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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genres"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Genres</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genres-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Instruments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Instruments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Instruments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Instruments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Notation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music_theory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music_theory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Music theory</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Music_theory-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Music theory subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Music_theory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Rhythm" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rhythm"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Rhythm</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rhythm-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Polyphony" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Polyphony"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Polyphony</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Polyphony-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_medieval_music_(500–1000)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_medieval_music_(500–1000)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Early medieval music (500–1000)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Early_medieval_music_(500–1000)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Early medieval music (500–1000) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Early_medieval_music_(500–1000)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_chant_traditions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_chant_traditions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Early chant traditions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_chant_traditions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_polyphony:_organum" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_polyphony:_organum"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Early polyphony: organum</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_polyphony:_organum-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Liturgical_drama" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Liturgical_drama"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Liturgical drama</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Liturgical_drama-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-High_medieval_music_(1000–1300)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#High_medieval_music_(1000–1300)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>High medieval music (1000–1300)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-High_medieval_music_(1000–1300)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle High medieval music (1000–1300) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-High_medieval_music_(1000–1300)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Goliards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Goliards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Goliards</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Goliards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ars_antiqua" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ars_antiqua"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span><i>Ars antiqua</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ars_antiqua-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cantigas_de_Santa_Maria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cantigas_de_Santa_Maria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Cantigas de Santa Maria</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cantigas_de_Santa_Maria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Troubadours_and_trouvères" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Troubadours_and_trouvères"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Troubadours and trouvères</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Troubadours_and_trouvères-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Minnesänger_and_Meistersinger" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Minnesänger_and_Meistersinger"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Minnesänger and Meistersinger</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Minnesänger_and_Meistersinger-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trovadorismo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trovadorismo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Trovadorismo</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trovadorismo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Troubadours_with_surviving_melodies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Troubadours_with_surviving_melodies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6.1</span> <span>Troubadours with surviving melodies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Troubadours_with_surviving_melodies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Timeline_of_Composers_of_the_high_and_late_medieval_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Timeline_of_Composers_of_the_high_and_late_medieval_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7</span> <span>Timeline of Composers of the high and late medieval era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Timeline_of_Composers_of_the_high_and_late_medieval_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Late_medieval_music_(1300–1400)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Late_medieval_music_(1300–1400)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Late medieval music (1300–1400)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Late_medieval_music_(1300–1400)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Late medieval music (1300–1400) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Late_medieval_music_(1300–1400)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-France:_Ars_nova" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#France:_Ars_nova"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>France: <i>Ars nova</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-France:_Ars_nova-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Italy:_Trecento" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Italy:_Trecento"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Italy: <i>Trecento</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Italy:_Trecento-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Germany:_Geisslerlieder" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Germany:_Geisslerlieder"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Germany: <i>Geisslerlieder</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Germany:_Geisslerlieder-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ars_subtilior" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ars_subtilior"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span><i>Ars subtilior</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ars_subtilior-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transitioning_to_the_Renaissance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transitioning_to_the_Renaissance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Transitioning to the Renaissance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transitioning_to_the_Renaissance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Influence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Influence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Influence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Medieval music</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 48 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-48" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">48 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%82%D9%89_%D9%82%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%B7%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="موسيقى قروسطية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="موسيقى قروسطية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BAsica_de_la_Ed%C3%A1_Media" title="Música de la Edá Media – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Música de la Edá Media" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orta_%C9%99sr_musiqisi" title="Orta əsr musiqisi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Orta əsr musiqisi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D1%8F%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%8F%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%9E%D1%8F" title="Музыка Сярэдневякоўя – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Музыка Сярэдневякоўя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Средновековна музика – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Средновековна музика" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BAsica_medieval" title="Música medieval – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Música medieval" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C5%99edov%C4%9Bk%C3%A1_hudba" title="Středověká hudba – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Středověká hudba" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musik_fra_middelalderen" title="Musik fra middelalderen – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Musik fra middelalderen" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musik_des_Mittelalters" title="Musik des Mittelalters – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Musik des Mittelalters" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keskaja_muusika" title="Keskaja muusika – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Keskaja muusika" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%B5%CF%83%CE%B1%CE%B9%CF%89%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE" title="Μεσαιωνική μουσική – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μεσαιωνική μουσική" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BAsica_de_la_Edad_Media" title="Música de la Edad Media – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Música de la Edad Media" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mezepoka_muziko" title="Mezepoka muziko – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Mezepoka muziko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erdi_Aroko_musika" title="Erdi Aroko musika – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Erdi Aroko musika" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%82%DB%8C_%D9%82%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86_%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%B7%DB%8C" title="موسیقی قرون وسطی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="موسیقی قرون وسطی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musique_m%C3%A9di%C3%A9vale" title="Musique médiévale – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Musique médiévale" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%84%9C%EC%96%91_%EC%A4%91%EC%84%B8_%EC%9D%8C%EC%95%85" title="서양 중세 음악 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="서양 중세 음악" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musik_abad_pertengahan" title="Musik abad pertengahan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Musik abad pertengahan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musica_medievale" title="Musica medievale – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Musica medievale" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%96%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%AA_%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%99_%D7%94%D7%91%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9D" title="מוזיקת ימי הביניים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מוזיקת ימי הביניים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musica_mediaevalis" title="Musica mediaevalis – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Musica mediaevalis" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viduram%C5%BEi%C5%B3_muzika" title="Viduramžių muzika – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Viduramžių muzika" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middeliewse_meziek" title="Middeliewse meziek – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Middeliewse meziek" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BCzica_mediev%C3%A0la" title="Müzica medievàla – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Müzica medievàla" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6z%C3%A9pkori_zene" title="Középkori zene – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Középkori zene" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Средновековна музика – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Средновековна музика" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muzik_era_pertengahan" title="Muzik era pertengahan – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Muzik era pertengahan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middeleeuwse_muziek" title="Middeleeuwse muziek – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Middeleeuwse muziek" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E8%A5%BF%E6%B4%8B%E9%9F%B3%E6%A5%BD" title="中世西洋音楽 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="中世西洋音楽" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musikk_i_middelalderen" title="Musikk i middelalderen – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Musikk i middelalderen" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mellomaldermusikk" title="Mellomaldermusikk – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Mellomaldermusikk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%A7%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%97%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%A4" title="ਮੱਧਕਾਲੀ ਸੰਗੀਤ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਮੱਧਕਾਲੀ ਸੰਗੀਤ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muzyka_w_%C5%9Bredniowieczu" title="Muzyka w średniowieczu – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Muzyka w średniowieczu" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BAsica_medieval" title="Música medieval – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Música medieval" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8C%D1%8F" title="Музыка Средневековья – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Музыка Средневековья" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B8%E0%B6%B0%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BA_%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%93%E0%B6%B1_%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%82%E0%B6%9C%E0%B7%93%E0%B6%AD%E0%B6%BA" title="මධ්‍ය කාලීන සංගීතය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="මධ්‍ය කාලීන සංගීතය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval_music" title="Medieval music – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Medieval music" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stredovek%C3%A1_hudba" title="Stredoveká hudba – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Stredoveká hudba" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srednjeve%C5%A1ka_glasba" title="Srednjeveška glasba – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Srednjeveška glasba" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srednjovekovna_muzika" title="Srednjovekovna muzika – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Srednjovekovna muzika" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srednjovjekovna_muzika" title="Srednjovjekovna muzika – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Srednjovjekovna muzika" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keskiajan_musiikki" title="Keskiajan musiikki – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Keskiajan musiikki" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medeltidens_musik" title="Medeltidens musik – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Medeltidens musik" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orta%C3%A7a%C4%9F_m%C3%BCzi%C4%9Fi" title="Ortaçağ müziği – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ortaçağ müziği" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%87%D1%87%D1%8F" title="Музика Середньовіччя – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Музика Середньовіччя" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%82m_nh%E1%BA%A1c_th%E1%BB%9Di_k%E1%BB%B3_Trung_c%E1%BB%95" title="Âm nhạc thời kỳ Trung cổ – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Âm nhạc thời kỳ Trung cổ" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%B4%80%E9%9F%B3%E6%A8%82" title="中世紀音樂 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="中世紀音樂" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%B4%80%E9%9F%B3%E6%A8%82" title="中世紀音樂 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="中世紀音樂" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q163775#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Western music created during the Middle Ages</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and 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href="/wiki/File:Vihuela_de_arco_y_vihuela_de_p%C3%A9%C3%B1ola_en_las_Cantigas.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Vihuela_de_arco_y_vihuela_de_p%C3%A9%C3%B1ola_en_las_Cantigas.jpg/159px-Vihuela_de_arco_y_vihuela_de_p%C3%A9%C3%B1ola_en_las_Cantigas.jpg" decoding="async" width="159" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Vihuela_de_arco_y_vihuela_de_p%C3%A9%C3%B1ola_en_las_Cantigas.jpg/239px-Vihuela_de_arco_y_vihuela_de_p%C3%A9%C3%B1ola_en_las_Cantigas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Vihuela_de_arco_y_vihuela_de_p%C3%A9%C3%B1ola_en_las_Cantigas.jpg/318px-Vihuela_de_arco_y_vihuela_de_p%C3%A9%C3%B1ola_en_las_Cantigas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="840" data-file-height="938" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:167px;max-width:167px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:177px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:King_David_and_musicians_from_Olomouc_Bible,_folio_276R,_color_enhanced.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/King_David_and_musicians_from_Olomouc_Bible%2C_folio_276R%2C_color_enhanced.jpg/165px-King_David_and_musicians_from_Olomouc_Bible%2C_folio_276R%2C_color_enhanced.jpg" decoding="async" width="165" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/King_David_and_musicians_from_Olomouc_Bible%2C_folio_276R%2C_color_enhanced.jpg/248px-King_David_and_musicians_from_Olomouc_Bible%2C_folio_276R%2C_color_enhanced.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/King_David_and_musicians_from_Olomouc_Bible%2C_folio_276R%2C_color_enhanced.jpg/330px-King_David_and_musicians_from_Olomouc_Bible%2C_folio_276R%2C_color_enhanced.jpg 2x" data-file-width="743" data-file-height="799" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:330px;max-width:330px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:222px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Laudario_Magliabechiano_Co_la_madre.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Laudario_Magliabechiano_Co_la_madre.jpg/328px-Laudario_Magliabechiano_Co_la_madre.jpg" decoding="async" width="328" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Laudario_Magliabechiano_Co_la_madre.jpg/492px-Laudario_Magliabechiano_Co_la_madre.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Laudario_Magliabechiano_Co_la_madre.jpg/656px-Laudario_Magliabechiano_Co_la_madre.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1038" data-file-height="704" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Clockwise, from top left: <ul><li>Musicians playing the Spanish <i><a href="/wiki/Vihuela" title="Vihuela">vihuela</a></i> in the <i><a href="/wiki/Cantigas_de_Santa_Maria" title="Cantigas de Santa Maria">Cantigas de Santa Maria</a></i>, 13th century</li> <li>Troubadours, 14th century</li> <li>Excerpt from the Laudario Magliabechiano, an Italian manuscript</li></ul></div></div></div></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Medieval_music" title="Category:Medieval music">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:140%;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Medieval music</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color:orange"> Overview</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_medieval_composers" title="List of medieval composers">Composers</a>  / <a href="/wiki/List_of_medieval_musical_instruments" class="mw-redirect" title="List of medieval musical instruments">Instruments</a> / <a href="/wiki/Medieval_music_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval music theory">Theory</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_medieval_music_theorists" title="List of medieval music theorists">Theorists</a>)</div><hr /></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Movements and schools</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abbey_of_Saint_Gall" title="Abbey of Saint Gall">Saint Gall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Martial_school" title="Saint Martial school">Saint Martial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goliard" class="mw-redirect" title="Goliard">Goliard</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ars_antiqua" title="Ars antiqua">Ars antiqua</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Notre-Dame_school" title="Notre-Dame school">Notre-Dame school</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troubadour" title="Troubadour">Troubadour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trouv%C3%A8re" title="Trouvère">Trouvère</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minnesang" title="Minnesang">Minnesang</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ars_nova" title="Ars nova">Ars nova</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Trecento" title="Music of the Trecento">Trecento</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ars_subtilior" title="Ars subtilior">Ars subtilior</a></i></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Major figures</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Notker_the_Stammerer" title="Notker the Stammerer">Notker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guido_of_Arezzo" title="Guido of Arezzo">Guido</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hildegard_of_Bingen" title="Hildegard of Bingen">Hildegard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernart_de_Ventadorn" title="Bernart de Ventadorn">Bernart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walther_von_der_Vogelweide" title="Walther von der Vogelweide">Walther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A9rotin" title="Pérotin">Pérotin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_de_la_Halle" title="Adam de la Halle">Adam de la Halle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco_of_Cologne" title="Franco of Cologne">Franco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_de_Vitry" title="Philippe de Vitry">de Vitry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guillaume_de_Machaut" title="Guillaume de Machaut">Machaut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Landini" title="Francesco Landini">Landini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Ciconia" title="Johannes Ciconia">Ciconia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dunstaple" title="John Dunstaple">Dunstaple</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Major forms</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canso_(song)" title="Canso (song)">Canso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conductus" title="Conductus">Conductus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formes_fixes" title="Formes fixes">Formes fixes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ballade_(forme_fixe)" title="Ballade (forme fixe)">Ballade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rondeau_(forme_fixe)" title="Rondeau (forme fixe)">Rondeau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virelai" title="Virelai">Virelai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geisslerlieder" title="Geisslerlieder">Geisslerlied</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregorian_chant" title="Gregorian chant">Gregorian chant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lai_(poetic_form)" title="Lai (poetic form)">Lai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lauda_(song)" title="Lauda (song)">Lauda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liturgical_drama" title="Liturgical drama">Liturgical drama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madrigal_(Trecento)" title="Madrigal (Trecento)">Madrigal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motet" title="Motet">Motet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organum" title="Organum">Organum</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Planctus" title="Planctus">Planctus</a></i></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="padding-top:0.1em;"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_music" title="Renaissance music">Renaissance music →</a></b></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="width:16.0em"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="background:#d6d6ff;font-size:120%;padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em;line-height:1.2em;">Major eras of<br /><a href="/wiki/Classical_music" title="Classical music">Western classical music</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e6e6ff;padding-bottom:0.2em;"> <a href="/wiki/Early_music" title="Early music">Early music</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Medieval</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 500–1400</span></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <span style="font-size:85%;"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Transitioning_to_the_Renaissance">Transition to Renaissance</a></span></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_music" title="Renaissance music">Renaissance</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1400–1600</span></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Transition_from_Renaissance_to_Baroque_in_instrumental_music" title="Transition from Renaissance to Baroque in instrumental music">Transition to Baroque</a></span></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e6e6ff;padding-bottom:0.2em;"> <a href="/wiki/Common_practice_period" title="Common practice period">Common practice period</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Baroque_music" title="Baroque music">Baroque</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1600–1750</span></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Galant_music" title="Galant music">Transition to Classical</a></span></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Classical_period_(music)" title="Classical period (music)">Classical</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1730–1820</span></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Transition_from_Classical_to_Romantic_music" title="Transition from Classical to Romantic music">Transition to Romantic</a></span></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Romantic_music" title="Romantic music">Romantic</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1800–1910</span></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Post-romanticism" title="Post-romanticism">Transition to Modernism</a></span></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e6e6ff;padding-bottom:0.2em;"> <a href="/wiki/Neue_Musik" title="Neue Musik">New music</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Modernism_(music)" title="Modernism (music)">Modernism</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> from <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1890</span></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Contemporary_classical_music" title="Contemporary classical music">Contemporary</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> from <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1945</span></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">  •  <a href="/wiki/20th-century_classical_music" title="20th-century classical music">20th-century</a><br />  •  <a href="/wiki/21st-century_classical_music" title="21st-century classical music">21st-century</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Western_art_music" title="Template:History of Western art music"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Western_art_music" title="Template talk:History of Western art music"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Western_art_music" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Western art music"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Medieval music</b> encompasses the <a href="/wiki/Sacred_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacred music">sacred</a> and <a href="/wiki/Secular_music" title="Secular music">secular music</a> of Western Europe during the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolinskiBorders2020"Introduction"_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolinskiBorders2020"Introduction"-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from approximately the 6th to 15th centuries. It is the <a href="/wiki/Dates_of_classical_music_eras" title="Dates of classical music eras">first and longest major era</a> of <a href="/wiki/Western_classical_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Western classical music">Western classical music</a> and is followed by the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_music" title="Renaissance music">Renaissance music</a>; the two eras comprise what <a href="/wiki/Musicologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Musicologist">musicologists</a> generally term as <a href="/wiki/Early_music" title="Early music">early music</a>, preceding the <a href="/wiki/Common_practice_period" title="Common practice period">common practice period</a>. Following the traditional division of the Middle Ages, medieval music can be divided into <a href="#Early_medieval_music_(500–1000)">Early (500–1000)</a>, <a href="#High_medieval_music_(1000–1300)">High (1000–1300)</a>, and <a href="#Late_medieval_music_(1300–1400)">Late (1300–1400)</a> medieval music. </p><p>Medieval music includes <a href="/wiki/Liturgical_music" title="Liturgical music">liturgical music</a> used for the church, other sacred music, and <a href="/wiki/Secular_music" title="Secular music">secular</a> or non-religious music. Much medieval music is purely vocal music, such as <a href="/wiki/Gregorian_chant" title="Gregorian chant">Gregorian chant</a>. Other music used only instruments or both voices and instruments (typically with the instruments <a href="/wiki/Accompaniment" title="Accompaniment">accompanying</a> the voices). </p><p>The medieval period saw the creation and adaptation of systems of <a href="/wiki/Music_notation" class="mw-redirect" title="Music notation">music notation</a> which enabled creators to document and transmit musical ideas more easily, although notation coexisted with and complemented <a href="/wiki/Oral_tradition" title="Oral tradition">oral tradition</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medieval_music&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Genres">Genres</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medieval_music&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Genres"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Gregorian_chant" title="Gregorian chant">Gregorian chant</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ars_nova" title="Ars nova">Ars nova</a>, <a href="/wiki/Organum" title="Organum">Organum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Motet" title="Motet">Motet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Madrigal_(Trecento)" title="Madrigal (Trecento)">Madrigal (Trecento)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canon_(music)" title="Canon (music)">Canon (music)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ballata" title="Ballata">Ballata</a></div> <p>Medieval music was created for a number of different uses and contexts, resulting in different <a href="/wiki/Music_genre" title="Music genre">music genres</a>. <a href="/wiki/Liturgical_music" title="Liturgical music">Liturgical</a> as well as more general <a href="/wiki/Sacredness" title="Sacredness">sacred</a> contexts were important, but <a href="/wiki/Secular_music" title="Secular music">secular</a> types emerged as well, including love songs and dances. During the <a href="/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages" title="Early Middle Ages">earlier medieval period</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liturgy" title="Liturgy">liturgical</a> music was <a href="/wiki/Monophony" title="Monophony">monophonic</a> chant; <a href="/wiki/Gregorian_chant" title="Gregorian chant">Gregorian chant</a> became the dominant style. <a href="/wiki/Polyphony" title="Polyphony">Polyphonic</a> genres, in which multiple independent melodic lines are performed simultaneously, began to develop during the <a href="/wiki/High_Middle_Ages" title="High Middle Ages">high medieval era</a>, becoming prevalent by the later 13th and early 14th century. The development of polyphonic forms is often associated with the <a href="/wiki/Ars_antiqua" title="Ars antiqua">Ars antiqua</a> style associated with <a href="/wiki/Notre-Dame_de_Paris" title="Notre-Dame de Paris">Notre-Dame de Paris</a>, but improvised polyphony around chant lines predated this.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Organum" title="Organum">Organum</a>, for example, elaborated on a chant melody by creating one or more accompanying lines. The accompanying line could be as simple as a second line sung in <a href="/wiki/Parallel_intervals" class="mw-redirect" title="Parallel intervals">parallel intervals</a> to the original chant (often a <a href="/wiki/Perfect_fifth" title="Perfect fifth">perfect fifth</a> or <a href="/wiki/Perfect_fourth" title="Perfect fourth">perfect fourth</a> away from the main melody). The principles of this kind of organum date back at least to an anonymous 9th century tract, the <i><a href="/wiki/Musica_enchiriadis" title="Musica enchiriadis">Musica enchiriadis</a></i>, which describes the tradition of duplicating a preexisting plainchant in parallel motion at the interval of an octave, a fifth or a fourth.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of the earliest written examples are in a style known as <a href="/wiki/Aquitanian_polyphony" class="mw-redirect" title="Aquitanian polyphony">Aquitanian polyphony</a>, but the largest body of surviving organum comes from the <a href="/wiki/Notre-Dame_school" title="Notre-Dame school">Notre-Dame school</a>. This loose collection of repertory is often called the <i><a href="/wiki/Magnus_Liber" title="Magnus Liber">Magnus Liber</a> Organi</i> (<i>Great Book of Organum</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Related polyphonic genres included the <a href="/wiki/Motet" title="Motet">motet</a> and <a href="/wiki/Clausula_(music)" title="Clausula (music)">clausula</a> genres, both also often built on an original segment of <a href="/wiki/Plainchant" class="mw-redirect" title="Plainchant">plainchant</a> or as an elaboration on an organum passage.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYudkin1989382,_391_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYudkin1989382,_391-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While most early motets were sacred and may have been liturgical (designed for use in a church service), by the end of the thirteenth century the genre had expanded to include secular topics, such as political satire and <a href="/wiki/Courtly_love" title="Courtly love">courtly love</a>, and French as well as Latin texts. They also included from one to three upper voices, each with its own text.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Italy, the secular genre of the <a href="/wiki/Madrigal_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Madrigal (music)">Madrigal</a> became popular. Similar to the polyphonic character of the motet, madrigals featured greater fluidity and motion in the leading melody. The madrigal form also gave rise to polyphonic <a href="/wiki/Canon_(music)" title="Canon (music)">canons</a> (songs in which multiple singers sing the same melody, but starting at different times), especially in Italy where they were called <i>caccie.</i> These were three-part secular pieces, which featured the two higher voices in canon, with an underlying instrumental long-note accompaniment.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYudkin1989529_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYudkin1989529-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the late middle ages, some purely instrumental music also began to be notated, though this remained rare. Dance music makes up most of the surviving instrumental music, and includes types such as the <a href="/wiki/Estampie" title="Estampie">estampie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ductia" class="mw-redirect" title="Ductia">ductia</a>, and nota.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Instruments">Instruments</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medieval_music&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Instruments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_medieval_musical_instruments" class="mw-redirect" title="List of medieval musical instruments">List of medieval musical instruments</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Master_of_the_Brussels_Initials_and_Associates_(French)_-_Hours_of_Charles_the_Noble,_King_of_Navarre_(1361-1425),_fol._325r,_Text_-_1964.40.325.a_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Master_of_the_Brussels_Initials_and_Associates_%28French%29_-_Hours_of_Charles_the_Noble%2C_King_of_Navarre_%281361-1425%29%2C_fol._325r%2C_Text_-_1964.40.325.a_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art_cropped.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Master_of_the_Brussels_Initials_and_Associates_%28French%29_-_Hours_of_Charles_the_Noble%2C_King_of_Navarre_%281361-1425%29%2C_fol._325r%2C_Text_-_1964.40.325.a_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art_cropped.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Master_of_the_Brussels_Initials_and_Associates_%28French%29_-_Hours_of_Charles_the_Noble%2C_King_of_Navarre_%281361-1425%29%2C_fol._325r%2C_Text_-_1964.40.325.a_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art_cropped.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="778" data-file-height="632" /></a><figcaption>A creature plays the <a href="/wiki/Vielle" title="Vielle">vielle</a> in the margins of the <a href="/wiki/Hours_of_Charles_the_Noble" title="Hours of Charles the Noble">Hours of Charles the Noble</a>, a book which contains 180 depictions of medieval instruments, probably more than any other <a href="/wiki/Book_of_hours" title="Book of hours">book of hours</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Many instruments used to perform medieval music still exist in the 21st century, but in different and typically more <a href="/wiki/Music_technology_(mechanical)" title="Music technology (mechanical)">technologically developed</a> forms.<sup id="cite_ref-Jeremy_Montagu_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jeremy_Montagu-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The flute was made of wood in the medieval era rather than silver or other metal, and could be made as a side-blown or end-blown instrument. While modern orchestral flutes are usually made of metal and have complex key mechanisms and airtight pads, medieval flutes had holes that the performer had to cover with the fingers (as with the recorder). The <a href="/wiki/Recorder_(musical_instrument)" title="Recorder (musical instrument)">recorder</a> was made of wood during the medieval era, and despite the fact that in the 21st century it may be made of synthetic materials such as plastic, it has more or less retained its past form. The <a href="/wiki/Gemshorn" title="Gemshorn">gemshorn</a> is similar to the recorder as it has finger holes on its front, though it is actually a member of the <a href="/wiki/Ocarina" title="Ocarina">ocarina</a> family. One of the flute's predecessors, the <a href="/wiki/Pan_flute" title="Pan flute">pan flute</a>, was popular in medieval times, and is possibly of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Hellenic</a> origin. This instrument's pipes were made of wood, and were graduated in length to produce different pitches.