CINXE.COM

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class="wpex-menu-search-text wpex-hidden">Search</span><span class="wpex-menu-search-icon ticon ticon-search" aria-hidden="true"></span></span></a> <div id="searchform-dropdown" data-placeholder="Search" data-disable-autocomplete="true" class="header-searchform-wrap header-drop-widget header-drop-widget--colored-top-border wpex-invisible wpex-opacity-0 wpex-absolute wpex-transition-all wpex-duration-200 wpex-translate-Z-0 wpex-text-initial wpex-z-10000 wpex-top-100 wpex-right-0 wpex-surface-1 wpex-text-2 wpex-p-15"> <form role="search" method="get" class="searchform wpex-relative" action="https://onlineharassmentfieldmanual.pen.org/"> <label class="searchform-label wpex-text-current wpex-block wpex-m-0 wpex-p-0"> <span class="screen-reader-text">Search</span> <input type="search" class="searchform-input field" name="s" placeholder="Search"> </label> <button type="submit" class="searchform-submit"><span class="ticon ticon-search" aria-hidden="true"></span><span class="screen-reader-text">Submit</span></button> </form> </div> </li></ul></nav> </div> </header> <main id="main" class="site-main wpex-clr"> <header class="page-header has-aside default-page-header wpex-relative wpex-mb-40 wpex-surface-2 wpex-py-20 wpex-border-t wpex-border-b wpex-border-solid wpex-border-surface-3 wpex-text-2 wpex-supports-mods"> <div class="page-header-inner container wpex-md-flex wpex-md-flex-wrap wpex-md-items-center wpex-md-justify-between"> <div class="page-header-content wpex-md-mr-15"> <h1 class="page-header-title wpex-block wpex-m-0 wpex-text-2xl"> <span>Involving Law Enforcement</span> </h1> </div> <div class="page-header-aside wpex-md-text-right"><nav class="site-breadcrumbs position-page_header_aside wpex-text-4 wpex-text-sm" aria-label="You are here:"><span class="breadcrumb-trail wpex-clr"><span><span><a href="https://onlineharassmentfieldmanual.pen.org/">Home</a></span> » <span class="breadcrumb_last" aria-current="page">Involving Law Enforcement</span></span></span></nav></div></div> </header> <div id="content-wrap" class="container wpex-clr"> <div id="primary" class="content-area wpex-clr"> <div id="content" class="site-content wpex-clr"> <article id="single-blocks" class="single-page-article wpex-clr"> <div class="single-page-content single-content entry wpex-clr"><p><span class="coral">Choosing whether to report online abuse to law enforcement is a decision only you can make. If you feel you are in immediate danger, however, please consider calling 911.</span></p> <p>Unfortunately, there is no exact formula for knowing when to turn to the police. You are the best person to judge whether online abuse has made you fear for your safety, or the safety of your loved ones. If you’re trying to gauge whether or not online abuse has made you feel unsafe, <a href="https://onlineharassmentfieldmanual.pen.org/assessing-online-threats/">here are some questions</a> you can ask yourself.</p> <p>Not every community and individual will feel comfortable involving law enforcement, and law enforcement officials are not always well-equipped to handle problems that arise online.</p> <p>In general, the police are able to respond when a crime has been committed. For that reason, they may be better positioned to respond to the following forms of online abuse:</p> <ul> <li>You’ve received or been named in direct threats of violence (i.e.: threats that suggest a time, place, or location are more likely to be taken seriously by law enforcement).</li> <li>An online abuser has published nonconsensual, sexually-explicit images of you.</li> <li>You’ve been stalked via electronic communication (see below).</li> <li>You know the identity of your online harasser and wish to seek a restraining order.</li> </ul> <p>These are by no means the only reasons you may decide to turn to law enforcement for help. We encourage you to use your own judgment.</p> <h2>What to Know in Advance</h2> <p>Alerting law enforcement of online abuse can feel intimidating and overwhelming. It can help to have a trusted ally by your side if you go to your local precinct in person, or if law enforcement sends an officer to your home to take a statement. You may be asked to answer detailed questions about the online harassment you’ve experienced and provide as much detail as possible. You may also be asked to present evidence, so it’s critically important to <a href="https://onlineharassmentfieldmanual.pen.org/documenting-online-harassment/">document</a> abusive content because it can disappear quickly (if the abuser deletes it or the platform takes it down).</p> <p>Filing a police report is important because it can initiate a criminal investigation. It can also help you prove that the harassment made you fear for your safety and that the harasser was engaging in a “course of conduct” (i.e., harassing you <em>repeatedly</em> rather than just once), which can be helpful should you decide to pursue a criminal or civil case against the harasser.