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u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Beginning in 1993, 12 institutions and individuals and The PawPaw Foundation (PPF) embarked on a joint venture to evaluate commercially-available, named pawpaw (Asimina triloba) varieties and PPF&#39;s advanced selections within and... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_49965050" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Beginning in 1993, 12 institutions and individuals and The PawPaw Foundation (PPF) embarked on a joint venture to evaluate commercially-available, named pawpaw (Asimina triloba) varieties and PPF&#39;s advanced selections within and outside of the pawpaw&#39;s native range. Each Pawpaw Regional Variety Trial (PRVT) planting, consists of about 300 trees, with five to eight replications (blocks) of 28 grafted scion varieties per block in a randomized complete block design (10 named varieties and 18 clones selected in the PPF orchards at the University of Maryland Experiment Stations at Queenstown and Keedysville, Md.). Variables being examined in the trial include climatic effect, culture, pests, growth, fl owering, yield, and fruit characteristics. In 1995, PRVT plantings were established in Kentucky (Princeton, Ky.), Louisiana, North Carolina, Oregon, and South Carolina. In 1998, a second planting was established in Kentucky (Frankfort, Ky.). In 1999, PRVT plantings were established...</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/49965050" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="96a0b79491411260bbdb7e4713ed460c" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":68125549,"asset_id":49965050,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/68125549/download_file?st=MTczMzI5ODgwMSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="62227795" href="https://auburn.academia.edu/DesmondLayne">Desmond Layne</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="62227795" type="text/json">{"id":62227795,"first_name":"Desmond","last_name":"Layne","domain_name":"auburn","page_name":"DesmondLayne","display_name":"Desmond Layne","profile_url":"https://auburn.academia.edu/DesmondLayne?f_ri=585296","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/62227795/16147999/16592290/s65_desmond.layne.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_49965050 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="49965050"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 49965050, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_49965050", }); 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Each Pawpaw Regional Variety Trial (PRVT) planting, consists of about 300 trees, with five to eight replications (blocks) of 28 grafted scion varieties per block in a randomized complete block design (10 named varieties and 18 clones selected in the PPF orchards at the University of Maryland Experiment Stations at Queenstown and Keedysville, Md.). Variables being examined in the trial include climatic effect, culture, pests, growth, fl owering, yield, and fruit characteristics. In 1995, PRVT plantings were established in Kentucky (Princeton, Ky.), Louisiana, North Carolina, Oregon, and South Carolina. In 1998, a second planting was established in Kentucky (Frankfort, Ky.). 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Randomized clinical trial. Patients... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_14263428" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">To test the ability of an automated telephone outreach intervention to reduce acute healthcare utilization and improve quality of life among adult asthma patients in a large managed care organization. Randomized clinical trial. Patients with persistent asthma were randomly assigned to telephone outreach (automated = 3389, live caller = 192) or usual care (n = 3367). Intervention participants received 3 outreach calls over a 10-month period. The intervention provided brief, supportive information and flagged individuals with poor asthma control for follow-up by a provider. A survey was mailed to 792 intervention participants and 236 providers after the intervention. Additional feedback was obtained as part of the final intervention contact. The intent-to-treat analysis found no significant differences between the intervention and usual-care groups for medication use, healthcare utilization, asthma control, or quality of life. Post hoc analyses found that, compared with the control gr...</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/14263428" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="1e617b8c50af3c4b5305a0b9bb3a2cc9" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":44380409,"asset_id":14263428,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/44380409/download_file?st=MTczMzI5ODgwMSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="33229874" href="https://kpchr.academia.edu/DavidMosen">David Mosen</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="33229874" type="text/json">{"id":33229874,"first_name":"David","last_name":"Mosen","domain_name":"kpchr","page_name":"DavidMosen","display_name":"David Mosen","profile_url":"https://kpchr.academia.edu/DavidMosen?f_ri=585296","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_14263428 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="14263428"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 14263428, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_14263428", }); 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Stability","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Dimensional_Stability?f_ri=585296"},{"id":1435495,"name":"Potential Energy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Potential_Energy?f_ri=585296"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_10972500" data-work_id="10972500" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/10972500/Host_defense_peptides_in_skin_secretions_of_the_Oregon_spotted_frog_Rana_pretiosa_Implications_for_species_resistance_to_chytridiomycosis">Host defense peptides in skin secretions of the Oregon spotted frog Rana pretiosa: Implications for species resistance to chytridiomycosis</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Population declines due to chytridiomycosis among frogs belonging to the Amerana (Rana boylii) species group from western North America have been particularly severe. Norepinephrine-stimulated skin secretions from the Oregon spotted frog... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_10972500" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Population declines due to chytridiomycosis among frogs belonging to the Amerana (Rana boylii) species group from western North America have been particularly severe. Norepinephrine-stimulated skin secretions from the Oregon spotted frog Rana pretiosa Baird and Girard, 1853 were collected from individuals that had been previously infected with the causative agent Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis but had proved resistant to developing chytridiomycosis. These secretions contained a more diverse array of antimicrobial peptides than found in other species from the Amerana group and 14 peptides were isolated in pure form. Determination of their primary structures identified the peptides as esculentin-2PRa and -2PRb; ranatuerin-2PRa, -2PRb, -2PRc, -2PRd, and -2PRe; brevinin-1PRa, -1PRb, -1PRc, and -1PRd; and temporin-PRa, -PRb, and -PRc. The strongly cationic ranatuerin-2PRd and the esculentin-2 peptides, which have not been identified in the secretions of other Amerana species except for the closely related R. luteiventris, showed the highest growth inhibitory potency against microorganisms. The strongly hydrophobic brevinin-1PRd was the most cytotoxic to erythrocytes. Although no clear correlation exists between production of dermal antimicrobial peptides by a species and its resistance to fatal chytridiomycosis, the diversity of these peptides in R. pretiosa may be pivotal in defending the species against environmental pathogens such as B. dendrobatidis.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/10972500" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="77cc3e0dbe4324cb391bb96d0b041d91" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":46989910,"asset_id":10972500,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/46989910/download_file?st=MTczMzI5ODgwMSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="26575658" href="https://independent.academia.edu/EmanAhmed29">Eman Ahmed</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="26575658" type="text/json">{"id":26575658,"first_name":"Eman","last_name":"Ahmed","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"EmanAhmed29","display_name":"Eman Ahmed","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/EmanAhmed29?f_ri=585296","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/26575658/7395871/8313797/s65_eman.ahmed.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_10972500 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="10972500"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 10972500, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_10972500", }); 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Norepinephrine-stimulated skin secretions from the Oregon spotted frog Rana pretiosa Baird and Girard, 1853 were collected from individuals that had been previously infected with the causative agent Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis but had proved resistant to developing chytridiomycosis. These secretions contained a more diverse array of antimicrobial peptides than found in other species from the Amerana group and 14 peptides were isolated in pure form. Determination of their primary structures identified the peptides as esculentin-2PRa and -2PRb; ranatuerin-2PRa, -2PRb, -2PRc, -2PRd, and -2PRe; brevinin-1PRa, -1PRb, -1PRc, and -1PRd; and temporin-PRa, -PRb, and -PRc. The strongly cationic ranatuerin-2PRd and the esculentin-2 peptides, which have not been identified in the secretions of other Amerana species except for the closely related R. luteiventris, showed the highest growth inhibitory potency against microorganisms. The strongly hydrophobic brevinin-1PRd was the most cytotoxic to erythrocytes. Although no clear correlation exists between production of dermal antimicrobial peptides by a species and its resistance to fatal chytridiomycosis, the diversity of these peptides in R. pretiosa may be pivotal in defending the species against environmental pathogens such as B. dendrobatidis.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":46989910,"asset_id":10972500,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":26575658,"first_name":"Eman","last_name":"Ahmed","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"EmanAhmed29","display_name":"Eman Ahmed","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/EmanAhmed29?f_ri=585296","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/26575658/7395871/8313797/s65_eman.ahmed.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":1290,"name":"Immunology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Immunology?f_ri=585296","nofollow":false},{"id":24706,"name":"Innate 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u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">There have been many attempts to classify geographic areas into zones of similar characteristics. Recent focus has been on ecoregions. We examined how well the boundaries of the most commonly used ecoregion classi®cations for the US... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_70709235" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">There have been many attempts to classify geographic areas into zones of similar characteristics. Recent focus has been on ecoregions. We examined how well the boundaries of the most commonly used ecoregion classi®cations for the US matched the boundaries of existing vegetation cover mapped at three levels of classi®cation, ®ne, mid-and coarse scale. We analyzed ecoregions in Idaho, Oregon and Washington. The results were similar among the two ecoregion classi®cations. For both ecoregion delineations and all three vegetation classi®cations, the patterns of existing vegetation did not correspond well with the patterns of ecoregions. Most vegetation types had a small proportion of their total area in a given ecoregion. There was also no dominance by one or more vegetation types in any ecoregion and contrary to our hypothesis, the level of congruence of vegetation patterns with ecoregion boundaries decreased as the level of classi®cation became more general. The implications of these ®...</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/70709235" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="0194bf49fb43b75c7fd5b33e0ea00a44" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":80345618,"asset_id":70709235,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/80345618/download_file?st=MTczMzI5ODgwMSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="50847734" href="https://independent.academia.edu/TroyMerrill">Troy Merrill</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="50847734" type="text/json">{"id":50847734,"first_name":"Troy","last_name":"Merrill","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"TroyMerrill","display_name":"Troy Merrill","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/TroyMerrill?f_ri=585296","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_70709235 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="70709235"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 70709235, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_70709235", }); 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Recent focus has been on ecoregions. We examined how