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class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Initial European contact and early history (1494–1530) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Initial_European_contact_and_early_history_(1494–1530)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_Age_of_Exploration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Age_of_Exploration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>The Age of Exploration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Age_of_Exploration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arrival_and_early_exploitation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arrival_and_early_exploitation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Arrival and early exploitation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arrival_and_early_exploitation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Structure_of_colonization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Structure_of_colonization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Structure of colonization</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Structure_of_colonization-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Structure of colonization subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Structure_of_colonization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Captaincies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Captaincies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Captaincies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Captaincies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Governors_General" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Governors_General"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Governors General</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Governors_General-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jesuit_missions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jesuit_missions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Jesuit missions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jesuit_missions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-French_incursions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#French_incursions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>French incursions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-French_incursions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_sugar_age_(1530–1700)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_sugar_age_(1530–1700)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>The sugar age (1530–1700)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-The_sugar_age_(1530–1700)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle The sugar age (1530–1700) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-The_sugar_age_(1530–1700)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cities_and_towns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cities_and_towns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Cities and towns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cities_and_towns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_Christians" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_Christians"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>New Christians</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_Christians-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Iberian_Union_(1580–1640)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Iberian_Union_(1580–1640)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>The Iberian Union (1580–1640)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Iberian_Union_(1580–1640)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dutch_rule_in_northeastern_Brazil,_1630–1654" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dutch_rule_in_northeastern_Brazil,_1630–1654"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Dutch rule in northeastern Brazil, 1630–1654</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dutch_rule_in_northeastern_Brazil,_1630–1654-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Slavery_in_Brazil" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Slavery_in_Brazil"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Slavery in Brazil</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Slavery_in_Brazil-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Runaway_slave_settlements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Runaway_slave_settlements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Runaway slave settlements</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Runaway_slave_settlements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Inland_expansion:_the_entradas_and_bandeiras" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inland_expansion:_the_entradas_and_bandeiras"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Inland expansion: the <i>entradas</i> and <i>bandeiras</i></span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Inland_expansion:_the_entradas_and_bandeiras-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Inland expansion: the <i>entradas</i> and <i>bandeiras</i> subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Inland_expansion:_the_entradas_and_bandeiras-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Race_mixing_and_cultural_exchange_along_the_frontier" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Race_mixing_and_cultural_exchange_along_the_frontier"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Race mixing and cultural exchange along the frontier</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Race_mixing_and_cultural_exchange_along_the_frontier-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Black_Irmandade_of_Bahia,_Brazil" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Black_Irmandade_of_Bahia,_Brazil"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span>Black Irmandade of Bahia, Brazil</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Black_Irmandade_of_Bahia,_Brazil-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Initial_findings_of_gold_(17th_century)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Initial_findings_of_gold_(17th_century)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Initial findings of gold (17th century)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Initial_findings_of_gold_(17th_century)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_gold_cycle_(18th_century)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_gold_cycle_(18th_century)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>The gold cycle (18th century)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-The_gold_cycle_(18th_century)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle The gold cycle (18th century) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-The_gold_cycle_(18th_century)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Colonization_of_the_South" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colonization_of_the_South"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Colonization of the South</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Colonization_of_the_South-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Inconfidência_Mineira" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inconfidência_Mineira"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span><i>Inconfidência Mineira</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inconfidência_Mineira-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Colonial_transformation_of_the_Brazilian_environment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colonial_transformation_of_the_Brazilian_environment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Colonial transformation of the Brazilian environment</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Colonial_transformation_of_the_Brazilian_environment-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Colonial transformation of the Brazilian environment subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Colonial_transformation_of_the_Brazilian_environment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Challenges_to_the_sustainability_and_the_growth_of_agriculture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Challenges_to_the_sustainability_and_the_growth_of_agriculture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Challenges to the sustainability and the growth of agriculture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Challenges_to_the_sustainability_and_the_growth_of_agriculture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cattle_raising" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cattle_raising"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1.1</span> <span>Cattle raising</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cattle_raising-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Royal_Court_in_Brazil_(1808–1821)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Royal_Court_in_Brazil_(1808–1821)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>The Royal Court in Brazil (1808–1821)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Royal_Court_in_Brazil_(1808–1821)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Territorial_evolution_of_colonial_Brazil" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Territorial_evolution_of_colonial_Brazil"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Territorial evolution of colonial Brazil</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Territorial_evolution_of_colonial_Brazil-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Administrative_evolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administrative_evolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Administrative evolution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Administrative_evolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading_in_English" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading_in_English"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Further reading in English</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading_in_English-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Colonial Brazil</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 22 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-22" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">22 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%8A%D9%84" title="استعمار البرازيل – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="استعمار البرازيل" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Вицекралство Бразилия – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Вицекралство Бразилия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brasil_colonial" title="Brasil colonial – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Brasil colonial" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonizaci%C3%B3n_de_Brasil" title="Colonización de Brasil – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Colonización de Brasil" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolonia_Brazilo" title="Kolonia Brazilo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kolonia Brazilo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%B2%DB%8C%D9%84_%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="برزیل مستعمراتی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="برزیل مستعمراتی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Br%C3%A9sil_colonial" title="Brésil colonial – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Brésil colonial" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brasil_Kolonial" title="Brasil Kolonial – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Brasil Kolonial" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonia_del_Brasile" title="Colonia del Brasile – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Colonia del Brasile" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%96%D7%99%D7%9C_%D7%94%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%AA" title="ברזיל הקולוניאלית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ברזיל הקולוניאלית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brasil_Quel%C3%B3nia" title="Brasil Quelónia – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Brasil Quelónia" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koloniaal_Brazili%C3%AB" title="Koloniaal Brazilië – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Koloniaal Brazilië" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brasil_Col%C3%B4nia" title="Brasil Colônia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Brasil Colônia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Колониальная Бразилия – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Колониальная Бразилия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolonijalni_Brazil" title="Kolonijalni Brazil – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kolonijalni Brazil" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicekungad%C3%B6met_Brasilien" title="Vicekungadömet Brasilien – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Vicekungadömet Brasilien" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A1" title="บราซิลสมัยอาณานิคม – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="บราซิลสมัยอาณานิคม" data-language-autonym="ไทย" 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location">12.97083°S 38.51083°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-12.97083; -38.51083</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">1500–1815 Portuguese possession in South America</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043282317">.mw-parser-output .ib-country{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country td,.mw-parser-output .ib-country th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Colonial Brazil</div><div class="ib-country-names"><span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt">Brasil Colonial</i></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">1500–1815</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="switcher-container"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Brazil_in_1534.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Brazil_in_1534.svg/250px-Brazil_in_1534.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="247" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Brazil_in_1534.svg/375px-Brazil_in_1534.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Brazil_in_1534.svg/500px-Brazil_in_1534.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2008" data-file-height="1985" /></a></span><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Brazil in 1534</span></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Brazil_in_1572.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Brazil_in_1572.svg/250px-Brazil_in_1572.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="247" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Brazil_in_1572.svg/375px-Brazil_in_1572.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Brazil_in_1572.svg/500px-Brazil_in_1572.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2008" data-file-height="1985" /></a></span><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Brazil in 1572</span></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Brazil_in_1709.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Brazil_in_1709.svg/250px-Brazil_in_1709.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="247" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Brazil_in_1709.svg/375px-Brazil_in_1709.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Brazil_in_1709.svg/500px-Brazil_in_1709.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2008" data-file-height="1985" /></a></span><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Brazil in 1709</span></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Brazil_in_1750.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Brazil_in_1750.svg/250px-Brazil_in_1750.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="247" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Brazil_in_1750.svg/375px-Brazil_in_1750.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Brazil_in_1750.svg/500px-Brazil_in_1750.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2008" data-file-height="1985" /></a></span><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none" data-switcher-default="">Brazil in 1750</span></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Status</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Colony" title="Colony">Colony</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Portugal" title="Kingdom of Portugal">Kingdom of Portugal</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Salvador,_Bahia" title="Salvador, Bahia">Salvador</a> (1549–1763)<br /><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro" title="Rio de Janeiro">Rio de Janeiro</a> (1763–1815)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Common languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a> (official)<br /><a href="/wiki/Paulista_General_Language" title="Paulista General Language">Paulista General Language</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nheengatu_language" title="Nheengatu language">Nheengatu</a>,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="Nheengatu would only emerge in the 19th century, likely when Brazil was no longer a colony. (January 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> many <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous languages of Brazil">indigenous languages</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a> (official)<br /><a href="/wiki/Afro-American_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Afro-American religion">Afro-Brazilian religions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guarani_mythology" title="Guarani mythology">indigenous practices</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Government</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">Absolute monarchy</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Monarchs_of_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Monarchs of Portugal">Monarch</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1500–1521 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Manuel_I_of_Portugal" title="Manuel I of Portugal">Manuel I</a> (first)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1777–1815 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Maria_I_of_Portugal" title="Maria I of Portugal">Maria I</a> (last)</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors-general_of_Brazil" title="List of governors-general of Brazil">Governor</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1549–1553 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Tom%C3%A9_de_Sousa" title="Tomé de Sousa">Tomé de Sousa</a><br /><span class="nowrap">(first, as governor-general)</span></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1806–1808 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Marcos_de_Noronha_e_Brito,_8th_Count_of_Arcos" title="Marcos de Noronha e Brito, 8th Count of Arcos">Marcos de Noronha</a><br />(last, as viceroy)</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">History</th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Discovery_of_Brazil" title="Discovery of Brazil">Portuguese arrival</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">22 April 1500</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Portugal,_Brazil_and_the_Algarves" title="United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves">Creation of the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">13 December 1815</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area</th></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">8,100,200<sup id="cite_ref-note76_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-note76-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> km<sup>2</sup> (3,127,500 sq mi)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_real" title="Portuguese real">Portuguese real</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div> <b>Preceded by</b></td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;"><b>Succeeded by</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_Brazil" title="Indigenous peoples in Brazil">Indigenous peoples in Brazil</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Portugal,_Brazil_and_the_Algarves" title="United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves">United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_of_Portugal%2C_Brazil%2C_and_the_Algarves.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_of_Portugal%2C_Brazil%2C_and_the_Algarves.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_of_Portugal%2C_Brazil%2C_and_the_Algarves.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_of_Portugal%2C_Brazil%2C_and_the_Algarves.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_of_Portugal%2C_Brazil%2C_and_the_Algarves.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_of_Portugal%2C_Brazil%2C_and_the_Algarves.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="957" data-file-height="716" /></span></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Today part of</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Uruguay" title="Uruguay">Uruguay</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Colonial Brazil</b> (<a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a>: <i lang="pt">Brasil Colonial</i>) comprises the period from 1500, with the <a href="/wiki/Discovery_of_Brazil" title="Discovery of Brazil">arrival of the Portuguese</a>, until 1815, when Brazil was elevated to a <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Portugal,_Brazil_and_the_Algarves" title="United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves">kingdom in union with Portugal</a>. During the 300 years of Brazilian colonial history, the main economic activities of the territory were based first on <a href="/wiki/Paubrasilia" title="Paubrasilia">brazilwood</a> extraction (brazilwood cycle), which gave the territory its name;<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> sugar production (<a href="/wiki/Brazilian_sugar_cycle" title="Brazilian sugar cycle">sugar cycle</a>); and finally on gold and diamond mining (<a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Gold_Rush" title="Brazilian Gold Rush">gold cycle</a>). Slaves, especially those <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade_to_Brazil" title="Atlantic slave trade to Brazil">brought from Africa</a>, provided most of the workforce of the Brazilian export economy after a brief initial period of Indigenous slavery to cut brazilwood. </p><p>In contrast to the neighboring <a href="/wiki/Spanish_America" title="Spanish America">Spanish possessions</a>, which had several <a href="/wiki/Viceroy" title="Viceroy">viceroyalties</a> with jurisdiction initially over <a href="/wiki/New_Spain" title="New Spain">New Spain</a> (Mexico) and <a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_Peru" title="Viceroyalty of Peru">Peru</a>, and in the eighteenth century expanded with the viceroyalties of the <a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_the_R%C3%ADo_de_la_Plata" title="Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata">Río de la Plata</a> (Argentina, Uruguay and Bolivia) and <a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_New_Granada" title="Viceroyalty of New Granada">New Granada</a> (Colombia, Venezuela, Panama, Ecuador and Guyana), the colony of Brazil was settled mainly in the coastal area by the Portuguese and a large <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Brazil" title="Slavery in Brazil">black slave population</a> working on <a href="/wiki/Engenho" title="Engenho">sugar plantations</a> and mines. </p><p>The boom and bust of the economic cycles were linked to export products. Brazil's sugar age, with the development of plantation slavery, merchants serving as middle men between production sites, Brazilian ports, and Europe was undermined by the growth of the sugar industry in the Caribbean on islands that European powers seized from Spain. Gold and diamonds were discovered and mined in southern Brazil through the end of the colonial era. Brazilian cities were largely port cities and the colonial administrative capital was moved from <a href="/wiki/Salvador,_Bahia" title="Salvador, Bahia">Salvador</a> to <a href="/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro" title="Rio de Janeiro">Rio de Janeiro</a> in response to the rise and fall of export products' importance. </p><p>Unlike Spanish America, which fragmented into many republics upon <a href="/wiki/Spanish_American_wars_of_independence" title="Spanish American wars of independence">independence</a>, Brazil remained a single administrative unit under a monarch as the <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Brazil" title="Empire of Brazil">Empire of Brazil</a>, giving rise to the largest country in Latin America. Just as Spanish and Roman Catholicism were a core source of cohesion among Spain's vast and multi-ethnic territories, Brazilian society was united by the Portuguese language and Roman Catholicism. As the only <a href="/wiki/Geographical_distribution_of_Portuguese_speakers" class="mw-redirect" title="Geographical distribution of Portuguese speakers">Lusophone</a> polity in the Americas, the Portuguese language was - and remains - particularly important to Brazilian identity. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Initial_European_contact_and_early_history_(1494–1530)"><span id="Initial_European_contact_and_early_history_.281494.E2.80.931530.29"></span>Initial European contact and early history (1494–1530)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Colonial_Brazil&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Initial European contact and early history (1494–1530)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output 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screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile vcard plainlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Brazil" title="Category:History of Brazil">a series</a> on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Brazil" title="History of Brazil">History of Brazil</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Brazil_16thc_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Brazil_16thc_map.jpg/250px-Brazil_16thc_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Brazil_16thc_map.jpg/375px-Brazil_16thc_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Brazil_16thc_map.jpg/500px-Brazil_16thc_map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="14028" data-file-height="9829" /></a></span><div class="sidebar-caption"><i>Terra Brasilis</i>, <a href="/wiki/Miller_Atlas" title="Miller Atlas">Miller Atlas</a>, 1519</div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#e3e3ff;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Pre-Cabraline_history_of_Brazil" title="Pre-Cabraline history of Brazil">Pre-Cabraline</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_Brazil#History" title="Indigenous peoples in Brazil">Indigenous Peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luzia_Woman" title="Luzia Woman">Luzia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuhikugu" title="Kuhikugu">Kuhikugu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marajoara_culture" title="Marajoara culture">Marajoara culture</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#e3e3ff;;color: var(--color-base)"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Colonial Brazil</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Tordesillas" title="Treaty of Tordesillas">Treaty of Tordesillas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2nd_Portuguese_India_Armada_(Cabral,_1500)" title="2nd Portuguese India Armada (Cabral, 1500)">Pedro Álvares Cabral's voyage</a></li></ul> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Discovery_of_Brazil" title="Discovery of Brazil">European discovery</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Letter_of_Pero_Vaz_de_Caminha" title="Letter of Pero Vaz de Caminha">Letter of Pero Vaz de Caminha</a></dd></dl></dd></dl> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Captaincies_of_Brazil" title="Captaincies of Brazil">Captaincies</a></li></ul> <dl><dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brazilwood_cycle&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brazilwood cycle (page does not exist)">Brazilwood cycle</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciclo_do_pau-brasil" class="extiw" title="pt:Ciclo do pau-brasil">pt</a>]</span></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_sugar_cycle" title="Brazilian sugar cycle">Sugar cycle</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Brazil" title="Slavery in Brazil">Slavery</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade_to_Brazil" title="Atlantic slave trade to Brazil">Slave trade</a></dd></dl></dd></dl> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Brazil" title="State of Brazil">State of Brazil</a></li></ul> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/France_Antarctique" title="France Antarctique">France Antarctique</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bandeirantes" title="Bandeirantes">Bandeirantes</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Jesuit_missions_among_the_Guaran%C3%AD" title="Jesuit missions among the Guaraní">Jesuit missions</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Palmares_(quilombo)" title="Palmares (quilombo)">Quilombo dos Palmares</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Equinoctial_France" title="Equinoctial France">France Equinoxiale</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Dutch_invasions_of_Brazil" title="Dutch invasions of Brazil">Dutch invasions</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Brazil" title="Dutch Brazil">Dutch Brazil</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Gold_Rush" title="Brazilian Gold Rush">Gold cycle</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Emboabas" title="War of the Emboabas">War of the Emboabas</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mascate_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Mascate War">Mascate War</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Vila_Rica_Revolt" title="Vila Rica Revolt">Vila Rica Revolt</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93Portuguese_War_(1735%E2%80%931737)" title="Spanish–Portuguese War (1735–1737)">Spanish–Portuguese War (1735–1737)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Madrid_(13_January_1750)" title="Treaty of Madrid (13 January 1750)">Treaty of Madrid</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Guaran%C3%AD_War" title="Guaraní War">Guaraní War</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93Portuguese_War_(1776%E2%80%931777)" title="Spanish–Portuguese War (1776–1777)">Spanish–Portuguese War (1776–1777)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Inconfid%C3%AAncia_Mineira" title="Inconfidência Mineira">Minas Gerais Conspiracy</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Transfer_of_the_Portuguese_court_to_Brazil" title="Transfer of the Portuguese court to Brazil">Transfer of the Portuguese court to Brazil</a> <dl><dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=Decree_Opening_Ports_to_Friendly_Nations&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Decree Opening Ports to Friendly Nations (page does not exist)">Opening of the ports</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decreto_de_Abertura_dos_Portos_%C3%A0s_Na%C3%A7%C3%B5es_Amigas" class="extiw" title="pt:Decreto de Abertura dos Portos às Nações Amigas">pt</a>]</span></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_invasion_of_the_Banda_Oriental_(1811%E2%80%931812)" title="Portuguese invasion of the Banda Oriental (1811–1812)">Invasion of the Banda Oriental</a></dd></dl></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#e3e3ff;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Portugal,_Brazil_and_the_Algarves" title="United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves">United Kingdom with Portugal</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pernambucan_revolt" title="Pernambucan revolt">Pernambuco Revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_conquest_of_French_Guiana" title="Portuguese conquest of French Guiana">Conquest of French Guiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_conquest_of_the_Banda_Oriental" title="Portuguese conquest of the Banda Oriental">Conquest of the Banda Oriental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constituent_Cortes_of_1820" title="Constituent Cortes of 1820">Constituent Cortes of 1820</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#e3e3ff;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Independence_of_Brazil" title="Independence of Brazil">Independence</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dia_do_Fico" title="Dia do Fico">Dia do Fico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ipiranga_Brook#Declaration_of_Independence" title="Ipiranga Brook">Declaration of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_War_of_Independence" title="Brazilian War of Independence">War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Rio_de_Janeiro_(1825)" title="Treaty of Rio de Janeiro (1825)">Recognition of Independence</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#e3e3ff;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Brazil" title="Empire of Brazil">Empire of Brazil</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_reign_(Empire_of_Brazil)" title="First reign (Empire of Brazil)">Reign of Pedro I</a></li></ul> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Constituent_Assembly_(1823)" title="Brazilian Constituent Assembly (1823)">1823 Constituent Assembly</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Night_of_Agony" title="Night of Agony">Night of Agony</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Constitution_of_1824" title="Brazilian Constitution of 1824">1824 Constitution</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Confederation_of_the_Equator" title="Confederation of the Equator">Confederation of the Equator</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cisplatine_War" title="Cisplatine War">Cisplatine War</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Abdication_of_Pedro_I_of_Brazil" title="Abdication of Pedro I of Brazil">Abdication of Pedro I</a></dd></dl> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Regency_period_(Empire_of_Brazil)" title="Regency period (Empire of Brazil)">Regency Period</a></li></ul> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/April_Revolt_(Pernambuco)" title="April Revolt (Pernambuco)">April Revolt</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/1834_Additional_Act" title="1834 Additional Act">1834 Additional Act</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mal%C3%AA_Revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="Malê Revolt">Malê Revolt</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cabanagem" title="Cabanagem">Cabanagem</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ragamuffin_War" title="Ragamuffin War">Ragamuffin War</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Balaiada" title="Balaiada">Balaiada</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_majority_of_Pedro_II" title="Declaration of majority of Pedro II">Declaration of majority of Pedro II</a></dd></dl> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_reign_(Empire_of_Brazil)" title="Second reign (Empire of Brazil)">Reign of Pedro II</a></li></ul> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Liberal_rebellions_of_1842" title="Liberal rebellions of 1842">Liberal rebellions of 1842</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Praieira_revolt" title="Praieira revolt">Praieira revolt</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Coffee_cycle" class="mw-redirect" title="Coffee cycle">Coffee cycle</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Eus%C3%A9bio_de_Queir%C3%B3s_Law" title="Eusébio de Queirós Law">Eusébio de Queirós Law</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Platine_War" title="Platine War">Platine War</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Christie_Question" title="Christie Question">Christie Affair</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Uruguayan_War" title="Uruguayan War">Uruguayan War</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Paraguayan_War" title="Paraguayan War">Paraguayan War</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Religious_Issue" title="Religious Issue">Religious Issue</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_the_Muckers" title="Revolt of the Muckers">Revolt of the Muckers</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Grande_Seca" title="Grande Seca">Grande Seca</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Military_Question" title="Military