</p> <p>Law enforcement is more likely to intervene if a crime has been committed. However, the reality is that, when it comes to online harassment, the burden of educating local law enforcement about existing cyber laws often lies with the victim. For that reason, you may want to look up your state’s cyber laws and have them in hand when you interact with law enforcement. Take a look at the <a href="https://onlineharassmentfieldmanual.pen.org/state-laws-online-harassment/">State Law</a> section of this Field Manual for additional information.</p> <section class="vc_cta3-container"><div class="vc_general vc_cta3 vc_cta3-style-classic vc_cta3-shape-square vc_cta3-align-left vc_cta3-color-classic vc_cta3-icon-size-md vc_custom_1523997264637"><div class="vc_cta3_content-container"><div class="vc_cta3-content"><header class="vc_cta3-content-header"><h2>Pro Tip for Women Writers</h2></header><p>In a <a href="https://pen.org/online-harassment-survey-key-findings/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">PEN America survey</a> of writers and journalists, more than two-thirds of women writers who reported contacting law enforcement about their online abuse also reported feeling that law enforcement wasn’t helpful. As legal expert Danielle Keats Citron reports in her book <em>Hate Crimes in Cyberspace</em>, “Law enforcement agencies often fail to follow up on victims’ complaints because they are not trained to see online harassment as a problem and feel uncomfortable getting involved.”</p> </div></div></div></section> <div class="wpb_text_column wpb_content_element vc_custom_1523997302033" > <div class="wpb_wrapper"> </div> </div> <p>Filing a police report does not always result in immediate action or relief. There are various reasons for this. Sometimes a hateful online message falls within the realm of protected speech, and the law doesn’t apply. Sometimes local law enforcement has not been adequately trained to respond to cyber harassment—an area of policing that continues to evolve. Sometimes the police officer handling your case may be unfamiliar with the online platforms where the harassment occurred. Law enforcement officials who are not well versed in technology and online harm may not treat online harassment as significant or urgent. This can be demoralizing. If possible, bring along a trusted ally so you’re not alone.</p> <h2>What Can Law Enforcement Do?</h2> <p>Law enforcement can help you bring criminal charges if you report a possible crime. Law enforcement can expedite search warrants with online platforms to obtain evidence of harm, which is not something a lawyer can do unless you are bringing a civil lawsuit. They can also potentially connect you with victims’ rights advocates that work for the state. Some states have enacted a “victim bill of rights,” which provides access to counseling and assistance with pursuing restitution, compensation, and restraining orders.</p> <h2>When to Turn to a Lawyer</h2> <p>Because laws governing online harassment vary state to state, if you’re considering pursuing legal action it is critical to seek the advice of a lawyer who practices in your state. A responsible lawyer, experienced in online harassment, can help you decide whether or not to pursue civil or criminal action, engage law enforcement, seek an order of protection, or advocate with social media platforms or other technology companies. That said, obtaining legal advice can be costly. Please see the <a href="https://onlineharassmentfieldmanual.pen.org/legal-resources-for-writers-and-journalists/">Legal Resources</a> section of this Field Manual for more information about some subsidized and pro bono options.</p> <h3>Further Reading</h3> <ul> <li><a href="https://onlineharassmentfieldmanual.pen.org/documenting-online-harassment/">Documenting Online Abuse</a></li> <li><a href="https://onlineharassmentfieldmanual.pen.org/assessing-online-threats/">Assessing Online Threats</a></li> <li><a href="https://onlineharassmentfieldmanual.pen.org/online-harassment-legal-basics-101/">Legal Basics 101</a></li> <li><a href="https://onlineharassmentfieldmanual.pen.org/federal-laws-online-harassment/">Federal Laws</a></li> <li><a href="https://onlineharassmentfieldmanual.pen.org/state-laws-online-harassment/">State Laws</a></li> <li><a href="https://onlineharassmentfieldmanual.pen.org/restraining-orders-online-harassment/">Restraining Orders</a></li> <li><a href="https://onlineharassmentfieldmanual.pen.org/online-harassment-case-studies/">Case Studies</a></li> <li><a href="https://onlineharassmentfieldmanual.pen.org/legal-resources-for-writers-and-journalists/">Legal Resources for Writers & Journalists</a></li> </ul> <p><em style="letter-spacing: 0px;">PEN America is deeply grateful to </em><a style="letter-spacing: 0px;" href="https://www.cov.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><em>Covington & Burling LLP</em></a><em style="letter-spacing: 0px;"> and </em><a style="letter-spacing: 0px;" href="http://cagoldberglaw.