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vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">移去側欄</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">收埋</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">文頭</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-「法」呢個字" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#「法」呢個字"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>「法」呢個字</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-「法」呢個字-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-同道德嘅關係" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#同道德嘅關係"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>同道德嘅關係</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-同道德嘅關係-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>切換去同道德嘅關係細章節</span> </button> <ul id="toc-同道德嘅關係-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-法律嘅外在性同道德嘅內在性" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#法律嘅外在性同道德嘅內在性"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>法律嘅外在性同道德嘅內在性</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-法律嘅外在性同道德嘅內在性-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-法律作為最低限度嘅倫理" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#法律作為最低限度嘅倫理"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>法律作為最低限度嘅倫理</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-法律作為最低限度嘅倫理-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-同正義嘅關係" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#同正義嘅關係"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>同正義嘅關係</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-同正義嘅關係-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-強制同法律嘅關係" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#強制同法律嘅關係"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>強制同法律嘅關係</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-強制同法律嘅關係-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>切換去強制同法律嘅關係細章節</span> </button> <ul id="toc-強制同法律嘅關係-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-強制係咪法律嘅重要元素？" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#強制係咪法律嘅重要元素？"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>強制係咪法律嘅重要元素？</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-強制係咪法律嘅重要元素？-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-強制嘅正當理由" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#強制嘅正當理由"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>強制嘅正當理由</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-強制嘅正當理由-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-法律淵源" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#法律淵源"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>法律淵源</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-法律淵源-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-法律嘅分類" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#法律嘅分類"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>法律嘅分類</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-法律嘅分類-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>切換去法律嘅分類細章節</span> </button> <ul id="toc-法律嘅分類-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-衝突法同實體法" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#衝突法同實體法"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>衝突法同實體法</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-衝突法同實體法-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-公法同私法" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#公法同私法"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>公法同私法</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-公法同私法-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-實體法同程序法" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#實體法同程序法"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>實體法同程序法</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-實體法同程序法-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-民事法同刑事法" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#民事法同刑事法"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>民事法同刑事法</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-民事法同刑事法-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-世俗法同宗教法" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#世俗法同宗教法"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>世俗法同宗教法</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-世俗法同宗教法-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-國際法同國內法" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#國際法同國內法"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.6</span> <span>國際法同國內法</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-國際法同國內法-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-法令嘅優先次序" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#法令嘅優先次序"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>法令嘅優先次序</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-法令嘅優先次序-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>切換去法令嘅優先次序細章節</span> </button> <ul id="toc-法令嘅優先次序-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-上位法令優先" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#上位法令優先"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>上位法令優先</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-上位法令優先-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-一般法同特別法" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#一般法同特別法"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>一般法同特別法</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-一般法同特別法-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-新法優先" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#新法優先"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>新法優先</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-新法優先-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-疏仕" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#疏仕"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>疏仕</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-疏仕-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目錄" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="開/收內容一覽" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">開/收內容一覽</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">法律</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="去睇另一種語文嘅文章。有184種語言版本。" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-184" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">184種語言</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reg" title="Reg – 南非荷蘭文" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Reg" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="南非荷蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recht" title="Recht – 德文（瑞士）" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Recht" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="德文（瑞士）" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%95%E1%8C%8D" title="ሕግ – 阿姆哈拉文" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ሕግ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="阿姆哈拉文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dreito" title="Dreito – 阿拉貢文" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Dreito" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="阿拉貢文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86" title="قانون – 阿拉伯文" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="قانون" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%A9%DC%A2%DC%98%DC%A2%DC%90" title="ܩܢܘܢܐ – 阿拉米文" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܩܢܘܢܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="阿拉米文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86" title="قانون – 摩洛哥阿拉伯文" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="قانون" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="摩洛哥阿拉伯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86" title="قانون – 埃及阿拉伯文" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="قانون" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="埃及阿拉伯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derechu" title="Derechu – 