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:David,_Mus%C3%A9e_du_Louvre_Objets_d%27art_MR_370.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/David%2C_Mus%C3%A9e_du_Louvre_Objets_d%27art_MR_370.jpg/220px-David%2C_Mus%C3%A9e_du_Louvre_Objets_d%27art_MR_370.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/David%2C_Mus%C3%A9e_du_Louvre_Objets_d%27art_MR_370.jpg/330px-David%2C_Mus%C3%A9e_du_Louvre_Objets_d%27art_MR_370.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/David%2C_Mus%C3%A9e_du_Louvre_Objets_d%27art_MR_370.jpg/440px-David%2C_Mus%C3%A9e_du_Louvre_Objets_d%27art_MR_370.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1156" data-file-height="1196" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/David" title="David">David</a> playing the harp, accompanied by plucked fiddle and clappers/cymbals. Circa 795, Germany or France.</figcaption></figure> <p>Medieval music used many plucked <a href="/wiki/String_instrument" title="String instrument">string instruments</a> like the <a href="/wiki/Lute" title="Lute">lute</a>, a fretted instrument with a pear-shaped hollow body which is the predecessor to the modern guitar. Other plucked stringed instruments included the <a href="/wiki/Mandore_(instrument)" title="Mandore (instrument)">mandore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gittern" title="Gittern">gittern</a>, <a href="/wiki/Citole" title="Citole">citole</a> and <a href="/wiki/Psaltery" title="Psaltery">psaltery</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Hammered_dulcimer" title="Hammered dulcimer">dulcimers</a>, similar in structure to the <a href="/wiki/Psaltery" title="Psaltery">psaltery</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zither" title="Zither">zither</a>, were originally plucked, but musicians began to strike the dulcimer with hammers in the 14th century after the arrival of new metal technology that made metal strings possible.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The bowed <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_lyra" title="Byzantine lyra">lyra</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a> was the first recorded European bowed string instrument. Like the modern violin, a performer produced sound by moving a bow with tensioned hair over tensioned strings. The <a href="/wiki/Persian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian people">Persian</a> geographer <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Khordadbeh" title="Ibn Khordadbeh">Ibn Khurradadhbih</a> of the 9th century (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="died">d.</abbr> 911</span>) cited the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_lyra" title="Byzantine lyra">Byzantine lyra</a>, in his lexicographical discussion of instruments as a bowed instrument equivalent to the Arab <a href="/wiki/Rab%C4%81b" class="mw-redirect" title="Rabāb">rabāb</a> and typical instrument of the Byzantines along with the <i>urghun</i> (organ),<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (September 2017)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup> <i>shilyani</i> (probably a type of <a href="/wiki/Harp" title="Harp">harp</a> or <a href="/wiki/Lyre" title="Lyre">lyre</a>) and the <i>salandj</i> (probably a <a href="/wiki/Bagpipe" class="mw-redirect" title="Bagpipe">bagpipe</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKartomi1990124_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKartomi1990124-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Hurdy-gurdy" title="Hurdy-gurdy">hurdy-gurdy</a> was (and still is) a mechanical violin using a rosined wooden wheel attached to a crank to "bow" its strings. Instruments without sound boxes like the <a href="/wiki/Jew%27s_harp" title="Jew's harp">jew's harp</a> were also popular. Early versions of the <a href="/wiki/Organ_(music)" title="Organ (music)">pipe organ</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fiddle" title="Fiddle">fiddle</a> (or <a href="/wiki/Vielle" title="Vielle">vielle</a>), and a precursor to the modern <a href="/wiki/Trombone" title="Trombone">trombone</a> (called the <a href="/wiki/Sackbut" title="Sackbut">sackbut</a>) were used.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notation">Notation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medieval_music&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Notation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the medieval period the foundation was laid for the notational and theoretical practices that would shape Western music into the norms that developed during the <a href="/wiki/Common_practice_period" title="Common practice period">common practice era</a>. The most obvious of these is the development of a comprehensive <a href="/wiki/Music_notation" class="mw-redirect" title="Music notation">music notational</a> system; however the theoretical advances, particularly in regard to rhythm and polyphony, are equally important to the development of Western music. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Frame"><a href="/wiki/File:Gregorian_Chant_Kyrie.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Gregorian_Chant_Kyrie.svg/274px-Gregorian_Chant_Kyrie.svg.png" decoding="async" width="274" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Gregorian_Chant_Kyrie.svg/411px-Gregorian_Chant_Kyrie.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Gregorian_Chant_Kyrie.svg/548px-Gregorian_Chant_Kyrie.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="274" data-file-height="101" /></a><figcaption>A sample of <a href="/wiki/Kyrie" title="Kyrie">Kýrie Eléison</a> XI (Orbis Factor) from the <i>Liber Usualis</i>. The modern "neumes" on the staff above the text indicate the pitches of the <a href="/wiki/Melody" title="Melody">melody</a>. <a class="external text" href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cc/Kyrie_XI_%28Orbis_Factor%29_sample.ogg">Listen</a> to it interpreted.</figcaption></figure> <p>The earliest medieval music did not have any kind of notational system. The tunes were primarily monophonic (a single <a href="/wiki/Melody" title="Melody">melody</a> without <a href="/wiki/Accompaniment" title="Accompaniment">accompaniment</a>) and transmitted by oral tradition.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoppin197857_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoppin197857-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As Rome tried to centralize the various liturgies and establish the Roman rite as the primary church tradition the need to transmit these chant melodies across vast distances effectively was equally glaring.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeay196541_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeay196541-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> So long as music could only be taught to people "by ear," it limited the ability of the church to get different regions to sing the same melodies, since each new person would have to spend time with a person who already knew a song and learn it "by ear." The first step to fix this problem came with the introduction of various signs written above the chant texts to indicate direction of pitch movement, called <i><a href="/wiki/Neumes" class="mw-redirect" title="Neumes">neumes</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoppin197857_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoppin197857-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The origin of <i>neumes</i> is unclear and subject to some debate; however, most scholars agree that their closest ancestors are the classic Greek and Roman grammatical signs that indicated important points of declamation by recording the rise and fall of the voice.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParrish19574_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParrish19574-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The two basic signs of the classical grammarians were the <i>acutus</i>, /, indicating a raising of the voice, and the <i>gravis</i>, \, indicating a lowering of the voice. A singer reading a chant text with neume markings would be able to get a general sense of whether the melody line went up in pitch, stayed the same, or went down in pitch. Since trained singers knew the chant repertoire well, written neume markings above the text served as a reminder of the melody but did not specify the actual intervals.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, a singer reading a chant text with neume markings would not be able to <a href="/wiki/Sight_read" class="mw-redirect" title="Sight read">sight read</a> a song which he or she had never heard sung before; these pieces would not be possible to interpret accurately today without later versions in more precise notation systems.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>These neumes eventually evolved into the basic symbols for <i>neumatic</i> notation, the <i>virga</i> (or "rod") which indicates a higher note and still looked like the <i>acutus</i> from which it came; and the <i>punctum</i> (or "dot") which indicates a lower note and, as the name suggests, reduced the <i>gravis</i> symbol to a point.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParrish19574_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParrish19574-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus the <i>acutus</i> and the <i>gravis</i> could be combined to represent graphical vocal inflections on the syllable.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParrish19574_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParrish19574-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This kind of notation seems to have developed no earlier than the eighth century, but by the ninth it was firmly established as the primary method of musical notation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoppin197858_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoppin197858-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The basic notation of the <i>virga</i> and the <i>punctum</i> remained the symbols for individual notes, but other <i>neumes</i> soon developed which showed several notes joined. These new <i>neumes</i>—called ligatures—are essentially combinations of the two original signs.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParrish19575_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParrish19575-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first music notation was the use of dots over the lyrics to a chant, with some dots being higher or lower, giving the reader a general sense of the direction of the melody. However, this form of notation only served as a memory aid for a singer who already knew the melody.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeay196540_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeay196540-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This basic <i>neumatic</i> notation could only specify the number of notes and whether they moved up or down. There was no way to indicate exact pitch, any rhythm, or even the starting note. These limitations are further indication that the <i>neumes</i> were developed as tools to support the practice of oral tradition, rather than to supplant it. However, even though it started as a mere memory aid, the worth of having more specific notation soon became evident.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoppin197858_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoppin197858-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The next development in musical notation was "heighted <i>neumes</i>", in which <i>neumes</i> were carefully placed at different heights in relation to each other. This allowed the <i>neumes</i> to give a rough indication of the size of a given interval as well as the direction. This quickly led to one or two lines, each representing a particular note, being placed on the music with all of the <i>neumes</i> relating to the earlier ones. At first, these lines had no particular meaning and instead had a letter placed at the beginning indicating which note was represented. However, the lines indicating middle C and the F a fifth below slowly became most common. Having been at first merely scratched on the parchment, the lines now were drawn in two different colored inks: usually red for F, and yellow or green for C. This was the beginning of the musical staff.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoppin197859–60_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoppin197859–60-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The completion of the four-line staff is usually credited to <a href="/wiki/Guido_of_Arezzo" title="Guido of Arezzo">Guido d'Arezzo</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1000</span>–1050), one of the most important musical theorists of the Middle Ages. While older sources attribute the development of the staff to Guido, some modern scholars suggest that he acted more as a codifier of a system that was already being developed. Either way, this new notation allowed a singer to learn pieces completely unknown to him in a much shorter amount of time.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeay196541_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeay196541-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoppin197860_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoppin197860-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, even though chant notation had progressed in many ways, one fundamental problem remained: rhythm. The <i>neumatic</i> notational system, even in its fully developed state, did not clearly define any kind of rhythm for the singing of notes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoppin197889_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoppin197889-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Music_theory">Music theory</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medieval_music&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Music theory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_medieval_music_theorists" title="List of medieval music theorists">List of medieval music theorists</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Music_theory" title="Music theory">music theory</a> of the medieval period saw several advances over previous practice both in regard to tonal material, texture, and rhythm. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rhythm">Rhythm</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medieval_music&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Rhythm"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Perotin_-_Alleluia_nativitas.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Perotin_-_Alleluia_nativitas.jpg/220px-Perotin_-_Alleluia_nativitas.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="377" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Perotin_-_Alleluia_nativitas.jpg/330px-Perotin_-_Alleluia_nativitas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Perotin_-_Alleluia_nativitas.jpg/440px-Perotin_-_Alleluia_nativitas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="2400" /></a><figcaption>Pérotin, "Alleluia nativitas", in the third rhythmic mode.</figcaption></figure> <p>Concerning <a href="/wiki/Rhythm" title="Rhythm">rhythm</a>, this period had several dramatic changes in both its conception and notation. During the early medieval period there was no method to notate rhythm, and thus the rhythmical practice of this early music is subject to debate among scholars.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoppin197889_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoppin197889-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first kind of written rhythmic system developed during the 13th century and was based on a series of modes. This rhythmic plan was codified by the music theorist <a href="/wiki/Johannes_de_Garlandia_(music_theorist)" title="Johannes de Garlandia (music theorist)">Johannes de Garlandia</a>, author of the <i><a href="/wiki/De_Mensurabili_Musica" title="De Mensurabili Musica">De Mensurabili Musica</a></i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1250</span>), the treatise which defined and most completely elucidated these <a href="/wiki/Rhythmic_mode" title="Rhythmic mode">rhythmic modes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChristensen2002628_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChristensen2002628-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his treatise Johannes de Garlandia describes six <i>species</i> of mode, or six different ways in which longs and breves can be arranged. Each mode establishes a rhythmic pattern in beats (or <i>tempora</i>) within a common unit of three <i>tempora</i> (a <i>perfectio</i>) that is repeated again and again. Furthermore, notation without text is based on chains of <a href="/wiki/Ligature_(music)" title="Ligature (music)"><i>ligature</i>s</a> (the characteristic notations by which groups of notes are bound to one another). </p><p>The rhythmic mode can generally be determined by the patterns of ligatures used.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChristensen2002629–630_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChristensen2002629–630-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Once a rhythmic mode had been assigned to a melodic line, there was generally little deviation from that mode, although rhythmic adjustments could be indicated by changes in the expected pattern of ligatures, even to the extent of changing to another rhythmic mode.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUltan197710_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUltan197710-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The next step forward concerning rhythm came from the German theorist <a href="/wiki/Franco_of_Cologne" title="Franco of Cologne">Franco of Cologne</a>. In his treatise <i><a href="/wiki/Ars_cantus_mensurabilis" title="Ars cantus mensurabilis">Ars cantus mensurabilis</a></i> ("The Art of Mensurable Music"), written around 1280, he describes a system of notation in which differently shaped notes have entirely different rhythmic values. This is a striking change from the earlier system of de Garlandia. Whereas before the length of the individual note could only be gathered from the mode itself, this new inverted relationship made the mode dependent upon—and determined by—the individual notes or <i>figurae</i> that have incontrovertible durational values,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChristensen2002632_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChristensen2002632-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> an innovation which had a massive impact on the subsequent history of European music. Most of the surviving notated music of the 13th century uses the rhythmic modes as defined by Garlandia. The step in the evolution of rhythm came after the turn of the 13th century with the development of the <i>Ars Nova</i> style. </p><p>The theorist who is most well recognized in regard to this new style is <a href="/wiki/Philippe_de_Vitry" title="Philippe de Vitry">Philippe de Vitry</a>, famous for writing the <i><a href="/wiki/Ars_Nova" class="mw-redirect" title="Ars Nova">Ars Nova</a></i> ("New Art") treatise around 1320. This treatise on music gave its name to the style of this entire era.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYudkin1989458_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYudkin1989458-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some ways the modern system of rhythmic notation began with Vitry, who completely broke free from the older idea of the rhythmic modes. The notational predecessors of modern time meters also originate in the <i>Ars Nova</i>. This new style was clearly built upon the work of Franco of Cologne. In Franco's system, the relationship between a <a href="/wiki/Double_whole_note" title="Double whole note">breve</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Whole_note" title="Whole note">semibreves</a> (that is, half breves) was equivalent to that between a breve and a long: and, since for him <i>modus</i> was always perfect (grouped in threes), the <i>tempus</i> or beat was also inherently perfect and therefore contained three semibreves. Sometimes the context of the mode would require a group of only two semibreves, however, these two semibreves would always be one of normal length and one of double length, thereby taking the same space of time, and thus preserving the perfect subdivision of the <i>tempus</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECaldwell2019160_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaldwell2019160-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This ternary division held for all note values. In contrast, the <i>Ars Nova</i> period introduced two important changes: the first was an even smaller subdivision of notes (semibreves, could now be divided into <i><a href="/wiki/Minim_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minim (music)">minim</a></i>), and the second was the development of "mensuration." </p><p>Mensurations could be combined in various manners to produce metrical groupings. These groupings of mensurations are the precursors of simple and compound meter.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChristensen2002635_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChristensen2002635-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the time of <i>Ars Nova</i>, the perfect division of the <i>tempus</i> was not the only option as duple divisions became more accepted. For Vitry the breve could be divided, for an entire composition, or section of one, into groups of two or three smaller semibreves. This way, the <i>tempus</i> (the term that came to denote the division of the breve) could be either "perfect" (<i>tempus perfectum</i>), with ternary subdivision, or "imperfect" (<i>tempus imperfectum</i>), with binary subdivision.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoppin1978354–55_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoppin1978354–55-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a similar fashion, the semibreve's division (termed <i>prolation</i>) could be divided into three <i>minima</i> (<i><a href="/wiki/Prolation" title="Prolation">prolatio</a> perfectus</i> or major prolation) or two <i>minima</i> (<i>prolatio imperfectus</i> or minor prolation) and, at the higher level, the <a href="/wiki/Longa_(music)" title="Longa (music)">longs</a> division (called <i>modus</i>) could be three or two breves (<i><a href="/wiki/Rhythmic_mode" title="Rhythmic mode">modus</a> perfectus</i> or perfect mode, or <i>modus imperfectus</i> or imperfect mode respectively).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUltan197762–63._31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUltan197762–63.-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoppin1978355_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoppin1978355-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vitry took this a step further by indicating the proper division of a given piece at the beginning through the use of a "mensuration sign", equivalent to our modern "time signature".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeay1965131_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeay1965131-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Tempus perfectum</i> was indicated by a circle, while <i>tempus imperfectum</i> was denoted by a half-circle<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeay1965131_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeay1965131-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (the current symbol <span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commontime.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="common time"><img alt="common time" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Commontime.svg/11px-Commontime.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="33" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Commontime.svg/17px-Commontime.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Commontime.svg/22px-Commontime.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="60" /></a></span></span>, used as an alternative for the <a href="/wiki/4/4_time" class="mw-redirect" title="4/4 time"><span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="serif-fonts" style="font-family: 'Georgia Pro', Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', Times, 'Times New Roman', FreeSerif, 'DejaVu Math TeX', 'URW Bookman L', serif;"><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:0.85em;font-size:80%;text-align:center"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"><b>4</b></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"><b>4</b></sub></span></span></span></span></a> time signature, is actually a holdover of this symbol, not a letter <i>C</i> as an abbreviation for "common time", as popularly believed). While many of these innovations are ascribed to Vitry, and somewhat present in the <i>Ars Nova</i> treatise, it was a contemporary—and personal acquaintance—of de Vitry, named <a href="/wiki/Jean_de_Muris" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean de Muris">Johannes de Muris</a> (or <a href="/wiki/Jehan_des_Mars" class="mw-redirect" title="Jehan des Mars">Jehan des Mars</a>) who offered the most comprehensive and systematic treatment of the new mensural innovations of the <i>Ars Nova</i><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChristensen2002635_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChristensen2002635-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (for a brief explanation of the mensural notation in general, see the article <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_music#Theory_and_notation" title="Renaissance music">Renaissance music</a>). Many scholars, citing a lack of positive attributory evidence, now consider "Vitry's" treatise to be anonymous, but this does not diminish its importance for the history of rhythmic notation. However, this makes the first definitely identifiable scholar to accept and explain the mensural system to be de Muris, who can be said to have done for it what Garlandia did for the rhythmic modes. </p><p>For the duration of the medieval period, most music would be composed primarily in perfect tempus, with special effects created by sections of imperfect tempus; there is a great current controversy among musicologists as to whether such sections were performed with a breve of equal length or whether it changed, and if so, at what proportion. This <i>Ars Nova</i> style remained the primary rhythmical system until the highly syncopated works of the <i><a href="/wiki/Ars_subtilior" title="Ars subtilior">Ars subtilior</a></i> at the end of the 14th century, characterized by extremes of notational and rhythmic complexity.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoppin1978472_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoppin1978472-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This sub-genera pushed the rhythmic freedom provided by <i>Ars Nova</i> to its limits, with some compositions having different voices written in different mensurations simultaneously. The rhythmic complexity that was realized in this music is comparable to that in the 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcKinnon1990237_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcKinnon1990237-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Polyphony">Polyphony</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medieval_music&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Polyphony"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:P%C3%A9rotin_-_Viderunt_omnes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/P%C3%A9rotin_-_Viderunt_omnes.jpg/170px-P%C3%A9rotin_-_Viderunt_omnes.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/P%C3%A9rotin_-_Viderunt_omnes.jpg/255px-P%C3%A9rotin_-_Viderunt_omnes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/P%C3%A9rotin_-_Viderunt_omnes.jpg/340px-P%C3%A9rotin_-_Viderunt_omnes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="439" data-file-height="397" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A9rotin" title="Pérotin">Pérotin</a>'s <i>Viderunt omnes</i>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 13th century</span>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Of equal importance to the overall history of western music theory were the textural changes that came with the advent of polyphony. This practice shaped western music into the harmonically dominated music that we know today.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoppin1978187_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoppin1978187-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first accounts of this textural development were found in two anonymous yet widely circulated treatises on music, the <i><a href="/wiki/Musica_enchiriadis" title="Musica enchiriadis">Musica</a></i> and the <i><a href="/wiki/Scolica_enchiriadis" title="Scolica enchiriadis">Scolica enchiriadis</a></i>. These texts are dated to sometime within the last half of the ninth century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChristensen2002480_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChristensen2002480-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The treatises describe a technique that seemed already to be well established in practice.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChristensen2002480_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChristensen2002480-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This early polyphony is based on three simple and three compound intervals. The first group comprises fourths, fifths, and octaves; while the second group has octave-plus-fourths, octave-plus-fifths, and double octaves.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChristensen2002480_37-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChristensen2002480-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This new practice is given the name <i><a href="/wiki/Organum" title="Organum">organum</a></i> by the author of the treatises.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChristensen2002480_37-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChristensen2002480-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Organum</i> can further be classified depending on the time period in which it was written. The early <i>organum</i> as described in the <i>enchiriadis</i> can be termed "strict <i>organum</i>" <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUltan197752_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUltan197752-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Strict <i>organum</i> can, in turn, be subdivided into two types: <i>diapente</i> (organum at the interval of a fifth) and <i>diatesseron</i> (organum at the interval of a fourth).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUltan197752_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUltan197752-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, both of these kinds of strict <i>organum</i> had problems with the musical rules of the time. If either of them paralleled an original chant for too long (depending on the mode) a <a href="/wiki/Tritone" title="Tritone">tritone</a> would result.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUltan197753_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUltan197753-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This problem was somewhat overcome with the use of a second type of <i>organum</i>. This second style of <i>organum</i> was called "free <i>organum</i>". Its distinguishing factor is that the parts did not have to move only in parallel motion, but could also move in oblique, or contrary motion. This made it much easier to avoid the dreaded tritone.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUltan197755_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUltan197755-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The final style of <i>organum</i> that developed was known as "<a href="/wiki/Melismatic" class="mw-redirect" title="Melismatic">melismatic</a> <i>organum</i>", which was a rather dramatic departure from the rest of the polyphonic music up to this point. This new style was not note against note, but was rather one sustained line accompanied by a florid melismatic line.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUltan197758_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUltan197758-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This final kind of <i>organum</i> was also incorporated by the most famous polyphonic composer of this time—<a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9onin" title="Léonin">Léonin</a>. He united this style with measured <a href="/wiki/Discant" class="mw-redirect" title="Discant">discant</a> passages, which used the rhythmic modes to create the pinnacle of <i>organum</i> composition.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUltan197758_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUltan197758-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This final stage of <i>organum</i> is sometimes referred to as <a href="/wiki/Notre_Dame_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Notre Dame school">Notre Dame school</a> of polyphony, since that was where Léonin (and his student <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A9rotin" title="Pérotin">Pérotin</a>) were stationed. Furthermore, this kind of polyphony influenced all subsequent styles, with the later polyphonic genera of motets starting as a trope of existing Notre Dame <i>organums</i>. </p><p>Another important element of medieval music theory was the system by which pitches were arranged and understood. During the Middle Ages, this systematic arrangement of a series of whole steps and half steps, what we now call a <a href="/wiki/Musical_scale" class="mw-redirect" title="Musical scale">scale</a>, was known as a <a href="/wiki/Gregorian_mode" title="Gregorian mode">mode</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The modal system worked like the scales of today, insomuch that it provided the rules and material for melodic writing.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeay196532_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeay196532-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The eight church modes are: <i><a href="/wiki/Dorian_mode" title="Dorian mode">Dorian</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Hypodorian" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypodorian">Hypodorian</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Phrygian_mode" title="Phrygian mode">Phrygian</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Hypophrygian_mode" title="Hypophrygian mode">Hypophrygian</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Lydian_mode" title="Lydian mode">Lydian</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Hypolydian_mode" title="Hypolydian mode">Hypolydian</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Mixolydian" class="mw-redirect" title="Mixolydian">Mixolydian</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Hypomixolydian_mode" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypomixolydian mode">Hypomixolydian</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeay196533_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeay196533-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Much of the information concerning these modes, as well as the practical application of them, was codified in the 11th century by the theorist <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Afflighemensis" class="mw-redirect" title="Johannes Afflighemensis">Johannes Afflighemensis</a>. In his work he describes three defining elements to each mode: the final (or <i>finalis)</i>, the reciting tone (<i>tenor</i> or <i>confinalis</i>), and the range (or <i>ambitus</i>). The <i>finalis</i> is the tone that serves as the focal point for the mode and, as the name suggests, is almost always used as the final tone. The reciting tone is the tone that serves as the primary focal point in the melody (particularly internally). It is generally also the tone most often repeated in the piece, and finally the range delimits the upper and lower tones for a given mode.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUltan197725_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUltan197725-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The eight modes can be further divided into four categories based on their final (<i>finalis</i>). </p><p>Medieval theorists called these pairs <i>maneriae</i> and labeled them according to the Greek ordinal numbers. Those modes that have d, e, f, and g as their final are put into the groups <i>protus</i>, <i>deuterus</i>, <i>tritus</i>, and <i>tetrardus</i> respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoppin197864_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoppin197864-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These can then be divided further based on whether the mode is "authentic" or "plagal." These distinctions deal with the range of the mode in relation to the final. The authentic modes have a range that is about an octave (one tone above or below is allowed) and start on the final, whereas the plagal modes, while still covering about an octave, start a perfect fourth below the authentic.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChristensen2002311_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChristensen2002311-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another interesting aspect of the modal system is the use of "<a href="/wiki/Musica_ficta" title="Musica ficta">Musica ficta</a>" which allows pitches to be altered (changing B<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-natural">♮</span></span> to B<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-flat">♭</span></span> for example) in certain contexts regardless of the mode.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoppin197866_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoppin197866-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These changes have several uses, but one that seems particularly common is to avoid melodic difficulties caused by the tritone.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeay196534_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeay196534-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>These ecclesiastical modes, although they have Greek names, have little relationship to the modes as set out by Greek theorists. Rather, most of the terminology seems to be a misappropriation on the part of the medieval theorists<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeay196533_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeay196533-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the church modes have no relation to the ancient Greek modes, the overabundance of Greek terminology does point to an interesting possible origin in the liturgical melodies of the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_music" title="Byzantine music">Byzantine</a> tradition. This system is called <i><a href="/wiki/Octoechos" title="Octoechos">octoechos</a></i> and is also divided into eight categories, called <i>echoi</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChristensen2002310_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChristensen2002310-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For specific medieval music theorists, see also: <a href="/wiki/Isidore_of_Seville" title="Isidore of Seville">Isidore of Seville</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aurelian_of_R%C3%A9%C3%B4me" title="Aurelian of Réôme">Aurelian of Réôme</a>, <a href="/wiki/Odo_of_Cluny" title="Odo of Cluny">Odo of Cluny</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guido_of_Arezzo" title="Guido of Arezzo">Guido of Arezzo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hermannus_Contractus" class="mw-redirect" title="Hermannus Contractus">Hermannus Contractus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Cotto" title="Johannes Cotto">Johannes Cotto</a> (Johannes Afflighemensis), <a href="/wiki/Johannes_de_Muris" title="Johannes de Muris">Johannes de Muris</a>, <a href="/wiki/Franco_of_Cologne" title="Franco of Cologne">Franco of Cologne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Johannes_de_Garlandia_(music_theorist)" title="Johannes de Garlandia (music theorist)">Johannes de Garlandia</a> (Johannes Gallicus), <a href="/wiki/Anonymous_IV" title="Anonymous IV">Anonymous IV</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marchetto_da_Padova" title="Marchetto da Padova">Marchetto da Padova</a> (Marchettus of Padua), <a href="/wiki/Jacob_of_Li%C3%A8ge" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacob of Liège">Jacques of Liège</a>, <a href="/wiki/Johannes_de_Grocheo" class="mw-redirect" title="Johannes de Grocheo">Johannes de Grocheo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Petrus_de_Cruce" title="Petrus de Cruce">Petrus de Cruce</a> (Pierre de la Croix), and <a href="/wiki/Philippe_de_Vitry" title="Philippe de Vitry">Philippe de Vitry</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_medieval_music_(500–1000)"><span id="Early_medieval_music_.28500.E2.80.931000.29"></span>Early medieval music (500–1000)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medieval_music&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Early medieval music (500–1000)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages" title="Early Middle Ages">Early Middle Ages</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_medieval_composers#(5th_century)_Early_Middle_Ages" title="List of medieval composers">List of medieval composers § (5th century) Early Middle Ages</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_chant_traditions">Early chant traditions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medieval_music&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Early chant traditions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Plainsong" title="Plainsong">Plainsong</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Gregorian_chant" title="Gregorian chant">Gregorian chant</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hildegard_von_Bingen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Hildegard_von_Bingen.jpg/110px-Hildegard_von_Bingen.