Question">Military Question</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Lei_%C3%81urea" title="Lei Áurea">Abolition of Slavery</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Post-abolition_in_Brazil" title="Post-abolition in Brazil">Post–abolition of slavery</a></dd></dl></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#e3e3ff;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/First_Brazilian_Republic" title="First Brazilian Republic">Old Republic</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_the_Republic_(Brazil)" title="Proclamation of the Republic (Brazil)">Proclamation of the Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Constitution_of_1891" title="Brazilian Constitution of 1891">1891 Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Republic_of_the_Sword&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Republic of the Sword (page does not exist)">Republic of the Sword</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rep%C3%BAblica_da_Espada" class="extiw" title="pt:República da Espada">pt</a>]</span></li></ul> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Encilhamento" title="Encilhamento">Encilhamento</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Revolta_da_Armada" title="Revolta da Armada">Navy Revolts</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Federalist_Revolution" title="Federalist Revolution">Federalist Revolution</a></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Belle_%C3%89poque" title="Brazilian Belle Époque">Belle Époque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coffee_with_milk_politics" class="mw-redirect" title="Coffee with milk politics">Coffee with milk politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coronelism" title="Coronelism">Coronelism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_rubber_boom" class="mw-redirect" title="Amazon rubber boom">Amazon rubber boom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_Canudos" title="War of Canudos">War of Canudos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acre_War" title="Acre War">Annexation of Acre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaccine_Revolt" title="Vaccine Revolt">Vaccine Revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taubat%C3%A9_Agreement" title="Taubaté Agreement">Taubaté Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_American_dreadnought_race" title="South American dreadnought race">Naval arms race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_the_Lash" title="Revolt of the Lash">Revolt of the Lash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contestado_War" title="Contestado War">Contestado War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil_during_World_War_I" title="Brazil during World War I">World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenentism" title="Tenentism">Lieutenant revolts</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#e3e3ff;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Vargas_Era" title="Vargas Era">Vargas Era</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vargas_Era#Second_Brazilian_Republic" title="Vargas Era">Second Brazilian Republic</a></li></ul> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Revolution_of_1930" title="Brazilian Revolution of 1930">Revolution of 1930</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Constitutionalist_Revolution" title="Constitutionalist Revolution">Constitutionalist Revolution</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Constitution_of_1934" title="Brazilian Constitution of 1934">1934 Constitution</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Communist_uprising_of_1935" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist uprising of 1935">Communist uprising of 1935</a></dd></dl> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Estado_Novo_(Brazil)" title="Estado Novo (Brazil)">Estado Novo</a></li></ul> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/1937_Brazilian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1937 Brazilian coup d'état">1937 Brazilian coup d'état</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Constitution_of_1937" title="Brazilian Constitution of 1937">1937 Constitution</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Integralist_Uprising" title="Integralist Uprising">Integralist Uprising</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Brazil_in_World_War_II" title="Brazil in World War II">World War II</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/1945_Brazilian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1945 Brazilian coup d'état">Ousting of Getúlio Vargas</a></dd></dl></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#e3e3ff;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Brazilian_Republic" title="Fourth Brazilian Republic">Populist Republic</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Preventative_Coup_of_November_11" title="Preventative Coup of November 11">Lott's preventative coup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aragar%C3%A7as_Revolt" title="Aragarças Revolt">Aragarças Revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bras%C3%ADlia" title="History of Brasília">Construction of Brasília</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legality_Campaign" title="Legality Campaign">Legality Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plano_Trienal" title="Plano Trienal">Plano Trienal</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#e3e3ff;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military_dictatorship_in_Brazil" title="Military dictatorship in Brazil">Military dictatorship</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1964_Brazilian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1964 Brazilian coup d'état">1964 Brazilian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_vacancy_in_the_Presidency_of_Brazil" title="1964 vacancy in the Presidency of Brazil">Vacancy in the Presidency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institutional_Acts" title="Institutional Acts">Institutional Acts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Araguaia_Guerrilla_War" title="Araguaia Guerrilla War">Araguaia Guerrilla War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_of_the_One_Hundred_Thousand" title="March of the One Hundred Thousand">March of the One Hundred Thousand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Miracle" title="Brazilian Miracle">Brazilian Miracle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redemocratization_in_Brazil" title="Redemocratization in Brazil">Redemocratization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diretas_J%C3%A1" title="Diretas Já">Diretas Já</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#e3e3ff;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Brazil_(1985%E2%80%93present)" title="History of Brazil (1985–present)">New Republic</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Brazil_(1985%E2%80%93present)#The_"lost_decade":_stagnation,_inflation,_and_crisis" title="History of Brazil (1985–present)">Lost Decade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Constituent_Assembly_(1988)" title="Brazilian Constituent Assembly (1988)">1988 Constituent Assembly</a></li></ul> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Brazil" title="Constitution of Brazil">1988 Constitution</a></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plano_Collor" title="Plano Collor">Plano Collor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fernando_Collor_de_Mello#Corruption_charges_and_impeachment" title="Fernando Collor de Mello">Impeachment of Fernando Collor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercosul" class="mw-redirect" title="Mercosul">Mercosul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_constitutional_referendum,_1993" class="mw-redirect" title="Brazilian constitutional referendum, 1993">1993 Constitutional referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plano_Real" title="Plano Real">Plano Real</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mensal%C3%A3o_scandal" title="Mensalão scandal">Mensalão</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Car_Wash" title="Operation Car Wash">Car Wash investigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impeachment_of_Dilma_Rousseff" title="Impeachment of Dilma Rousseff">Impeachment of Dilma Rousseff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Brazil" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil">Coronavirus pandemic</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#e3e3ff;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Federative_units_of_Brazil" title="Federative units of Brazil">By federative unit</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Acre" title="History of Acre">Acre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Alagoas" title="History of Alagoas">Alagoas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Amap%C3%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Amapá">Amapá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Amazonas" title="History of Amazonas">Amazonas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bahia" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Bahia">Bahia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Cear%C3%A1" title="History of Ceará">Ceará</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bras%C3%ADlia" title="History of Brasília">Federal District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Esp%C3%ADrito_Santo" title="History of Espírito Santo">Espírito Santo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Goi%C3%A1s" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Goiás">Goiás</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Maranh%C3%A3o" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Maranhão">Maranhão</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mato_Grosso" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Mato Grosso">Mato Grosso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mato_Grosso_do_Sul" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Mato Grosso do Sul">Mato Grosso do Sul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Minas_Gerais" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Minas Gerais">Minas Gerais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Par%C3%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Pará">Pará</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Para%C3%ADba" title="History of Paraíba">Paraíba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Paran%C3%A1" title="History of Paraná">Paraná</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Pernambuco" title="History of Pernambuco">Pernambuco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Piau%C3%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Piauí">Piauí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Rio_de_Janeiro_(state)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Rio de Janeiro (state)">Rio de Janeiro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Rio_Grande_do_Norte" title="History of Rio Grande do Norte">Rio Grande do Norte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Rio_Grande_do_Sul" title="History of Rio Grande do Sul">Rio Grande do Sul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Rond%C3%B4nia" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Rondônia">Rondônia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Roraima" title="History of Roraima">Roraima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Santa_Catarina_(state)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Santa Catarina (state)">Santa Catarina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_state_of_S%C3%A3o_Paulo" title="History of the state of São Paulo">São Paulo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sergipe" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Sergipe">Sergipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Tocantins" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Tocantins">Tocantins</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#e3e3ff;;color: var(--color-base)">Topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Brazilian_history" title="Afro-Brazilian history">Afro-Brazilians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Brazil" title="Anarchism in Brazil">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Brazilian_animation" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Brazilian animation">Animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_book_in_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the book in Brazil">Book</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Catholic_Church_in_Brazil" title="History of the Catholic Church in Brazil">Catholic Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Constitution_of_Brazil" title="History of the Constitution of Brazil">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Brazil" title="Economic history of Brazil">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_ethanol_fuel_in_Brazil" title="History of ethanol fuel in Brazil">Ethanol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Name_of_Brazil" title="Name of Brazil">Etymology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_football_in_Brazil" title="History of football in Brazil">Football</a> (<a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Brazil_national_football_team" title="History of the Brazil national football team">Football Team</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT history in Brazil">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Brazil" title="History of the Jews in Brazil">Jewish Brazilians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Brazil" title="Military history of Brazil">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Brazilian_nationality" title="History of Brazilian nationality">Nationality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Brazil" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Brazil">Postal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_rail_transport_in_Brazil" title="History of rail transport in Brazil">Rail transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_socialist_movement_in_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the socialist movement in Brazil">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_history_in_Brazil" title="Transgender history in Brazil">Transgender</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#e3e3ff;;color: var(--color-base)">Research</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Brazilian_history" title="Timeline of Brazilian history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_Brazil" title="List of wars involving Brazil">Conflicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_Brazil" title="List of years in Brazil">Years in Brazil</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid; border-bottom:#aaa 1px solid;"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/16px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/24px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/32px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Brazil" title="Portal:Brazil">Brazil portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Brazil" title="Template:History of Brazil"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Brazil" title="Template talk:History of Brazil"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Brazil" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Brazil"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Portugal pioneered the European charting of sea routes that were the first and only channels of interaction between all of the world's continents, thus beginning the process of <a href="/wiki/Globalization" title="Globalization">globalization</a>. In addition to the imperial and economic undertaking of discovery and colonization of lands distant from Europe, these years were filled with pronounced advancements in <a href="/wiki/Cartography" title="Cartography">cartography</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shipbuilding" title="Shipbuilding">shipbuilding</a> and <a href="/wiki/Navigational_instrument" title="Navigational instrument">navigational instruments</a>, of which the Portuguese explorers took advantage.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1494, the two kingdoms of the <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a> divided the <a href="/wiki/New_World" title="New World">New World</a> between them in the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Tordesillas" title="Treaty of Tordesillas">Treaty of Tordesillas</a>, and in 1500 navigator <a href="/wiki/Pedro_%C3%81lvares_Cabral" title="Pedro Álvares Cabral">Pedro Álvares Cabral</a> landed in what is now Brazil and laid claim to it in the name of king <a href="/wiki/Manuel_I_of_Portugal" title="Manuel I of Portugal">Manuel I of Portugal</a>. The Portuguese identified in Portuguese brazilwood as a valuable red dye source and an exploitable product, and attempted to force indigenous groups in Brazil to cut the trees.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Age_of_Exploration">The Age of Exploration</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Colonial_Brazil&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: The Age of Exploration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Discovery" title="Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a></div> <p>Portuguese seafarers in the early fifteenth century, as an extension of the <a href="/wiki/Portugal_in_the_Reconquista" title="Portugal in the Reconquista">Portuguese Reconquista</a>, began to expand from a small area of the Iberian Peninsula, to seizing the Muslim fortress of <a href="/wiki/Ceuta" title="Ceuta">Ceuta</a> in North Africa. Its maritime exploration then proceeded down the coast of West Africa and across the Indian Ocean to the south Asian subcontinent, as well as the Atlantic islands off the coast of Africa on the way. They sought sources of gold, ivory, and African slaves, high value goods in the African trade. The Portuguese set up fortified trading <a href="/wiki/Factory_(trading_post)" title="Factory (trading post)"><i>feitorias</i></a> (factories), whereby permanent, fairly small commercial settlements anchored trade in a region. </p><p>The initial costs of setting up these commercial posts was borne by private investors, who in turn received hereditary titles and commercial advantages. From the Portuguese Crown's point of view, its realm was expanded with relatively little cost to itself.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the Atlantic islands of the <a href="/wiki/Azores" title="Azores">Azores</a>, <a href="/wiki/Madeira" title="Madeira">Madeira</a>, and <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9" title="São Tomé">São Tomé</a>, the Portuguese began <a href="/wiki/Plantation" title="Plantation">plantation</a> production of sugarcane using forced labor, a precedent for Brazil's sugar production in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Portuguese discovery of Brazil was preceded by a series of treaties between the kings of Portugal and <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Castile" title="Crown of Castile">Castile</a>, following Portuguese sailings down the coast of Africa to India and the voyages to the Caribbean of the Genoese mariner sailing for Castile, <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Columbus" title="Christopher Columbus">Christopher Columbus</a>. The most decisive of these treaties was the Treaty of Tordesillas, signed in 1494, which created the Tordesillas Meridian, dividing the world between the two kingdoms. All land discovered or to be discovered east of that meridian was to be the property of Portugal, and everything to the west of it went to Spain. </p><p>The Tordesillas Meridian divided <a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a> into two parts, leaving a large chunk of land to be exploited by the Spaniards. The Treaty of Tordesillas has been called the earliest document in Brazilian history,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> since it determined that part of South America would be settled by Portugal instead of Spain. The Treaty of Tordesillas was an item of dispute for more than two and a half centuries but clearly established the Portuguese in America. It was replaced by the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Madrid_(13_January_1750)" title="Treaty of Madrid (13 January 1750)">Treaty of Madrid</a> in 1750, and both reflect the present extent of Brazil's coastline.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arrival_and_early_exploitation">Arrival and early exploitation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Colonial_Brazil&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Arrival and early exploitation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Discovery_of_Brazil" title="Discovery of Brazil">Discovery of Brazil</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brazil_16thc_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Brazil_16thc_map.jpg/200px-Brazil_16thc_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Brazil_16thc_map.jpg/300px-Brazil_16thc_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Brazil_16thc_map.jpg/400px-Brazil_16thc_map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="14028" data-file-height="9829" /></a><figcaption>Portuguese map by Lopo Homem (c. 1519), showing the coast of Brazil and natives extracting brazilwood, as well as Portuguese ships</figcaption></figure> <p>On 22 April 1500, during the reign of king <a href="/wiki/Manuel_I_of_Portugal" title="Manuel I of Portugal">Manuel I</a>, a fleet led by navigator <a href="/wiki/Pedro_%C3%81lvares_Cabral" title="Pedro Álvares Cabral">Pedro Álvares Cabral</a> landed in Brazil and took possession of the land in the name of the king. Although <a href="/wiki/Discovery_of_Brazil#Theories_regarding_the_discovery_of_Brazil" title="Discovery of Brazil">it is debated</a> whether previous Portuguese explorers had already been in Brazil, this date is widely and politically accepted as the day of the discovery of Brazil by Europeans. The place where Álvares Cabral arrived is now known as <a href="/wiki/Porto_Seguro" title="Porto Seguro">Porto Seguro</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Northeast_Region,_Brazil" title="Northeast Region, Brazil">northeastern Brazil</a>. Cabral was leading a large fleet of 13 ships and more than 1,000 men following <a href="/wiki/Vasco_da_Gama" title="Vasco da Gama">Vasco da Gama</a>'s way to India, around Africa. Cabral was able to safely enter and leave Brazil in ten days,<sup id="cite_ref-:03_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:03-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> despite having no means of communication with the <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_Brazil" title="Indigenous peoples in Brazil">indigenous people</a> there, due to the experience Portuguese explorers, such as Gama, had been amassing over the past few decades in interacting with foreign peoples. </p><p>The Portuguese colonization, around 80 years earlier, of islands off West Africa such as <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a>, were the first examples of the Portuguese monarchy beginning to move from a crusading and looting-centric attitude, to a trade-centric attitude when approaching new lands.<sup id="cite_ref-:03_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:03-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The latter attitude required communication and cooperation with indigenous people, thus, interpreters. This informed Cabral's actions in Brazil. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brazilwood_tree_in_Vit%C3%B3ria,_ES,_Brazil.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Brazilwood_tree_in_Vit%C3%B3ria%2C_ES%2C_Brazil.jpg/220px-Brazilwood_tree_in_Vit%C3%B3ria%2C_ES%2C_Brazil.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Brazilwood_tree_in_Vit%C3%B3ria%2C_ES%2C_Brazil.jpg/330px-Brazilwood_tree_in_Vit%C3%B3ria%2C_ES%2C_Brazil.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Brazilwood_tree_in_Vit%C3%B3ria%2C_ES%2C_Brazil.jpg/440px-Brazilwood_tree_in_Vit%C3%B3ria%2C_ES%2C_Brazil.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>The brazilwood tree, which gives Brazil its name, has dark, valuable wood and provides red dye</figcaption></figure> <p>As Cabral realized that no one in his convoy spoke the language of the indigenous people in Brazil, he took every effort to avoid violence and conflict and used music and humor as forms of communication.<sup id="cite_ref-:03_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:03-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Just a few months before Cabral landed, Spanish navigator <a href="/wiki/Vicente_Y%C3%A1%C3%B1ez_Pinz%C3%B3n" title="Vicente Yáñez Pinzón">Vicente Yáñez Pinzón</a> came to the northeastern coast of Brazil and deployed many armed men ashore with no means of communicating with the indigenous people. One of his ships and captains was captured by indigenous people and eight of his men were killed.<sup id="cite_ref-:03_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:03-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cabral no doubt learned from this to treat communication with the utmost priority. Cabral left two <i><a href="/wiki/Degredado" title="Degredado">degredados</a></i> (criminal exiles) in Brazil to learn the native languages and to serve as interpreters in the future. The practice of leaving <i>degredados</i> in new lands to serve as interpreters came straight from the colonization of the islands off of the West African coast 80 years before Cabral landed in Brazil.<sup id="cite_ref-:03_12-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:03-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After Cabral's voyage, the Portuguese focused their efforts on their possessions in Africa and India and showed little interest in Brazil. Between 1500 and 1530, relatively few Portuguese expeditions came to the new land to chart the coast and to obtain brazilwood. In Europe, this wood was used to produce a valuable red dye to luxury textiles. To extract brazilwood from the tropical rainforest, the Portuguese and other Europeans relied on the work of the natives, who initially worked in exchange for European goods like mirrors, scissors, knives and axes.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In this early stage of the colonization of Brazil, and also later, the Portuguese frequently relied on the help of Europeans who lived together with the indigenous people and knew their languages and culture. The most famous of these were <a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_Ramalho" title="João Ramalho">João Ramalho</a>, who lived among the Guaianaz tribe near today's <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo" title="São Paulo">São Paulo</a>, and Diogo Álvares Correia, who acquired the name <a href="/wiki/Caramuru" title="Caramuru">Caramuru</a>, who lived among the <a href="/wiki/Tupinamb%C3%A1_people" title="Tupinambá people">Tupinambá</a> natives near today's Salvador. </p><p>Over time, the Portuguese realized that some European countries, especially France, were also sending excursions to the land to extract brazilwood. Worried about foreign incursions and hoping to find mineral riches, the Portuguese crown decided to send large missions to take possession of the land and fight the French. In 1530, an expedition led by <a href="/wiki/Martim_Afonso_de_Sousa" title="Martim Afonso de Sousa">Martim Afonso de Sousa</a> arrived in Brazil to patrol the entire coast, expel the French, and create the first colonial villages like <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Vicente,_S%C3%A3o_Paulo" title="São Vicente, São Paulo">São Vicente</a> on the coast. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Structure_of_colonization">Structure of colonization</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Colonial_Brazil&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Structure of colonization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Because Brazil was not home to larger civilizations like the <a href="/wiki/Aztec_Empire" title="Aztec Empire">Aztec</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Inca_Empire" title="Inca Empire">Inca</a> in Mexico and Peru, the Portuguese could not place themselves on an established social structure. This, coupled with the fact that tangible material wealth was not found until the 18th century, made the relationship between the Portuguese and the Brazilian colony very different from the relationship of the Spanish to their possessions in the Americas. For example, the Brazilian colony was at first thought of as a commercial asset that would facilitate trade between the Portuguese and India and not a place to be settled to develop a society.<sup id="cite_ref-library.brown.edu_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-library.brown.edu-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The social model of conquest in Brazil was one geared toward commerce and entrepreneurial ideals rather than conquest as was the case in the Spanish realm. As time progressed, the Portuguese crown found that having the colony serve as a trading post was not ideal for regulating land claims in the Americas, so it decided that the best way to keep control of their land was to settle it.<sup id="cite_ref-library.brown.edu_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-library.brown.edu-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, the land was divided into fifteen private, <a href="/wiki/Captaincies_of_Brazil" title="Captaincies of Brazil">hereditary captaincies</a>, the most successful of which being <a href="/wiki/Captaincy_of_Pernambuco" title="Captaincy of Pernambuco">Pernambuco</a> and <a href="/wiki/Captaincy_of_S%C3%A3o_Vicente" title="Captaincy of São Vicente">São Vicente</a>. Pernambuco succeeded by growing sugarcane. São Vicente prospered by enslaving indigenous native people from the land. The other thirteen captaincies failed, leading the king to make colonization a royal effort rather than a private one.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1549, <a href="/wiki/Tom%C3%A9_de_Sousa" title="Tomé de Sousa">Tomé de Sousa</a> sailed to Brazil to establish a central government. He brought along <a href="/wiki/Jesuits" title="Jesuits">Jesuit</a> priests, who set up <a href="/wiki/Mission_(station)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mission (station)">missions</a>, forbidding natives to express their own cultures, and converting many to Catholicism. The Jesuits' work to dominate the indigenous native’s cultural expression and way of living helped the Portuguese expel the French from a colony they had established at present-day <a href="/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro" title="Rio de Janeiro">Rio de Janeiro</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Captaincies">Captaincies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Colonial_Brazil&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Captaincies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Captaincies_of_Brazil" title="Captaincies of Brazil">Captaincies of Brazil</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Capitanias.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Capitanias.jpg/200px-Capitanias.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="271" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Capitanias.jpg/300px-Capitanias.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Capitanias.jpg/400px-Capitanias.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3064" data-file-height="4154" /></a><figcaption>Portuguese map (1574) by <a href="/wiki/Lu%C3%ADs_Teixeira" title="Luís Teixeira">Luís Teixeira</a>, showing the location of the hereditary captaincies of Brazil</figcaption></figure> <p>The first attempt to colonize Brazil followed the system of hereditary captaincies (<i>Capitanias Hereditárias</i>), which had previously been used successfully in the colonization of Madeira. These captaincies were granted by royal decree to private owners, namely to merchants, soldiers, sailors, and petty nobility, saving the Portuguese crown from the high costs of colonization.<sup id="cite_ref-library.brown.edu_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-library.brown.edu-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The captaincies granted control over large areas of land and all that resided upon it. Furthermore, the splitting of land highlights the economic importance a large amount of land would have for red-dye producing trees and sugar plantations. Thus, between 1534 and 1536 king <a href="/wiki/John_III_of_Portugal" title="John III of Portugal">John III</a> divided the land into 15 captaincy colonies, which were given to those who wanted and had the means to administer and explore them. The captains were granted ample powers to administer and profit from their possessions. </p><p>From the 15 original captaincies, only two, Pernambuco and São Vicente, prospered. The failure of most captaincies was related to the resistance of the indigenous native people, shipwrecks and internal disputes between the colonizers.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. Failure can also be attributed to the Crown not having a strong administrative hold due to Brazil's reliance on its exportation economy. Pernambuco, the most successful captaincy, belonged to <a href="/wiki/Duarte_Coelho" title="Duarte Coelho">Duarte Coelho</a>, who founded the city of <a href="/wiki/Olinda" title="Olinda">Olinda</a> in 1536. His captaincy prospered with <a href="/wiki/Engenho" title="Engenho"><i>engenhos</i></a>, sugarcane mills, installed after 1542 producing sugar. Sugar was a very valuable good in Europe, and its production became the main Brazilian colonial product for the next 150 years. The captaincy of São Vicente, owned by Martim Afonso de Sousa, also produced sugar but its main economic activity was capturing indigenous native people to trade them as slaves. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Governors_General">Governors General</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Colonial_Brazil&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Governors General"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Governorate_General_of_Brazil" title="Governorate General of Brazil">Governorate General of Brazil</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_governors-general_of_Brazil" title="List of governors-general of Brazil">List of governors-general of Brazil</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Governorate_General_of_Rio_de_Janeiro" title="Governorate General of Rio de Janeiro">Governorate General of Rio de Janeiro</a> and <a href="/wiki/Governorate_General_of_Bahia" title="Governorate General of Bahia">Governorate General of Bahia</a></div> <p>With the failure of most captaincies and the menacing presence of French ships along the Brazilian coast, the government of king John III decided to turn the colonization of Brazil back into a royal enterprise. In 1549, a large fleet led by Tomé de Sousa set sail to Brazil to establish a central government in the colony. Tomé de Sousa, the first <a href="/wiki/Governor-General" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor-General">Governor-General</a> of Brazil, brought detailed instructions, prepared by the king's aides, about how to administer and foster the development of the colony. His first act was the foundation of the capital city, <a href="/wiki/Salvador,_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Salvador, Brazil">Salvador</a>, in northeastern Brazil, in today's state of <a href="/wiki/Bahia" title="Bahia">Bahia</a>. The city was built on a slope by a bay (<a href="/wiki/Bay_of_All_Saints" title="Bay of All Saints">All Saints Bay</a>) and was divided into an upper administrative area and a lower commercial area with a harbour. Tomé de Sousa also visited the captaincies to repair the villages and reorganise their economies. In 1551, the <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_S%C3%A3o_Salvador_da_Bahia" class="mw-redirect" title="Diocese of São Salvador da Bahia">Diocese of São Salvador da Bahia</a> was established in the colony, with its seat in Salvador. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pelourinho1-CCBY.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Pelourinho1-CCBY.jpg/250px-Pelourinho1-CCBY.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Pelourinho1-CCBY.jpg/375px-Pelourinho1-CCBY.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Pelourinho1-CCBY.jpg/500px-Pelourinho1-CCBY.