acts of Grace">1717–1718 Acts of Grace</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_piracy_law" title="International piracy law">International piracy law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Letter_of_marque" title="Letter of marque">Letter of marque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_Declaration_Respecting_Maritime_Law" title="Paris Declaration Respecting Maritime Law">Paris Declaration Respecting Maritime Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_Act" title="Piracy Act">Piracy Act</a> (<a href="/wiki/Offences_at_Sea_Act_1536" title="Offences at Sea Act 1536">1536</a>, <a href="/wiki/Piracy_Act_1698" title="Piracy Act 1698">1698</a>, <a href="/wiki/Transportation_Act_1717" class="mw-redirect" title="Transportation Act 1717">1717</a>, <a href="/wiki/Piracy_Act_1721" title="Piracy Act 1721">1721</a>, <a href="/wiki/Piracy_Act_1837" title="Piracy Act 1837">1837</a>, <a href="/wiki/Piracy_Act_1850" title="Piracy Act 1850">1850</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_Law_of_1820" class="mw-redirect" title="Piracy Law of 1820">Piracy Law of 1820</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: normal;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery" title="History of slavery">Slave trade</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Africa" title="Slavery in Africa">African slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Slave_Trade_Patrol" title="African Slave Trade Patrol">African Slave Trade Patrol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Amistad" title="La Amistad">Amistad Incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">Atlantic slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbary_slave_trade" title="Barbary slave trade">Barbary slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blockade_of_Africa" title="Blockade of Africa">Blockade of Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_the_Veloz_Passagera" title="Capture of the Veloz Passagera">Capture of the Veloz Passagera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_the_brig_Brillante" title="Capture of the brig Brillante">Capture of the brig Brillante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_slave_trade" title="Indian Ocean slave trade">Indian Ocean slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans-Saharan_slave_trade" title="Trans-Saharan slave trade">Trans-Saharan slave trade</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Pirates_in_the_arts_and_popular_culture" title="Pirates in the arts and popular culture">Pirates in popular culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_fictional_pirates" title="List of fictional pirates">Fictional pirates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Askeladd" title="Askeladd">Askeladd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Ayrton" title="Tom Ayrton">Tom Ayrton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redbeard_(comics)" title="Redbeard (comics)">Barbe Rouge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captain_Birdseye" title="Captain Birdseye">Captain Birdseye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captain_Blood_(novel)" title="Captain Blood (novel)">Captain Blood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McDonaldland" title="McDonaldland">Captain Crook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captain_Flint" title="Captain Flint">Captain Flint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captain_Hook" title="Captain Hook">Captain Hook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captain_Nemo" title="Captain Nemo">Captain Nemo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captain_Pugwash" title="Captain Pugwash">Captain Pugwash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captain_Sabertooth" title="Captain Sabertooth">Captain Sabertooth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captain_Stingaree" title="Captain Stingaree">Captain Stingaree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_de_Berry" title="Charlotte de Berry">Charlotte de Berry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Davy_Jones_(Pirates_of_the_Caribbean)" title="Davy Jones (Pirates of the Caribbean)">Davy Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Kenway" title="Edward Kenway">Edward Kenway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elaine_Marley" title="Elaine Marley">Elaine Marley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Swann" title="Elizabeth Swann">Elizabeth Swann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franky_(One_Piece)" title="Franky (One Piece)">Franky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guybrush_Threepwood" title="Guybrush Threepwood">Guybrush Threepwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hector_Barbossa" title="Hector Barbossa">Hector Barbossa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Sparrow" title="Jack Sparrow">Jack Sparrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacquotte_Delahaye" title="Jacquotte Delahaye">Jacquotte Delahaye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Gaspar" title="José Gaspar">José Gaspar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joshamee_Gibbs" title="Joshamee Gibbs">Joshamee Gibbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_John_Silver" title="Long John Silver">Long John Silver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monkey_D._Luffy" title="Monkey D. Luffy">Monkey D. Luffy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaas_Montenegro" title="Vaas Montenegro">Vaas Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mr._Smee" title="Mr. Smee">Mr. Smee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nami_(One_Piece)" title="Nami (One Piece)">Nami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nico_Robin" title="Nico Robin">Nico Robin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roronoa_Zoro" title="Roronoa Zoro">Roronoa Zoro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandokan" title="Sandokan">Sandokan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanji_(One_Piece)" title="Sanji (One Piece)">Sanji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Tony_Chopper" title="Tony Tony Chopper">Tony Tony Chopper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usopp" title="Usopp">Usopp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Will_Turner" title="Will Turner">Will Turner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zanzibar_(G.I._Joe)" title="Zanzibar (G.I. Joe)">Zanzibar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Novels</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Pirate_(novel)" title="The Pirate (novel)">The