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Available in 23 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-23" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">23 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%87%D9%84" title="كهل – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كهل" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%C4%83%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC_%C3%BF%D1%81%C4%95%D0%BC" title="Вăтам ÿсĕм – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Вăтам ÿсĕм" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%AD%CF%83%CE%B7_%CE%B7%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Μέση ηλικία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μέση ηλικία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediana_edad" title="Mediana edad – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Mediana edad" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C" title="میان‌سالی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="میان‌سالی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A4%91%EB%85%84" title="중년 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="중년" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6_%D5%BF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%AB%D6%84" title="Հասուն տարիք – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հասուն տարիք" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umri_wa_kati" title="Umri wa kati – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Umri wa kati" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vidurinis_am%C5%BEius" title="Vidurinis amžius – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Vidurinis amžius" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%A2%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5" title="प्रौढत्व – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="प्रौढत्व" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middelbare_leeftijd" title="Middelbare leeftijd – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Middelbare leeftijd" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%B9%B4" title="中年 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="中年" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%88%D8%AE_%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%B1" title="پوخ عمر – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="پوخ عمر" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meia-idade" title="Meia-idade – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Meia-idade" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B7%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82" title="Средний возраст – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Средний возраст" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_age" title="Middle age – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Middle age" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keski-ik%C3%A4" title="Keski-ikä – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Keski-ikä" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medel%C3%A5ldern" title="Medelåldern – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Medelåldern" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orta_ya%C5%9F" title="Orta yaş – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Orta yaş" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B9_%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%BA" title="Середній вік – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Середній вік" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AF%DA%BE%DB%8C%DA%91_%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%B1" title="ادھیڑ عمر – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ادھیڑ عمر" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a 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div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the stage of human development. For the historical period, see <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Middle Ages (disambiguation)">Middle Ages (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1040468660">.mw-parser-output .human-growth-dev-sidebar .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .human-growth-dev-sidebar .sidebar-heading{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .human-growth-dev-sidebar .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist human-growth-dev-sidebar"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Human_development" title="Category:Human development">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_human_body" title="Development of the human body">Human growth<br />and development</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Views_of_a_Foetus_in_the_Womb_detail.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Views_of_a_Foetus_in_the_Womb_detail.jpg/100px-Views_of_a_Foetus_in_the_Womb_detail.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Views_of_a_Foetus_in_the_Womb_detail.jpg/150px-Views_of_a_Foetus_in_the_Womb_detail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Views_of_a_Foetus_in_the_Womb_detail.jpg/200px-Views_of_a_Foetus_in_the_Womb_detail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="556" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Stages</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gamete" title="Gamete">Gamete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zygote" title="Zygote">Zygote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_embryonic_development" title="Human embryonic development">Embryo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fetus" title="Fetus">Fetus</a><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infant" title="Infant">Infant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toddler" title="Toddler">Toddler</a><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child" title="Child">Child</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preadolescence" title="Preadolescence">Preadolescent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolescence" title="Adolescence">Adolescent</a><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emerging_adulthood_and_early_adulthood" title="Emerging adulthood and early adulthood">Emerging and early adulthood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_adult" title="Young adult">Young adult</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Middle adult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_age" title="Old age">Old adult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dying" title="Dying">Dying</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Biological milestones</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_fertilization" title="Human fertilization">Fertilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pregnancy" title="Pregnancy">Pregnancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Childbirth" title="Childbirth">Childbirth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gross_motor_skill#Learning_to_walk" title="Gross