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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zikr_rituals_as_religious_forms_of_recitation_and_performance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zikr_rituals_as_religious_forms_of_recitation_and_performance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Zikr rituals as religious forms of recitation and performance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zikr_rituals_as_religious_forms_of_recitation_and_performance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Brass_bands_and_the_origins_of_modern_Sudanese_music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brass_bands_and_the_origins_of_modern_Sudanese_music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Brass bands and the origins of modern Sudanese music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brass_bands_and_the_origins_of_modern_Sudanese_music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Development_of_modern_Sudanese_music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Development_of_modern_Sudanese_music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Development of modern Sudanese music</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Development_of_modern_Sudanese_music-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Development of modern Sudanese music subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Development_of_modern_Sudanese_music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_1920s:_hageeba,_the_origin_of_modern_popular_music_in_Sudan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_1920s:_hageeba,_the_origin_of_modern_popular_music_in_Sudan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>The 1920s: hageeba, the origin of modern popular music in Sudan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_1920s:_hageeba,_the_origin_of_modern_popular_music_in_Sudan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1930s_–_1950s:_rise_of_popular_music_through_records,_radio_and_music_halls" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1930s_–_1950s:_rise_of_popular_music_through_records,_radio_and_music_halls"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>1930s – 1950s: rise of popular music through records, radio and music halls</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1930s_–_1950s:_rise_of_popular_music_through_records,_radio_and_music_halls-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1960s_–_1980s:_the_Golden_Age_of_popular_music_in_Sudan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1960s_–_1980s:_the_Golden_Age_of_popular_music_in_Sudan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>1960s – 1980s: the Golden Age of popular music in Sudan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1960s_–_1980s:_the_Golden_Age_of_popular_music_in_Sudan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1990s_–_2000s:_restrictions_through_sharia_law_and_the_decline_of_popular_music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1990s_–_2000s:_restrictions_through_sharia_law_and_the_decline_of_popular_music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>1990s – 2000s: restrictions through sharia law and the decline of popular music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1990s_–_2000s:_restrictions_through_sharia_law_and_the_decline_of_popular_music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2000s_–_present" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2000s_–_present"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>2000s – present</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2000s_–_present-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Protest_songs,_reggae,_hip_hop_and_rap" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Protest_songs,_reggae,_hip_hop_and_rap"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5.1</span> <span>Protest songs, reggae, hip hop and rap</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Protest_songs,_reggae,_hip_hop_and_rap-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Urban_contemporary_music_of_the_21st_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Urban_contemporary_music_of_the_21st_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5.2</span> <span>Urban contemporary music of the 21st century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Urban_contemporary_music_of_the_21st_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reference_notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reference_notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Reference notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reference_notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works_cited" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_cited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Works cited</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_cited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-External_links-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle External links subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Selected_discography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Selected_discography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Selected discography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Selected_discography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-To_audio_files_or_music_videos" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#To_audio_files_or_music_videos"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>To audio files or music videos</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-To_audio_files_or_music_videos-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle">Culture of Sudan</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Sudan.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/50px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/75px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/100px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Sudan" title="Architecture of Sudan">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_arts_of_Sudan" title="Visual arts of Sudan">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Sudan" title="Cinema of Sudan">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orders,_decorations,_and_medals_of_Sudan" title="Orders, decorations, and medals of Sudan">Decorations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Sudan#History_since_independence" title="Economy of Sudan">Economic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Sudan#Ethnic_groups" title="Demographics of Sudan">Ethnic groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudanese_cuisine" title="Sudanese cuisine">Food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sudan" title="History of Sudan">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horses_in_Sudan" title="Horses in Sudan">Horses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Sudan" title="Languages of Sudan">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudanese_literature" title="Sudanese literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_Sudan" title="Marriage in Sudan">Marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Sudan" title="Media of Sudan">Media</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Sudan" title="Photography in Sudan">Photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Sudan" title="Religion in Sudan">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Sudan" class="mw-redirect" title="Sport in Sudan">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Sudan" title="Television in Sudan">Television</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sudan_culture" title="Template:Sudan culture"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sudan_culture" title="Template talk:Sudan culture"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sudan_culture" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sudan culture"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the music of South Sudan that was part of Sudan until 2011, see <a href="/wiki/South_Sudan#Culture" title="South Sudan">South Sudan Culture</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mohamed_Elamin_Sudanese_Singer.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Mohamed_Elamin_Sudanese_Singer.png/280px-Mohamed_Elamin_Sudanese_Singer.png" decoding="async" width="280" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Mohamed_Elamin_Sudanese_Singer.png/420px-Mohamed_Elamin_Sudanese_Singer.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Mohamed_Elamin_Sudanese_Singer.png/560px-Mohamed_Elamin_Sudanese_Singer.png 2x" data-file-width="610" data-file-height="432" /></a><figcaption>Famous singer <a href="/wiki/Mohammed_al_Amin" title="Mohammed al Amin">Mohammed al Amin</a> and his band</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="46" data-mwtitle="Sudanese_national_anthem,_performed_by_the_U.S._Navy_Band.oga" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Sudanese_national_anthem,_performed_by_the_U.S._Navy_Band.oga"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/9c/Sudanese_national_anthem%2C_performed_by_the_U.S._Navy_Band.oga/Sudanese_national_anthem%2C_performed_by_the_U.S._Navy_Band.oga.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9c/Sudanese_national_anthem%2C_performed_by_the_U.S._Navy_Band.oga" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ASudanese_national_anthem%2C_performed_by_the_U.S._Navy_Band.oga&lang=ar&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ar" label="العربية ‪(ar)‬" data-dir="rtl" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ASudanese_national_anthem%2C_performed_by_the_U.S._Navy_Band.oga&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ASudanese_national_anthem%2C_performed_by_the_U.S._Navy_Band.oga&lang=es&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="es" label="español ‪(es)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></span><figcaption>Sudanese national anthem, performed by the U.S. Navy Band</figcaption></figure> <p>The rich and varied <b>music of Sudan</b> has traditional, rural, northeastern African roots<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and also shows <a href="/wiki/Arabic_music" title="Arabic music">Arabic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Popular_music" title="Popular music">Western</a> or other <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Africa" title="Music of Africa">African</a> influences, especially on the popular <a href="/wiki/Urban_contemporary" class="mw-redirect" title="Urban contemporary">urban music</a> from the early 20th century onwards. Since the establishment of big cities like <a href="/wiki/Khartoum" title="Khartoum">Khartoum</a> as melting pots for people of diverse backgrounds, their <a href="/wiki/Cultural_heritage" title="Cultural heritage">cultural heritage</a> and tastes have shaped numerous forms of modern popular music.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/Globalization" title="Globalization">globalized world</a> of today, the creation and consumption of music through satellite TV or on the Internet is a driving force for cultural change in Sudan, popular with local audiences as well as with <a href="/wiki/Category:Sudanese_diaspora" title="Category:Sudanese diaspora">Sudanese living abroad</a>. </p><p>Even after the secession of <a href="/wiki/South_Sudan" title="South Sudan">South Sudan</a> in 2011, the <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a> of today is very diverse, with <a href="/wiki/Sudan#Ethnic_groups" title="Sudan">five hundred plus ethnic groups</a> spread across the territory of what is the third largest country in Africa. The cultures of its ethnic and social groups have been marked by a complex cultural legacy, going back to the <a href="/wiki/Islamization_of_the_Sudan_region" title="Islamization of the Sudan region">spread of Islam</a>, the regional history of the slave trade and by <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples" title="Indigenous peoples">indigenous</a> African and <a href="/wiki/Arab" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab">Arab</a> cultural heritage. Though some of the ethnic groups still maintain their <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_language" title="Indigenous language">own African language</a>, most Sudanese today use the distinct <a href="/wiki/Sudanese_Arabic" title="Sudanese Arabic">Sudanese version of Arabic</a>. </p><p>Due to its geographic location in North Africa, where <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Africa" title="Culture of Africa">African</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arabic_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic culture">Arabic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christian_culture" title="Christian culture">Christian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Islamic_culture" title="Islamic culture">Islamic cultures</a> have shaped people's identities, and bordering the <a href="/wiki/Sahel" title="Sahel">Sahel</a> region, Sudan has been a cultural crossroads between North, East and West Africa, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabian Peninsula</a>, for hundreds of years. Thus, it has a rich and very diverse musical culture, ranging from traditional folk music to Sudanese popular urban music of the 20th century and up to the internationally influenced <a href="/wiki/African_pop_music" class="mw-redirect" title="African pop music">African popular music</a> of today. </p><p>Despite religious and cultural objections towards music and dance in public life, musical traditions have always enjoyed great popularity with most Sudanese. Apart from singing in <a href="/wiki/Modern_Standard_Arabic" title="Modern Standard Arabic">Standard Arabic</a>, the majority of Sudanese singers express their lyrics in Sudanese Arabic, thereby touching the feelings of their national audience as well as the growing number of Sudanese living abroad, notably in Egypt, Saudi Arabia and the Gulf countries. Even during times of wide-ranging restrictions of public life imposed by the government, public concerts or the celebration of weddings and other social events with music and dance have always been part of cultural life in Sudan.<sup id="cite_ref-verney2005_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-verney2005-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Folk_music_and_other_traditional_musical_forms">Folk music and other traditional musical forms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Sudan&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Folk music and other traditional musical forms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sudanese_Traditional_music_instrument.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Sudanese_Traditional_music_instrument.JPG/220px-Sudanese_Traditional_music_instrument.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Sudanese_Traditional_music_instrument.JPG/330px-Sudanese_Traditional_music_instrument.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Sudanese_Traditional_music_instrument.JPG/440px-Sudanese_Traditional_music_instrument.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="5184" /></a><figcaption>A man playing traditional Sudanese drums.