Pirate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Pilot:_A_Tale_of_the_Sea" title="The Pilot: A Tale of the Sea">The Pilot: A Tale of the Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treasure_Island" title="Treasure Island">Treasure Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Facing_the_Flag" title="Facing the Flag">Facing the Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_Stranger_Tides" title="On Stranger Tides">On Stranger Tides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Hawkins_and_the_Curse_of_Treasure_Island" title="Jim Hawkins and the Curse of Treasure Island">Jim Hawkins and the Curse of Treasure Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castaways_of_the_Flying_Dutchman" title="Castaways of the Flying Dutchman">Castaways of the Flying Dutchman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Angel%27s_Command" title="The Angel's Command">The Angel's Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voyage_of_Slaves" title="Voyage of Slaves">Voyage of Slaves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_John_Silver_(comics)" title="Long John Silver (comics)">Long John Silver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirate_Latitudes" title="Pirate Latitudes">Pirate Latitudes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mistress_of_the_Seas" title="Mistress of the Seas">Mistress of the Seas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silver_(Motion_novel)" title="Silver (Motion novel)">Silver: Return to Treasure Island</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tropes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buried_treasure" title="Buried treasure">Buried treasure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Davy_Jones%27s_locker" title="Davy Jones's locker">Davy Jones's locker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eyepatch" title="Eyepatch">Eyepatch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jolly_Roger" title="Jolly Roger">Jolly Roger</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Skull_and_crossbones_(symbol)" class="mw-redirect" title="Skull and crossbones (symbol)">skull and crossbones</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keelhauling" title="Keelhauling">Keelhauling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marooning" title="Marooning">Marooning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_purchase,_no_pay" title="No purchase, no pay">No purchase, no pay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pegleg" class="mw-redirect" title="Pegleg">Pegleg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Companion_parrot" title="Companion parrot">Pet parrot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirate_code" title="Pirate code">Pirate code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirate_utopia" title="Pirate utopia">Pirate utopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treasure_map" title="Treasure map">Treasure map</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walking_the_plank" title="Walking the plank">Walking the plank</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_pirate" title="Air pirate">Air pirate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_space_pirates" title="List of space pirates">Space pirate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Talk_Like_a_Pirate_Day" title="International Talk Like a Pirate Day">International Talk Like a Pirate Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirates_versus_Ninjas" title="Pirates versus Ninjas">Pirates versus Ninjas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: normal;">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A_General_History_of_the_Pyrates" title="A General History of the Pyrates">A General History of the Pyrates</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Captain_Charles_Johnson" title="Captain Charles Johnson">Captain Charles Johnson</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truce_of_Ratisbon" title="Truce of Ratisbon">Truce of Ratisbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirate_Round" title="Pirate Round">Pirate Round</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mutiny" title="Mutiny">Mutiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matelotage" title="Matelotage">Matelotage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_kidnappings" title="Piracy kidnappings">Piracy kidnappings</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: normal;">Meta</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pirates" title="List of pirates">Pirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pirate_films_and_television_series" title="List of pirate films and television series">Pirate films and TV series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_privateers" title="List of privateers">Privateers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ships_attacked_by_Somali_pirates" title="List of ships attacked by Somali pirates">List of ships attacked by Somali pirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_piracy" title="Timeline of piracy">Timeline of piracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_piracy" title="Women in piracy">Women in piracy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Categories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Barbary_pirates" class="mw-disambig" title="Category:Barbary pirates">Barbary pirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pirates_by_nationality" title="Category:Pirates by nationality">By nationality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Female_pirates" title="Category:Female pirates">Female pirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fictional_pirates" title="Category:Fictional pirates">Fictional pirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Piracy" title="Category:Piracy">Piracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Piracy_by_year" title="Category:Piracy by year">Piracy by year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pirates" title="Category:Pirates">Pirates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/29px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png" decoding="async" width="29" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/44px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/58px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="510" data-file-height="490" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Piracy" title="Portal:Piracy">Piracy