阿斯圖里亞文" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Derechu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="阿斯圖里亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%BCquq" title="Hüquq – 亞塞拜然文" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Hüquq" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="亞塞拜然文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%88%D9%82%D9%88%D9%82" title="حوقوق – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="حوقوق" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D2%A1%D1%83%D2%A1" title="Хоҡуҡ – 巴什客爾文" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Хоҡуҡ" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="巴什客爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recht" title="Recht – 巴伐利亞文" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Recht" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="巴伐利亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teis%C4%97" title="Teisė – 薩莫吉希亞文" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Teisė" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="薩莫吉希亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ley" title="Ley – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Ley" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Права – 白俄羅斯文" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Права" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="白俄羅斯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Права – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Права" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C3%A8t" title="Wèt – 貝塔維文" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Wèt" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="貝塔維文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Право – 保加利亞文" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Право" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="保加利亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A8" title="कानून – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="कानून" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bm mw-list-item"><a href="https://bm.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A0r%C3%ACya" title="Sàrìya – 班巴拉文" lang="bm" hreflang="bm" data-title="Sàrìya" data-language-autonym="Bamanankan" data-language-local-name="班巴拉文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bamanankan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A8" title="আইন – 孟加拉文" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="আইন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="孟加拉文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%81%E0%BE%B2%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%98%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8D" title="ཁྲིམས། – 藏文" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཁྲིམས།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="藏文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwir_(lezenn)" title="Gwir (lezenn) – 布列塔尼文" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Gwir (lezenn)" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="布列塔尼文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pravo" title="Pravo – 波士尼亞文" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Pravo" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="波士尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uhum" title="Uhum – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Uhum" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Mandailing</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%83%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Хуули – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Хуули" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dret" title="Dret – 加泰羅尼亞文" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Dret" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="加泰羅尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hu%C3%A1k-l%C5%ADk" title="Huák-lŭk – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Huák-lŭk" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%8A%D0%BE" title="Бакъо – 車臣文" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Бакъо" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="車臣文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pamalaod" title="Pamalaod – 宿霧文" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Pamalaod" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="宿霧文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ch mw-list-item"><a href="https://ch.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lai" title="Lai – 查莫洛文" lang="ch" hreflang="ch" data-title="Lai" data-language-autonym="Chamoru" data-language-local-name="查莫洛文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Chamoru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8F%97%E1%8E%A7%E1%8E%BF%E1%8F%A9%E1%8F%9B%E1%8F%8D%E1%8F%97" title="ᏗᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ – 柴羅基文" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᏗᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="柴羅基文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7" title="یاسا – 索拉尼庫爾德文" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="یاسا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="索拉尼庫爾德文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drittu" title="Drittu – 科西嘉文" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Drittu" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="科西嘉文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%A1vo" title="Právo – 捷克文" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Právo" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="捷克文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%B2%C4%95%C3%A7-%D0%B8%D1%80%C4%95%D0%BA" title="Тивĕç-ирĕк – 楚瓦什文" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Тивĕç-ирĕк" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="楚瓦什文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyfraith" title="Cyfraith – 威爾斯文" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Cyfraith" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="威爾斯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jura" title="Jura – 丹麥文" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Jura" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="丹麥文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recht" title="Recht – 德文" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Recht" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C4%B1quq" title="Hıquq – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Hıquq" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%94%CE%AF%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%B9%CE%BF" title="Δίκαιο – 希臘文" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Δίκαιο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="希臘文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law" title="Law – 英文" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Law" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juro" title="Juro – 世界文" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Juro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="世界文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derecho" title="Derecho – 西班牙文" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Derecho" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%95igus" title="Õigus – 愛沙尼亞文" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Õigus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="愛沙尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zuzenbide" title="Zuzenbide – 巴斯克文" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Zuzenbide" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="巴斯克文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derechu" title="Derechu – 埃斯特雷馬杜拉文" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Derechu" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="埃斯特雷馬杜拉文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86" title="قانون – 波斯文" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="قانون" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laki" title="Laki – 芬蘭文" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Laki" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="芬蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawa" title="Lawa – 斐濟文" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Lawa" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="斐濟文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Droit" title="Droit – 法文" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Droit" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr%C3%AAt" title="Drêt – 法蘭克-普羅旺斯文" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Drêt" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="法蘭克-普羅旺斯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocht" title="Rocht – 北弗里西亞文" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Rocht" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="北弗里西亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dirit" title="Dirit – 弗留利文" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Dirit" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="弗留利文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rjocht" title="Rjocht – 西弗里西亞文" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Rjocht" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="西弗里西亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dl%C3%AD" title="Dlí – 愛爾蘭文" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Dlí" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="愛爾蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drw%C3%A8" title="Drwè – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Drwè" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagh" title="Lagh – 蘇格蘭蓋爾文" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Lagh" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="蘇格蘭蓋爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dereito" title="Dereito – 加里西亞文" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Dereito" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="加里西亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tekoiterape" title="Tekoiterape – 瓜拉尼文" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Tekoiterape" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="瓜拉尼文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leigh" title="Leigh – 曼島文" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Leigh" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="曼島文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doka" title="Doka – 豪撒文" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Doka" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="豪撒文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fap-li%CC%8Dt" title="Fap-li̍t – 客家話" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Fap-li̍t" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="客家話" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%93%D7%99%D7%9F" title="דין – 希伯來文" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="דין" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="希伯來文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BF" title="विधि – 北印度文" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="विधि" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="北印度文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanuun" title="Kanuun – 斐濟印地文" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Kanuun" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="斐濟印地文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pravo" title="Pravo – 克羅埃西亞文" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Pravo" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="克羅埃西亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lwa_(dwa)" title="Lwa (dwa) – 海地文" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Lwa (dwa)" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="海地文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jog" title="Jog – 匈牙利文" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Jog" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="匈牙利文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BB%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D6%84" title="Իրավունք – 亞美尼亞文" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Իրավունք" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="亞美尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BB%D6%80%D5%A1%D6%82%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D6%84" title="Իրաւունք – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Իրաւունք" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derecto" title="Derecto – 國際文" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Derecto" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="國際文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hukum" title="Hukum – 印尼文" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Hukum" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印尼文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jure" title="Jure – 國際文（E）" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Jure" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="國際文（E）" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linteg" title="Linteg – 伊洛闊文" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Linteg" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="伊洛闊文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yurocienco" title="Yurocienco – 伊多文" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Yurocienco" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="伊多文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%B6gfr%C3%A6%C3%B0i" title="Lögfræði – 冰島文" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Lögfræði" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="冰島文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diritto" title="Diritto – 義大利文" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Diritto" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="義大利文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B3%95_(%E6%B3%95%E5%AD%A6)" title="法 (法学) – 日文" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="法 (法学)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laa" title="Laa – 牙買加克裏奧爾英文" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Laa" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="牙買加克裏奧爾英文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/flalu" title="flalu – 邏輯文" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="flalu" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="邏輯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukum" title="Ukum – 爪哇文" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Ukum" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="爪哇文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%97%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="სამართალი – 喬治亞文" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სამართალი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="喬治亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huq%C4%B1q" title="Huqıq – 卡拉卡爾帕克文" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Huqıq" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="卡拉卡爾帕克文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%9A%D2%B1%D2%9B%D1%8B%D2%9B" title="Құқық – 哈薩克文" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Құқық" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="哈薩克文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%85%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%94%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%94%E1%9F%8B" title="ច្បាប់ – 高棉文" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ច្បាប់" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="高棉文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%82%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%81" title="ಕಾನೂನು – 