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>Historical centre of <a href="/wiki/Salvador,_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Salvador, Brazil">Salvador</a> in 2007 – the <a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Architecture of Portugal">architecture of the city's historic centre is typically Portuguese</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The second Governor General, Duarte da Costa (1553–1557), faced conflicts with the indigenous people and severe disputes with other colonizers and the bishop. Wars against the natives around Salvador consumed much of his government. The fact that the first bishop of Brazil, <a href="/wiki/Pero_Fernandes_Sardinha" title="Pero Fernandes Sardinha">Pero Fernandes Sardinha</a>, was killed and eaten by the <a href="/wiki/Caet%C3%A9_people" title="Caeté people">Caeté</a> natives after a shipwreck in 1556 illustrates how strained the situation was between the Portuguese and many indigenous communities. </p><p>The third <a href="/wiki/Governor-General#Other_colonial_and_similar_usage#Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor-General">Governor-General of Brazil</a> was <a href="/wiki/Mem_de_S%C3%A1" title="Mem de Sá">Mem de Sá</a> (1557–1573). He was an efficient administrator who managed to defeat the indigenous people and, with the help of the Jesuits, expel the French (<a href="/wiki/Huguenots" title="Huguenots">Huguenots</a> and some previous Catholic settlers) from their colony of <a href="/wiki/France_Antarctique" title="France Antarctique">France Antarctique</a>. As part of this process, his nephew, <a href="/wiki/Est%C3%A1cio_de_S%C3%A1" title="Estácio de Sá">Estácio de Sá</a>, founded the city of Rio de Janeiro there in 1565. </p><p>The huge size of Brazil led to the colony being divided in two after 1621 when king <a href="/wiki/Philip_III_of_Spain" title="Philip III of Spain">Philip II</a> created the states of <i><a href="/wiki/State_of_Brazil" title="State of Brazil">Brasil</a></i>, with Salvador as capital, and <i><a href="/wiki/State_of_Maranh%C3%A3o_(colonial)" title="State of Maranhão (colonial)">Maranhão</a></i>, with its capital in <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Lu%C3%ADs,_Maranh%C3%A3o" title="São Luís, Maranhão">São Luís</a>. The state of Maranhão was still further divided in 1737 into the <i><a href="/wiki/State_of_Maranh%C3%A3o_and_Piau%C3%AD" title="State of Maranhão and Piauí">Maranhão e Piauí</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/State_of_Gr%C3%A3o-Par%C3%A1_and_Maranh%C3%A3o" title="State of Grão-Pará and Maranhão">Grão-Pará e Rio Negro</a></i>, with its capital in <a href="/wiki/Bel%C3%A9m_do_Par%C3%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="Belém do Pará">Belém do Pará</a>. Each state had its own Governor. </p><p>After 1640, the governors of Brazil coming from the high nobility started to use the title of <i>Vice-rei</i> (<a href="/wiki/Viceroy" title="Viceroy">Viceroy</a>). In 1763<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> the capital of the State of Brazil was transferred from Salvador to Rio de Janeiro. In 1775 all Brazilian States (Brasil, Maranhão and Grão-Pará) were unified into the <a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_Brazil" title="Viceroyalty of Brazil">Viceroyalty of Brazil</a>, with Rio de Janeiro as capital, and the title of the king's representative was officially changed to that of Viceroy of Brazil. </p><p>As in Portugal, each colonial village and city had a city council (<i><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A2mara_municipal" title="Câmara municipal">câmara municipal</a></i>), whose members were prominent figures of colonial society (land owners, merchants, slave traders). Colonial city councils were responsible for regulating commerce, public infrastructure, professional artisans, prisons etc. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jesuit_missions">Jesuit missions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Colonial_Brazil&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Jesuit missions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Jesuit_missions_among_the_Guaran%C3%AD" title="Jesuit missions among the Guaraní">Jesuit missions among the Guaraní</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SPedroAldeia-JesuitChurch.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/SPedroAldeia-JesuitChurch.jpg/250px-SPedroAldeia-JesuitChurch.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/SPedroAldeia-JesuitChurch.jpg/375px-SPedroAldeia-JesuitChurch.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/SPedroAldeia-JesuitChurch.jpg/500px-SPedroAldeia-JesuitChurch.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2256" data-file-height="1674" /></a><figcaption>17th-century Jesuit church in <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Pedro_da_Aldeia" title="São Pedro da Aldeia">São Pedro da Aldeia</a>, near Rio de Janeiro</figcaption></figure> <p>Tomé de Sousa, first Governor General of Brazil, brought the first group of Jesuits to the colony.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More than any other religious order, the Jesuits represented the spiritual side of the enterprise and were destined to play a central role in the colonial history of Brazil. The spreading of the Catholic faith was an important justification for the Portuguese conquests, and the Jesuits were officially supported by the king, who instructed Tomé de Sousa to give them all the support needed to Christianise the indigenous people. </p><p>The first Jesuits, guided by Father <a href="/wiki/Manuel_da_N%C3%B3brega" title="Manuel da Nóbrega">Manuel da Nóbrega</a> and including prominent figures like Juan de Azpilcueta Navarro, Leonardo Nunes and later <a href="/wiki/Joseph_of_Anchieta" title="Joseph of Anchieta">Joseph of Anchieta</a>, established the first Jesuit missions in Salvador and in <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo_dos_Campos_de_Piratininga" title="São Paulo dos Campos de Piratininga">São Paulo dos Campos de Piratininga</a>, the settlement that gave rise to the city of <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo" title="São Paulo">São Paulo</a>. Nóbrega and Anchieta were instrumental in the defeat of the French colonists of <a href="/wiki/France_Antarctique" title="France Antarctique">France Antarctique</a> by managing to pacify the Tamoio natives, who had previously fought the Portuguese. The Jesuits took part in the foundation of the city of Rio de Janeiro in 1565. </p><p>The success of the Jesuits in converting the indigenous people to <a href="/wiki/Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholicism">Catholicism</a> is linked to their capacity to understand the native culture, especially the language. The first grammar of the <a href="/wiki/Tupian_languages" title="Tupian languages">Tupi</a> language was compiled by Joseph of Anchieta and printed in <a href="/wiki/Coimbra" title="Coimbra">Coimbra</a> in 1595. The Jesuits often gathered the aborigines into communities of resettlement called <i>aldeias</i>, similar in intent to the <a href="/wiki/Reductions" title="Reductions">reductions</a> implemented by <a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_Toledo" title="Francisco de Toledo">Francisco de Toledo</a> in southern <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a> during the 1560s. where the natives worked for the community and were evangelized. Founded in the aftermath of the campaign undertaken by Mem de Sá from 1557 to force the submission of Salvadoran natives, the <i>aldeias</i> marked the transition of Jesuit policy from conversion by persuasion alone to the acceptance of force as a means of organizing natives with a means to then evangelizing them.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, these <i>aldeias</i> were unattractive to the natives due to the introduction of epidemic diseases to the communities, the forced settlement of <i>aldeia</i> natives elsewhere to labor, and raiding of the <i>aldeias</i> by colonists eager to steal laborers for themselves thus causing natives to flee the settlements.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>aldeia</i> model would again be used, though also unsuccessfully, by the Governor of the captaincy of São Paulo, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lu%C3%ADs_Ant%C3%B3nio_de_Sousa_Botelho_Mour%C3%A3o&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Luís António de Sousa Botelho Mourão (page does not exist)">Luís António de Sousa Botelho Mourão</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lu%C3%ADs_Ant%C3%B3nio_de_Sousa_Botelho_Mour%C3%A3o" class="extiw" title="pt:Luís António de Sousa Botelho Mourão">pt</a>]</span>, in 1765, in order to encourage <a href="/wiki/Mestizos" class="mw-redirect" title="Mestizos">mestizos</a>, natives, and <a href="/wiki/Mulattoes" class="mw-redirect" title="Mulattoes">mulattoes</a> to abandon <a href="/wiki/Slash-and-burn" title="Slash-and-burn">slash-and-burn</a> agriculture and adopt a sedentary farming lifestyle.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Jesuits had frequent disputes with other colonists who wanted to enslave the natives, but also with the hierarchy of the Catholic Church itself. Following the creation of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Diocese_of_Bahia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diocese of Bahia (page does not exist)">Roman Catholic Archdiocese of São Salvador da Bahia</a> by the Pope, Bishop Pero Fernandes Sardinha arrived in Bahia in 1552 and took issue with the Jesuit mission led by Manoel da Nóbrega. Sardinha opposed the Jesuits taking part in indigenous dances and playing indigenous instruments since he viewed these activities had little effect on conversion. The use of interpreters at confession by the Jesuits was also railed against by Sardinha who opposed the appropriation of indigenous culture for evangelization.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sardinha also challenged the Jesuit prohibition on waging war against and enslaving the indigenous population, eventually forcing Nóbrega to leave Bahia for the Jesuit mission at São Vicente in late 1552 to return only at the conclusion of the Sardinha's tenure.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The action of the Jesuits saved many natives from <a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">slavery</a>, but also disturbed their ancestral way of life and inadvertently helped spread infectious diseases against which the aborigines had no natural defenses. Slave labour and trade were essential for the economy of Brazil and other American colonies, and the Jesuits usually did not object to the enslavement of African people. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="French_incursions">French incursions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Colonial_Brazil&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: French incursions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/France_Antarctique" title="France Antarctique">France Antarctique</a> and <a href="/wiki/Equinoctial_France" title="Equinoctial France">Equinoctial France</a></div> <p>The potential riches of tropical Brazil led the French, who did not recognize the Tordesillas Treaty that divided the world between the Spanish and the Portuguese, to attempt to colonize parts of Brazil. In 1555, the <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Durand_de_Villegaignon" title="Nicolas Durand de Villegaignon">Nicolas Durand de Villegaignon</a> founded a settlement within <a href="/wiki/Guanabara_Bay" title="Guanabara Bay">Guanabara Bay</a>, in an island in front of today's Rio de Janeiro. The colony, named <a href="/wiki/France_Antarctique" title="France Antarctique">France Antarctique</a>, led to conflict with Governor General Mem de Sá, who waged war against the colony in 1560. Estácio de Sá, nephew of the Governor, founded Rio de Janeiro in 1565 and managed to expel the last French settlers in 1567. Jesuit priests Manuel da Nóbrega and Joseph of Anchieta were instrumental in the Portuguese victory by pacifying the natives who supported the French.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another French colony, <a href="/wiki/France_%C3%89quinoxiale" class="mw-redirect" title="France Équinoxiale">France Équinoxiale</a>, was founded in 1612 in present-day <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Lu%C3%ADs,_Maranh%C3%A3o" title="São Luís, Maranhão">São Luís</a>, in the North of Brazil. In 1614 the French were again expelled from São Luís by the Portuguese. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_sugar_age_(1530–1700)"><span id="The_sugar_age_.281530.E2.80.931700.29"></span>The sugar age (1530–1700)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Colonial_Brazil&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: The sugar age (1530–1700)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_sugar_cycle" title="Brazilian sugar cycle">Brazilian sugar cycle</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_Pernambuco" title="History of Pernambuco">History of Pernambuco</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Engenho_com_capela.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Engenho_com_capela.jpg/200px-Engenho_com_capela.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Engenho_com_capela.jpg/300px-Engenho_com_capela.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Engenho_com_capela.jpg/400px-Engenho_com_capela.jpg 2x" data-file-width="451" data-file-height="346" /></a><figcaption>View of a sugar-producing farm (<i>engenho</i>) in colonial Pernambuco by Dutch painter Frans Post (17th century)</figcaption></figure> <p>Since the initial attempts to find gold and silver failed, the Portuguese colonists adopted an economy based on the production of agricultural goods that were to be exported to Europe. <a href="/wiki/Tobacco" title="Tobacco">Tobacco</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cotton" title="Cotton">cotton</a> and some other agricultural goods were produced, but sugar became by far the most important Brazilian colonial product until the early 18th century. The first sugarcane farms were established in the mid-16th century and were the key for the success of the captaincies of São Vicente and Pernambuco, leading sugarcane plantations to quickly spread to other coastal areas in colonial Brazil. Initially, the Portuguese attempted to utilize Indian slaves for sugar cultivation, but shifted to the use of black African slave labor.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the availability of Amerindians did decrease due to epidemics afflicting the coastal native population and the declaration of king <a href="/wiki/Sebastian_of_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Sebastian of Portugal">Sebastian I</a>'s 1570 law which proclaimed the liberty of Brazilian natives, the enslavement of indigenous people increased after 1570. A new slave trade emerged where indigenous people were brought from the <a href="/wiki/Sert%C3%A3o" title="Sertão"><i>sertões</i></a> or "inland wilderness frontiers" by mixed-race <a href="/wiki/Mameluco" title="Mameluco">mameluco</a> under the loophole in the 1570 law that they were captured in just wars against native groups who "customarily" attacked the Portuguese. By 1580, as many as 40,000 natives could have been taken from the interior to toil as slaves on Brazil's interior, and this enslavement of indigenous people continued right throughout the colonial period.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:StFranciscoChurch1-CCBY.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/StFranciscoChurch1-CCBY.jpg/200px-StFranciscoChurch1-CCBY.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/StFranciscoChurch1-CCBY.jpg/300px-StFranciscoChurch1-CCBY.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/StFranciscoChurch1-CCBY.jpg/400px-StFranciscoChurch1-CCBY.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Golden <a href="/wiki/Baroque" title="Baroque">Baroque</a> inner decoration of the <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Francisco_Church_and_Convent" class="mw-redirect" title="São Francisco Church and Convent">Franciscan church of Salvador</a> (first half of the 18th century)</figcaption></figure> <p>The period of sugar-based economy (1530 – c. 1700) is known as the sugar cycle in Brazil.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The development of the sugar complex occurred over time, with a variety of models.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The dependencies of the farm included a <i>casa-grande</i> (big house) where the owner of the farm lived with his family, and the <i>senzala</i>, where the slaves were kept. A notable early study of this complex is by Brazilian sociologist <a href="/wiki/Gilberto_Freyre" title="Gilberto Freyre">Gilberto Freyre</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This arrangement was depicted in engravings and paintings by <a href="/wiki/Frans_Post" title="Frans Post">Frans Post</a> as a feature of an apparently harmonious society.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Initially, the Portuguese relied on enslaved Amerindians to work on sugarcane harvesting and processing, but they soon began <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">importing enslaved Africans</a> from West Africa, though the enslavement of indigenous people continued. The Portuguese had established several commercial facilities in <a href="/wiki/West_Africa" title="West Africa">West Africa</a>, where West African slaves were bought from African slave traders. The enslaved West Africans were then sent via <a href="/wiki/Slave_ship" title="Slave ship">slave ships</a> to Brazil, chained and in crowded conditions. Enslaved West Africans were more desirable and practical because many came from sedentary, <a href="/wiki/Agrarian_society" title="Agrarian society">agriculture-based societies</a> and did not require as much training in how to farm as did members of Amerindian societies, which tended to not be primarily agricultural.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Africans were also less vulnerable to disease than Amerindians were.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The importation of enslaved Africans into Brazil was heavily influenced by the rise of sugar and gold industries in the colony; from 1600 until 1650, sugar accounted for 95% of Brazil's exports.<sup id="cite_ref-Recreating_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Recreating-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Slave labor demands varied based on region and on the type of harvest crop. In the Bahia region, where sugar was the main crop, conditions for enslaved peoples were extremely harsh. It was often cheaper for slaveowners to literally work enslaved peoples to death over the course of a few years and replace them with newly imported enslaved people.<sup id="cite_ref-:82_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:82-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Areas where <a href="/wiki/Cassava" title="Cassava">manioc</a>, a subsistence crop, was cultivated also utilized high numbers of enslaved peoples. In these areas, 40 to 60 percent of the population was enslaved. These regions were characterized by fewer work demands and better living and working conditions for enslaved peoples as compared to labor conditions for enslaved populations in sugar regions.<sup id="cite_ref-:82_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:82-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Portuguese attempted to severely restrict colonial trade, meaning that Brazil was only allowed to export and import goods from Portugal and other Portuguese colonies. Brazil exported sugar, tobacco, cotton and native products and imported from Portugal <a href="/wiki/Wine" title="Wine">wine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Olive_oil" title="Olive oil">olive oil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Textile" title="Textile">textiles</a> and luxury goods – the latter imported by Portugal from other European countries. Africa played an essential role as the supplier of slaves, and Brazilian slave traders in Africa frequently exchanged <i><a href="/wiki/Cacha%C3%A7a" title="Cachaça">cachaça</a></i>, a distilled spirit derived from sugarcane, and shells, for slaves. This comprised what is now known as the <a href="/wiki/Triangular_trade" title="Triangular trade">triangular trade</a> between Europe, Africa and the Americas during the colonial period. </p><p>Merchants during the sugar age were crucial to the economic development of the colony, the link between the sugar production areas, coastal Portuguese cities, and Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Merchants in the early came from many nations, including Germans, Flemings, and Italians, but Portuguese merchants came to dominate the trade in Brazil. During the union of the Spanish and Portuguese crowns (1580–1640), to be active in Spanish America as well, especially trading African slaves.<sup id="cite_ref-Schwartz,_p._221_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schwartz,_p._221-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Even though Brazilian sugar was reputed as being of high quality, the industry faced a crisis during the 17th and 18th centuries when the Dutch and the French started producing sugar in the <a href="/wiki/Antilles" title="Antilles">Antilles</a>, located much closer to Europe, causing sugar prices to fall. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cities_and_towns">Cities and towns</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Colonial_Brazil&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Cities and towns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gezicht_op_Olinda,_Brazili%C3%AB_Rijksmuseum_SK-A-742.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Gezicht_op_Olinda%2C_Brazili%C3%AB_Rijksmuseum_SK-A-742.jpeg/220px-Gezicht_op_Olinda%2C_Brazili%C3%AB_Rijksmuseum_SK-A-742.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Gezicht_op_Olinda%2C_Brazili%C3%AB_Rijksmuseum_SK-A-742.jpeg/330px-Gezicht_op_Olinda%2C_Brazili%C3%AB_Rijksmuseum_SK-A-742.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Gezicht_op_Olinda%2C_Brazili%C3%AB_Rijksmuseum_SK-A-742.jpeg/440px-Gezicht_op_Olinda%2C_Brazili%C3%AB_Rijksmuseum_SK-A-742.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="6848" data-file-height="4248" /></a><figcaption>View of Olinda, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1660</span>, Frans Post</figcaption></figure> <p>Brazil had coastal cities and towns, which have been considered far less important than colonial settlements in Spanish America, but like Spanish America, urban settlements were important as the sites of institutional life of church and state, as well as urban groups of merchants. Unlike many areas of Spanish America, there was no dense, sedentary indigenous population which had already created settlements, but cities and towns in Brazil were similar to those in Spanish <a href="/wiki/Colonial_Venezuela" title="Colonial Venezuela">Colonial Venezuela</a>. Port cities allowed Portuguese trade goods to enter, including African slaves, and export goods of sugar and later gold and coffee to be exported to Portugal and beyond. Coastal cities of Olinda (founded 1537), Salvador (1549), <a href="/wiki/Santos,_S%C3%A3o_Paulo" title="Santos, São Paulo">Santos</a> (1545), <a href="/wiki/Vit%C3%B3ria,_Esp%C3%ADrito_Santo" title="Vitória, Espírito Santo">Vitória</a> (1551), and Rio de Janeiro (1565) were also vital in the defense against pirates. Only São Paulo was an important inland city. Unlike the network of towns and cities that developed in most areas of Spanish America, the coastal cities and their hinterlands were oriented toward Portugal directly with little connection otherwise. With sugar as the major export commodity in the early period and the necessity to process cane into exportable refined sugar on-site, the sugar <i>engenhos</i> had resident artisans and barber-surgeons, and functioned in some ways as small towns. Also unlike most Spanish settlements, Brazilian cities and towns did not have a uniform lay-out of central plaza and a check board pattern of streets, often because the topography defeated such an orderly layout.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_Christians">New Christians</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Colonial_Brazil&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: New Christians"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Converted Jews, so-called <a href="/wiki/New_Christians" class="mw-redirect" title="New Christians">New Christians</a>, many of whom were merchants, played a role in colonial Brazil. Their "importance in the colonial may be one explanation why the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Inquisition" title="Portuguese Inquisition">Inquisition</a> was not permanently established in Brazil during the <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Union" title="Iberian Union">Iberian Union</a>." New Christians were well integrated into institutional life, serving in civil as well as ecclesiastical offices. The relative lack of persecution and abundance of opportunity allowed them to have a significant place in society. With the Iberian Union (1580–1640), many migrated to Spanish America.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Iberian_Union_(1580–1640)"><span id="The_Iberian_Union_.281580.E2.80.931640.29"></span>The Iberian Union (1580–1640)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Colonial_Brazil&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: The Iberian Union (1580–1640)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Union" title="Iberian Union">Iberian Union</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Full_Ornamented_Coat_of_Arms_of_Spanish_House_of_Austria_(1580-1668).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Full_Ornamented_Coat_of_Arms_of_Spanish_House_of_Austria_%281580-1668%29.svg/220px-Full_Ornamented_Coat_of_Arms_of_Spanish_House_of_Austria_%281580-1668%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Full_Ornamented_Coat_of_Arms_of_Spanish_House_of_Austria_%281580-1668%29.svg/330px-Full_Ornamented_Coat_of_Arms_of_Spanish_House_of_Austria_%281580-1668%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Full_Ornamented_Coat_of_Arms_of_Spanish_House_of_Austria_%281580-1668%29.svg/440px-Full_Ornamented_Coat_of_Arms_of_Spanish_House_of_Austria_%281580-1668%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1691" data-file-height="1281" /></a><figcaption>Coat of arms of <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain" title="Philip II of Spain">Philip II and I of Spain and Portugal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inescutcheon" title="Inescutcheon">inserting</a> the coat of arms of Portugal over those of <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Castile" title="Crown of Castile">Castile and León</a> and <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Aragon" title="Crown of Aragon">Aragon</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In 1580, a <a href="/wiki/Struggle_for_the_throne_of_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Struggle for the throne of Portugal">succession crisis</a> led to the union of Portugal and Spain being ruled by the <a href="/wiki/Habsburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Habsburg">Habsburg</a> king <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain" title="Philip II of Spain">Philip II</a>. The unification of the crowns of the two Iberian kingdoms, known as the Iberian Union, lasted until 1640 when the Portuguese revolted. During the union the institutions of both kingdoms remained separate. For Portuguese merchants, many of whom were Christian converts from Judaism ("New Christians") or their descendants, the union of crowns presented commercial opportunities in the slave trade to Spanish America.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Seventeen_Provinces" title="Seventeen Provinces">Seventeen Provinces</a> obtained independence from Spain in 1581, leading Philip II to prohibit commerce with Dutch ships, including in Brazil. Since the Dutch had invested large sums in financing sugar production in the Brazilian Northeast and were important as shippers of sugar,<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a conflict began with Dutch <a href="/wiki/Privateer" title="Privateer">privateers</a> plundering the coast: they sacked Salvador in 1604, from which they removed large amounts of gold and silver before a joint Spanish-Portuguese fleet recaptured the town.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city was captured again by the Dutch in May 1624 before being surrendered to a Luso-Spanish armada 11 months later.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dutch_rule_in_northeastern_Brazil,_1630–1654"><span id="Dutch_rule_in_northeastern_Brazil.2C_1630.E2.80.931654"></span>Dutch rule in northeastern Brazil, 1630–1654</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Colonial_Brazil&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Dutch rule in northeastern Brazil, 1630–1654"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Dutch_invasions_of_Brazil" title="Dutch invasions of Brazil">Dutch invasions of Brazil</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Brazil" title="Dutch Brazil">Dutch Brazil</a></div> <p>From 1630 to 1654, the Dutch set up more permanently in commercial <a href="/wiki/Recife" title="Recife">Recife</a> and aristocratic Olinda.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the capture of <a href="/wiki/Para%C3%ADba" title="Paraíba">Paraíba</a> in 1635, the Dutch controlled a long stretch of the coast most accessible to Europe (<a href="/wiki/Dutch_Brazil" title="Dutch Brazil">Dutch Brazil</a>), without, however, penetrating the interior. The large Dutch ships were unable to moor in the coastal inlets where lighter Portuguese shipping came and went. Ironically, the result of the Dutch capture of the sugar coast was a higher price of sugar in <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a>. During the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Dutch colonization of the Americas">Nieuw Holland</a> episode, the colonists of the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_West_India_Company" title="Dutch West India Company">Dutch West India Company</a> in Brazil were in a constant state of siege, in spite of the presence of the count <a href="/wiki/John_Maurice_of_Nassau" class="mw-redirect" title="John Maurice of Nassau">John Maurice of Nassau</a> as governor (1637–1644) in Recife (renamed <a href="/wiki/Mauritsstad" title="Mauritsstad">Mauritstaad</a>). Nassau invited scientific commissions to research the local flora and fauna, resulting in added knowledge of the territory. Moreover, he set up a city project for Recife and Olinda, which was partially accomplished. Remnants survive into the modern era. After several years of open warfare, the Dutch finally withdrew in 1654; the Portuguese paid off a war debt in payments of salt. Few Dutch cultural and ethnic influences remain, but <a href="/wiki/Albert_Eckhout" title="Albert Eckhout">Albert Eckhout</a>'s paintings of amerindians and slaves, as well as his still lifes are important works of baroque art. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Slavery_in_Brazil">Slavery in Brazil</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Colonial_Brazil&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Slavery in Brazil"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Brazil" title="Slavery in Brazil">Slavery in Brazil</a></div> <p>Unlike neighboring Spanish America, Brazil was a slave society from its outset. The African slave trade was inherent to the economic and social structure of the colony. Years before the North American slave trade got underway, more slaves had been brought to Brazil than would ever reach the <a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen Colonies</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It can be estimated that around 35% of all Africans captured in the Atlantic slave trade were sent to Brazil.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The slave trade in Brazil would continue for nearly two hundred years and last the longest of any country in the Americas. African slaves had a higher monetary value than indigenous slaves largely because many of them came from agricultural societies and thus were already familiar with the work needed to maintain the profitable sugar plantations of Brazil. Also, African slaves were already immune to several of the Old World diseases that killed many indigenous people and were less likely to flee, as compared to indigenous slaves, since their place of origin was so inaccessible. However, many African slaves did in fact flee and created their own communities of runaway slaves called <i><a href="/wiki/Quilombo" title="Quilombo">quilombos</a></i>, which often became established political and economic entities. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Runaway_slave_settlements">Runaway slave settlements</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Colonial_Brazil&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Runaway slave settlements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Quilombo" title="Quilombo">Quilombo</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Albert_Eckhout_painting.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Albert_Eckhout_painting.jpg/220px-Albert_Eckhout_painting.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="365" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Albert_Eckhout_painting.jpg/330px-Albert_Eckhout_painting.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Albert_Eckhout_painting.jpg/440px-Albert_Eckhout_painting.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1447" data-file-height="2400" /></a><figcaption>Albert Eckhout, African warrior at the time of Ganga Zumba and leader of the Palmares quilombo</figcaption></figure> <p>Work on the sugarcane plantations in Northeast Brazil and other areas relied heavily on <a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">slave labor</a>, mostly of west African origin. Tijmen vd P. Had a immense role in slave oppression and torture of escaped africans These enslaved people worked to resist slavery in many ways. Some of the most common forms of resistance involved engaging in sluggishness and <a href="/wiki/Sabotage" title="Sabotage">sabotage</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:72_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:72-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other ways these enslaved peoples resisted was by exacting violence upon themselves and their babies, often to the point of death, and by seeking revenge against their masters.<sup id="cite_ref-:72_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:72-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another type of resistance to slavery was flight and, with the dense vegetation of the tropics, runaway slaves fled in numbers and for slave owners, this was an "endemic problem."<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The realities of being on a frontier that was policed in less than optimal ways fostered the successful escapes of enslaved people.<sup id="cite_ref-:82_32-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:82-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the early 17th century there are indications of runaway slaves organizing themselves into settlements in the Brazilian hinterland. These settlements, called <i><a href="/wiki/Mocambos" class="mw-redirect" title="Mocambos">mocambos</a></i> and <i>quilombos</i>, were usually small and relatively close to sugar fields, and attracted not only African slaves but also people of indigenous origin. </p><p><i>Quilombos</i> were often viewed by Portuguese colonists as "parasitic," relying upon theft of livestock and crops, "extortion, and sporadic raiding" for sustenance.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Often, the victims of this raiding were not white sugar planters but blacks who sold produce grown on their own plots.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other accounts document the actions of members of <i>quilombos</i> to successfully prospect gold and diamonds and to engage in trade with white-controlled cities.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While the reasons for fugitive settlement are varied, <i>quilombos</i> were rarely wholly self-sufficient and although inhabitants may have engaged in agricultural pursuits, they depended on a kind of parasitic economy where proximity to settled areas were usually prerequisites for their long-term success. Unlike the <i><a href="/wiki/Palenque_(village)" class="mw-redirect" title="Palenque (village)">palenque</a></i> in Spanish America or <a href="/wiki/Maroons" title="Maroons">maroon</a> settlements in the <a href="/wiki/West_Indies" title="West Indies">West Indies</a>, Portuguese officials rebuked any kind of agreements to standardize the <i>quilombos</i> out of the fear of drawing even more fugitive slaves to their communities.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The largest of the <i>quilombos</i> was the <a href="/wiki/Quilombo_dos_Palmares" class="mw-redirect" title="Quilombo dos Palmares">Quilombo dos Palmares</a>, located in today's <a href="/wiki/Alagoas" title="Alagoas">Alagoas</a> state, which grew to many thousands during the disruption of Portuguese rule with the Dutch incursion.