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Sub-Saharan_African_music_traditions" title="Sub-Saharan African music traditions">Sub-Saharan African music traditions</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rural_traditional_music_and_dance">Rural traditional music and dance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Sudan&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Rural traditional music and dance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As in other neighboring African regions, the traditional musical styles of Sudan are ancient,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> rich and diverse, with different <a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Regions of Africa">regions</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">ethnic groups</a> having many distinct musical traditions. <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Africa" title="Music of Africa">Music in Africa</a> has always been very important as an integral part of <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Africa" title="Religion in Africa">religious</a> and social life of communities. Performances of songs, dance and instrumental music are used in <a href="/wiki/Ritual" title="Ritual">rituals</a> and social <a href="/wiki/Ceremony" title="Ceremony">ceremonies</a> like weddings, <a href="/wiki/Circumcision" title="Circumcision">circumcision</a> rites or to accompany the <a href="/wiki/Kharga_Oasis#Darb_El_Arba'īn_caravan_route" title="Kharga Oasis">long camel treks</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Bedouin" title="Bedouin">Bedouins</a>. In these performances, music always has been a social event, marked by the combination of performers, lyrics, music and the participation of the community, like dancing or other types of sharing a musical event. Traditional music and its performance have been handed down from generation to generation by accomplished musicians to younger generations and was not written down, except in recent times by formally trained musicians or <a href="/wiki/Ethnomusicology" title="Ethnomusicology">ethnomusicologists</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In contrast to <a href="/wiki/Arabic_music#Art_music" title="Arabic music">traditional Arabic music</a>, most Sudanese music styles are <a href="/wiki/Pentatonic_scale" title="Pentatonic scale">pentatonic</a>, and the simultaneous beats of percussion or singing in <a href="/wiki/Polyrhythm" title="Polyrhythm">polyrhythms</a> are further prominent characteristics of Sudanese music.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The music of Sudan also has a strong tradition of <a href="/wiki/Category:Sudanese_poets" title="Category:Sudanese poets">lyrical expression</a> that uses oblique metaphors, speaks about love, the history of a tribe or the beauty of the country. In his essay <b>Sudanese Singing 1908–1958</b>, author El Sirr A. Gadour translated an example for the lyrics of a love song from the beginning of the 20th century as follows:<sup id="cite_ref-:1_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Native_Minstrels_(1906)_-_TIMEA.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Native_Minstrels_%281906%29_-_TIMEA.jpg/220px-Native_Minstrels_%281906%29_-_TIMEA.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="297" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Native_Minstrels_%281906%29_-_TIMEA.jpg/330px-Native_Minstrels_%281906%29_-_TIMEA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Native_Minstrels_%281906%29_-_TIMEA.jpg/440px-Native_Minstrels_%281906%29_-_TIMEA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="679" data-file-height="916" /></a><figcaption>Tribal minstrels with <a href="/wiki/Tanb%C5%ABra_(lyre)" title="Tanbūra (lyre)">tanbūra</a>, 1906</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><div class="poem"> <p>O beautiful one, draw near<br /> Reveal your cheek's scarifications <br /> Let my elation be hallucination in love <br /> The sting of a scorpion <br /> Is more bearable than your disdain. </p> </div></blockquote> <p>One of the most typical East African instruments, called <i><a href="/wiki/Tanb%C5%ABra_(lyre)" title="Tanbūra (lyre)">tanbūra</a></i> or <i><a href="/wiki/Kissar" title="Kissar">kissar</a></i> in Nubian music,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was traditionally played by the singers as the usual accompaniment for such songs, but this Sudanese <a href="/wiki/Lyre" title="Lyre">lyre</a> has largely been replaced in the 20th century by the Arabic <a href="/wiki/Oud" title="Oud">oud</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Drums, <a href="/wiki/Hand_Clapping" class="mw-redirect" title="Hand Clapping">hand clapping</a> and dancing are other important elements of traditional musical performances, as well as the use of other <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Africa#Musical_instruments" title="Music of Africa">African instruments</a>, like traditional <a href="/wiki/Xylophone" title="Xylophone">xylophones</a>, flutes or trumpets. One example for this are the elaborate wooden <a href="/wiki/Gourd" title="Gourd">gourd</a> trumpets, called al Waza,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> played by the <a href="/wiki/Berta_people" title="Berta people">Berta people</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Blue_Nile_(state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Blue Nile (state)">Blue Nile state</a>. </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/A_History_of_the_World_in_100_Objects" title="A History of the World in 100 Objects">The History of the World in 100 Objects</a></i> features a large wooden <a href="/wiki/Slit_drum" title="Slit drum">slit drum</a> in the shape of a buffalo from southern Sudan, probably made in the 19th century for traditional performances in larger ensembles or to summon warriors, that is now held in the <a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a> in London.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A copper <a href="/wiki/Kettle_drum" class="mw-redirect" title="Kettle drum">kettle drum</a> that was reputedly used by <a href="/wiki/Mahdist_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahdist war">Mahdist forces</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Omdurman" title="Battle of Omdurman">Battle of Omdurman</a> (1898) is in the collection of the National Army Museum in London.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_role_of_women_in_traditional_music">The role of women in traditional music</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Sudan&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: The role of women in traditional music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sudanese_Music.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Sudanese_Music.jpg/280px-Sudanese_Music.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Sudanese_Music.jpg/420px-Sudanese_Music.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Sudanese_Music.jpg/560px-Sudanese_Music.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4128" data-file-height="2322" /></a><figcaption>Sudanese women performing at a traditional festival or wedding celebration</figcaption></figure><p>In many ethnic groups, distinguished women play an important role in the social celebration of a tribe's virtues and history. In her report about women as singers in <a href="/wiki/Darfur" title="Darfur">Darfur</a>, the ethnomusicologist Roxane Connick Carlisle recounts her fieldwork during the 1960s in three ethnic groups. She describes the common traits of these <a href="/wiki/Bard" title="Bard">bards</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Zaghawa_people" title="Zaghawa people">Zaghawa</a> ethnic group like this:<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>"Free vocal rhythm and simple meter throughout, undulating and generally descending solo melodies ranging within an octave, great importance given to meaningful text, a syllabic setting of text to tone level, and a generally relaxed and thoughtful performance of songs – these are the traits present in the repertories of Zaghawi female bards and non-specialist singers. (...) Her personal character must have won the respect of her people, before she can be acceptable functionally as someone with power to move their thoughts and their emotional reactions into the areas she directs. She must be acknowledged as the most clever and witty singer; often she must embody the idea of physical attraction, and particularly she must have the gift of poetry and improvisation, all this encompassed in a person of dignified bearing."</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Roxane Connick Carlisle, <i>Women singers in Darfur, Sudan Republic (1976)</i>, p. 266</cite></div></blockquote> <p>Another traditional form of women's role in <a href="/wiki/Oral_poetry" title="Oral poetry">oral poetry</a> are the songs of <a href="/wiki/Praise" title="Praise">praise</a> or <a href="/wiki/Mockery" title="Mockery">ridicule</a> of singers in <a href="/wiki/Western_Sudan" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Sudan">western Sudan</a>, called <i>Hakamat</i>. These are women of high social standing, respected for their eloquence, intuition and decisiveness, who may both <a href="/wiki/Incitement" title="Incitement">incite</a> or <a href="/wiki/Defamation" title="Defamation">vilify</a> the men of their <a href="/wiki/Tribe" title="Tribe">tribe</a>, when engaged in <a href="/wiki/Feud" title="Feud">feuds</a> with other tribes. The social impact of these <i>Hakamat</i> can be so strong, that they have been invited by <a href="/wiki/Peacebuilding" title="Peacebuilding">peacebuilding</a> initiatives in Darfur to exert their influence for <a href="/wiki/Conflict_resolution" title="Conflict resolution">conflict resolution</a> or contemporary social issues, like <a href="/wiki/Environmental_protection" title="Environmental protection">environmental protection</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sudanese women are also known both at home and in the wider region for their role as singers and musicians playing the dalooka drum in <i>aghani al-banat</i> (transl.: Girls' songs)<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as for their spiritual musical performances called <a href="/wiki/Z%C4%81r" title="Zār">zār</a>, believed to be able to <a href="/wiki/Exorcism" title="Exorcism">exorcise</a> evil spirits from possessed individuals.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Drummer_at_Hamed_el-Nil_Mosque_(8625532075).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Drummer_at_Hamed_el-Nil_Mosque_%288625532075%29.jpg/220px-Drummer_at_Hamed_el-Nil_Mosque_%288625532075%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Drummer_at_Hamed_el-Nil_Mosque_%288625532075%29.jpg/330px-Drummer_at_Hamed_el-Nil_Mosque_%288625532075%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Drummer_at_Hamed_el-Nil_Mosque_%288625532075%29.jpg/440px-Drummer_at_Hamed_el-Nil_Mosque_%288625532075%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>A Sufi participant during the Friday afternoon <a href="/wiki/Dhikr" title="Dhikr"><i>zikr</i></a> at the tomb of Sheikh Hamed el-Nil in Omdurman.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Zikr_rituals_as_religious_forms_of_recitation_and_performance">Zikr rituals as religious forms of recitation and performance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Sudan&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Zikr rituals as religious forms of recitation and performance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The numerous brotherhoods of <a href="/wiki/Sufi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sufi">Sufi</a> <a href="/wiki/Dervish" title="Dervish">dervishes</a> in Sudan are religious, mystical groups that use prayers, music and ritual dance to achieve an <a href="/wiki/Altered_state_of_consciousness" title="Altered state of consciousness">altered state of consciousness</a> in an Islamic tradition called <i><a href="/wiki/Zikr" class="mw-redirect" title="Zikr">zikr</a></i> (remembrance). These ritualized <i>zikr</i> ceremonies are, however, not considered by the faithful as musical performances, but as a form of prayer. Each order or lineage within an order has one or more forms for <i>zikr</i>, the <a href="/wiki/Liturgy" title="Liturgy">liturgy</a> of which may include <a href="/wiki/Recitation" title="Recitation">recitation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Instrumental_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Instrumental music">instrumental accompaniment by drums</a>, dance, <a href="/wiki/Costume" title="Costume">costumes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Incense" title="Incense">incense</a>, and is sometimes leading to <a href="/wiki/Religious_ecstasy" title="Religious ecstasy">ecstasy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Trance" title="Trance">trance</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Zikr</i> rituals are most often celebrated on late Friday afternoons, like the one at the tomb of Sheikh Hamed el-Nil in <a href="/wiki/Omdurman" title="Omdurman">Omdurman</a>.<i><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></i> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Brass_bands_and_the_origins_of_modern_Sudanese_music">Brass bands and the origins of modern Sudanese music</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Sudan&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Brass bands and the origins of modern Sudanese music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From the early 1920s onwards, radio, records, film and later television have contributed to the development of Sudanese popular music by introducing new instruments and styles. Already during the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Sudan" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish Sudan">Turkish-Egyptian rule</a> and later during the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Egyptian_Sudan" title="Anglo-Egyptian Sudan">Anglo-Egyptian condominium</a> until independence, first Egyptian, and then <a href="/wiki/Marching_band#Military_style" title="Marching band">British military bands</a> left their mark, especially through the musical training of Sudanese soldiers and by introducing Western <a href="/wiki/Brass_instrument" title="Brass instrument">brass instruments</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to social historian Ahmad Sikainga, "Sudanese members of military bands can be regarded as the first professional musicians, taking the lead in the process of modernization and <a href="/wiki/Indigenization" title="Indigenization">indigenisation</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Today still, such marching bands represent a characteristic element in Sudan, playing the <a href="/wiki/Nahnu_Jund_Allah_Jund_Al-watan" title="Nahnu Jund Allah Jund Al-watan">National Anthem</a> on <a href="/wiki/History_of_Sudan_(1956%E2%80%9369)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Sudan (1956–69)">Independence Day</a> and other official celebrations. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Development_of_modern_Sudanese_music">Development of modern Sudanese music</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Sudan&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Development of modern Sudanese music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_1920s:_hageeba,_the_origin_of_modern_popular_music_in_Sudan"><span id="The_1920s:_hageeba.2C_the_origin_of_modern_popular_music_in_Sudan"></span>The 1920s: hageeba, the origin of modern popular music in Sudan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Sudan&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: The 1920s: hageeba, the origin of modern popular music in Sudan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Msawa_nurkum_Msawa_nurkum_Karouma_record_label.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Msawa_nurkum_Msawa_nurkum_Karouma_record_label.jpg/220px-Msawa_nurkum_Msawa_nurkum_Karouma_record_label.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Msawa_nurkum_Msawa_nurkum_Karouma_record_label.jpg/330px-Msawa_nurkum_Msawa_nurkum_Karouma_record_label.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Msawa_nurkum_Msawa_nurkum_Karouma_record_label.jpg/440px-Msawa_nurkum_Msawa_nurkum_Karouma_record_label.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1054" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Phonograph_record" title="Phonograph record">78-rpm gramophone record</a> with two parts of a hageeba song by <a href="/wiki/Abdel_Karim_Karouma" title="Abdel Karim Karouma">Abdel Karim Karouma</a>, late 1920s or 1930s</figcaption></figure> <p>The strongest stylistic influence in the development of modern popular Sudanese music has become known as <i>hageeba</i> music (pronounced <i>hagee-ba</i> and meaning <i>"briefcase"</i>). The name <i>hageeba</i>, however, was only applied much later to popular songs from the 1920s, when radio presenter Ahmed Mohamed Saleh talked about old records, collected in his briefcase for his show <i>hageebat al-fann</i> (a<i>rtistic</i> <i>briefcase</i>), that he presented on <a href="/wiki/Media_of_Sudan#Radio_and_television" title="Media of Sudan">Radio Omdurman</a> during the 1940s.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In terms of the history of music of Sudan, the label <i>hageeba</i> applies to an important change in the development of modern music: A new urban style of singing and lyrics was evolving, moving away from tribal <a href="/wiki/Folk_music" title="Folk music">folk songs</a> and the melodies of religious, devotional singing. This style was inaugurated by the singer Muhamad Wad El Faki, as well as others like Muhamad Ahmed Sarour, who were later inspired by Wad El Faki.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These songs were initially inspired by the vocal tradition of Islamic praise chanting for the <a href="/wiki/Prophet_Muhammad" class="mw-redirect" title="Prophet Muhammad">prophet Muhammad</a>, known as <i><a href="/wiki/Madeeh" title="Madeeh">madeeh</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gradually, melodies known from <i>madeeh</i> were used by singers like Wad El Faki and others to accompany new, non-religious lyrics. During his childhood years at a <a href="/wiki/Madrasa" title="Madrasa">religious school</a>, called <i><a href="/wiki/Khalwa_(school)" title="Khalwa (school)">khalwa</a></i> in Sudan, Wad El Faki had learned recitation in <a href="/wiki/Classical_Arabic" title="Classical Arabic">classical Arabic</a>, voice control and correct pronunciation. According to El Sirr A. Gadour, Wad El Faki "did not belong to any of the main ethnic communities in Omdurman. This freed him from a narrow identity and made him a 'general' singer, crossing the tribal barrier to broader national affiliation."<sup id="cite_ref-:1_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Hageeba</i> started as essentially vocal music, sung by a lead singer and a chorus, with percussion coming from the <a href="/wiki/Tambourine" title="Tambourine">tambourine</a>-like <a href="/wiki/Tar_(drum)" title="Tar (drum)"><i>tar</i></a> frame drum. It was performed at weddings and other social occasions and soon became popular. – During the 1930s, the first commercial <a href="/wiki/Phonograph_record#History" title="Phonograph record">78 rpm gramophone records</a> of Sudanese musicians such as Muhamad Ahmed Sarour and <a href="/wiki/Khalil_Farah" title="Khalil Farah">Khalil Farah</a> were recorded in Cairo and marketed from Omdurman, from where this new music spread to listeners in <a href="/wiki/Khartoum_(state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Khartoum (state)">greater Khartoum</a> and other urban centres.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1930s_–_1950s:_rise_of_popular_music_through_records,_radio_and_music_halls"><span id="1930s_.E2.80.93_1950s:_rise_of_popular_music_through_records.2C_radio_and_music_halls"></span>1930s – 1950s: rise of popular music through records, radio and music halls</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Sudan&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: 1930s – 1950s: rise of popular music through records, radio and music halls"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since the mid-1920s, modern instruments such as pianos, accordions and violins, as well as records and record players were imported.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>g<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1930s, a number of music companies opened in Sudan, among them the <a href="/wiki/Gordon_Memorial_College" title="Gordon Memorial College">Gordon Memorial College</a> musical company. One of its members, called Mohamed Adam Adham, composed the piece <i>Adhamiya,</i> one of the earliest formal Sudanese compositions, that is still often played.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The pioneers of this era were often singer-songwriters, including the prolific Abdallah Abdel Karim, called Karouma,<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the innovative Ibrahim al-Abadi and Khalil Farah,<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a poet and singer, who wrote the lyrics and music for the patriotic song <i>Azza fi Hawak</i> and was active in the Sudanese national movement.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Al-Abadi was known for an unorthodox style of fusing traditional wedding poetry with music. Further, a specific style of rhythmic choral singing by Sudanese women evolved out of <a href="/wiki/Griot" title="Griot">praise singing</a> during the 1930s, called <i>Tum Tum</i>. Originating from <a href="/wiki/Kosti,_Sudan" title="Kosti, Sudan">Kosti</a> on the <a href="/wiki/White_Nile" title="White Nile">White Nile</a>, the lyrics of <i>tum tum</i> were romantic, but sometimes also talking about the <a href="/wiki/Gender_inequality_in_Sudan" class="mw-redirect" title="Gender inequality in Sudan">difficulties of female life</a>. The music was danceable and became quickly popular in urban centres.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 1940s saw an influx of new names due to the rise of music programmes at Radio Omdurman.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Notable performers included Ismail Abdul Mu'ain, Hassan Attia and Ahmed al Mustafa. Another singer-songwriter was <a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_al_Kashif" title="Ibrahim al Kashif">Ibrahim al Kashif</a>, who was called the <i>Father of modern singing</i>. Al Kashif sang in the style of Mohamed Ahmed Sarour, a pioneer of <i>hageeba</i>, and relied on what Abdel Karim Karouma had started, renewing popular singing styles. For live performances, there were also two dance halls in <a href="/wiki/Khartoum" title="Khartoum">Khartoum</a>, St James' and the Gordon Music Hall.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Subsequently, Sudanese popular music evolved into what is generally referred to as <i>"post-hageeba"</i>, a style dominating in the 1940s, 1950s and 1960s. This period was marked by the introduction of instruments from both East and West, such as the violin, <a href="/wiki/Accordion" title="Accordion">accordion</a>, oud, <a href="/wiki/Tabla" title="Tabla">tabla</a> or <a href="/wiki/Bongo_drum" title="Bongo drum">bongo drums</a>. Further, a <a href="/wiki/Big_band" title="Big band">big band</a> style with a <a href="/wiki/String_section" title="String section">string section</a> and brass instruments came into existence. <i>Post-hageeba</i> music, mixed with Egyptian and Western elements has also been called <i>al-aghani al-hadith</i> (modern songs).<sup id="cite_ref-verney2006_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-verney2006-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1960s_–_1980s:_the_Golden_Age_of_popular_music_in_Sudan"><span id="1960s_.E2.80.93_1980s:_the_Golden_Age_of_popular_music_in_Sudan"></span>1960s – 1980s: the Golden Age of popular music in Sudan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Sudan&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: 1960s – 1980s: the Golden Age of popular music in Sudan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sharhabil_Ahmed_and_his_band.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Sharhabil_Ahmed_and_his_band.jpg/220px-Sharhabil_Ahmed_and_his_band.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Sharhabil_Ahmed_and_his_band.jpg/330px-Sharhabil_Ahmed_and_his_band.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Sharhabil_Ahmed_and_his_band.jpg/440px-Sharhabil_Ahmed_and_his_band.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6724" data-file-height="5999" /></a><figcaption>Sharhabil Ahmed and his band</figcaption></figure> <p>In the 1960s, American pop stars became well known, which had a profound effect on Sudanese musicians like Osman Alamu and Ibrahim Awad, the latter becoming the first Sudanese musician to dance on stage.<sup id="cite_ref-verney20062_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-verney20062-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under these influences, Sudanese popular music saw a further <a href="/wiki/Westernisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Westernisation">Westernisation</a> and the introduction of electric guitars and brass instruments. Guitar music also came from the South of the country, and was played like the <a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Music of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Congolese</a> guitar styles. Congolese music like <a href="/wiki/Soukous" title="Soukous">soukous</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Cuban_Rumba" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuban Rumba">Cuban Rumba</a>, exerted a profound influence on Sudanese popular music.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Starting his career in the late 1950s, the Nubian singer, songwriter and instrumentalist Mohammed Wardi became one of Sudan's first <a href="/wiki/Superstar" title="Superstar">superstars</a>. Despite his exile following the <a href="/wiki/1989_Sudanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1989 Sudanese coup d'état">military coup in 1989</a>, his popularity in Sudan and beyond kept rising until his return in 2002 and up to his death in 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Singer-songwriter <a href="/wiki/Sayed_Khalifa" title="Sayed Khalifa">Sayed Khalifa</a> was one of the first Sudanese musicians trained in formal music theory, which he acquired at the Arab Music Institute in Cairo during the early 1950s. Like other Sudanese singers, he performed in both <a href="/wiki/Modern_Standard_Arabic" title="Modern Standard Arabic">Standard Arabic</a> as well as in the Sudanese form of Arabic, thus appealing both to the educated elite and to the common people. Khalifa is known for his songs <i>Ya Watani (My Homeland)</i> and <i>Izzayakum Keifinnakum (How are you?)</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Performing from the late 1970s onward, a new popular singer was <a href="/wiki/Mostafa_Sid_Ahmed" title="Mostafa Sid Ahmed">Mostafa Sid Ahmed</a>. A teacher as a young man, he entered the College of Fine Arts and Music in Khartoum and composed his music to the <a href="/wiki/Lyrics" title="Lyrics">lyrics</a> of many well-known Sudanese poets like <a href="/wiki/Azhari_Mohamed_Ali" title="Azhari Mohamed Ali">Azhari Mohamed Ali</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mahjoub_Sharif" title="Mahjoub Sharif">Mahjoub Sharif</a>, often expressing the longing for freedom and the struggle of the Sudanese people against dictatorship.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An important development in modern Sudanese music was introduced by the group <i>Sharhabil and his band</i> – formed by a group of friends from Omdurman – namely <a href="/wiki/Sharhabil_Ahmed" title="Sharhabil Ahmed">Sharhabil Ahmed</a><sup id="cite_ref-:2_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and his fellow musicians <a href="/wiki/Ali_Nur_Elgalil" class="mw-redirect" title="Ali Nur Elgalil">Ali Nur Elgalil</a>, Farghali Rahman, Kamal Hussain, Mahaddi Ali, Hassan Sirougy and Ahmed Dawood. Sharhabil's wife and member of the band, <a href="/wiki/Zakia_Abdul_Gassim_Abu_Bakr" class="mw-redirect" title="Zakia Abdul Gassim Abu Bakr">Zakia Abdul Gassim Abu Bakr</a>, was the first female guitarist in Sudan.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They introduced modern rhythms relating to Western pop and soul music, using electric guitars, double bass, and jazz-like brass instruments, with an emphasis on the rhythm section. Their lyrics were also poetic and became very popular. Up to the late 2010s, Sharhabil's band has been one of the leading names in Sudanese music, performing both at home as well as internationally. Another popular group of the late 1970s were called <b>The Scorpions and Saif Abu Bakr</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Al_Balabil_Sudanese_musical_group_record_cover.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b2/Al_Balabil_Sudanese_musical_group_record_cover.jpg/220px-Al_Balabil_Sudanese_musical_group_record_cover.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/b/b2/Al_Balabil_Sudanese_musical_group_record_cover.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="316" data-file-height="316" /></a><figcaption>Record cover of the song "My way to school" by <a href="/wiki/Al_Balabil_(musical_group)" title="Al Balabil (musical group)">Al Balabil</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Since the 1940s, women had slowly become socially acceptable on the musical scene: Well-known singers were Um el Hassan el Shaygiya and most of all, <a href="/wiki/Aisha_Musa_Ahmad" class="mw-redirect" title="Aisha Musa Ahmad">Aisha al Falatiya</a>, who as early as 1943 was the first woman to sing on Sudanese radio. Another outstanding female singer and political activist of the years before and after Sudan's independence in 1956 was <a href="/wiki/Hawa_Al-Tagtaga" title="Hawa Al-Tagtaga">Hawa Al-Tagtaga</a>, who left a long lasting influence for the "moral and cultural <a href="/wiki/Legitimacy_(political)" title="Legitimacy (political)">legitimacy</a> she bestowed on younger generations of Sudanese women singers who follow her tradition", as critic Magdy El Gizouli put it.