坎那達文" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಕಾನೂನು" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="坎那達文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B2%95" title="법 – 韓文" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="법" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韓文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%8A" title="Хакъ – 卡拉柴-包爾卡爾文" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Хакъ" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="卡拉柴-包爾卡爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Къарачай-малкъар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dad" title="Dad – 庫爾德文" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Dad" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="庫爾德文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D3%A7%D0%B4" title="Инӧд – 科米文" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Инӧд" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="科米文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagha" title="Lagha – 康瓦耳文" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Lagha" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="康瓦耳文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BA" title="Укук – 吉爾吉斯文" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Укук" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="吉爾吉斯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="正文"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ius" title="Ius – 拉丁文" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Ius" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="拉丁文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dirito" title="Dirito – 拉迪諾文" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Dirito" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="拉迪諾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Droit" title="Droit – 盧森堡文" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Droit" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="盧森堡文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lege" title="Lege – 新共同語言" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Lege" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="新共同語言" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rech" title="Rech – 林堡文" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Rech" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="林堡文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diritto" title="Diritto – 利古里亞文" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Diritto" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="利古里亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%A9bi-bos%C3%A9mbo" title="Zébi-bosémbo – 林加拉文" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Zébi-bosémbo" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="林加拉文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%BB%E0%BA%94%E0%BB%9D%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%8D" title="ກົດໝາຍ – 寮文" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ກົດໝາຍ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="寮文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teis%C4%97" title="Teisė – 立陶宛文" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Teisė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="立陶宛文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tieslietas" title="Tieslietas – 拉脫維亞文" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Tieslietas" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="拉脫維亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A8" title="कानून – 邁蒂利文" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="कानून" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="邁蒂利文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hukum" title="Hukum – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Hukum" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Banyumasan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lal%C3%A0na_(mitovy_fanoratra)" title="Lalàna (mitovy fanoratra) – 馬拉加什文" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Lalàna (mitovy fanoratra)" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="馬拉加什文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ture" title="Ture – 毛利文" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Ture" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="毛利文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Māori</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hukum" title="Hukum – 米南卡堡文" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Hukum" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="米南卡堡文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Право – 馬其頓文" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Право" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="馬其頓文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%82" title="നിയമം – 馬來亞拉姆文" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="നിയമം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="馬來亞拉姆文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%80%D1%85_%D0%B7%D2%AF%D0%B9" title="Эрх зүй – 蒙古文" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Эрх зүй" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="蒙古文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE" title="कायदा – 馬拉地文" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="कायदा" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="馬拉地文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Undang-undang" title="Undang-undang – 馬來文" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Undang-undang" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="馬來文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dritt" title="Dritt – 馬爾他文" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Dritt" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="馬爾他文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dreito" title="Dreito – 米蘭德斯文" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Dreito" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="米蘭德斯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A5%E1%80%95%E1%80%92%E1%80%B1" title="ဥပဒေ – 緬甸文" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဥပဒေ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="緬甸文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Права – 厄爾茲亞文" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Права" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="厄爾茲亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juristeree" title="Juristeree – 低地德文" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Juristeree" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="低地德文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recht" title="Recht – 低地薩克遜文" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Recht" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="低地薩克遜文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A8" title="कानून – 尼泊爾文" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="कानून" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="尼泊爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recht" title="Recht – 荷蘭文" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Recht" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="荷蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lov_og_rett" title="Lov og rett – 耐諾斯克挪威文" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Lov og rett" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="耐諾斯克挪威文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lou%C3%A9" title="Loué – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Loué" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drech" title="Drech – 奧克西坦文" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Drech" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="奧克西坦文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Барад – 奧塞提文" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Барад" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="奧塞提文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%82%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%A8" title="ਕਾਨੂੰਨ – 旁遮普文" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਕਾਨੂੰਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="旁遮普文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derecho" title="Derecho – 帕皮阿門托文" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Derecho" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="帕皮阿門托文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prawo" title="Prawo – 波蘭文" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Prawo" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lej" title="Lej – 皮埃蒙特文" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Lej" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="皮埃蒙特文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86" title="قنون – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="قنون" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="正文"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direito" title="Direito – 葡萄牙文" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Direito" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiqa" title="Chiqa – 蓋楚瓦文" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Chiqa" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="蓋楚瓦文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drept" title="Drept – 羅馬尼亞文" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Drept" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="羅馬尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Право – 俄文" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Право" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Право – 盧森尼亞文" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Право" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="盧森尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D3%A9%D1%80%D2%AF%D0%BD" title="Төрүн – 雅庫特文" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Төрүн" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="雅庫特文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deretu" title="Deretu – 撒丁文" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Deretu" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="撒丁文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liggi" title="Liggi – 西西里文" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Liggi" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="西西里文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law" title="Law – 蘇格蘭文" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Law" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="蘇格蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86" title="قانون – 信德文" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="قانون" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="信德文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pravo" title="Pravo – 塞爾維亞克羅埃西亞文" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Pravo" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="塞爾維亞克羅埃西亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%93%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA" title="නීතිය – 僧伽羅文" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="නීතිය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="僧伽羅文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law" title="Law – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Law" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Objekt%C3%ADvne_pr%C3%A1vo" title="Objektívne právo – 斯洛伐克文" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Objektívne právo" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="斯洛伐克文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pravo" title="Pravo – 斯洛維尼亞文" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Pravo" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="斯洛維尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tul%C4%81fono" title="Tulāfono – 薩摩亞文" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Tulāfono" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="薩摩亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagana Samoa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutemo" title="Mutemo – 塞內加爾文" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Mutemo" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="塞內加爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharci" title="Sharci – 索馬利文" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Sharci" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="索馬利文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ligji" title="Ligji – 阿爾巴尼亞文" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Ligji" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="阿爾巴尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Право – 塞爾維亞文" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Право" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="塞爾維亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hukum" title="Hukum – 巽他文" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Hukum" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="巽他文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juridik" title="Juridik – 瑞典文" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Juridik" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="瑞典文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheria" title="Sheria – 史瓦希里文" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Sheria" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="史瓦希里文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/hulic" title="hulic – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="hulic" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sakizaya</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="சட்டம் – 坦米爾文" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சட்டம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="坦米爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%9A%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9F%E0%B0%82" title="చట్టం – 泰盧固文" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="చట్టం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="泰盧固文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%B2%D1%83%D2%9B%D1%83%D2%9B" title="Ҳуқуқ – 塔吉克文" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Ҳуқуқ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="塔吉克文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%8E%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2" title="กฎหมาย – 泰文" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="กฎหมาย" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="泰文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batas" title="Batas – 塔加路族文" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Batas" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="塔加路族文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lo" title="Lo – 托比辛文" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Lo" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="托比辛文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tok Pisin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hukuk" title="Hukuk – 土耳其文" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Hukuk" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="土耳其文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-trv mw-list-item"><a href="https://trv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaya" title="Gaya – 太魯閣文" lang="trv" hreflang="trv" data-title="Gaya" data-language-autonym="Seediq" data-language-local-name="太魯閣文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seediq</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nawu" title="Nawu – 特松加文" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="Nawu" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="特松加文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Xitsonga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BA" title="Хокук – 