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Palmares was governed by leaders <a href="/wiki/Ganga_Zumba" title="Ganga Zumba">Ganga Zumba</a> and his successor, <a href="/wiki/Zumbi" title="Zumbi">Zumbi</a>. The terminology for the settlements and leaders come directly from Angola, with <i>quilombo,</i> an Angolan word for military villages of diverse settlers, and the <i>nganga a nzumbi</i> "was the priest responsible for the spiritual defense of the community."<sup id="cite_ref-Schwartz,_p._221_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schwartz,_p._221-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Dutch and later the Portuguese attempted several times to conquer Palmares, until an army led by famed São Paulo-born <a href="/wiki/Domingos_Jorge_Velho" title="Domingos Jorge Velho">Domingos Jorge Velho</a> managed to destroy the great quilombo and kill Zumbi in 1695. Brazilian feature film director <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Diegues" title="Carlos Diegues">Carlos Diegues</a> made a film about Palmares called simply <i>Quilombo</i>. Of the many <i>quilombos</i> that once existed in Brazil, some have survived to this day as isolated rural communities.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Portuguese colonists sought to destroy these fugitive communities because they threatened the economic and social order of the slave regime in Brazil.<sup id="cite_ref-:04_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:04-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There was a constant fear among colonists that enslaved peoples would revolt and resist slavery.<sup id="cite_ref-:72_45-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:72-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two settler objectives were to discourage enslaved peoples from trying to escape and to close down their options for escape.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Strategies used by Portuguese colonists to prevent enslaved people from fleeing included apprehending escapees before they had the opportunity to band together.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Slave catchers mounted expeditions with the intent to destroy fugitive communities. These expeditions destroyed <i>mocambos</i> and either killed or re-enslaved inhabitants<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These expeditions were conducted by soldiers and mercenaries, many of whom were supported by local people or by the government's military.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, many fugitive communities were heavily fortified.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Amerindians were sometimes utilized as ‘slave catchers’ or as part of a larger set of defenses against slave uprisings that had been orchestrated by cities and towns.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the same time, some Amerindians resisted the colonizers’ efforts to prevent uprisings by surreptitiously incorporating into their villages those who had escaped slavery.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many of the details surrounding the inner political and social structure of the <i>quilombos</i> remain a mystery, and the information available today is limited by the fact that it usually comes from colonial accounts of their destruction.<sup id="cite_ref-:05_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:05-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More is known about the Quilombo dos Palmares because it was "the longest-lived and largest fugitive community" in Colonial Brazil.<sup id="cite_ref-:05_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:05-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Like any polity, Palmares and other <i>quilombos</i> changed over time.<sup id="cite_ref-:05_59-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:05-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Quilombos</i> drew on both African and European influences, often emulating the realities of colonial society in Brazil.<sup id="cite_ref-:05_59-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:05-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Palmares, slavery, which also existed in Africa, continued.<sup id="cite_ref-:05_59-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:05-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Quilombos</i>, like plantations, were most likely composed of people from different African groups.<sup id="cite_ref-:05_59-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:05-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Religious syncretism, combining African and Christian elements, was prevalent.<sup id="cite_ref-:05_59-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:05-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Bahian <i>quilombo</i> of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Buraco_de_Tatu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buraco de Tatu (page does not exist)">Buraco de Tatu</a> is described as a "well-organized" village in which people probably practiced monogamy and lived on rectangular-shaped houses that made up neat rows, emulating a plantation <i>senzala</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:05_59-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:05-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Quilombos</i> were often well fortified, with swampy dikes and false roads leading to "covered traps" and "sharpened stakes," like those used in Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-:05_59-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:05-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The gender imbalance among African slaves was a result of the planters' preference for male labor, and men in <i>quilombos</i> not only raided for crops and goods, but for women; the women taken back to the quilombos were often black or <a href="/wiki/Mulatto" title="Mulatto">mulatto</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:05_59-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:05-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Minas_Gerais" title="Minas Gerais">Minas Gerais</a>, the mining economy particularly favored the formation of <i>quilombos</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:05_59-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:05-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The skilled slaves that worked in mines were highly valuable to their owners, but, as long as they continued to cede their findings, they were often allowed freedom of movement within the mining districts.<sup id="cite_ref-:05_59-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:05-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Slaves and freed blacks made up to three-fourths of the region's population, and runaways could easily hide among the "sea of coloreds."<sup id="cite_ref-:05_59-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:05-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The region's mountains and large tracts of unsettled land provided potential hideouts.<sup id="cite_ref-:05_59-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:05-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Civil unrest combined with other forms of resistance against the colonial government severely hindered the anti-<i>quilombo</i> efforts of slaveowners and local authorities.<sup id="cite_ref-:05_59-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:05-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In fact, to the dismay of colonial authorities, slaves participated in these anti-government movements, often armed by their owners.<sup id="cite_ref-:05_59-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:05-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As mentioned, indigenous people could be both allies and enemies of runaway slaves.<sup id="cite_ref-:05_59-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:05-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From the late 1500s and as late as 1627, in southern Bahia, a "syncretic Messianic religion" called <a href="/w/index.php?title=Santidade&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Santidade (page does not exist)">Santidade</a> gained popularity among both indigenous people and runaway slaves, who joined forces and carried out raids in the region, even stealing slaves from Salvador.<sup id="cite_ref-:05_59-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:05-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Inland_expansion:_the_entradas_and_bandeiras">Inland expansion: the <i>entradas</i> and <i>bandeiras</i></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Colonial_Brazil&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Inland expansion: the entradas and bandeiras"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bandeirantes" title="Bandeirantes">Bandeirantes</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo_(state)#History" title="São Paulo (state)">São Paulo (state) § History</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Captaincy_of_S%C3%A3o_Vicente" title="Captaincy of São Vicente">Captaincy of São Vicente</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dan%C3%A7a_dos_Tapuias.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Dan%C3%A7a_dos_Tapuias.jpg/220px-Dan%C3%A7a_dos_Tapuias.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Dan%C3%A7a_dos_Tapuias.jpg/330px-Dan%C3%A7a_dos_Tapuias.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Dan%C3%A7a_dos_Tapuias.jpg/440px-Dan%C3%A7a_dos_Tapuias.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3201" data-file-height="1831" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Albert_Eckhout" title="Albert Eckhout">Albert Eckhout</a> Tapuias dancing, mid. 17th century</figcaption></figure> <p>Since the 16th century the exploration of the Brazilian inland was attempted several times, mostly to try to find mineral riches like the <a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">silver</a> mines found in 1546 by the Spanish in <a href="/wiki/Potos%C3%AD" title="Potosí">Potosí</a> (now in <a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a>). Since no riches were initially found, colonisation was restricted to the coast where the climate and soil were suitable for sugarcane plantations. </p><p>Key to understanding inland expansion in Brazil is understanding the colony's economic structure. Brazil was constructed as an <a href="/wiki/Exploitation_colonialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Exploitation colonialism">export colony</a>, and less so as a place for permanent European settlement. This led to a culture of extraction that was unsustainable in terms of land and labor uses. </p><p>At sugar plantations in the north, land was worked exhaustively with no concern for ensuring its long-term productivity. As soon as the land was exhausted, plantation owners would simply abandon their plots, shifting the sugar frontier to new plots as the supply of land seemed endless to them.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Economic incentives to increase profits drove this pattern of planting, while the abandoned lands rarely recovered.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The expeditions to inland Brazil are divided into two types: the <i>entradas</i> and the <i>bandeiras</i>. The <i>entradas</i> were done in the name of the Portuguese crown and were financed by the colonial government. Its main objective was to find mineral riches, as well as to explore and chart unknown territory. The <i>bandeiras</i>, on the other hand, were private initiatives sponsored and carried out mostly by settlers of the São Paulo region (the <i>Paulistas</i>). The expeditions of the <i><a href="/wiki/Bandeirantes" title="Bandeirantes">bandeirantes</a></i>, as these adventurers were called, were aimed at obtaining native slaves for trade and finding mineral riches. <i>Banderia</i> expeditions often consisted of a field officer, his slaves, a chaplain, a scribe, a mapmaker, white colonists, livestock, and medical professionals, among others.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In several-month-long marches, such groups entered lands that were not yet occupied by colonizers by were doubtless part of the homelands of Amerindians.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>bandeirantes</i>, who at the time were mostly of mixed Portuguese and native ancestry, knew all the old indigenous pathways (the <span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt">peabirus</i></span>) through the Brazilian inland and were acclimated to the harsh conditions of these journeys.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the end of the 17th century, the <i>bandeirantes'</i> expeditions discovered gold in central Brazil, in the region of Minas Gerais, which started a <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Gold_Rush" title="Brazilian Gold Rush">gold rush</a> that led to a dramatic urban development of inland Brazil during the 18th century. Additionally, inland expeditions led to westward expansion of the frontiers of colonial Brazil, beyond the limits established by the Treaty of Tordesillas. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Race_mixing_and_cultural_exchange_along_the_frontier">Race mixing and cultural exchange along the frontier</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Colonial_Brazil&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Race mixing and cultural exchange along the frontier"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When white fugitives fleeing tax collectors, military enlistment, and the law entered the backlands of the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Forest" title="Atlantic Forest">Atlantic Forest</a>, they formed racially-mixed settlements that became sites of "cultural and genetic exchange".<sup id="cite_ref-:15_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:15-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some tribes like the <a href="/wiki/Caiapo" class="mw-redirect" title="Caiapo">Caiapo</a> managed to fend off the Europeans for years, while adopting Old World agricultural practices.<sup id="cite_ref-:15_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:15-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the expansion of the mining frontier pushed many indigenous tribes off their land.<sup id="cite_ref-:15_64-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:15-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An increasing number of them went to the <i>aldeias</i> to evade the threat of enslavement by colonists or conflicts with other indigenous groups.<sup id="cite_ref-:15_64-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:15-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1755, in an attempt to transform this wandering population into a more productive, assimilated peasantry modeled on Europe's own peasants, the <a href="/wiki/Sebasti%C3%A3o_Jos%C3%A9_de_Carvalho_e_Melo,_1st_Marquis_of_Pombal" title="Sebastião José de Carvalho e Melo, 1st Marquis of Pombal">marquis of Pombal</a> abolished the enslavement of natives and legal discrimination against the Europeans who married them, banning the use of the term <i>caboclo</i>, a pejorative used to refer to a mestizo or a <a href="/wiki/Detribalized" class="mw-redirect" title="Detribalized">detribalized</a> indigenous person.<sup id="cite_ref-:15_64-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:15-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Along the frontier, racial mixing between people of indigenous, European, and African ancestry resulted in various physical spaces for cultural interchange that historian Warren Dean has called the "caboclo frontier".<sup id="cite_ref-:15_64-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:15-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Portuguese colonial authorities were characterized by their refusal to cooperate or negotiate with <i>quilombos</i>, seeing them as a threat to the social order,<sup id="cite_ref-:06_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:06-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but caboclo settlements integrated the indigenous into what Darren describes as "neo-European customs [or an Africanized version of them]".<sup id="cite_ref-:15_64-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:15-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Runaway slaves, forming <i>quilombos</i> or finding refuge in the backlands of the forest, came into contact with indigenous people and introduced them to the Portuguese language.<sup id="cite_ref-:15_64-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:15-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Frontier army agent Guido Thomaz Marlière noted: "a fugitive black can accomplish more among the Indians than all the missionaries together..."<sup id="cite_ref-:15_64-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:15-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One <i>quilombo</i> in specific, Piolho, was "officially tolerated" for its ability to pacify indigenous tribes.<sup id="cite_ref-:15_64-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:15-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the same time, colonial officials disapproved of unions between runaway black slaves and indigenous people.<sup id="cite_ref-:15_64-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:15-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1771, when an indigenous captain-major of an <i>aldeia</i> married an African woman, he was dismissed from his position.<sup id="cite_ref-:15_64-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:15-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The inhabitants of the caboclo frontier exchanged belief systems, musical traditions, remedies, fishing and hunting techniques, and other customs with each other.<sup id="cite_ref-:15_64-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:15-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Tupi language enriched Portuguese with new words for native flora and fauna, as well as for places.<sup id="cite_ref-:15_64-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:15-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Africanisms, such as the Kimbundu word <i>fubá</i> (maize meal) also became part of <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Portuguese" title="Brazilian Portuguese">Brazilian Portuguese</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:15_64-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:15-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Black_Irmandade_of_Bahia,_Brazil"><span id="Black_Irmandade_of_Bahia.2C_Brazil"></span>Black Irmandade of Bahia, Brazil</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Colonial_Brazil&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Black Irmandade of Bahia, Brazil"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Black Irmandade was the result of the blacks and mulattos beginning to create custom and culture.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although Blacks were considered of "the lowest rabble", their agricultural skills and that they came from Europe along with the white Europeans gave them an upper hand in social ranking.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These Afro-Portuguese blacks developed a complex culture that can best be highlighted through their celebrations and festivities that took place in Bahia, Brazil.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_66-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In these festivities lies a combination of African beliefs and practices with not only a Christian impact but also the impact of living in a new land. The Irmandade put a large value on the extensiveness of one's burial as to die alone and "anonymously" would be a representation of a poor person.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_66-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Irmandade of Bahia, Brazil, highlights the rising racial and cultural complexity that would take place between the native indigenous, African slaves, and white Europeans in the years to come. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Initial_findings_of_gold_(17th_century)"><span id="Initial_findings_of_gold_.2817th_century.29"></span>Initial findings of gold (17th century)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Colonial_Brazil&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Initial findings of gold (17th century)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While the first major gold deposits were found at the end of the 17th century, there is record of gold being found in the area of São Vicente in the end of the 16th century.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the century or so between these initial sightings of gold and the first findings of major gold deposits, not much revenue was made, but two important modes of interacting with gold in Brazil came into place. Firstly, in the initial goldfields and smelting houses run by the Portuguese monarchy, the crown forced indigenous people into slave labor. Hundreds of thousands of people were shipped from Africa to be enslaved to work in mines by the end of the 17th century,<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but this process began with a couple hundred indigenous people enslaved into the gold industry at the first ventures for gold by the Crown in Brazil a century earlier.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_67-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Secondly, people referred to as <i>faiscadores</i> or <i>garimpeiros</i> illegally prospected and mined for gold, dodging Portuguese taxes on precious metals. Prospectors illegally mining gold separate from the Portuguese crown was a problem for the monarchy for over a hundred years after the beginning of gold mining in Brazil.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_gold_cycle_(18th_century)"><span id="The_gold_cycle_.2818th_century.29"></span>The gold cycle (18th century)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Colonial_Brazil&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: The gold cycle (18th century)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Gold_Rush" title="Brazilian Gold Rush">Brazilian Gold Rush</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Minas_Gerais#History" title="Minas Gerais">Minas Gerais § History</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:OuroPretoView.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/OuroPretoView.jpg/220px-OuroPretoView.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/OuroPretoView.jpg/330px-OuroPretoView.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/OuroPretoView.jpg/440px-OuroPretoView.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1375" data-file-height="970" /></a><figcaption>View of <a href="/wiki/Ouro_Preto" title="Ouro Preto">Ouro Preto</a>, one of the main Portuguese settlements founded during the gold rush in Minas Gerais. The town has preserved its colonial appearance to this day</figcaption></figure> <p>The discovery of gold was met with great enthusiasm by Portugal, which had an economy in disarray following years of wars against Spain and the Netherlands. A gold rush quickly ensued, with people from other parts of the colony and Portugal flooding the region in the first half of the 18th century. The large portion of the Brazilian inland where gold was extracted became known as Minas Gerais (General Mines). Gold mining in this area became the main economic activity of colonial Brazil during the 18th century. In Portugal, the gold was mainly used to pay for industrialized goods such as textiles and weapons from other European nations (since Portugal lacked an industrial economy) to, especially during the reign of king <a href="/wiki/John_V_of_Portugal" title="John V of Portugal">John V</a>, construct <a href="/wiki/Baroque" title="Baroque">Baroque</a> buildings such as the <a href="/wiki/Convent_of_Mafra" class="mw-redirect" title="Convent of Mafra">Convent of Mafra</a>. Apart from gold, diamond deposits were also found in 1729 around the village of Tijuco, now <a href="/wiki/Diamantina,_Minas_Gerais" title="Diamantina, Minas Gerais">Diamantina</a>. A famous figure in Brazilian history of this era was <a href="/wiki/Chica_da_Silva" title="Chica da Silva">Xica da Silva</a>, a slave woman who had a long-term relationship in Diamantina with a Portuguese official; the couple had thirteen children and she died a rich woman.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the hilly landscape of Minas Gerais, gold was present in <a href="/wiki/Alluvium" title="Alluvium">alluvial deposits</a> around streams and was extracted using pans and other similar instruments that required little technology. Gold extraction was mostly done by slaves. The gold industry brought hundreds of thousands of Africans to Brazil as slaves.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Portuguese Crown allowed particulars to extract the gold, requiring a fifth (20%) of the gold (the <i>quinto</i>) to be sent to the colonial government as tax. To prevent smuggling and extract the <i>quinto</i>, the government ordered all gold to be cast into bars in the <i>Casas de Fundição</i> (Casting Houses) in 1725, and sent armies to the region to prevent disturbances and oversee the mining process. The Royal tax was very unpopular in Minas Gerais, and gold was frequently hidden from colonial authorities. Eventually, the <i>quinto</i> contributed to rebellious movements like the <a href="/wiki/Vila_Rica_Revolt" title="Vila Rica Revolt">Vila Rica revolt</a>, in 1720, and the <a href="/wiki/Inconfid%C3%AAncia_Mineira" title="Inconfidência Mineira">Minas Gerais conspiracy</a>, in 1789. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mapa_de_rendimento_do_ouro_nas_Reais_Casas_de_Fundi%C3%A7%C3%A3o_em_Minas_Gerais,_entre_julho_e_setembro_de_1767..tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Mapa_de_rendimento_do_ouro_nas_Reais_Casas_de_Fundi%C3%A7%C3%A3o_em_Minas_Gerais%2C_entre_julho_e_setembro_de_1767..tif/lossless-page1-220px-Mapa_de_rendimento_do_ouro_nas_Reais_Casas_de_Fundi%C3%A7%C3%A3o_em_Minas_Gerais%2C_entre_julho_e_setembro_de_1767..tif.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="316" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Mapa_de_rendimento_do_ouro_nas_Reais_Casas_de_Fundi%C3%A7%C3%A3o_em_Minas_Gerais%2C_entre_julho_e_setembro_de_1767..tif/lossless-page1-330px-Mapa_de_rendimento_do_ouro_nas_Reais_Casas_de_Fundi%C3%A7%C3%A3o_em_Minas_Gerais%2C_entre_julho_e_setembro_de_1767..tif.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Mapa_de_rendimento_do_ouro_nas_Reais_Casas_de_Fundi%C3%A7%C3%A3o_em_Minas_Gerais%2C_entre_julho_e_setembro_de_1767..tif/lossless-page1-440px-Mapa_de_rendimento_do_ouro_nas_Reais_Casas_de_Fundi%C3%A7%C3%A3o_em_Minas_Gerais%2C_entre_julho_e_setembro_de_1767..tif.png 2x" data-file-width="1406" data-file-height="2020" /></a><figcaption>Map of gold yield in the Real Casting Houses in Minas Gerais, between July and September 1767, <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_National_Archives" title="Brazilian National Archives">National Archives of Brazil</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Several historians have noted that the trade deficit of Portugal in relation to the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">British</a> while the <a href="/wiki/Methuen_Treaty" title="Methuen Treaty">Methuen Treaty</a> was in force served to redirect much of the gold mined in Brazil during the 18th century to Britain. The Methuen Treaty was a trade treaty signed between the British and Portuguese, by which all woolen cloth imported from Britain would be tax-free in Portugal, whereas Portuguese wine exported to Britain would be taxed at one-third of the previous import tax on wines. <a href="/wiki/Port_wine" title="Port wine">Port wine</a> had become increasingly popular in Britain at that time, but cloth amounted to a larger share of the trade value than wines, hence Portugal eventually incurred a <a href="/wiki/Trade_deficit" class="mw-redirect" title="Trade deficit">trade deficit</a> with the British.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The large number of adventurers coming to Minas Gerais led to the foundation of several settlements, the first of which was created in 1711: <a href="/wiki/Ouro_Preto" title="Ouro Preto">Vila Rica de Ouro Preto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sabar%C3%A1" title="Sabará">Sabará</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mariana,_Minas_Gerais" title="Mariana, Minas Gerais">Mariana</a>, followed by <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Jo%C3%A3o_del_Rei" class="mw-redirect" title="São João del Rei">São João del-Rei</a> (1713), <a href="/wiki/Serro" title="Serro">Serro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caet%C3%A9" title="Caeté">Caeté</a> (1714), <a href="/wiki/Pitangui" title="Pitangui">Pitangui</a> (1715) and São José do Rio das Mortes (1717, now <a href="/wiki/Tiradentes,_Minas_Gerais" title="Tiradentes, Minas Gerais">Tiradentes</a>). In contrast to other regions of colonial Brazil, people coming to Minas Gerais settled mostly in villages instead of the countryside. </p><p>In 1763, the capital of colonial Brazil was transferred from Salvador to Rio de Janeiro, which was located closer to the mining region and provided a harbor to ship the gold to Europe. </p><p>According to historian Maria Marcílio, "In 1700 Portugal had a population of about two million people. During the eighteenth century, approximately 400,000 left for [the Portuguese colony of] Brazil, despite efforts by the crown to place severe restrictions on emigration."<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gold production declined towards the end of the 18th century, beginning a period of relative stagnation of the Brazilian hinterland. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Colonization_of_the_South">Colonization of the South</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Colonial_Brazil&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Colonization of the South"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Colonia_del_Sacramento" title="Colonia del Sacramento">Colonia del Sacramento</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Guaran%C3%AD_War" title="Guaraní War">Guaraní War</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Missing_information plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/44px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png" decoding="async" width="44" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/66px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/88px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="44" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>is missing information</b> about colonization of the north: captaincies of Maranhao, Para (Grao-Para), Rio Negro.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please expand the article to include this information. Further details may exist on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Colonial_Brazil" title="Talk:Colonial Brazil">talk page</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2014</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fortaleza_Sao_Jose-Florianopolis-Brasil.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Fortaleza_Sao_Jose-Florianopolis-Brasil.JPG/250px-Fortaleza_Sao_Jose-Florianopolis-Brasil.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Fortaleza_Sao_Jose-Florianopolis-Brasil.JPG/375px-Fortaleza_Sao_Jose-Florianopolis-Brasil.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Fortaleza_Sao_Jose-Florianopolis-Brasil.JPG/500px-Fortaleza_Sao_Jose-Florianopolis-Brasil.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>18th century-São José Fortress near <a href="/wiki/Florian%C3%B3polis" title="Florianópolis">Florianópolis</a>, southern Brazil</figcaption></figure><p> In an attempt to expand the borders of colonial Brazil and profit from the silver mines of Potosí, the Portuguese Overseas Council (the <i>Conselho Ultramarino</i>) ordered colonial governor Manuel Lobo to establish a settlement on the shore of the <a href="/wiki/R%C3%ADo_de_la_Plata" title="Río de la Plata">River Plate</a>, in a region that legally belonged to Spain. In 1679, Manuel Lobo founded <a href="/wiki/Colonia_del_Sacramento" title="Colonia del Sacramento">Colónia do Sacramento</a> on the margin opposite to <a href="/wiki/Buenos_Aires" title="Buenos Aires">Buenos Aires</a>. The fortified settlement quickly became an important point of illegal commerce between the Spanish and Portuguese colonies. Spain and Portugal fought over the enclave on several occasions (1681, 1704, 1735). </p><p>In addition to Colónia do Sacramento, several settlements were established in Southern Brazil in the late 17th and 18th century, some with peasants from the <a href="/wiki/Azores_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Azores Islands">Azores Islands</a>. The towns founded in this period include <a href="/wiki/Curitiba" title="Curitiba">Curitiba</a> (1668), <a href="/wiki/Florian%C3%B3polis" title="Florianópolis">Florianópolis</a> (1675), <a href="/wiki/Rio_Grande,_Rio_Grande_do_Sul" title="Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul">Rio Grande</a> (1736), <a href="/wiki/Porto_Alegre" title="Porto Alegre">Porto Alegre</a> (1742) and others, and helped keep southern Brazil firmly under Portuguese control. </p><p>The conflicts over the Southern colonial frontiers led to the signing of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Madrid_(13_January_1750)" title="Treaty of Madrid (13 January 1750)">Treaty of Madrid (1750)</a>, in which Spain and Portugal agreed to a considerable Southwestward expansion of colonial Brazil. According to the treaty, Colónia do Sacramento was to be given to Spain in exchange for the territories of <i><a href="/wiki/Misiones_Orientales" title="Misiones Orientales">São Miguel das Missões</a></i>, a region occupied by <a href="/wiki/Jesuit_reduction" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesuit reduction">Jesuit missions</a> dedicated to evangelizing the <a href="/wiki/Guaran%C3%AD_people" title="Guaraní people">Guaraní natives</a>. Resistance by the Jesuits and the Guaraní led to the <a href="/wiki/Guaran%C3%AD_War" title="Guaraní War">Guaraní War</a> (1756), in which Portuguese and Spanish troops destroyed the missions. Colónia do Sacramento kept changing hands until 1777, when it was definitively conquered by the colonial governor of Buenos Aires. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tiradentes_quartered_(Tiradentes_escuartejado)_by_Pedro_Am%C3%A9rico_1893.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Tiradentes_quartered_%28Tiradentes_escuartejado%29_by_Pedro_Am%C3%A9rico_1893.jpg/200px-Tiradentes_quartered_%28Tiradentes_escuartejado%29_by_Pedro_Am%C3%A9rico_1893.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="332" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Tiradentes_quartered_%28Tiradentes_escuartejado%29_by_Pedro_Am%C3%A9rico_1893.jpg/300px-Tiradentes_quartered_%28Tiradentes_escuartejado%29_by_Pedro_Am%C3%A9rico_1893.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Tiradentes_quartered_%28Tiradentes_escuartejado%29_by_Pedro_Am%C3%A9rico_1893.jpg/400px-Tiradentes_quartered_%28Tiradentes_escuartejado%29_by_Pedro_Am%C3%A9rico_1893.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="4979" /></a><figcaption>Quartered body of <a href="/wiki/Tiradentes" title="Tiradentes">Tiradentes</a>, by Brazilian painter <a href="/wiki/Pedro_Am%C3%A9rico" title="Pedro Américo">Pedro Américo</a> (1893)</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Inconfidência_Mineira"><span id="Inconfid.C3.AAncia_Mineira"></span><i>Inconfidência Mineira</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Colonial_Brazil&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Inconfidência Mineira"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Inconfid%C3%AAncia_Mineira" title="Inconfidência Mineira">Inconfidência Mineira</a></div> <p>In 1788/89, Minas Gerais was the setting of the most important conspiracy against colonial authorities, the so-called <i>Inconfidência Mineira</i>, inspired by the ideals of the French <a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">liberal</a> philosophers of the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a> and the successful <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a> of 1776. The conspirators largely belonged to the white upper class of Minas Gerais.