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Hildegard_von_Bingen.jpg/165px-Hildegard_von_Bingen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Hildegard_von_Bingen.jpg/220px-Hildegard_von_Bingen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1354" data-file-height="1980" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Hildegard_of_Bingen" title="Hildegard of Bingen">Hildegard of Bingen</a>, one of the best-known composers of sacred <a href="/wiki/Monophony" title="Monophony">monophony</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Gregorian_chant" title="Gregorian chant">Chant</a> (or <a href="/wiki/Plainsong" title="Plainsong">plainsong</a>) is a <a href="/wiki/Texture_(music)" title="Texture (music)">monophonic</a> sacred (single, unaccompanied melody) form which represents the earliest known music of the Christian church. Chant developed separately in several European centres. Although the most important were <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hispania" title="Hispania">Hispania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gaul" title="Gaul">Gaul</a>, Milan, and Ireland, there were others as well. These styles were all developed to support the regional liturgies used when celebrating the Mass there. Each area developed its own chant and rules for celebration. In Spain and <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mozarabic_chant" title="Mozarabic chant">Mozarabic chant</a> was used and shows the influence of <a href="/wiki/Music_of_North_Africa" title="Music of North Africa">North African music</a>. The Mozarabic liturgy even survived through <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a> rule, though this was an isolated strand and this music was later suppressed in an attempt to enforce conformity on the entire liturgy. In Milan, <a href="/wiki/Ambrosian_chant" title="Ambrosian chant">Ambrosian chant</a>, named after <a href="/wiki/St._Ambrose" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Ambrose">St. Ambrose</a>, was the standard, while <a href="/wiki/Beneventan_chant" title="Beneventan chant">Beneventan chant</a> developed around <a href="/wiki/Benevento" title="Benevento">Benevento</a>, another Italian liturgical center. <a href="/wiki/Gallican_chant" title="Gallican chant">Gallican chant</a> was used in Gaul, and <a href="/wiki/Celtic_chant" title="Celtic chant">Celtic chant</a> in Ireland and Great Britain. </p><p>The reigning Carolingian dynasty wanted to standardize the <a href="/wiki/Mass_(liturgy)" title="Mass (liturgy)">Mass</a> and chant across its <a href="/wiki/Francia" title="Francia">Frankish Empire</a>. At this time, Rome was the religious centre of western Europe, and northern <a href="/wiki/Gaul" title="Gaul">Gaul</a> and Rhineland (most notably the city of <a href="/wiki/Aachen" title="Aachen">Aachen</a>) was the political centre. The standardization effort consisted mainly of combining the two – <a href="/wiki/Roman_Rite" title="Roman Rite">Roman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gallican_rite" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallican rite">Gallican</a> – regional liturgies. <a href="/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a> (742–814) sent trained singers throughout the Empire to teach this new form of chant.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This body of chant became known as <a href="/wiki/Gregorian_chant" title="Gregorian chant">Gregorian Chant</a>, named after <a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Pope Gregory I</a>. Gregorian chant was said to be collected and codified during his papacy or even composed by himself, inspired by the Holy Spirit in the form of a dove. However, that is only a popular legend that was spread by the Carolingians who wanted to legitimize their liturgy unification efforts. Gregorian chant certainly didn't exist at that time. It is possible, nevertheless, that Gregory's papacy really may have contributed to collecting and codifying the Roman chant of the time which then, in the 9th and 10th centuries, formed – alongside the Gallican chant – one of the two roots of the Gregorian chant.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the 12th and 13th centuries, Gregorian chant had superseded all the other Western chant traditions, with the exception of the Ambrosian chant in Milan and the Mozarabic chant in a few specially designated Spanish chapels. <a href="/wiki/Hildegard_von_Bingen" class="mw-redirect" title="Hildegard von Bingen">Hildegard von Bingen</a> (1098–1179) was one of the earliest known female composers. She wrote many monophonic works for the Catholic Church, almost all of them for female voices. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_polyphony:_organum">Early polyphony: organum</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medieval_music&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Early polyphony: organum"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Organum" title="Organum">Organum</a></div> <p>Around the end of the 9th century, singers in monasteries such as <a href="/wiki/Abbey_of_St._Gall" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbey of St. Gall">St. Gall</a> in Switzerland began experimenting with adding another part to the chant, generally a voice in <a href="/wiki/Contrary_motion" class="mw-redirect" title="Contrary motion">parallel motion</a>, singing mostly in perfect <a href="/wiki/Perfect_fourth" title="Perfect fourth">fourths</a> or <a href="/wiki/Perfect_fifth" title="Perfect fifth">fifths</a> above the original tune (see <a href="/wiki/Interval_(music)" title="Interval (music)">interval</a>). This development is called <a href="/wiki/Organum" title="Organum">organum</a> and represents the beginnings of <a href="/wiki/Counterpoint" title="Counterpoint">counterpoint</a> and, ultimately, <a href="/wiki/Harmony" title="Harmony">harmony</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over the next several centuries, organum developed in several ways. </p><p>The most significant of these developments was the creation of "florid organum" around 1100, sometimes known as the <a href="/wiki/School_of_St._Martial" class="mw-redirect" title="School of St. Martial">school of St. Martial</a> (named after a monastery in south-central France, which contains the best-preserved manuscript of this repertory). In "florid organum" the original tune would be sung in long notes while an accompanying voice would sing many notes to each one of the original, often in a highly elaborate fashion, all the while emphasizing the perfect <a href="/wiki/Consonance_and_dissonance" title="Consonance and dissonance">consonances</a> (fourths, fifths and octaves), as in the earlier organa. Later developments of organum occurred in England, where the interval of the <a href="/wiki/Interval_(music)" title="Interval (music)">third</a> was particularly favoured, and where organa were likely improvised against an existing chant melody, and at <a href="/wiki/Notre_Dame_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Notre Dame school">Notre Dame</a> in Paris, which was to be the centre of musical creative activity throughout the thirteenth century. </p><p>Much of the music from the early medieval period is <a href="/wiki/Anonymous_work" title="Anonymous work">anonymous</a>. Some of the names may have been poets and lyric writers, and the tunes for which they wrote words may have been composed by others. Attribution of monophonic music of the medieval period is not always reliable. Surviving manuscripts from this period include the <a href="/wiki/Musica_Enchiriadis" class="mw-redirect" title="Musica Enchiriadis">Musica Enchiriadis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Codex_Calixtinus" title="Codex Calixtinus">Codex Calixtinus</a> of <a href="/wiki/Santiago_de_Compostela" title="Santiago de Compostela">Santiago de Compostela</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Magnus_Liber" title="Magnus Liber">Magnus Liber</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Winchester_Troper" title="Winchester Troper">Winchester Troper</a>. For information about specific composers or poets writing during the early medieval period, see <a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Pope Gregory I</a>, <a href="/wiki/Godric_of_Finchale" title="Godric of Finchale">St. Godric</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hildegard_of_Bingen" title="Hildegard of Bingen">Hildegard of Bingen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hucbald" title="Hucbald">Hucbald</a>, <a href="/wiki/Notker_of_St_Gall" class="mw-redirect" title="Notker of St Gall">Notker Balbulus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Odo_of_Arezzo" title="Odo of Arezzo">Odo of Arezzo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Odo_of_Cluny" title="Odo of Cluny">Odo of Cluny</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tuotilo" title="Tuotilo">Tutilo</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Liturgical_drama">Liturgical drama</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medieval_music&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Liturgical drama"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Liturgical_drama" title="Liturgical drama">Liturgical drama</a></div> <p>Another musical tradition of Europe originating during the early Middle Ages was the <a href="/wiki/Liturgical_drama" title="Liturgical drama">liturgical drama</a>. </p><p>Liturgical drama developed possibly in the 10th century from the tropes—poetic embellishments of the liturgical texts. One of the tropes, the so-called Quem Quaeritis, belonging to the liturgy of Easter morning, developed into a short play around the year 950.<sup id="cite_ref-Broadview_Anthology_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Broadview_Anthology-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The oldest surviving written source is the Winchester Troper. Around the year 1000 it was sung widely in Northern Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="Contrary to claiming the Winchester Troper was sung in Northern Europe, the source says "The tropes – new phrases added into Gregorian chants – show the adoption in England of a way of singing widely practised in northern Europe by the 11th century." (May 2020)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Shortly,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (September 2018)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> a similar Christmas play was developed, musically and textually following the Easter one, and other plays followed. </p><p>There is a controversy among musicologists as to the instrumental accompaniment of such plays, given that the stage directions, very elaborate and precise in other respects, do not request any participation of instruments.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> These dramas were performed by monks, nuns and priests.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In contrast to secular plays, which were spoken, the liturgical drama was always sung.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Many have been preserved sufficiently to allow modern reconstruction and performance (for example the <i><a href="/wiki/Play_of_Daniel" title="Play of Daniel">Play of Daniel</a></i>, which has been recently recorded at least ten times). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="High_medieval_music_(1000–1300)"><span id="High_medieval_music_.281000.E2.80.931300.29"></span>High medieval music (1000–1300)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medieval_music&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: High medieval music (1000–1300)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/High_Middle_Ages" title="High Middle Ages">High Middle Ages</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_medieval_composers#(1000)_High_Middle_Ages" title="List of medieval composers">List of medieval composers § (1000) High Middle Ages</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Goliards">Goliards</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medieval_music&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Goliards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Goliards" title="Goliards">Goliards</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Goliard" class="mw-redirect" title="Goliard">Goliards</a> were <a href="/wiki/Itinerant_poet" title="Itinerant poet">itinerant poet</a>-musicians of Europe from the tenth to the middle of the thirteenth century. Most were scholars or <a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastic" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecclesiastic">ecclesiastics</a>, and they wrote and sang in Latin. Although many of the poems have survived, very little of the music has. They were possibly influential—even decisively so—on the <a href="/wiki/Troubadour" title="Troubadour">troubadour</a>-<a href="/wiki/Trouv%C3%A8re" title="Trouvère">trouvère</a> tradition which was to follow. Most of their poetry is secular and, while some of the songs celebrate religious ideals, others are frankly profane, dealing with drunkenness, debauchery and lechery. One of the most important extant sources of Goliards chansons is the <a href="/wiki/Carmina_Burana" title="Carmina Burana">Carmina Burana</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ars_antiqua"><i>Ars antiqua</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medieval_music&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Ars antiqua"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ars_antiqua" title="Ars antiqua">Ars antiqua</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Organistrum_Orense_200708.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Organistrum_Orense_200708.jpg/220px-Organistrum_Orense_200708.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="261" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Organistrum_Orense_200708.jpg/330px-Organistrum_Orense_200708.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Organistrum_Orense_200708.jpg/440px-Organistrum_Orense_200708.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1772" data-file-height="2102" /></a><figcaption>Men playing the <a href="/wiki/Organistrum" title="Organistrum">organistrum</a>, from the <a href="/wiki/Ourense_Cathedral" title="Ourense Cathedral">Ourense Cathedral</a>, Spain, 12th century</figcaption></figure> <p>The flowering of the <a href="/wiki/Notre_Dame_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Notre Dame school">Notre Dame school</a> of polyphony from around 1150 to 1250 corresponded to the equally impressive achievements in <a href="/wiki/Gothic_architecture" title="Gothic architecture">Gothic architecture</a>: indeed the centre of activity was at the cathedral of <a href="/wiki/Notre_Dame_de_Paris" class="mw-redirect" title="Notre Dame de Paris">Notre Dame</a> itself. Sometimes the music of this period is called the Parisian school, or Parisian organum, and represents the beginning of what is conventionally known as <i><a href="/wiki/Ars_antiqua" title="Ars antiqua">Ars antiqua</a></i>. This was the period in which <a href="/wiki/Rhythm" title="Rhythm">rhythmic</a> notation first appeared in western music, mainly a context-based method of rhythmic notation known as the <a href="/wiki/Rhythmic_mode" title="Rhythmic mode">rhythmic modes</a>. </p><p>This was also the period in which concepts of <a href="/wiki/Musical_form" title="Musical form">formal</a> structure developed which were attentive to proportion, <a href="/wiki/Musical_texture" class="mw-redirect" title="Musical texture">texture</a>, and architectural effect. Composers of the period alternated florid and discant organum (more note-against-note, as opposed to the succession of many-note melismas against long-held notes found in the florid type), and created several new musical forms: <a href="/wiki/Clausula_(music)" title="Clausula (music)">clausulae</a>, which were <a href="/wiki/Melisma" title="Melisma">melismatic</a> sections of organa extracted and fitted with new words and further musical elaboration; <a href="/wiki/Conductus" title="Conductus">conductus</a>, which were songs for one or more voices to be sung rhythmically, most likely in a procession of some sort; and <a href="/wiki/Trope_(music)" title="Trope (music)">tropes</a>, which were additions of new words and sometimes new music to sections of older chant. All of these genres save one were based upon chant; that is, one of the voices, (usually three, though sometimes four) nearly always the lowest (the tenor at this point) sang a chant melody, though with freely composed note-lengths, over which the other voices sang organum. The exception to this method was the conductus, a two-voice composition that was freely composed in its entirety.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Motet" title="Motet">motet</a>, one of the most important musical forms of the high Middle Ages and Renaissance, developed initially during the Notre Dame period out of the clausula, especially the form using multiple voices as elaborated by <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A9rotin" title="Pérotin">Pérotin</a>, who paved the way for this particularly by replacing many of his predecessor (as canon of the cathedral) <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9onin" title="Léonin">Léonin</a>'s lengthy florid clausulae with substitutes in a discant style. Gradually, there came to be entire books of these substitutes, available to be fitted in and out of the various chants. Since, in fact, there were more than can possibly have been used in context, it is probable that the clausulae came to be performed independently, either in other parts of the mass, or in private devotions. The clausula, thus practised, became the motet when troped with non-liturgical words, and this further developed into a form of great elaboration, sophistication and subtlety in the fourteenth century, the period of <i>Ars nova</i>. Surviving manuscripts from this era include the <a href="/wiki/Montpellier_Codex" title="Montpellier Codex">Montpellier Codex</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bamberg_Codex" title="Bamberg Codex">Bamberg Codex</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Las_Huelgas_Codex" title="Las Huelgas Codex">Las Huelgas Codex</a>. </p><p>Composers of this time include <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9onin" title="Léonin">Léonin</a>, <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A9rotin" title="Pérotin">Pérotin</a>, <a href="/wiki/W._de_Wycombe" title="W. de Wycombe">W. de Wycombe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adam_de_St._Victor" class="mw-redirect" title="Adam de St. Victor">Adam de St. Victor</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Petrus_de_Cruce" title="Petrus de Cruce">Petrus de Cruce</a> (Pierre de la Croix). Petrus is credited with the innovation of writing more than three semibreves to fit the length of a breve. Coming before the innovation of imperfect tempus, this practice inaugurated the era of what are now called "Petronian" motets. These late 13th-century works are in three to four parts and have multiple texts sung simultaneously. Originally, the tenor line (from the Latin <i><a href="/wiki/Tenere" class="mw-redirect" title="Tenere">tenere</a></i>, "to hold") held a preexisting liturgical chant line in the original Latin, while the text of the one, two, or even three voices above, called the <i>voces organales</i>, provided commentary on the liturgical subject either in Latin or in the vernacular French. The rhythmic values of the <i>voces organales</i> decreased as the parts multiplied, with the <i>duplum</i> (the part above the tenor) having smaller rhythmic values than the tenor, the <i>triplum</i> (the line above the <i>duplum</i>) having smaller rhythmic values than the <i>duplum</i>, and so on. As time went by, the texts of the <i>voces organales</i> became increasingly secular in nature and had less and less overt connection to the liturgical text in the tenor line.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHindley197166–69_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHindley197166–69-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The increasing rhythmic complexity seen in Petronian motets would be a fundamental characteristic of the 14th century, though music in France, Italy, and England would take quite different paths during that time.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cantigas_de_Santa_Maria">Cantigas de Santa Maria</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medieval_music&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Cantigas de Santa Maria"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:European_and_Islamic_musicians_in_13th_century_playing_stringed_instruments.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/European_and_Islamic_musicians_in_13th_century_playing_stringed_instruments.jpg/220px-European_and_Islamic_musicians_in_13th_century_playing_stringed_instruments.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/European_and_Islamic_musicians_in_13th_century_playing_stringed_instruments.jpg/330px-European_and_Islamic_musicians_in_13th_century_playing_stringed_instruments.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/European_and_Islamic_musicians_in_13th_century_playing_stringed_instruments.jpg/440px-European_and_Islamic_musicians_in_13th_century_playing_stringed_instruments.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="962" /></a><figcaption>Christian and Muslim playing <a href="/wiki/Lute" title="Lute">lutes</a> in a miniature from <i><a href="/wiki/Cantigas_de_Santa_Maria" title="Cantigas de Santa Maria">Cantigas de Santa Maria</a></i> of <a href="/wiki/Alfonso_X" class="mw-redirect" title="Alfonso X">Alfonso X</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cantigas_de_Santa_Maria" title="Cantigas de Santa Maria">Cantigas de Santa Maria</a></div> <p>The <i><b>Cantigas de Santa Maria</b></i> ("Canticles of St. Mary") are 420 poems with musical notation, written in <a href="/wiki/Galician-Portuguese" class="mw-redirect" title="Galician-Portuguese">Galician-Portuguese</a> during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Alfonso_X_of_Castile" title="Alfonso X of Castile">Alfonso X <i>The Wise</i></a> (1221–1284).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFassler2014163–164_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFassler2014163–164-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The manuscript was probably compiled from 1270 to 1280, and is highly decorated, with an illumination every 10 poems.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFassler2014163_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFassler2014163-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The illuminations often depict musicians making the manuscript a particularly important source of medieval music iconography.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFassler2014163–164_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFassler2014163–164-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though the <i>Cantigas</i> are often attributed to Alfonso, it remains unclear as to whether he was a composer himself, or perhaps a compiler;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFassler2014163_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFassler2014163-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alfonso is known to regularly invited musicians and poets to court whom were undoubtedly involved in the <i>Cantigas</i> production.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFassler2014164_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFassler2014164-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is one of the largest collections of monophonic (solo) songs from the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> and is characterized by the mention of the <a href="/wiki/Mary,_the_mother_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Mary, the mother of Jesus">Virgin Mary</a> in every song, while every tenth song is a hymn. The manuscripts have survived in four codices: two at <a href="/wiki/El_Escorial" title="El Escorial">El Escorial</a>, one at <a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_Nacional_de_Espa%C3%B1a" title="Biblioteca Nacional de España">National Library</a>, and one in <a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florence</a>, Italy. Some have colored <a href="/wiki/Miniature_(illuminated_manuscript)" title="Miniature (illuminated manuscript)">miniatures</a> showing pairs of musicians playing a wide variety of <a href="/wiki/Musical_instrument" title="Musical instrument">instruments</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Troubadours_and_trouvères"><span id="Troubadours_and_trouv.C3.A8res"></span>Troubadours and trouvères</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medieval_music&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Troubadours and trouvères"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Troubadour" title="Troubadour">Troubadour</a> and <a href="/wiki/Trouv%C3%A8re" title="Trouvère">Trouvère</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_troubadours_and_trobairitz" title="List of troubadours and trobairitz">List of troubadours and trobairitz</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_trouv%C3%A8res" class="mw-redirect" title="List of trouvères">List of trouvères</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BnF_ms._854_fol._191v_-_Garin_d%27Apchier_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/BnF_ms._854_fol._191v_-_Garin_d%27Apchier_%281%29.jpg/220px-BnF_ms._854_fol._191v_-_Garin_d%27Apchier_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/BnF_ms._854_fol._191v_-_Garin_d%27Apchier_%281%29.jpg/330px-BnF_ms._854_fol._191v_-_Garin_d%27Apchier_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/BnF_ms._854_fol._191v_-_Garin_d%27Apchier_%281%29.jpg/440px-BnF_ms._854_fol._191v_-_Garin_d%27Apchier_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1295" data-file-height="1413" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Garin_d%27Apchier" title="Garin d'Apchier">Garin d'Apchier</a> in a medieval manuscript, 13th century</figcaption></figure> <p>The music of the <a href="/wiki/Troubadour" title="Troubadour">troubadours</a> and <a href="/wiki/Trouv%C3%A8re" title="Trouvère">trouvères</a> was a <a href="/wiki/Vernacular" title="Vernacular">vernacular</a> tradition of monophonic secular song, probably accompanied by instruments, sung by professional, occasionally itinerant, musicians who were as skilled as poets as they were singers and instrumentalists. The language of the troubadours was <a href="/wiki/Occitan_language" title="Occitan language">Occitan</a> (also known as the <a href="/wiki/Langue_d%27oc" class="mw-redirect" title="Langue d'oc">langue d'oc</a>, or Provençal); the language of the trouvères was Old French (also known as <a href="/wiki/Langue_d%27o%C3%AFl" class="mw-redirect" title="Langue d'oïl">langue d'oïl</a>). The period of the troubadours corresponded to the flowering of cultural life in <a href="/wiki/Provence" title="Provence">Provence</a> which lasted through the twelfth century and into the first decade of the thirteenth. Typical subjects of troubadour song were war, <a href="/wiki/Chivalry" title="Chivalry">chivalry</a> and <a href="/wiki/Courtly_love" title="Courtly love">courtly love</a>—the love of an idealized woman from afar. The period of the troubadours wound down after the <a href="/wiki/Albigensian_Crusade" title="Albigensian Crusade">Albigensian Crusade</a>, the fierce campaign by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_III" title="Pope Innocent III">Pope Innocent III</a> to eliminate the <a href="/wiki/Cathar" class="mw-redirect" title="Cathar">Cathar</a> heresy (and northern barons' desire to appropriate the wealth of the south). Surviving troubadours went either to <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a>, Spain, northern Italy or northern France (where the trouvère tradition lived on), where their skills and techniques contributed to the later developments of secular musical culture in those places.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The trouvères and troubadours shared similar musical styles, but the trouvères were generally noblemen.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_50-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The music of the trouvères was similar to that of the troubadours, but was able to survive into the thirteenth century unaffected by the Albigensian Crusade. Most of the more than two thousand surviving trouvère songs include music, and show a sophistication as great as that of the poetry it accompanies.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Minnesänger_and_Meistersinger"><span id="Minnes.C3.A4nger_and_Meistersinger"></span>Minnesänger and Meistersinger</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medieval_music&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Minnesänger and Meistersinger"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Minnesang" title="Minnesang">Minnesang</a> and <a href="/wiki/Meistersinger" title="Meistersinger">Meistersinger</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Minnes%C3%A4nger" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Minnesänger">List of Minnesänger</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Codex_Manesse_Walther_von_der_Vogelweide.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Codex_Manesse_Walther_von_der_Vogelweide.jpg/110px-Codex_Manesse_Walther_von_der_Vogelweide.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Codex_Manesse_Walther_von_der_Vogelweide.jpg/165px-Codex_Manesse_Walther_von_der_Vogelweide.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Codex_Manesse_Walther_von_der_Vogelweide.jpg/220px-Codex_Manesse_Walther_von_der_Vogelweide.jpg 2x" data-file-width="971" data-file-height="1476" /></a><figcaption>Portrait of <a href="/wiki/Walther_von_der_Vogelweide" title="Walther von der Vogelweide">Walther von der Vogelweide</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Minnesang" title="Minnesang">Minnesänger</a> tradition was the <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germanic</a> counterpart to the activity of the troubadours and trouvères to the west. Unfortunately, few sources survive from the time; the sources of Minnesang are mostly from two or three centuries after the peak of the movement, leading to some controversy over the accuracy of these sources.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGibbsJohnson1997225_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGibbsJohnson1997225-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among the Minnesängers with surviving music are <a href="/wiki/Wolfram_von_Eschenbach" title="Wolfram von Eschenbach">Wolfram von Eschenbach</a>, <a href="/wiki/Walther_von_der_Vogelweide" title="Walther von der Vogelweide">Walther von der Vogelweide</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Niedhart_von_Reuenthal" class="mw-redirect" title="Niedhart von Reuenthal">Niedhart von Reuenthal</a>. </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/Meistersinger" title="Meistersinger">Meistersinger</a> (German for "master singer") was a member of a German <a href="/wiki/Guild" title="Guild">guild</a> for <a href="/wiki/Lyric_poetry" title="Lyric poetry">lyric poetry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Composer" title="Composer">composition</a> and <a href="/wiki/A_cappella" title="A cappella">unaccompanied</a> <a href="/wiki/Art_song" title="Art song">art song</a> of the 14th, 15th and 16th centuries. The Meistersingers were drawn from middle class males for the most part. <a href="/wiki/Konrad_von_W%C3%BCrzburg" title="Konrad von Würzburg">Konrad von Würzburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reinmar_von_Zweter" title="Reinmar von Zweter">Reinmar von Zweter</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Frauenlob" title="Heinrich Frauenlob">Heinrich Frauenlob</a>. Frauenlob allegedly established the earliest Meistersinger school at <a href="/wiki/Mainz" title="Mainz">Mainz</a>, early in the 14th century. The schools originated first in the upper <a href="/wiki/Rhine" title="Rhine">Rhine</a> district, then spread elsewhere. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Trovadorismo">Trovadorismo</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medieval_music&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Trovadorismo"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Galician-Portuguese_lyric" title="Galician-Portuguese lyric">Galician-Portuguese lyric</a></div> <p>In the Middle Ages, <a href="/wiki/Galician-Portuguese" class="mw-redirect" title="Galician-Portuguese">Galician-Portuguese</a> was the language used in nearly all of Iberia for lyric poetry.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChandlerSchwartz1991197_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChandlerSchwartz1991197-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From this language derive both modern <a href="/wiki/Galician_language" title="Galician language">Galician</a> and <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a>. The Galician-Portuguese school, which was influenced to some extent (mainly in certain formal aspects) by the Occitan troubadours, is first documented at the end of the twelfth century and lasted until the middle of the fourteenth. </p><p>The earliest extant composition in this school is usually agreed to be <i>Ora faz ost' o senhor de Navarra</i> by the Portuguese <a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_Soares_de_Paiva" title="João Soares de Paiva">João Soares de Paiva</a>, usually dated just before or after 1200. The troubadours of the movement, not to be confused with the <a href="/wiki/Occitania" title="Occitania">Occitan</a> <a href="/wiki/Troubadour" title="Troubadour">troubadours</a> (who frequented courts in nearby <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Le%C3%B3n" title="Kingdom of León">León</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Castile" title="Kingdom of Castile">Castile</a>), wrote almost entirely <i><a href="/wiki/Cantiga" title="Cantiga">cantigas</a></i>. Beginning probably around the middle of the thirteenth century, these songs, known also as <i>cantares</i> or <i>trovas</i>, began to be compiled in collections known as <i><a href="/wiki/Chansonnier" title="Chansonnier">cancioneiros</a></i> (songbooks). Three such anthologies are known: the <a href="/wiki/Cancioneiro_da_Ajuda" title="Cancioneiro da Ajuda">Cancioneiro da Ajuda</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Cancioneiro_Colocci-Brancuti" class="mw-redirect" title="Cancioneiro Colocci-Brancuti">Cancioneiro Colocci-Brancuti</a> (or <a href="/wiki/Cancioneiro_da_Biblioteca_Nacional" title="Cancioneiro da Biblioteca Nacional">Cancioneiro da Biblioteca Nacional</a> de Lisboa), and the <a href="/wiki/Cancioneiro_da_Vaticana" title="Cancioneiro da Vaticana">Cancioneiro da Vaticana</a>. In addition to these there is the priceless collection of over 400 Galician-Portuguese <i>cantigas</i> in the <a href="/wiki/Cantigas_de_Santa_Maria" title="Cantigas de Santa Maria">Cantigas de Santa Maria</a>, which tradition attributes to <a href="/wiki/Alfonso_X_of_Castile" title="Alfonso X of Castile">Alfonso X</a>. </p><p>The Galician-Portuguese <i>cantigas</i> can be divided into three basic genres: male-voiced love poetry, called <a href="/wiki/Cantiga_de_amor" title="Cantiga de amor"><i>cantigas de amor</i></a> (or <i>cantigas d'amor</i>, in Galician-Portuguese spelling) female-voiced love poetry, called <a href="/wiki/Cantiga_de_amigo" title="Cantiga de amigo"><i>cantigas de amigo</i></a> (or <i>cantigas d'amigo</i>); and poetry of insult and mockery called <i><a href="/wiki/Cantigas_de_esc%C3%A1rnio_e_maldizer" title="Cantigas de escárnio e maldizer">cantigas de escárnio e maldizer</a></i> (or <i>cantigas d'escarnho e de mal dizer</i>). All three are lyric genres in the technical sense that they were strophic songs with either musical accompaniment or introduction on a stringed instrument. But all three genres also have dramatic elements, leading early scholars to characterize them as lyric-dramatic. </p><p>The origins of the cantigas d'amor are usually traced to <a href="/wiki/Proven%C3%A7al_dialect" title="Provençal dialect">Provençal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Old_French" title="Old French">Old French</a> <a href="/wiki/Lyric_poetry" title="Lyric poetry">lyric poetry</a>, but formally and rhetorically they are quite different. The <i>cantigas d'amigo</i> are probably rooted in a native song tradition,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMichaëlis_de_Vasconcellos1904[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_August_2016]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(August_2016)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichaëlis_de_Vasconcellos1904[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_August_2016]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(August_2016)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though this view has been contested. The <i>cantigas d'escarnho e maldizer</i> may also (according to Lang) have deep local roots. The latter two genres (totalling around 900 texts) make the Galician-Portuguese lyric unique in the entire panorama of medieval Romance poetry. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Troubadours_with_surviving_melodies">Troubadours with surviving melodies</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medieval_music&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Troubadours with surviving melodies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1216972533">.mw-parser-output .col-begin{border-collapse:collapse;padding:0;color:inherit;width:100%;border:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .col-begin-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .col-break{vertical-align:top;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .col-break-2{width:50%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-3{width:33.3%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-4{width:25%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-5{width:20%}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .col-begin,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr>td{display:block!important;width:100%!important}.mw-parser-output .col-break{padding-left:0!important}}</style><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aimeric_de_Belenoi" title="Aimeric de Belenoi">Aimeric de Belenoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aimeric_de_Peguilhan" title="Aimeric de Peguilhan">Aimeric de Peguilhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airas_Nunes" title="Airas Nunes">Airas Nunes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albertet_de_Sestaro" title="Albertet de Sestaro">Albertet de Sestaro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnaut_Daniel" title="Arnaut Daniel">Arnaut Daniel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnaut_de_Maruoill" class="mw-redirect" title="Arnaut de Maruoill">Arnaut de Maruoill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beatritz_de_Dia" class="mw-redirect" title="Beatritz de Dia">Beatritz de Dia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berenguier_de_Palazol" title="Berenguier de Palazol">Berenguier de Palazol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernart_de_Ventadorn" title="Bernart de Ventadorn">Bernart de Ventadorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertran_de_Born" title="Bertran de Born">Bertran de Born</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blacasset" title="Blacasset">Blacasset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cadenet_(troubadour)" title="Cadenet (troubadour)">Cadenet</a></li></ul> </td> <td class="col-break"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daude_de_Pradas" title="Daude de Pradas">Daude de Pradas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denis_of_Portugal" title="Denis of Portugal">Denis of Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folquet_de_Marselha" title="Folquet de Marselha">Folquet de Marselha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaucelm_Faidit" title="Gaucelm Faidit">Gaucelm Faidit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gui_d%27Ussel" title="Gui d'Ussel">Gui d'Ussel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guilhem_Ademar" title="Guilhem Ademar">Guilhem Ademar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guilhem_Augier_Novella" class="mw-redirect" title="Guilhem Augier Novella">Guilhem Augier Novella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guilhem_Magret" class="mw-redirect" title="Guilhem Magret">Guilhem Magret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guilhem_de_Saint_Leidier" class="mw-redirect" title="Guilhem de Saint Leidier">Guilhem de Saint Leidier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guiraut_de_Bornelh" class="mw-redirect" title="Guiraut de Bornelh">Guiraut de Bornelh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guiraut_d%27Espanha" title="Guiraut d'Espanha">Guiraut d'Espanha</a></li></ul> </td> <td class="col-break"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guiraut_Riquier" title="Guiraut Riquier">Guiraut Riquier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaufre_Rudel" title="Jaufre Rudel">Jaufre Rudel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_Soares_de_Paiva" title="João Soares de Paiva">João Soares de Paiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_Zorro" title="João Zorro">João Zorro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan_Bonel" title="Jordan Bonel">Jordan Bonel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcabru" title="Marcabru">Marcabru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mart%C3%ADn_Codax" class="mw-redirect" title="Martín Codax">Martín Codax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monge_de_Montaudon" title="Monge de Montaudon">Monge de Montaudon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peire_d%27Alvernhe" title="Peire d'Alvernhe">Peire d'Alvernhe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peire_Cardenal" title="Peire Cardenal">Peire Cardenal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peire_Raimon_de_Tolosa" title="Peire Raimon de Tolosa">Peire Raimon de Tolosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peire_Vidal" title="Peire Vidal">Peire Vidal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peirol" title="Peirol">Peirol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perdigon" title="Perdigon">Perdigon</a></li></ul> </td> <td class="col-break"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pistoleta" title="Pistoleta">Pistoleta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pons_d%27Ortaffa" title="Pons d'Ortaffa">Pons d'Ortaffa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pons_de_Capduoill" class="mw-redirect" title="Pons de Capduoill">Pons de Capduoill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raimbaut_d%27Aurenga" title="Raimbaut d'Aurenga">Raimbaut d'Aurenga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raimbaut_de_Vaqueiras" title="Raimbaut de Vaqueiras">Raimbaut de Vaqueiras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raimon_Jordan" title="Raimon Jordan">Raimon Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raimon_de_Miraval" title="Raimon de Miraval">Raimon de Miraval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rigaut_de_Berbezilh" title="Rigaut de Berbezilh">Rigaut de Berbezilh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uc_Brunet" title="Uc Brunet">Uc Brunet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uc_de_Saint_Circ" title="Uc de Saint Circ">Uc de Saint Circ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_IX_of_Aquitaine" class="mw-redirect" title="William IX of Aquitaine">William IX of Aquitaine</a></li></ul> <p>  </p> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Timeline_of_Composers_of_the_high_and_late_medieval_era">Timeline of Composers of the high and late medieval era</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medieval_music&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Timeline of Composers of the high and late medieval era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="timeline-wrapper"><map name="timeline_duxfim3h2ftkk89x7ufi16cewh18v16"><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/John_Dunstaple" coords="684,958,775,979" title="John Dunstaple" alt="John Dunstaple" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Leonel_Power" coords="672,938,775,959" title="Leonel Power" alt="Leonel Power" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Oswald_von_Wolkenstein" coords="668,919,798,939" title="Oswald von Wolkenstein" alt="Oswald von Wolkenstein" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Johannes_Ciconia" coords="661,899,786,920" title="Johannes Ciconia" alt="Johannes Ciconia" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Solage" coords="645,879,715,900" title="Solage" alt="Solage" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Jacob_Senleches" coords="641,860,760,880" title="Jacob Senleches" alt="Jacob Senleches" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Francesco_Landini" coords="610,840,740,861" title="Francesco Landini" alt="Francesco Landini" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Jacopo_da_Bologna" coords="604,820,735,841" title="Jacopo da Bologna" alt="Jacopo da Bologna" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Guillaume_de_Machaut" coords="587,801,759,825" title="Guillaume de Machaut" alt="Guillaume de Machaut" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Philippe_de_Vitry" coords="571,781,702,802" title="Philippe de Vitry" alt="Philippe de Vitry" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/John_Kukuzelis" coords="559,761,673,782" title="John Kukuzelis" alt="John Kukuzelis" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Denis%2C_King_of_Portugal" coords="537,742,701,762" title="Denis, King of Portugal" alt="Denis, King of Portugal" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Franco_of_Cologne" coords="525,722,655,743" title="Franco of Cologne" alt="Franco of Cologne" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Adam_de_la_Halle" coords="525,702,670,726" title="Adam de la Halle" alt="Adam de la Halle" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Guiraut_Riquier" coords="502,682,621,703" title="Guiraut Riquier" alt="Guiraut Riquier" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Alfonso_X_of_Castile" coords="492,663,633,683" title="Alfonso X of Castile" alt="Alfonso X of Castile" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Theobald_I_of_Navarre" coords="469,643,622,664" title="Theobald I of Navarre" alt="Theobald I of Navarre" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Neidhart_von_Reuental" coords="457,623,609,644" title="Neidhart von Reuental" alt="Neidhart von Reuental" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Peire_Cardenal" coords="445,604,559,624" title="Peire Cardenal" alt="Peire Cardenal" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Gautier_de_Coincy" coords="442,584,572,605" title="Gautier de Coincy" alt="Gautier de Coincy" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Peire_Vidal" coords="439,564,537,585" title="Peire Vidal" alt="Peire Vidal" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Walther_von_der_Vogelweide" coords="440,545,625,569" title="Walther von der Vogelweide" alt="Walther von der Vogelweide" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Gaucelm_Faidit" coords="434,525,548,546" title="Gaucelm Faidit" alt="Gaucelm Faidit" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/P%C3%A9rotin" coords="428,506,520,530" title="Pérotin" alt="Pérotin" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Vaqueiras" coords="417,486,503,506" title="Vaqueiras" alt="Vaqueiras" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Blondel_de_Nesle" coords="417,466,542,487" title="Blondel de Nesle" alt="Blondel de Nesle" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Arnaut_Daniel" coords="417,446,542,470" title="Arnaut Daniel" alt="Arnaut Daniel" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Beatritz_de_Dia" coords="400,427,519,447" title="Beatritz de Dia" alt="Beatritz de Dia" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/L%C3%A9onin" coords="400,407,485,431" title="Léonin" alt="Léonin" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Bernart_de_Ventadorn" coords="388,387,536,408" title="Bernart de Ventadorn" alt="Bernart de Ventadorn" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Jaufre_Rudel" coords="360,367,463,388" title="Jaufre Rudel" alt="Jaufre Rudel" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Hildegard_von_Bingen" coords="358,348,530,372" title="Hildegard von Bingen" alt="Hildegard von Bingen" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Marcabru" coords="354,328,435,349" title="Marcabru" alt="Marcabru" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Abelard" coords="330,308,405,329" title="Abelard" alt="Abelard" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/William_IX_of_Aquitaine" coords="321,289,485,309" title="William IX of Aquitaine" alt="William IX of Aquitaine" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Adam_of_Saint_Victor" coords="318,269,465,290" title="Adam of Saint Victor" alt="Adam of Saint Victor" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Hermann_of_Reichenau" coords="255,249,403,270" title="Hermann of Reichenau" alt="Hermann of Reichenau" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Otloh_of_Sankt_Emmeram" coords="252,230,410,250" title="Otloh of Sankt Emmeram" alt="Otloh of Sankt Emmeram" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Arnold_of_Saint_Emmeram" coords="241,210,405,231" title="Arnold of Saint Emmeram" alt="Arnold of Saint Emmeram" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Wipo_of_Burgundy" coords="235,190,360,211" title="Wipo of Burgundy" alt="Wipo of Burgundy" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Ad%C3%A9mar_de_Chabannes" coords="227,171,374,191" title="Adémar de Chabannes" alt="Adémar de Chabannes" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/William_of_Volpiano" coords="198,151,339,172" title="William of Volpiano" alt="William of Volpiano" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Fulbert_of_Chartres" coords="195,131,337,152" title="Fulbert of Chartres" alt="Fulbert of Chartres" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Heriger_of_Lobbes" coords="156,112,286,132" title="Heriger of Lobbes" alt="Heriger of Lobbes" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Odo_of_Cluny" coords="102,92,205,113" title="Odo of Cluny" alt="Odo of Cluny" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Hucbald" coords="70,72,145,93" title="Hucbald" alt="Hucbald" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Stephen_of_Li%C3%A8ge" coords="70,52,201,73" title="Stephen of Liège" alt="Stephen of Liège" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Tuotilo" coords="70,33,145,53" title="Tuotilo" alt="Tuotilo" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Notker_the_Stammerer" coords="59,13,206,34" title="Notker the Stammerer" alt="Notker the Stammerer" /></map><img usemap="#timeline_duxfim3h2ftkk89x7ufi16cewh18v16" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/timeline/duxfim3h2ftkk89x7ufi16cewh18v16.png" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Late_medieval_music_(1300–1400)"><span id="Late_medieval_music_.281300.E2.80.931400.29"></span>Late medieval music (1300–1400)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medieval_music&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Late medieval music (1300–1400)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Late_Middle_Ages" title="Late Middle Ages">Late Middle Ages</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_medieval_composers#(1250)_Late_Middle_Ages" title="List of medieval composers">List of medieval composers § (1250) Late Middle Ages</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="France:_Ars_nova">France: <i>Ars nova</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medieval_music&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: France: Ars nova"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Medieval_music" title="Special:EditPage/Medieval music">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2017</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ars_nova" title="Ars nova">Ars nova</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Charivari.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Charivari.jpg/250px-Charivari.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="299" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Charivari.jpg/375px-Charivari.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Charivari.jpg/500px-Charivari.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3114" data-file-height="3730" /></a><figcaption>In this illustration from the satirical collection of music and poetry <i>Roman de Fauvel</i>, the horse Fauvel is about to join Vainglory in the bridal bed and the people form a <a href="/wiki/Charivari" title="Charivari">charivari</a> in protest. </figcaption></figure> <p>The beginning of the <i><a href="/wiki/Ars_nova" title="Ars nova">Ars nova</a></i> is one of the few clear chronological divisions in medieval music, since it corresponds to the publication of the <i><a href="/wiki/Roman_de_Fauvel" title="Roman de Fauvel">Roman de Fauvel</a></i>, a huge compilation of poetry and music, in 1310 and 1314. The <i>Roman de Fauvel</i> is a satire on abuses in the medieval church, and is filled with medieval motets, <a href="/wiki/Lai_(poetic_form)" title="Lai (poetic form)">lais</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rondeau_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rondeau (music)">rondeaux</a> and other new secular forms. While most of the music is anonymous, it contains several pieces by <a href="/wiki/Philippe_de_Vitry" title="Philippe de Vitry">Philippe de Vitry</a>, one of the first composers of the <a href="/wiki/Isorhythm" title="Isorhythm">isorhythmic</a> motet, a development which distinguishes the fourteenth century. The isorhythmic motet was perfected by <a href="/wiki/Guillaume_de_Machaut" title="Guillaume de Machaut">Guillaume de Machaut</a>, the finest composer of the time. </p><p>During the <i>Ars nova</i> era, secular music acquired a polyphonic sophistication formerly found only in sacred music, a development not surprising considering the secular character of the early Renaissance (while this music is typically considered "medieval", the social forces that produced it were responsible for the beginning of the literary and artistic Renaissance in Italy—the distinction between Middle Ages and Renaissance is a blurry one, especially considering arts as different as music and painting). The term "<i>Ars nova</i>" (new art, or new technique) was coined by Philippe de Vitry in his treatise of that name (probably written in 1322), in order to distinguish the practice from the music of the immediately preceding age. </p><p>The dominant secular genre of the Ars Nova was the <i><a href="/wiki/Chanson" title="Chanson">chanson</a></i>, as it would continue to be in France for another two centuries. These chansons were composed in musical forms corresponding to the poetry they set,<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which were in the so-called <i><a href="/wiki/Formes_fixes" title="Formes fixes">formes fixes</a></i> of <i>rondeau</i>, <i>ballade</i>, and <i>virelai</i>. These forms significantly affected the development of musical structure in ways that are felt even today; for example, the <i>ouvert-clos</i> rhyme-scheme shared by all three demanded a musical realization which contributed directly to the modern notion of antecedent and consequent phrases. It was in this period, too, in which began the long tradition of setting the mass ordinary. This tradition started around mid-century with isolated or paired settings of Kyries, Glorias, etc., but <a href="/wiki/Guillaume_de_Machaut" title="Guillaume de Machaut">Machaut</a> composed what is thought to be the first complete mass conceived as one composition. The sound world of Ars Nova music is very much one of linear primacy and rhythmic complexity. "Resting" intervals are the fifth and octave, with thirds and sixths considered dissonances. Leaps of more than a sixth in individual voices are not uncommon, leading to speculation of instrumental participation at least in secular performance. Surviving French manuscripts include the <a href="/wiki/Ivrea_Codex" title="Ivrea Codex">Ivrea Codex</a> and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Apt_Codex&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Apt Codex (page does not exist)">Apt Codex</a>. </p><p>For information about specific French composers writing in late medieval era, see <a href="/wiki/Jehan_de_Lescurel" title="Jehan de Lescurel">Jehan de Lescurel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philippe_de_Vitry" title="Philippe de Vitry">Philippe de Vitry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guillaume_de_Machaut" title="Guillaume de Machaut">Guillaume de Machaut</a>, <a href="/wiki/Borlet" title="Borlet">Borlet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Solage" title="Solage">Solage</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Francois_Andrieu" class="mw-redirect" title="Francois Andrieu">François Andrieu</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Italy:_Trecento">Italy: <i>Trecento</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medieval_music&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Italy: Trecento"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Medieval_music" title="Special:EditPage/Medieval music">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2017</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Trecento" title="Music of the Trecento">Music of the Trecento</a></div> <p>Most of the music of <i>Ars nova</i> was French in origin; however, the term is often loosely applied to all of the music of the fourteenth century, especially to include the secular music in Italy. There this period was often referred to as <i><a href="/wiki/Trecento" title="Trecento">Trecento</a></i>. Italian music has always been known for its lyrical or melodic character, and this goes back to the 14th century in many respects. Italian secular music of this time (what little surviving liturgical music there is, is similar to the French except for somewhat different notation) featured what has been called the <i>cantalina</i> style, with a florid top voice supported by two (or even one; a fair amount of Italian Trecento music is for only two voices) that are more regular and slower moving. This type of texture remained a feature of Italian music in the popular 15th and 16th century secular genres as well, and was an important influence on the eventual development of the trio texture that revolutionized music in the 17th. </p><p>There were three main forms for secular works in the Trecento. One was the <a href="/wiki/Trecento-Madrigal" class="mw-redirect" title="Trecento-Madrigal">madrigal</a>, not the same as that of 150–250 years later, but with a verse/refrain-like form. Three-line stanzas, each with different words, alternated with a two-line <i><a href="/wiki/Ritornello" title="Ritornello">ritornello</a></i>, with the same text at each appearance. Perhaps we can see the seeds of the subsequent late-Renaissance and Baroque ritornello in this device; it too returns again and again, recognizable each time, in contrast with its surrounding disparate sections. Another form, the <i>caccia</i> ("chase,") was written for two voices in a canon at the unison. Sometimes, this form also featured a ritornello, which was occasionally also in a canonic style. Usually, the name of this genre provided a double meaning, since the texts of <i>caccia</i> were primarily about hunts and related outdoor activities, or at least action-filled scenes; second meaning was that a voice <i>caccia</i> (follows, run after) the preceding one. The third main form was the <i>ballata</i>, which was roughly equivalent to the French <i>virelai</i>. </p><p>Surviving Italian manuscripts include the <a href="/wiki/Squarcialupi_Codex" title="Squarcialupi Codex">Squarcialupi Codex</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Rossi_Codex" title="Rossi Codex">Rossi Codex</a>. For information about specific Italian composers writing in the late medieval era, see <a href="/wiki/Francesco_Landini" title="Francesco Landini">Francesco Landini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gherardello_da_Firenze" title="Gherardello da Firenze">Gherardello da Firenze</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andrea_da_Firenze" class="mw-redirect" title="Andrea da Firenze">Andrea da Firenze</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_da_Firenze" title="Lorenzo da Firenze">Lorenzo da Firenze</a>, <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_da_Firenze" class="mw-redirect" title="Giovanni da Firenze">Giovanni da Firenze</a> (aka Giovanni da Cascia), <a href="/wiki/Bartolino_da_Padova" title="Bartolino da Padova">Bartolino da Padova</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jacopo_da_Bologna" title="Jacopo da Bologna">Jacopo da Bologna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Donato_da_Cascia" title="Donato da Cascia">Donato da Cascia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_Masini" class="mw-redirect" title="Lorenzo Masini">Lorenzo Masini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_da_Perugia" title="Niccolò da Perugia">Niccolò da Perugia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Maestro_Piero" title="Maestro Piero">Maestro Piero</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Germany:_Geisslerlieder">Germany: <i>Geisslerlieder</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medieval_music&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Germany: Geisslerlieder"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Medieval_music" title="Special:EditPage/Medieval music">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2017</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Geisslerlieder" title="Geisslerlieder">Geisslerlieder</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Geisslerlieder" title="Geisslerlieder">Geisslerlieder</a> were the songs of wandering bands of <a href="/wiki/Flagellant" title="Flagellant">flagellants</a>, who sought to appease the wrath of an angry God by penitential music accompanied by mortification of their bodies. There were two separate periods of activity of Geisslerlied: one around the middle of the thirteenth century, from which, unfortunately, no music survives (although numerous lyrics do); and another from 1349, for which both words and music survive intact due to the attention of a single priest who wrote about the movement and recorded its music. This second period corresponds to the spread of the <a href="/wiki/Black_Death" title="Black Death">Black Death</a> in Europe, and documents one of the most terrible events in European history. Both periods of Geisslerlied activity were mainly in Germany. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ars_subtilior"><i>Ars subtilior</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medieval_music&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Ars subtilior"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Medieval_music" title="Special:EditPage/Medieval music">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2017</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ars_subtilior" title="Ars subtilior">Ars subtilior</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CordierColor.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/CordierColor.jpg/220px-CordierColor.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="281" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/CordierColor.jpg/330px-CordierColor.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/CordierColor.jpg/440px-CordierColor.jpg 2x" data-file-width="504" data-file-height="644" /></a><figcaption>The chanson <i>Belle, bonne, sage</i> by <a href="/wiki/Baude_Cordier" title="Baude Cordier">Baude Cordier</a>, an <i>Ars subtilior</i> piece included in the <a href="/wiki/Chantilly_Codex" title="Chantilly Codex">Chantilly Codex</a></figcaption></figure> <p>As often seen at the end of any musical era, the end of the medieval era is marked by a highly manneristic style known as <i><a href="/wiki/Ars_subtilior" title="Ars subtilior">Ars subtilior</a></i>. In some ways, this was an attempt to meld the French and Italian styles. This music was highly stylized, with a rhythmic complexity that was not matched until the 20th century. In fact, not only was the rhythmic complexity of this repertoire largely unmatched for five and a half centuries, with extreme syncopations, mensural trickery, and even examples of <i>augenmusik</i> (such as a chanson by <a href="/wiki/Baude_Cordier" title="Baude Cordier">Baude Cordier</a> written out in manuscript in the shape of a heart), but also its melodic material was quite complex as well, particularly in its interaction with the rhythmic structures. Already discussed under Ars Nova has been the practice of isorhythm, which continued to develop through late-century and in fact did not achieve its highest degree of sophistication until early in the 15th century. Instead of using isorhythmic techniques in one or two voices, or trading them among voices, some works came to feature a pervading isorhythmic texture which rivals the integral serialism of the 20th century in its systematic ordering of rhythmic and tonal elements. The term "mannerism" was applied by later scholars, as it often is, in response to an impression of sophistication being practised for its own sake, a malady which some authors have felt infected the <i>Ars subtilior</i>. </p><p>One of the most important extant sources of Ars Subtilior chansons is the <a href="/wiki/Chantilly_Codex" title="Chantilly Codex">Chantilly Codex</a>. For information about specific composers writing music in <i><a href="/wiki/Ars_subtilior" title="Ars subtilior">Ars subtilior</a></i> style, see <a href="/wiki/Anthonello_de_Caserta" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthonello de Caserta">Anthonello de Caserta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philippus_de_Caserta" title="Philippus de Caserta">Philippus de Caserta</a> (aka Philipoctus de Caserta), <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Ciconia" title="Johannes Ciconia">Johannes Ciconia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Matteo_da_Perugia" title="Matteo da Perugia">Matteo da Perugia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_da_Firenze" title="Lorenzo da Firenze">Lorenzo da Firenze</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grimace_(composer)" title="Grimace (composer)">Grimace</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Senleches" title="Jacob Senleches">Jacob Senleches</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Baude_Cordier" title="Baude Cordier">Baude Cordier</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transitioning_to_the_Renaissance">Transitioning to the Renaissance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medieval_music&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Transitioning to the Renaissance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Busnois_mass.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Busnois_mass.jpg/200px-Busnois_mass.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Busnois_mass.jpg/300px-Busnois_mass.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Busnois_mass.jpg/400px-Busnois_mass.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1305" data-file-height="902" /></a><figcaption> Manuscript of the Mass <i>Missa O Crux Lignum</i> by <a href="/wiki/Antoine_Busnois" title="Antoine Busnois">Antoine Busnois</a> (ca. 1450).</figcaption></figure> <p>Demarcating the end of the medieval era and the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_music" title="Renaissance music">Renaissance era</a>, with regard to the composition of music, is difficult. While the music of the fourteenth century is fairly obviously medieval in conception, the music of the early fifteenth century is often conceived as belonging to a transitional period, not only retaining some of the ideals of the end of the Middle Ages (such as a type of polyphonic writing in which the parts differ widely from each other in character, as each has its specific textural function), but also showing some of the characteristic traits of the Renaissance (such as the increasingly international style developing through the diffusion of Franco-Flemish musicians throughout Europe, and in terms of texture an increasing equality of parts). Music historians do not agree on when the Renaissance era began, but most historians agree that England was still a medieval society in the early fifteenth century (see <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages#Periodization_issues" title="Middle Ages">periodization issues</a> of the Middle Ages). While there is no consensus, 1400 is a useful marker, because it was around that time that the Renaissance came into full swing in Italy.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The increasing reliance on the interval of the third as a consonance is one of the most pronounced features of transition into the Renaissance. Polyphony, in use since the 12th century, became increasingly elaborate with highly independent voices throughout the 14th century. With <a href="/wiki/John_Dunstaple" title="John Dunstaple">John Dunstaple</a> and other English composers, partly through the local technique of <a href="/wiki/Fauxbourdon" title="Fauxbourdon">faburden</a> (an improvisatory process in which a chant melody and a written part predominantly in parallel sixths above it are ornamented by one sung in perfect fourths below the latter, and which later took hold on the continent as "fauxbordon"), the interval of the third emerges as an important musical development; because of this <i><a href="/wiki/Contenance_Angloise" class="mw-redirect" title="Contenance Angloise">Contenance Angloise</a></i> ("English countenance"), English composers' music is often regarded as the first to sound less truly bizarre to 2000s-era audiences who are not trained in music history.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>English stylistic tendencies in this regard had come to fruition and began to influence continental composers as early as the 1420s, as can be seen in works of the young <a href="/wiki/Guillaume_Dufay" class="mw-redirect" title="Guillaume Dufay">Dufay</a>, among others. While the <a href="/wiki/Hundred_Years%27_War" title="Hundred Years' War">Hundred Years' War</a> continued, English nobles, armies, their chapels and retinues, and therefore some of their composers, travelled in France and performed their music there; it must also of course be remembered that the English controlled portions of northern France at this time. English manuscripts include the <a href="/wiki/Worcester_Fragments" title="Worcester Fragments">Worcester Fragments</a>, the Old St. Andrews Music Book, the <a href="/wiki/Old_Hall_Manuscript" title="Old Hall Manuscript">Old Hall Manuscript</a>, and Egerton Manuscript. For information about specific composers who are considered transitional between the medieval and the Renaissance, see <a href="/wiki/Zacara_da_Teramo" title="Zacara da Teramo">Zacara da Teramo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paolo_da_Firenze" title="Paolo da Firenze">Paolo da Firenze</a>, <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Mazzuoli" title="Giovanni Mazzuoli">Giovanni Mazzuoli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antonio_da_Cividale" title="Antonio da Cividale">Antonio da Cividale</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antonius_Romanus" title="Antonius Romanus">Antonius Romanus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bartolomeo_da_Bologna" title="Bartolomeo da Bologna">Bartolomeo da Bologna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roy_Henry" title="Roy Henry">Roy Henry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arnold_de_Lantins" title="Arnold de Lantins">Arnold de Lantins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leonel_Power" title="Leonel Power">Leonel Power</a>, and <a href="/wiki/John_Dunstaple" title="John Dunstaple">John Dunstaple</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>An early composer from the <a href="/wiki/Franco-Flemish_School" title="Franco-Flemish School">Franco-Flemish School</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_music" title="Renaissance music">Renaissance</a> was <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Ockeghem" title="Johannes Ockeghem">Johannes Ockeghem</a> (1410/1425 –1497). He was the most famous member of the Franco-Flemish School in the last half of the 15th century, and is often considered<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words"><span title="Who says this? (May 2017)">weasel words</span></a></i>]</sup> the most influential composer between <a href="/wiki/Guillaume_Dufay" class="mw-redirect" title="Guillaume Dufay">Dufay</a> and <a href="/wiki/Josquin_des_Prez" title="Josquin des Prez">Josquin des Prez</a>. Ockeghem probably studied with <a href="/wiki/Gilles_Binchois" title="Gilles Binchois">Gilles Binchois</a>, and at least was closely associated with him at the Burgundian court. <a href="/wiki/Antoine_Busnois" title="Antoine Busnois">Antoine Busnois</a> wrote a motet in honor of Ockeghem. Ockeghem is a direct link from the Burgundian style to the next generation of Netherlanders, such as <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Obrecht" title="Jacob Obrecht">Obrecht</a> and Josquin. A strong influence on <a href="/wiki/Josquin_des_Prez" title="Josquin des Prez">Josquin des Prez</a> and the subsequent generation of Netherlanders, Ockeghem was famous throughout Europe <a href="/wiki/Charles_VII_of_France" title="Charles VII of France">Charles VII</a> for his expressive music, although he was equally renowned for his technical prowess.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrownStein199861–71_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrownStein199861–71-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Influence">Influence</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medieval_music&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Influence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The musical styles of <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A9rotin" title="Pérotin">Pérotin</a> influenced 20th-century composers such as <a href="/wiki/John_Luther_Adams" title="John Luther Adams">John Luther Adams</a><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Minimal_music" title="Minimal music">minimalist</a> composer <a href="/wiki/Steve_Reich" title="Steve Reich">Steve Reich</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Bardcore" title="Bardcore">Bardcore</a>, which involves <a href="/wiki/Remix" title="Remix">remixing</a> famous pop songs to have a medieval instrumentation, became a popular <a href="/wiki/Internet_meme" title="Internet meme">meme</a> in 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medieval_music&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolinskiBorders2020"Introduction"-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolinskiBorders2020"Introduction"_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWolinskiBorders2020">Wolinski & Borders 2020</a>, "Introduction".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/grovemusic/display/10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.001.0001/omo-9781561592630-e-0000048902">"Organum"</a>. <i>Grove Music Online</i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.article.48902">10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.48902</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Grove+Music+Online&rft.atitle=Organum&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.article.48902&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordmusiconline.com%2Fgrovemusic%2Fdisplay%2F10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.001.0001%2Fomo-9781561592630-e-0000048902&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedieval+music" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/grovemusic/display/10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.001.0001/omo-9781561592630-e-0000019405">"Musica enchiriadis, Scolica enchiriadis"</a>. <i>Grove Music Online</i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.article.19405">10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.19405</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Grove+Music+Online&rft.atitle=Musica+enchiriadis%2C+Scolica+enchiriadis&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.article.19405&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordmusiconline.com%2Fgrovemusic%2Fdisplay%2F10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.001.0001%2Fomo-9781561592630-e-0000019405&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedieval+music" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/grovemusic/display/10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.001.0001/omo-9781561592630-e-0000017458">"Magnus liber"</a>. <i>Grove Music Online</i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.article.17458">10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.17458</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Grove+Music+Online&rft.atitle=Magnus+liber&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.article.17458&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordmusiconline.com%2Fgrovemusic%2Fdisplay%2F10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.001.0001%2Fomo-9781561592630-e-0000017458&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedieval+music" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYudkin1989382,_391-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYudkin1989382,_391_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYudkin1989">Yudkin 1989</a>, pp. 382, 391.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEverist2004" class="citation book cs1">Everist, Mark (2004). <i>French motets in the thirteenth century: music, poetry, and genre</i>. Cambridge studies in medieval and Renaissance music. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. pp. 4–5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-61204-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-61204-3"><bdi>978-0-521-61204-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=French+motets+in+the+thirteenth+century%3A+music%2C+poetry%2C+and+genre&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+UK&rft.series=Cambridge+studies+in+medieval+and+Renaissance+music&rft.pages=4-5&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-521-61204-3&rft.aulast=Everist&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedieval+music" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: date and year (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_date_and_year" title="Category:CS1 maint: date and year">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYudkin1989529-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYudkin1989529_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYudkin1989">Yudkin 1989</a>, p. 529.