韃靼文" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Хокук" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="韃靼文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mmara" title="Mmara – 特威文" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Mmara" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="特威文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Twi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Право – 烏克蘭文" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Право" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="烏克蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86" title="قانون – 烏都文" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="قانون" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="烏都文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huquq" title="Huquq – 烏茲別克文" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Huquq" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="烏茲別克文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derito" title="Derito – 威尼斯文" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Derito" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="威尼斯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lu%E1%BA%ADt_ph%C3%A1p" title="Luật pháp – 越南文" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Luật pháp" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="越南文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detik" title="Detik – 沃拉普克文" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Detik" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="沃拉普克文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balaud" title="Balaud – 瓦瑞文" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Balaud" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="瓦瑞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%BE%8B" title="法律 – 吳語" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="法律" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="吳語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umthetho" title="Umthetho – 科薩文" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="Umthetho" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="科薩文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiXhosa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%97%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="სამართალი – 明格列爾文" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="სამართალი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="明格列爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%A2%D7%96%D7%A2%D7%A5" title="געזעץ – 意第緒文" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="געזעץ" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="意第緒文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%92fin" title="Òfin – 約魯巴文" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Òfin" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="約魯巴文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faplwd" title="Faplwd – 壯文" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Faplwd" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="壯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recht" title="Recht – 西蘭文" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Recht" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="西蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zeêuws</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%BE%8B" title="法律 – 中文" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="法律" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="中文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%BE%8B" title="法律 – 文言文" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="法律" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="文言文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoat-lu%CC%8Dt" title="Hoat-lu̍t – 閩南語" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Hoat-lu̍t" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="閩南語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umthetho" title="Umthetho – 祖魯文" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Umthetho" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="祖魯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q7748#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="改跨語言拎" 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href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=%E6%B3%95%E5%BE%8B&action=show-download-screen"><span>下載PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="javascript:print();" rel="alternate" title="呢一版印得嘅版本[p]" accesskey="p"><span>印得嘅版本</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 第啲維基項目 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Law" hreflang="en"><span>維基同享</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q7748" title="連到接住資料儲存庫嘅項目[g]" accesskey="g"><span>維基數據項</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="頁面工具"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="閱讀設定"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">閱讀設定</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">移去側欄</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">收埋</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">出自維基百科，自由嘅百科全書</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="yue" dir="ltr"><p><b>法律</b>（或者叫<b>法規</b>）係一串<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="國家">國家</a>或者<a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%81" title="省">省</a>規定嘅<a href="/wiki/%E8%A6%8F%E5%89%87" class="mw-redirect" title="規則">規則</a>，講明<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA" title="人">人</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E6%A9%9F%E6%A7%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="機構">機構</a>，規定有乜嘢可以做、唔可以做，一定要做，同埋授權咗去做。按法律嘅目的係對啲人有一套冇差別嘅對待（雖然好多法律用喺唔公平嘅地方，但係有偏見），而且有寫明如果犯咗就會點<a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%B0" title="罰">罰</a>。 </p><p>一般嚟講，法律嘅特徵包括：命令或者禁止某啲行為、<a href="/wiki/%E6%8E%88%E6%AC%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="授權">授權</a>俾人做某啲嘢、違法嘅話會俾人強制制裁（例如判<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%88%91&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="刑 (無呢版)">刑</a>或者<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B3%A0%E9%8C%A2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="賠錢 (無呢版)">賠錢</a>）、喺法庭上面作為判案嘅標準等等。不過，有時候政府都會為咗提醒<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%82%E6%B0%91" class="mw-redirect" title="市民">市民</a>而制定冇罰則嘅法律。喺法治國家，人人都要守法，冇人可以凌駕法律之上。為咗執行法律，會設立法庭審判犯罪或者糾紛，仲有<a href="/wiki/%E8%AD%A6%E5%AF%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="警察">警察</a>根據刑法執法。 </p><p>如果犯咗刑事罪行，唔單止要受罰，仲可能會失去晒所有信用，甚至連份工、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AE%B6%E5%BA%AD%E9%97%9C%E4%BF%82&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="家庭關係 (無呢版)">家庭關係</a>同埋揀工作嘅<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1" title="自由">自由</a>都可能冇埋。如果係嚴重罪行，仲可能會俾人實名報道，俾成個<a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83" title="社會">社會</a>都知道你係罪犯。 </p><p>講到底乜嘢係法律，同點樣同其他社會規範分開，一直都有好多唔同嘅講法。而且喺法律嘅唔同<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%AF%84%E7%96%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="範疇 (無呢版)">範疇</a>都有唔同嘅睇法，所以喺一個範疇啱用嘅定義喺第二個範疇未必啱用。 </p><p>因為咁，呢度唔會下定論話法律究竟係乜，而係講下啲<a href="/wiki/%E5%82%B3%E7%B5%B1" title="傳統">傳統</a>上面大家都關心嘅重點。 </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="「法」呢個字"><span id=".E3.80.8C.E6.B3.95.E3.80.8D.E5.91.A2.E5.80.8B.E5.AD.97"></span>「法」呢個字</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B3%95%E5%BE%8B&action=edit&section=1" title="編輯小節: 「法」呢個字"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>喺<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%90%E6%B4%B2%E5%A4%A7%E9%99%B8" title="歐洲大陸">歐洲大陸</a>，表示「法」或者「法律」嘅概念有兩種字：一種係源自<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E4%B8%81%E6%96%87" title="拉丁文">拉丁文</a>「ius」嘅（<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E6%96%87" title="德文">德文</a>係「Recht」，<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E6%96%87" title="法文">法文</a>係「droit」，<a href="/wiki/%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E6%96%87" title="意大利文">意大利文</a>係「diritto」等等），另一種係源自「lex」嘅（「Gesetz」、「loi」、「legge」等等）。