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many had studied in Europe, especially in the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Coimbra" title="University of Coimbra">University of Coimbra</a>, and some had large debts with the colonial government. In the context of declining gold production, the intention of the Portuguese government to impose the obligatory payment of all debts (the <i>derrama</i>) was a leading cause behind the conspiracy. The conspirators wanted to create a republic in which the leader would be chosen through democratic elections. The capital would be <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Jo%C3%A3o_del_Rei" class="mw-redirect" title="São João del Rei">São João del-Rei</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ouro_Preto" title="Ouro Preto">Ouro Preto</a> would become a university town. The structure of the society, including the right to property and the ownership of slaves, would be kept intact. </p><p>The conspiracy was discovered by the Portuguese colonial government in 1789, before the planned military rebellion could take place. Eleven of the conspirators were exiled to Portuguese colonial possessions in <a href="/wiki/Angola" title="Angola">Angola</a>, but <a href="/wiki/Tiradentes" title="Tiradentes">Joaquim José da Silva Xavier</a>, nicknamed Tiradentes, was sentenced to death. Tiradentes was hanged in Rio de Janeiro in 1792, drawn and quartered, and his body parts displayed in several towns. He later became a symbol of the struggle for Brazilian independence and liberty from Portuguese rule. </p><p>The Inconfidência Mineira was not the only rebellious movement in colonial Brazil against the Portuguese. Later, in 1798, there was the <i><a href="/wiki/1798_Revolt_of_the_Alfaiates" title="1798 Revolt of the Alfaiates">Inconfidência Baiana</a></i> in Salvador. In this episode, which had more participation of common people, four people were hanged, and 41 were jailed. Members included slaves, middle-class people and even some landowners. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Colonial_transformation_of_the_Brazilian_environment">Colonial transformation of the Brazilian environment</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Colonial_Brazil&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Colonial transformation of the Brazilian environment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Colonial practices destroyed much of the Brazilian forest.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was made possible in part by colonial view of the natural world as a disposable collection of utilities with no inherent value.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_75-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mining practices significantly harmed the land. To facilitate the extraction of gold, large swaths of forest along hillsides were burned in some regions.<sup id="cite_ref-:62_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:62-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 4,000 square kilometers of the Atlantic Forest region were denuded for mining, leaving the terrain "bald and deserted".<sup id="cite_ref-:62_76-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:62-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This massive destruction of the natural environment was a consequence of the colonial culture of extraction and unsustainability.<sup id="cite_ref-:22_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As the gold rush subsided, many Portuguese colonists abandoned mining for farming and animal husbandry.<sup id="cite_ref-:32_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:32-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Farming practices extended inland expansion farther into the Brazilian forest.<sup id="cite_ref-:32_78-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:32-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The colonists began to set in motion what became a nearly unstoppable trend with profound cumulative effects.<sup id="cite_ref-:32_78-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:32-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Portuguese colonists' decisions to pursue the economic strategy of agriculture and to adopt particular agricultural practices significantly transformed the Brazilian environment. The Portuguese colonists viewed farming as a beneficial taming of the frontier, urging mestizos, mulattoes, and indigenous peoples to abandon life in the wild forest and adopt agriculture.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Colonial farming practices in the forest were unsustainable, greatly exploiting the land. Slash-and-burn practices were used liberally, and colonial responses to the presence of the <a href="/wiki/Atta_(genus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Atta (genus)">ant genus <i>Atta</i></a> encouraged both large-scale abandonment of fields and extensive clearing of additional lands.<sup id="cite_ref-:22_77-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Atta</i> effectively resisted agriculture. In only a few years, the ants constructed elaborate and complex colonies that colonists found nearly impossible to destroy and that made hoeing and plowing extremely difficult.<sup id="cite_ref-:42_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:42-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Instead of fighting the ants, colonists ceded their fields to the ants, created new fields through burning, then a few years later ceded their new fields to the ants.<sup id="cite_ref-:42_80-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:42-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This environmental transformation contrasted sharply with Brazilian Amerindian land-management concepts and practices. Unlike in many areas of Central and South America, in Brazil Amerindians did not significantly disrupt and damage biotic communities.<sup id="cite_ref-:52_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:52-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Amerindians maintained very small communities, and their total numbers were small. In addition, they prioritized the long-term agricultural productivity of the land, utilizing cultivation, hunting, and gathering practices that were sustainable.<sup id="cite_ref-:52_81-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:52-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The introduction of European livestock—cattle, horses, and pigs—also radically transformed the land.<sup id="cite_ref-:62_76-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:62-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Indigenous flora in the interior of Brazil withered and died in the face of repeated trampling by cattle; the flora were replaced by grasses able to adapt to such abuse.<sup id="cite_ref-:62_76-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:62-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cattle also overgrazed fertile fields, killing vegetation that was able to survive extensive trampling.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_75-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scrubby noxious plants, some of which were poisonous, replaced this vegetation.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Colonists responded to these unwanted plants by burning innumerable large pastures, a practice that killed countless small animals and greatly damaged soil nutrients.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Challenges_to_the_sustainability_and_the_growth_of_agriculture">Challenges to the sustainability and the growth of agriculture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Colonial_Brazil&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Challenges to the sustainability and the growth of agriculture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The mining of gold and diamonds shaped the internal economy of agriculture.<sup id="cite_ref-:15_64-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:15-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although slash-and-burn agriculture was able to feed the mining region throughout the 1700s, deforestation and the degradation of the land made farming increasingly difficult in the long term and forced farmers to look for grasses further away from these mining centers.<sup id="cite_ref-:15_64-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:15-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, by 1800, foodstuffs were carried on mule trains by <a href="/wiki/Tropeiro" title="Tropeiro"><i>tropeiros</i></a> as far as 100 kilometers just to reach <a href="/wiki/Ouro_Preto" title="Ouro Preto">Ouro Preto</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:15_64-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:15-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the colonial authorities encouraged the mining industry, like the Jesuits before them, they also noticed the negative effects of slash-and-burn agriculture.<sup id="cite_ref-:15_64-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:15-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1765, Luís António de Sousa Botelho became the governor of the captaincy of São Paulo.<sup id="cite_ref-:15_64-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:15-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He attempted to stop slash-and-burn agriculture through the imposition of a village social order.<sup id="cite_ref-:15_64-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:15-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Botelho encouraged mestizos, mulattos, assimilated indigenous people, and <i>Paulista</i> farmers to take up the plow and use the manure of draft animals as fertilizer, but his reforms did not work for several reasons.<sup id="cite_ref-:15_64-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:15-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Botelho's propositions did not appeal to farmers because farmers would have to work more hours without any guarantee or probability of actually increasing their harvest.<sup id="cite_ref-:15_64-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:15-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The colonial land policy favored the elite, who could afford purchasing expensive land titles.<sup id="cite_ref-:15_64-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:15-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because these small-scale farmers were unable to attain land titles to make their fields their property, they were uninvested in sustainable farming practices.<sup id="cite_ref-:15_64-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:15-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Botelho also saw slavery as a hindrance to the agricultural development of the region.<sup id="cite_ref-:15_64-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:15-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although his reforms were unsuccessful and he was not able to implement all of his ideas, Botelho did recognize that mercantilism and militarism impeded the growth of agriculture.<sup id="cite_ref-:15_64-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:15-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other impediments to the growth of agriculture, included the criminalization and vilification of the poor. Heavy taxes were expected in cash from poor farmers.<sup id="cite_ref-:15_64-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:15-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While reimbursements could be delayed for years, when taxes were not paid, the family's young men were forced into military service.<sup id="cite_ref-:15_64-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:15-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One governor in Minas Gerais noted with dismay that white settlers seemed to reject all forms of intensive manual labor in the hopes of increasing their chances at upward social mobility.<sup id="cite_ref-:15_64-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:15-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Botelho, himself, "conscripted almost 5,000 men from an adult population that could not have numbered more than 35,000."<sup id="cite_ref-:15_64-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:15-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unemployed men were designated as <a href="/wiki/Vagrancy" title="Vagrancy"><i>vadios</i></a> or <a href="/wiki/Vagrancy" title="Vagrancy"><i>vagabundos</i></a> and enlisted in the military or sent to the frontier along convicts.<sup id="cite_ref-:15_64-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:15-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of the men managed to escape the authorities and found refuge in the Atlantic forest, where they became subsistence farmers or prospectors; these men would later come to form part of the "caboclo frontier."<sup id="cite_ref-:15_64-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:15-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The pests and plagues that invaded farmers' crops were a significant barrier to the growth of agriculture.<sup id="cite_ref-:15_64-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:15-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rodents, insects, and birds ate many crops, but the most pervasive pests were the <a href="/wiki/Leafcutter_ant" title="Leafcutter ant">leaf-cutting ants</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Leafcutter_ant" title="Leafcutter ant"><i>saúva</i></a> (in <a href="/wiki/Tupi_language" title="Tupi language">Tupi</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-:15_64-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:15-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These ants are difficult to eliminate as, even today, they are difficult to study because they work at night and live below the ground.<sup id="cite_ref-:15_64-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:15-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Farmers at that time, were unsure on how to deal with <i>saúva</i>, and unfortunately, resorted to countermeasures, like slash-and-burn, that only exacerbated the problem.<sup id="cite_ref-:15_64-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:15-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cattle_raising">Cattle raising</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Colonial_Brazil&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Cattle raising"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As with agriculture, the mining economy shaped the cattle raising industry from its outset. Beef was eaten by miners and was "the preferred source of protein in the neo-European diet" of Colonial Brazil.<sup id="cite_ref-:15_64-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:15-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cattle raising spread from São Paulo to the <a href="/wiki/Guarapuava" title="Guarapuava">Guarapuava</a> plains.<sup id="cite_ref-:15_64-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:15-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cattle were not particularly cared for.<sup id="cite_ref-:15_64-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:15-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> No fodder was provided, and even castrating and branding were often neglected.<sup id="cite_ref-:15_64-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:15-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, there was a severe mortality rate during the dry season, and it took several years for cattle to reach a sellable weight.<sup id="cite_ref-:15_64-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:15-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Salt served as a poor dietary supplement for cattle, and this inadequate use, simply made salt-preserved meats and dairy products "unnecessarily expensive."<sup id="cite_ref-:15_64-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:15-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Catte suffered from intestinal parasites and ticks.<sup id="cite_ref-:15_64-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:15-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In their attempts to escape pests and threats, they often moved into forest margins, disrupting their ecosystems.<sup id="cite_ref-:15_64-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:15-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As mentioned, cattle raising changed the native landscape from palatable grasses to "scrubby, noxious" plants, but trying to eliminate them by burning only worked temporarily.<sup id="cite_ref-:15_64-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:15-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the long term, burning these grasses caused erosion, reduced soil permeability, and produced degraded, innutritious pasture prone to becoming hosting ticks and poisonous plant species.<sup id="cite_ref-:15_64-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:15-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cattle took longer to reach their weight, and by choosing the largest animals, herders only worsened the breed through "negative selective pressure."<sup id="cite_ref-:15_64-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:15-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although they were edible and fire-resistant, the African grasses that eventually replaced native ones were not as nutritious because they were not planted in variety to provide a more balanced diet.<sup id="cite_ref-:15_64-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:15-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Because of degraded grasslands, high mortality rate, slow growth, and low population, like agriculture, the cattle raising industry in Colonial Brazil was not very productive. In fact, hunter-gatherers in this area could have attained more meat than the cattle breeders, who annually produced a maximum of "five kilograms of meat per hectare."<sup id="cite_ref-:15_64-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:15-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, wasteful agricultural practices and irresponsible cattle raising methods not only led to the degradation of the native landscape; they also did little for the long-term economic development of the region.<sup id="cite_ref-:15_64-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:15-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historian Warren Dean acknowledges the effects that <a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">colonialism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capitalism</a> had on the seemingly "useless" and "wasteful" exploitation of the Atlantic Forest, yet he also warns the reader against ascribing the whole blame on colonialism and capitalism.<sup id="cite_ref-:15_64-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:15-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Dean, there is evidence to suggest colonists accepted "regal authority" only when it supported their interests and that "colonies were not necessarily condemned to [lower] levels of capital formation."<sup id="cite_ref-:15_64-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:15-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Resistance to the demands of imperialism," says Dean, can have as "forceful and determinant [of an effect on] the formation of states and nations as imperialism itself."<sup id="cite_ref-:15_64-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:15-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_Royal_Court_in_Brazil_(1808–1821)"><span id="The_Royal_Court_in_Brazil_.281808.E2.80.931821.29"></span>The Royal Court in Brazil (1808–1821)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Colonial_Brazil&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: The Royal Court in Brazil (1808–1821)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Transfer_of_the_Portuguese_court_to_Brazil" title="Transfer of the Portuguese court to Brazil">Transfer of the Portuguese court to Brazil</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Imperios_Espa%C3%B1ol_y_Portugu%C3%A9s_1790.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Imperios_Espa%C3%B1ol_y_Portugu%C3%A9s_1790.svg/220px-Imperios_Espa%C3%B1ol_y_Portugu%C3%A9s_1790.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="249" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Imperios_Espa%C3%B1ol_y_Portugu%C3%A9s_1790.svg/330px-Imperios_Espa%C3%B1ol_y_Portugu%C3%A9s_1790.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Imperios_Espa%C3%B1ol_y_Portugu%C3%A9s_1790.svg/440px-Imperios_Espa%C3%B1ol_y_Portugu%C3%A9s_1790.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2655" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>The Spanish and Portuguese empires in 1790</figcaption></figure><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Declara%C3%A7%C3%A3o_de_guerra_feita_por_D._Jo%C3%A3o_a_Napole%C3%A3o_Bonaparte_e_todos_os_seus_vassalo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Declara%C3%A7%C3%A3o_de_guerra_feita_por_D._Jo%C3%A3o_a_Napole%C3%A3o_Bonaparte_e_todos_os_seus_vassalo.jpg/220px-Declara%C3%A7%C3%A3o_de_guerra_feita_por_D._Jo%C3%A3o_a_Napole%C3%A3o_Bonaparte_e_todos_os_seus_vassalo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Declara%C3%A7%C3%A3o_de_guerra_feita_por_D._Jo%C3%A3o_a_Napole%C3%A3o_Bonaparte_e_todos_os_seus_vassalo.jpg/330px-Declara%C3%A7%C3%A3o_de_guerra_feita_por_D._Jo%C3%A3o_a_Napole%C3%A3o_Bonaparte_e_todos_os_seus_vassalo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Declara%C3%A7%C3%A3o_de_guerra_feita_por_D._Jo%C3%A3o_a_Napole%C3%A3o_Bonaparte_e_todos_os_seus_vassalo.jpg/440px-Declara%C3%A7%C3%A3o_de_guerra_feita_por_D._Jo%C3%A3o_a_Napole%C3%A3o_Bonaparte_e_todos_os_seus_vassalo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1260" data-file-height="1017" /></a><figcaption>Declaration of war made by Prince Regent John to Napoleon Bonaparte and all his vassals, 1808</figcaption></figure><p>The Napoleonic invasion of the Iberian peninsula set off major changes there and in both Portugal's and Spain's overseas empires. In 1807 French troops of <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_Bonaparte" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleon Bonaparte">Napoleon Bonaparte</a> invaded Britain's ally, Portugal. Prince Regent <a href="/wiki/John_VI_of_Portugal" title="John VI of Portugal">John</a> (future king John VI), who had governed since 1792 on behalf of his mother, queen <a href="/wiki/Maria_I_of_Portugal" title="Maria I of Portugal">Maria I</a>, ordered the transfer of the Portuguese royal court to Brazil before he could be deposed by the invading army. In January 1808, prince John and his court arrived in Salvador, where he signed a commercial regulation that opened commerce between Brazil and friendly nations (Britain). This important law broke the colonial pact that, until then, allowed Brazil to maintain direct commercial relations with Portugal only.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In March 1808, the court arrived in Rio de Janeiro. In 1815, during the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Vienna" title="Congress of Vienna">Congress of Vienna</a>, Prince John created the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Portugal,_Brazil_and_the_Algarves" title="United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves">United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves</a> by elevating Brazil to the rank of kingdom and increasing its administrative autonomy. </p><p>In 1816, with the death of queen Maria, prince John succeeded as monarch, and the ceremony of his acclamation was held in Rio de Janeiro in February 1818. </p><p>Among the important measures taken by prince John in his years in Brazil were incentives to commerce and industry, the permission to print newspapers and books, the creation of two medicine schools, military academies, and the first <a href="/wiki/Banco_do_Brasil" title="Banco do Brasil">bank of Brazil</a>. In Rio de Janeiro he also created a powder factory, a <a href="/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro_Botanical_Garden" title="Rio de Janeiro Botanical Garden">Botanical Garden</a>, an art academy (<i><a href="/wiki/Escola_Nacional_de_Belas_Artes" title="Escola Nacional de Belas Artes">Escola Nacional de Belas Artes</a></i>) and an opera house (<i>Teatro São João</i>). All these measures greatly advanced the independence of Brazil in relation to Portugal and made the later political separation between the two countries inevitable. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:0200_years_Biblioteca_Nacional_in_Rio_de_Janeiro_city.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/0200_years_Biblioteca_Nacional_in_Rio_de_Janeiro_city.jpg/220px-0200_years_Biblioteca_Nacional_in_Rio_de_Janeiro_city.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/0200_years_Biblioteca_Nacional_in_Rio_de_Janeiro_city.jpg/330px-0200_years_Biblioteca_Nacional_in_Rio_de_Janeiro_city.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/0200_years_Biblioteca_Nacional_in_Rio_de_Janeiro_city.jpg/440px-0200_years_Biblioteca_Nacional_in_Rio_de_Janeiro_city.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2362" data-file-height="1559" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Brazil" title="National Library of Brazil">National Library of Brazil</a>, established by <a href="/wiki/John_VI_of_Portugal" title="John VI of Portugal">Dom João VI</a> in the 19th century, has one of the richest literary collections in the world.</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PacoImperial1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/PacoImperial1.jpg/250px-PacoImperial1.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/PacoImperial1.jpg/375px-PacoImperial1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/PacoImperial1.jpg/500px-PacoImperial1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1134" data-file-height="850" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Pa%C3%A7o_Imperial" title="Paço Imperial">Paço Imperial</a>, an 18th-century colonial palace located in Rio de Janeiro, used as a dispatch house by King <a href="/wiki/John_VI_of_Portugal" title="John VI of Portugal">João VI of Portugal</a> and later by his son, Emperor <a href="/wiki/Pedro_I_of_Brazil" title="Pedro I of Brazil">Pedro I of Brazil</a>.</figcaption></figure><p> Due to the absence of the king and the economic independence of Brazil, Portugal entered a severe crisis that obliged John VI and the royal family to return to Portugal in 1821: a <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Revolution_of_1820" title="Liberal Revolution of 1820">Liberal Revolution</a> had broken out in Portugal in 1820, and the royal governors who ruled Portugal in the king's name had been replaced by a revolutionary Council of Regency formed to govern the European portion of the united kingdom until the king's return. Indeed, the king's immediate return to Lisbon was one of the main demands of the revolutionaries. Under the revolutionary Council of Regency, a constituent assembly, known as the Portuguese Constitutional Courts (<i>Cortes Constitucionais Portuguesas</i>), was elected to abolish the absolute monarchy and replace it with a constitutional one. King John VI, then, yielding to pressure, returned to Europe. Brazilian representatives were elected to join the deliberations of the Constitutional <i>Cortes</i> of the kingdom. </p><p>The heir of John VI, prince <a href="/wiki/Pedro_I_of_Brazil" title="Pedro I of Brazil">Pedro</a>, remained in Brazil. The Portuguese <i>Cortes</i> demanded that Brazil return to its former condition of colony and that the heir return to Portugal. Prince Pedro, influenced by the Rio de Janeiro Municipal Senate (<i>Senado da Câmara</i>), refused to return to Portugal in the famous <i><a href="/wiki/Dia_do_Fico" title="Dia do Fico">Dia do Fico</a></i> (January 9, 1822). Political independence came on 7 September 1822, and the prince was crowned emperor in Rio de Janeiro as <a href="/wiki/Pedro_I_of_Brazil" title="Pedro I of Brazil">Dom Pedro I</a>, ending 322 years of dominance of Portugal over Brazil. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Territorial_evolution_of_colonial_Brazil">Territorial evolution of colonial Brazil</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Colonial_Brazil&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Territorial evolution of colonial Brazil"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Lacking_overview plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>lacks an overview of its topic.</b><span class="hide-when-compact"> You can help by writing the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style_(lists)#Lead_paragraphs_in_embedded_lists" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style (lists)">lead section</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2014</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Brazil_in_1534.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="1534 Capitanias hereditárias"><img alt="1534 Capitanias hereditárias" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Brazil_in_1534.svg/120px-Brazil_in_1534.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Brazil_in_1534.svg/180px-Brazil_in_1534.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Brazil_in_1534.svg/240px-Brazil_in_1534.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2008" data-file-height="1985" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">1534<br /><i><a href="/wiki/Capitanias_heredit%C3%A1rias" class="mw-redirect" title="Capitanias hereditárias">Capitanias hereditárias</a></i></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Brazil_in_1572.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="1573 Two states"><img alt="1573 Two states" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Brazil_in_1572.svg/120px-Brazil_in_1572.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Brazil_in_1572.svg/180px-Brazil_in_1572.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Brazil_in_1572.svg/240px-Brazil_in_1572.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2008" data-file-height="1985" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">1573<br />Two states</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Brazil_in_1709.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="1709 Inland expansion"><img alt="1709 Inland expansion" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Brazil_in_1709.svg/120px-Brazil_in_1709.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Brazil_in_1709.svg/180px-Brazil_in_1709.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Brazil_in_1709.svg/240px-Brazil_in_1709.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2008" data-file-height="1985" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">1709<br />Inland expansion</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Brazil_in_1750.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="1750 Treaty of Madrid"><img alt="1750 Treaty of Madrid" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Brazil_in_1750.svg/120px-Brazil_in_1750.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Brazil_in_1750.svg/180px-Brazil_in_1750.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Brazil_in_1750.svg/240px-Brazil_in_1750.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2008" data-file-height="1985" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">1750<br />Treaty of Madrid</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Brazil_in_1817.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="1817 At the time of the Pernambucan revolt"><img alt="1817 At the time of the Pernambucan revolt" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Brazil_in_1817.svg/120px-Brazil_in_1817.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Brazil_in_1817.svg/180px-Brazil_in_1817.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Brazil_in_1817.svg/240px-Brazil_in_1817.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2008" data-file-height="1985" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">1817<br />At the time of the <i><a href="/wiki/Pernambucan_revolt" title="Pernambucan revolt">Pernambucan revolt</a></i></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Brasil_1821_-_Am%C3%A9rica_Portuguesa.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Dimension of Brazil (date: 1821) with Kingdom of Portugal Brazil and Algarves (Preserved map in National Library of Portugal)"><img alt="Dimension of Brazil (date: 1821) with Kingdom of Portugal Brazil and Algarves (Preserved map in National Library of Portugal)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Brasil_1821_-_Am%C3%A9rica_Portuguesa.jpg/91px-Brasil_1821_-_Am%C3%A9rica_Portuguesa.jpg" decoding="async" width="91" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Brasil_1821_-_Am%C3%A9rica_Portuguesa.jpg/137px-Brasil_1821_-_Am%C3%A9rica_Portuguesa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Brasil_1821_-_Am%C3%A9rica_Portuguesa.jpg/183px-Brasil_1821_-_Am%C3%A9rica_Portuguesa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="774" data-file-height="1015" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Dimension of Brazil (date: 1821) with Kingdom of Portugal Brazil and Algarves (Preserved map in National Library of Portugal)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Brazil_in_1822.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="1822 At date of independence"><img alt="1822 At date of independence" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Brazil_in_1822.svg/117px-Brazil_in_1822.svg.png" decoding="async" width="117" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Brazil_in_1822.svg/175px-Brazil_in_1822.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Brazil_in_1822.svg/233px-Brazil_in_1822.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2008" data-file-height="2065" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">1822<br />At date of independence</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Administrative_evolution">Administrative evolution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Colonial_Brazil&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Administrative evolution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Colonial entities, ordered by the date of establishment, earlier to later: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_Colonies_of_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Captaincy Colonies of Brazil">Captaincy Colonies of Brazil</a> (Private and autonomous colonies 1534–1549)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincies_of_Brazil" title="Captaincies of Brazil">Captaincies of Brazil</a> (Colonial provincial districts from 1549 to 1815)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_General_of_Brazil" title="Governorate General of Brazil">Governorate General of Brazil</a> (1549–1572 / 1578–1607 / 1613–1621) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_General_of_Bahia" title="Governorate General of Bahia">Governorate General of Bahia</a> (1572–1578 / 1607–1613)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_General_of_Rio_de_Janeiro" title="Governorate General of Rio de Janeiro">Governorate General of Rio de Janeiro</a> (1572–1578 / 1607–1613)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Brazil" title="State of Brazil">State of Brazil</a> (1621–1815)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Maranh%C3%A3o_(colonial)" title="State of Maranhão (colonial)">State of Maranhão</a> (1621–1751)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Gr%C3%A3o-Par%C3%A1_and_Maranh%C3%A3o" title="State of Grão-Pará and Maranhão">State of Grão-Pará and Maranhão</a> (1751–1772)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Gr%C3%A3o-Par%C3%A1_and_Rio_Negro" title="State of Grão-Pará and Rio Negro">State of Grão-Pará and Rio Negro</a> (1772–1775)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Maranh%C3%A3o_and_Piau%C3%AD" title="State of Maranhão and Piauí">State of Maranhão and Piauí</a> (1772–1775)</li> <li>In 1808 the queen and the Prince Regent of Portugal arrive in Brazil and the Prince Regent's Government assumes direct control of the administration of the State of Brazil;</li> <li>In 1815, the State of Brazil is elevated to the rank of a kingdom (the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Brazil" title="Kingdom of Brazil">Kingdom of Brazil</a>) and with the simultaneous formation of the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Portugal,_Brazil_and_the_Algarves" title="United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves">United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves</a>, marking the formal end of the colonial era.</li> <li>In 1822, Brazil secedes from the United Kingdom and the independent <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Brazil" title="Empire of Brazil">Empire of Brazil</a> is founded. The separation is recognized by Portugal in 1825 after the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Rio_de_Janeiro_(1825)" title="Treaty of Rio de Janeiro (1825)">Treaty of Rio de Janeiro</a>.