well the boundaries of the most commonly used ecoregion classi®cations for the US matched the boundaries of existing vegetation cover mapped at three levels of classi®cation, ®ne, mid-and coarse scale. We analyzed ecoregions in Idaho, Oregon and Washington. The results were similar among the two ecoregion classi®cations. For both ecoregion delineations and all three vegetation classi®cations, the patterns of existing vegetation did not correspond well with the patterns of ecoregions. Most vegetation types had a small proportion of their total area in a given ecoregion. There was also no dominance by one or more vegetation types in any ecoregion and contrary to our hypothesis, the level of congruence of vegetation patterns with ecoregion boundaries decreased as the level of classi®cation became more general. The implications of these ®...","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":80345618,"asset_id":70709235,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":50847734,"first_name":"Troy","last_name":"Merrill","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"TroyMerrill","display_name":"Troy Merrill","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/TroyMerrill?f_ri=585296","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":47884,"name":"Biological Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biological_Sciences?f_ri=585296","nofollow":false},{"id":58054,"name":"Environmental Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Sciences?f_ri=585296","nofollow":false},{"id":78624,"name":"Biological Conservation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biological_Conservation?f_ri=585296","nofollow":false},{"id":585296,"name":"Oregon","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Oregon?f_ri=585296","nofollow":false},{"id":788416,"name":"Vegetation Cover","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Vegetation_Cover?f_ri=585296"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_67425630" data-work_id="67425630" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/67425630/What_Yoder_Wrought_Religious_Disparagement_Parental_Alienation_and_the_Best_Interests_of_the_Child">What Yoder Wrought: Religious Disparagement, Parental Alienation, and the Best Interests of the Child</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Despite its grounding in a specific and peculiar set of facts, the strict scrutiny mandate of Wisconsin v. Yoder (decided in 1972) has changed the constitutional landscape of custody cases - and it has done so in a way that is unsound... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_67425630" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Despite its grounding in a specific and peculiar set of facts, the strict scrutiny mandate of Wisconsin v. Yoder (decided in 1972) has changed the constitutional landscape of custody cases - and it has done so in a way that is unsound both as a matter of law and policy. Following Yoder, most courts require a showing of harm to the child, or a substantial threat of harm to the child, before placing any restrictions on exposure to a parent&#39;s religious beliefs and practices. This harm standard leaves children in an untenable position when parents compete for &quot;spiritual custody,&quot; for the law can protect them only when the risk of harm is already substantial. Indeed, the bar is set so high that few courts have found circumstances that satisfy the harm standard. In this essay, I argue that a strict scrutiny standard has no place in spiritual custody cases. It is hardly consistent with the basic principle that the custody court&#39;s paramount consideration is the best intere...</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/67425630" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="c8b71b339d10475dc6da57bac760b56c" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":78247085,"asset_id":67425630,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/78247085/download_file?st=MTczMzI5ODgwMSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="154250251" href="https://independent.academia.edu/JeffreyShulman1">Jeffrey Shulman</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="154250251" type="text/json">{"id":154250251,"first_name":"Jeffrey","last_name":"Shulman","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"JeffreyShulman1","display_name":"Jeffrey Shulman","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/JeffreyShulman1?f_ri=585296","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_67425630 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="67425630"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 67425630, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_67425630", }); 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Yoder (decided in 1972) has changed the constitutional landscape of custody cases - and it has done so in a way that is unsound both as a matter of law and policy. Following Yoder, most courts require a showing of harm to the child, or a substantial threat of harm to the child, before placing any restrictions on exposure to a parent\u0026#39;s religious beliefs and practices. This harm standard leaves children in an untenable position when parents compete for \u0026quot;spiritual custody,\u0026quot; for the law can protect them only when the risk of harm is already substantial. Indeed, the bar is set so high that few courts have found circumstances that satisfy the harm standard. In this essay, I argue that a strict scrutiny standard has no place in spiritual custody cases. It is hardly consistent with the basic principle that the custody court\u0026#39;s paramount consideration is the best intere...","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":78247085,"asset_id":67425630,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":154250251,"first_name":"Jeffrey","last_name":"Shulman","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"JeffreyShulman1","display_name":"Jeffrey Shulman","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/JeffreyShulman1?f_ri=585296","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":184,"name":"Sociology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sociology?f_ri=585296","nofollow":false},{"id":547,"name":"Constitutional Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Constitutional_Law?f_ri=585296","nofollow":false},{"id":3687,"name":"Family Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Family_Law?f_ri=585296","nofollow":false},{"id":4565,"name":"Law and 