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGee1989" class="citation book cs1">McGee, Timothy James (1989). <i>Medieval instrumental dances</i>. Music. Bloomington: Indiana University press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-33353-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-33353-7"><bdi>978-0-253-33353-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medieval+instrumental+dances&rft.place=Bloomington&rft.series=Music&rft.pub=Indiana+University+press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-253-33353-7&rft.aulast=McGee&rft.aufirst=Timothy+James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedieval+music" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jeremy_Montagu-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Jeremy_Montagu_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMontagu2007" class="citation book cs1">Montagu, Jeremy (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=l1ztKVmMbSsC"><i>Origins and Development of Musical Instruments</i></a>. Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press. p. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (May 2020)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-7770-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-7770-2"><bdi>978-0-8108-7770-2</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Origins+and+Development+of+Musical+Instruments&rft.place=Lanham%2C+MD&rft.pages=Category%3AWikipedia+articles+needing+page+number+citations+from+May+2020%3Csup+class%3D%22noprint+Inline-Template+%22+style%3D%22white-space%3Anowrap%3B%22%3E%26%2391%3B%3Ci%3EWikipedia%3ACiting+sources%7C%3Cspan+title%3D%22This+citation+requires+a+reference+to+the+specific+page+or+range+of+pages+in+which+the+material+appears.%26%2332%3B%28May+2020%29%22%3Epage-needed%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fi%3E%26%2393%3B%3C%2Fsup%3E&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-8108-7770-2&rft.aulast=Montagu&rft.aufirst=Jeremy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dl1ztKVmMbSsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedieval+music" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.medievalhistories.com/early-medieval-organs/">"Early Medieval Organs – Medieval Histories"</a>. <i>Medieval Histories</i>. 30 July 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Medieval+Histories&rft.atitle=Early+Medieval+Organs+%E2%80%93+Medieval+Histories&rft.date=2014-07-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.medievalhistories.com%2Fearly-medieval-organs%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedieval+music" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKartomi1990124-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKartomi1990124_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKartomi1990">Kartomi 1990</a>, p. 124.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoppin197857-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoppin197857_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoppin197857_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHoppin1978">Hoppin 1978</a>, p. 57.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESeay196541-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeay196541_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeay196541_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSeay1965">Seay 1965</a>, p. 41.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEParrish19574-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParrish19574_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParrish19574_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParrish19574_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFParrish1957">Parrish 1957</a>, p. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParrish1978" class="citation book cs1">Parrish, Carl (1978). <i>The Notation of Medieval Music</i> (Pendragon ed.). New York: W.W. Norton/Pendragon Press. p. 9.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Notation+of+Medieval+Music&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=9&rft.edition=Pendragon&rft.pub=W.W.+Norton%2FPendragon+Press&rft.date=1978&rft.aulast=Parrish&rft.aufirst=Carl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedieval+music" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParrish1978" class="citation book cs1">Parrish, Carl (1978). <i>The Notation of Medieval Music</i> (Pendragon ed.). New York: W.W. Norton/Pendragon Press. p. 9.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Notation+of+Medieval+Music&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=9&rft.edition=Pendragon&rft.pub=W.W.+Norton%2FPendragon+Press&rft.date=1978&rft.aulast=Parrish&rft.aufirst=Carl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedieval+music" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoppin197858-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoppin197858_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoppin197858_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHoppin1978">Hoppin 1978</a>, p. 58.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEParrish19575-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParrish19575_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFParrish1957">Parrish 1957</a>, p. 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESeay196540-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeay196540_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSeay1965">Seay 1965</a>, p. 40.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoppin197859–60-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoppin197859–60_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHoppin1978">Hoppin 1978</a>, pp. 59–60.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoppin197860-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoppin197860_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHoppin1978">Hoppin 1978</a>, p. 60.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoppin197889-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoppin197889_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoppin197889_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHoppin1978">Hoppin 1978</a>, p. 89.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChristensen2002628-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChristensen2002628_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChristensen2002">Christensen 2002</a>, p. 628.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChristensen2002629–630-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChristensen2002629–630_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChristensen2002">Christensen 2002</a>, pp. 629–630.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEUltan197710-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUltan197710_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFUltan1977">Ultan 1977</a>, p. 10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChristensen2002632-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChristensen2002632_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChristensen2002">Christensen 2002</a>, p. 632.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYudkin1989458-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYudkin1989458_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYudkin1989">Yudkin 1989</a>, p. 458.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECaldwell2019160-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECaldwell2019160_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCaldwell2019">Caldwell 2019</a>, p. 160.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChristensen2002635-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChristensen2002635_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChristensen2002635_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChristensen2002">Christensen 2002</a>, p. 635.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoppin1978354–55-30"><span 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href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChandlerSchwartz1991197_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChandlerSchwartz1991">Chandler & Schwartz 1991</a>, p. 197.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichaëlis_de_Vasconcellos1904[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_August_2016]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(August_2016)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMichaëlis_de_Vasconcellos1904[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_August_2016]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(August_2016)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMichaëlis_de_Vasconcellos1904">Michaëlis de Vasconcellos 1904</a>, <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (August 2016)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilkins2001" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Wilkins, Nigel (2001). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/grovemusic/view/10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.001.0001/omo-9781561592630-e-0000040032">"Chanson"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Grove_Music_Online" class="mw-redirect" title="Grove Music Online">Grove Music Online</a></i>. Revised by <a href="/wiki/David_Fallows" title="David Fallows">David Fallows</a>, <a href="/wiki/Howard_Mayer_Brown" title="Howard Mayer Brown">Howard Mayer Brown</a> and Richard Freedman. Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.article.40032">10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.40032</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56159-263-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56159-263-0"><bdi>978-1-56159-263-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chanson&rft.btitle=Grove+Music+Online&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.article.40032&rft.isbn=978-1-56159-263-0&rft.aulast=Wilkins&rft.aufirst=Nigel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordmusiconline.com%2Fgrovemusic%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.001.0001%2Fomo-9781561592630-e-0000040032&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedieval+music" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/page/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrownStein199861–71-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrownStein199861–71_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrownStein1998">Brown & Stein 1998</a>, pp. 61–71.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110809090637/http://www.johnlutheradams.com/interview/endsoftheearth.html">"John Luther Adams: Interview"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.johnlutheradams.com/interview/endsoftheearth.html">the original</a> on 9 August 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 January</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=John+Luther+Adams%3A+Interview&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.johnlutheradams.com%2Finterview%2Fendsoftheearth.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedieval+music" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKyle_Fyr2010" class="citation web cs1">Kyle Fyr (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120712215823/http://music.indiana.edu/html/som/theory/activities/colloquium.shtml">"Perotin's Enduring Influence"</a>. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University School of Music. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://music.indiana.edu/html/som/theory/activities/colloquium.shtml">the original</a> on 12 July 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 January</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Perotin%27s+Enduring+Influence&rft.place=Bloomington%2C+Indiana&rft.pub=Indiana+University+School+of+Music&rft.date=2010&rft.au=Kyle+Fyr&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmusic.indiana.edu%2Fhtml%2Fsom%2Ftheory%2Factivities%2Fcolloquium.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedieval+music" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/music/2020/jun/24/never-mind-the-ballads-how-bardcore-took-over-pop-music">"Never mind the ballads! How bardcore took over pop music"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. 24 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Never+mind+the+ballads%21+How+bardcore+took+over+pop+music&rft.date=2020-06-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fmusic%2F2020%2Fjun%2F24%2Fnever-mind-the-ballads-how-bardcore-took-over-pop-music&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedieval+music" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medieval_music&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrownStein1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Howard_Mayer_Brown" title="Howard Mayer Brown">Brown, Howard Mayer</a>; Stein, Louise K. (1998). <i>Music in the Renaissance</i> (2nd ed.). London: <a href="/wiki/Pearson_plc" title="Pearson plc">Pearson plc</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-13-400045-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-13-400045-9"><bdi>978-0-13-400045-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Music+in+the+Renaissance&rft.place=London&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Pearson+plc&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-13-400045-9&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Howard+Mayer&rft.au=Stein%2C+Louise+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedieval+music" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCaldwell2019" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Caldwell_(musicologist)" title="John Caldwell (musicologist)">Caldwell, John</a> (2019) [1978]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-UufDwAAQBAJ"><i>Medieval Music</i></a>. Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Taylor_%26_Francis" title="Taylor & Francis">Taylor & Francis</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-429-57526-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-429-57526-6"><bdi>978-0-429-57526-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medieval+Music&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-0-429-57526-6&rft.aulast=Caldwell&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-UufDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedieval+music" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChandlerSchwartz1991" class="citation book cs1">Chandler, Richard E.; Schwartz, Kessel (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=h79ViVeChFIC"><i>A New History of Spanish Literature</i></a> (1st ed.). Baton Rouge: <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_State_University_Press" title="Louisiana State University Press">Louisiana State University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8071-1735-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8071-1735-4"><bdi>978-0-8071-1735-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+New+History+of+Spanish+Literature&rft.place=Baton+Rouge&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Louisiana+State+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-8071-1735-4&rft.aulast=Chandler&rft.aufirst=Richard+E.&rft.au=Schwartz%2C+Kessel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dh79ViVeChFIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedieval+music" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristensen2002" class="citation book cs1">Christensen, Thomas, ed. (2002). <i>The Cambridge History of Western Music Theory</i>. Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-05347-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-05347-1"><bdi>978-1-139-05347-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Western+Music+Theory&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-139-05347-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedieval+music" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFassler2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Margot_Fassler" class="mw-redirect" title="Margot Fassler">Fassler, Margot</a> (2014). Frisch, Walter (ed.). <i>Music in the Medieval West</i>. Western Music in Context: A Norton History (1st ed.). New York: <a href="/wiki/W._W._Norton_%26_Company" title="W. W. Norton & Company">W. W. Norton & Company</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-92915-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-92915-7"><bdi>978-0-393-92915-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Music+in+the+Medieval+West&rft.place=New+York&rft.series=Western+Music+in+Context%3A+A+Norton+History&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-393-92915-7&rft.aulast=Fassler&rft.aufirst=Margot&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedieval+music" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGibbsJohnson1997" class="citation book cs1">Gibbs, Marion E.; Johnson, Sidney M., eds. (1997). <i>Medieval German Literature: A Companion</i>. London: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-92896-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-92896-0"><bdi>978-0-415-92896-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medieval+German+Literature%3A+A+Companion&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-415-92896-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedieval+music" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHindley1971" class="citation book cs1">Hindley, Goffrey, ed. (1971). <i>The Larousse Encyclopedia of Music</i>. London: <a href="/wiki/Hamlyn_(publishers)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hamlyn (publishers)">Hamlyn</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-600-02396-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-600-02396-8"><bdi>978-0-600-02396-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Larousse+Encyclopedia+of+Music&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Hamlyn&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=978-0-600-02396-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedieval+music" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoppin1978" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Hoppin" title="Richard Hoppin">Hoppin, Richard</a> (1978). <i>Medieval Music</i>. The Norton Introduction to Music History (1st ed.). New York: <a href="/wiki/W._W._Norton_%26_Company" title="W. W. Norton & Company">W. W. Norton & Company</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-09090-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-09090-1"><bdi>978-0-393-09090-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medieval+Music&rft.place=New+York&rft.series=The+Norton+Introduction+to+Music+History&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=978-0-393-09090-1&rft.aulast=Hoppin&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedieval+music" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKartomi1990" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Margaret_J._Kartomi" title="Margaret J. Kartomi">Kartomi, Margaret J.</a> (1990). <i>On Concepts and Classifications of Musical Instruments</i>. Chicago: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Press" title="University of Chicago Press">University of Chicago Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-42549-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-42549-8"><bdi>978-0-226-42549-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=On+Concepts+and+Classifications+of+Musical+Instruments&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-226-42549-8&rft.aulast=Kartomi&rft.aufirst=Margaret+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedieval+music" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcKinnon1990" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_McKinnon" title="James McKinnon">McKinnon, James</a>, ed. (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LkevCwAAQBAJ"><i>Antiquity and the Middle Ages: From Ancient Greece to the 15th Century</i></a>. London: <a href="/wiki/Palgrave_Macmillan" title="Palgrave Macmillan">Palgrave Macmillan</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-349-21157-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-349-21157-9"><bdi>978-1-349-21157-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Antiquity+and+the+Middle+Ages%3A+From+Ancient+Greece+to+the+15th+Century&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-1-349-21157-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLkevCwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedieval+music" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichaëlis_de_Vasconcellos1904" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Michaëlis de Vasconcellos, Carolina (1904). <i>Cancioneiro da Ajuda</i> (in Portuguese) (edição critica e commentada ed.). Halle a.S.: M. Niemeyer. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/906105804">906105804</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cancioneiro+da+Ajuda&rft.edition=edi%C3%A7%C3%A3o+critica+e+commentada&rft.pub=Halle+a.S.%3A+M.+Niemeyer&rft.date=1904&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F906105804&rft.aulast=Micha%C3%ABlis+de+Vasconcellos&rft.aufirst=Carolina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedieval+music" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParrish1957" class="citation book cs1">Parrish, Carl (1957). <i>The Notation of Medieval Music</i>. London: <a href="/wiki/Faber_and_Faber" class="mw-redirect" title="Faber and Faber">Faber and Faber</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/906105804">906105804</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Notation+of+Medieval+Music&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Faber+and+Faber&rft.date=1957&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F906105804&rft.aulast=Parrish&rft.aufirst=Carl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedieval+music" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeay1965" class="citation book cs1">Seay, Albert (1965). <i>Music in the Medieval World</i>. Englewood Cliffs: <a href="/wiki/Prentice_Hall" title="Prentice Hall">Prentice Hall</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/468886489">468886489</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Music+in+the+Medieval+World&rft.place=Englewood+Cliffs&rft.pub=Prentice+Hall&rft.date=1965&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F468886489&rft.aulast=Seay&rft.aufirst=Albert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedieval+music" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUltan1977" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Lloyd_Ultan_(historian)" title="Lloyd Ultan (historian)">Ultan, Lloyd</a> (1977). <i>Music Theory: Problems and Practices in the Middle Ages and Renaissance</i>. Minneapolis: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Minnesota_Press" title="University of Minnesota Press">University of Minnesota Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4529-1208-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4529-1208-0"><bdi>978-1-4529-1208-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Music+Theory%3A+Problems+and+Practices+in+the+Middle+Ages+and+Renaissance&rft.place=Minneapolis&rft.pub=University+of+Minnesota+Press&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=978-1-4529-1208-0&rft.aulast=Ultan&rft.aufirst=Lloyd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedieval+music" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolinskiBorders2020" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Wolinski, Mary; Borders, James (26 February 2020). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780199757824/obo-9780199757824-0269.xml">"Medieval Music"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_Bibliographies_Online" title="Oxford Bibliographies Online">Oxford Bibliographies</a>: Music</i>. Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2FOBO%2F9780199757824-0269">10.1093/OBO/9780199757824-0269</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-975782-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-975782-4"><bdi>978-0-19-975782-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Medieval+Music&rft.btitle=Oxford+Bibliographies%3A+Music&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2020-02-26&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2FOBO%2F9780199757824-0269&rft.isbn=978-0-19-975782-4&rft.aulast=Wolinski&rft.aufirst=Mary&rft.au=Borders%2C+James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordbibliographies.com%2Fview%2Fdocument%2Fobo-9780199757824%2Fobo-9780199757824-0269.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedieval+music" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription required)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYudkin1989" class="citation book cs1">Yudkin, Jeremy (1989). <i>Music in Medieval Europe</i> (1st ed.). Upper Saddle River: <a href="/wiki/Prentice_Hall" title="Prentice Hall">Prentice Hall</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-13-608192-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-13-608192-0"><bdi>978-0-13-608192-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Music+in+Medieval+Europe&rft.place=Upper+Saddle+River&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Prentice+Hall&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-13-608192-0&rft.aulast=Yudkin&rft.aufirst=Jeremy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedieval+music" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medieval_music&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbrahamHughes1960" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Abraham" title="Gerald Abraham">Abraham, Gerald</a>; Hughes, Dom Anselm, eds. (1960). <i>Ars Nova and the Renaissance 1300-1540</i>. The New Oxford History of Music. Vol. III. Oxford, England: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-316303-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-316303-4"><bdi>978-0-19-316303-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ars+Nova+and+the+Renaissance+1300-1540&rft.place=Oxford%2C+England&rft.series=The+New+Oxford+History+of+Music&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1960&rft.isbn=978-0-19-316303-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedieval+music" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Butterfield, Ardis (2002), <i>Poetry and Music in Medieval France</i>, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</li> <li>Cyrus, Cynthia J. (1999), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110809133843/http://people.vanderbilt.edu/~cynthia.cyrus/ORB/orbgloss.htm">"Music": Medieval Glossary</a> <i>ORB Online Encyclopedia</i> (15 October) (Archive from 9 August 2011; accessed 4 May 2017.</li> <li>Derrick, Henry (1983), <i>The Listeners Guide to Medieval & Renaissance Music</i>, New York, NY: Facts on File.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFenlon2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Iain_Fenlon" title="Iain Fenlon">Fenlon, Iain</a> (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=81ZwlEGrpL4C"><i>Early Music History: Studies in Medieval and Early Modern Music</i></a>. Cambridge, England: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-10431-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-10431-9"><bdi>978-0-521-10431-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Early+Music+History%3A+Studies+in+Medieval+and+Early+Modern+Music&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+England&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-521-10431-9&rft.aulast=Fenlon&rft.aufirst=Iain&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D81ZwlEGrpL4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedieval+music" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGómezHaggh1990" class="citation journal cs1">Gómez, Maricarmen; Haggh, Barbara (May 1990). "Minstrel Schools in the Late Middle Ages". <i><a href="/wiki/Early_Music_(journal)" title="Early Music (journal)">Early Music</a></i>. <b>18</b> (2). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>: 212–216. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3127809">3127809</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Early+Music&rft.atitle=Minstrel+Schools+in+the+Late+Middle+Ages&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=212-216&rft.date=1990-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3127809%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=G%C3%B3mez&rft.aufirst=Maricarmen&rft.au=Haggh%2C+Barbara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedieval+music" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Haines, John. (2004). "Erasures in Thirteenth-Century Music". <i>Music and Medieval Manuscripts: Paleography and Performance</i>. Andershot: Ashgate. pg. 60–88.</li> <li>Haines, John. (2011). <i>The Calligraphy of Medieval Music</i>. Brepols Publishers.</li> <li>Hartt, Jared C., ed. (2018), <i>A Critical Companion to Medieval Motets</i>, Woodbridge: Boydell.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nino_Pirrotta" title="Nino Pirrotta">Pirrotta, Nino</a> (1980), "Medieval" in <i>The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians</i>, ed. Stanley Sadie, vol. 20, London: Macmillan.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReese1940" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gustave_Reese" title="Gustave Reese">Reese, Gustave</a> (1940). <i>Music in the Middle Ages: With an Introduction on the Music of Ancient Times</i>. Lanham, Maryland: <a href="/wiki/W._W._Norton_%26_Company" title="W. W. Norton & Company">W. W. Norton & Company</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-09750-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-09750-4"><bdi>978-0-393-09750-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Music+in+the+Middle+Ages%3A+With+an+Introduction+on+the+Music+of+Ancient+Times&rft.place=Lanham%2C+Maryland&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=1940&rft.isbn=978-0-393-09750-4&rft.aulast=Reese&rft.aufirst=Gustave&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedieval+music" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Remnant" title="Mary Remnant">Remnant, M.</a> 1965. 'The gittern in English medieval art', <i><a href="/wiki/Galpin_Society" title="Galpin Society">Galpin Society</a> Journal</i>, vol. 18, 104–9.</li> <li>Remnant, M. "The Use of Frets on Rebecs and Medieval Fiddles" <i>Galpin Society Journal</i>, 21, 1968, p. 146.</li> <li>Remnant, M. and Marks, R. 1980. 'A medieval "gittern"', British Museum Yearbook 4, Music and Civilisation, 83–134.</li> <li>Remnant, M. "Musical Instruments of the West". 240 pp. Batsford, London, 1978. Reprinted by Batsford in 1989 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7134-5169-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7134-5169-6">978-0-7134-5169-6</a>. Digitized by the University of Michigan 17 May 2010.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRemnant,_Mary1986" class="citation book cs1">Remnant, Mary (1986). <i>English Bowed Instruments from Anglo-Saxon to Tudor Times</i>. Clarendon Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-1981-6134-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-1981-6134-9"><bdi>978-0-1981-6134-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=English+Bowed+Instruments+from+Anglo-Saxon+to+Tudor+Times&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-1981-6134-9&rft.au=Remnant%2C+Mary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedieval+music" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRemnant,_Mary1989" class="citation book cs1">Remnant, Mary (1989). <i>Musical Instruments: An Illustrated History : from Antiquity to the Present</i>. 54. Amadeus Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9313-4023-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9313-4023-9"><bdi>978-0-9313-4023-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Musical+Instruments%3A+An+Illustrated+History+%3A+from+Antiquity+to+the+Present&rft.series=54&rft.pub=Amadeus+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-9313-4023-9&rft.au=Remnant%2C+Mary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedieval+music" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yvonne_Rokseth" title="Yvonne Rokseth">Rokseth, Yvonne</a> (1939) Polyphonies du XIIIe Siecle [Polyphony of the 13th Century]. Societe Francaise de Musicologie.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medieval_music&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output 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rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.diamm.ac.uk/">DIAMM</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Digital_Image_Archive_of_Medieval_Music" title="Digital Image Archive of Medieval Music">Digital Image Archive of Medieval Music</a></li> <li><a href="https://imslp.org/wiki/Category:People_from_the_Medieval_era" class="extiw" title="scores:Category:People from the Medieval era">Medieval composers</a>: Scores at the <a href="/wiki/International_Music_Score_Library_Project" title="International Music Score Library Project">International Music Score Library Project</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.schoyencollection.com/music.html">The Schøyen Collection: Music</a> (scans of medieval <a href="/wiki/Musical_notation" title="Musical notation">musical notation</a>)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rism.info">Répertoire International des Sources Musicales (RISM)</a>, a free, searchable database of worldwide locations for music manuscripts up to <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1800</span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Medieval_music" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="color:black;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Medieval_music" title="Template:Medieval music"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:black">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Medieval_music" title="Template talk:Medieval music"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:black">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Medieval_music" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Medieval music"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:black">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Medieval_music" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Medieval music</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_medieval_composers" title="List of medieval composers">List of composers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_medieval_music_theorists" title="List of medieval music theorists">List of music theorists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_medieval_musical_instruments" class="mw-redirect" title="List of medieval musical instruments">List of musical instruments</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Early_medieval_music_(500–1000)">Early (before 1150)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abbey_of_Saint_Gall" title="Abbey of Saint Gall">Abbey of Saint Gall</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Notker_the_Stammerer" title="Notker the Stammerer">Notker the Stammerer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuotilo" title="Tuotilo">Tuotilo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_of_Li%C3%A8ge" title="Stephen of Liège">Stephen of Liège</a></li> <li><span style="background-color: #EEF;color:black;"><a href="/wiki/Hucbald" title="Hucbald">Hucbald</a>*</span></li> <li><span style="background-color: #EEF;color:black;"><a href="/wiki/Odo_of_Cluny" title="Odo of Cluny">Odo of Cluny</a>*</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fulbert_of_Chartres" title="Fulbert of Chartres">Fulbert of Chartres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heriger_of_Lobbes" title="Heriger of Lobbes">Heriger of Lobbes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Martial_school" title="Saint Martial school">Saint Martial school</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ad%C3%A9mar_de_Chabannes" title="Adémar de Chabannes">Adémar de Chabannes</a></li></ul></li> <li><span style="background-color: #EEF;color:black;"><a href="/wiki/Odo_of_Arezzo" title="Odo of Arezzo">Odo of Arezzo</a>*</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Notker_Physicus" title="Notker Physicus">Notker Physicus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Godric_of_Finchale" title="Godric of Finchale">St. Godric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Abelard" title="Peter Abelard">Peter Abelard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hildegard_of_Bingen" title="Hildegard of Bingen">Hildegard of Bingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_of_Saint_Victor" title="Adam of Saint Victor">Adam of Saint Victor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wulfstan_the_Cantor" title="Wulfstan the Cantor">Wulfstan the Cantor</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wipo_of_Burgundy" title="Wipo of Burgundy">Wipo of Burgundy</a>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#High_medieval_music_(1000–1300)">High (1150–1300)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Ars_antiqua" title="Ars antiqua">Ars antiqua</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Notre-Dame_school" title="Notre-Dame school">Notre-Dame school</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albertus_Parisiensis" title="Albertus Parisiensis">Albertus Parisiensis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9onin" title="Léonin">Léonin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A9rotin" title="Pérotin">Pérotin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_the_Chancellor" title="Philip the Chancellor">Philippe le Chancelier</a></li></ul></li> <li><span style="background-color: #EEF;color:black;"><a href="/wiki/Petrus_de_Cruce" title="Petrus de Cruce">Petrus de Cruce</a>*</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Troubadour" title="Troubadour">Troubadour</a><br />& <a href="/wiki/Trobairitz" title="Trobairitz">Trobairitz</a>*</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aimeric_de_Peguilhan" title="Aimeric de Peguilhan">Aimeric de Peguilhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnaut_Daniel" title="Arnaut Daniel">Arnaut Daniel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnaut_de_Mareuil" title="Arnaut de Mareuil">Arnaut de Mareuil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernart_de_Ventadorn" title="Bernart de Ventadorn">Bernart de Ventadorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertran_de_Born" title="Bertran de Born">Bertran de Born</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castelloza" title="Castelloza">Castelloza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cerver%C3%AD_de_Girona" title="Cerverí de Girona">Cerverí de Girona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comtessa_de_Dia" title="Comtessa de Dia">Comtessa de Dia</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folquet_de_Marselha" title="Folquet de Marselha">Folquet de Marselha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaucelm_Faidit" title="Gaucelm Faidit">Gaucelm Faidit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giraut_de_Bornelh" title="Giraut de Bornelh">Giraut de Bornelh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guiraut_Riquier" title="Guiraut Riquier">Guiraut Riquier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaufre_Rudel" title="Jaufre Rudel">Jaufre Rudel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcabru" title="Marcabru">Marcabru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peire_d%27Alvernha" class="mw-redirect" title="Peire d'Alvernha">Peire d'Alvernha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peire_Cardenal" title="Peire Cardenal">Peire Cardenal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peire_Vidal" title="Peire Vidal">Peire Vidal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peirol" title="Peirol">Peirol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perdigon" title="Perdigon">Perdigon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raimbaut_d%27Aurenga" title="Raimbaut d'Aurenga">Raimbaut d'Aurenga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raimbaut_de_Vaqueiras" title="Raimbaut de Vaqueiras">Raimbaut de Vaqueiras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raimon_de_Miravalh" class="mw-redirect" title="Raimon de Miravalh">Raimon de Miravalh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sordello" title="Sordello">Sordello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_IX,_Duke_of_Aquitaine" title="William IX, Duke of Aquitaine">William IX, Duke of Aquitaine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_troubadours_and_trobairitz" title="List of troubadours and trobairitz">Other troubadours and trobairitz...