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href="#Danzig_Anatomical_Institute"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.1</span> <span>Danzig Anatomical Institute</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Danzig_Anatomical_Institute-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Postwar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Postwar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.2</span> <span>Postwar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Postwar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" 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class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%BD_%D0%BE%D1%82_%D1%87%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%82%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5" title="Сапун от човешки трупове – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Сапун от човешки трупове" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jab%C3%B3n_hecho_de_cad%C3%A1veres_humanos" title="Jabón hecho de cadáveres humanos – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Jabón hecho de cadáveres humanos" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AE%D8%AA%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%B4%D8%AF%D9%87_%D8%A7%D8%B2_%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86" title="صابون ساخته‌شده از اجساد انسان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="صابون ساخته‌شده از اجساد انسان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Production_exp%C3%A9rimentale_de_savon_humain_dans_l%27Allemagne_nazie" title="Production expérimentale de savon humain dans l'Allemagne nazie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Production expérimentale de savon humain dans l'Allemagne nazie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%95%D5%B3%D5%A1%D5%BC_%D5%B4%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A4%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%B3%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%BA%D5%AB%D6%81" title="Օճառ մարդկային ճարպից – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Օճառ մարդկային ճարպից" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agba_e_ji_ozu_mmad%E1%BB%A5_mee" title="Agba e ji ozu mmadụ mee – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Agba e ji ozu mmadụ mee" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabun_yang_terbuat_dari_jenazah_manusia" title="Sabun yang terbuat dari jenazah manusia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Sabun yang terbuat dari jenazah manusia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%91%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%9E%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%9F_%D7%90%D7%93%D7%9D_%D7%91%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%97%D7%9E%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%A2%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%9D_%D7%94%D7%A9%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%99%D7%94" title="סבון משומן אדם במלחמת העולם השנייה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סבון משומן אדם במלחמת העולם השנייה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emberi_zs%C3%ADrb%C3%B3l_k%C3%A9sz%C3%BClt_szappan" title="Emberi zsírból készült szappan – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Emberi zsírból készült szappan" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E9%96%93%E7%9F%B3%E9%B9%B8" title="人間石鹸 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="人間石鹸" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inson_yog%CA%BBidan_tayyorlangan_sovun" title="Inson yogʻidan tayyorlangan sovun – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Inson yogʻidan tayyorlangan sovun" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C4%83pun_f%C4%83cut_din_gr%C4%83sime_uman%C4%83" title="Săpun făcut din grăsime umană – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Săpun făcut din grăsime umană" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%BE_%D0%B8%D0%B7_%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%B6%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Мыло из человеческого жира – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Мыло из человеческого жира" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soap_made_from_human_corpses" title="Soap made from human corpses – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Soap made from human corpses" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AA%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%86_%D9%84%DB%95_%D8%AC%DB%95%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%95%DB%8C_%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%86%DA%A4" title="دروستکردنی سابون لە جەستەی مرۆڤ – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="دروستکردنی سابون لە جەستەی مرۆڤ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ihmisruumiista_tehty_saippua" title="Ihmisruumiista tehty saippua – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ihmisruumiista tehty saippua" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reines_J%C3%BCdisches_Fett" title="Reines Jüdisches Fett – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Reines Jüdisches Fett" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0nsan_cesetlerinden_yap%C4%B1lm%C4%B1%C5%9F_sabun" title="İnsan cesetlerinden yapılmış sabun – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="İnsan cesetlerinden yapılmış sabun" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E5%B0%B8%E6%B2%B9%E8%82%A5%E7%9A%82" title="人尸油肥皂 – Chinese" lang="zh" 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Alleged Nazi atrocity</div> <p>During the 20th century there were various alleged instances of <a href="/wiki/Soap" title="Soap">soap</a> being made from human <a href="/wiki/Body_fat" class="mw-redirect" title="Body fat">body fat</a>. During <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> the British press claimed that the Germans operated a <a href="/wiki/German_Corpse_Factory" title="German Corpse Factory">corpse factory</a> in which they made <a href="/wiki/Glycerol" title="Glycerol">glycerine</a> and soap from the bodies of their own soldiers. Both during and after <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, widely circulated rumors claimed that <a href="/wiki/Soap" title="Soap">soap</a> was being <a href="/wiki/Mass_production" title="Mass production">mass-produced</a> from the bodies of the victims of <a href="/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camps" title="Nazi concentration camps">Nazi concentration camps</a> which were located in <a href="/wiki/German-occupied_Poland" title="German-occupied Poland">German-occupied Poland</a>. During the <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_trials" title="Nuremberg trials">Nuremberg trials</a> items were presented as evidence of such production.<sup id="cite_ref-Nuremberg,_Robert_E_1984,_pp._298-9_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nuremberg,_Robert_E_1984,_pp._298-9-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-avalon.law.yale.edu_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-avalon.law.yale.edu-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Yad_Vashem_Memorial" class="mw-redirect" title="Yad Vashem Memorial">Yad Vashem Memorial</a> has stated that the Nazis did not produce soap with fat which was extracted from Jewish corpses on an industrial scale, saying that the Nazis may have frightened camp inmates by deliberately circulating rumors in which they claimed that they were able to extract fat from human corpses, turn it into soap, mass-produce and distribute it.<sup id="cite_ref-hutman_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hutman-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-njb_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-njb-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ct_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ct-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soap_made_from_human_corpses&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1786">1786</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soap_made_from_human_corpses&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: 1786"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1780, the former <a href="/wiki/Holy_Innocents%27_Cemetery" title="Holy Innocents' Cemetery">Holy Innocents' Cemetery</a> in <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a> was closed because of overuse. In 1786, the bodies were exhumed and the bones were moved to the <a href="/wiki/Catacombs_of_Paris" title="Catacombs of Paris">Catacombs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many bodies had incompletely decomposed and had reduced into deposits of <a href="/wiki/Adipocere" title="Adipocere">fat</a>. During the exhumation, this fat was collected and subsequently turned into candles and soap.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_War_I">World War I</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soap_made_from_human_corpses&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: World War I"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/German_Corpse_Factory" title="German Corpse Factory">German Corpse Factory</a></div> <p>The claim that Germans used the fat from human corpses to make products, including soap, was made during <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>. This allegation appears to have originated as a rumor which was spread by the British and Belgian media. The first recorded reference was made in 1915 when <a href="/wiki/Cynthia_Asquith" class="mw-redirect" title="Cynthia Asquith">Cynthia Asquith</a> noted in her diary (16 June 1915): "We discussed the rumour that the Germans utilise even their corpses by converting them into glycerine with the by-product of soap."<sup id="cite_ref-nea_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nea-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It became a major international story when <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a></i> of London reported in April 1917 that the Germans had admitted <a href="/wiki/Rendering_(animals)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rendering (animals)">rendering</a> the bodies of their dead soldiers for fat to make soap and other products.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the war <a href="/wiki/John_Charteris" title="John Charteris">John Charteris</a>, the former head of army intelligence, was reported to have claimed in a 1925 speech that he had invented the story. He subsequently insisted that his remarks had been misreported. The controversy led the British Foreign Secretary Sir <a href="/wiki/Austen_Chamberlain" title="Austen Chamberlain">Austen Chamberlain</a> to officially state that the government accepted that the "corpse factory" story was untrue.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The belief that the British had deliberately invented the story was later used by the Nazis.