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u-positionRelative">56</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="140" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pharmacology">Pharmacology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="140" type="text/json">{"id":140,"name":"Pharmacology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pharmacology?f_ri=585296","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="145" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biochemistry">Biochemistry</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="145" type="text/json">{"id":145,"name":"Biochemistry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biochemistry?f_ri=585296","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="146" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bioinformatics">Bioinformatics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="146" 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})();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_12426555" data-work_id="12426555" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/12426555/Fish_Use_of_Intermittent_Watercourses_Draining_Agricultural_Lands_in_the_Upper_Willamette_River_Valley_Oregon">Fish Use of Intermittent Watercourses Draining Agricultural Lands in the Upper Willamette River Valley, Oregon</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/12426555" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i 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itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="31221756" href="https://independent.academia.edu/JudithLi">Judith Li</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="31221756" type="text/json">{"id":31221756,"first_name":"Judith","last_name":"Li","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"JudithLi","display_name":"Judith Li","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/JudithLi?f_ri=585296","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_12426555 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="12426555"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 12426555, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_12426555", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_12426555 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=12426555]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_12426555").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_12426555").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="12426555"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">8</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="57433" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Seasonality">Seasonality</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="57433" type="text/json">{"id":57433,"name":"Seasonality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Seasonality?f_ri=585296","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="168668" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Species_Diversity">Species Diversity</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="168668" type="text/json">{"id":168668,"name":"Species Diversity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Species_Diversity?f_ri=585296","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="170652" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fisheries_Sciences">Fisheries Sciences</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="170652" type="text/json">{"id":170652,"name":"Fisheries Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fisheries_Sciences?f_ri=585296","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="198459" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fish_habitat">Fish habitat</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="198459" type="text/json">{"id":198459,"name":"Fish 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Activity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Activity?f_ri=585296"},{"id":585296,"name":"Oregon","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Oregon?f_ri=585296"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_70591350" data-work_id="70591350" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/70591350/Annual_Movements_of_Pacific_Coast_Sandhill_Cranes">Annual Movements of Pacific Coast Sandhill Cranes</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The subspecies composition of migratory sandhill cranes (Grus canadensis) which stage and winter along the Lower Columbia River in northwest Oregon and southwest Washington is uncertain, but may include all 3 using the Pacific Flyway:... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_70591350" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The subspecies composition of migratory sandhill cranes (Grus canadensis) which stage and winter along the Lower Columbia River in northwest Oregon and southwest Washington is uncertain, but may include all 3 using the Pacific Flyway: lesser (G. c. canadensis), Canadian (G. c. rowani), and greater (G. c. tabida). However, the status of rowani has been debated. During 2001-02, we captured and marked 8 cranes using a noose line trapping technique, and attached Platform Transmitter Terminals (PTTs) to 6 to ascertain locations of their breeding areas, migration corridors and winter sites. Morphometric data were collected for subspecies determination. From measurements and their summer distribution, we conclude that they are likely the intermediate rowani form. Because of their limited numbers, distinct coastal migration path, and habitat issues at breeding, staging, and wintering areas, we recommend that conservation efforts be increased and that they be managed as a unique population. ...</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/70591350" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="01ebf2ea76cf76ccb1daf6185d536aa6" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":80279513,"asset_id":70591350,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/80279513/download_file?st=MTczMzI5ODgwMSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="6432819" href="https://oregonstate.academia.edu/GaryIvey">Gary L Ivey</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="6432819" type="text/json">{"id":6432819,"first_name":"Gary","last_name":"Ivey","domain_name":"oregonstate","page_name":"GaryIvey","display_name":"Gary L Ivey","profile_url":"https://oregonstate.academia.edu/GaryIvey?f_ri=585296","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/6432819/2644009/3075535/s65_gary.ivey.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_70591350 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="70591350"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 70591350, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_70591350", }); 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However, the status of rowani has been debated. During 2001-02, we captured and marked 8 cranes using a noose line trapping technique, and attached Platform Transmitter Terminals (PTTs) to 6 to ascertain locations of their breeding areas, migration corridors and winter sites. Morphometric data were collected for subspecies determination. From measurements and their summer distribution, we conclude that they are likely the intermediate rowani form. Because of their limited numbers, distinct coastal migration path, and habitat issues at breeding, staging, and wintering areas, we recommend that conservation efforts be increased and that they be managed as a unique population. ...","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":80279513,"asset_id":70591350,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":6432819,"first_name":"Gary","last_name":"Ivey","domain_name":"oregonstate","page_name":"GaryIvey","display_name":"Gary L Ivey","profile_url":"https://oregonstate.academia.edu/GaryIvey?f_ri=585296","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/6432819/2644009/3075535/s65_gary.ivey.