</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Trouv%C3%A8re" title="Trouvère">Trouvère</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adam_de_la_Halle" title="Adam de la Halle">Adam de la Halle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrieu_Contredit_d%27Arras" title="Andrieu Contredit d'Arras">Andrieu Contredit d'Arras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audefroi_le_Bastart" title="Audefroi le Bastart">Audefroi le Bastart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blondel_de_Nesle" title="Blondel de Nesle">Blondel de Nesle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Chastelain_de_Couci" title="Le Chastelain de Couci">Le Chastelain de Couci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chr%C3%A9tien_de_Troyes" title="Chrétien de Troyes">Chrétien de Troyes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colin_Muset" title="Colin Muset">Colin Muset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conon_de_B%C3%A9thune" title="Conon de Béthune">Conon de Béthune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gace_Brul%C3%A9" title="Gace Brulé">Gace Brulé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gautier_de_Coincy" title="Gautier de Coincy">Gautier de Coincy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gautier_de_Dargies" title="Gautier de Dargies">Gautier de Dargies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gautier_d%27Espinal" title="Gautier d'Espinal">Gautier d'Espinal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gillebert_de_Berneville" title="Gillebert de Berneville">Gillebert de Berneville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gontier_de_Soignies" title="Gontier de Soignies">Gontier de Soignies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guillaume_le_Vinier" title="Guillaume le Vinier">Guillaume le Vinier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guiot_de_Dijon" title="Guiot de Dijon">Guiot de Dijon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jehan_Bretel" title="Jehan Bretel">Jehan Bretel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jehan_Erart" title="Jehan Erart">Jehan Erart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jehan_le_Cuvelier_d%27Arras" title="Jehan le Cuvelier d'Arras">Jehan le Cuvelier d'Arras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moniot_d%27Arras" title="Moniot d'Arras">Moniot d'Arras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perrin_d%27Angicourt" title="Perrin d'Angicourt">Perrin d'Angicourt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_de_R%C3%A9mi_(died_1265)" title="Philippe de Rémi (died 1265)">Philippe de Rémi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raoul_de_Soissons" title="Raoul de Soissons">Raoul de Soissons</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trouv%C3%A8re#List_of_trouvères" title="Trouvère">Other trouvères...</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Casella_(Divine_Comedy)" title="Casella (Divine Comedy)">Casella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goliard" class="mw-redirect" title="Goliard">Goliards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minnesang" title="Minnesang">Minnesang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galician-Portuguese_lyric" title="Galician-Portuguese lyric">Galician-Portuguese lyric</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Galician-Portuguese_troubadours" title="List of Galician-Portuguese troubadours">List of Galician-Portuguese troubadours</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Late_medieval_music_(1300–1400)">Late (1300–1400)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Ars_nova" title="Ars nova">Ars nova</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/F._Andrieu" title="F. Andrieu">F. Andrieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denis_Le_Grant" title="Denis Le Grant">Denis Le Grant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magister_Franciscus" title="Magister Franciscus">Magister Franciscus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grimace_(composer)" title="Grimace (composer)">Grimace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jehan_de_Lescurel" title="Jehan de Lescurel">Jehan de Lescurel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guillaume_de_Machaut" title="Guillaume de Machaut">Guillaume de Machaut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._des_Molins" title="P. des Molins">P. des Molins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jehan_Vaillant" title="Jehan Vaillant">Jehan Vaillant</a></li> <li><span style="background-color: #EEF;color:black;"><a href="/wiki/Philippe_de_Vitry" title="Philippe de Vitry">Philippe de Vitry</a>*</span></li> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Trecento" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Trecento" title="Music of the Trecento">Trecento</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Predecessors" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Predecessors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marchetto_da_Padova" title="Marchetto da Padova">Marchetto da Padova</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1st generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_da_Cascia" title="Giovanni da Cascia">Giovanni da Cascia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacopo_da_Bologna" title="Jacopo da Bologna">Jacopo da Bologna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maestro_Piero" title="Maestro Piero">Maestro Piero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincenzo_da_Rimini" title="Vincenzo da Rimini">Vincenzo da Rimini</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2nd generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andreas_de_Florentia" title="Andreas de Florentia">Andreas de Florentia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donato_da_Cascia" title="Donato da Cascia">Donato da Cascia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Landini" title="Francesco Landini">Francesco Landini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gherardello_da_Firenze" title="Gherardello da Firenze">Gherardello da Firenze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_da_Firenze" title="Lorenzo da Firenze">Lorenzo da Firenze</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paolo_da_Firenze" title="Paolo da Firenze">Paolo da Firenze</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">3rd generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bartolino_da_Padova" title="Bartolino da Padova">Bartolino da Padova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonello_da_Caserta" title="Antonello da Caserta">Antonello da Caserta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Ciconia" title="Johannes Ciconia">Johannes Ciconia</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matteo_da_Perugia" title="Matteo da Perugia">Matteo da Perugia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Mazzuoli" title="Giovanni Mazzuoli">Giovanni Mazzuoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grazioso_da_Padova" title="Grazioso da Padova">Grazioso da Padova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_da_Perugia" title="Niccolò da Perugia">Niccolò da Perugia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippus_de_Caserta" title="Philippus de Caserta">Philippus de Caserta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sant_Omer" title="Sant Omer">Sant Omer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zacara_da_Teramo" title="Zacara da Teramo">Zacara da Teramo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Ars_subtilior" title="Ars subtilior">Ars subtilior</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Borlet" title="Borlet">Borlet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippus_de_Caserta" title="Philippus de Caserta">Philippus de Caserta</a></li> <li><span style="background-color: #EEF;color:black;"><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Ciconia" title="Johannes Ciconia">Johannes Ciconia</a>*</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conradus_de_Pistoria" title="Conradus de Pistoria">Conradus de Pistoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baude_Cordier" title="Baude Cordier">Baude Cordier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Cuvelier" title="Johannes Cuvelier">Johannes Cuvelier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egardus" title="Egardus">Egardus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egidius_(Chantilly_Codex_composer)" title="Egidius (Chantilly Codex composer)">Egidius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martinus_Fabri" title="Martinus Fabri">Martinus Fabri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrus_de_Goscalch" title="Petrus de Goscalch">Petrus de Goscalch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Symonis_Hasprois" title="Johannes Symonis Hasprois">Johannes Symonis Hasprois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matheus_de_Sancto_Johanne" title="Matheus de Sancto Johanne">Matheus de Sancto Johanne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gacian_Reyneau" title="Gacian Reyneau">Gacian Reyneau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S_Uciredor" title="S Uciredor">Rodericus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Senleches" title="Jacob Senleches">Jacob Senleches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solage" title="Solage">Solage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Susay" title="Johannes Susay">Johannes Susay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zacara_da_Teramo" title="Zacara da Teramo">Antonio Zacara da Teramo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trebor_(composer)" title="Trebor (composer)">Trebor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Alanus" title="Johannes Alanus">Johannes Alanus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dunstaple" title="John Dunstaple">John Dunstaple</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Contenance_angloise" title="Contenance angloise">Contenance angloise</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Fabri" title="Thomas Fabri">Thomas Fabri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Henry" title="Roy Henry">Roy Henry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnold_de_Lantins" title="Arnold de Lantins">Arnold de Lantins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonel_Power" title="Leonel Power">Leonel Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._de_Wycombe" title="W. de Wycombe">W. de Wycombe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theorists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anonymous_IV" title="Anonymous IV">Anonymous IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guido_of_Arezzo" title="Guido of Arezzo">Guido of Arezzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco_of_Cologne" title="Franco of Cologne">Franco of Cologne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Cotto" title="Johannes Cotto">Johannes Cotto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_de_Garlandia_(music_theorist)" title="Johannes de Garlandia (music theorist)">Johannes de Garlandia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_de_Grocheio" title="Johannes de Grocheio">Johannes de Grocheio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iacobus_de_Ispania" class="mw-redirect" title="Iacobus de Ispania">Iacobus de Ispania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Notker_Labeo" title="Notker Labeo">Notker Labeo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_de_Muris" title="Johannes de Muris">Johannes de Muris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Odington" title="Walter Odington">Walter Odington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berno_of_Reichenau" title="Berno of Reichenau">Berno of Reichenau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurelian_of_R%C3%A9%C3%B4me" title="Aurelian of Réôme">Aurelian of Réôme</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Musical forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antiphon" title="Antiphon">Antiphon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canso_(song)" title="Canso (song)">Canso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carol_(music)" title="Carol (music)">Carol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chanson" title="Chanson">Chanson</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chansonnier" title="Chansonnier">Chansonnier</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chant" title="Chant">Chant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conductus" title="Conductus">Conductus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estampie" title="Estampie">Estampie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formes_fixes" title="Formes fixes">Formes fixes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ballade_(forme_fixe)" title="Ballade (forme fixe)">Ballade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rondeau_(forme_fixe)" title="Rondeau (forme fixe)">Rondeau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virelai" title="Virelai">Virelai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geisslerlieder" title="Geisslerlieder">Geisslerlied</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregorian_chant" title="Gregorian chant">Gregorian chant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Pope Gregory I</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lai_(poetic_form)" title="Lai (poetic form)">Lai</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tydorel" title="Tydorel">Tydorel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liturgical_drama" title="Liturgical drama">Liturgical drama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madrigal_(Trecento)" title="Madrigal (Trecento)">Madrigal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motet" title="Motet">Motet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organum" title="Organum">Organum</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Planctus" title="Planctus">Planctus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Traditions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_music_of_the_British_Isles" title="Early music of the British Isles">British Isles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_in_Medieval_England" title="Music in Medieval England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_in_Medieval_Scotland" title="Music in Medieval Scotland">Scotland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Cyprus#Medieval_music" title="Music of Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_history_of_France#Medieval_Period" title="Music history of France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Germany#Minnesingers_and_Meistersingers" title="Music of Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_classical_music#Medieval_music" title="Italian classical music">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Lithuania" title="Music of Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_history_of_Portugal#Medieval_music" title="Music history of Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Spain#Medieval_period" title="Music of Spain">Spain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Derivations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bardcore" title="Bardcore">Bardcore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_folk_rock" title="Medieval folk rock">Medieval folk rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_metal" title="Medieval metal">Medieval metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Medieval_music" title="Neo-Medieval music">Neo-Medieval music</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Background</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_music" title="Early music">Early music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_art" title="Medieval art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_architecture" title="Medieval architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_poetry" title="Medieval poetry">Poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_literature" title="Medieval literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_philosophy" title="Medieval philosophy">Philosophy</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div style="position:relative;"> <ul><li>Also music theorist*</li></ul> <div style="position:absolute;right:0;"><b><a href="/wiki/Template:Renaissance_music" title="Template:Renaissance music">Renaissance music</a></b> →</div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Medieval_music" title="Category:Medieval music">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Classical_music" title="Portal:Classical music">Portal</a></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Western_classical_music" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Classical_music" title="Template:Classical music"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Classical_music" title="Template talk:Classical music"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Classical_music" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Classical music"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Western_classical_music" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Classical_music" title="Classical music">Western classical music</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Definition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_music" title="Art music">Art music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dates_of_classical_music_eras" title="Dates of classical music eras">Dates of eras</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major periods and eras</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Early_music" title="Early music">Early music</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_music" title="Renaissance music">Renaissance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transition_from_Renaissance_to_Baroque_in_instrumental_music" title="Transition from Renaissance to Baroque in instrumental music">Transition to Baroque</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Common_practice_period" title="Common practice period">Common practice</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baroque_music" title="Baroque music">Baroque</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galant_music" title="Galant music">Galant</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Empfindsamkeit_(music)" title="Empfindsamkeit (music)">Empfindsamkeit</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_period_(music)" title="Classical period (music)">Classical</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transition_from_Classical_to_Romantic_music" title="Transition from Classical to Romantic music">Transition to Romantic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_music" title="Romantic music">Romantic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Post-romanticism" title="Post-romanticism">Post-romanticism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Neue_Musik" title="Neue Musik">New music</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modernism_(music)" title="Modernism (music)">Modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_classical_music" title="Contemporary classical music">Contemporary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/20th-century_classical_music" title="20th-century classical music">20th-century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/21st-century_classical_music" title="21st-century classical music">21st-century</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_music_in_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical music in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Brazil#Art_music" title="Music of Brazil">Brazil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_classical_music_in_Porto_Alegre" title="History of classical music in Porto Alegre">Porto Alegre</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_classical_music" title="Canadian classical music">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_classical_music" title="French classical music">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Germany#Classical_music" title="Music of Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_music_in_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical music in Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_classical_music" title="Italian classical music">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_music_in_Kosovo" title="Classical music in Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_classical_music" title="Russian classical music">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_music_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Classical music of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_music_of_Birmingham" title="Classical music of Birmingham">Birmingham</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_music_of_the_United_States" title="Classical music of the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Students by teacher</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_music_students_by_teacher:_A_to_B" title="List of music students by teacher: A to B">A to B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_music_students_by_teacher:_C_to_F" title="List of music students by teacher: C to F">C to F</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_music_students_by_teacher:_G_to_J" title="List of music students by teacher: G to J">G to J</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_music_students_by_teacher:_K_to_M" title="List of music students by teacher: K to M">K to M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_music_students_by_teacher:_N_to_Q" title="List of music students by teacher: N to Q">N to G</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_music_students_by_teacher:_R_to_S" title="List of music students by teacher: R to S">R to S</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_music_students_by_teacher:_T_to_Z" title="List of music students by teacher: T to Z">T to Z</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Performance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Concert" title="Concert">Concert</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_classical_music_concerts_with_an_unruly_audience_response" title="List of classical music concerts with an unruly audience response">Unruly audience response</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conducting" title="Conducting">Conducting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musical_ensemble" title="Musical ensemble">Musical ensemble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orchestra" title="Orchestra">Orchestra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avant-garde_music" title="Avant-garde music">Avant-garde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baroque_pop" title="Baroque pop">Baroque pop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_music_blog" title="Classical music blog">Classical music blog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_music" title="Experimental music">Experimental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light_music" title="Light music">Light music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New-age_music" title="New-age music">New-age music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_music" title="Progressive music">Progressive music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soundtrack" title="Soundtrack">Soundtrack</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Film_score" title="Film score">Film score</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_game_music" title="Video game music">Video game music</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_stream" title="Third stream">Third stream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_classical_and_art_music_traditions" title="List of classical and art music traditions">Worldwide traditions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_music_lists" title="Classical music lists">Lists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_classical_music_genres" title="List of classical music genres">Genres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_classical_music_composers_by_era" title="List of classical music composers by era">Composers by era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_classical_music_festivals" title="List of classical music festivals">Festivals</a></li></ul> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_classical_music" title="Outline of classical music">Outline</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Classical_music" title="Category:Classical music">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Classical_music" title="Portal:Classical music">Portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Classical_music" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Classical music">WikiProject</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="European_Middle_Ages" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Middle_Ages" title="Template:Middle Ages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Middle_Ages" class="mw-redirect" title="Template talk:Middle Ages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Middle_Ages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Middle Ages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="European_Middle_Ages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">European Middle Ages</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages" title="Early Middle Ages">Early Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Migration_Period" title="Migration Period">Migration Period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_fall_of_the_Western_Roman_Empire" title="Historiography of the fall of the Western Roman Empire">Decline of the Western Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbarian_kingdoms" title="Barbarian kingdoms">Barbarian kingdoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_antiquity" title="Late antiquity">Late antiquity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_pagans_in_the_late_Roman_Empire" title="Persecution of pagans in the late Roman Empire">Decline of Hellenistic religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Christianity in the Middle Ages">Christianity in the Middle Ages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianization" title="Christianization">Christianization</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spread_of_Islam" title="Spread of Islam">Rise of Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Bulgarian_Empire" title="First Bulgarian Empire">First Bulgarian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francia" title="Francia">Frankish Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Croatia_(925%E2%80%931102)" title="Kingdom of Croatia (925–1102)">Kingdom of Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Anglo-Saxon_England" title="History of Anglo-Saxon England">Anglo-Saxon England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_Age" title="Viking Age">Viking Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carolingian_Empire" title="Carolingian Empire">Carolingian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Church_Slavonic" title="Old Church Slavonic">Old Church Slavonic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Rise of the Venetian Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civitas_Schinesghe" title="Civitas Schinesghe">Civitas Schinesghe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27" title="Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Justinian_dynasty" title="Byzantine Empire under the Justinian dynasty">Growth of the Eastern Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconquista" title="Reconquista">Reconquista</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/High_Middle_Ages" title="High Middle Ages">High Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Conquest" title="Norman Conquest">Norman Conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Bulgarian_Empire" title="Second Bulgarian Empire">Second Bulgarian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Georgia" title="Kingdom of Georgia">Georgian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Poland" title="Kingdom of Poland">Kingdom of Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">Feudalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Rise of the Republic of Genoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">Great Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investiture_Controversy" title="Investiture Controversy">Investiture Controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Florence" title="Republic of Florence">Republic of Florence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capet%E2%80%93Plantagenet_feud" class="mw-redirect" title="Capet–Plantagenet feud">Capet–Plantagenet feud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_monasticism" title="Christian monasticism">Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_commune" title="Medieval commune">Communalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manorialism" title="Manorialism">Manorialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Warm_Period" title="Medieval Warm Period">Medieval Warm Period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Europe" title="Mongol invasion of Europe">Mongol invasion of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Portugal" title="Kingdom of Portugal">Kingdom of Portugal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Late_Middle_Ages" title="Late Middle Ages">Late Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hundred_Years%27_War" title="Hundred Years' War">Hundred Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wars_of_the_Roses" title="Wars of the Roses">Wars of the Roses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hussite_Wars" title="Hussite Wars">Hussite Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Burgundy" title="Duchy of Burgundy">Burgundy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Milan" title="Duchy of Milan">Milan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Castile" title="Crown of Castile">Castile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Schism" title="Western Schism">Western Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople" title="Fall of Constantinople">Fall of Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rise_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Rise of the Ottoman Empire">Rise of the Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_mercenaries" title="Swiss mercenaries">Swiss mercenaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chivalry" title="Chivalry">Chivalry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_humanism" title="Renaissance humanism">Renaissance Humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_university" title="Medieval university">Universities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crisis_of_the_late_Middle_Ages" title="Crisis of the late Middle Ages">Crisis of the late Middle Ages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Famine_of_1315%E2%80%931317" title="Great Famine of 1315–1317">Great Famine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Ice_Age" title="Little Ice Age">Little Ice Age</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Agriculture in the Middle Ages">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_architecture" title="Medieval architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_art" title="Medieval art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_and_state_in_medieval_Europe" title="Church and state in medieval Europe">Church and State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_cuisine" title="Medieval cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusading_movement" title="Crusading movement">Crusading movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_dance" title="Medieval dance">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_demography" title="Medieval demography">Demography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_medieval_Arabic_and_Western_European_domes" title="History of medieval Arabic and Western European domes">Domes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hastilude" title="Hastilude">Hastilude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_household" title="Medieval household">Household</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_hunting" title="Medieval hunting">Hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages_in_popular_culture" title="Middle Ages in popular culture">In popular culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itinerant_court" title="Itinerant court">Itinerant court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_literature" title="Medieval literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_medicine_of_Western_Europe" title="Medieval medicine of Western Europe">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minstrel" title="Minstrel">Minstrel</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_philosophy" title="Medieval philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_poetry" title="Medieval poetry">Poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_science_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="European science in the Middle Ages">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_medieval_Europe" title="Slavery in medieval Europe">Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_technology" title="Medieval technology">Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_theatre" title="Medieval theatre">Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_warfare" title="Medieval warfare">Warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Women in the Middle Ages">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dark_Ages_(historiography)" title="Dark Ages (historiography)">Dark Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Disability in the Middle Ages">Disability in the Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_Middle_Ages" title="Outline of the Middle Ages">Basic topics list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_medieval_land_terms" title="List of medieval land terms">Land terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medievalism" title="Medievalism">Medievalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_reenactment" title="Medieval reenactment">Medieval reenactment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_studies" title="Medieval studies">Medieval studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_common_misconceptions_about_the_Middle_Ages" title="List of common misconceptions about the Middle Ages">Misconceptions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-medievalism" title="Neo-medievalism">Neo-medievalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-classical_history" title="Post-classical history">Post-classical history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_post-classical_history" title="Timeline of post-classical history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Historiography in the Middle Ages">Historiography in the Middle Ages</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Middle_Ages" title="Portal:Middle Ages">Portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Middle_Ages" title="Category:Middle Ages">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Middle_Ages" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Middle Ages">WikiProject</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Specific_composers" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Specific_composers" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Specific composers</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Hildegard_of_Bingen" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hildegard_of_Bingen" title="Template:Hildegard of Bingen"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hildegard_of_Bingen" title="Template talk:Hildegard of Bingen"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hildegard_of_Bingen" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hildegard of Bingen"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Hildegard_of_Bingen" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Hildegard_of_Bingen" title="Hildegard of Bingen">Hildegard of Bingen</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_compositions_by_Hildegard_of_Bingen" title="List of compositions by Hildegard of Bingen">List of compositions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hildegard_of_Bingen_bibliography" title="Hildegard of Bingen bibliography">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hildegard_of_Bingen_discography" title="Hildegard of Bingen discography">Discography</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Scivias" title="Scivias">Scivias</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ordo_Virtutum" title="Ordo Virtutum">Ordo Virtutum</a></i></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Manuscripts" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Manuscripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dendermonde_Codex" title="Dendermonde Codex">Dendermonde Codex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiesbaden_Codex" title="Wiesbaden Codex">Wiesbaden Codex</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disibodenberg" title="Disibodenberg">Disibodenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eibingen_Abbey" title="Eibingen Abbey">Eibingen Abbey</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lingua_ignota" title="Lingua ignota">Lingua ignota</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morality_play" title="Morality play">Morality play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rupertsberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Rupertsberg">Rupertsberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viriditas" title="Viriditas">Viriditas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Teachers" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Teachers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jutta_von_Sponheim" title="Jutta von Sponheim">Jutta von Sponheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volmar_(monk)" title="Volmar (monk)">Volmar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_of_Clairvaux" title="Bernard of Clairvaux">Bernard of Clairvaux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisabeth_of_Sch%C3%B6nau" title="Elisabeth of Schönau">Elisabeth of Schönau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_I_(archbishop_of_Mainz)" title="Henry I (archbishop of Mainz)">Henry I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_of_Bamberg" title="Otto of Bamberg">Otto of Bamberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Eugene_III" title="Pope Eugene III">Pope Eugene III</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Modern scholars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ian_Bent" title="Ian Bent">Ian Bent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margot_Fassler" class="mw-redirect" title="Margot Fassler">Margot Fassler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiona_Maddocks" title="Fiona Maddocks">Fiona Maddocks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Newman" title="Barbara Newman">Barbara Newman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_St%C3%BChlmeyer" title="Barbara Stühlmeyer">Barbara Stühlmeyer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Recordings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Feather_on_the_Breath_of_God" title="A Feather on the Breath of God">A Feather on the Breath of God</a></i> (1985)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Canticles_of_Ecstasy" title="Canticles of Ecstasy">Canticles of Ecstasy</a></i> (1994)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hildegard_von_Bingen:_Celestial_Hierarchy" title="Hildegard von Bingen: Celestial Hierarchy">Hildegard von Bingen: Celestial Hierarchy</a></i> (2013)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Depictions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Vision_(2009_film)" title="Vision (2009 film)">Vision</a></i> (2009 film)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Barbarossa_(film)" title="Barbarossa (film)">Barbarossa</a></i> (2009 film)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/In_the_Green" title="In the Green">In the Green</a></i> (2019 musical)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Namesakes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/898_Hildegard" title="898 Hildegard">898 Hildegard</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hildegardia_(plant)" title="Hildegardia (plant)">Hildegardia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hildegardis-Schule_Bochum" title="Hildegardis-Schule Bochum">Hildegardis-Schule Bochum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hildegard_of_Bingen_Gymnasium" title="Hildegard