portal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Piracy" title="Category:Piracy">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36517#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36517#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36517#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000121452514">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/100250627">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1816362/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJrChDPJpdtMbXjhRbpHG3">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118527207">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79008204">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb121516476">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb121516476">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00620597">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an36089437">Australia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn20000700429&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX823432">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/161500">Portugal</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p06746484X">Netherlands</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000284300&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bncatalogo.cl/F?func=direct&local_base=red10&doc_number=000510094">Chile</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=95871">Greece</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=81154">2</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/hftwwth14c5s8r0">Sweden</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810694908405606">Poland</a></li><li><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/86284">Vatican</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007260510905171">Israel</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058523464206706">Catalonia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14556743">Belgium</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1210336">Trove</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118527207.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118527207">DDB</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/030012775">IdRef</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w66978s2">SNAC</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Francis_Drake&oldid=1260151399">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Francis_Drake&oldid=1260151399</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Francis_Drake" title="Category:Francis Drake">Francis Drake</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1540s_births" title="Category:1540s births">1540s births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1596_deaths" title="Category:1596 deaths">1596 deaths</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:16th-century_English_explorers" title="Category:16th-century English explorers">16th-century English explorers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:16th-century_Royal_Navy_personnel" title="Category:16th-century Royal Navy personnel">16th-century Royal Navy personnel</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Burials_at_sea" title="Category:Burials at sea">Burials at sea</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Circumnavigators_of_the_globe" title="Category:Circumnavigators of the globe">Circumnavigators of the globe</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Deaths_from_dysentery" title="Category:Deaths from dysentery">Deaths from dysentery</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:English_admirals" title="Category:English admirals">English admirals</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:English_explorers_of_North_America" title="Category:English explorers of North America">English explorers of North America</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:English_explorers_of_the_Pacific" title="Category:English explorers of the Pacific">English explorers of the Pacific</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:English_knights" title="Category:English knights">English knights</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:English_male_bowls_players" title="Category:English male bowls players">English male bowls players</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:English_MPs_1572%E2%80%931583" title="Category:English MPs 1572–1583">English MPs 1572–1583</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:English_MPs_1584%E2%80%931585" title="Category:English MPs 1584–1585">English MPs 1584–1585</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:English_MPs_1593" title="Category:English MPs 1593">English MPs 1593</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:English_people_of_the_Anglo-Spanish_War_(1585%E2%80%931604)" title="Category:English people of the Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604)">English people of the Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:English_privateers" title="Category:English privateers">English privateers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Explorers_of_California" title="Category:Explorers of California">Explorers of California</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Explorers_of_Oregon" title="Category:Explorers of Oregon">Explorers of Oregon</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Knights_Bachelor" title="Category:Knights Bachelor">Knights Bachelor</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Massacres_in_Ireland" title="Category:Massacres in Ireland">Massacres in Ireland</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mayors_of_Plymouth" title="Category:Mayors of Plymouth">Mayors of Plymouth</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Members_of_the_Inner_Temple" title="Category:Members of the Inner Temple">Members of the Inner Temple</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Members_of_the_Parliament_of_England_for_Bossiney" title="Category:Members of the Parliament of England for Bossiney">Members of the Parliament of England for Bossiney</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Members_of_the_Parliament_of_England_for_Camelford" title="Category:Members of the Parliament of England for Camelford">Members of the Parliament of England for Camelford</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Members_of_the_Parliament_of_England_for_Plymouth" title="Category:Members of the Parliament of England for Plymouth">Members of the Parliament of England for Plymouth</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_personnel_from_Tavistock" title="Category:Military personnel from Tavistock">Military personnel from Tavistock</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_who_died_at_sea" title="Category:People who died at sea">People who died at sea</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: 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