喺粵文入面，通常會將前者譯做「法」，後者譯做「法律」。前者多數係指自然法或者某個法律體系，後者就係指實定法或者具體嘅法律規範。但係呢兩個詞其實都冇嚴格分開使用。前者仲可以解做「權利」，後者就好似粵文嘅「法律」咁，都可以用嚟講<a href="/wiki/%E8%AD%B0%E6%9C%83" title="議會">議會</a>制定嘅法例。 </p><p>順帶一提，英文嘅「law」呢個字冇拉丁文嘅根源。佢嘅字源係喺<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8C%97%E6%B5%B7%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="北海帝國 (無呢版)">北海帝國</a>統治<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E6%A0%BC%E8%98%AD" title="英格蘭">英格蘭</a>嗰陣時，啲<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%B9%E9%BA%A5%E4%BA%BA" title="丹麥人">丹麥人</a>用嚟形容「擺喺度嘅嘢」嘅古北歐語。之後就喺英文入面解做規矩同法律。所以「law」呢個字本身分唔到「ius」同「lex」嘅分別。如果英語區要分開呢兩個概念，佢哋會用「(the) law」同「a law」或者「laws」嚟區分，仲有用形容詞「juristic」同「legal」嚟分。 </p><p>粵文嘅「法」字（正寫係「灋」）係一個形聲字，由「水」、「廌」同埋「去」字組成。《說文解字》將呢個字同審判有關嘅架空動物扯埋一齊，但係呢個講法唔可信，字嘅真正來源其實唔清楚。「法」字借用嚟表示以某啲嘢做榜樣嘅意思。喺<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="佛教">佛教</a>入面，呢個字仲用嚟翻譯梵文嘅「dharma」（法）。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="同道德嘅關係"><span id=".E5.90.8C.E9.81.93.E5.BE.B7.E5.98.85.E9.97.9C.E4.BF.82"></span>同道德嘅關係</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B3%95%E5%BE%8B&action=edit&section=2" title="編輯小節: 同道德嘅關係"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>以前，法律、<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99" title="宗教">宗教</a>同埋<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%93%E5%BE%B7" title="道德">道德</a>之間冇乜明確分別。但係隨住近代統一國家嘅出現，法律同道德嘅分別就越嚟越明顯，兩者嘅關係都開始成為一個問題。不過，呢度講嘅「道德」概念都有啲唔清晰嘅地方，所以都會引起一啲混亂。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="法律嘅外在性同道德嘅內在性"><span id=".E6.B3.95.E5.BE.8B.E5.98.85.E5.A4.96.E5.9C.A8.E6.80.A7.E5.90.8C.E9.81.93.E5.BE.B7.E5.98.85.E5.85.A7.E5.9C.A8.E6.80.A7"></span>法律嘅外在性同道德嘅內在性</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B3%95%E5%BE%8B&action=edit&section=3" title="編輯小節: 法律嘅外在性同道德嘅內在性"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>首先，托馬修斯提出咗法律嘅外在性同道德嘅內在性呢個概念。佢話法律嘅任務係規範人嘅外在行為，而道德嘅任務就係喺人嘅<a href="/wiki/%E8%89%AF%E5%BF%83" title="良心">良心</a>入面達到內在][和平]]。康德就將呢個觀點再轉一轉，講到合法性同道德性嘅分別。佢話法律同道德嘅分別喺於佢哋對義務嘅要求唔同：法律只係要求行為符合義務法則，唔理動機；但係道德就要求動機本身都要符合義務法則。 </p><p>呢啲睇法同<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E5%85%B8%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="古典自由主義 (無呢版)">古典自由主義</a>有關，想保障個人喺強制干涉之外嘅自主活動空間。佢哋話法律有強制性，但係道德冇，咁樣就可以防止國家權力過分擴張。不過，強調道德嘅內在性都有啲問題，因為唔係所有道德都係咁。譬如話，呢種睇法主要係基於傳統基督教嘅道德觀，喺以「羞恥文化」為主嘅社會就未必啱用。 </p><p>仲有，雖然呢種分別建議法律唔應該干涉個人嘅內心，但實際上法律都有時會涉及個人內心嘅嘢。例如刑法就有故意犯同過失犯嘅分別。日本憲法第19條保障<a href="/wiki/%E6%80%9D%E6%83%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="思想">思想</a>同良心自由，就係因為喺<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%A7%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B%E6%86%B2%E6%B3%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="大日本帝國憲法 (無呢版)">大日本帝國憲法</a>時代（即係行<a href="/wiki/%E8%BB%8D%E5%9C%8B%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="軍國主義">軍國主義</a>嗰陣）有啲法律想限制內心自由，所以先要咁樣寫。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="法律作為最低限度嘅倫理"><span id=".E6.B3.95.E5.BE.8B.E4.BD.9C.E7.82.BA.E6.9C.80.E4.BD.8E.E9.99.90.E5.BA.A6.E5.98.85.E5.80.AB.E7.90.86"></span>法律作為最低限度嘅倫理</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B3%95%E5%BE%8B&action=edit&section=4" title="編輯小節: 法律作為最低限度嘅倫理"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>以上嘅討論主要係圍繞住個人道德（個人倫理）嘅，冇乜考慮到社會道德（社會倫理）。 </p><p>如果將法律同社會道德一齊睇，就會發現社會道德都會限制社會成員嘅外在行為。而且個人道德雖然係自主選擇，但都會受社會道德影響。因此，有人認為法律嘅基本內容應該同社會道德一致。<a href="/wiki/%E8%80%B6%E5%88%A9%E5%85%A7%E5%85%8B" title="耶利內克">耶利內克</a>就話過「法律係<a href="/wiki/%E5%80%AB%E7%90%86" class="mw-redirect" title="倫理">倫理</a>嘅最低限度」。呢個意思係話，法律嘅內容應該包含社會生存所需嘅最低限度倫理。不過呢種講法冇考慮到法律同個人道德嘅衝突，喺道德觀念多元化嘅社會可能會有問題。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="同正義嘅關係"><span id=".E5.90.8C.E6.AD.A3.E7.BE.A9.E5.98.85.E9.97.9C.E4.BF.82"></span>同正義嘅關係</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B3%95%E5%BE%8B&action=edit&section=5" title="編輯小節: 同正義嘅關係"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>從法律同（社會）道德嘅關係嚟睇，仲有一個問題就係：一個規範要成為法律，係咪一定要符合「<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%A3%E7%BE%A9" title="正義">正義</a>」？定係話「惡法都係法」呢？ </p><p>如果理想化咁睇，強調<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E6%B3%95" title="自然法">自然法</a>存在嘅人會話，符合正義先可以叫做法律，所以就算表面上有效成立嘅<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AF%A6%E5%AE%9A%E6%B3%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="實定法 (無呢版)">實定法</a>，如果內容唔符合自然法要求嘅正義，都係無效嘅。相反，強調法律實證主義嘅人就會話，只要表面上有效成立嘅實定法就係法律，唔理佢嘅內容係乜，所以「惡法都係法」。（不過呢個都係理想化嘅對立，實際上未必會咁徹底咁講。） </p><p>呢個問題喺<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E6%AC%A1%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%A4%A7%E6%88%B0" title="第二次世界大戰">第二次世界大戰</a>之後特別受到關注。因為要決定係咪可以追究<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%8D%E7%B2%B9" title="納粹">納粹</a>體制下面跟當時法律行事嘅人嘅法律責任，所以就引發咗關於納粹時期法律效力嘅爭論。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="強制同法律嘅關係"><span id=".E5.BC.B7.E5.88.B6.E5.90.8C.E6.B3.95.E5.BE.8B.E5.98.85.E9.97.9C.E4.BF.82"></span>強制同法律嘅關係</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B3%95%E5%BE%8B&action=edit&section=6" title="編輯小節: 強制同法律嘅關係"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="強制係咪法律嘅重要元素？"><span id=".E5.BC.B7.E5.88.B6.E4.BF.82.E5.92.AA.E6.B3.95.E5.BE.8B.E5.98.85.E9.87.8D.E8.A6.81.E5.85.83.E7.B4.A0.EF.BC.9F"></span>強制係咪法律嘅重要元素？</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B3%95%E5%BE%8B&action=edit&section=7" title="編輯小節: 強制係咪法律嘅重要元素？"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>法律同道德之間有重疊嘅部分，但係有個問題就係：要成為真正嘅法律，係咪一定要有能夠懲罰違法者嘅強制力？對於呢個問題，漢斯·凱爾森認為，法律一定要規定，如果有人做咗某啲行為，就要受到強制處罰（例如刑罰、民事或行政強制執行等）。但係亦都有人覺得，雖然法律嘅確係有強制性，但唔一定要有實際嘅強制手段。 </p><p>如果話強制係法律嘅必要元素，就會出現一個問題：有啲規則雖然唔係一般意義上嘅法律，但係違反嘅話都會受到實際懲罰（好似村規民約或者幫派規矩咁）。咁樣嘅話，就要諗辦法將呢啲規則排除喺法律概念之外。因此，有人就話強制必須要高度組織化先至算。（不過，對於研究國家成立之前嘅法律或者原始社會法律嘅某啲法學領域嚟講，佢哋需要更廣泛咁理解法律，所以未必需要咁嚴格嘅定義。） </p><p>講到強制，仲有個問題就係國際法算唔算法律。國際法喺強制執行方面，同國內法比較起上嚟差好遠，所以有人話佢只不過係一啲實在嘅道德規範咁解。但係自從二戰之後，聯合國同歐洲理事會呢啲國際組織越嚟越多，國際法嘅法律性質都變得越嚟越強。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="強制嘅正當理由"><span id=".E5.BC.B7.E5.88.B6.E5.98.85.E6.AD.A3.E7.95.B6.E7.90.86.E7.94.B1"></span>強制嘅正當理由</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B3%95%E5%BE%8B&action=edit&section=8" title="編輯小節: 強制嘅正當理由"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>法律同道德嘅關係好複雜，但無論如何，法律都係帶有強制力㗎。咁法律憑乜嘢理由可以干預個人行為呢？ </p><p>對於呢個問題，最多人引用嘅答案之一就係約翰·斯圖亞特·密爾提出嘅「傷害原則」。呢個原則話，只有喺防止個人傷害他人嘅情況下，先可以違背個人意願去干預佢嘅行為。但係喺而家啲講求保護弱勢群體嘅福利國家裡面，單靠呢個原則可能解釋唔晒所有嘢。 </p><p>另一方面仲有個叫做「法律道德主義」嘅觀點。呢個觀點認為法律同道德係有關係㗎，法律可以干預行為嘅理由就係為咗維護社會道德本身。但係如果咁樣諗，就算個人行為冇傷害到其他人，都可以因為違反道德而被干預，咁就會影響到個人自由。 </p><p>仲有一個叫做「家長式管治」嘅觀點，佢話只要係為咗個人利益，就可以合理化干預個人行為。呢個觀點雖然喺某啲情況下可能啱用，但都有好多問題要諗清楚。特別係，究竟係咪淨係喺當事人冇能力判斷嘅情況下先可以咁做？仲有就係，如果將呢個觀點貫徹到底，會唔會同自主權有衝突？ </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="法律淵源"><span id=".E6.B3.95.E5.BE.8B.E6.B7.B5.E6.BA.90"></span>法律淵源</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B3%95%E5%BE%8B&action=edit&section=9" title="編輯小節: 法律淵源"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>「法律淵源」呢個詞係指可以引用嚟做法律規範嘅存在形式。通常嚟講，就係指法官可以喺判決理由中引用嚟認定法律嘅根據。 </p><p>法律淵源最主要梗係以法律為中心嘅成文法啦（詳細可以參考「<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E4%BB%A4" title="法令">法令</a>」篇文），但仲有啲其他嘢都值得留意： </p> <dl><dt>習慣法</dt> <dd>呢個係指啲社會習慣演變成為大家都認為係法律嘅規範。喺啲已經有完善成文法嘅國家，習慣法就淨係起補充作用。但係佢可以填補成文法嘅空白，有啲人仲話喺某啲情況下，習慣法重要過成文法添。習慣法通常係通過判例先至清楚化。</dd></dl> <dl><dt>判例法</dt> <dd>如果判例可以當做法律淵源，咁就叫做判例法。傳統上講，<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E7%BE%8E%E6%B3%95%E7%B3%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="英美法系">英美法系</a>嘅國家會將判例法擺喺中心位置，判例有約束力（但係都可以改㗎）。相反，日本同其他大陸法系國家就算承認判例有事實上嘅約束力，都唔會將佢當做正式嘅法律淵源。但係就算喺大陸法系國家，喺啲法律未完善嘅領域（好似法國嘅國際私法或者以前日本嘅國際訴訟管轄權），判例都係好重要㗎。而且如果下級法院判決同判例相反，上級法院就會推翻佢。所以其實兩個法系嘅分別都冇咁大。有時我哋都會將透過判例形成嘅法律規範叫做「判例法」。</dd></dl> <dl><dt>條理</dt> <dd>呢個係指事物嘅道理。如果法律有漏洞嘅時候，有時會用條理做法律淵源。通常呢啲情況要透過判例先至可以搞清楚條理嘅具體內容。喺日本法律裡面，刑事案件因為有罪刑法定主義，冇法律可以引用嘅話就判無罪得㗎喇。