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the 1970s, a wave of new women's groups became prominent on stage and the radio. Most famous among these was a band composed of three sisters called <a href="/wiki/Al_Balabil_(musical_group)" title="Al Balabil (musical group)">Al Balabil</a> (transl.: The Nightingales). They formed as a band in 1971, appeared on many live and TV shows and became very popular across East Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 1980s saw the rise of <a href="/wiki/Hanan_Bulu_Bulu" title="Hanan Bulu Bulu">Hanan Bulu Bulu</a>, a singer whose performances were deemed by some as sensual and provocative. She was repeatedly detained by the authorities and even beaten up by hardliners.<sup id="cite_ref-Verney2006_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Verney2006-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>International popular genres like Western dance music, rock or pop music and <a href="/wiki/African-American_music" title="African-American music">African-American music</a> have had a profound effect on modern Sudanese music. As in other African countries, one of these influences were the military <a href="/wiki/Brass_band" title="Brass band">brass bands</a>. Playing in such bands attracted many young <a href="/wiki/Military_recruitment" title="Military recruitment">military recruits</a>, who later carried their newly learned music style and instruments over to popular music. The result was a kind of dance music, referred to as (Sudanese) <a href="/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">jazz</a>, which was not related to the American style of jazz, but similar to other modern dance music styles throughout East Africa. Prominent band leaders in this era include <a href="/wiki/Abdel_Gadir_Salim" title="Abdel Gadir Salim">Abdel Gadir Salim</a> and <a href="/wiki/Abdel_Aziz_El_Mubarak" title="Abdel Aziz El Mubarak">Abdel Aziz El Mubarak</a>, both of whom have achieved international fame and distribution of their albums.<sup id="cite_ref-verney2006_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-verney2006-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In retrospect, the 1960s up to the 80s were called 'The Golden Age of Sudanese popular music'.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This period was documented by <a href="/wiki/Reissue" title="Reissue">re-issue</a>d albums in 2018, when researchers from the US and Germany were looking for still existing recordings from that era. Out of this research, several digitised albums of popular music from Sudan were digitally <a href="/wiki/Remaster" title="Remaster">remastered</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These included stars like Abdel Aziz El Mubarak, <a href="/wiki/Kamal_Tarbas" title="Kamal Tarbas">Kamal Tarbas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khojali_Osman" title="Khojali Osman">Khojali Osman</a>, Abu Obeida Hassan,<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kamal Keila, Sharhabil Ahmed, Hanan Bulu Bulu, Samira Dunia and, most famously, Mohammed Wardi and have become available on the international market.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A special place among musicians from Sudan can be granted to composer, musician and music director <a href="/wiki/Ali_Osman_(composer)" title="Ali Osman (composer)">Ali Osman</a>, who settled in Cairo in 1978 and became one of the important figures in Egypt for classical and <a href="/wiki/Contemporary_classical_music" title="Contemporary classical music">contemporary music</a> in the European tradition. After his beginnings in Sudan as a self-taught rock musician, he later turned to classical music and composed <a href="/wiki/Symphony" title="Symphony">symphonic works</a> of Sudanese or Egyptian inspiration that have been performed internationally.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1990s_–_2000s:_restrictions_through_sharia_law_and_the_decline_of_popular_music"><span id="1990s_.E2.80.93_2000s:_restrictions_through_sharia_law_and_the_decline_of_popular_music"></span>1990s – 2000s: restrictions through sharia law and the decline of popular music</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Sudan&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: 1990s – 2000s: restrictions through sharia law and the decline of popular music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> After a <a href="/wiki/1989_Sudanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1989 Sudanese coup d'état">military coup in 1989</a>, the imposition of <i>sharia</i> law by an <a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamist</a> government brought about the closing of music halls and outdoor concerts, as well as many other restrictions for musicians and their audiences. Many of the country's most prominent musicians or writers were barred from public life, and in some cases even imprisoned. Others, like Mohammed al Amin, whose personal style of playing the oud influenced other musicians,<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Mohammed Wardi, took exile in Cairo or other places.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Traditional music suffered too, with East African <i>zār</i> ceremonies, where women conjure and exorcise evil spirits through music and dance, interrupted and deemed as 'pagan'.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this context of ceremonies for women, the singer Setona, born in <a href="/wiki/Kordofan" title="Kordofan">Kordofan</a> and raised in Khartoum, before she emigrated to Cairo in 1989, published two albums, called <i>Tariq Sudan</i> and <i>Queen of Hena</i>, with some of her songs related to <a href="/wiki/Henna" title="Henna">henna</a> ceremonies.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another singer and composer of popular songs, who appeared on Sudan's musical scene in the 1990s, is Nada Al-Qalaa. Through her songs, video clips and media interviews, Al-Qalaa has presented conservative views on social life and gender roles. This and the support by wealthy patrons in Sudan and Nigeria has caused criticism, accusing her of being close to the military government. On the other hand, her music and public appearance has earned her a wide following for more than twenty years.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Omer_Ihsas_%26_Peace_Messengers.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Omer_Ihsas_%26_Peace_Messengers.JPG/220px-Omer_Ihsas_%26_Peace_Messengers.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Omer_Ihsas_%26_Peace_Messengers.JPG/330px-Omer_Ihsas_%26_Peace_Messengers.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Omer_Ihsas_%26_Peace_Messengers.JPG/440px-Omer_Ihsas_%26_Peace_Messengers.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2740" data-file-height="2056" /></a><figcaption>Singer-songwriter <a href="/wiki/Omer_Ihsas" title="Omer Ihsas">Omer Ihsas</a> & his Peace Messengers from Darfur</figcaption></figure><p>The popular singer Abu Araki al-Bakheit was banned from performing his political songs, but eventually managed to continue performing in defiance of the authorities<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and had a comeback in 2019 during the <a href="/wiki/Sudanese_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Sudanese Revolution">Sudanese revolution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others, like the southern Sudanese singer Yousif Fataki had all their tapes erased by Radio Omdurman. Other performers that continued to be popular during this time include <a href="/wiki/Abdel_Karim_al_Kabli" title="Abdel Karim al Kabli">Abdel Karim al Kabli</a> or <a href="/wiki/Mahmoud_Abdulaziz" title="Mahmoud Abdulaziz">Mahmoud Abdulaziz</a>, both with a notably long and diverse history of performance and recordings, as well as Mohammed al Amin and Mohammed Wardi.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Occasionally accompanying Wardi and poetry recitals, blind oud player Awad Ahmoudi has been known for his distinct style of playing the oud in his typical style and pentatonic scales.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another musician, who started his career in the late 1980s and also suffered from harassment by the military government, is <a href="/wiki/Omer_Ihsas" title="Omer Ihsas">Omer Ihsas</a>. A native of southern Darfur, he and his band have played and spread their message of peace and reconciliation both in camps for <a href="/wiki/Internally_displaced_person" title="Internally displaced person">internally displaced people</a> in Darfur, as well as in Khartoum and on international stages.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Foreign musicians, who became popular in Sudan, included <a href="/wiki/Reggae" title="Reggae">reggae</a> superstar <a href="/wiki/Bob_Marley" title="Bob Marley">Bob Marley</a> and American pop singer <a href="/wiki/Michael_Jackson" title="Michael Jackson">Michael Jackson</a>, while the <a href="/wiki/Funk" title="Funk">funk</a> of <a href="/wiki/James_Brown_(musician)" class="mw-redirect" title="James Brown (musician)">James Brown</a> inspired Sudanese performers such as Kamal Keila.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The spread of international <a href="/wiki/Pop_music" title="Pop music">pop music</a> through radio, TV, cassette tapes and digital recordings also prompted a growing number of Sudanese musicians to sing in English, connecting their music with the outside world. – Even though the government of the time discouraged music, dance and theatre, the College of Music and Drama of <a href="/wiki/Sudan_University_of_Science_and_Technology" title="Sudan University of Science and Technology">Sudan University of Science and Technology</a> in Khartoum, in existence since 1969, continued to offer courses and degrees, thus giving young people a chance to study music or theatre.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2000s_–_present"><span id="2000s_.E2.80.93_present"></span>2000s – present</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Sudan&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: 2000s – present"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Protest_songs,_reggae,_hip_hop_and_rap"><span id="Protest_songs.2C_reggae.2C_hip_hop_and_rap"></span>Protest songs, reggae, hip hop and rap</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Sudan&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Protest songs, reggae, hip hop and rap"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Songs with political messages have been popular in Sudan since at least the 1960s. Political lyrics by poets and musicians such as Mohammed Wardi's "<i>Green October</i>" or Mohammed Al-Amin's song <i>"October 21st"</i> became famous in the context of the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_the_Sudan_(1956%E2%80%931969)#October_1964_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of the Sudan (1956–1969)">October 1964 Revolution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ever since the third <a href="/wiki/Sudanese_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Sudanese Revolution">Sudanese Revolution</a> started in December 2018, musicians, poets and visual artists have been playing an important part in the mainly <a href="/wiki/Youth" title="Youth">youth</a> driven movement.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Referring to its impact at the sit-in outside the Sudanese army headquarters on April 25, 2019, "Dum" (trans. blood), a song by Sudanese-American rap musician Ayman Mao was called the "Anthem of Sudan's Revolution".<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Sudanese blogger Ola Diab, "young urban musicians have used their musical talents and creativity to express the revolt of protesters against President Al Bashir and his regime."<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As in other countries, reggae, <a href="/wiki/Rapping" title="Rapping">rap</a> or <a href="/wiki/Hip_hop_music" title="Hip hop music">hip hop music</a> combines local talents and international, young audiences, both in live performances as well as on the internet. In 2018, Sudanese journalist Ola Diab published a list of contemporary music videos by upcoming artists, both from Sudan and the Sudanese diaspora in the US, Europe or the Middle East.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of them is the Sudanese–American rapper <a href="/wiki/Ramey_Dawoud" title="Ramey Dawoud">Ramey Dawoud</a> and another the Sudanese–Italian singer and songwriter Amira Kheir.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>International artists, such as the popular Australian hip hop musician <a href="/wiki/Bangs_(hip_hop_artist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangs (hip hop artist)">Bangs</a>, who was born in <a href="/wiki/Juba" title="Juba">Juba</a>, South Sudan, see these genres as an avenue for peace, tolerance, and community for millions of African youth, who are powerful in numbers but politically marginalised. As the example of South Sudanese singer <a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Jal" title="Emmanuel Jal">Emmanuel Jal</a> shows, the lyrics have the ability to reach even child soldiers to imagine a different lifestyle.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jimmie Briggs, the author of the book <i>Innocence Lost: When Child Soldiers Go to War</i> (2005) concurred: "A music group is not an army, but it can get powerful social messages out before trouble starts."<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> US-based Sudanese rapper <a href="/wiki/Nadine_El_Roubi" title="Nadine El Roubi">Nadine El Roubi</a> has gained popularity online, while also raising funds for Sudan during the <a href="/wiki/Sudanese_civil_war_(2023%E2%80%93present)" title="Sudanese civil war (2023–present)">Sudanese civil war (2023–present)</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Urban_contemporary_music_of_the_21st_century">Urban contemporary music of the 21st century</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Sudan&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Urban contemporary music of the 21st century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since producing music in recording studios, using modern instruments and digital media, has become available in Sudan, growing numbers of people are listening to private (online) radio stations like Capital Radio 91.6 FM or are watching music videos.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As in other countries with restrictions of freedom of expression, the use of <a href="/wiki/Smartphone" title="Smartphone">smartphones</a> offers especially young, urban and educated people, and most importantly, Sudanese women, a relatively safe space for exchange with their friends or distant relatives, as well as access to many sources of entertainment, learning or general information.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Until the Sudanese Revolution of 2018/19, permission for public concerts had to be obtained by the Ministry of Culture as well as by the police, and after 11 pm, all public events had to end. As the mostly young audiences did not have enough money to pay for tickets, most concerts, for example in the National Theatre in Omdurman, the garden of the <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Sudan" title="National Museum of Sudan">National Museum of Sudan</a> or the Green Yard sports arena in Khartoum, were offered free of charge. Musical performances were also organized in the premises of the French, German or British Cultural centres, giving young artists a chance to perform in a sheltered environment. Workshops with visiting artists and festivals like the Karmakol International Festival or the Sama Music Festival have given opportunities to young Sudanese musicians to improve their skills and experience.