motor skill">Walking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_acquisition" title="Language acquisition">Language acquisition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puberty" title="Puberty">Puberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menopause" title="Menopause">Menopause</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ageing" title="Ageing">Ageing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death" title="Death">Death</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Developmental_psychology" title="Developmental psychology">Development and psychology</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prenatal_and_perinatal_psychology" title="Prenatal and perinatal psychology">Pre- and perinatal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_development_stages" title="Child development stages">Infant and child</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature_versus_nurture" title="Nature versus nurture">Nature versus nurture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolescence#psychology" title="Adolescence">Adolescent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positive_youth_development" title="Positive youth development">Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_adult" title="Young adult">Young adult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adult_development" title="Adult development">Adult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maturity_(psychological)" title="Maturity (psychological)">Maturity</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Developmental_stage_theories" title="Developmental stage theories">Developmental stage theories</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attachment_theory" title="Attachment theory">Attachment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_systems_theory" title="Ecological systems theory">Ecological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erikson%27s_stages_of_psychosocial_development" title="Erikson's stages of psychosocial development">Psychosocial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychosexual_development" title="Psychosexual development">Psychosexual development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Kohlberg%27s_stages_of_moral_development" title="Lawrence Kohlberg's stages of moral development">Moral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piaget%27s_theory_of_cognitive_development" title="Piaget's theory of cognitive development">Cognitive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural-historical_psychology" title="Cultural-historical psychology">Cultural-historical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_developmental_psychology" title="Evolutionary developmental psychology">Evolutionary</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Psi2.svg/16px-Psi2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Psi2.svg/24px-Psi2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Psi2.svg/32px-Psi2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Psychology" title="Portal:Psychology">Psychology portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Human_growth_and_development_sidebar" title="Template:Human growth and development sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Human_growth_and_development_sidebar" title="Template talk:Human growth and development sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Human_growth_and_development_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Human growth and development sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Middle age,</b> or <b>middle adulthood,</b> is the age range of the years halfway between <a href="/wiki/Childhood" class="mw-redirect" title="Childhood">childhood</a> and <a href="/wiki/Old_age" title="Old age">old age</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-PsycNet_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PsycNet-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The exact range is subject to academic debate, but the term is commonly used to denote the age range from around 40 to around 65 years.<sup id="cite_ref-Oxford_Dicionary_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxford_Dicionary-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Merriam_Webster_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Merriam_Webster-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many changes may occur between young adulthood and this stage.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overall">Overall</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Middle_age&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Overall"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This time span is generally referred to as "middle age" and can be defined as the time of ages about 40–45 to about 60–65.<sup id="cite_ref-Oxford_Dicionary_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxford_Dicionary-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Merriam_Webster_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Merriam_Webster-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many changes may occur between young adulthood and this stage.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is no universal consensus on what the exact definition of middle age is, but usual characteristics include the beginning of rapid decline of fertility, graying of hair, and other physical changes. </p><p>Those in middle age continue to develop relationships and adapt to changes in relationships. Such changes are highly evident in the maturing relationships between growing or grown children and aging parents. Community involvement is fairly typical of this stage of adulthood,<sup id="cite_ref-Stern-2016_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stern-2016-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as is continued career development. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Physical_characteristics">Physical characteristics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Middle_age&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Physical characteristics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Middle-aged adults may begin to show visible signs of <a href="/wiki/Aging" class="mw-redirect" title="Aging">aging</a>. This process can be more rapid in women who have <a href="/wiki/Osteoporosis" title="Osteoporosis">osteoporosis</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Changes might occur in the nervous system. The ability to perform complex tasks remains intact. In the normal range of 45 to 55, women experience <a href="/wiki/Menopause" title="Menopause">menopause</a>, which ends natural fertility.