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_War_II">World War II</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soap_made_from_human_corpses&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: World War II"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Rumors which alleged that the Nazis produced soap from the bodies of concentration camp inmates were widely circulated during the war. Germany suffered from a shortage of fats during World War II, and the production of soap was put under government control. The "human soap" rumours may have originated because bars of soap were marked with the <a href="/wiki/Fraktur" title="Fraktur">Fraktur</a> initials [RIF] <span style="color:#d33">Error: {{Lang}}: Latn text/non-Latn script subtag mismatch (<a href="/wiki/Category:Lang_and_lang-xx_template_errors" title="Category:Lang and lang-xx template errors">help</a>)</span> (RIF), which some believed stood for "<i>[Rein-jüdisches-Fett] <span style="color:#d33">Error: {{Lang}}: Latn text/non-Latn script subtag mismatch (<a href="/wiki/Category:Lang_and_lang-xx_template_errors" title="Category:Lang and lang-xx template errors">help</a>)</span></i>" ("pure Jewish fat"); in <a href="/wiki/Blackletter#Fraktur" title="Blackletter">German Blackletter</a> font, I and J are only different in length (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1094882035">.mw-parser-output .script-Cprt{font-size:1.25em;font-family:"Segoe UI Historic","Noto Sans Cypriot",Code2001}.mw-parser-output .script-Hano{font-size:125%;font-family:"Noto Sans Hanunoo",FreeSerif,Quivira}.mw-parser-output .script-Latf,.mw-parser-output .script-de-Latf{font-size:1.25em;font-family:"Breitkopf Fraktur",UnifrakturCook,UniFrakturMaguntia,MarsFraktur,"MarsFraktur OT",KochFraktur,"KochFraktur OT",OffenbacherSchwabOT,"LOB.AlteSchwabacher","LOV.AlteSchwabacher","LOB.AtlantisFraktur","LOV.AtlantisFraktur","LOB.BreitkopfFraktur","LOV.BreitkopfFraktur","LOB.FetteFraktur","LOV.FetteFraktur","LOB.Fraktur3","LOV.Fraktur3","LOB.RochFraktur","LOV.RochFraktur","LOB.PostFraktur","LOV.PostFraktur","LOB.RuelhscheFraktur","LOV.RuelhscheFraktur","LOB.RungholtFraktur","LOV.RungholtFraktur","LOB.TheuerbankFraktur","LOV.TheuerbankFraktur","LOB.VinetaFraktur","LOV.VinetaFraktur","LOB.WalbaumFraktur","LOV.WalbaumFraktur","LOB.WeberMainzerFraktur","LOV.WeberMainzerFraktur","LOB.WieynckFraktur","LOV.WieynckFraktur","LOB.ZentenarFraktur","LOV.ZentenarFraktur"}.mw-parser-output .script-en-Latf{font-size:1.25em;font-family:Cankama,"Old English Text MT","Textura Libera","Textura Libera Tenuis",London}.mw-parser-output .script-it-Latf{font-size:1.25em;font-family:"Rotunda Pommerania",Rotunda,"Typographer Rotunda"}.mw-parser-output .script-Lina{font-size:1.25em;font-family:"Noto Sans Linear A"}.mw-parser-output .script-Linb{font-size:1.25em;font-family:"Noto Sans Linear B"}.mw-parser-output .script-Ugar{font-size:1.25em;font-family:"Segoe UI Historic","Noto Sans Ugaritic",Aegean}.mw-parser-output .script-Xpeo{font-size:1.25em;font-family:"Segoe UI Historic","Noto Sans Old Persian",Artaxerxes,Xerxes,Aegean}</style><span class="script-Latf">I</span> vs. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035"><span class="script-Latf">J</span>). However, in fact, <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">RIF</i></span> stood for <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Reichsstelle für industrielle Fettversorgung</i></span></i> ("National Center for Industrial Fat Provisioning", the German government agency which was responsible for the wartime production and distribution of soap and washing products). [RIF] <span style="color:#d33">Error: {{Lang}}: Latn text/non-Latn script subtag mismatch (<a href="/wiki/Category:Lang_and_lang-xx_template_errors" title="Category:Lang and lang-xx template errors">help</a>)</span> soap was a poor quality <a href="/wiki/Ersatz" class="mw-redirect" title="Ersatz">substitute</a> for soap and did not contain any fat, human or otherwise.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Rumors about the origin of [RIF] <span style="color:#d33">Error: {{Lang}}: Latn text/non-Latn script subtag mismatch (<a href="/wiki/Category:Lang_and_lang-xx_template_errors" title="Category:Lang and lang-xx template errors">help</a>)</span> soap and the meaning of the labeling were also spread in the concentration camps. In his book <i>Solitary in the Overwhelming Turbulence: Five Years as a Prisoner-of-War in East Prussia</i>, Naphtali Karchmer describes his years in captivity as a Jewish-Polish POW. He writes about gray, rectangular, low-quality pieces of soap which he and other POWs received with the letters "[RIF] <span style="color:#d33">Error: {{Lang}}: Latn text/non-Latn script subtag mismatch (<a href="/wiki/Category:Lang_and_lang-xx_template_errors" title="Category:Lang and lang-xx template errors">help</a>)</span>" inscribed on a center depression. These were only claimed to be made of "<i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Rein-jüdisches Fett</i></span></i>" ("pure Jewish fat") when prisoners complained about the low-foam, smooth soap. A version of the story is included in <i><a href="/wiki/Black_Book_(World_War_II)" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Book (World War II)">The Complete Black Book of Russian Jewry</a></i>, one of the earliest collections of firsthand accounts of <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">the Holocaust</a>, assembled by Soviet writers <a href="/wiki/Ilya_Ehrenburg" title="Ilya Ehrenburg">Ilya Ehrenburg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vasily_Grossman" title="Vasily Grossman">Vasily Grossman</a>. The specific story is part of a report which is titled "The Extermination of the Jews of <a href="/wiki/Lviv" title="Lviv">Lvov</a>" attributed to I. Herts and Naftali Nakht: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>In another section of the <a href="/wiki/Belzec_extermination_camp" title="Belzec extermination camp">Belzec</a> camp was an enormous soap factory. The Germans picked out the fattest Jews, murdered them, and boiled them down for soap. Artur [Izrailevich] Rozenshtraukh—a bank clerk from Lvov, in whose words we relate this testimony—held this "Jewish soap" in his own hands. The <a href="/wiki/Gestapo" title="Gestapo">Gestapo</a> thugs never denied the existence of a "production process" of this kind. Whenever they wanted to intimidate a Jew, they would say to him, "We'll make soap out of you."<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p><a href="/wiki/Raul_Hilberg" title="Raul Hilberg">Raul Hilberg</a> reports that such stories were circulated in <a href="/wiki/Lublin" title="Lublin">Lublin</a> as early as October 1942. The Germans were aware that the stories were being circulated, because <a href="/wiki/Schutzstaffel" title="Schutzstaffel">SS</a>-chief <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Himmler" title="Heinrich Himmler">Heinrich Himmler</a> received a letter which described the Poles' belief that Jews were being "boiled into soap", an indication that the Poles feared that they would suffer a similar fate. Because the rumors were circulated so widely, some segments of the Polish population boycotted the purchase of soap.<sup id="cite_ref-hilberg967_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hilberg967-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the first instances of the claim concerned <a href="/wiki/Oskar_Dirlewanger" title="Oskar Dirlewanger">Oskar Dirlewanger</a>, who was rumoured to have "cut up Jewish women and boiled them with horse fat to make soap".<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Historian Joachim Neander, in a German paper which he presented at the 28th conference of the <a href="/wiki/German_Studies_Association" title="German Studies Association">German Studies Association</a> in Washington D.C., cites the following comment, which is contained in a letter Himmler wrote to the head of the Gestapo, <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_M%C3%BCller_(Gestapo)" title="Heinrich Müller (Gestapo)">Heinrich Müller</a>; the letter is dated 20 November 1942. Himmler wrote the letter to Müller in response to an exposé by <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Samuel_Wise" title="Stephen Samuel Wise">Stephen Wise</a> printed in <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i> that mentioned the soap rumor: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>You have guaranteed me that at every site the corpses of these deceased Jews are either burned or buried, and that at no site anything else can happen with the corpses.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Müller was instructed to make inquiries if "abuse" had happened somewhere, and he was also instructed to report the results of his inquiries to Himmler "on an SS oath". Neander goes on to state that the letter represents circumstantial evidence which indicates that it was Nazi policy to abstain from processing corpses due to their known desire to keep their mass murder as secret as possible.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While the soap-making rumor was widely circulated and published as fact in numerous books and newspaper articles after the war, the myth has been debunked for many decades.<sup id="cite_ref-Neander_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Neander-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historians such as <a href="/wiki/Deborah_Lipstadt" title="Deborah Lipstadt">Deborah Lipstadt</a> have frequently stated: "It is a fact that the Nazis never used the bodies of Jews, or for that matter anyone else, for the production of soap […]. The soap rumor was thoroughly investigated after the war and proved to be untrue."<sup id="cite_ref-Neander_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Neander-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite this fact, many "believers" of the myth persist, and Joachim Neander believes that they are unwittingly playing into the hands of <a href="/wiki/Holocaust_denial" title="Holocaust denial">Holocaust deniers</a> by giving them a chance to easily debunk the legend, allowing them to cast doubt upon the veracity of the entire Holocaust as such.<sup id="cite_ref-Neander_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Neander-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Soap-making rumors were underlying a cycle of <a href="/wiki/Holocaust_jokes" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust jokes">Holocaust jokes</a> of the time: "Moishe, why are you using soap with so much fragrance?" - "When they turn me into soap, at least I will smell good"<sup id="cite_ref-chao_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chao-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or "Don't eat much: the Germans will have less soap!"<sup id="cite_ref-aso_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aso-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Danzig_Anatomical_Institute">Danzig Anatomical Institute</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soap_made_from_human_corpses&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Danzig Anatomical Institute"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article: <div style="margin-left: 10px;"><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Testimony_of_Sigmund_Mazur_before_the_International_Military_Tribunal_in_Nurenberg_in_the_case_of_Danzig_Anatomical_Institute" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Testimony of Sigmund Mazur before the International Military Tribunal in Nurenberg in the case of Danzig Anatomical Institute">Testimony of Sigmund Mazur</a></b></div></div></div> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rudolf_Spanner_tablet_(1).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Rudolf_Spanner_tablet_%281%29.JPG/220px-Rudolf_Spanner_tablet_%281%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Rudolf_Spanner_tablet_%281%29.JPG/330px-Rudolf_Spanner_tablet_%281%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Rudolf_Spanner_tablet_%281%29.JPG/440px-Rudolf_Spanner_tablet_%281%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1944" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>A memorial tablet in <a href="/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk" title="Gdańsk">Gdańsk</a>, Poland, chronicling Rudolph Spanner's alleged experiments.</figcaption></figure> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_trials" title="Nuremberg trials">Nuremberg trials</a>, Sigmund Mazur, a laboratory assistant at the <a href="/wiki/Danzig" class="mw-redirect" title="Danzig">Danzig</a> Anatomical Institute, testified that soap had been made from <a href="/wiki/Human_fat" title="Human fat">corpse fat</a> at the institute, and he also claimed that 70 to 80 kg (155–175 lb) of fat which was collected from 40 bodies could produce more than 25 kg (55 lb) of soap, and the finished soap was retained by Professor <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Spanner" title="Rudolf Spanner">Rudolf Spanner</a>. Two British POWs who had to perform auxiliary tasks at the Institute provided witness-accounts.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In his book <i><a href="/wiki/Russia_at_War,_1941%E2%80%931945" title="Russia at War, 1941–1945">Russia at War, 1941–1945</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Werth" title="Alexander Werth">Alexander Werth</a> claims that while visiting <span title="Polish-language text"><i lang="pl">Gdańsk</i></span>/Danzig in 1945 shortly after its conquest by the Red Army, he saw an experimental factory outside the city for making soap from human corpses. According to Werth, it had been run by "a German professor called Spanner" and it "was a nightmarish sight, with its vats full of human heads and torsos pickled in some liquid, and its pails full of a flakey substance—human soap".<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Historian Joachim Neander states that the rumors which allege that the Nazis produced soap from the bodies of Jews who they murdered in their concentration camps, long-since thoroughly debunked, are still widely believed, and they are exploited by <a href="/wiki/Holocaust_denial" title="Holocaust denial">Holocaust deniers</a>. However, he goes on to say that even scholars who reject the aforementioned claim that the Germans made soap from human fat and mass-produced it are sometimes still convinced that the Germans attempted "experimental" soap production on a smaller scale in Danzig and this claim is still repeated as if it is a firm fact in several remembrance contexts.<sup id="cite_ref-Neander_18-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Neander-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He, and the Polish historian Monika Tomkiewicz, who works in the investigative department of the <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_National_Remembrance" title="Institute of National Remembrance">Institute of National Remembrance</a> (IPN) in Gdańsk, and Piotr Semków, formerly also an employee of the IPN, later a lecturer at the <a href="/wiki/Polish_Naval_Academy" title="Polish Naval Academy">Naval Academy in Gdynia</a>, have thoroughly investigated Spanner's claims which surround the Danzig Anatomical Institute and all of them have concluded that the Holocaust-related soap-making claims which surround it are myths, particularly cemented into Polish consciousness by <a href="/wiki/Zofia_Na%C5%82kowska" title="Zofia Nałkowska">Zofia Nałkowska</a>'s 1946 book <i><a href="/wiki/Medallions_(book)" title="Medallions (book)">Medaliony</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-Aus_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aus-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which was mandatory reading in <a href="/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Republic" title="Polish People's Republic">Poland</a> until 1990, was widely distributed in the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a>, and it is still popular today.<sup id="cite_ref-TomSem_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TomSem-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They all alleged that such secondary sources have played a far greater role in spreading information about the claim than scholarly research has. </p><p>According to both Neander, and Tomkiewicz and Semków, "soap", made from human cadavers, came into existence at the Danzig institute,<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it was not related to the alleged Holocaust-related crimes of "harvesting" Jews or Poles for soap-making purposes, because the connection between "the Holocaust" on one side and the "Danzig soap" on the other side only exists by way of the confirmed false rumors of "concentration camp soap" which were circulated during the war. The idea that the Danzig Anatomical Institute, and Dr. Spanner's work therein, was related to the Holocaust originally stemmed from the findings of bodies and <a href="/wiki/Maceration_(bone)" title="Maceration (bone)">bone maceration</a> processes in the creation of <a href="/wiki/Anatomical_model" title="Anatomical model">anatomical models</a> in a small brick building on the premise of the anatomical institute. This, and the soapy grease which was created for the purpose of injecting it into the models' flexible joints,<sup id="cite_ref-TomSem_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TomSem-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was used by the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviets</a> and the newly established Polish <a href="/wiki/Chief_Commission_for_the_Prosecution_of_Crimes_against_the_Polish_Nation" title="Chief Commission for the Prosecution of Crimes against the Polish Nation">Chief Commission for the Prosecution of Crimes against the Polish Nation</a> as proof of human soap production in Nazi concentration camps. The latter claims had been presented as fact and they had also become a stock phrase in Soviet propaganda, but no evidence of it could be found in the liberated camps. The "human soap" which was made from the bone maceration which was found in Danzig was conflated with the separate rumors regarding the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camps" title="Nazi concentration camps">Nazi concentration camps</a> and they were presented together during the Nuremberg trials.<sup id="cite_ref-Neander_18-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Neander-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-TomSem_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TomSem-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Semków states that the presence of human <a href="/wiki/Adipose_tissue" title="Adipose tissue">fat tissue</a> has been confirmed in the samples of soapy grease from Danzig which were presented at the trials (which was claimed to be "unfinished soap"<sup id="cite_ref-Neander_18-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Neander-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) through analysis which was performed by the <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_National_Remembrance" title="Institute of National Remembrance">IPN</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk_University_of_Technology" title="Gdańsk University of Technology">Gdańsk University of Technology</a> in 2011<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 2006<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> respectively, but his and Tomkiewicz research concluded that this was a by-product stemming from Spanner's work in bone maceration. Spanner, a well-respected physician who was nominated for the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1939, would also not have been "experimenting" with soap production (which was widely understood and not something which needed experimentation) instead of teaching his students. </p><p>An investigation also maintained that at least 10 kg of soap from human fat was produced, sourced from the <a href="/wiki/Stutthof_concentration_camp" title="Stutthof concentration camp">Stutthof concentration camp</a>, based on the aforementioned testimonies which were delivered in 1945 and the presence of <a href="/wiki/Kaolin" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaolin">kaolin</a> in the samples indicated that it was probably used as a cleaning soap due to its abrasive qualities,<sup id="cite_ref-TomSem_24-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TomSem-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Aus_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aus-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but the criminal investigation of this claim was discontinued because it lacked grounds which would indicate that Spanner had incited killings in order to obtain corpses for the Institute.<sup id="cite_ref-TomSem_24-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TomSem-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Neander points out that the soap-making recipe from Mazur's testimony was contradictory and unrealistic, with a testimony from 12 May 1945 which claimed that 75 kg of fat were produced and 8 kg of soap were produced from the first boiling, a testimony from 28 May 1945 which claimed that 70–80 kg of fat were produced from 40 bodies and 25 kg of soap were produced from both boilings, and a testimony from 7 June 1945 which claimed that 40 bodies produced 40 kg of soap from both boilings. These inconsistencies were even pointed out before the <a href="/wiki/Chief_Commission_for_the_Prosecution_of_Crimes_against_the_Polish_Nation" title="Chief Commission for the Prosecution of Crimes against the Polish Nation">Chief Commission</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Neander_18-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Neander-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The witness testimonies of the two British POWs were also noted and they were described as being "contradictory and inconclusive" in a 1990s report which was compiled by the newly established <a href="/wiki/United_States_Holocaust_Memorial_Museum" title="United States Holocaust Memorial Museum">Holocaust Memorial Museum</a> in Washington D.C., which holds a cautious stance with regard to the Danzig Soap issue.<sup id="cite_ref-Neander_18-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Neander-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Regarding the presence of kaolin, the abrasiveness of which has also been criticized as being unsuitable for flexible model-joints,<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it was noted by Tomkiewicz and Semków that Spanner had previously done research on kaolin injections into cadavers, meaning that the kaolin found in the soap could have come from the cadaver itself, rather than as later additive.<sup id="cite_ref-TomSem_24-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TomSem-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tomkiewicz and Semków write that when <a href="/wiki/Zofia_Na%C5%82kowska" title="Zofia Nałkowska">Zofia Nałkowska</a>, Vice-Chairperson of the Chief Commission, was already writing her short-story "Professor Spanner" (which would be published in <i>Medaliony</i>), Spanner was again working as a medical doctor, under his own name, in <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Schleswig-Holstein" title="Province of Schleswig-Holstein">Schleswig-Holstein</a> in September 1945, unaware that he was being linked to any possible crimes. He was arrested in May 1947, but was released after three days, later being arrested again, but he was once again released after explaining how he had conducted the maceration and injection process. Spanner would "<i>repeat my statement given at the police and add: At the Danzig Anatomic Institute soap was manufactured to a limited extent from human fat. This soap was only used for the manufacturing of joint preparations</i>".