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aswat_Al_Madina.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Aswat_Al_Madina.jpg/220px-Aswat_Al_Madina.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Aswat_Al_Madina.jpg/330px-Aswat_Al_Madina.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Aswat_Al_Madina.jpg/440px-Aswat_Al_Madina.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="726" /></a><figcaption>Aswat Al Madina at Rateena Café, Khartoum, 2021</figcaption></figure> <p>Famous local artists of this era are the musicians of <a href="/wiki/Igd_al-Jalad_(music_group)" class="mw-redirect" title="Igd al-Jalad (music group)">Igd al-Jalad</a>, a group known for its critical expression for many years,<sup id="cite_ref-Verney2006_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Verney2006-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the popular singer <a href="/wiki/Nancy_Agag" title="Nancy Agag">Nancy Ajaj</a> and the pop group <a href="/wiki/Aswat_Almadina" title="Aswat Almadina">Aswat Almadina</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> all of them singing more or less obvious lyrics about their love of the country, which they claim as their heritage and future, despite the ruling government of the time. Another popular musician is <a href="/wiki/Mazin_Hamid" title="Mazin Hamid">Mazin Hamid</a>, who became known as producer of <a href="/wiki/Music_videos" class="mw-redirect" title="Music videos">music videos</a> and through his live performances as singer, guitarist and composer.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Islam_Elbeiti" title="Islam Elbeiti">Islam Elbeiti</a> is a young Sudanese female bass player, <a href="/wiki/Radio_personality" title="Radio personality">radio presenter</a>, and social change activist.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As members of the important group of the <a href="/wiki/Category:Sudanese_expatriates" title="Category:Sudanese expatriates">Sudanese diaspora</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alsarah" title="Alsarah">Alsarah</a> & The Nubatones, <a href="/wiki/Sinkane" title="Sinkane">Sinkane</a> or the rapper <a href="/wiki/Oddisee" title="Oddisee">Oddisee</a> are examples for musicians with a Sudanese background living in the US.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following their musical studies at <a href="/wiki/Ahfad_University_for_Women" title="Ahfad University for Women">Ahfad University for Women</a> in Omdurman, as well as by participating in workshops and concerts at the German cultural institute in Khartoum, a band of young women called Salute yal Bannot (<b>Respect for the girls</b>) became well known in 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their song <i>African Girl</i><sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> has scored more than 130,000 views on YouTube alone and earned them an invitation to the popular music show <a href="/wiki/Arabs_Got_Talent" title="Arabs Got Talent">Arabs Got Talent</a> in <a href="/wiki/Beirut" title="Beirut">Beirut</a>. After leaving this band, one of their lead singers, composer and keyboard player Hiba Elgizouli has been pursuing her own career as a singer-songwriter and produced her own music videos.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> A new trend in Sudanese urban music since the 2010s is called <i>Zanig</i> and has become popular as a form of <a href="/wiki/Underground_music" title="Underground music">underground music</a>, spread through <a href="/wiki/Bootleg_recording" title="Bootleg recording">bootleg</a> recordings, live shows and sound systems on public transport. It was described in the following way by cultural journalist and fellow of the <a href="/wiki/Rift_Valley_Institute" title="Rift Valley Institute">Rift Valley Institute</a>, Magdi el Gizouli:</p><blockquote><p>This bootleg musical genre, pioneered by the King <a href="/wiki/Ayman_al-Rubo" title="Ayman al-Rubo">Ayman al-Rubo</a>, is a fusion of West African beats and Egyptian <a href="/wiki/Mahraganat" title="Mahraganat">mahrajanat</a> style, with frequent accelerations and deceleration and <a href="/wiki/Techno" title="Techno">techno</a>-style repetition. Zanig queens sing about "<a href="/wiki/Combined_oral_contraceptive_pill" title="Combined oral contraceptive pill">antibaby pills</a>" and the agency of "<a href="/wiki/MILF" title="MILF">MILFs</a>" and introduce themselves with maxims like: "If you follow the sugar mummies you'll end up driving six cars, and if you follow the little buds you'll waste your money in restaurants".<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p>In 2020, a local branch of the <a href="/wiki/Arabic_Oud_House" title="Arabic Oud House">Arabic Oud House</a> (<i>Bayt al-Ud al-Arabi</i>) was opened in Khartoum, dedicated to teaching the Arabic musical instruments <a href="/wiki/Oud" title="Oud">oud</a> and <a href="/wiki/Qanun_(instrument)" title="Qanun (instrument)">qanun</a> as well as classical <a href="/wiki/Arabic_music" title="Arabic music">Arabic music</a>al tradition, and as a centre for events and exchange.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Arabic Oud House is a network of musical centres, started by renowned Iraqi oud player and composer <a href="/wiki/Nasseer_Shamma" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasseer Shamma">Naseer Shamma</a>, with headquarters in Cairo and branches in Alexandria, Egypt, as well as in Constantine, Algeria and Abu Dhabi, UAE.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2022, a new band from <a href="/wiki/Port_Sudan" title="Port Sudan">Port Sudan</a> called Noori & his Dorpa Band published music videos and an album for Ostinato records.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their music is inspired by traditional and modern music of the <a href="/wiki/Beja_people" title="Beja people">Beja people</a>, using a traditional <a href="/wiki/Tanb%C5%ABra_(lyre)" title="Tanbūra (lyre)">tanbura</a> (lyre) combined with an electric guitar as well as saxophone, electric guitars and a rhythm section.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Sudan&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sudanese_singers" title="List of Sudanese singers">List of Sudanese singers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudanese_literature" title="Sudanese literature">Sudanese literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jantra_(musician)" title="Jantra (musician)">Jantra (musician)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Sudan&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Sudan&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Archaeologists of the <a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a> found so-called <i><a href="/wiki/Rock_gong" title="Rock gong">rock gongs</a></i> from prehistoric times, that are thought to have been used as instruments in social activities by civilizations that lived near the Nile. See the video by The British Museum in the following reference.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The University of Khartoum's Institute for African and Asian Studies has a department for musicology with a large collection of visual, sound and written material.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Through his concerts and recordings for Western music labels, the late composer and oud player <a href="/wiki/Hamza_El_Din" title="Hamza El Din">Hamza El Din</a> became internationally known. He was of Southern Egyptian Nubian origin, and sang both in his native dialect of Sudanese Arabic as well as in the <a href="/wiki/Nubian_languages" title="Nubian languages">Nubian language</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">As early as 1874, the German traveller <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Nachtigal" title="Gustav Nachtigal">Gustav Nachtigal</a> reported that the Turkish Governor-General's army band played European anthems, marches and dances in his honour. Source: Gustav Nachtigal <i>Sahara and Sudan</i>. Translated from the original German with an introduction and notes by <a href="/wiki/Allan_George_Barnard_Fisher" title="Allan George Barnard Fisher">Allan G. B. Fisher</a> and H. J. Fisher. Volume IV: <i>Wadai and Darfur</i>, p. 394. London-New York-Berkeley. 1971-1987</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For a concise and well-researched overview of the origins and later developments of haqeeba music, as well as some links to contemporary, electronic versions, see the webpage by Sudanese cultural platform 'Locale' and musician Sammany Hajo.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Madīḥ means praise, praise poem, glorification and, in this context, praise hymn in honour of Allah and the Prophet Muhammad. One of the most famous madīḥ traditions in northern Sudan can be traced back to its founder Hajj El-Mahi, who lived in Kassinger near Kareima from c1780 to 1870. He is said to have composed about 330 religious poems that continue to be sung with an accompaniment of two ṭar. His descendants still cultivate this tradition. The song texts often reveal rapturous religiosity or moral intent. Their performance is part of private celebrations or public festivities, and can also be heard in the streets of the markets."<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Records, record players and the new instruments have been sold in Khartoum since 1925. In 1931 recordings were produced in Cairo for Serror and Khalil Farah, the latter accompanied by lute, piano and violin. These recordings quickly became popular in coffee shops in Khartoum. This popularity encouraged businessmen to produce more records with Sudanese singers, including Ibrahim Abdul Jalil, An-Naim Mohammed Nur, Karoma, Al-Amin Burhan, Ali Shaigui, and the female singers Mary Sharif, Asha Falatiya and Mahla al-Abadiya. They were accompanied by lute, accordion, piano, violin, flute, <i>riqq</i>, <i>ṭabla</i> and, later, bongos. Other famous artists of that epoque were Zingar, Ismail Abdel Mu'ain, Hassan Atya and Awonda." Source: Artur Simon (2001) "Sudan, Republic of" in Grove Music online, see under Further reading.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reference_notes">Reference notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Sudan&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Reference notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.musicinafrica.net/magazine/traditional-music-africa">"Traditional music in Africa"</a>. <i>Music in Africa</i>. 1 June 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Music+in+Africa&rft.atitle=Traditional+music+in+Africa&rft.date=2018-06-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.musicinafrica.net%2Fmagazine%2Ftraditional-music-africa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Sudan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSikainga2012" class="citation cs2">Sikainga, Ahmad (2012), "A short history of Sudanese popular music", in Ryle, John; Willis, Justin; Baldo, Suliman; Madut Jok, Jok (eds.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://riftvalley.net/index.php/publication/sudan-handbook"><i>The Sudan Handbook</i></a> (digital ed.), London: Rift Valley Institute, pp. 243–253, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781847010308" title="Special:BookSources/9781847010308"><bdi>9781847010308</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=A+short+history+of+Sudanese+popular+music&rft.btitle=The+Sudan+Handbook&rft.place=London&rft.pages=243-253&rft.edition=digital&rft.pub=Rift+Valley+Institute&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9781847010308&rft.aulast=Sikainga&rft.aufirst=Ahmad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Friftvalley.net%2Findex.php%2Fpublication%2Fsudan-handbook&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Sudan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-verney2005-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-verney2005_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Verney, Jerome and Yassin, 2006, pp. 397-407</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Archived at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211212/rq0DjwSZzkc">Ghostarchive</a> and the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160116132127/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rq0DjwSZzkc">Wayback Machine</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThe_British_Museum2016" class="citation web cs1">The British Museum (15 January 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rq0DjwSZzkc">"How to play an ancient rock gong"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=YouTube&rft.atitle=How+to+play+an+ancient+rock+gong&rft.date=2016-01-15&rft.au=The+British+Museum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3Drq0DjwSZzkc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Sudan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUniversity_of_Khartoum" class="citation web cs1">University of Khartoum. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://staffpages.uofk.edu/institute-of-african-and-asian-studies-iaas">"Institute of African and Asian studies"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Institute+of+African+and+Asian+studies&rft.au=University+of+Khartoum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstaffpages.uofk.edu%2Finstitute-of-african-and-asian-studies-iaas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Sudan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAhmed2017" class="citation web cs1">Ahmed, AlRumaisa (1 May 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.andariya.com/post/Dr-Ali-Al-Daw-Music-as-Heritage">"Dr. Ali Al Daw: Music as Heritage"</a>. <i>Andariya.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Andariya.com&rft.atitle=Dr.+Ali+Al+Daw%3A+Music+as+Heritage&rft.date=2017-05-01&rft.aulast=Ahmed&rft.aufirst=AlRumaisa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.andariya.com%2Fpost%2FDr-Ali-Al-Daw-Music-as-Heritage&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Sudan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In his report on the Nubian musician Dahab from 1973, ethnomusicologist Artur Simon gives a detailed description of the social and artistic aspects of traditional Nubian music and the changes it had undergone through modern society. See <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimon2012" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Simon, Artur (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZYNC0A_UpkAC&q=artur+simon+dahab&pg=PA83"><i>Kisir and tanbura: Dahab Khalil, a Nubian musician from Sai, talking to Artur Simon from Berlin</i></a> (in English and German). Simon Bibliothekswissen. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-940862-34-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-940862-34-1"><bdi>978-3-940862-34-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kisir+and+tanbura%3A+Dahab+Khalil%2C+a+Nubian+musician+from+Sai%2C+talking+to+Artur+Simon+from+Berlin&rft.pub=Simon+Bibliothekswissen&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-3-940862-34-1&rft.aulast=Simon&rft.aufirst=Artur&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZYNC0A_UpkAC%26q%3Dartur%2Bsimon%2Bdahab%26pg%3DPA83&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Sudan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSadie1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Sadie" title="Stanley Sadie">Sadie, Stanley</a>, ed. (1995). <i>"Sudan". The Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians</i>. Macmillan Publishers Ltd. pp. 327–331.