但係<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B0%91%E4%BA%8B%E6%A1%88%E4%BB%B6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="民事案件 (無呢版)">民事案件</a>就會有問題：如果冇法律可以引用，可唔可以用條理做法律淵源呢？關於呢點，明治8年嘅太政官布告第103號《裁判事務心得》第3條就規定咗「民事審判如果冇成文法律，就要依照習慣；如果冇習慣，就要推斷條理嚟審判」。呢個太政官布告而家仲有冇效就有爭議（截至2008年都仲未廢除），但就算用條理，條理本身都唔係一般嘅法律標準，淨係可以用嚟填補法律嘅空白。不過以前都有過用條理做根據嚟確立國際訴訟管轄權規則嘅例子。</dd></dl> <dl><dt>學說</dt> <dd>而家嘅日本同好多國家都係會參考學說嚟解釋法律，但係唔會將法學家嘅學說本身當做法律淵源。但係喺<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" title="羅馬帝國">羅馬帝國</a>嘅時候，<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E7%9A%87%E5%B8%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="羅馬皇帝">羅馬皇帝</a>會授權畀<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%AD%B8%E5%AE%B6" title="法學家">法學家</a>答覆法律問題，仲有將某啲權威學說賦予法律效力，即係將學說當做法律淵源。而家<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%98%87%E6%A0%BC%E8%98%AD%E6%B3%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="蘇格蘭法 (無呢版)">蘇格蘭法</a>都仲係承認權威學者嘅論著係法律淵源。<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E6%B3%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="伊斯蘭法 (無呢版)">伊斯蘭法</a>都將法學家嘅共識（伊智瑪爾）當做一種法律淵源。就算學說唔係正式嘅法律淵源，某啲好有威望嘅學者嘅意見都會好有影響力，成為官方解釋同學術界嘅理所當然嘅前提。咁睇嚟，呢啲學說同法律淵源都有啲相似。</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="法律嘅分類"><span id=".E6.B3.95.E5.BE.8B.E5.98.85.E5.88.86.E9.A1.9E"></span>法律嘅分類</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B3%95%E5%BE%8B&action=edit&section=10" title="編輯小節: 法律嘅分類"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>法律（特別係實定法）可以用唔同角度去分類。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="衝突法同實體法"><span id=".E8.A1.9D.E7.AA.81.E6.B3.95.E5.90.8C.E5.AF.A6.E9.AB.94.E6.B3.95"></span>衝突法同實體法</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B3%95%E5%BE%8B&action=edit&section=11" title="編輯小節: 衝突法同實體法"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>每個法域都有自己嘅實體法同程序法（實質法），所以要先決定用邊個法域嘅實質法。衝突法就係決定邊個實質法係準據法嘅法律。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="公法同私法"><span id=".E5.85.AC.E6.B3.95.E5.90.8C.E7.A7.81.E6.B3.95"></span>公法同私法</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B3%95%E5%BE%8B&action=edit&section=12" title="編輯小節: 公法同私法"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>粗略嚟講，公法係規管國家同市民關係嘅法律，私法就係規管私人之間關係嘅法律。具體嚟講，憲法同行政法係公法嘅代表，民法同商法就係私法嘅代表。 </p><p>呢種分類係建基於國家同市民嘅身份有分別。但係英美法就冇呢種分別。分類嘅標準都有好多唔同講法，喺日本，有人話呢個分別淨係影響訴訟用邊條法律咁解。但係講到法律嘅國際適用範圍，呢個分別就好重要。 </p><p>另外，因為<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F%E6%B3%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="經濟法 (無呢版)">經濟法</a>呢啲國家介入<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%A4%E6%98%93" title="交易">交易</a>關係嘅法律嘅出現，公法同私法之間嘅界線都變得模糊咗，所以呢個分類可能淨係一個理想型嘅分類。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="實體法同程序法"><span id=".E5.AF.A6.E9.AB.94.E6.B3.95.E5.90.8C.E7.A8.8B.E5.BA.8F.E6.B3.95"></span>實體法同程序法</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B3%95%E5%BE%8B&action=edit&section=13" title="編輯小節: 實體法同程序法"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>實體法係規定法律關係本身內容嘅法律，<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A8%8B%E5%BA%8F%E6%B3%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="程序法 (無呢版)">程序法</a>就係規定點樣實現實體法所定嘅法律關係嘅法律。民法、商法、刑法係實體法嘅代表，民事訴訟法、刑事訴訟法就係程序法嘅代表。程序法入面，如果程序係用訴訟嘅形式，就叫做訴訟法（狹義嘅程序法）。 </p><p>程序法係為實體法服務㗎，所以好似應該係先有實體法。但係歷史上唔係咁簡單。例如喺羅馬法度，實體法同程序法係冇分開㗎，每種<a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%8A%E5%88%A9" title="權利">權利</a>都有自己嘅特定程序。所以都有人話係先有程序法，之後先有實體法。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="民事法同刑事法"><span id=".E6.B0.91.E4.BA.8B.E6.B3.95.E5.90.8C.E5.88.91.E4.BA.8B.E6.B3.95"></span>民事法同刑事法</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B3%95%E5%BE%8B&action=edit&section=14" title="編輯小節: 民事法同刑事法"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>民事法係指所有關於私法嘅實體法同程序法，刑事法就係關於犯罪同刑罰嘅實體法（例如刑法）同程序法（例如刑事訴訟法）。如果違反法律，民事法嘅制裁係賠償責任同強制執行私法權利，刑事法就係國家用刑罰嚟制裁。 </p><p>以前，民事責任同刑事責任係冇得分開嘅。例如喺<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%96%A9%E5%88%A9%E5%85%8B%E6%B3%95%E5%85%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="薩利克法典 (無呢版)">薩利克法典</a>度，有個叫做<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B4%96%E7%BD%AA%E9%87%91&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="贖罪金 (無呢版)">贖罪金</a>嘅制度，贖罪金有部分歸國王，有部分歸受害者。殺人嘅制裁都唔同：如果兇手係市民就淨係要俾贖罪金，但係如果係奴隸就要死刑。而家英美法嘅懲罰性賠償，雖然係用民事訴訟，但係實質上都好似刑事制裁。 </p><p>喺呢個語境度，「公法」係唔包括民事法同刑事法㗎。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="世俗法同宗教法"><span id=".E4.B8.96.E4.BF.97.E6.B3.95.E5.90.8C.E5.AE.97.E6.95.99.E6.B3.95"></span>世俗法同宗教法</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B3%95%E5%BE%8B&action=edit&section=15" title="編輯小節: 世俗法同宗教法"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%96%E4%BF%97%E6%B3%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="世俗法 (無呢版)">世俗法</a>係由非宗教嘅權威制定嘅法律，宗教法就係由宗教權威制定嘅法律。世俗法點樣對待<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E6%B3%95" title="宗教法">宗教法</a>，每個國家都有唔同做法。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="國際法同國內法"><span id=".E5.9C.8B.E9.9A.9B.E6.B3.95.E5.90.8C.E5.9C.8B.E5.85.A7.E6.B3.95"></span>國際法同國內法</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B3%95%E5%BE%8B&action=edit&section=16" title="編輯小節: 國際法同國內法"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>國內法基本上係以憲法做最高法律，所有法律都唔可以同憲法衝突。國內法有強制力（命令、行政處分、刑罰等），由國家機關執行。 </p><p>相反，國際法嘅效力原則上係建基於相關國家嘅同意。而家除咗<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%90%E6%B4%B2%E4%BA%BA%E6%AC%8A%E6%B3%95%E9%99%A2" title="歐洲人權法院">歐洲人權法院</a>之外，冇乜直接執行國際法嘅機構。不過，<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%8E%E6%B4%B2%E4%BA%BA%E6%AC%8A%E6%B3%95%E9%99%A2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="美洲人權法院 (無呢版)">美洲人權法院</a>都有類似嘅權力，<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9D%9E%E6%B4%B2%E4%BA%BA%E6%AC%8A%E6%B3%95%E9%99%A2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="非洲人權法院 (無呢版)">非洲人權法院</a>都喺努力爭取呢啲權力。（詳情請睇「<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E4%BA%BA%E6%AC%8A%E6%B3%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="國際人權法 (無呢版)">國際人權法</a>」條目）國際法以對話同同意為基礎，同一般人對法律嘅印象可能有啲唔同，所以要小心理解兩者嘅關係。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="法令嘅優先次序"><span id=".E6.B3.95.E4.BB.A4.E5.98.85.E5.84.AA.E5.85.88.E6.AC.A1.E5.BA.8F"></span>法令嘅優先次序</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B3%95%E5%BE%8B&action=edit&section=17" title="編輯小節: 法令嘅優先次序"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>當要將法令應用到某個情況時，如果有多過一條法令可以用，就要睇下邊條法令優先。以下係講解優先次序規則，由最高優先度排到最低： </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="上位法令優先"><span id=".E4.B8.8A.E4.BD.8D.E6.B3.95.E4.BB.A4.E5.84.AA.E5.85.88"></span>上位法令優先</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B3%95%E5%BE%8B&action=edit&section=18" title="編輯小節: 上位法令優先"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>法令有分唔同形式，每種形式都有自己嘅優先度。例如喺日本，如果憲法同某條法律有衝突，就要以憲法為準，嗰條法律就會變成無效。詳情可以睇「法令#日本法令嘅種類」。呢個叫做上位法優先原則。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="一般法同特別法"><span id=".E4.B8.80.E8.88.AC.E6.B3.95.E5.90.8C.E7.89.B9.E5.88.A5.E6.B3.95"></span>一般法同特別法</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B3%95%E5%BE%8B&action=edit&section=19" title="編輯小節: 一般法同特別法"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>就算係同一級數嘅法令，都會分「一般法」（適用範圍廣）同「特別法」（淨係適用喺某啲特定範圍）。如果有特別法，就會用特別法先，唔用一般法。呢個叫做特別法優先原則。 </p><p>例如，以前用民法好難處理上門推銷嘅問題，所以就制定咗特定商業交易法做特別法嚟處理呢個問題。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="新法優先"><span id=".E6.96.B0.E6.B3.95.E5.84.AA.E5.85.88"></span>新法優先</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B3%95%E5%BE%8B&action=edit&section=20" title="編輯小節: 新法優先"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>如果兩條法律係同一級數，又唔係一般法同特別法嘅關係，就會用新嘅法律，唔用舊嘅。所以要改法律內容嘅時候，就要制定同一級數嘅新法律。有啲特別嘅例子，好似將條約同法律擺喺同一級數嘅國家，可能會因為之後制定咗新嘅法律而令條約喺國內嘅效力被推翻。呢個叫做後法優先原則。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="疏仕"><span id=".E7.96.8F.E4.BB.95"></span>疏仕</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B3%95%E5%BE%8B&action=edit&section=21" title="編輯小節: 疏仕"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r2020813">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output 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