</li></ul> <p>The detailed history of the administrative changes in the administration of colonial Brazil is as follows: </p><p>From 1534 (immediately after the start the Portuguese attempts to effectively colonize Brazil) until 1549, Brazil was divided by the Portuguese Crown in private and autonomous colonies known as <i>hereditary captaincies</i> (<i>capitanias hereditárias</i>), or <i>captaincy colonies</i> (<i>colónias capitanias</i>). </p><p>In 1549, Portuguese King John III abolished the system of private colonies, and the fifteen existing hereditary captaincies were incorporated into a single Crown colony, the Governorate General of Brazil. </p><p>The individual captaincies, now under the administration of the Portuguese Crown (and no longer called colonies or hereditary captaincies, but simply captaincies of Brazil), continued to exist as provinces or districts within the colony until the end of the colonial era in 1815. </p><p>The unified Governorate General of Brazil, with its capital city in Salvador, existed during three periods: from 1549 to 1572, from 1578 to 1607 and from 1613 to 1621. Between 1572 and 1578 and again between 1607 and 1613, the colony was split in two, and during those periods the Governorate General of Brazil did not exist, being replaced by two separate Governorates: the Governorate General of Bahia, in the North, with its seat in the city of Salvador, and the Governorate General of Rio de Janeiro, in the South, with its seat in the city of Rio de Janeiro. </p><p>In 1621, an administrative reorganization took place, and the Governorate General of Brazil became known as the State of Brazil (<i>Estado do Brasil</i>), keeping Salvador as its capital city. With this administrative remodeling, the unity of the colony was once again interrupted, as a portion of territory in the northern part of modern Brazil became an autonomous colony, separate from the State of Brazil: the State of Maranhão, with its capital city in São Luiz. </p><p>In 1652, the State of Maranhão was extinguished, and its territory was briefly added to the State of Brazil, reunifying the colonial administration once more. </p><p>However, in 1654, the territories of the former State of Maranhão were again separated from the State of Brazil, and the Captaincy of Grão-Pará was also split from Brazil. In this restructuring, the territories of Grão-Pará and Maranhão, severed from Brazil, were united in a single State, initially named as State of Maranhão and Grão-Pará, having São Luiz as its capital city. This newly created State incorporated territories recently acquired by the Portuguese west of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Tordesillas" title="Treaty of Tordesillas">Tordesillas line</a>. </p><p>In 1751, the State of Maranhão and Grão-Pará was renamed as the State of Grão-Pará and Maranhão, and its capital city as transferred from São Luiz (in Maranhão) to Belém (in the part of the State that was then known as Grão-Pará). </p><p>In 1763, the capital city of the State of Brazil was transferred from Salvador to Rio de Janeiro. At the same time, the title of the King's representative heading the government of the State of Brazil was officially changed from Governor General to Viceroy (Governors coming from the high nobility had been using the title of Viceroy since about 1640). However, the name of Brazil was never changed to Viceroyalty of Brazil. That title, although sometimes used by modern writers, is not proper, as the colony continued to be titled State of Brazil. </p><p>In 1772, in a short-lived territorial reorganization, the State of Grão-Pará and Maranhão was split in two: the State of Grão-Pará and Rio Negro (better known simply as the State of Grão-Pará), with the city of Belém as its capital, and the State of Maranhão and Piauí (better known simply as the State of Maranhão), with its seat in the city of São Luiz. </p><p>Thus from 1772 until another territorial reorganization in 1775 there were three distinct Portuguese States in South America: the State of Brazil, the State of Grão-Pará and Rio Negro, and the State of Maranhão and Piauí. </p><p>In 1775, in a final territorial reorganization, the colony was once again reunified: the State of Maranhão and Piauí and the State of Grão-Pará and Rio Negro were both abolished, and their territories were incorporated into the territory of the State of Brazil. The State of Brazil was thus expanded; it became the sole Portuguese State in South America; and it now included in its territory the whole of the Portuguese possessions in the American Continent. Indeed, with the reorganization of 1775, for the first time since 1654, all the Portuguese territories in the New World were once again united under a single colonial government. Rio de Janeiro, that had become the capital of the State of Brazil in 1763, continued to be the capital, now of the unified colony. </p><p>In 1808, the Portuguese Court was transferred to Brazil as direct consequence of the invasion of Portugal during the Napoleonic Wars. The office of Viceroy of Brazil ceased to exist upon the arrival of the royal family in Rio de Janeiro, since the Prince Regent, the future King John VI, assumed personal control of the government of the colony, that became the provisional seat of the whole <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese Empire</a>. </p><p>In 1815, Brazil ceased to be a colony, upon the elevation of the State of Brazil to the rank of a kingdom, the Kingdom of Brazil, and the simultaneous political union of that kingdom with the Kingdoms of Portugal and the Algarves, forming a single sovereign State, the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves. That political union would last until 1822 when Brazil declared its independence from the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves and became the Empire of Brazil, a sovereign nation in the territory of the former Kingdom of Brazil. The separation was recognized by Portugal with the signing of the 1825 Treaty of Rio de Janeiro. </p><p>With the creation of the Kingdom of Brazil in 1815, the former captaincies of the State of Brazil became provinces within the new Kingdom, and after independence, they became the provinces of the Empire of Brazil. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Colonial_Brazil&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Colonial_Brazil" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Colonial Brazil">Colonial Brazil</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <p><b>Colonization</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ilha_de_Vera_Cruz" title="Ilha de Vera Cruz">Ilha de Vera Cruz</a> (Terra de Santa Cruz)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_colonization_of_the_Americas#Colonization_of_Brazil" title="Portuguese colonization of the Americas">Portuguese colonization of the Americas#Colonization of Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire#Colonization_efforts_in_the_Americas" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese Empire#Colonization efforts in the Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camar%C3%A3o_indians%27_letters" class="mw-redirect" title="Camarão indians' letters">Camarão indians' letters</a></li></ul> <p><b>General history</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Brazil" title="History of Brazil">History of Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil#History" title="Brazil">Brazil#History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Portugal" title="History of Portugal">History of Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartography_of_Latin_America" title="Cartography of Latin America">Cartography of Latin America</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading_in_English">Further reading in English</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Colonial_Brazil&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Further reading in English"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li>Alden, Dauril. <i>Royal Government in Colonial Brazil with Special Reference to the Administration of the Marquis of Lavradio, Viceroy 1769–1779</i>. 1968.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leslie_Bethell" title="Leslie Bethell">Bethell, Leslie</a>, ed. <i>Colonial Brazil</i>. 1987.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_R._Boxer" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles R. Boxer">Boxer, C. R.</a> <i>Salvador de Sá and the struggle for Brazil and Angola, 1602–1686.</i> [London] University of London, 1952.</li> <li>Boxer, C. R. <i>The Dutch in Brazil, 1624–1654</i>. Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1957.</li> <li>Boxer, C. R. <i>The golden age of Brazil, 1695–1750; growing pains of a colonial society</i>. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1962.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilberto_Freyre" title="Gilberto Freyre">Freyre, Gilberto</a>. <i>The Masters and the Slaves: A Study of the Development of Brazilian Civilization</i>, translated by Samuel Putnam. revised edition 1963.</li> <li>Hemming, John. <i>Red Gold: The Conquest of the Brazilian Indians</i>. 1978.</li> <li>Hemming, John. <i>Amazon Frontier: The Defeat of the Brazilian Indians</i>. London: Macmillan 1987.</li> <li>Higgins, Kathleen. <i>Licentious Liberty in a Brazilian Gold-Mining Region</i>. University Park: Penn State Press 1999.</li> <li>Kuznesof, Elizabeth. <i>Household Economy and Urban Development: São Paulo, 1765–1836</i>. Boulder: Westview Press 1986.</li> <li>Lang, James. <i>Portuguese Brazil: The King's Plantation</i>. 1979.</li> <li>Metcalf, Alida C. <i>Family and Frontier in Colonial Brazil: Santana de Parnaiba, 1480–1822</i>. 1991.</li> <li>Nazzari, Muriel. <i>Disappearance of the dowry: Women, Families and Social Change in São Paulo (1600–1900). 1991.</i></li> <li>Prado, Caio Junior. <i>The Colonial Background of Modern Brazil</i>. translated by suzette Macedo. 1967.</li> <li>Russell-Wood, A.J.R. <i>Fidalgos and Philanthropists: The Santa Casa de Misericórdia of Bahia, 1550–1755</i>. 1968.</li> <li>Russell-Wood, A.J.R. "Archives and Recent Historiography on Colonial Brazil<i>. </i>Latin American Research Review<i> 36:1(2001): 75–103.</i></li> <li>Russell-Wood, A.J.R. "United States Scholarly Contributions to the Historiography of Colonial Brazil", <i>Hispanic American Historical Review 65:4(1985):683–723.</i></li> <li>Russell-Wood, A.J.R. <i>Society and Government in Colonial Brazil, 1500–1822</i>. 1992.</li> <li>Russell-Wood, A.J.R. <i>From Colony to Nation: Essays on the Independence of Brazil</i>. 1975.</li> <li>Schultz, Kristin. <i>Tropical Versailles: Empire, Monarchy, and the Portuguese Royal Court in Rio de Janeiro</i>. New York: Routledge 2001.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuart_B._Schwartz" title="Stuart B. Schwartz">Schwartz, Stuart B.</a>, "The Historiography of Early Modern Brazil", in <i>The Oxford Handbook of Latin American History</i>, José C. Moya, ed. New York: Oxford University Press 2011, pp. 98–131.</li> <li>Schwartz, Stuart B., "Somebodies and Nobodies in the Body Politic: Mentalities and Social Structures in Colonial Brazil", <i>Latin American Research Review</i> 31:1(1996): 112–34.</li> <li>Schwartz, Stuart B. <i>Sovereignty and Society in Colonial Brazil</i>. Berkeley: University of California Press 1978.</li> <li>Schwartz, Stuart B. <i>Sugar Plantations in the Formation of Brazilian Society</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 1985.</li> <li>Schwartz, Stuart B. <i>Peasants and Rebels: Reconsidering Brazilian Slavery</i>. 1992.</li> <li>Verger, Pierre. <i>Bahia and the West African Trade, 1549–1851</i>. Ibadan: Ibadan University Press 1964.</li> <li>Wadsworth, James E. "In the Name of the Inquisition: The Portuguese Inquisition and Delegated Authority in Colonial Pernambuco", <i>The Americas</i> 61:1 (2004): 19–52.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Colonial_Brazil&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-note76-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-note76_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Society and Education in Brazil" "Authors: Robert J. Havighurst, J. Roberto Moreira" "<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://books.google.pt/books?id=u65BLiP8qXEC&pg=PA60">https://books.google.pt/books?id=u65BLiP8qXEC&pg=PA60</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A.J.R. Russell-Wood, Brazil, The colonial era" in <i>Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture</i>, vol. 1, p. 410. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons 1996.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Source: Europe and the Age of Exploration | Thematic Essay | Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History | <a href="/wiki/The_Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" class="mw-redirect" title="The Metropolitan Museum of Art">The Metropolitan Museum of Art</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://library.brown.edu/create/fivecenturiesofchange/chapters/chapter-1/brazilwood/">"1.1 Brazilwood | Brazil: Five Centuries of Change"</a>. <i>library.brown.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-11-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=library.brown.edu&rft.atitle=1.1+Brazilwood+%7C+Brazil%3A+Five+Centuries+of+Change&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flibrary.brown.edu%2Fcreate%2Ffivecenturiesofchange%2Fchapters%2Fchapter-1%2Fbrazilwood%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColonial+Brazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenLanglandSchwarcz2018" class="citation book cs1">Green, James N.; Langland, Victoria; Schwarcz, Lilia Moritz, eds. (2018-12-06). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2307/j.ctv120qrdk"><i>The Brazil Reader: History, Culture, Politics</i></a> (2nd', 'Revised' ed.). Duke University Press. pp. 7–8. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fj.ctv120qrdk.5">10.2307/j.ctv120qrdk.5</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-7179-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-7179-3"><bdi>978-0-8223-7179-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Brazil+Reader%3A+History%2C+Culture%2C+Politics&rft.pages=7-8&rft.edition=2nd%27%2C+%27Revised%27&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=2018-12-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2Fj.ctv120qrdk.5&rft.isbn=978-0-8223-7179-3&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.2307%2Fj.ctv120qrdk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColonial+Brazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSkidmore1999" class="citation book cs1">Skidmore, Thomas E. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/brazilfivecentur00skid/mode/1up"><i>Brazil : five centuries of change</i></a>. Internet Archive. New York : Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-505809-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-505809-3"><bdi>978-0-19-505809-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Brazil+%3A+five+centuries+of+change&rft.pub=New+York+%3A+Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-19-505809-3&rft.aulast=Skidmore&rft.aufirst=Thomas+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbrazilfivecentur00skid%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColonial+Brazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchwarczStarling2018" class="citation book cs1">Schwarcz, Lilia M.; Starling, Heloisa M. (2018-08-21). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5M2YDQAAQBAJ&pg=PT6&source=kp_read_button&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&gboemv=1&ovdme=1#v=onepage&q&f=false"><i>Brazil: A Biography</i></a>. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-374-71070-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-374-71070-5"><bdi>978-0-374-71070-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Brazil%3A+A+Biography&rft.pub=Farrar%2C+Straus+and+Giroux&rft.date=2018-08-21&rft.isbn=978-0-374-71070-5&rft.aulast=Schwarcz&rft.aufirst=Lilia+M.&rft.au=Starling%2C+Heloisa+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5M2YDQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT6%26source%3Dkp_read_button%26hl%3Den%26newbks%3D1%26newbks_redir%3D0%26gboemv%3D1%26ovdme%3D1%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColonial+Brazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/James_Lockhart_(historian)" title="James Lockhart (historian)">James Lockhart</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stuart_B._Schwartz" title="Stuart B. Schwartz">Stuart B. Schwartz</a>, <i>Early Latin America: A History of Colonial Spanish America and Brazil</i>. New York: Cambridge University Press 1983, pp. 24–26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lockhart and Schwartz, <i>Early Latin America</i>, pp. 26–27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rollie Poppino, Brazil: The Land and People,Oxford University Press, 1968, p. 44</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">E. Bradford Burns,A History of Brazil, 2 ed. Columbia University Press, New York, p. 71</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:03-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:03_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:03_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:03_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:03_12-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:03_12-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMetcalf2005" class="citation book cs1">Metcalf, Alida C. (2005). <i>Go-Betweens and the Colonization of Brazil : 1500–1600</i>. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press. pp. 17–33. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-292-70970-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-292-70970-6"><bdi>0-292-70970-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Go-Betweens+and+the+Colonization+of+Brazil+%3A+1500%E2%80%931600&rft.place=Austin%2C+TX&rft.pages=17-33&rft.pub=University+of+Texas+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-292-70970-6&rft.aulast=Metcalf&rft.aufirst=Alida+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColonial+Brazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alexander Marchant, <i>From Barter to Slavery: The Economic Relations of Portuguese and Indians in the Settlement of Brazil, 1500–1580</i>. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press 1942.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-library.brown.edu-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-library.brown.edu_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-library.brown.edu_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-library.brown.edu_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenSkidmore2021" class="citation web cs1">Green, James N.; Skidmore, Thomas E. (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://library.brown.edu/create/fivecenturiesofchange/chapters/chapter-1/captaincies-general/">"Captaincies-General: The Structure of Governance in Colonial Brazil | Brazil: Five Centuries of Change"</a>. <i>Brown University Library</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240315135054/https://library.brown.edu/create/fivecenturiesofchange/chapters/chapter-1/captaincies-general/">Archived</a> from the original on Mar 15, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Brown+University+Library&rft.atitle=Captaincies-General%3A+The+Structure+of+Governance+in+Colonial+Brazil+%26%23124%3B+Brazil%3A+Five+Centuries+of+Change&rft.date=2021&rft.aulast=Green&rft.aufirst=James+N.&rft.au=Skidmore%2C+Thomas+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flibrary.brown.edu%2Fcreate%2Ffivecenturiesofchange%2Fchapters%2Fchapter-1%2Fcaptaincies-general%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColonial+Brazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Bailey Diffie, A History of Colonial Brazil: 1500–1792, Krueger, Malabar, Florida, 1987, ch 4</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bailey Diffie, A History of Colonial Brazil: 1500–1792, Krueger, Malabar, Florida, 1987, pp. 125–147</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For a comprehensive history of the Jesuits in Brazil see Serafim Leite, S.J. <i>História de Companhia de Jesus no Brasil</i>. 10 vols. Lisbon 1938–50.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alida Metcalf, "Go-betweens and the colonization of Brazil, 1500–1600". Austin: University of Texas Press (2005), 110–112</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mark Burkholder, Lyman Johnson. "Colonial Latin America". New York: Oxford University Press (2001), 124</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Warren Dean "With Broadax and Firebrand: The Destruction of the Brazilian Atlantic Forest". Berkeley: University of California Press (1997), 100</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alida Metcalf, "Go-betweens and the colonization of Brazil, 1500–1600". Austin: University of Texas Press (2005), 102–104</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kenneth Mills, William B. Taylor, and Sandra Lauderdale Graham, "Colonial Latin America: A Documentary History". Lanham, Md.: SR Books, (2004), 95.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Charles E. Nowell, "The French in Sixteenth-Century Brazil," <i>The Americas</i> 5 (1949):381–93.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Stuart_B._Schwartz" title="Stuart B. Schwartz">Stuart B. Schwartz</a>, "Indian Labor and New World Demands and Indian Response in Northeastern Brazil." <i><a href="/wiki/American_Historical_Review" class="mw-redirect" title="American Historical Review">American Historical Review</a></i> 83 (1978) 43–79.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alida Metcalf, "Go-betweens and the colonization of Brazil, 1500–1600". Austin: University of Texas Press (2005), 181–190</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">James Lockhart and Stuart B. Schwartz, <i>Early Latin America</i>, chapter 7. Brazil in the Sugar Age. New York: Cambridge University Press 1983.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stuart B. Schwartz, "Free Farmers in a Slave Economy: The <i>Lavradores de Cana</i> in Colonial Bahia," in Dauril Alden, ed. <i>Colonial Roots of Modern Brazil</i>. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press 1973, pp. 147–197.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gilberto Freyre, <i>The Masters and the Slaves: A Study in the Development of Brazilian Civilization</i>. New York: English edition 1956; 1933 Portuguese original edition.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See the articles by Ernst van den Boogaart and by Elmer Kolfin in <i>The Slave in European Art: From Renaissance Trophy to Abolitionist Emblem</i>, ed Elizabeth McGrath and Jean Michel Massing, London (The Warburg Institute) and Turin 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:10-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:10_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:10_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKleinLuna2010" class="citation book cs1">Klein, Herbert S.; Luna, Francisco Vidal (2010). <i>Slavery in Brazil</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 17. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-14192-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-14192-5"><bdi>978-0-521-14192-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1026039080">1026039080</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Slavery+in+Brazil&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=17&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1026039080&rft.isbn=978-0-521-14192-5&rft.aulast=Klein&rft.aufirst=Herbert+S.&rft.au=Luna%2C+Francisco+Vidal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColonial+Brazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Recreating-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Recreating_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sweet, James H. <i>Recreating Africa: Culture, Kinship, and Religion in the African-Portuguese World, 1441–1770</i>. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina, 2003. Print. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:82-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:82_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:82_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:82_32-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchwartz,_Stuart_B.1996" class="citation book cs1">Schwartz, Stuart B. (1996). "Rethinking Palmares: Slave Resistance in Colonial Brazil". <i>Slaves, peasants, and rebels : reconsidering Brazilian slavery</i>. University of Illinois Press. p. 2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-252-06549-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-252-06549-2"><bdi>0-252-06549-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/857899745">857899745</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Rethinking+Palmares%3A+Slave+Resistance+in+Colonial+Brazil&rft.btitle=Slaves%2C+peasants%2C+and+rebels+%3A+reconsidering+Brazilian+slavery&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=University+of+Illinois+Press&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F857899745&rft.isbn=0-252-06549-2&rft.au=Schwartz%2C+Stuart+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColonial+Brazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rae Flory and David Grant Smith, "Bahian Merchants and Planters in the Seventeenth and Early Eighteenth Centuries." <i><a href="/wiki/Hispanic_American_Historical_Review" class="mw-redirect" title="Hispanic American Historical Review">Hispanic American Historical Review</a></i> 58(1978):571–94.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schwartz,_p._221-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Schwartz,_p._221_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schwartz,_p._221_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Lockhart and Schwartz, <i>Early Latin America</i>, p. 221.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">James Lockhart and Stuart B. Schwartz, <i>Early Latin America</i>. New York: Cambridge University Press 1983, pp. 227–231.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">James Lockhart and Stuart B. Schwartz, <i>Early Latin America</i>. New York: Cambridge University Press 1983, pp. 226–227.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lockhart and Schwartz, <i>Early Latin America</i>, pp. 225, 250.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Arnold Wiznitzer, <i>the Jews of Colonial Brazil</i>. New York: 1960.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lockhart and Schwartz, <i>Early Latin America</i>, p. 250.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://histclo.com/essay/war/swc/17/sw17-dpw.html">"war and social upheaval : Dutch-Portuguese War"</a>. <i>histclo.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-12-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=histclo.com&rft.atitle=war+and+social+upheaval+%3A+Dutch-Portuguese+War&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistclo.com%2Fessay%2Fwar%2Fswc%2F17%2Fsw17-dpw.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColonial+Brazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780199730414/obo-9780199730414-0283.xml">"Dutch Brazil"</a>. <i>obo</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-12-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=obo&rft.atitle=Dutch+Brazil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordbibliographies.com%2Fview%2Fdocument%2Fobo-9780199730414%2Fobo-9780199730414-0283.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColonial+Brazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">C.R. Boxer, <i>The Dutch in Brazil: 1624–1654</i>. New York: Oxford University Press 1957.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://library.brown.edu/create/fivecenturiesofchange/chapters/chapter-2/african-slavery/">"The African Slave Trade and Slave Life | Brazil: Five Centuries of Change"</a>. <i>library.brown.edu</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=library.brown.edu&rft.atitle=The+African+Slave+Trade+and+Slave+Life+%7C+Brazil%3A+Five+Centuries+of+Change&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flibrary.brown.edu%2Fcreate%2Ffivecenturiesofchange%2Fchapters%2Fchapter-2%2Fafrican-slavery%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColonial+Brazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://histclo.com/act/work/slave/am/sa-bra.html">"slavery in Brazil"</a>. <i>histclo.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=histclo.com&rft.atitle=slavery+in+Brazil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistclo.com%2Fact%2Fwork%2Fslave%2Fam%2Fsa-bra.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColonial+Brazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:72-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:72_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:72_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:72_45-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchwartz2017" class="citation cs2">Schwartz, Stuart B. (2017), "Rethinking Palmares: Slave Resistance in Colonial Brazil", <i>Critical Readings on Global Slavery (4 vols.)</i>, University of Illinois Press, pp. 1294–1325, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F9789004346611_041">10.1163/9789004346611_041</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-34661-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-34661-1"><bdi>978-90-04-34661-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Rethinking+Palmares%3A+Slave+Resistance+in+Colonial+Brazil&rft.btitle=Critical+Readings+on+Global+Slavery+%284+vols.%29&rft.pages=1294-1325&rft.pub=University+of+Illinois+Press&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F9789004346611_041&rft.isbn=978-90-04-34661-1&rft.aulast=Schwartz&rft.aufirst=Stuart+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColonial+Brazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">James Lockhart and Stuart Schwartz, <i>Early Latin America</i>. New York: Cambridge University Press 1983, p. 220.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Schwartz, Stuart B. (1992). "Rethinking Palmares: Slave Resistance in Colonial Brazil". <i>Slaves, peasants, and rebels : reconsidering Brazilian slavery</i>. Urbana: University of Illinois Press. p. 2. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-252-06549-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-252-06549-2">0-252-06549-2</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/857899745">857899745</a>. Abreu, Johnathan A. (2018). "Fugitive Slave Communities in Northern Brail between 1880 and 1900: Territoriality, Resistance, and the Struggle for Autonomy." <i>Journal of Latin American Geography.</i> Austin: University of Texas Press. 17(1): 199. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Flag.2018.0008">10.1353/lag.2018.0008</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchwartz1992" class="citation book cs1">Schwartz, Stuart B. (1992). "Rethinking Palmares: Slave Resistance in Colonial Brazil". <i>Slaves, peasants, and rebels : reconsidering Brazilian slavery</i>. Urbana: University of Illinois Press. p. 5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-252-06549-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-252-06549-2"><bdi>0-252-06549-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/857899745">857899745</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Rethinking+Palmares%3A+Slave+Resistance+in+Colonial+Brazil&rft.btitle=Slaves%2C+peasants%2C+and+rebels+%3A+reconsidering+Brazilian+slavery&rft.place=Urbana&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=University+of+Illinois+Press&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F857899745&rft.isbn=0-252-06549-2&rft.aulast=Schwartz&rft.aufirst=Stuart+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColonial+Brazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dean, Warren (1997). <i>With Broadax and Firebrand: The Destruction of the Brazilian Atlantic Forest</i>. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 103. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-20886-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-20886-5">978-0-520-20886-5</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1048765486">1048765486</a>. Abreu, Johnathan A. (2018). "Fugitive Slave Communities in Northern Brail between 1880 and 1900: Territoriality, Resistance, and the Struggle for Autonomy." <i>Journal of Latin American Geography.</i> Austin: University of Texas Press. 17(1): 201. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Flag.2018.0008">10.1353/lag.2018.0008</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stuart Schwartz. "Slaves, Peasants, and Rebels: Reconsidering Brazilian Slavery". Urbana: University of Illinois Press (1992), 108–112.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lockhart and Schwartz, <i>Early Latin America</i>, pp. 220–221.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:04-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:04_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Schwartz, Stuart B. (1992). "Rethinking Palmares: Slave Resistance in Colonial Brazil". <i>Slaves, peasants, and rebels : reconsidering Brazilian slavery</i>. Urbana: University of Illinois Press. p. 4. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-252-06549-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-252-06549-2">0-252-06549-2</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/857899745">857899745</a>. Kent, R. K. (1965). "Palmares: An African State in Brazil." <i>The Journal of African History</i> 6(2). p. 174. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/180194">180194</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDean,_Warren.1997" class="citation book cs1">Dean, Warren., Warren (1997). <i>With Broadax and Firebrand: The Destruction of the Brazilian Atlantic Forest</i>. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 103. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-20886-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-20886-5"><bdi>978-0-520-20886-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1048765486">1048765486</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=With+Broadax+and+Firebrand%3A+The+Destruction+of+the+Brazilian+Atlantic+Forest&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pages=103&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1048765486&rft.isbn=978-0-520-20886-5&rft.aulast=Dean%2C+Warren.&rft.aufirst=Warren&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColonial+Brazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Schwartz, Stuart B. (1992). "Rethinking Palmares: Slave Resistance in Colonial Brazil". <i>Slaves, peasants, and rebels: reconsidering Brazilian slavery</i>. Urbana: University of Illinois Press. p. 3. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-252-06549-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-252-06549-2">0-252-06549-2</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/857899745">857899745</a>. Anderson, Robert Nelson. (1996). "The Quilombo of Palmares: A New Overview of a Maroon State in Seventeenth-Century Brazil." <i>Journal of Latin American Studies</i> 28(3).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Schwartz, Stuart B. (1992). "Rethinking Palmares: Slave Resistance in Colonial Brazil". <i>Slaves, peasants, and rebels: reconsidering Brazilian slavery</i>. Urbana: University of Illinois Press. p. 4. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-252-06549-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-252-06549-2">0-252-06549-2</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/857899745">857899745</a>. Anderson, Robert Nelson. (1996). "The Quilombo of Palmares: A New Overview of a Maroon State in Seventeenth-Century Brazil." <i>Journal of Latin American Studies</i> 28(3).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Schwartz, Stuart B. (1992). "Rethinking Palmares: Slave Resistance in Colonial Brazil". <i>Slaves, peasants, and rebels : reconsidering Brazilian slavery</i>. Urbana: University of Illinois Press. p. 5. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-252-06549-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-252-06549-2">0-252-06549-2</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/857899745">857899745</a>. Anderson, Robert Nelson. (1996). "The Quilombo of Palmares: A New Overview of a Maroon State in Seventeenth-Century Brazil." <i>Journal of Latin American Studies</i> 28(3).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Schwartz, Stuart B. (1992). "Rethinking Palmares: Slave Resistance in Colonial Brazil". <i>Slaves, peasants, and rebels : reconsidering Brazilian slavery</i>. Urbana: University of Illinois Press. p. 6. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-252-06549-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-252-06549-2">0-252-06549-2</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/857899745">857899745</a>. Anderson, Robert Nelson. (1996). "The Quilombo of Palmares: A New Overview of a Maroon State in Seventeenth-Century Brazil." <i>Journal of Latin American Studies</i> 28(3).