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%22Sudan%22.+The+Grove+Dictionary+of+Music+and+Musicians&rft.pages=327-331&rft.pub=Macmillan+Publishers+Ltd.&rft.date=1995&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Sudan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGadour2006" class="citation web cs1">Gadour, El Sirr A. (26 April 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060426214939/http://www.dur.ac.uk/justin.willis/gadour.htm">"Sudanese singing 1908–1958"</a>. <i>Durham University Community</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dur.ac.uk/justin.willis/gadour.htm">the original</a> on 26 April 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Durham+University+Community&rft.atitle=Sudanese+singing+1908%E2%80%931958&rft.date=2006-04-26&rft.aulast=Gadour&rft.aufirst=El+Sirr+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dur.ac.uk%2Fjustin.willis%2Fgadour.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Sudan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlumley1976" class="citation book cs1">Plumley, Gwendolen Alice (1976). <i>El Tanbur: The Sudanese lyre or the Nubian kissar</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Noria+research&rft.atitle=Leftist+leanings+and+the+enlivening+of+revolutionary+memory%3A+Interview+with+Elena+Vezzadini&rft.date=2019-05&rft.aulast=Vezzadini&rft.aufirst=Elena&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.noria-research.com%2Fcultures-of-the-left-and-revolutionary-memory-in-sudan%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Sudan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dabangasudan.org/en/all-news/article/interview-with-sudan-s-first-professional-female-guitarist-the-ministry-of-culture-neglects-sudanese-art">"Interview with Sudan's first professional woman guitarist: 'The Ministry of Culture neglects Sudanese art'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Radio Dabanga</i>. 22 June 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Radio+Dabanga&rft.atitle=Interview+with+Sudan%27s+first+professional+woman+guitarist%3A+%27The+Ministry+of+Culture+neglects+Sudanese+art%27&rft.date=2021-06-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dabangasudan.org%2Fen%2Fall-news%2Farticle%2Finterview-with-sudan-s-first-professional-female-guitarist-the-ministry-of-culture-neglects-sudanese-art&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Sudan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEyre2018" class="citation web cs1">Eyre, Banning (20 September 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://afropop.org/articles/new-releases-of-sudanese-music">"New releases of Sudanese music"</a>. <i>Afropop Worldwide</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Afropop+Worldwide&rft.atitle=New+releases+of+Sudanese+music&rft.date=2018-09-20&rft.aulast=Eyre&rft.aufirst=Banning&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fafropop.org%2Farticles%2Fnew-releases-of-sudanese-music&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Sudan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEl_Gizouli2012" class="citation web cs1">El Gizouli, Magdy (20 December 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sudantribune.com/spip.php?iframe&page=imprimable&id_article=44931">"Sudan's hawa: The banat come of age"</a>. <i>sudantribune.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=sudantribune.com&rft.atitle=Sudan%27s+hawa%3A+The+banat+come+of+age&rft.date=2012-12-20&rft.aulast=El+Gizouli&rft.aufirst=Magdy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsudantribune.com%2Fspip.php%3Fiframe%26page%3Dimprimable%26id_article%3D44931&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Sudan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For an interview in English with two of the singers, see the video on <a href="/wiki/Al_Jazeera_Arabic" title="Al Jazeera Arabic">Aljazeera</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/program/the-stream/2016/6/22/the-sudanese-supremes">"The 'Sudanese Supremes'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Al Jazeera English The Stream</i>. 21 June 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ahram+Online&rft.atitle=Remembering+Ali+Osman%3A+Composer%2C+academic+and+conductor+of+Egypt%27s+Al+nour+wal+amal+orchestra&rft.date=2017-02-25&rft.aulast=Metwali&rft.aufirst=Ati&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenglish.ahram.org.eg%2FNewsContent%2F5%2F33%2F258834%2FArts--Culture%2FMusic%2FRemembering-Ali-Osman-composer%2C-academic-and-condu.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Sudan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sudanupdate.org/REPORTS/MUSIC/musicians/AMIN.HTM">"Mohammed el Amin"</a>. <i>sudanupdate.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=sudanupdate.org&rft.atitle=Mohammed+el+Amin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sudanupdate.org%2FREPORTS%2FMUSIC%2Fmusicians%2FAMIN.HTM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Sudan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mohammed al Amin returned to Sudan in 1994 and Mohammed Wardi returned in 2003. See Verney, 2006, p. 400</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Verney, 2006, p. 403</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://weltmusik.de/iwalewa/artists/">article on Setona in English at the bottom of the webpage</a> by German cultural centre <i><a href="/wiki/Iwalewahaus" title="Iwalewahaus">Iwalewa Haus</a></i>: Salah M. Hassan, <i>Setona: The native henna artist in a global</i>, in <a href="/wiki/Prince_Claus_Fund" title="Prince Claus Fund">Prince Claus Fund</a> et al. (ed.) The art of African fashion. Africa World Press 1998. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0865437262" title="Special:BookSources/0865437262">0865437262</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fanack.com/sudan/faces-of-sudan/nada-al-qalaa/">"The ongoing debate about the biography, career and femininity of singer Nada Al-Qalaa"</a>. <i>Fanack.com</i>. 22 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Rift+Valley+Institute+%28RVI%29&rft.atitle=Mobilization+and+resistance+in+Sudan%27s+uprising+%E2%80%93+From+neighbourhood+committees+to+zanig+queens&rft.pages=4&rft.date=2020-01&rft.aulast=El+Gizouli&rft.aufirst=Magdi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Friftvalley.net%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fpublication-documents%2FMobilization%2520and%2520resistance%2520in%2520Sudan%2527s%2520uprising%2520by%2520Magdi%2520el%2520Gizouli%2520-%2520RVI%2520X-Border%2520Briefing%2520%25282020%2529.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Sudan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.schoolandcollegelistings.com/SD/Khartoum/105023097708743/Bait-Aloud---Khartoum-%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%AF---%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D8%B1%D8%B7%D9%88%D9%85">"Bait Aloud - Khartoum"</a>. <i>www.schoolandcollegelistings.com</i> (in Arabic)<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Qantara.de+-+Dialogue+with+the+Islamic+World&rft.atitle=Noori+%26+His+Dorpa+Band%27s+%22Beja+Power%22%3A+Defiant+in+the+face+of+repression+-+Qantara.de&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.qantara.de%2Fcontent%2Fnoori-his-dorpa-bands-beja-power-defiant-in-the-face-of-repression&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Sudan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Sudan&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Works cited"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSikainga2012" class="citation cs2">Sikainga, Ahmad (2012), "A short history of Sudanese popular music", in Ryle, John; Willis, Justin; Baldo, Suliman; Madut Jok, Jok (eds.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://riftvalley.net/index.php/publication/sudan-handbook"><i>The Sudan Handbook</i></a> (digital ed.), London: Rift Valley Institute, pp. 243–253, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781847010308" title="Special:BookSources/9781847010308"><bdi>9781847010308</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=A+short+history+of+Sudanese+popular+music&rft.btitle=The+Sudan+Handbook&rft.place=London&rft.pages=243-253&rft.edition=digital&rft.pub=Rift+Valley+Institute&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9781847010308&rft.aulast=Sikainga&rft.aufirst=Ahmad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Friftvalley.net%2Findex.php%2Fpublication%2Fsudan-handbook&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Sudan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Verney,_2006" class="citation book cs1">Verney, Peter; Jerome, Helen; Yassin, Moawia (2006). "Sudan. Still yearning to dance". In Broughton, Simon; Ellingham, Mark; Lusket, Jon (eds.). <i>The Rough Guide to World Music: Africa & Middle East</i>. London, New York: Rough Guides. pp. 397–407. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84353-551-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84353-551-5"><bdi>978-1-84353-551-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/76761811">76761811</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sudan.+Still+yearning+to+dance&rft.btitle=The+Rough+Guide+to+World+Music%3A+Africa+%26+Middle+East&rft.place=London%2C+New+York&rft.pages=397-407&rft.pub=Rough+Guides&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F76761811&rft.isbn=978-1-84353-551-5&rft.aulast=Verney&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.au=Jerome%2C+Helen&rft.au=Yassin%2C+Moawia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Sudan" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Sudan&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.andariya.com/post/Dr-Ali-Al-Daw-Music-as-Heritage">Ahmed, Alrumaisa. <i>(2017) Dr. Ali Al Daw: Music as heritage.</i> Andariya Cultural Magazine</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFal-DawMuhammad1985" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">al-Daw, Ali; Muhammad, Abd-Alla (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/631658755"><i>Traditional musical instruments in Sudan</i></a> (in Arabic and English). Khartoum: Inst. of African and Asian Studies. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/631658755">631658755</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Traditional+musical+instruments+in+Sudan.&rft.place=Khartoum&rft.pub=Inst.+of+African+and+Asian+Studies&rft.date=1985&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F631658755&rft.aulast=al-Daw&rft.aufirst=Ali&rft.au=Muhammad%2C+Abd-Alla&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F631658755&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Sudan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>al-Fātiḥ, Ṭāhir. <i>Anā Ummdurmān: tārīkh al-mūsīqá fī al-Sūdān</i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFالفاتح1993" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">الفاتح, طاهر (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/38217171"><i>أنا امدرمان: تاريخ الموسيقى في السودان (I am Omdurman: musical history in the Sudan )</i></a> (in Arabic). Khartoum. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/38217171">38217171</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D8%A3%D9%86%D8%A7+%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%3A+%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%82%D9%89+%D9%81%D9%8A+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86+%28I+am+Omdurman%3A+musical+history+in+the+Sudan+%29&rft.place=Khartoum&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F38217171&rft.aulast=%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%AD&rft.aufirst=%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%B1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F38217171&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Sudan" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://500wordsmag.com/interviews/behind-the-sounds-of-sudan-preserving-and-celebrating-our-musical-history/">Badri, Leena. (2020) <i>Behind the sounds of Sudan: Preserving and celebrating our musical history.</i></a></li> <li>Banning, Eyre. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://afropop.org/articles/new-releases-of-sudanese-music">(2018). <i>New releases of Sudanese music.</i> Afropop Worldwide</a></li> <li>Ille Enrico (2019). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9TuKDwAAQBAJ&dq=Sage+international+Encyclopedia+Music+Sudan&pg=PA2094">Sudan: Modern and contemporary performance practice</a>,</i> In Sturman, Janet (ed.) The SAGE international encyclopedia of music and culture. p. 2094ff. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1483317749" title="Special:BookSources/1483317749">1483317749</a>, <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781483317748" title="Special:BookSources/9781483317748">9781483317748</a></li> <li>Locale.sd. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://localesd.com/project/berif-introduction-haqeeba">A brief introduction to hageeba</a></i>, illustrated document and audio files on the role of hageeba music in Sudan</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalik2003" class="citation thesis cs1">Malik, Saadia I. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://core.ac.uk/display/47014376"><i>Exploring Aghani al-banat: A postcolonial ethnographic approach to Sudanese women's songs, culture, and performance</i></a> (PhD thesis). Ohio University.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Exploring+Aghani+al-banat%3A+A+postcolonial+ethnographic+approach+to+Sudanese+women%27s+songs%2C+culture%2C+and+performance&rft.degree=PhD&rft.inst=Ohio+University&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Malik&rft.aufirst=Saadia+I.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcore.ac.uk%2Fdisplay%2F47014376&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Sudan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-39327885">Elbagir, Yousra. <i>Letter from Africa: How poetry is taking on state censorship in Sudan</i>. BBC Africa</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimon2001" class="citation book cs1">Simon, Artur (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/grovemusic/view/10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.001.0001/omo-9781561592630-e-0000027077"><i>Sudan, Republic of</i></a>. Grove Music Online. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.article.27077">10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.27077</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56159-263-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56159-263-0"><bdi>978-1-56159-263-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sudan%2C+Republic+of&rft.pub=Grove+Music+Online&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.article.27077&rft.isbn=978-1-56159-263-0&rft.aulast=Simon&rft.aufirst=Artur&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordmusiconline.com%2Fgrovemusic%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.001.0001%2Fomo-9781561592630-e-0000027077&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Sudan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Yāsīn, Muʻāwiyah Ḥasan. 