<sup id="cite_ref-Neander_18-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Neander-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After being dismissed by intervention from the <a href="/wiki/Allied-occupied_Germany#British_Zone_of_Occupation" title="Allied-occupied Germany">British occupation authorities</a> he was declared "clean" by the <a href="/wiki/Denazification" title="Denazification">denazification</a> program in 1948, officially exonerated, and resumed his academic career, becoming director of the Institute of Anatomy in Cologne in 1957 and editor of the esteemed Werner Spalteholz anatomical atlas, before dying in 1960.<sup id="cite_ref-TomSem_24-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TomSem-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Aus_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aus-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Neander concludes that no research or experiments on soap-making were conducted in Danzig, that Mazur never made soap according to his "recipe", that corpses which were delivered to be boiled and turned into anatomical models were all the corpses of Germans who had not been killed in order to "harvest" their bodies, and that the only soap created was a byproduct of this. He also concludes that what the IPN called the "chemical substance which was essentially soap", obtained by human fat,<sup id="cite_ref-TomSem_24-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TomSem-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was used for laboratory cleaning purposes towards the end of the war, with Spanner, as head of the institute, bearing responsibility for this, but that such handling of dead bodies amounted to a <a href="/wiki/Misdemeanor" title="Misdemeanor">misdemeanor</a> as opposed to any criminal behavior, let alone a <a href="/wiki/Crimes_against_humanity" title="Crimes against humanity">crime against humanity</a> or involvement in any genocidal activities, something which is today officially acknowledged in Poland.<sup id="cite_ref-Neander_18-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Neander-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As <a href="/wiki/Holocaust_denial" title="Holocaust denial">Holocaust deniers</a> employ this controversy in order to criticize the veracity of the Nazi <a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">genocide</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Neander states: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The time therefore has come to reduce the "Danzig Soap Case," inflated by postwar propaganda to a prime example of Nazi German crimes, to its real dimensions. "Revisionists" would lose one of their favorite "arguments" in their efforts to discredit serious Holocaust scholarship. Moreover, de-demonizing "Profesor Spanner" would dismantle a popular Polish anti-German stereotype and would contribute to a better mutual understanding. The list of the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_crimes_against_the_Polish_nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi crimes against the Polish nation">Nazi crimes perpetrated in Poland</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Poland" title="The Holocaust in Poland">during the Holocaust</a> is long enough. It will not become significantly shorter, if an alleged crime is deleted from it, but it will become more trustworthy.<sup id="cite_ref-Neander_18-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Neander-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Postwar">Postwar</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soap_made_from_human_corpses&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Postwar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Alain_Resnais" title="Alain Resnais">Alain Resnais</a>, who treated the testimony of <a href="/wiki/Holocaust_survivors" title="Holocaust survivors">Holocaust survivors</a> as fact, continued the accusation in his noted 1955 Holocaust documentary film <i><a href="/wiki/Nuit_et_brouillard" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuit et brouillard">Nuit et brouillard</a></i>. Some postwar Israelis (in the army, schools) also referred disdainfully to Jewish victims of Nazism who arrived in Israel with the Hebrew word <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">סבון</span></span> (<i><span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he-Latn">sabon</i></span></i>, "soap").<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In fact, this offensive word was not linked to the rumours about Nazi crimes and human soap, but it had the sense of "soft", "weaklings".<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Though some still claim that evidence of "human soap" from the Danzig institute as proof,<sup id="cite_ref-Michael_Shermer_2002,_pp._114-117_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Michael_Shermer_2002,_pp._114-117-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> mainstream scholars of <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">the Holocaust</a> consider the idea that the Nazis manufactured soap as part of the Holocaust to be part of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> <a href="/wiki/Folklore" title="Folklore">folklore</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-hutman_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hutman-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-njb_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-njb-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ct_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ct-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historian <a href="/wiki/Israel_Gutman" title="Israel Gutman">Israel Gutman</a> has stated that "it was never done on a mass scale".<sup id="cite_ref-Michael_Shermer_2002,_pp._114-117_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Michael_Shermer_2002,_pp._114-117-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><br /> </p> <pre>of "RIF" soap, which were ade of human fat, and evidence of similar atrocities including shrunken prisoner heads and preserved tattoos, which were put on display in <a href="/wiki/Buchenwald_concentration_camp" title="Buchenwald concentration camp">Buchenwald</a> and shown to the population of <a href="/wiki/Weimar" title="Weimar">Weimar</a> after the camp's liberation.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </pre> <p>Several burial sites in Israel include graves for "soap made of Jewish victims by the Nazis". These are probably bars of RIF soap. Following a heated discussion about these graves in the media in 2003, Yad Vashem publicized Professor <a href="/wiki/Yehuda_Bauer" title="Yehuda Bauer">Yehuda Bauer</a>'s research which says that RIF soap was not made of human fat, and the RIF myth was probably propagated by the Nazi guards in order to taunt the Jews.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yad Vashem includes an image of an emotional funeral and a burial of "Jewish" soap in Romania.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A small bar of soap was on display at the Nazareth holocaust memorial museum in Israel, and a similar bar of soap was buried in the "holocaust cellar" live-museum in mount Zion in Jerusalem, Israel, during the museum's inception in 1958. A replica was on display there. Following the publication of Yad Vashem Professor Yehuda Bauer's conclusion that soap was not manufactured from the bodies of Jews or other Nazi concentration camp inmates in industrial quantities, <a href="/wiki/Tom_Segev" title="Tom Segev">Tom Segev</a>, a "new historian" and an <a href="/wiki/Anti-establishment" title="Anti-establishment">anti-establishment</a> Israeli author, wrote in his book "The Seventh Million" that the belief in the existence of the Holocaust-Cellar soap was "idol worshiping in Jerusalem".<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A bar of soap is displayed at the <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_the_History_of_Ukraine_in_the_Second_World_War" title="National Museum of the History of Ukraine in the Second World War">National Museum of the History of Ukraine in the Second World War</a> inside the <a href="/wiki/Motherland_Monument" class="mw-redirect" title="Motherland Monument">Motherland Monument</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kyiv" title="Kyiv">Kyiv</a>, Ukraine.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The manufacture of soap from stolen <a href="/wiki/Liposuction" title="Liposuction">liposuction</a> waste is a major plot point in the 1999 film <i><a href="/wiki/Fight_Club" title="Fight Club">Fight Club</a></i>. </p><p>In September 2016, Dutch artist, Julian Hetzel, created an art installation called <i>Schuldfabrik</i> using soap made from donated human fat, highlighting human excess and waste. <i>Schuld</i> is a German term that has two different yet related meanings: 'guilt' as a moral duty, and 'debt' as an economical obligation.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soap_made_from_human_corpses&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Soap_Myth" title="The Soap Myth">The Soap Myth</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthropodermic_bibliopegy" title="Anthropodermic bibliopegy">Anthropodermic bibliopegy</a> (in some cases, skin with tattoos was preserved in Nazi concentration camps)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_skull_collection" title="Jewish skull collection">Jewish skull collection</a> (Jews who were killed for their skeletons)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Corpse_Factory" title="German Corpse Factory">German Corpse Factory</a>, one of the most notorious anti-German atrocity propaganda stories to be circulated during World War I</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lampshades_made_from_human_skin" title="Lampshades made from human skin">Lampshades made from human skin</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fight_Club_(novel)" title="Fight Club (novel)">Fight Club</a></i>, a novel (and <a href="/wiki/Fight_Club" title="Fight Club">subsequent film</a>) in which soap is made out of rendered human fat stolen from the dumpsters of liposuction clinics.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_fat" title="Human fat">Human fat</a> – Historic pharmaceutical substance of human origin</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soap_made_from_human_corpses&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Nuremberg,_Robert_E_1984,_pp._298-9-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nuremberg,_Robert_E_1984,_pp._298-9_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Justice at Nuremberg, Robert E. Conot, Carroll & Graf Publishers, 1984, pp. 298-9</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-avalon.law.yale.edu-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-avalon.law.yale.edu_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://avalon.law.yale.edu/imt/02-19-46.asp">"Nuremberg Trial Proceedings Vol. 7, SIXTY-SECOND DAY, 19 February 1946, Morning Session"</a>. <i>yale.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 2,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=yale.edu&rft.atitle=Nuremberg+Trial+Proceedings+Vol.+7%2C+SIXTY-SECOND+DAY%2C+19+February+1946%2C+Morning+Session&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Favalon.law.yale.edu%2Fimt%2F02-19-46.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoap+made+from+human+corpses" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hutman-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hutman_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hutman_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bill Hutman, "Nazis never made human-fat soap," <i>The Jerusalem Post - International Edition</i>, week ending May 5, 1990.