of Bingen Gymnasium">Hildegard of Bingen Gymnasium</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antiphon" title="Antiphon">Antiphon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mysticism" title="Christian mysticism">Christian mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monophony" title="Monophony">Monophony</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rainbow_Body" title="Rainbow Body">Rainbow Body</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Hildegard_of_Bingen" title="Category:Hildegard of Bingen">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Walther_von_der_Vogelweide" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Walther_von_der_Vogelweide" title="Template:Walther von der Vogelweide"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Walther_von_der_Vogelweide" title="Template talk:Walther von der Vogelweide"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Walther_von_der_Vogelweide" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Walther von der Vogelweide"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Walther_von_der_Vogelweide" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Walther_von_der_Vogelweide" title="Walther von der Vogelweide">Walther von der Vogelweide</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Songs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Elegie_(Walther_von_der_Vogelweide)" title="Elegie (Walther von der Vogelweide)">Elegie</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Ir_sult_sprechen_willekomen" title="Ir sult sprechen willekomen">Ir sult sprechen willekomen</a>"</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pal%C3%A4stinalied" title="Palästinalied">Palästinalied</a></i></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Under_der_linden" title="Under der linden">Under der linden</a>"</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Manuscripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Codex_Manesse" title="Codex Manesse">Codex Manesse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kleine_Heidelberger_Liederhandschrift" title="Kleine Heidelberger Liederhandschrift">Kleine Heidelberger Liederhandschrift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weingarten_Manuscript" title="Weingarten Manuscript">Weingarten Manuscript</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Genres</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minnesang" title="Minnesang">Minnesang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spruchdichtung" title="Spruchdichtung">Spruchdichtung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lai_(poetic_form)" title="Lai (poetic form)">Leich</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Influences</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albrecht_von_Johansdorf" title="Albrecht von Johansdorf">Albrecht von Johansdorf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_von_Morungen" title="Heinrich von Morungen">Heinrich von Morungen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinmar_von_Hagenau" title="Reinmar von Hagenau">Reinmar von Hagenau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Works_by_Walther_von_der_Vogelweide" title="Category:Works by Walther von der Vogelweide">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Guillaume_de_Machaut" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Guillaume_de_Machaut" title="Template:Guillaume de Machaut"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Guillaume_de_Machaut" title="Template talk:Guillaume de Machaut"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Guillaume_de_Machaut" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Guillaume de Machaut"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Guillaume_de_Machaut" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Guillaume_de_Machaut" title="Guillaume de Machaut">Guillaume de Machaut</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_compositions_by_Guillaume_de_Machaut" title="List of compositions by Guillaume de Machaut">List of compositions</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Compositions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Douce_Dame_Jolie" title="Douce Dame Jolie">Douce Dame Jolie</a>"</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Messe_de_Nostre_Dame" title="Messe de Nostre Dame">Messe de Nostre Dame</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scholars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wulf_Arlt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wulf Arlt (page does not exist)">Wulf Arlt</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lawrence_Earp&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lawrence Earp (page does not exist)">Lawrence Earp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ursula_G%C3%BCnther" title="Ursula Günther">Ursula Günther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Eva_Leach" title="Elizabeth Eva Leach">Elizabeth Eva Leach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Schrade" title="Leo Schrade">Leo Schrade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Leech-Wilkinson" title="Daniel Leech-Wilkinson">Daniel Leech-Wilkinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Reaney" title="Gilbert Reaney">Gilbert Reaney</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ars_nova" title="Ars nova">Ars nova</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intabulation" title="Intabulation">Intabulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lai_(poetic_form)" title="Lai (poetic form)">Lai</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Formes_fixes" title="Formes fixes">Formes fixes</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rondeau_(forme_fixe)" title="Rondeau (forme fixe)">Rondeau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virelai" title="Virelai">Virelai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballade_(forme_fixe)" title="Ballade (forme fixe)">Ballade</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Love:_Music_of_Machaut" title="Art of Love: Music of Machaut">Art of Love: Music of Machaut</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machaut_(crater)" title="Machaut (crater)">Machaut (crater)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Guillaume_de_Machaut" title="Category:Guillaume de Machaut">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Links_to_related_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Links_to_related_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Links to related articles</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ars_antiqua" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ars_antiqua" title="Template:Ars antiqua"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ars_antiqua" title="Template talk:Ars antiqua"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ars_antiqua" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ars antiqua"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ars_antiqua" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><i><a href="/wiki/Ars_antiqua" title="Ars antiqua">Ars antiqua</a></i></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Composers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Notre-Dame_school" title="Notre-Dame school">Notre-Dame school</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albertus_Parisiensis" title="Albertus Parisiensis">Albertus Parisiensis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9onin" title="Léonin">Léonin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A9rotin" title="Pérotin">Pérotin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_the_Chancellor" title="Philip the Chancellor">Philippe le Chancelier</a></li></ul></li> <li><span style="background-color: #EEF;color:black;"><a href="/wiki/Petrus_de_Cruce" title="Petrus de Cruce">Petrus de Cruce</a>*</span></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A9rotin" title="Pérotin"><img alt="Perotin: Alleluia nativitas" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Perotin_-_Alleluia_nativitas.jpg/75px-Perotin_-_Alleluia_nativitas.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Perotin_-_Alleluia_nativitas.jpg/113px-Perotin_-_Alleluia_nativitas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Perotin_-_Alleluia_nativitas.jpg/150px-Perotin_-_Alleluia_nativitas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="2400" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Magnus_Liber" title="Magnus Liber">Magnus Liber</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Montpellier_Codex" title="Montpellier Codex">Montpellier Codex</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theorists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Franco_of_Cologne" title="Franco of Cologne">Franco of Cologne</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ars_cantus_mensurabilis" title="Ars cantus mensurabilis">Ars cantus mensurabilis</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_de_Garlandia_(music_theorist)" title="Johannes de Garlandia (music theorist)">Johannes de Garlandia</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/De_Mensurabili_Musica" title="De Mensurabili Musica">De Mensurabili Musica</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conductus" title="Conductus">Conductus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discant" class="mw-redirect" title="Discant">Discant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhythmic_mode" title="Rhythmic mode">Rhythmic mode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trouv%C3%A8re" title="Trouvère">Trouvère</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><div style="position:relative;"> <ul><li>Also music theorist*</li></ul> <div style="position:absolute;right:0;"><b><i><a href="/wiki/Template:Ars_nova" title="Template:Ars nova">Ars nova</a> </i>→</b></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Ars_antiqua" title="Category:Ars antiqua">Category</a></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Trouvère" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="color:black;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Trouv%C3%A8re" title="Template:Trouvère"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:black">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Trouv%C3%A8re" title="Template talk:Trouvère"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:black">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Trouv%C3%A8re" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Trouvère"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:black">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Trouvère" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Trouv%C3%A8re" title="Trouvère">Trouvère</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Men</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adam_de_Givenchi" title="Adam de Givenchi">Adam de Givenchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_de_la_Halle" title="Adam de la Halle">Adam de la Halle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adenet_Le_Roi" class="mw-redirect" title="Adenet Le Roi">Adenet Le Roi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrieu_Contredit_d%27Arras" title="Andrieu Contredit d'Arras">Andrieu Contredit d'Arras</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aubertin_d%27Airaines&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aubertin d'Airaines (page does not exist)">Aubertin d'Airaines</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aubin_de_S%C3%A9zanne&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aubin de Sézanne (page does not exist)">Aubin de Sézanne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audefroi_le_Bastart" title="Audefroi le Bastart">Audefroi le Bastart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baudouin_des_Auteus" title="Baudouin des Auteus">Baudouin des Auteus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beno%C3%AEt_de_Sainte-Maure" title="Benoît de Sainte-Maure">Benoît de Sainte-Maure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bestourn%C3%A9s" title="Bestournés">Bestournés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blondel_de_Nesle" title="Blondel de Nesle">Blondel de Nesle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carasaus" title="Carasaus">Carasaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Chastelain_de_Couci" title="Le Chastelain de Couci">Chastelain de Couci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chardon_de_Croisilles" title="Chardon de Croisilles">Chardon de Croisilles</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ch%C3%A2telain_d%27Arras&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Châtelain d'Arras (page does not exist)">Châtelain d'Arras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chr%C3%A9tien_de_Troyes" title="Chrétien de Troyes">Chrétien de Troyes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colart_le_Boutellier" title="Colart le Boutellier">Colart le Boutellier</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Colart_le_Changeur&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Colart le Changeur (page does not exist)">Colart le Changeur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colin_Muset" title="Colin Muset">Colin Muset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conon_de_B%C3%A9thune" title="Conon de Béthune">Conon de Béthune</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coupart&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Coupart (page does not exist)">Coupart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernoul_Caupain" title="Ernoul Caupain">Ernoul Caupain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernoul_le_Vieux" class="mw-redirect" title="Ernoul le Vieux">Ernoul le Vieux</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%89tienne_de_Meaux&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Étienne de Meaux (page does not exist)">Étienne de Meaux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eustache_le_Peintre_de_Reims" title="Eustache le Peintre de Reims">Eustache le Peintre de Reims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gace_Brul%C3%A9" title="Gace Brulé">Gace Brulé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaidifer_d%27Avion" title="Gaidifer d'Avion">Gaidifer d'Avion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gautier_de_Coincy" title="Gautier de Coincy">Gautier de Coincy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gautier_de_Dargies" title="Gautier de Dargies">Gautier de Dargies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gautier_d%27Espinal" title="Gautier d'Espinal">Gautier d'Espinal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gillebert_de_Berneville" title="Gillebert de Berneville">Gillebert de Berneville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilles_le_Vinier" title="Gilles le Vinier">Gilles le Vinier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gobin_de_Reims" title="Gobin de Reims">Gobin de Reims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gontier_de_Soignies" title="Gontier de Soignies">Gontier de Soignies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guibert_Kaukesel" title="Guibert Kaukesel">Guibert Kaukesel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guillaume_d%27Amiens" title="Guillaume d'Amiens">Guillaume d'Amiens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guillaume_de_Ferri%C3%A8res" title="Guillaume de Ferrières">Guillaume de Ferrières</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guillaume_le_Vinier" title="Guillaume le Vinier">Guillaume le Vinier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guillaume_Veau" title="Guillaume Veau">Guillaume Veau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guiot_de_Dijon" title="Guiot de Dijon">Guiot de Dijon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guiot_de_Provins" title="Guiot de Provins">Guiot de Provins</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_Amion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Henry Amion (page does not exist)">Henry Amion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_III,_Duke_of_Brabant" title="Henry III, Duke of Brabant">Henry le Débonnaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_de_Lacy,_3rd_Earl_of_Lincoln" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry de Lacy, 3rd Earl of Lincoln">Henri de Lacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hue_de_la_Fert%C3%A9" title="Hue de la Ferté">Hue de la Ferté</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugues_de_Berz%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Hugues de Berzé">Hugues de Berzé</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Huon_d%27Oisi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Huon d'Oisi (page does not exist)">Huon d'Oisi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Huon_de_Saint-Quentin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Huon de Saint-Quentin (page does not exist)">Huon de Saint-Quentin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaque_de_Dampierre" title="Jaque de Dampierre">Jaque de Dampierre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Bretel" title="Jacques Bretel">Jacques Bretel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_de_Cambrai" title="Jacques de Cambrai">Jacques de Cambrai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_de_Cysoing" title="Jacques de Cysoing">Jacques de Cysoing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_le_Vinier" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacques le Vinier">Jacques le Vinier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Bodel" title="Jean Bodel">Jean Bodel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Renaut" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean Renaut">Jean Renaut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jehan_Bretel" title="Jehan Bretel">Jehan Bretel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jehan_le_Cuvelier_d%27Arras" title="Jehan le Cuvelier d'Arras">Jehan le Cuvelier d'Arras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jehan_Erart" title="Jehan Erart">Jehan Erart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_I,_Duke_of_Brittany" title="John I, Duke of Brittany">Jean le Roux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jehan_de_Braine" title="Jehan de Braine">Jehan de Braine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jehan_Fremaux&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jehan Fremaux (page does not exist)">Jehan Fremaux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jehan_de_Grieviler" title="Jehan de Grieviler">Jehan de Grieviler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jehan_de_Nuevile" title="Jehan de Nuevile">Jehan de Nuevile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jehan_de_Trie" class="mw-redirect" title="Jehan de Trie">Jehan de Trie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jocelin_de_Dijon" title="Jocelin de Dijon">Jocelin de Dijon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lambert_Ferri" title="Lambert Ferri">Lambert Ferri</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lorris_Acot&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lorris Acot (page does not exist)">Lorris Acot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahieu_de_Gant" title="Mahieu de Gant">Mahieu de Gant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahieu_le_Juif" title="Mahieu le Juif">Mahieu le Juif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moniot_d%27Arras" title="Moniot d'Arras">Moniot d'Arras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moniot_de_Paris" title="Moniot de Paris">Moniot de Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oede_de_la_Couroierie" title="Oede de la Couroierie">Oede de la Couroierie</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Othon_III_de_Grandson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Othon III de Grandson (page does not exist)">Othon de Grandson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perrin_d%27Angicourt" title="Perrin d'Angicourt">Perrin d'Angicourt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perrot_de_Neele" title="Perrot de Neele">Perrot de Neele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_de_Nanteuil" title="Philippe de Nanteuil">Philippe de Nanteuil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_de_R%C3%A9mi_(died_1265)" title="Philippe de Rémi (died 1265)">Philippe de Remy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_de_Corbie" title="Pierre de Corbie">Pierre de Corbie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_de_Molins" title="Pierre de Molins">Pierre de Molins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierrekin_de_la_Coupele" title="Pierrekin de la Coupele">Pierrekin de la Coupele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raoul_de_Beauvais" title="Raoul de Beauvais">Raoul de Beauvais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raoul_de_Ferier" class="mw-redirect" title="Raoul de Ferier">Raoul de Ferier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raoul_de_Soissons" title="Raoul de Soissons">Raoul de Soissons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_de_Fournival" title="Richard de Fournival">Richard de Fournival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richart_de_Semilli" title="Richart de Semilli">Richart de Semilli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_I_of_England" title="Richard I of England">Richard I of England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_de_Blois" title="Robert de Blois">Robert de Blois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_de_Castel" title="Robert de Castel">Robert de Castel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_de_Reims" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert de Reims">Robert de Reims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_de_la_Piere" title="Robert de la Piere">Robert de la Piere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rutebeuf" title="Rutebeuf">Rutebeuf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_d%27Authie" title="Simon d'Authie">Simon d'Authie</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sauvage_d%27Arraz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sauvage d'Arraz (page does not exist)">Sauvage d'Arraz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thibaut_de_Blazon" class="mw-redirect" title="Thibaut de Blazon">Thibaut de Blazon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theobald_I_of_Navarre" title="Theobald I of Navarre">Thibaut le Chansonnier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thierri_de_Soissons" class="mw-redirect" title="Thierri de Soissons">Thierri de Soissons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Herier" title="Thomas Herier">Thomas de Herier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vielart_de_Corbie" title="Vielart de Corbie">Vielart de Corbie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_of_Bibbesworth" title="Walter of Bibbesworth">Walter of Bibbesworth</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Adam_de_la_Halle" title="Adam de la Halle"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8b/Adam_de_la_Halle_%28closeup%29.png/100px-Adam_de_la_Halle_%28closeup%29.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8b/Adam_de_la_Halle_%28closeup%29.png/150px-Adam_de_la_Halle_%28closeup%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8b/Adam_de_la_Halle_%28closeup%29.png/200px-Adam_de_la_Halle_%28closeup%29.png 2x" data-file-width="468" data-file-height="789" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Women</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blanche_of_Castile" title="Blanche of Castile">Blanche of Castile</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dame_de_la_Chaucie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dame de la Chaucie (page does not exist)">Dame de la Chaucie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dame_de_Gosnai" title="Dame de Gosnai">Dame de Gosnai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gertrude_of_Dagsburg" title="Gertrude of Dagsburg">Gertrude of Dagsburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorete" title="Lorete">Lorete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dame_Margot_(trouv%C3%A8re)" title="Dame Margot (trouvère)">Margot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maroie_de_Diergnau" class="mw-redirect" title="Maroie de Diergnau">Maroie de Diergnau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sainte_des_Prez" title="Sainte des Prez">Sainte des Prez</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Troubadour" title="Troubadour">Troubadour</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Occitan_language" title="Occitan language">Occitan language</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyric_poetry" title="Lyric poetry">Lyric poetry</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ars_antiqua" title="Ars antiqua">Ars antiqua</a></i></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Medieval music</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Troubadour" title="Troubadour">Troubadour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trouv%C3%A8re" title="Trouvère">Trouvère</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minnesang" title="Minnesang">Minnesang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galician-Portuguese_lyric" title="Galician-Portuguese lyric">Trovadorismo/trobadorismo</a></li></ul> <div style="float: right;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><i><b><a href="/wiki/Template:Ars_nova" title="Template:Ars nova">Ars nova</a></b></i></span> → </div> <p><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Trouv%C3%A8res" title="Category:Trouvères">Category</a> </p> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ars_nova" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ars_nova" title="Template:Ars nova"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ars_nova" title="Template talk:Ars nova"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ars_nova" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ars nova"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ars_nova" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><i><a href="/wiki/Ars_nova" title="Ars nova">Ars nova</a></i></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Composers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/F._Andrieu" title="F. Andrieu">F. Andrieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denis_Le_Grant" title="Denis Le Grant">Denis Le Grant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magister_Franciscus" title="Magister Franciscus">Magister Franciscus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grimace_(composer)" title="Grimace (composer)">Grimace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jehan_de_Lescurel" title="Jehan de Lescurel">Jehan de Lescurel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guillaume_de_Machaut" title="Guillaume de Machaut">Guillaume de Machaut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._des_Molins" title="P. des Molins">P. des Molins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jehan_Vaillant" title="Jehan Vaillant">Jehan Vaillant</a></li> <li><span style="background-color: #EEF;color:black;"><a href="/wiki/Philippe_de_Vitry" title="Philippe de Vitry">Philippe de Vitry</a>*</span></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Roman_de_Fauvel" title="Roman de Fauvel"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Roman_de_Fauvel.jpg/75px-Roman_de_Fauvel.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Roman_de_Fauvel.jpg/113px-Roman_de_Fauvel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Roman_de_Fauvel.jpg/150px-Roman_de_Fauvel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="448" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theorists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_de_Muris" title="Johannes de Muris">Johannes de Muris</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Chantilly_Codex" title="Chantilly Codex">Chantilly Codex</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ivrea_Codex" title="Ivrea Codex">Ivrea Codex</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Roman_de_Fauvel" title="Roman de Fauvel">Roman de Fauvel</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Trecento" title="Music of the Trecento">Music of the Trecento</a> (Italian <i>ars nova</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Hall_Manuscript" title="Old Hall Manuscript">Old Hall Manuscript</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Medieval music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_music" title="Early music">Early music</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><div style="position:relative;"> <div style="position:absolute;">← <i><b><a href="/wiki/Template:Ars_antiqua" title="Template:Ars antiqua">Ars antiqua</a></b></i></div> <div style="position:absolute;right:0;"><i><b><a href="/wiki/Template:Ars_subtilior" title="Template:Ars subtilior">Ars subtilior</a></b></i> →</div> <ul><li>Also music theorist*</li></ul> <div style="position:absolute;">← <i><b><a href="/wiki/Template:Trouv%C3%A8re" title="Template:Trouvère">Trouvère</a></b></i></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Ars_nova" title="Category:Ars nova">Category</a></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Trecento_Music" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Music_of_the_Trecento" title="Template:Music of the Trecento"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Music_of_the_Trecento" title="Template talk:Music of the Trecento"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Music_of_the_Trecento" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Music of the Trecento"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Trecento_Music" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Trecento" title="Music of the Trecento">Trecento Music</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Composers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Predecessors" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Predecessors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marchetto_da_Padova" title="Marchetto da Padova">Marchetto da Padova</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1st generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_da_Cascia" title="Giovanni da Cascia">Giovanni da Cascia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacopo_da_Bologna" title="Jacopo da Bologna">Jacopo da Bologna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maestro_Piero" title="Maestro Piero">Maestro Piero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincenzo_da_Rimini" title="Vincenzo da Rimini">Vincenzo da Rimini</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2nd generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andreas_de_Florentia" title="Andreas de Florentia">Andreas de Florentia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donato_da_Cascia" title="Donato da Cascia">Donato da Cascia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Landini" title="Francesco Landini">Francesco Landini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gherardello_da_Firenze" title="Gherardello da Firenze">Gherardello da Firenze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_da_Firenze" title="Lorenzo da Firenze">Lorenzo da Firenze</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paolo_da_Firenze" title="Paolo da Firenze">Paolo da Firenze</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">3rd generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bartolino_da_Padova" title="Bartolino da Padova">Bartolino da Padova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonello_da_Caserta" title="Antonello da Caserta">Antonello da Caserta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Ciconia" title="Johannes Ciconia">Johannes Ciconia</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matteo_da_Perugia" title="Matteo da Perugia">Matteo da Perugia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Mazzuoli" title="Giovanni Mazzuoli">Giovanni Mazzuoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grazioso_da_Padova" title="Grazioso da Padova">Grazioso da Padova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_da_Perugia" title="Niccolò da Perugia">Niccolò da Perugia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippus_de_Caserta" title="Philippus de Caserta">Philippus de Caserta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sant_Omer" title="Sant Omer">Sant Omer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zacara_da_Teramo" title="Zacara da Teramo">Zacara da Teramo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Manuscripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Squarcialupi_Codex" title="Squarcialupi Codex">Squarcialupi Codex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rossi_Codex" title="Rossi Codex">Rossi Codex</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Genres</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Madrigal_(Trecento)" title="Madrigal (Trecento)">Madrigal</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Caccia_(musica)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Caccia (musica) (page does not exist)">Caccia (musica)</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caccia_(musica)" class="extiw" title="it:Caccia (musica)">it</a>]</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ballata" title="Ballata">Ballata</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motet" title="Motet">Motet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Landini_cadence" title="Landini cadence">Landini cadence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portative_organ" title="Portative organ">Portative organ</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ars_nova" title="Ars nova">Ars nova</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ars_subtilior" title="Ars subtilior">Ars subtilior</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_music" title="Early music">Early music</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Medieval music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_music" title="Renaissance music">Renaissance music</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>Also music theorist*</li></ul> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Trecento_composers" title="Category:Trecento composers">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ars_subtilior" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ars_subtilior" title="Template:Ars subtilior"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ars_subtilior" title="Template talk:Ars subtilior"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ars_subtilior" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ars subtilior"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ars_subtilior" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><i><a href="/wiki/Ars_subtilior" title="Ars subtilior">Ars subtilior</a></i></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Composers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Borlet" title="Borlet">Borlet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippus_de_Caserta" title="Philippus de Caserta">Philippus de Caserta</a></li> <li><span style="background-color: #EEF;color:black;"><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Ciconia" title="Johannes Ciconia">Johannes Ciconia</a>*</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conradus_de_Pistoria" title="Conradus de Pistoria">Conradus de Pistoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baude_Cordier" title="Baude Cordier">Baude Cordier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Cuvelier" title="Johannes Cuvelier">Johannes Cuvelier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egardus" title="Egardus">Egardus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egidius_(Chantilly_Codex_composer)" title="Egidius (Chantilly Codex composer)">Egidius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martinus_Fabri" title="Martinus Fabri">Martinus Fabri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrus_de_Goscalch" title="Petrus de Goscalch">Petrus de Goscalch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Symonis_Hasprois" title="Johannes Symonis Hasprois">Johannes Symonis Hasprois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matheus_de_Sancto_Johanne" title="Matheus de Sancto Johanne">Matheus de Sancto Johanne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gacian_Reyneau" title="Gacian Reyneau">Gacian Reyneau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S_Uciredor" title="S Uciredor">Rodericus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Senleches" title="Jacob Senleches">Jacob Senleches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solage" title="Solage">Solage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Susay" title="Johannes Susay">Johannes Susay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zacara_da_Teramo" title="Zacara da Teramo">Antonio Zacara da Teramo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trebor_(composer)" title="Trebor (composer)">Trebor</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Baude_Cordier" title="Baude Cordier"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Cordier_circular_canon.gif/75px-Cordier_circular_canon.gif" decoding="async" width="75" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Cordier_circular_canon.gif/113px-Cordier_circular_canon.