2005. <i>Min tārīkh al-ghināʼ wa-al-mūsīqá fī al-Sūdān</i>. Omdurman: Markaz ʻAbd al-Karīm Mīrghanī al-Thaqāfī. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9994256750" title="Special:BookSources/9994256750">9994256750</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/537408538">537408538</a> Three volumes in Arabic on the history of singing and music in Sudan.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Sudan&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Selected_discography">Selected discography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Sudan&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Selected discography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldmusiccentral.org/2005/05/14/the-rough-guide-to-the-music-of-sudan/">The Rough Guide to the music of Sudan (2005)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.discogs.com/de/search/?type=all&country=Sudan">330 records from Sudanese and South Sudanese musicians on discogs</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.discogs.com/de/Various-Two-Niles-To-Sing-A-Melody-The-Violins-Synths-Of-Sudan/release/12463465">Two Niles to sing a melody: The violins & synths of Sudan</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.discogs.com/de/%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%85-%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%B2-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%83-%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF-%D8%AC%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9-Abdel-Gadir-Sali/master/904264">Sounds of Sudan – Abdel Gadir Salim, Abdel Aziz El Mubarak, Mohamed Gubara</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="To_audio_files_or_music_videos">To audio files or music videos</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Sudan&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: To audio files or music videos"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Music_of_Sudan" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Music of Sudan">Music of Sudan</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ostinatorecords.bandcamp.com/album/beja-power-electric-soul-brass-from-sudans-red-sea-coast">Audio files of 2022 album <i>Beja power! Electric soul & brass from Sudan's Red Sea coast</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.anya.africa/post/afri-cask-soudan-dans-le-casque-de-randa-hamid">Selected music videos by Sudanese festival producer Randa Hamid</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BnMjFDUTdBE&t=118s">Zikr at the Hamid El-Nil Mosque in Omdurman</a> on YouTube</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://afropop.org/audio-programs/music-and-history-in-the-two-sudans">Music and history in the two Sudans, podcast by Afropop Worldwide</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.middleeasteye.net/discover/sudan-songs-golden-era-music-heritage">Five songs that defined Sudan's golden era</a>, with links to music videos with English translation</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k1310528z.r=soudan?rk=236052;4">Audio files of a historical hageeba song by</a> Abdel Karim Karouma, French National Library.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ostinatorecords.bandcamp.com/album/abu-obaida-hassan-his-tambour-the-shaigiya-sound-of-sudan">Abu Obaida Hassan & his tambour: The Shaigiya sound of Sudan</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://habibifunkrecords.bandcamp.com/album/habibi-funk-009-jazz-jazz-jazz">Jazz, Jazz, Jazz, The Scorpions & Saif Abu Bakr</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://habibifunkrecords.bandcamp.com/album/habibi-funk-008-muslims-and-christians">Muslims and Christians, Kamal Keila</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://habibifunkrecords.bandcamp.com/album/original-sudanese-tapes-nagat-abdallah">Original Sudanese tapes, Nagat Abdallah</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191223182301/https://habibifunkrecords.bandcamp.com/album/original-sudanese-tapes-nagat-abdallah">Archived</a> 23 December 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://habibifunkrecords.bandcamp.com/album/sudan-tapes-al-balbil-solo">Sudan tapes – Al Balbil Solo</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191223182302/https://habibifunkrecords.bandcamp.com/album/sudan-tapes-al-balbil-solo">Archived</a> 23 December 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Rough_Guide_to_the_Music_of_North_Africa" title="The Rough Guide to the Music of North Africa">The Rough Guide to the Music of North Africa</a>, CD 1997</li> <li>Sudanese recording label <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.discogs.com/label/749019-Munsphone">Munsphone</a> on <a href="/wiki/Discogs" title="Discogs">discogs</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sudanupdate.org/REPORTS/MUSIC/MUS18.HTM">Annotated discography by sudanupdate.org</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCFN92BiTH14qJ7BUsFET4gQ">Selected music videos with English translation and notes by <i>The Sounds of Sudan</i></a> on YouTube</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b09v3fdk">BBC Radio 4 on Sudan's newest generation of musicians</a> (audio programme)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://folkways.si.edu/sudan-music-of-the-blue-nile-province-the-gumuz-tribe/world/music/album/smithsonian">Field recordings from 1980 of traditional music</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Gumuz_people" title="Gumuz people">Gumuz ethnic group</a> in Sudan's <a href="/wiki/Blue_Nile_(state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Blue Nile (state)">Blue Nile State</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://folkways.si.edu/sudan-music-of-the-blue-nile-province-the-ingessana-and-berta-tribes/world/music/album/smithsonian">Field recordings from 1980 of traditional music</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Ingessana_people" title="Ingessana people">Ingessana</a> and <a href="/wiki/Berta_people" title="Berta people">Berta peoples</a> in Sudan's Blue Nile State</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Sudan_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sudan_topics" title="Template:Sudan topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sudan_topics" title="Template talk:Sudan topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sudan_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sudan topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Sudan_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a> articles</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sudan" title="History of Sudan">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Sudanese_history" title="Timeline of Sudanese history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_pre-independence_Sudan" title="List of governors of pre-independence Sudan">Pre-independence governors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sudan#Prehistory" title="History of Sudan">Pre and early history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sudan#Medieval_history" title="History of Sudan">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamization_of_the_Sudan_region" title="Islamization of the Sudan region">Islamization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Sudan" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish Sudan">Turkish occupation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahdist_State" title="Mahdist State">Mahdiyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Egyptian_Sudan" title="Anglo-Egyptian Sudan">Anglo-Egyptian occupation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Anglo-Egyptian_Sudan" title="History of Anglo-Egyptian Sudan">History</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Sudan_(1956%E2%80%931969)" title="Republic of Sudan (1956–1969)">Independent Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Sudanese_Civil_War" title="First Sudanese Civil War">First Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1958_Sudanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1958 Sudanese coup d'état">1958 coup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1969_Sudanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1969 Sudanese coup d'état">1969 coup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Sudan" title="Democratic Republic of Sudan">Nimeiry Era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_Sudanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1971 Sudanese coup d'état">Communist coup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Reconciliation_(Sudan)" title="National Reconciliation (Sudan)">National Reconciliation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sudanese_Civil_War" title="Second Sudanese Civil War">Second Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1985_Sudanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1985 Sudanese coup d'état">1985 coup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transitional_Military_Council_(1985)" title="Transitional Military Council (1985)">First Transitional Military Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Sudan_(1985%E2%80%932019)" title="Republic of Sudan (1985–2019)">Coalitions/Bashir Era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1989_Sudanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1989 Sudanese coup d'état">1989 coup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Command_Council_for_National_Salvation" title="Revolutionary Command Council for National Salvation">RCCNS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Darfur" title="War in Darfur">War in Darfur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Mission_in_Sudan" title="United Nations Mission in Sudan">United Nations Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudanese_nomadic_conflicts" title="Sudanese nomadic conflicts">Nomadic conflicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudanese_conflict_in_South_Kordofan_and_Blue_Nile" title="Sudanese conflict in South Kordofan and Blue Nile">Conflict in South Kordofan and Blue Nile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Sudanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2019 Sudanese coup d'état">2019 coup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transitional_Military_Council_(2019)" title="Transitional Military Council (2019)">Second Transitional Military Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transitional_Sovereignty_Council" title="Transitional Sovereignty Council">Transitional Sovereignty Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudanese_transition_to_democracy_(2019%E2%80%932021)" title="Sudanese transition to democracy (2019–2021)">2019–2021 transition to democracy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sudanese_peace_process" title="Sudanese peace process">Peace process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Sudanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2021 Sudanese coup d'état">October 2021 coup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudanese_civil_war_(2023%E2%80%93present)" title="Sudanese civil war (2023–present)">2023 Civil war</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Sudan" title="Geography of Sudan">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Sudan" title="Geology of Sudan">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lakes_of_Sudan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lakes of Sudan (page does not exist)">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mountains_of_Sudan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mountains of Sudan (page does not exist)">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Sudan" title="List of rivers of Sudan">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcanoes_of_Sudan" class="mw-redirect" title="Volcanoes of Sudan">Volcanoes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Sudan" title="Wildlife of Sudan">Wildlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fauna_of_Sudan_and_South_Sudan" title="List of fauna of Sudan and South Sudan">Fauna</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mammals_of_Sudan" title="List of mammals of Sudan">Mammals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_birds_of_Sudan" title="List of birds of Sudan">Birds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horses_in_Sudan" title="Horses in Sudan">Horses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_butterflies_of_Sudan_and_South_Sudan" title="List of butterflies of Sudan and South Sudan">Butterflies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_moths_of_Sudan_and_South_Sudan" title="List of moths of Sudan and South Sudan">Moths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_non-marine_molluscs_of_Sudan_and_South_Sudan" title="List of non-marine molluscs of Sudan and South Sudan">Non-marine molluscs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_reptiles_of_Sudan" title="List of reptiles of Sudan">Reptiles</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Natural_disasters" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Natural_disasters_in_Sudan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Natural disasters in Sudan (page does not exist)">Natural disasters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Sudan" title="Climate change in Sudan">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sudan_floods" title="List of Sudan floods">Floods</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="States" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/States_of_Sudan" title="States of Sudan">States</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gezira_State" title="Gezira State">Gezira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Qadarif_State" title="Al Qadarif State">Al Qadarif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Nile_State" title="Blue Nile State">Blue Nile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Darfur" title="Central Darfur">Central Darfur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Darfur" title="East Darfur">East Darfur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kassala_State" title="Kassala State">Kassala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khartoum_State" title="Khartoum State">Khartoum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Darfur" title="North Darfur">North Darfur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Kordofan" title="North Kordofan">North Kordofan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_State_(Sudan)" title="Northern State (Sudan)">Northern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Sea_State" title="Red Sea State">Red Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Nile_State" title="River Nile State">River Nile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sennar_State" title="Sennar State">Sennar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Darfur" title="South Darfur">South Darfur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Kordofan" title="South Kordofan">South Kordofan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Darfur" title="West Darfur">West Darfur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Kordofan" title="West Kordofan">West