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-njb-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-njb_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-njb_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"Holocaust Expert Rejects Charge That Nazis Made Soap from Jews," <i>Northern California Jewish Bulletin</i>, April 27, 1990. (JTA dispatch from Tel Aviv.) Facsimile in: <i>Christian News</i>, May 21, 1990, p. 19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ct-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ct_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ct_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"A Holocaust Belief Cleared Up," <i>Chicago Tribune</i>, April 25, 1990. Facsimile in: Ganpac Brief, June 1990, p. 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.paris-promenades.com/en/site_text/III.htm">"Paris' Les Innocents cemetery"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 6,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Paris%27+Les+Innocents+cemetery&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.paris-promenades.com%2Fen%2Fsite_text%2FIII.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoap+made+from+human+corpses" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blogs.scientificamerican.com/anecdotes-from-the-archive/you-posthumously-light-up-my-life/">"You (posthumously) light up my life"</a>. <i>Scientific American blog</i>. 15 April 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Scientific+American+blog&rft.atitle=You+%28posthumously%29+light+up+my+life&rft.date=2011-04-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblogs.scientificamerican.com%2Fanecdotes-from-the-archive%2Fyou-posthumously-light-up-my-life%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoap+made+from+human+corpses" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nea-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nea_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Neander, Joachim, <i>The German Corpse Factory. The Master Hoax of British Propaganda in the First World War</i>, Saarland University Press, 2013, pp.79-85.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnightley2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Phillip_Knightley" title="Phillip Knightley">Knightley, Phillip</a> (2000). <i>The First Casualty: The War Correspondent as Hero and Myth-Maker from the Crimea to Kosovo</i>. Prion. pp. 105–106. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85375-376-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-85375-376-9"><bdi>1-85375-376-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+First+Casualty%3A+The+War+Correspondent+as+Hero+and+Myth-Maker+from+the+Crimea+to+Kosovo&rft.pages=105-106&rft.pub=Prion&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=1-85375-376-9&rft.aulast=Knightley&rft.aufirst=Phillip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoap+made+from+human+corpses" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPonsonby1928" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Ponsonby" class="mw-redirect" title="Arthur Ponsonby">Ponsonby, Arthur</a> (1928). <i>Falsehood in Wartime</i>. New York: Dutton. pp. 102, 111–112.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Falsehood+in+Wartime&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=102%2C+111-112&rft.pub=Dutton&rft.date=1928&rft.aulast=Ponsonby&rft.aufirst=Arthur&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoap+made+from+human+corpses" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Marlin, Randal (2002). <i>Propaganda and the Ethics of Persuasion</i>, Broadview, pp. 73–4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaxman2006" class="citation book cs1">Waxman, Zoë (2006). <i>Writing the Holocaust: Identity, Testimony, Representation</i>. Oxford University Press. p. 168. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-920638-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-920638-4"><bdi>0-19-920638-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Writing+the+Holocaust%3A+Identity%2C+Testimony%2C+Representation&rft.pages=168&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-19-920638-4&rft.aulast=Waxman&rft.aufirst=Zo%C3%AB&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoap+made+from+human+corpses" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEhrenburgIl'ja_Grigor'jevic_ErenburgVasilij_Semenovic_Grossman2003" class="citation book cs1">Ehrenburg, Ilya; Il'ja Grigor'jevic Erenburg; Vasilij Semenovic Grossman; et al. 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Transaction Publishers. p. 82. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7658-0543-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-7658-0543-X"><bdi>0-7658-0543-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Complete+Black+Book+of+Russian+Jewry&rft.pages=82&rft.pub=Transaction+Publishers&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-7658-0543-X&rft.aulast=Ehrenburg&rft.aufirst=Ilya&rft.au=Il%27ja+Grigor%27jevic+Erenburg&rft.au=Vasilij+Semenovic+Grossman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoap+made+from+human+corpses" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hilberg967-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hilberg967_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHilberg1985" class="citation book cs1">Hilberg, Raul (1985). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/destructionofeur0003hilb/page/967"><i>The Destruction of the European Jews: The Revised and Definitive Edition</i></a></span>. Holmes & Meier. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/destructionofeur0003hilb/page/967">967</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8419-0832-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-8419-0832-X"><bdi>0-8419-0832-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Destruction+of+the+European+Jews%3A+The+Revised+and+Definitive+Edition&rft.pages=967&rft.pub=Holmes+%26+Meier&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=0-8419-0832-X&rft.aulast=Hilberg&rft.aufirst=Raul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdestructionofeur0003hilb%2Fpage%2F967&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoap+made+from+human+corpses" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110515002212/http://www.chgs.umn.edu/histories/myths.html">"Myths : Center for Holocaust & Genocide Studies : University of Minnesota"</a>. Chgs.umn.edu. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chgs.umn.edu/histories/myths.html">the original</a> on 15 May 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Myths+%3A+Center+for+Holocaust+%26+Genocide+Studies+%3A+University+of+Minnesota&rft.pub=Chgs.umn.edu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chgs.umn.edu%2Fhistories%2Fmyths.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoap+made+from+human+corpses" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Himmler to Müller, 30 Nov. 1942, US National Archives, Record Group 242, Microfilm Series T-175/Roll 58/Frame 2521486. As quoted in Breitman, Richard, "Secrecy and the Final Solution," from Millen, pp. 70-71.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Joachim Neander, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://marcuse.faculty.history.ucsb.edu/dachau/legends/NeanderSoap049.htm">'Seife aus Judenfett' – Zur Wirkungsgeschichte einer <i>urban legend</i>"</a>, paper presented at the Oktober 2004 German Studies Association conference.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Neander-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Neander_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Neander_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Neander_18-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Neander_18-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Neander_18-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Neander_18-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Neander_18-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Neander_18-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Neander_18-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Neander_18-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Neander_18-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeander2006" class="citation journal cs1">Neander, Joachim (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://marcuse.faculty.history.ucsb.edu/dachau/legends/2006NeanderDanzigSoapCaseGSR.pdf">"The Danzig Soap Case: Facts and Legends around "Professor Spanner" and the Danzig Anatomic Institute 1944-1945"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>German Studies Review</i>. <b>29</b> (1): 63–86.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=German+Studies+Review&rft.atitle=The+Danzig+Soap+Case%3A+Facts+and+Legends+around+%22Professor+Spanner%22+and+the+Danzig+Anatomic+Institute+1944-1945&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=63-86&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Neander&rft.aufirst=Joachim&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmarcuse.faculty.history.ucsb.edu%2Fdachau%2Flegends%2F2006NeanderDanzigSoapCaseGSR.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoap+made+from+human+corpses" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-chao-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-chao_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chaya_Ostrower&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chaya Ostrower (page does not exist)">Chaya Ostrower</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%97%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%91%D7%A8" class="extiw" title="he:חיה אוסטרובר">he</a>]</span>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.betipulnet.co.il/particles/%D7%94%D7%94%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A8_%D7%9B%D7%9E%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%94%D7%92%D7%A0%D7%94_%D7%91%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%90%D7%94/">הומור כמנגנון הגנה בשואה</a> ["Humor as a defense mechanism in the Holocaust"] </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-aso-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-aso_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridgescholars.com/product/978-1-5275-6447-3">Sover, Arie. 2021. Jewish Humor: An outcome of Historical Experience, Survival, and Wisdom. London: Cambridge Scholars</a>, Section "Jewish Humor in the Holocaust", <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kjYoEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA139">pp. 139-142</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://holocaust.skeptik.net/documents/soap.htm">"Данцигские эксперименты по производству мыла из человеческого жира"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D1%8D%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%8B+%D0%BF%D0%BE+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D1%83+%D0%BC%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B0+%D0%B8%D0%B7+%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%B6%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fholocaust.skeptik.net%2Fdocuments%2Fsoap.