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Cordier_circular_canon.gif/150px-Cordier_circular_canon.gif 2x" data-file-width="523" data-file-height="738" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Chantilly_Codex" title="Chantilly Codex">Chantilly Codex</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Modena_Codex" title="Modena Codex">Modena Codex</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Trecento" title="Music of the Trecento">Music of the Trecento</a> (Italian <i>ars nova</i>)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Medieval music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_music" title="Early music">Early music</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><div style="position:relative;"><div style="position:absolute;">← <i><b><a href="/wiki/Template:Ars_nova" title="Template:Ars nova">Ars nova</a></b></i></div><div style="position:absolute;right:0;"><b><a href="/wiki/Template:Renaissance_music" title="Template:Renaissance music">Renaissance music</a></b> →</div>Also music theorist* <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Ars_subtilior" title="Category:Ars subtilior">Category</a></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Lute" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Lute" title="Template:Lute"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Lute" title="Template talk:Lute"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Lute" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Lute"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Lute" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Lute" title="Lute">Lute</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types by region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Goje" title="Goje">Goje</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xalam" title="Xalam">Xalam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barbat_(lute)" title="Barbat (lute)">Barbat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bipa" title="Bipa">Bipa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biwa" title="Biwa">Biwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dombra" title="Dombra">Dombra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutar" title="Dutar">Dutar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dramyin" title="Dramyin">Dramyin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komuz" title="Komuz">Komuz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kutiyapi" title="Kutiyapi">Kutiyapi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oud" title="Oud">Oud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pipa" title="Pipa">Pipa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qanb%C5%ABs" title="Qanbūs">Qanbūs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qinqin" title="Qinqin">Qinqin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubab_(instrument)" title="Rubab (instrument)">Rubab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanshin" title="Sanshin">Sanshin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanxian" title="Sanxian">Sanxian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sapeh" title="Sapeh">Sapeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Setar" title="Setar">Setar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamisen" title="Shamisen">Shamisen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitar" title="Sitar">Sitar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanbur" title="Tanbur">Tanbur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tar_(string_instrument)" title="Tar (string instrument)">Tar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veena" title="Veena">Veena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yueqin" title="Yueqin">Yueqin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ang%C3%A9lique_(instrument)" title="Angélique (instrument)">Angélique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archlute" title="Archlute">Archlute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cobza" title="Cobza">Cobza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kobza" title="Kobza">Kobza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandore_(instrument)" title="Mandore (instrument)">Mandore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandora" title="Mandora">Mandora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_lute" title="Swedish lute">Swedish lute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torban" title="Torban">Torban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theorbo" title="Theorbo">Theorbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vihuela" title="Vihuela">Vihuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related instruments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Citole" title="Citole">Citole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cittern" title="Cittern">Cittern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_guitar" title="English guitar">English guitar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gittern" title="Gittern">Gittern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guitarra_latina" title="Guitarra latina">Guitarra latina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guitarra_morisca" title="Guitarra morisca">Guitarra morisca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La%C3%BAd" title="Laúd">Laúd</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_composers_for_lute" title="List of composers for lute">Composers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lute_makers" title="Category:Lute makers">Manufacturers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lutenists_by_nationality" title="Category:Lutenists by nationality">Players</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Lutes" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Lutes">Commons</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Carmina_Burana" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Carmina_Burana" title="Template:Carmina Burana"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Carmina_Burana" title="Template talk:Carmina Burana"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Carmina_Burana" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Carmina Burana"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Carmina_Burana" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Carmina_Burana" title="Carmina Burana">Carmina Burana</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Authors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archpoet" title="Archpoet">Archpoet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Abelard" title="Peter Abelard">Peter Abelard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Primas" title="Hugh Primas">Hugh Primas of Orléans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_of_Ch%C3%A2tillon" title="Walter of Châtillon">Walter of Châtillon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_of_Blois" title="Peter of Blois">Peter of Blois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minnesang" title="Minnesang">Minnesinger</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dietmar_von_Aist" title="Dietmar von Aist">Dietmar von Aist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_von_Morungen" title="Heinrich von Morungen">Heinrich von Morungen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walther_von_der_Vogelweide" title="Walther von der Vogelweide">Walther von der Vogelweide</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:CarminaBurana_wheel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/CarminaBurana_wheel.jpg/70px-CarminaBurana_wheel.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/CarminaBurana_wheel.jpg/105px-CarminaBurana_wheel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/CarminaBurana_wheel.jpg/140px-CarminaBurana_wheel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2674" data-file-height="3885" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Poems and songs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Dum_Diane_vitrea" title="Dum Diane vitrea">Dum Diane vitrea</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/O_Fortuna" title="O Fortuna">O Fortuna</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Ecce_gratum" title="Ecce gratum">Ecce gratum</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/In_taberna_quando_sumus" title="In taberna quando sumus">In taberna quando sumus</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Phyllis_and_Flora" title="Phyllis and Flora">Phyllis and Flora</a>"</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Carl_Orff" title="Carl Orff">Carl Orff</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Carmina_Burana_(Orff)" title="Carmina Burana (Orff)">Carmina Burana</a></i> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/O_Fortuna_(Orff)" title="O Fortuna (Orff)">O Fortuna</a>"</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benediktbeuern_Abbey" title="Benediktbeuern Abbey">Benediktbeuern Abbey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goliard" class="mw-redirect" title="Goliard">Goliard</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/O_Fortuna_(album)" title="O Fortuna (album)">O Fortuna</a></i> (album by <a href="/wiki/Rhydian_Roberts" title="Rhydian Roberts">Rhydian</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_According_to_the_Mark_of_Silver" title="Gospel According to the Mark of Silver">Gospel According to the Mark of Silver</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Music" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Music_topics" title="Template:Music topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Music_topics" title="Template talk:Music topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Music_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Music topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Music" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Music" title="Music">Music</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_music" title="History of music">History of music</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_music" title="Prehistoric music">Prehistoric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_music" title="Ancient music">Ancient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_music" title="Dance music">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martial_music" title="Martial music">Martial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_music" title="Religious music">Religious</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_music_in_the_biblical_period" title="History of music in the biblical period">Biblical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_music" title="Secular music">Secular</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Art_music" title="Art music">Art music</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Klasik" title="Klasik">Afghan classical music—Klasik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andalusi_classical_music" title="Andalusi classical music">Andalusi classical music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_music" title="Arabic music">Arabic music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mugham" title="Mugham">Azerbaijani Mugham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%81g%C4%ABta" title="Mahāgīta">Burmese classical music—Mahāgīta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinpeat" title="Pinpeat">Cambodian ceremonial music—Pinpeat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_traditional_music" title="Chinese traditional music">Chinese traditional music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_classical_music" title="Indian classical music">Indian classical music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_music" title="Byzantine music">Byzantine music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamelan" title="Gamelan">Indonesian art music—Gamelan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gagaku" title="Gagaku">Japanese court music—Gagaku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_court_music" title="Korean court music">Korean court music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lao_classical_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Lao classical music">Lao classical music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Griot" title="Griot">Mandé art music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_music" title="Ottoman music">Ottoman music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_traditional_music" title="Persian traditional music">Persian classical music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kundiman" title="Kundiman">Philippine art songs—Kundiman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pibroch" title="Pibroch">Scottish Ceòl Mór</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kandyan_dance" title="Kandyan dance">Kandyan dance of Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piphat" title="Piphat">Thai classical music—Piphat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nh%C3%A3_nh%E1%BA%A1c" title="Nhã nhạc">Vietnam imperial court music—Nhã nhạc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_music" title="Classical music">Western classical music</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vernacular_music" title="Vernacular music">Vernacular<br />music</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Circus_music" title="Circus music">Circus music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_music" title="Folk music">Folk music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blues" title="Blues">Blues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Country_music" title="Country music">Country music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_music" title="Electronic music">Electronic music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hip_hop_music" title="Hip hop music">Hip hop music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">Jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pop_music" title="Pop music">Pop music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_music" title="Progressive music">Progressive music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_music" title="Psychedelic music">Psychedelic music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soul_music" title="Soul music">Soul music</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Musical_instrument" title="Musical instrument">Musical instruments</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arched_Harp" class="mw-redirect" title="Arched Harp">Arched Harp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angular_harp" title="Angular harp">Angular harp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_harpsichord" title="History of the harpsichord">History of the harpsichord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_lute-family_instruments" title="History of lute-family instruments">History of lute-family instruments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nafir" title="Nafir">Nafir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_timpani_in_the_18th_and_19th_centuries" title="Evolution of timpani in the 18th and 19th centuries">Evolution of timpani in the 18th and 19th centuries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_trumpet" title="History of the trumpet">History of the trumpet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_violin" title="History of the violin">History of the violin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Musician" title="Musician">Musician</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Musical_ensemble" title="Musical ensemble">Ensembles</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Band_(rock_and_pop)" title="Band (rock and pop)">Band (rock and pop)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Backup_band" title="Backup band">Backup band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All-female_band" title="All-female band">All-female band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhythm_section" title="Rhythm section">Rhythm section</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_band" title="Big band">Big band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concert_band" title="Concert band">Concert band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disc_jockey" title="Disc jockey">Disc jockey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_band" title="Military band">Military band</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lead_vocalist" title="Lead vocalist">Lead vocalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Backing_vocalist" title="Backing vocalist">Backing vocalist</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_theory" title="Music theory">Theory</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Musical_composition" title="Musical composition">Composition</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Musical_form" title="Musical form">Form</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_genre" title="Music genre">Genre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musical_notation" title="Musical notation">Notation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musical_improvisation" title="Musical improvisation">Improvisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyrics" title="Lyrics">Lyrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singing" title="Singing">Singing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Song" title="Song">Song</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musical_technique" title="Musical technique">Technique</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Music_education" title="Music education">Education</a> and study</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Music" title="Bachelor of Music">Bachelor of Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master_of_Music" title="Master of Music">Master of Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Musical_Arts" title="Doctor of Musical Arts">Doctor of Musical Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Philosophy" title="Doctor of Philosophy">PhD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Method_(music)" title="Method (music)">Method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_archaeology" title="Music archaeology">Music archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_history" title="Music history">Music history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_psychology" title="Music psychology">Music psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_school" title="Music school">Music school</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Composition_school" title="Composition school">Composition</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musicology" title="Musicology">Musicology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biomusicology" title="Biomusicology">Biomusicology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_musicology" title="Cognitive musicology">Cognitive musicology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_musicology" title="Computational musicology">Computational musicology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecomusicology" title="Ecomusicology">Ecomusicology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnomusicology" title="Ethnomusicology">Ethnomusicology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_musicology" title="New musicology">New musicology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organology" title="Organology">Organology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociomusicology" title="Sociomusicology">Sociomusicology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoomusicology" title="Zoomusicology">Zoomusicology</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Production</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Single_(music)" title="Single (music)">Single</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A-side_and_B-side" title="A-side and B-side">A-side and B-side</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extended_play" title="Extended play">Extended play</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compilation_album" title="Compilation album">Compilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Album#Live" title="Album">Live</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remix_album" title="Remix album">Remix</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audio_engineer" title="Audio engineer">Audio engineer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Record_label" title="Record label">Record label</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Record_producer" title="Record producer">Record producer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sampling_(music)" title="Sampling (music)">Sampling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_technology_(electric)" title="Music technology (electric)">Music technology (electric)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_technology_(electronic_and_digital)" title="Music technology (electronic and digital)">Music technology (electronic and digital)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_recording_and_reproduction" title="Sound recording and reproduction">Sound recording and reproduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cover_version" title="Cover version">Cover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remix" title="Remix">Remix</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cultural_and_regional_genres_of_music" title="List of cultural and regional genres of music">Cultural and <br />regional genres</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Africa" title="Music of Africa">African</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Music_of_Central_Africa" title="Category:Music of Central Africa">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Music_of_East_Africa" title="Category:Music of East Africa">East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_North_Africa" title="Music of North Africa">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Music_of_Southern_Africa" title="Category:Music of Southern Africa">Southern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_West_Africa" title="Music of West Africa">West</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Asia" title="Music of Asia">Asian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Central_Asia" title="Music of Central Asia">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Music_of_East_Asia" title="Category:Music of East Asia">East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern_music" title="Middle Eastern music">Middle Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Music_of_South_Asia" title="Category:Music of South Asia">South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Southeast_Asia" title="Music of Southeast Asia">Southeast</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Music_of_Europe" title="Category:Music of Europe">European</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balkan_music" title="Balkan music">Balkan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_folk_music" title="Nordic folk music">Nordic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Latin_America" title="Music of Latin America">Latin American</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Music_of_Central_America" title="Category:Music of Central America">Central American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Music_of_South_America" title="Category:Music of South America">South American</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Music_of_North_America" title="Category:Music of North America">North American</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Caribbean_music_genres" title="List of Caribbean music genres">Caribbean</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Music_of_Oceania" title="Category:Music of Oceania">Oceanian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Melanesia" title="Music of Melanesia">Melanesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Micronesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of Micronesia">Micronesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Polynesia" title="Music of Polynesia">Polynesian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By sovereign state</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"> </div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Afghanistan" title="Music of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Albania" title="Music of Albania">Albania</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Algeria" title="Music of Algeria">Algeria</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Andorra" title="Music of Andorra">Andorra</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Angola" title="Music of Angola">Angola</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Music of Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Argentina" title="Music of Argentina">Argentina</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Armenia" title="Music of Armenia">Armenia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Australia" title="Music of Australia">Australia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Austria" title="Music of Austria">Austria</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Azerbaijan" title="Music of Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Bahamas" title="Music of the Bahamas">Bahamas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Bahrain" title="Music of Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Bangladesh" title="Music of Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Barbados" title="Music of Barbados">Barbados</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Belarus" title="Music of Belarus">Belarus</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Belgium" title="Music of Belgium">Belgium</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Belize" title="Music of Belize">Belize</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Benin" title="Music of Benin">Benin</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Bhutan" title="Music of Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Bolivia" title="Music of Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Music of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Botswana" title="Music of Botswana">Botswana</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Brazil" title="Music of Brazil">Brazil</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Brunei" title="Music of Brunei">Brunei</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Bulgaria" title="Music of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Burkina_Faso" title="Music of Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Burundi" title="Music of Burundi">Burundi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Cambodia" title="Music of Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Cameroon" title="Music of Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Canada" title="Music of Canada">Canada</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Cape_Verde" title="Music of Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Central_African_Republic" title="Music of the Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Chad" title="Music of Chad">Chad</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Chile" title="Music of Chile">Chile</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_China" title="Music of China">China</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Colombia" title="Music of Colombia">Colombia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Comoros" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of Comoros">Comoros</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Costa_Rica" title="Music of Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Croatia" title="Music of Croatia">Croatia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Cuba" title="Music of Cuba">Cuba</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Cyprus" title="Music of Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Music of the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Music of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Denmark" title="Music of Denmark">Denmark</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Djibouti" title="Music of Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Dominica" title="Music of Dominica">Dominica</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Music of the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_East_Timor" title="Music of East Timor">East Timor</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Ecuador" title="Music of Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Egypt" title="Music of Egypt">Egypt</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_El_Salvador" title="Music of El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Equatorial_Guinea" title="Music of Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Eritrea" title="Music of Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Estonia" title="Music of Estonia">Estonia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Eswatini" title="Music of Eswatini">Eswatini</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Ethiopia" title="Music of Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Federated_States_of_Micronesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of the Federated States of Micronesia">Federated States of Micronesia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Fiji" title="Music of Fiji">Fiji</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Finland" title="Music of Finland">Finland</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_France" title="Music of France">France</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Gabon" title="Music of Gabon">Gabon</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Gambia" title="Music of the Gambia">Gambia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Music of Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Germany" title="Music of Germany">Germany</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Ghana" title="Music of Ghana">Ghana</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Greece" title="Music of Greece">Greece</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Grenada" title="Music of Grenada">Grenada</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Guatemala" title="Music of Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Guinea" title="Music of Guinea">Guinea</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Guinea-Bissau" title="Music of Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Guyana" title="Music of Guyana">Guyana</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Haiti" title="Music of Haiti">Haiti</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Honduras" title="Music of Honduras">Honduras</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Hungary" title="Music of Hungary">Hungary</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Iceland" title="Music of Iceland">Iceland</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_India" title="Music of India">India</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Indonesia" title="Music of Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Iran" title="Music of Iran">Iran</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Iraq" title="Music of Iraq">Iraq</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Israel" title="Music of Israel">Israel</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Italy" title="Music of Italy">Italy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Ivory_Coast" title="Music of Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Jamaica" title="Music of Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Japan" title="Music of Japan">Japan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Jordan" title="Music of Jordan">Jordan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Kazakhstan" title="Music of Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Kenya" title="Music of Kenya">Kenya</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Kiribati" title="Music of Kiribati">Kiribati</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Kosovo" title="Music of Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Kuwait" title="Music of Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Kyrgyzstan" title="Music of Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Laos" title="Music of Laos">Laos</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Latvia" title="Music of Latvia">Latvia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Lebanon" title="Music of Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Lesotho" title="Music of Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Liberia" title="Music of Liberia">Liberia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Libya" title="Music of Libya">Libya</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Liechtenstein" title="Music of Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Lithuania" title="Music of Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Luxembourg" title="Music of Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Madagascar" title="Music of Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Malawi" title="Music of Malawi">Malawi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Malaysia" title="Music of Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Maldives" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of Maldives">Maldives</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Mali" title="Music of Mali">Mali</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Malta" title="Music of Malta">Malta</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Marshall_Islands" title="Music of the Marshall Islands">Marshall Islands</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Mauritania" title="Music of Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Mauritius" title="Music of Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Mexico" title="Music of Mexico">Mexico</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Moldova" title="Music of Moldova">Moldova</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Monaco" title="Music of Monaco">Monaco</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Mongolia" title="Music of Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Montenegro" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Morocco" title="Music of Morocco">Morocco</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Mozambique" title="Music of Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Myanmar" title="Music of Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Namibia" title="Music of Namibia">Namibia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Nauru" title="Music of Nauru">Nauru</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Nepal" title="Music of Nepal">Nepal</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Netherlands" title="Music of the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_New_Zealand" title="Music of New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Nicaragua" title="Music of Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Niger" title="Music of Niger">Niger</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Nigeria" title="Music of Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_North_Korea" title="Music of North Korea">North Korea</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_North_Macedonia" title="Music of North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Norway" title="Music of Norway">Norway</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Oman" title="Music of Oman">Oman</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Pakistan" title="Music of Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Palau" title="Music of Palau">Palau</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Palestine" title="Music of Palestine">Palestine</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Panama" title="Music of Panama">Panama</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Music of Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Paraguay" title="Music of Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Peru" title="Music of Peru">Peru</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Philippines" title="Music of the Philippines">Philippines</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Poland" title="Music of Poland">Poland</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Portugal" title="Music of Portugal">Portugal</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Qatar" title="Music of Qatar">Qatar</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Music of the Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Romania" title="Music of Romania">Romania</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Russia" title="Music of Russia">Russia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Rwanda" title="Music of Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="Music of Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Saint_Lucia" title="Music of Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="Music of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Samoa" title="Music of Samoa">Samoa</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_San_Marino" title="Music of San Marino">San Marino</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Music of Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Senegal" title="Music of Senegal">Senegal</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Serbia" title="Music of Serbia">Serbia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Seychelles" title="Music of Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Sierra_Leone" title="Music of Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Singapore" title="Music of Singapore">Singapore</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Slovakia" title="Music of Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Slovenia" title="Music of Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Solomon_Islands" title="Music of Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Somalia" title="Music of Somalia">Somalia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_South_Africa" title="Music of South Africa">South Africa</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_South_Korea" title="Music of South Korea">South Korea</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_South_Sudan" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of South Sudan">South Sudan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Spain" title="Music of Spain">Spain</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Music of Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Sudan" title="Music of Sudan">Sudan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Suriname" title="Music of Suriname">Suriname</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Sweden" title="Music of Sweden">Sweden</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Switzerland" title="Music of Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Syria" title="Music of Syria">Syria</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="Music of São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Taiwan" title="Music of Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Tajikistan" title="Music of Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Tanzania" title="Music of Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Thailand" title="Music of Thailand">Thailand</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Togo" title="Music of Togo">Togo</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Tonga" title="Music of Tonga">Tonga</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Music of Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Tunisia" title="Music of Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Turkey" title="Music of Turkey">Turkey</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Turkmenistan" title="Music of Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Tuvalu" title="Music of Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Uganda" title="Music of Uganda">Uganda</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Ukraine" title="Music of Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Music of the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Music of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_United_States" title="Music of the United States">United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Uruguay" title="Music of Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Uzbekistan" title="Music of Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Vanuatu" title="Music of Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Vatican_City" title="Music of Vatican City">Vatican City</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Venezuela" title="Music of Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Vietnam" title="Music of Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Western_Sahara" title="Music of Western Sahara">Western Sahara</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Yemen" title="Music of Yemen">Yemen</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Zambia" title="Music of Zambia">Zambia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Zimbabwe" title="Music of Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_music_articles" title="Index of music articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_music" title="Outline of music">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_musical_events" title="Timeline of musical events">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_albums" title="Lists of albums">Albums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_classical_and_art_music_traditions" title="List of classical and art music traditions">Classical and art music traditions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_classical_music_genres" title="List of classical music genres">Classical music genres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cultural_and_regional_genres_of_music" title="List of cultural and regional genres of music">Cultural and regional genres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_musical_instruments" title="List of musical instruments">Instruments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_jazz_and_popular_music" title="Glossary of jazz and popular music">Jazz and popular music glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_music_genres_and_styles" title="List of music genres and styles">Music genres and styles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_songs" title="Lists of songs">Songs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_music_terminology" title="Glossary of music terminology">Terminology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aesthetics_of_music" title="Aesthetics of music">Aesthetics of music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Album_era" title="Album era">Album era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fictional_music" title="Fictional music">Fictional music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_and_emotion" title="Music and emotion">Music and emotion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_and_fashion" title="Music and fashion">Music and fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_industry" title="Music industry">Music industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_and_politics" title="Music and politics">Music and politics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_and_political_warfare" title="Music and political warfare">Warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism_in_music" title="Environmentalism in music">Environmentalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_festival" title="Music festival">Music festival</a></li> <li><a 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