Kordofan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Nile_State" title="White Nile State">White Nile</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Sudan" title="Districts of Sudan">Districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Sudan" title="List of cities in Sudan">Cities</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Sudan" title="Politics of Sudan">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ambassadors_of_Sudan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ambassadors of Sudan (page does not exist)">Ambassadors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Sudan" title="Cabinet of Sudan">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Sudan" title="Constitution of Sudan">Constitution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1956_Transitional_Constitution_of_Sudan" title="1956 Transitional Constitution of Sudan">1956</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_Constitution_of_Sudan" title="1973 Constitution of Sudan">1973</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1985_Transitional_Constitution_of_Sudan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1985 Transitional Constitution of Sudan (page does not exist)">1985</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1998_Constitution_of_Sudan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1998 Constitution of Sudan (page does not exist)">1998</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2005_Constitution_of_Sudan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2005 Constitution of Sudan (page does not exist)">2005</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Draft_Constitutional_Declaration" class="mw-redirect" title="2019 Draft Constitutional Declaration">2019</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coups_d%27%C3%A9tat_in_Sudan" title="Coups d'état in Sudan">Coups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Sudan" title="Corruption in Sudan">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Sudan" title="Elections in Sudan">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Sudan" title="Foreign relations of Sudan">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Sudan" title="Human rights in Sudan">Human rights</a> (<a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Sudan" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Sudan">LGBT rights</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism_in_Sudan" title="Islamism in Sudan">Islamism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/September_Laws_(Sudan)" title="September Laws (Sudan)">September Laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminal_Act_1991_(Sudan)" title="Criminal Act 1991 (Sudan)">Criminal Act</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudanese_Armed_Forces" title="Sudanese Armed Forces">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_administration" title="Native administration">Native administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Legislature_(Sudan)" title="National Legislature (Sudan)">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_government_of_Sudan" title="List of heads of government of Sudan">Prime Minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Sudan" title="List of heads of state of Sudan">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_Sudan" title="Vice President of Sudan">Vice President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_state_governors_in_Sudan" title="List of current state governors in Sudan">State Governors</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Sudan" title="Economy of Sudan">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Sudan" title="Agriculture in Sudan">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Sudan" title="Banking in Sudan">Banking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Sudan" title="Central Bank of Sudan">Central Bank</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Sudan" title="List of companies of Sudan">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudanese_dinar" title="Sudanese dinar">Dinar <span style="font-size:85%;">(former currency)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Sudan" title="Energy in Sudan">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudanese_pound" title="Sudanese pound">Pound <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taxation_in_Sudan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Taxation in Sudan (page does not exist)">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Sudan" title="Telecommunications in Sudan">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Sudan" title="Transport in Sudan">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sudanese_society" title="Sudanese society">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_Sudan" title="Marriage in Sudan">Marriage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polygamy_in_Sudan" title="Polygamy in Sudan">Polygamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_marriage_in_Sudan" title="Child marriage in Sudan">Child marriage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Sudan" title="Demographics of Sudan">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Sudan" title="Education in Sudan">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ethnic_groups_of_Sudan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ethnic groups of Sudan (page does not exist)">Ethnic groups</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ethnic_minorities_of_Sudan" class="mw-redirect" title="List of ethnic minorities of Sudan">minorities</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Sudan" title="Health in Sudan">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Sudan" title="Languages of Sudan">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_Sudan" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT history in Sudan">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refugees_of_Sudan" title="Refugees of Sudan">Refugees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Sudan" title="Religion in Sudan">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Sudan" title="Slavery in Sudan">Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squatting_in_Sudan" title="Squatting in Sudan">Squatting</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Toilets_in_Sudan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Toilets in Sudan (page does not exist)">Toilets</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Public_toilets_in_Sudan" title="Public toilets in Sudan">Public toilets</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Sudan" title="Women in Sudan">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Sudan" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of Sudan">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nahnu_Jund_Allah_Jund_Al-watan" title="Nahnu Jund Allah Jund Al-watan">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Sudan" title="Architecture of Sudan">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_arts_of_Sudan" title="Visual arts of Sudan">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Sudan" title="Cinema of Sudan">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clothing_in_Sudan" title="Clothing in Sudan">Clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_Sudan" title="Emblem of Sudan">Emblem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Sudan" title="Flag of Sudan">Flag</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sudanese_flags" title="List of Sudanese flags">History</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudanese_literature" title="Sudanese literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Sudan" title="Media of Sudan">Media</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orders,_decorations,_and_medals_of_Sudan" title="Orders, decorations, and medals of Sudan">Decorations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Sudan" title="Photography in Sudan">Photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Sudan" class="mw-redirect" title="Sport in Sudan">Sport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Sudan" title="Outline of Sudan">Outline</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sudan" title="Category:Sudan">Category</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Music_of_Africa" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Music_of_Africa" title="Template:Music of Africa"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Music_of_Africa" title="Template talk:Music of Africa"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Music_of_Africa" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Music of Africa"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Music_of_Africa" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Africa" title="Music of Africa">Music of Africa </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Algeria" title="Music of Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Angola" title="Music of Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Benin" title="Music of Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Botswana" title="Music of Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Burkina_Faso" title="Music of Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Burundi" title="Music of Burundi">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Cameroon" title="Music of Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Cape_Verde" title="Music of Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Central_African_Republic" title="Music of the Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Chad" title="Music of Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Comoros" title="Music of the Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Music of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Music of the Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Djibouti" title="Music of Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Egypt" title="Music of Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Equatorial_Guinea" title="Music of Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Eritrea" title="Music of Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Eswatini" title="Music of Eswatini">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Ethiopia" title="Music of Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Gabon" title="Music of Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Gambia" title="Music of the Gambia">The Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Ghana" title="Music of Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Guinea" title="Music of Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Guinea-Bissau" title="Music of Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Ivory_Coast" title="Music of Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Kenya" title="Music of Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Lesotho" title="Music of Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Liberia" title="Music of Liberia">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Libya" title="Music of Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Madagascar" title="Music of Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Malawi" title="Music of Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Mali" title="Music of Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Mauritania" title="Music of Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Mauritius" title="Music of Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Morocco" title="Music of Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Mozambique" title="Music of Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Namibia" title="Music of Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Niger" title="Music of Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Nigeria" title="Music of Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Rwanda" title="Music of Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="Music of São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Senegal" title="Music of Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Seychelles" title="Music of Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Sierra_Leone" title="Music of Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Somalia" title="Music of Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_South_Africa" title="Music of South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_South_Sudan" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of South Sudan">South Sudan</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Tanzania" title="Music of Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Togo" title="Music of Togo">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Tunisia" title="Music of Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Uganda" title="Music of Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Zambia" title="Music of Zambia">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Zimbabwe" title="Music of Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">States with limited<br />recognition</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic">Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Somaliland" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of Somaliland">Somaliland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Dependencies and<br />other territories</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Canary_Islands" title="Music of the Canary Islands">Canary Islands</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Ceuta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Music of Ceuta (page does not exist)">Ceuta</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Melilla&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Music of Melilla (page does not exist)">Melilla</a>  <span style="font-size:85%;">(Spain)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Madeira" title="Music of Madeira">Madeira</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Portugal)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Mayotte" title="Music of Mayotte">Mayotte</a> / <a href="/wiki/Music_of_R%C3%A9union" title="Music of Réunion">Réunion</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(France)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Saint_Helena" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of Saint Helena">Saint Helena</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Ascension_Island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Music of Ascension Island (page does not exist)">Ascension Island</a> / <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Tristan_da_Cunha" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of Tristan da Cunha">Tristan da Cunha</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(United Kingdom)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Western_Sahara" title="Music of Western Sahara">Western Sahara</a></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Sudan&oldid=1250048803">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Sudan&oldid=1250048803</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Music_of_Sudan" title="Category:Music of Sudan">Music of Sudan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Sudan" title="Category:Society of Sudan">Society of Sudan</a></li><li><a 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