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Menopause can have many side effects. Changes can occur to <a href="/wiki/Skin#Age" title="Skin">skin</a>, and other changes may include a decline in <a href="/wiki/Physical_fitness" title="Physical fitness">physical fitness</a>, including a reduction in aerobic performance, a decrease in maximal heart rate, and graying and loss of hair. Sensory sensitivity in middle-aged adults has been shown to be one of the lowest.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These measurements are generalities, and people may exhibit changes at different rates and times.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mortality rates can begin to increase, due mainly to health issues like heart problems, <a href="/wiki/Cancer" title="Cancer">cancer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hypertension" title="Hypertension">hypertension</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Diabetes" title="Diabetes">diabetes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Stern-2016_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stern-2016-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Still, the majority of middle-aged people in industrialized nations can expect to live into <a href="/wiki/Old_age" title="Old age">old age</a>. </p><p>Starting around age 35, pregnant women are considered to be of advanced maternal age, and significant declines in fertility begin to occur that usually end with menopause around age 50.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Middle-aged urban adults who are experiencing frailty and poverty show an association with increased H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> induced oxidative <a href="/wiki/DNA_damage_(naturally_occurring)" title="DNA damage (naturally occurring)">DNA damage</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cognitive">Cognitive</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Middle_age&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Cognitive"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Erik Erikson refers to this period of adulthood as generativity versus stagnation, the seventh of eight stages of <a href="/wiki/Erikson%27s_stages_of_psychosocial_development" title="Erikson's stages of psychosocial development">Erikson's stages of psychosocial development</a>. People in middle age may experience some cognitive loss, which usually remains unnoticeable because life experiences and strategies get developed to compensate for any decrease in mental abilities.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During this stage, adults often strive to have things that will outlast them. Generativity, which is the concern and the commitment middle-aged people have for <a href="/wiki/Future_generations" title="Future generations">future generations</a>, is a big part of development during this stage.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Social_and_personality_characteristics">Social and personality characteristics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Middle_age&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Social and personality characteristics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For some, marital satisfaction remains intact, but other family relationships can become more difficult. Career satisfaction focuses more on inner satisfaction and contentedness and less on ambition and the desire to advance.<sup id="cite_ref-Stern-2016_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stern-2016-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even so, career changes occur often. Middle age can be a time when people reexamine their lives by taking stock and evaluating their accomplishments. Morality may change and become more conscious.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The perception that those in this stage of development of life undergo a so-called midlife crisis is a largely false one.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Personality characteristics remain stable throughout this period,<sup id="cite_ref-PsycNet_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PsycNet-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and relationships in middle age may continue to evolve into connections that are stable.<sup id="cite_ref-Stern-2016_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stern-2016-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Middle_age&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aging" class="mw-redirect" title="Aging">Aging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midlife_crisis" title="Midlife crisis">Midlife crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_adult" title="Young adult">Young adult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth" title="Youth">Youth</a></li> <li><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%B9%B4%E5%B7%AE%E5%88%A5" class="extiw" title="ja:中年差別">Middlephobia</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Middle_age&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-PsycNet-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PsycNet_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PsycNet_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://psycnet.apa.org/index.cfm?fa=buy.optionToBuy&uid=1986-19674-001">"APA PsycNet"</a>. <i>psycnet.apa.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200102095017/http://psycnet.apa.org/index.cfm?fa=buy.optionToBuy&uid=1986-19674-001">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-01-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-09-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=psycnet.apa.org&rft.atitle=APA+PsycNet&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpsycnet.apa.org%2Findex.cfm%3Ffa%3Dbuy.optionToBuy%26uid%3D1986-19674-001&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiddle+age" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Oxford_Dicionary-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Oxford_Dicionary_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oxford_Dicionary_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141014211143/http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/us/definition/american_english/middle-age">"Middle Age: definition of middle age in Oxford dictionary (American English) (US)"</a>. <i>Oxforddictionaries.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/us/definition/american_english/middle-age">the original</a> on October 14, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-06-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oxforddictionaries.com&rft.atitle=Middle+Age%3A+definition+of+middle+age+in+Oxford+dictionary+%28American+English%29+%28US%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxforddictionaries.com%2Fus%2Fdefinition%2Famerican_english%2Fmiddle-age&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiddle+age" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Merriam_Webster-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Merriam_Webster_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Merriam_Webster_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/middle+age">"Definition of MIDDLE AGE"</a>. <i>www.merriam-webster.