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:9-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:9_58-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:9_58-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Schwartz, Stuart B. (1992). "Rethinking Palmares: Slave Resistance in Colonial Brazil". <i>Slaves, peasants, and rebels : reconsidering Brazilian slavery</i>. Urbana: University of Illinois Press. p. 4. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-252-06549-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-252-06549-2">0-252-06549-2</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/857899745">857899745</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:05-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:05_59-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:05_59-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:05_59-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:05_59-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:05_59-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:05_59-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:05_59-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:05_59-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:05_59-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:05_59-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:05_59-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:05_59-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:05_59-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:05_59-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:05_59-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:05_59-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:05_59-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:05_59-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchwartz2019" class="citation journal cs1">Schwartz, Stuart (November 10, 2019). "Rethinking Palmares: Slave Resistance in Colonial Brazil". <i>The Encyclopedia of the African and the African American Experience</i> (2nd ed.): 1–12 – via Oxford African American Studies Center.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+the+African+and+the+African+American+Experience&rft.atitle=Rethinking+Palmares%3A+Slave+Resistance+in+Colonial+Brazil&rft.pages=1-12&rft.date=2019-11-10&rft.aulast=Schwartz&rft.aufirst=Stuart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColonial+Brazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlein,_Herbert_S.2010" class="citation book cs1">Klein, Herbert S. (2010). <i>Slavery in Brazil</i>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 134, 135. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-14192-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-14192-5"><bdi>978-0-521-14192-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1026039080">1026039080</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Slavery+in+Brazil&rft.pages=134%2C+135&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1026039080&rft.isbn=978-0-521-14192-5&rft.au=Klein%2C+Herbert+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColonial+Brazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcNeill1986" class="citation journal cs1">McNeill, J. R. (1986-06-01). "Agriculture, Forests, and Ecological History: Brazil, 1500–1984". <i>Environmental History Review</i>. <b>10</b> (2): 124. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3984562">10.2307/3984562</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1053-4180">1053-4180</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3984562">3984562</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:156161425">156161425</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Environmental+History+Review&rft.atitle=Agriculture%2C+Forests%2C+and+Ecological+History%3A+Brazil%2C+1500%E2%80%931984&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=124&rft.date=1986-06-01&rft.issn=1053-4180&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A156161425%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3984562%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3984562&rft.aulast=McNeill&rft.aufirst=J.+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColonial+Brazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:02-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:02_62-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_62-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPamplona2002" class="citation book cs1">Pamplona, Inácio Correia (2002). Mills, Kenneth; Taylor, William B; Lauderdale Graham, Sandra (eds.). <i>Taming the Wilderness, Minas Gerais, Brazil</i>. Lanham: Rowman and Littlefield Publishers Inc. p. 335.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Taming+the+Wilderness%2C+Minas+Gerais%2C+Brazil&rft.place=Lanham&rft.pages=335&rft.pub=Rowman+and+Littlefield+Publishers+Inc&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Pamplona&rft.aufirst=In%C3%A1cio+Correia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColonial+Brazil" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|work=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Richard M. Morse, ed. <i>The Bandereintes: The Historical Role of the Brazilian Pathfinders</i>. New York 1965.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:15-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:15_64-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:15_64-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:15_64-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:15_64-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:15_64-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:15_64-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:15_64-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:15_64-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:15_64-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:15_64-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:15_64-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:15_64-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:15_64-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:15_64-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:15_64-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:15_64-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:15_64-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:15_64-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:15_64-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:15_64-19"><sup><i><b>t</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:15_64-20"><sup><i><b>u</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:15_64-21"><sup><i><b>v</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:15_64-22"><sup><i><b>w</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:15_64-23"><sup><i><b>x</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:15_64-24"><sup><i><b>y</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:15_64-25"><sup><i><b>z</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:15_64-26"><sup><i><b>aa</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:15_64-27"><sup><i><b>ab</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:15_64-28"><sup><i><b>ac</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:15_64-29"><sup><i><b>ad</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:15_64-30"><sup><i><b>ae</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:15_64-31"><sup><i><b>af</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:15_64-32"><sup><i><b>ag</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:15_64-33"><sup><i><b>ah</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:15_64-34"><sup><i><b>ai</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:15_64-35"><sup><i><b>aj</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:15_64-36"><sup><i><b>ak</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:15_64-37"><sup><i><b>al</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:15_64-38"><sup><i><b>am</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:15_64-39"><sup><i><b>an</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:15_64-40"><sup><i><b>ao</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:15_64-41"><sup><i><b>ap</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:15_64-42"><sup><i><b>aq</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:15_64-43"><sup><i><b>ar</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:15_64-44"><sup><i><b>as</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:15_64-45"><sup><i><b>at</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:15_64-46"><sup><i><b>au</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:15_64-47"><sup><i><b>av</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:15_64-48"><sup><i><b>aw</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:15_64-49"><sup><i><b>ax</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:15_64-50"><sup><i><b>ay</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:15_64-51"><sup><i><b>az</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:15_64-52"><sup><i><b>ba</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:15_64-53"><sup><i><b>bb</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDean1997" class="citation book cs1">Dean, Warren (1997). <i>With Broadax and Firebrand: The Destruction of the Brazilian Atlantic Forest</i>. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 91–116. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-20886-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-20886-5"><bdi>978-0-520-20886-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1048765486">1048765486</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=With+Broadax+and+Firebrand%3A+The+Destruction+of+the+Brazilian+Atlantic+Forest.&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pages=91-116&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1048765486&rft.isbn=978-0-520-20886-5&rft.aulast=Dean&rft.aufirst=Warren&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColonial+Brazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:06-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:06_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchwartz2019" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Schwartz, Stuart (November 10, 2019). "Rethinking Palmares: Slave Resistance in Colonial Brazil". <i>The Encyclopedia of the African and the African American Experience</i>. Second Edition: 1–12 – via Oxford African American Studies Center.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+the+African+and+the+African+American+Experience&rft.atitle=Rethinking+Palmares%3A+Slave+Resistance+in+Colonial+Brazil&rft.volume=Second+Edition&rft.pages=1-12&rft.date=2019-11-10&rft.aulast=Schwartz&rft.aufirst=Stuart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColonial+Brazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_66-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_66-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_66-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_66-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMills2002" class="citation book cs1">Mills, Kenneth (2002). <i>Colonial Latin America</i>. SR Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Colonial+Latin+America&rft.pub=SR+Books&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Mills&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColonial+Brazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_67-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_67-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDean1997" class="citation book cs1">Dean, Warren (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fulcrum.org/concern/monographs/0z708w58t"><i>With broadax and firebrand: the destruction of the Brazilian Atlantic forest</i></a>. University of California Press. p. 92. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520208865" title="Special:BookSources/9780520208865"><bdi>9780520208865</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=With+broadax+and+firebrand%3A+the+destruction+of+the+Brazilian+Atlantic+forest&rft.pages=92&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=9780520208865&rft.aulast=Dean&rft.aufirst=Warren&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fulcrum.org%2Fconcern%2Fmonographs%2F0z708w58t&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColonial+Brazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRussell-Wood1977" class="citation journal cs1">Russell-Wood, A. J. R. (1977). "Technology and Society: The Impact of Gold Mining on the Institution of Slavery in Portuguese America". <i>The Journal of Economic History</i>. <b>37</b> (1): 64. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS002205070009673X">10.1017/S002205070009673X</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0022-0507">0022-0507</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2119446">2119446</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153680164">153680164</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Economic+History&rft.atitle=Technology+and+Society%3A+The+Impact+of+Gold+Mining+on+the+Institution+of+Slavery+in+Portuguese+America&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=64&rft.date=1977&rft.issn=0022-0507&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A153680164%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2119446%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS002205070009673X&rft.aulast=Russell-Wood&rft.aufirst=A.+J.+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColonial+Brazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDean1997" class="citation book cs1">Dean, Warren (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fulcrum.org/concern/monographs/0z708w58t"><i>With broadax and firebrand: the destruction of the Brazilian Atlantic forest</i></a>. University of California Press. pp. 92–95. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520208865" title="Special:BookSources/9780520208865"><bdi>9780520208865</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=With+broadax+and+firebrand%3A+the+destruction+of+the+Brazilian+Atlantic+forest&rft.pages=92-95&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=9780520208865&rft.aulast=Dean&rft.aufirst=Warren&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fulcrum.org%2Fconcern%2Fmonographs%2F0z708w58t&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColonial+Brazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Júnia Ferreira Furtado, <i>Chica da Silva: A Brazilian Slave of the Eighteenth Century</i>. New York: Cambridge University Press 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRussell-Wood1977" class="citation journal cs1">Russell-Wood, A. J. R. (March 1977). "Technology and Society: The Impact of Gold Mining on the Institution of Slavery in Portuguese America". <i>The Journal of Economic History</i>. <b>37</b> (1): 59–83. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs002205070009673x">10.1017/s002205070009673x</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0022-0507">0022-0507</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153680164">153680164</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Economic+History&rft.atitle=Technology+and+Society%3A+The+Impact+of+Gold+Mining+on+the+Institution+of+Slavery+in+Portuguese+America&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=59-83&rft.date=1977-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A153680164%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0022-0507&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs002205070009673x&rft.aulast=Russell-Wood&rft.aufirst=A.+J.+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColonial+Brazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Frey, Linda and Frey, Martha <i>The Treaties of the War of the Spanish Succession: an Historical and Critical Dictionary Greenwood Press 1995 p. 290</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Marcílio, Maria Luiza. 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New York: Cambridge University Press 1973.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:12-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:12_75-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:12_75-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:12_75-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDean1997" class="citation book cs1">Dean, Warren (1997). <i>With Broadax and Firebrand: The Destruction of the Brazilian Atlantic Forest</i>. 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R. (1986-06-01). "Agriculture, Forests, and Ecological History: Brazil, 1500–1984". <i>Environmental History Review</i>. <b>10</b> (2): 125. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3984562">10.2307/3984562</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1053-4180">1053-4180</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3984562">3984562</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:156161425">156161425</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Environmental+History+Review&rft.atitle=Agriculture%2C+Forests%2C+and+Ecological+History%3A+Brazil%2C+1500%E2%80%931984&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=125&rft.date=1986-06-01&rft.issn=1053-4180&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A156161425%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3984562%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3984562&rft.aulast=McNeill&rft.aufirst=J.+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColonial+Brazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:22-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:22_77-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:22_77-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDean1997" class="citation book cs1">Dean, Warren (1997). <i>With Broadax and Firebrand: The Destruction of the Brazilian Atlantic Forest</i>. Berkeley: University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-91908-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-91908-2"><bdi>978-0-520-91908-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/43476630">43476630</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=With+Broadax+and+Firebrand%3A+The+Destruction+of+the+Brazilian+Atlantic+Forest&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F43476630&rft.isbn=978-0-520-91908-2&rft.aulast=Dean&rft.aufirst=Warren&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColonial+Brazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:32-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:32_78-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:32_78-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:32_78-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDean1997" class="citation book cs1">Dean, Warren (1997). <i>With Broadax and Firebrand: The Destruction of the Brazilian Atlantic Forest</i>. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 92. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-91908-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-91908-2"><bdi>978-0-520-91908-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/43476630">43476630</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=With+Broadax+and+Firebrand%3A+The+Destruction+of+the+Brazilian+Atlantic+Forest&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pages=92&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F43476630&rft.isbn=978-0-520-91908-2&rft.aulast=Dean&rft.aufirst=Warren&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColonial+Brazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDean1997" class="citation book cs1">Dean, Warren (1997). <i>With Broadax and Firebrand: The Destruction of the Brazilian Atlantic Forest</i>. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 100. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-91908-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-91908-2"><bdi>978-0-520-91908-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/43476630">43476630</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=With+Broadax+and+Firebrand%3A+The+Destruction+of+the+Brazilian+Atlantic+Forest&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pages=100&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F43476630&rft.isbn=978-0-520-91908-2&rft.aulast=Dean&rft.aufirst=Warren&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColonial+Brazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:42-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:42_80-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:42_80-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDean1997" class="citation book cs1">Dean, Warren (1997). <i>With Broadax and Firebrand: The Destruction of the Brazilian Atlantic Forest</i>. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 110. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-91908-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-91908-2"><bdi>978-0-520-91908-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/43476630">43476630</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=With+Broadax+and+Firebrand%3A+The+Destruction+of+the+Brazilian+Atlantic+Forest&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pages=110&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F43476630&rft.isbn=978-0-520-91908-2&rft.aulast=Dean&rft.aufirst=Warren&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColonial+Brazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:52-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:52_81-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:52_81-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcNeill1986" class="citation journal cs1">McNeill, J. R. (1986-06-01). "Agriculture, Forests, and Ecological History: Brazil, 1500–1984". <i>Environmental History Review</i>. <b>10</b> (2): 123–133. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3984562">10.2307/3984562</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1053-4180">1053-4180</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3984562">3984562</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:156161425">156161425</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Environmental+History+Review&rft.atitle=Agriculture%2C+Forests%2C+and+Ecological+History%3A+Brazil%2C+1500%E2%80%931984&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=123-133&rft.date=1986-06-01&rft.issn=1053-4180&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A156161425%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3984562%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3984562&rft.aulast=McNeill&rft.aufirst=J.+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColonial+Brazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDean1997" class="citation book cs1">Dean, Warren (1997). <i>With Broadax and Firebrand: The Destruction of the Brazilian Atlantic Forest</i>. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 112. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-20886-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-20886-5"><bdi>978-0-520-20886-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1048765486">1048765486</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=With+Broadax+and+Firebrand%3A+The+Destruction+of+the+Brazilian+Atlantic+Forest&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pages=112&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1048765486&rft.isbn=978-0-520-20886-5&rft.aulast=Dean&rft.aufirst=Warren&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColonial+Brazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDean1997" class="citation book cs1">Dean, Warren (1997). <i>With Broadax and Firebrand: The Destruction of the Brazilian Atlantic Forest</i>. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 113. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-20886-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-20886-5"><bdi>978-0-520-20886-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1048765486">1048765486</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=With+Broadax+and+Firebrand%3A+The+Destruction+of+the+Brazilian+Atlantic+Forest&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pages=113&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1048765486&rft.isbn=978-0-520-20886-5&rft.aulast=Dean&rft.aufirst=Warren&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColonial+Brazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A.J.R. Russell-Wood, ed. <i>From Colony to Nation: Essays on the Independence of Brazil</i>. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press 1975.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">José Honório Rodrigues. <i>Independência: Revoluçāo e contra-revolução</i>. Rio de Janeiro 1976.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Colonial_Brazil&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Prado Junior, Caio. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.afoiceeomartelo.com.br/posfsa/Autores/Prado%20Jr,%20Caio/Historia%20Economica%20do%20Brasil.pdf">História econômica do Brasil</a></i>.</li> <li>Furtado, Celso. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.afoiceeomartelo.com.br/posfsa/Autores/Furtado,%20Celso/Celso%20Furtado%20-%20Forma%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20Econ%C3%B4mica%20do%20Brasil.pdf">Formação econômica do Brasil</a></i>.</li> <li>Van Groesen, Michiel. (ed.) <i>The Legacy of Dutch Brazil</i>. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2014. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070824235316/http://www.multirio.rj.gov.br/historia/index.html">"Colonial history of Brazil in the Rio de Janeiro Municipality" website (in Portuguese).</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fernand_Braudel" title="Fernand Braudel">Braudel, Fernand</a>, <i>The Perspective of the World,</i> Vol. III of <i>Civilization and Capitalism,</i> 1984. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brown.edu/Research/Slavery_Justice/documents/SlaveryAndJustice.pdf">"Report of the Brown University Steering Committee on Slavery and Justice"</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output 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(1930–1946)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Brazilian_Republic" title="Fourth Brazilian Republic">Fourth Republic (1946–1964)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_dictatorship_in_Brazil" title="Military dictatorship in Brazil">Military dictatorship (1964–1985)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Brazil_(1985%E2%80%93present)" title="History of Brazil (1985–present)">Sixth (New) Republic (1985–present)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Brazil" title="Geography of Brazil">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_basin" title="Amazon basin">Amazon basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Antarctica" title="Brazilian Antarctica">Brazilian Antarctica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Brazil" title="Climate of Brazil">Climate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Brazil" title="Climate change in Brazil">Climate change</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastline_of_Brazil" title="Coastline of Brazil">Coastline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environment_of_Brazil" title="Environment of Brazil">Environment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Brazil" title="Environmental issues in Brazil">Environmental issues</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extreme_points_of_Brazil" title="List of extreme points of Brazil">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Brazil" title="Geology of Brazil">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Brazil" title="List of islands of Brazil">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Brazil_by_population" title="List of cities in Brazil by population">Largest cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_Brazil" title="List of mountains in Brazil">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantanal" title="Pantanal">Pantanal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_Brazil" title="Protected areas of Brazil">Protected areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Brazil" title="Regions of Brazil">Regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Brazil" title="List of rivers of Brazil">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_in_Brazil" title="Time in Brazil">Time Zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_resources_management_in_Brazil" title="Water resources management in Brazil">Water resources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Brazil" title="Wildlife of Brazil">Wildlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Brazil" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Brazil">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Brazil" title="Politics of Brazil">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_Brazil" title="Subdivisions of Brazil">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Brazil" title="Constitution of Brazil">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Brazil" title="Elections in Brazil">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Brazil" title="Foreign relations of Brazil">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_Brazil" title="Federal government of Brazil">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Brazil" title="Human rights in Brazil">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech_in_Brazil" title="Freedom of speech in Brazil">Freedom of speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_Brazil" title="LGBTQ rights in Brazil">LGBTQ</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_rights_in_Brazil" title="Transgender rights in Brazil">T</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_rights_in_Brazil" title="Women's rights in Brazil">Women's rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Brazil" title="Judiciary of Brazil">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Brazil" title="Law of Brazil">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Brazil" title="Law enforcement in Brazil">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Armed_Forces" title="Brazilian Armed Forces">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Congress_of_Brazil" title="National Congress of Brazil">National Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Brazil" title="List of political parties in Brazil">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Brazil" title="President of Brazil">President of the Republic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Brazil" title="Economy of Brazil">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Brazil" title="Agriculture in Brazil">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_husbandry_in_Brazil" title="Animal husbandry in Brazil">Animal husbandry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Brazil" title="Automotive industry in Brazil">Automotive industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Brazil" title="Central Bank of Brazil">Central Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Brazil" title="Economic history of Brazil">Economic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Brazil" title="Energy in Brazil">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exports_of_Brazil" title="List of exports of Brazil">Exports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industry_in_Brazil" title="Industry in Brazil">Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_Brazil" title="Mining in Brazil">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_real" title="Brazilian real">Real <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Brazil" title="Science and technology in Brazil">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%8Dndice_Bovespa" title="Índice Bovespa">Stock index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Brazil" title="Taxation in Brazil">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Brazil" title="Telecommunications in Brazil">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Brazil" title="Tourism in Brazil">Tourism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Brazil" title="Transport in Brazil">Transport</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Brazil" title="Rail transport in Brazil">Rail transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Brazil" title="Category:Society of Brazil">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Brazil" title="Abortion in Brazil">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Brazil" title="Censorship in Brazil">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Brazil" title="Corruption in Brazil">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Brazil" title="Crime in Brazil">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Brazil" title="Demographics of Brazil">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Brazil" title="Education in Brazil">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Brazil" title="Health in Brazil">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Brazil" title="Immigration to Brazil">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Income_inequality_in_Brazil" title="Income inequality in Brazil">Income inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Brazil" title="Languages of Brazil">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Brazilian_states_by_life_expectancy" title="List of Brazilian states by life expectancy">Life expectancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilians" title="Brazilians">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_issues_in_Brazil" title="Social issues in Brazil">Social issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Brazilian_federative_units_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of Brazilian federative units by Human Development Index">States by HDI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unemployment_in_Brazil" title="Unemployment in Brazil">Unemployment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Brazil" title="Water supply and sanitation in Brazil">Water supply and sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolsa_Fam%C3%ADlia" title="Bolsa Família">Welfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_in_Brazil" title="Youth in Brazil">Youth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Brazil" title="Culture of Brazil">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Brazilian_animation" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Brazilian animation">Animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeology_in_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaeology in Brazil">Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_art" title="Brazilian art">Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Carnival" title="Brazilian Carnival">Carnaval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Brazil" title="Cinema of Brazil">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_comics" title="Brazilian comics">Comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_cuisine" title="Brazilian cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_people_in_Brazil" title="LGBTQ people in Brazil">LGBTQ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_literature" title="Brazilian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malandragem" title="Malandragem">Malandragem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Brazil" title="Music of Brazil">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_mythology" title="Brazilian mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Brazil" title="National symbols of Brazil">National symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_newspapers_in_Brazil" title="List of newspapers in Brazil">Newspapers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_painting" title="Brazilian painting">Painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Brazil" title="Public holidays in Brazil">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_sculpture" title="Brazilian sculpture">Sculpture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_science_fiction" title="Brazilian science fiction">Science fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Brazil" title="Sport in Brazil">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Brazil" title="Television in Brazil">Television</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Brazil" title="Religion in Brazil">Religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Brazil" title="Freedom of religion in Brazil">Freedom of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith_in_Brazil" title="Baháʼí Faith in Brazil">Baháʼí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Brazil" title="Buddhism in Brazil">Buddhism</a></li> <li>Christianity <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Brazil" title="Catholic Church in Brazil">Catholicism</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Catholic_Apostolic_Exarchate_of_Latin_America_and_Mexico" title="Armenian Catholic Apostolic Exarchate of Latin America and Mexico">Armenian