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoap+made+from+human+corpses" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWerth1964" class="citation book cs1">Werth, Alexander (1964). <i>Russia at War, 1941-1945</i>. Dutton. p. 1019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Russia+at+War%2C+1941-1945&rft.pages=1019&rft.pub=Dutton&rft.date=1964&rft.aulast=Werth&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoap+made+from+human+corpses" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Aus-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Aus_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Aus_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Aus_23-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070930015505/http://www.auschwitz.org.pl/new/index.php?tryb=news_big&language=PL&id=1129">"Zakończono śledztwo w głośnej "sprawie profesora Spannera"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Dziennik Bałtycki</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.auschwitz.org.pl/new/index.php?tryb=news_big&language=PL&id=1129">the original</a> on 2007-09-30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dziennik+Ba%C5%82tycki&rft.atitle=Zako%C5%84czono+%C5%9Bledztwo+w+g%C5%82o%C5%9Bnej+%22sprawie+profesora+Spannera%22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.auschwitz.org.pl%2Fnew%2Findex.php%3Ftryb%3Dnews_big%26language%3DPL%26id%3D1129&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoap+made+from+human+corpses" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TomSem-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-TomSem_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TomSem_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TomSem_24-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TomSem_24-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TomSem_24-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TomSem_24-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TomSem_24-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TomSem_24-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTomkiewiczSemków2013" class="citation book cs1">Tomkiewicz, Monika; Semków, Piotr (2013). <i>Soap from human fat: the case of Professor Spanner</i>. Gdynia Wydawnictwo Róża Wiatrów. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788362012022" title="Special:BookSources/9788362012022"><bdi>9788362012022</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Soap+from+human+fat%3A+the+case+of+Professor+Spanner&rft.pub=Gdynia+Wydawnictwo+R%C3%B3%C5%BCa+Wiatr%C3%B3w&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9788362012022&rft.aulast=Tomkiewicz&rft.aufirst=Monika&rft.au=Semk%C3%B3w%2C+Piotr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoap+made+from+human+corpses" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">M. Tomkiewicz, P. Semków: Profesor Rudolf Maria Spanner – naukowiec czy eksperymentator? Medycyna na usługach systemu eksterminacji ludności w Trzeciej Rzeszy i na terenach okupowanej Polski. Edited by G. Łukomski, G. Kucharski. Poznań–Gniezno 2011, page 131 <i>. Należy odnotować, że prowadzone w latach 2002–2006 przez Oddziałową Komisję Ścigania Zbrodni przeciwko Narodowi Polskiemu w Gdańsku śledztwo potwierdziło, że w Instytucie Anatomicznym produkowano w czasie wojny mydło z tłuszczu ludzkiego, wprawdzie nie na skalę przemysłową, jednak do celów użytkowych:</i>, translated:<i>One should note that the investigation which was conducted by the District Commission for the Prosecution of Crimes against the Polish Nation in Gdańsk (Oddziałowa Komisja Ścigania Zbrodni przeciwko Narodowi Polskiemu w Gdańsku) from 2002–2006 proved that during the war, soap which was made from human fat was manufactured at the Anatomical Institute. It was not produced on an industrial scale, instead, it was produced for utilitarian purposes:</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://dziennikbaltycki.pl/gdansk-ofiary-zbrodniczych-eksperymentow-w-zapomnianej-mogile/ar/394930">[1]</a><i>Gdańsk: Ofiary zbrodniczych eksperymentów w zapomnianej mogile</i> Dziennik Baltycki 21.04.2011</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPolska_Press_Sp._z_o.o.2006" class="citation web cs1">Polska Press Sp. z o.o. (2006-10-07). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wiadomosci24.pl/artykul/zakonczono_sledztwo_w_glosnej_sprawie_profesora_spannera_8420.html">"Zakończono śledztwo w głośnej "sprawie profesora Spannera"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. Wiadomosci24.pl<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-01-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Zako%C5%84czono+%C5%9Bledztwo+w+g%C5%82o%C5%9Bnej+%22sprawie+profesora+Spannera%22&rft.pub=Wiadomosci24.pl&rft.date=2006-10-07&rft.au=Polska+Press+Sp.+z+o.o.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wiadomosci24.pl%2Fartykul%2Fzakonczono_sledztwo_w_glosnej_sprawie_profesora_spannera_8420.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoap+made+from+human+corpses" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.auschwitz.org.pl/m/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=55&Itemid=8">"Human Fat Was Used to Produce Soap in Gdansk during the War"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110521224630/http://en.auschwitz.org.pl/m/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=55&Itemid=8">Archived</a> 2011-05-21 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Auschwitz–Birkenau Memorial and Museum website, 13 October 2006. Accessed July 12, 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Soap from Human Fat: The Case of Professor Spanner John A. Drobnicki CUNY York College <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://academicworks.cuny.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1245&context=yc_pubs">[2]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nizkor.org/features/techniques-of-denial/soap-01.html">Deceit & Misrepresentation. The Techniques of Holocaust Denial: The Soap Allegations. Part 1</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070707160632/http://www.nizkor.org/features/techniques-of-denial/soap-01.html">Archived</a> 2007-07-07 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nizkor.org/features/techniques-of-denial/soap-02.html">Part 2</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070611035606/http://www.nizkor.org/features/techniques-of-denial/soap-02.html">Archived</a> 2007-06-11 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nizkor.org/features/techniques-of-denial/soap-03.html">Part 3</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091201185734/http://www.nizkor.org/features/techniques-of-denial/soap-03.html">Archived</a> 2009-12-01 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nizkor.org/features/techniques-of-denial/soap-04.html">Part 4</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091201201112/http://www.nizkor.org/features/techniques-of-denial/soap-04.html">Archived</a> 2009-12-01 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nizkor.org/features/techniques-of-denial/soap-05.html">Part 5</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091201172941/http://www.nizkor.org/features/techniques-of-denial/soap-05.html">Archived</a> 2009-12-01 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nizkor.org/features/techniques-of-denial/soap-06.html">Part 6</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091201155332/http://www.nizkor.org/features/techniques-of-denial/soap-06.html">Archived</a> 2009-12-01 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nizkor_Project" title="Nizkor Project">Nizkor Project</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldberg1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_Goldberg_(author)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Michael Goldberg (author) (page does not exist)">Goldberg, Michael</a> (1996). <i>Why Should Jews Survive?: Looking Past the Holocaust Toward a Jewish Future</i>. Oxford University Press US. p. 122. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-511126-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-511126-5"><bdi>0-19-511126-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Why+Should+Jews+Survive%3F%3A+Looking+Past+the+Holocaust+Toward+a+Jewish+Future&rft.pages=122&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press+US&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-19-511126-5&rft.aulast=Goldberg&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoap+made+from+human+corpses" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dan Ben Amotz, Netiva Ben Yehuda <i>The World Dictionary of Hebrew Slang</i> - Milon Olami leivrit meduberet, vol.1, Zmora Bitan, Tel Aviv 1982 page 158</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Michael_Shermer_2002,_pp._114-117-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Michael_Shermer_2002,_pp._114-117_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Michael_Shermer_2002,_pp._114-117_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Denying_history&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Denying history (page does not exist)">Denying history</a>: who says the Holocaust never happened and why do they say it?</i> by <a href="/wiki/Michael_Shermer" title="Michael Shermer">Michael Shermer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alex_Grobman" title="Alex Grobman">Alex Grobman</a>, University of California Press, 2002: "The Human Soap Controversy," pp. 114–117.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Holocaust/soap.html"><i>The soap myth</i></a> (<a href="/wiki/Jewish_Virtual_Library" title="Jewish Virtual Library">Jewish Virtual Library</a>) Accessed December 29, 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Walter Laqueur, <i>The Terrible Secret</i> (Boston: 1980), pp. 82, 219.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gitta Sereny, <i>Into That Darkness</i> (London: A. Deutsch, 1974), p. 141 (note).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Nazi Soap Rumor During World War II," <i>Los Angeles Times</i>, May 16, 1981, p. II/2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y7xA0edrxuE#t=40m50s">An Alfred Hitchcock documentary on the Nazi Holocaust</a> [00:40:50] (youtube) Presumably the display is from <a href="/wiki/Ilse_Koch" title="Ilse Koch">Ilse Koch</a>'s collection of artifacts from humans. The display includes a bar of RIF soap allegedly made from human fat. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nizkor.org/ftp.cgi/camps/buchenwald/images/buchenwald02.jpg">Image of artifacts on display from BBC documentary</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181012054126/http://www.nizkor.org/ftp.cgi/camps/buchenwald/images/buchenwald02.jpg">Archived</a> 2018-10-12 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ladaat.info/article.aspx?artid=5468">Shocking: Soap from Jews murdered in holocaust, buried in Safed</a> (Hebrew, Ladaat.net)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.nana10.co.il/Article/?ArticleID=172144">Yad Vashem: No soap made from Jews</a> (Hebrew) following discussion of soap grave in Magdiel, 2005</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://collections1.yadvashem.org/notebook_ext.asp?item=30463">Jewish soap funeral</a> (Yad Vashem)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thejewishweek.com/news/new_york/holocaust_era_soap_find_raises_new_questions">Holocaust era soap find raises new questions</a> <a href="/wiki/Deborah_Lipstadt" title="Deborah Lipstadt">Deborah Lipstadt</a> told the newspaper that soap was not mass-produced, although "There were attempts, but it was never practical." Stewart Ain, February 22, 2011, <i>The Jewish Week</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://in.bgu.ac.il/bgi/israelis/DocLib/Pages/2011/4.pdf">The holocaust cellar: Between public memory and the republic memorial</a> (Hebrew) Alex Lavon, Ben Gurion University</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Seventh Million: Israelis and the Holocaust</i> (2000, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8050-6660-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8050-6660-8">0-8050-6660-8</a>) part 2 page 412 and on.