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161027234813/http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/middle+age">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-10-27<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-10-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.merriam-webster.com&rft.atitle=Definition+of+MIDDLE+AGE&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fmiddle%2Bage&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiddle+age" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dictionary.com/e/ageism-terms/">"The Language Of Ageism: Understanding How We Talk About Older People"</a>. <i>Dictionary.com</i>. 2021-05-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-07-13</span></span>. <q>When is <i>middle age</i>? We define <i>middle age</i> as "the period of human life between youth and old age, sometimes considered as the years between 45 and 65 or thereabout."Given the different views on when old age begins, it shouldn't surprise you to learn that the exact range of middle age is not set in stone either. In general, our age range of "45 to 65" is around the age range generally used to say when middle age supposedly occurs. Polling shows that people may think middle age begins later or earlier depending on who you ask.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dictionary.com&rft.atitle=The+Language+Of+Ageism%3A+Understanding+How+We+Talk+About+Older+People&rft.date=2021-05-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dictionary.com%2Fe%2Fageism-terms%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiddle+age" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://teara.govt.nz/en/midlife-adults/page-1">"Story: Midlife adults"</a>. <i>teara.govt.nz</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=teara.govt.nz&rft.atitle=Story%3A+Midlife+adults&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fteara.govt.nz%2Fen%2Fmidlife-adults%2Fpage-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiddle+age" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGordon-SalantFrisinaFayPopper2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sandra_Gordon-Salant" title="Sandra Gordon-Salant">Gordon-Salant, Sandra</a>; Frisina, Robert D.; Fay, Richard R.; Popper, Arthur (3 May 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oMsXWRjHRfwC&q=cognitive%20decline%20may%20occur%20with%20age"><i>The Aging Auditory System</i></a>. Springer Science & Business Media. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781441909947" title="Special:BookSources/9781441909947"><bdi>9781441909947</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230319100711/https://books.google.com/books?id=oMsXWRjHRfwC&q=cognitive%20decline%20may%20occur%20with%20age">Archived</a> from the original on 19 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 November</span> 2020</span> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Aging+Auditory+System&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.date=2010-05-03&rft.isbn=9781441909947&rft.aulast=Gordon-Salant&rft.aufirst=Sandra&rft.au=Frisina%2C+Robert+D.&rft.au=Fay%2C+Richard+R.&rft.au=Popper%2C+Arthur&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoMsXWRjHRfwC%26q%3Dcognitive%2520decline%2520may%2520occur%2520with%2520age&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiddle+age" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInfurnaGerstorfLachman2020" class="citation journal cs1">Infurna, F. J.; Gerstorf, D.; Lachman, M. E. 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(2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4734389">"Mind the Gap in the Middle: A Call to Study Midlife"</a>. <i>Research in Human Development</i>. <b>12</b> (3–4): 327–334. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F15427609.2015.1068048">10.1080/15427609.2015.1068048</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4734389">4734389</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26848288">26848288</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Research+in+Human+Development&rft.atitle=Mind+the+Gap+in+the+Middle%3A+A+Call+to+Study+Midlife&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=3%E2%80%934&rft.pages=327-334&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4734389%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26848288&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F15427609.2015.1068048&rft.aulast=Lachman&rft.aufirst=M.+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4734389&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiddle+age" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/middle-age">Middle age</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170712041706/http://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/middle-age">Archived</a> 2017-07-12 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. CollinsDictionary.com. <i>Collins English Dictionary</i> – Complete & Unabridged 11th Edition. Retrieved December 05, 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dictionary.apa.org/">"APA Dictionary of Psychology"</a>. <i>dictionary.apa.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180427011428/https://dictionary.apa.org/">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-04-27<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-10-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=dictionary.apa.org&rft.atitle=APA+Dictionary+of+Psychology&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdictionary.apa.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiddle+age" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/science/middle-age">"middle age | psychology | Britannica"</a>. <i>www.britannica.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221004025602/https://www.britannica.com/science/middle-age">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-10-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-10-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.britannica.com&rft.atitle=middle+age+%26%23124%3B+psychology+%26%23124%3B+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fscience%2Fmiddle-age&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiddle+age" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGordon-SalantFrisinaFayPopper2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sandra_Gordon-Salant" title="Sandra Gordon-Salant">Gordon-Salant, Sandra</a>; Frisina, Robert D.; Fay, Richard R.; Popper, Arthur (3 May 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oMsXWRjHRfwC&q=cognitive%20decline%20may%20occur%20with%20age"><i>The Aging Auditory System</i></a>. Springer Science & Business Media. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781441909947" title="Special:BookSources/9781441909947"><bdi>9781441909947</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230319100711/https://books.google.com/books?id=oMsXWRjHRfwC&q=cognitive%20decline%20may%20occur%20with%20age">Archived</a> from the original on 19 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Springer Science & Business Media. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781441909947" title="Special:BookSources/9781441909947"><bdi>9781441909947</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Aging+Auditory+System&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.date=2010-05-03&rft.isbn=9781441909947&rft.aulast=Gordon-Salant&rft.aufirst=Sandra&rft.au=Frisina%2C+Robert+D.&rft.au=Fay%2C+Richard+R.&rft.au=Popper%2C+Arthur&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoMsXWRjHRfwC%26q%3Dcognitive%2520decline%2520may%2520occur%2520with%2520age&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiddle+age" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2003-07169-002">"APA PsycNet"</a>. <i>psycnet.apa.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210526040905/https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2003-07169-002">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-05-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-05-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=psycnet.apa.org&rft.atitle=APA+PsycNet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpsycnet.apa.org%2Frecord%2F2003-07169-002&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiddle+age" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKellnerHabermas1992" class="citation journal cs1">Kellner, Douglas; Habermas, Jurgen (March 1992). "Moral Consciousness and Communicative Action". <i>Contemporary Sociology</i>. <b>21</b> (2): 278. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2075511">10.2307/2075511</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0094-3061">0094-3061</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2075511">2075511</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Contemporary+Sociology&rft.atitle=Moral+Consciousness+and+Communicative+Action&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=278&rft.date=1992-03&rft.issn=0094-3061&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2075511%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2075511&rft.aulast=Kellner&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rft.au=Habermas%2C+Jurgen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiddle+age" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevensonAldwin2014" class="citation cs2">Levenson, Michael R.; Aldwin, Corolyn M. (2014), "Change in Personality Processes and Health Outcomes", <i>Handbook of Personality Development</i>, Routledge, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9781315805610.ch21">10.4324/9781315805610.ch21</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-315-80561-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-315-80561-0"><bdi>978-1-315-80561-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Handbook+of+Personality+Development&rft.atitle=Change+in+Personality+Processes+and+Health+Outcomes&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4324%2F9781315805610.ch21&rft.isbn=978-1-315-80561-0&rft.aulast=Levenson&rft.aufirst=Michael+R.&rft.au=Aldwin%2C+Corolyn+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiddle+age" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Middle_age&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarbara_Bradley_Haggerty2016" class="citation book cs1">Barbara Bradley Haggerty (2016). <i>Life Reimagined: The Science, Art, and Opportunity of Midlife</i>. Riverhead Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1594631702" title="Special:BookSources/978-1594631702"><bdi>978-1594631702</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Life+Reimagined%3A+The+Science%2C+Art%2C+and+Opportunity+of+Midlife&rft.pub=Riverhead+Books&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1594631702&rft.au=Barbara+Bradley+Haggerty&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiddle+age" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Lachman, M. E. (Ed.). (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wiley.com/en-us/Handbook+of+Midlife+Development-p-9780471333319">Handbook of midlife development</a>. NY: John Wiley.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLachmanTeshaleAgrigoroaei2015" class="citation journal cs1">Lachman, Margie E.; Teshale, Salom; Agrigoroaei, Stefan (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4286887">"Midlife as a pivotal period in the life course"</a>. <i>International Journal of Behavioral Development</i>. <b>39</b> (1): 20–31. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0165025414533223">10.1177/0165025414533223</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4286887">4286887</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25580043">25580043</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Behavioral+Development&rft.atitle=Midlife+as+a+pivotal+period+in+the+life+course&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=20-31&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4286887%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25580043&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0165025414533223&rft.aulast=Lachman&rft.aufirst=Margie+E.&rft.au=Teshale%2C+Salom&rft.au=Agrigoroaei%2C+Stefan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4286887&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiddle+age" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF桝田_智彦2019" class="citation cs2">桝田智彦 (2019), <i>中高年がひきこもる理由―臨床から生まれた回復へのプロセス―</i>, 青春出版社</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E4%B8%AD%E9%AB%98%E5%B9%B4%E3%81%8C%E3%81%B2%E3%81%8D%E3%81%93%E3%82%82%E3%82%8B%E7%90%86%E7%94%B1%E2%80%95%E8%87%A8%E5%BA%8A%E3%81%8B%E3%82%89%E7%94%9F%E3%81%BE%E3%82%8C%E3%81%9F%E5%9B%9E%E5%BE%A9%E3%81%B8%E3%81%AE%E3%83%97%E3%83%AD%E3%82%BB%E3%82%B9%E2%80%95&rft.pub=%E9%9D%92%E6%98%A5%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE&rft.date=2019&rft.au=%E6%A1%9D%E7%94%B0+%E6%99%BA%E5%BD%A6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiddle+age" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Middle_age&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Young_adult" title="Young adult">Young adulthood</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Stages_of_human_development" class="mw-redirect" title="Stages of human development">Stages of human development</a> </b><br />Middle age </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Old_age" title="Old age">Old age</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Development_of_the_human_body" 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