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><em>C.A. Goldberg, PLLC Victims’ Rights Law Firm</em></a><em style="letter-spacing: 0px;"> for providing pro bono feedback and insights on legal considerations for people facing online abuse. <em>We are also grateful to TrustLaw, Thomson Reuters Foundation for facilitating this pro bono legal support.</em><em> </em></em></p> <p><strong>IMPORTANT: THE INFORMATION PROVIDED ON THIS WEBPAGE IS OFFERED FOR EDUCATIONAL PURPOSES ONLY. THE INFORMATION DOES NOT, AND IS NOT INTENDED TO, CONSTITUTE LEGAL ADVICE, NOR IS IT INTENDED TO REPLACE THE ASSISTANCE OF A LAWYER OR LAW ENFORCEMENT. </strong></p> </div> </article> </div> </div> <aside id="sidebar" class="sidebar-primary sidebar-container wpex-print-hidden"> <div id="sidebar-inner" class="sidebar-container-inner wpex-mb-40"><div id="text-9" class="sidebar-box widget widget_text wpex-mb-30 wpex-clr"><div class="widget-title wpex-heading wpex-text-md wpex-mb-20">Recommended Reading</div> <div class="textwidget"><p><a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/investigations/2023/02/14/women-journalists-global-violence/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">These women journalists were doing their jobs. That made them targets. </a><br /> Taylor Lorenz<br /> <em>The Washington Post</em></p> <p><a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2020/07/08/im-female-journalist-middle-east-i-wont-be-silenced-by-online-attacks/">I’m a female journalist in the Middle East. I won’t be silenced by online attacks</a><br /> Ghada Oueiss<br /> <em>The Washington Post</em></p> <p><a href="https://niemanreports.org/articles/how-journalists-beyond-the-u-s-fight-back-against-state-sponsored-disinformation/">How Journalists Beyond the U.S. Fight Back Against Government Intimidation</a><br /> Madeleine Schwartz<br /> <em>Nieman Reports</em></p> <p><a href="https://www.onlinesos.org/journalistsperspectives#:~:text=Online%20harassment%20of%20journalists%20and,according%20to%20a%20recent%20study.">Journalists on Online Harassment and its Mental Health Impacts: What We Face and What We Need</a><br /> Katie Hunter<br /> <em>OnlineSOS</em></p> <p><a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2021/06/29/rana-ayyub-india-journalism-modi-harassment/">The Indian government continues to harass journalists. I’m facing prison over a tweet.</a><br /> Rana Ayyub<br /> <em>The Washington Post</em></p> <p><a href="https://counterhate.com/research/toxic-twitter-anti-lgbtq/">Toxic Twitter—How Twitter Makes Millions From Anti-LGBTQ+ Rhetoric</a><br /> <em>Center for Countering Digital Hate</em></p> <p><a href="https://psmag.com/social-justice/women-arent-welcome-internet-72170">Why Women Aren’t Welcome on the Internet</a><br /> Amanda Hess<br /> <em>Pacific Standard</em></p> </div> </div><div id="text-6" class="sidebar-box widget widget_text wpex-mb-30 wpex-clr"><div class="widget-title wpex-heading wpex-text-md wpex-mb-20">Recommended Media</div> <div class="textwidget"><p><a href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/2021/ressa/lecture/">Maria Ressa’s 2021 Nobel Lecture</a><br /> Maria Ressa<br /> <em>The Nobel Prize</em></p> <p><a href="https://journalists.org/resources/internetting-while-brown-black-and-a-woman-a-collective-guide/">Internetting While Brown/Black AND a Woman: A Collective Guide</a><br /> Imaeyen Ibanga, Elisa Lees Muñoz, Courtney Radsch, Versha Sharma<br /> <em>Online News Association</em></p> <p><a href="https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/audio/2016/may/28/cyberbullying-online-harassment-jessica-valenti-podcast">Dealing with cyberbullying – What would a feminist do?</a><br /> Featuring Jessica Valenti, Jamia Wilson, and Danielle Citron<br /> <em>The Guardian</em></p> <p><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EsxHTE6CYkU">The Outrage Machine</a><br /> Retro Report<br /> <em>The New York Times</em></p> <p><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=knvmMBlPXew">A Dark Place</a><br /> Directed by Javier Luque<br /> <em>OSCE Representative on Freedom of the Media</em></p> </div> </div></div> </aside> </div> </main> <style>.vc_custom_1524085143925{padding-top: 5px !important;}</style> <div id="footer-callout-wrap" class="wpex-surface-2 wpex-text-2 wpex-py-30 wpex-border-solid wpex-border-surface-3 wpex-border-y wpex-print-hidden"> <div id="footer-callout" class="container"> <div id="footer-callout-left" class="footer-callout-content wpex-text-xl"><div class="vc_row wpb_row vc_row-fluid no-bottom-margins wpex-vc-full-width-row wpex-vc-full-width-row--centered"><div class="wpb_column vc_column_container vc_col-sm-9"><div class="vc_column-inner"><div class="wpb_wrapper"> <div style="font-size:16px;line-height:25px;" class="wpb_text_column wpb_content_element " > <div class="wpb_wrapper"> <p>PEN America stands at the intersection of literature and human rights to protect open expression in the United States and worldwide. 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