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lonelyplanet.com/ukraine/kyiv/attractions/great-patriotic-war-museum/a/poi-sig/421341/360928">"Great Patriotic War Museum | Kyiv, Ukraine Attractions"</a>. <i>Lonely Planet</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-09-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Lonely+Planet&rft.atitle=Great+Patriotic+War+Museum+%7C+Kyiv%2C+Ukraine+Attractions&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lonelyplanet.com%2Fukraine%2Fkyiv%2Fattractions%2Fgreat-patriotic-war-museum%2Fa%2Fpoi-sig%2F421341%2F360928&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoap+made+from+human+corpses" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://julian-hetzel.com/projects/schuldfabrik/">"Schuldfabrik"</a>. <i>Julian Hetzel</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-01-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Julian+Hetzel&rft.atitle=Schuldfabrik&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjulian-hetzel.com%2Fprojects%2Fschuldfabrik%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoap+made+from+human+corpses" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soap_made_from_human_corpses&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.ucsb.edu/faculty/marcuse/dachau/legends/soap">U.S. National Archives, Still Picture Branch, College Park, MD, document 238-NT-270. Introduced at IMT on Feb. 19, 1946 as exhibit USSR-393</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · 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clown sightings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Baby-Roast" title="The Baby-Roast">The Baby-Roast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_babysitter_and_the_man_upstairs" title="The babysitter and the man upstairs">The babysitter and the man upstairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Backrooms" title="The Backrooms">The Backrooms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bermuda_Triangle" title="Bermuda Triangle">Bermuda Triangle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bloody_Mary_(folklore)" title="Bloody Mary (folklore)">Bloody Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candle_Cove" title="Candle Cove">Candle Cove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Coghlan_(actor,_born_1842)#Death" title="Charles Coghlan (actor, born 1842)">Coghlan's coffin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cow_tipping" title="Cow tipping">Cow tipping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Dark_Side_of_the_Rainbow" title="The Dark Side of the Rainbow">The Dark Side of the Rainbow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Fare" title="John Fare">John Fare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gasoline_pill" title="Gasoline pill">Gasoline pill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Hook" title="The Hook">The Hook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Killer_in_the_backseat" title="Killer in the backseat">Killer in the backseat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Licked_Hand" title="The Licked Hand">The Licked Hand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lighthouse_and_naval_vessel_urban_legend" title="Lighthouse and naval vessel urban legend">Lighthouse and naval vessel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litter_boxes_in_schools_hoax" title="Litter boxes in schools hoax">Litter boxes in schools hoax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Men_in_black" title="Men in black">Men in black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Momo_Challenge_hoax" title="Momo Challenge hoax">Momo Challenge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snuff_film" title="Snuff film">Snuff films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Spooklight" title="The Spooklight">The Spooklight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tayopa" title="Tayopa">Tayopa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Tower" title="Frank Tower">Frank Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanishing_hitchhiker" title="Vanishing hitchhiker">Vanishing hitchhiker</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Canada</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angikuni_Lake#Legend_of_the_vanishing_village" title="Angikuni Lake">Angikuni's disappeared Inuit village</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oak_Island_mystery" title="Oak Island mystery">Oak Island money pit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Screaming_Tunnel" title="Screaming Tunnel">Screaming Tunnel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Louis_light" title="St. Louis light">St. Louis light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thetis_Lake_Monster" title="Thetis Lake Monster">Thetis Lake Monster</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United<br />States</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Aurora_(aircraft)" title="Aurora (aircraft)">Aurora</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baby_Train" title="Baby Train">Baby Train</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Drowned" title="Ben Drowned">Ben Drowned</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alligator_bait" title="Alligator bait">Black children as alligator bait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Dog_of_the_Hanging_Hills" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Dog of the Hanging Hills">Black Dog of the Hanging Hills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black-eyed_children" title="Black-eyed children">Black-eyed children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_star_tattoo_legend" title="Blue star tattoo legend">Blue star tattoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boy_Scout_Lane" title="Boy Scout Lane">Boy Scout Lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown_Mountain_lights" title="Brown Mountain lights">Brown Mountain lights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bunny_Man" title="Bunny Man">Bunny Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Robinson_(Green_Man)" title="Raymond Robinson (Green Man)">Charlie No-Face</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chase_Vault" title="Chase Vault">Chase Vault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chimera_House" title="Chimera House">Chimera House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choking_Doberman" title="Choking Doberman">Choking Doberman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rodney_Cox_myth" class="mw-redirect" title="Rodney Cox myth">Rodney Cox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolph_Fentz" title="Rudolph Fentz">Rudolph Fentz</a></li> <li>Goatmen <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Alton_Bridge" title="Old Alton Bridge">Goatman's Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goatman_(urban_legend)" title="Goatman (urban legend)">Maryland's Goatman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Lick_Monster" title="Pope Lick Monster">Pope Lick Monster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Worth_Monster" title="Lake Worth Monster">Lake Worth Monster</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Hands_Resist_Him" title="The Hands Resist Him">The Hands Resist Him</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haunchyville" title="Haunchyville">Haunchyville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JATO_Rocket_Car" title="JATO Rocket Car">JATO Rocket Car</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kay%27s_Cross" title="Kay's Cross">Kay's Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_curse" title="Kennedy curse">Kennedy curse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln%E2%80%93Kennedy_coincidences_urban_legend" title="Lincoln–Kennedy coincidences urban legend">Lincoln–Kennedy coincidences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lost_Dutchman%27s_Gold_Mine" title="Lost Dutchman's Gold Mine">Lost Dutchman's Mine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melon_heads" title="Melon heads">Melon heads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mel%27s_Hole" title="Mel's Hole">Mel's Hole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midgetville" title="Midgetville">Midgetville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Night_Doctors" title="Night Doctors">Night Doctors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phantom_social_workers" title="Phantom social workers">Phantom social workers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Experiment" title="Philadelphia Experiment">Philadelphia Experiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poisoned_candy_myths" title="Poisoned candy myths">Poisoned candy</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Polybius_(urban_legend)" title="Polybius (urban legend)">Polybius</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elvis_sightings" title="Elvis sightings">Sightings of Elvis Presley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richmond_Vampire" title="Richmond Vampire">Richmond Vampire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Opus" title="Ronald Opus">Ronald Opus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Gates_of_Hell" title="Seven Gates of Hell">Seven Gates of Hell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewer_alligator" title="Sewer alligator">Sewer alligators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slender_Man" title="Slender Man">Slender Man</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slender_Man_stabbing" title="Slender Man stabbing">2014 stabbing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourist_guy" title="Tourist guy">Tourist guy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Continental and<br />mainland Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colonel_Tomb" title="Colonel Tomb">Colonel Tomb</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nale_Ba" title="Nale Ba">Nale Ba</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ourang_Medan" title="Ourang Medan">SS <i>Ourang Medan</i></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Orang_Minyak" title="Orang Minyak">Orang Minyak</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">India</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_rope_trick" title="Indian rope trick">Indian rope trick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monkey-man_of_Delhi" title="Monkey-man of Delhi">Monkey-man of Delhi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_urban_legends" title="Japanese urban legends">Japan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Curse_of_the_Colonel" title="Curse of the Colonel">Curse of the Colonel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aka_Manto" title="Aka Manto"><i>Aka Manto</i> ("Red Cape")</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanako-san" title="Hanako-san">Hanako-san of the Toilet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Headless_Rider_urban_legend" title="Headless Rider urban legend">Headless Rider</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inunaki_Village" title="Inunaki Village">Inunaki Village</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Zegrus" title="John Zegrus">John Zegrus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kisaragi_Station" title="Kisaragi Station">Kisaragi Station</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kokkuri" title="Kokkuri">Kokkuri</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuchisake-onna" title="Kuchisake-onna"><i>Kuchisake-onna</i> ("Slit-Mouthed Woman")</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunekune_(urban_legend)" title="Kunekune (urban legend)"><i>Kunekune</i> ("Wriggling Body")</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lavender_Town" title="Lavender Town">Lavender Town</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Room_Curse" title="Red Room Curse">Red Room Curse</a></li> <li>'<a href="/wiki/Sony_timer" title="Sony timer">Sony