Catholic</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Maronite_Catholic_Eparchy_of_Our_Lady_of_Lebanon_of_S%C3%A3o_Paulo" title="Maronite Catholic Eparchy of Our Lady of Lebanon of São Paulo">Maronite</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Melkite_Greek_Catholic_Eparchy_of_Nossa_Senhora_do_Para%C3%ADso_em_S%C3%A3o_Paulo" title="Melkite Greek Catholic Eparchy of Nossa Senhora do Paraíso em São Paulo">Melkite</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Catholic_Archeparchy_of_S%C3%A3o_Jo%C3%A3o_Batista_em_Curitiba" title="Ukrainian Catholic Archeparchy of São João Batista em Curitiba">Ukrainian Catholic</a></small></li></ul></li> <li>Eastern Orthodoxy <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Antiochian_Orthodox_Archdiocese_of_S%C3%A3o_Paulo_and_All_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Antiochian Orthodox Archdiocese of São Paulo and All Brazil">Antiochian</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints_in_Brazil" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Brazil">LDS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism_in_Brazil" title="Protestantism in Brazil">Protestantism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Brazil" title="Islam in Brazil">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Brazil" title="Hinduism in Brazil">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Brazil" title="History of the Jews in Brazil">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Syncretic_Religions" title="Brazilian Syncretic Religions">Syncretic Religions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Candombl%C3%A9" title="Candomblé">Candomblé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quimbanda" title="Quimbanda">Quimbanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umbanda" title="Umbanda">Umbanda</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Brazil" title="Outline of Brazil">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Brazil" title="Outline of Brazil">Index</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Brazil" title="Category:Brazil">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Brazil" title="Portal:Brazil">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Portuguese_Empire" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks plainlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Portuguese_overseas_empire" title="Template:Portuguese overseas empire"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Portuguese_overseas_empire" title="Template talk:Portuguese overseas empire"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Portuguese_overseas_empire" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Portuguese overseas empire"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Portuguese_Empire" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese Empire</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:transparent;text-align:left;"><div id="North_Africa" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">North Africa</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding-left:1.0em;text-align:left;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break col-break-3"> <p><span style="font-size:120%"><b>15th century</b></span> </p> <table style="line-height: 1.5em; border-spacing:0;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1415–1640</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Ceuta" title="Ceuta">Ceuta</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1458–1550</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Ksar_es-Seghir" title="Ksar es-Seghir">Alcácer Ceguer <span style="font-size:85%;">(El Qsar es Seghir)</span></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1471–1550</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Asilah" title="Portuguese Asilah">Arzila <span style="font-size:85%;">(Asilah)</span></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1471–1662</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Tangier" title="Portuguese Tangier">Tangier</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1485–1550</td><td> <a href="/wiki/El_Jadida" title="El Jadida">Mazagan <span style="font-size:85%;">(El Jadida)</span></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1487–16th century</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Ouadane" title="Ouadane">Ouadane</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1488–1541</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Safi,_Morocco" title="Safi, Morocco">Safim <span style="font-size:85%;">(Safi)</span></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1489</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Graciosa_fortress" title="Graciosa fortress">Graciosa</a></td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td class="col-break col-break-3"> <p><span style="font-size:120%"><b>16th century</b></span> </p> <table style="line-height: 1.5em; border-spacing:0;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1505–1541</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Agadir" title="Agadir">Santa Cruz do Cabo de Gué <span style="font-size:85%;">(Agadir)</span></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1506–1525</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Essaouira" title="Essaouira">Mogador <span style="font-size:85%;">(Essaouira)</span></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1506–1525</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Souira_Guedima" title="Souira Guedima">Aguz <span style="font-size:85%;">(Souira Guedima)</span></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1506–1769</td><td> <a href="/wiki/El_Jadida" title="El Jadida">Mazagan <span style="font-size:85%;">(El Jadida)</span></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1513–1541</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Azemmour" title="Azemmour">Azamor <span style="font-size:85%;">(Azemmour)</span></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1515–1541</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Mehdya,_Morocco" title="Mehdya, Morocco">São João da Mamora <span style="font-size:85%;">(Mehdya)</span></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1577–1589</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Asilah" title="Asilah">Arzila <span style="font-size:85%;">(Asilah)</span></a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>  </p> </td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Portugal_Imp%C3%A9rio_total.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Anachronous map of the Portuguese Empire (1415-1999)"><img alt="Anachronous map of the Portuguese Empire (1415-1999)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Portugal_Imp%C3%A9rio_total.png/300px-Portugal_Imp%C3%A9rio_total.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Portugal_Imp%C3%A9rio_total.png/450px-Portugal_Imp%C3%A9rio_total.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Portugal_Imp%C3%A9rio_total.png/600px-Portugal_Imp%C3%A9rio_total.png 2x" data-file-width="1425" data-file-height="625" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:transparent;text-align:left;"><div id="Sub-Saharan_Africa" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Sub-Saharan Africa</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding-left:1.0em;text-align:left;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break"> <p><span style="font-size:120%"><b>15th century</b></span> </p> <table style="line-height: 1.5em; border-spacing:0;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1455–1633</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Arguin" title="Arguin">Arguim</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1462–1975</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Cape_Verde" title="Portuguese Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1470–1975</td><td> <span style="position:relative; bottom:0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_Island" title="São Tomé Island">São Tomé</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></span></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1471–1975</td><td> <span style="position:relative; bottom:0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="Príncipe">Príncipe</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></span></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1474–1778</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Annob%C3%B3n" title="Annobón">Annobón</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1478–1778</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Bioko" title="Bioko">Fernando Poo <span style="font-size:85%;">(Bioko)</span></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1482–1637</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Elmina" title="Elmina">Elmina <span style="font-size:85%;">(São Jorge da Mina)</span></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1482–1642</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Gold_Coast" title="Portuguese Gold Coast">Portuguese Gold Coast</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1498–1540</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Mascarene_Islands" title="Mascarene Islands">Mascarene Islands</a></td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td class="col-break"> <p><span style="font-size:120%"><b>16th century</b></span> </p> <table style="line-height: 1.5em; border-spacing:0;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1500–1630</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Malindi" title="Malindi">Malindi</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1501–1975</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Mozambique" title="Portuguese Mozambique">Portuguese Mozambique</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1502–1659</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena" title="Saint Helena">Saint Helena</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1503–1698</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Zanzibar" title="Zanzibar">Zanzibar</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1505–1512</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Kilwa_Kisiwani" title="Kilwa Kisiwani">Quíloa <span style="font-size:85%;">(Kilwa)</span></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1506–1511</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Socotra" title="Socotra">Socotra</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1508–1547<sup><small>2</small></sup></td><td> <a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a><sup><small>3</small></sup></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1557–1578</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Accra" title="Accra">Accra</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1575–1975</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Angola" title="Portuguese Angola">Portuguese Angola</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1588–1974</td><td> <span style="position:relative; bottom:0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Cacheu" title="Cacheu">Cacheu</a><sup><small>4</small></sup></span></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1593–1698</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Mombasa" title="Mombasa">Mombassa <span style="font-size:85%;">(Mombasa)</span></a></td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td class="col-break"> <p><span style="font-size:120%"><b>17th century</b></span> </p> <table style="line-height: 1.5em; border-spacing:0;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1645–1888</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Ziguinchor" title="Ziguinchor">Ziguinchor</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1680–1961</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Fort_of_S%C3%A3o_Jo%C3%A3o_Baptista_de_Ajud%C3%A1" title="Fort of São João Baptista de Ajudá">São João Baptista de Ajudá, Benin</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1687–1974</td><td> <span style="position:relative; bottom:0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Bissau" title="Bissau">Bissau</a><sup><small>4</small></sup></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><span style="font-size:120%"><b>18th century</b></span> </p> <table style="line-height: 1.5em; border-spacing:0;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1728–1729</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Mombasa" title="Mombasa">Mombassa <span style="font-size:85%;">(Mombasa)</span></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1753–1975</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="Portuguese São Tomé and Príncipe">Portuguese São Tomé and Príncipe</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><span style="font-size:120%"><b>19th century</b></span> </p> <table style="line-height: 1.5em; border-spacing:0;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1879–1974</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Guinea" title="Portuguese Guinea">Portuguese Guinea</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1885–1974</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Cabinda_Province" title="Cabinda Province">Portuguese Congo</a><sup><small>5</small></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>  </p> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="plainlist" style="padding:0.5em 0 0.75em 0.25em;font-size:90%;line-height:1.2em;"><ul><li><sup><small>1</small></sup> Part of <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="Portuguese São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a> from 1753.</li><li><sup><small>2</small></sup> Or 1600.</li><li><sup><small>3</small></sup> A factory (<a href="/wiki/Anosy" title="Anosy">Anosy Region</a>) and small temporary coastal bases.</li><li><sup><small>4</small></sup> Part of <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Guinea" title="Portuguese Guinea">Portuguese Guinea</a> from 1879.</li><li><sup><small>5</small></sup> Part of <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Angola" title="Portuguese Angola">Portuguese Angola</a> from the 1920s.</li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:transparent;text-align:left;"><div id="Middle_East_&#91;Persian_Gulf&#93;" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Middle East [Persian Gulf]</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding-left:1.0em;text-align:left;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break col-break-3"> <p><span style="font-size:120%"><b>16th century</b></span> </p> <table style="line-height: 1.5em; border-spacing:0;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1506–1615</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Bandar_Abbas" title="Bandar Abbas">Gamru <span style="font-size:85%;">(Bandar Abbas)</span></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1507–1643</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Sohar" title="Sohar">Sohar</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1515–1622</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Ormus" title="Ormus">Hormuz <span style="font-size:85%;">(Ormus)</span></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1515–1648</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Qurayyat,_Oman" title="Qurayyat, Oman">Quriyat</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1515–?</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Qalhat" title="Qalhat">Qalhat</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1515–1650</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Muscat" title="Muscat">Muscat</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1515?–?</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Barka,_Oman" title="Barka, Oman">Barka</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1515–1633?</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Ras_Al_Khaimah" title="Ras Al Khaimah">Julfar (Ras al-Khaimah)</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1521–1602</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Muharraq" title="Muharraq">Muharraq</a> • <a href="/wiki/Manama" title="Manama">Manama</a>)</span></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1521–1529?</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Qatif" title="Qatif">Qatif</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1521?–1551?</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Tarout_Island" title="Tarout Island">Tarut Island</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1550–1551</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Qatif" title="Qatif">Qatif</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1588–1648</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Muttrah" title="Muttrah">Matrah</a></td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td class="col-break col-break-3"> <p><span style="font-size:120%"><b>17th century</b></span> </p> <table style="line-height: 1.5em; border-spacing:0;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1620–?</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Khor_Fakkan" title="Khor Fakkan">Khor Fakkan</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1621?–?</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Seeb" title="Seeb">As Sib</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1621–1622</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Qeshm_Island" title="Qeshm Island">Qeshm</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1623–?</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Khasab" title="Khasab">Khasab</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1623–?</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Al_Badiyah" title="Al Badiyah">Libedia</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1624–?</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Kalba" title="Kalba">Kalba</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1624–?</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Madha" title="Madha">Madha</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1624–1648</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Dibba_Al-Hisn" title="Dibba Al-Hisn">Dibba Al-Hisn</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1624?–?</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Kong,_Iran" title="Kong, Iran">Bandar-e Kong</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>  </p> </td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:transparent;text-align:left;"><div id="South_Asia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">South Asia</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding-left:1.0em;text-align:left;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break col-break-3"> <p><span style="font-size:120%"><b>15th century</b></span> </p> <table style="line-height: 1.5em; border-spacing:0;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1498–1545</td><td> <div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Lakshadweep" title="Lakshadweep">Laccadive Islands<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(Lakshadweep)</span></a></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><span style="font-size:120%"><b>16th century</b></span> <br /><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_India" title="Portuguese India">Portuguese India</a> </p> <table style="line-height: 1.5em; border-spacing:0;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1500–1663</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Kochi" title="Kochi">Cochim <span style="font-size:85%;">(Kochi)</span></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1501–1663</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Kannur" title="Kannur">Cannanore <span style="font-size:85%;">(Kannur)</span></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> <div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"> • 1502–1658<br /><span style="padding-left:0.65em;"> </span>1659–1661</div></td><td> <div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Kollam" title="Kollam">Quilon<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(Coulão / Kollam)</span></a></div></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1502–1661</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Pallippuram,_Ernakulam" title="Pallippuram, Ernakulam">Pallipuram <span style="font-size:85%;">(Cochin de Cima)</span></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1507–1657</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Negapatam" title="Portuguese Negapatam">Negapatam <span style="font-size:85%;">(Nagapatnam)</span></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1510–1961</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Goa" title="Goa">Goa</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> <div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"> • 1512–1525<br /><span style="padding-left:0.65em;"> </span>1750</div></td><td> <div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Kozhikode" title="Kozhikode">Calicut<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(Kozhikode)</span></a></div></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1518–1619</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Pulicat" title="Pulicat">Portuguese Paliacate outpost <span style="font-size:85%;">(Pulicat)</span></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1521–1740</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Chaul" title="Chaul">Chaul</a></td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td class="col-break col-break-3"> <table style="line-height: 1.5em; border-spacing:0;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  </td><td> (Portuguese India)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1523–1662</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Mylapore" title="Mylapore">Mylapore</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1528–1666</td><td> <div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_settlement_in_Chittagong" title="Portuguese settlement in Chittagong">Chittagong<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(Porto Grande De Bengala)</span></a></div></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1531–1571</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Chaul" title="Chaul">Chaul</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1531–1571</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Chaliyam" title="Chaliyam">Chalé</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1534–1601</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Salsette_Island" title="Salsette Island">Salsette Island</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1534–1661</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Mumbai" title="Mumbai">Bombay <span style="font-size:85%;">(Mumbai)</span></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1535</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Ponnani" title="Ponnani">Ponnani</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1535–1739</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Vasai-Virar" title="Vasai-Virar">Baçaím <span style="font-size:85%;">(Vasai-Virar)</span></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1536–1662</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Kodungallur" title="Kodungallur">Cranganore <span style="font-size:85%;">(Kodungallur)</span></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1540–1612</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Surat" title="Surat">Surat</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1548–1658</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Thoothukudi" title="Thoothukudi">Tuticorin <span style="font-size:85%;">(Thoothukudi)</span></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1559–1961</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Daman_and_Diu" title="Daman and Diu">Daman and Diu</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1568–1659</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Mangalore" title="Mangalore">Mangalore</a></td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td class="col-break col-break-3"> <table style="line-height: 1.5em; border-spacing:0;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  </td><td> (Portuguese India)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1579–1632</td><td><a href="/wiki/Hugli-Chuchura" title="Hugli-Chuchura">Hugli</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1598–1610</td><td><a href="/wiki/Machilipatnam" title="Machilipatnam">Masulipatnam <span style="font-size:85%;">(Machilipatnam)</span></a></td></tr></tbody></table> <table style="line-height: 1.5em; border-spacing:0;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1518–1521</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Maldives" title="Maldives">Maldives</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1518–1658</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Ceylon" title="Portuguese Ceylon">Portuguese Ceylon <span style="font-size:85%;">(Sri Lanka)</span></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1558–1573</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Maldives" title="Maldives">Maldives</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><span style="font-size:120%"><b>17th century</b></span> <br />Portuguese India </p> <table style="line-height: 1.5em; border-spacing:0;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1687–1749</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Mylapore" title="Mylapore">Mylapore</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><span style="font-size:120%"><b>18th century</b></span> <br />Portuguese India </p> <table style="line-height: 1.5em; border-spacing:0;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1779–1954</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Dadra_and_Nagar_Haveli" class="mw-redirect" title="Dadra and Nagar Haveli">Dadra and Nagar Haveli</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>  </p> </td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:transparent;text-align:left;"><div id="East_Asia_and_Oceania" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">East Asia and Oceania</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding-left:1.0em;text-align:left;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break col-break-3"> <p><span style="font-size:120%"><b>16th century</b></span> </p> <table style="line-height: 1.5em; border-spacing:0;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1511–1641</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Malacca" title="Portuguese Malacca">Portuguese Malacca</a> [Malaysia]</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1512–1621</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Maluku_Islands" title="Maluku Islands">Maluku</a> [Indonesia]</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1522–1575</td><td> <span style="padding-left:0.5em;"> </span><a href="/wiki/Ternate" title="Ternate">Ternate</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1576–1605</td><td> <span style="padding-left:0.5em;"> </span><a href="/wiki/Ambon_Island" title="Ambon Island">Ambon</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1578–1650</td><td> <span style="padding-left:0.5em;"> </span><a href="/wiki/Tidore" title="Tidore">Tidore</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1512–1665</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Makassar" title="Makassar">Makassar</a> [Indonesia]</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1515–1859</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Larantuka" title="Kingdom of Larantuka">Larantuka</a> [Indonesia]</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1557–1999</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Macau" title="Portuguese Macau">Macau</a> [China]</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1580–1586</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Nagasaki" title="Portuguese Nagasaki">Nagasaki</a> [Japan]</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><span style="font-size:120%"><b>17th century</b></span> </p> <table style="line-height: 1.5em; border-spacing:0;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1642–1975</td><td> <span style="position:relative; bottom:0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Timor" title="Portuguese Timor">Portuguese Timor</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/East_Timor" title="East Timor">East Timor</a>)</span><sup><small>1</small></sup></span></td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td class="col-break col-break-3"> <p><span style="font-size:120%"><b>19th century</b></span> <br /><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Macau" title="Portuguese Macau">Portuguese Macau</a> </p> <table style="line-height: 1.5em; border-spacing:0;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1864–1999</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Coloane" title="Coloane">Coloane</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1851–1999</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Taipa" title="Taipa">Taipa</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1890–1999</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Ilha_Verde" title="Ilha Verde">Ilha Verde</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><span style="font-size:120%"><b>20th century</b></span> <br />Portuguese Macau </p> <table style="line-height: 1.5em; border-spacing:0;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1938–1941</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Hengqin" title="Hengqin">Lapa and Montanha <span style="font-size:85%;">(Hengqin)</span></a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>  </p> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="plainlist" style="padding:0.5em 0 0.75em 0.25em;font-size:90%;line-height:1.2em;"><ul><li><sup><small>1</small></sup> 1975 is the year of East Timor's Declaration of Independence and subsequent <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_invasion_of_East_Timor" title="Indonesian invasion of East Timor">invasion by Indonesia</a>. In 2002, East Timor's independence was fully recognized.</li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:transparent;text-align:left;"><div id="North_America_and_North_Atlantic" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">North America and North Atlantic</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding-left:1.0em;text-align:left;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break"> <p><span style="font-size:120%"><b>15th century</b> [Atlantic islands]</span> </p> <table style="line-height: 1.5em; border-spacing:0;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1420</td><td> <i><b><a href="/wiki/Madeira" title="Madeira">Madeira</a></b></i></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1432</td><td> <i><b><a href="/wiki/Azores" title="Azores">Azores</a></b></i></td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td class="col-break"> <p><span style="font-size:120%"><b>16th century</b> [Canada]</span> </p> <table style="line-height: 1.5em; border-spacing:0;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1500–1579?</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_(island)" title="Newfoundland (island)">Terra Nova <span style="font-size:85%;">(Newfoundland)</span></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1500–1579?</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Labrador" title="Labrador">Labrador</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1516–1579?</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a></td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td class="col-break"> <p>  </p> </td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:transparent;text-align:left;"><div id="South_America_and_Caribbean" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">South America and Caribbean</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding-left:1.0em;text-align:left;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break"> <p><span style="font-size:120%"><b>16th century</b></span> </p> <table style="line-height: 1.5em; border-spacing:0;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1500–1822</td><td> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Brazil</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1534–1549</td><td> <span style="padding-left:0.5em;"> </span><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_Colonies_of_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Captaincy Colonies of Brazil">Captaincy Colonies of Brazil</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1549–1572</td><td> <span style="padding-left:0.5em;"> </span><a href="/wiki/Governorate_General_of_Brazil" title="Governorate General of Brazil">Brazil</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1572–1578</td><td> <span style="padding-left:0.5em;"> </span><a href="/wiki/Governorate_General_of_Bahia" title="Governorate General of Bahia">Bahia</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1572–1578</td><td> <span style="padding-left:0.5em;"> </span><a href="/wiki/Governorate_General_of_Rio_de_Janeiro" title="Governorate General of Rio de Janeiro">Rio de Janeiro</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1578–1607</td><td> <span style="padding-left:0.5em;"> </span><a href="/wiki/Governorate_General_of_Brazil" title="Governorate General of Brazil">Brazil</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1621–1815</td><td> <span style="padding-left:0.5em;"> </span><a href="/wiki/State_of_Brazil" title="State of Brazil">Brazil</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1536–1620</td><td> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Barbados" title="History of Barbados">Barbados</a></td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td class="col-break"> <p><span style="font-size:120%"><b>17th century</b></span> </p> <table style="line-height: 1.5em; border-spacing:0;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1621–1751</td><td> <a href="/wiki/State_of_Maranh%C3%A3o_(colonial)" title="State of Maranhão (colonial)">Maranhão</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1680–1777</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Colonia_del_Sacramento" title="Colonia del Sacramento">Nova Colónia do Sacramento</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><span style="font-size:120%"><b>18th century</b></span> </p> <table style="line-height: 1.5em; border-spacing:0;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1751–1772</td><td> <a href="/wiki/State_of_Gr%C3%A3o-Par%C3%A1_and_Maranh%C3%A3o" title="State of Grão-Pará and Maranhão">Grão-Pará and Maranhão</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1772–1775</td><td> <a href="/wiki/State_of_Gr%C3%A3o-Par%C3%A1_and_Rio_Negro" title="State of Grão-Pará and Rio Negro">Grão-Pará and Rio Negro</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1772–1775</td><td> <a href="/wiki/State_of_Maranh%C3%A3o_and_Piau%C3%AD" title="State of Maranhão and Piauí">Maranhão and Piauí</a></td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td class="col-break"> <p><span style="font-size:120%"><b>19th century</b></span> </p> <table style="line-height: 1.5em; border-spacing:0;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1808–1822</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Cisplatina" title="Cisplatina">Cisplatina <span style="font-size:85%;">(Uruguay)</span></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1809–1817</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Amap%C3%A1" title="Amapá">Portuguese Guiana <span style="font-size:85%;">(Amapá)</span></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1822</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Upper_Peru" title="Upper Peru">Upper Peru <span style="font-size:85%;">(Bolivia)</span></a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>  </p> </td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3" style="background:#efefef;padding:0.2em;line-height:1.2em;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armorial_of_Portuguese_colonies" class="mw-redirect" title="Armorial of Portuguese colonies">Armorial of Portuguese colonies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_the_Portuguese_Empire" title="Evolution of the Portuguese Empire">Evolution of the Portuguese Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_colonial_architecture" title="Portuguese colonial architecture">Portuguese colonial architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Portuguese colonization of the Americas">Portuguese colonization of the Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire_in_the_Indonesian_Archipelago" title="Portuguese Empire in the Indonesian Archipelago">Portuguese Empire in the Indonesian Archipelago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_India" title="Portuguese India">Portuguese India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_the_Portuguese_discovery_of_Australia" title="Theory of the Portuguese discovery of Australia">Theory of the Portuguese discovery of Australia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p><span class="geo-inline-hidden noexcerpt"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output 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