timer</a>'</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Teke_Teke" title="Teke Teke">Teke Teke</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Philippines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biringan" title="Biringan">Biringan City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamashita%27s_gold" title="Yamashita's gold">Yamashita's gold</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Continental<br />Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/And_yet_it_moves" title="And yet it moves">And yet it moves</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Volga" title="Black Volga">Black Volga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost_of_Kyiv" title="Ghost of Kyiv">Ghost of Kyiv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herobrine" title="Herobrine">Herobrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstantinos_Koukidis" title="Konstantinos Koukidis">Konstantinos Koukidis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Loyon" title="Le Loyon">Le Loyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A9r%C3%A1k,_the_Spring_Man_of_Prague" title="Pérák, the Spring Man of Prague">Pérák</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_mercury" title="Red mercury">Red mercury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Silver_Train_of_Stockholm" title="The Silver Train of Stockholm">Silverpilen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/This_Man" title="This Man">This Man</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">France</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angels_of_Mons" title="Angels of Mons">Angels of Mons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanishing_Hotel_Room" title="Vanishing Hotel Room">Vanishing Hotel Room</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Germany</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_Corpse_Factory" title="German Corpse Factory">German Corpse Factory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lampshades_made_from_human_skin" title="Lampshades made from human skin">Lampshades made from human skin</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Soap made from human corpses</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lone_gunner_of_Flesqui%C3%A8res" title="Lone gunner of Flesquières">Lone gunner of Flesquières</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_UFOs" title="Nazi UFOs">Nazi UFOs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Poland</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kraina_Grzyb%C3%B3w_TV" title="Kraina Grzybów TV">Kraina Grzybów TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_gold_train" title="Nazi gold train">Nazi gold train</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zegrze_Reservoir_Monster" title="Zegrze Reservoir Monster">Zegrze Reservoir Monster</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Soviet Union/Russia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Legends_of_Catherine_the_Great" title="Legends of Catherine the Great">Legends of Catherine the Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lenin_was_a_mushroom" title="Lenin was a mushroom">Lenin was a mushroom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturn_(alligator)" title="Saturn (alligator)">Hitler's pet alligator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Well_to_Hell" title="Well to Hell">Well to Hell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Tights" title="White Tights">White Tights</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Spain</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Castilian_lisp" class="mw-redirect" title="Castilian lisp">Castilian lisp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacamantecas" title="Sacamantecas">Sacamantecas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Compa%C3%B1a" title="Santa Compaña">Santa Compaña</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United Kingdom</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/999_phone_charging_myth" title="999 phone charging myth">999 phone charging myth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baby_Train" title="Baby Train">Baby Train</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_dog_(folklore)" title="Black dog (folklore)">Black dog</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Crying_Boy" title="The Crying Boy">The Crying Boy</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Dark_Side_of_the_Rainbow" title="The Dark Side of the Rainbow">The Dark Side of the Rainbow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Friday" title="HMS Friday">HMS <i>Friday</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phantom_social_workers" title="Phantom social workers">Phantom social workers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Spider_Bite" title="The Spider Bite">The Spider Bite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_steam_reserve" title="Strategic steam reserve">Strategic steam reserve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legends_and_myths_regarding_the_Titanic" title="Legends and myths regarding the Titanic">RMS <i>Titanic</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">England</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_big_cats" title="British big cats">British big cats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge_legends" title="University of Cambridge legends">University of Cambridge legends</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croydon_Cat_Killer" title="Croydon Cat Killer">Croydon Cat Killer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diamond_(dog)" title="Diamond (dog)">Isaac Newton's dog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drake%27s_Drum" title="Drake's Drum">Drake's Drum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchester_Pusher" title="Manchester Pusher">Manchester Pusher</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Man_Proposes,_God_Disposes" title="Man Proposes, God Disposes">Man Proposes, God Disposes</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legend_of_the_Mistletoe_Bough" title="Legend of the Mistletoe Bough">Mistletoe bough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_is_dead" title="Paul is dead">Paul is dead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Ratman_of_Southend" title="The Ratman of Southend">Ratman of Southend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spring-heeled_Jack" title="Spring-heeled Jack">Spring-heeled Jack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweeney_Todd" title="Sweeney Todd">Sweeney Todd</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elephants%27_graveyard" title="Elephants' graveyard">Elephants' graveyard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guegue_(siren)" title="Guegue (siren)">Guegue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madam_Koi_Koi" title="Madam Koi Koi">Madam Koi Koi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bass_Strait_Triangle" title="Bass Strait Triangle">Bass Strait Triangle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Australia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baby_Train" title="Baby Train">Baby Train</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disappearance_of_Harold_Holt" title="Disappearance of Harold Holt">Harold Holt disappearance rumours</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_and_Fauna_Act_myth" title="Flora and Fauna Act myth">Flora and Fauna Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahogany_Ship" title="Mahogany Ship">Mahogany Ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poinciana_Woman" title="Poinciana Woman">Poinciana Woman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">New Zealand</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canterbury_Panther" title="Canterbury Panther">Canterbury Panther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyall%27s_wren" title="Lyall's wren">Lyall's wren extinction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moa#Extinction" title="Moa">Moa sightings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waitoreke" title="Waitoreke">Waitoreke</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Bartley" title="James Bartley">James Bartley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treasure_of_Lima" title="Treasure of Lima">Treasure of Lima</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topic articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Creepypasta" title="Creepypasta">Creepypastas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legends_and_myths_regarding_the_Titanic" title="Legends and myths regarding the Titanic">Legends and myths regarding the Titanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McDonald%27s_urban_legends" title="McDonald's urban legends">McDonald's urban legends</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_travel_claims_and_urban_legends" title="Time travel claims and urban legends">Time travel claims and urban legends</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_legends_about_drugs" title="Urban legends about drugs">Urban legends about drugs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theorists<br />and analysis</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Harold_Brunvand" title="Jan Harold Brunvand">Jan Harold Brunvand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoax_Slayer" title="Hoax Slayer">Hoax Slayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linda_D%C3%A9gh" title="Linda Dégh">Linda Dégh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gary_Alan_Fine" title="Gary Alan Fine">Gary Alan Fine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patricia_Turner" title="Patricia Turner">Patricia Turner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snopes" title="Snopes">Snopes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">TV series</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Beyond_Belief:_Fact_or_Fiction" title="Beyond Belief: Fact or Fiction">Beyond Belief: Fact or Fiction</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/MythBusters" title="MythBusters">MythBusters</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Urban_Legends_(TV_series)" title="Urban Legends (TV series)">Urban Legends</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Channel_Zero_(TV_series)" title="Channel Zero (TV series)">Channel Zero</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In fiction</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/9MOTHER9HORSE9EYES9" title="9MOTHER9HORSE9EYES9">_9MOTHER9HORSE9EYES9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candyman_(film_series)" title="Candyman (film series)"><i>Candyman</i> franchise</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/No_Through_Road_(web_series)" title="No Through Road (web series)">No Through Road</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Petscop" title="Petscop">Petscop</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SCP_Foundation" title="SCP Foundation">SCP Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_Legend_(film_series)" title="Urban Legend (film series)"><i>Urban Legend</i> (film series)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_creepypastas" title="List of creepypastas">List of creepypastas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cryptids" title="List of cryptids">List of cryptids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_fictional_species" title="Lists of fictional species">Lists of fictional species</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_legendary_creatures" title="Lists of legendary creatures">Lists of legendary creatures</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" 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