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":1063,"name":"Environmental Education","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Education?f_ri=585296","nofollow":false},{"id":2467,"name":"Conservation Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Conservation_Biology?f_ri=585296","nofollow":false},{"id":17825,"name":"Biodiversity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biodiversity?f_ri=585296","nofollow":false},{"id":50113,"name":"California","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/California?f_ri=585296","nofollow":false},{"id":57433,"name":"Seasonality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Seasonality?f_ri=585296"},{"id":198379,"name":"British Columbia","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/British_Columbia?f_ri=585296"},{"id":271876,"name":"Washington","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Washington?f_ri=585296"},{"id":328615,"name":"Satellite Tracking","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Satellite_Tracking?f_ri=585296"},{"id":585296,"name":"Oregon","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Oregon?f_ri=585296"},{"id":617030,"name":"Satellite Telemetry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Satellite_Telemetry?f_ri=585296"},{"id":648834,"name":"North American","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/North_American?f_ri=585296"},{"id":702557,"name":"National wildlife refuge","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/National_wildlife_refuge?f_ri=585296"},{"id":956668,"name":"Pacific Coast","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pacific_Coast?f_ri=585296"},{"id":2012226,"name":"Alaska","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Alaska?f_ri=585296"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_37046613" data-work_id="37046613" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/37046613/The_rationing_of_health_care_A_doctors_dilemma">The rationing of health care: A doctor's dilemma</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/37046613" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="31dc86a81f09b9ee237ebf5dd7bacdb7" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":56997180,"asset_id":37046613,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/56997180/download_file?st=MTczMzI5ODgwMSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="222146" href="https://cornell.academia.edu/JosephJFins">Joseph J. 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Many of these are only names on maps or a a scattering of abandoned and dilapidated buildings. This paper briefly explores the history of some of the better know towns in an effort to preserve the story of... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_14551135" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Oregon has over 300 ghost towns. Many of these are only names on maps or a a scattering of abandoned and dilapidated buildings. This paper briefly explores the history of some of the better know towns in an effort to preserve the story of Oregon's growth and economic development.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/14551135" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="3b1b64195b8a37016570d709518ad424" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":38354042,"asset_id":14551135,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/38354042/download_file?st=MTczMzI5ODgwMSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="26802202" href="https://independent.academia.edu/RickHamell">Rick Hamell</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="26802202" type="text/json">{"id":26802202,"first_name":"Rick","last_name":"Hamell","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"RickHamell","display_name":"Rick Hamell","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/RickHamell?f_ri=585296","photo":"https://gravatar.com/avatar/3db0f3e1180dbb4676512e0cda50e98a?s=65"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_14551135 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="14551135"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 14551135, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_14551135", }); 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Analysis</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="5069" type="text/json">{"id":5069,"name":"Principal Component Analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Principal_Component_Analysis?f_ri=585296","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="16137" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Food_Chemistry">Food Chemistry</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="16137" type="text/json">{"id":16137,"name":"Food Chemistry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Food_Chemistry?f_ri=585296","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="28235" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Multidisciplinary">Multidisciplinary</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="28235" type="text/json">{"id":28235,"name":"Multidisciplinary","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Multidisciplinary?f_ri=585296","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=18358625]'), work: {"id":18358625,"title":"Determination of total phenolic content and antioxidant capacity of onion (Allium cepa) and shallot (Allium oschaninii) using infrared spectroscopy","created_at":"2015-11-14T19:11:10.867-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/18358625/Determination_of_total_phenolic_content_and_antioxidant_capacity_of_onion_Allium_cepa_and_shallot_Allium_oschaninii_using_infrared_spectroscopy?f_ri=585296","dom_id":"work_18358625","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":40012143,"asset_id":18358625,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":38345261,"first_name":"Barbara","last_name":"Rasco","domain_name":"wsu","page_name":"BarbaraRasco","display_name":"Barbara 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SCIENCES","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CHEMICAL_SCIENCES?f_ri=585296"},{"id":269567,"name":"Garlic","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Garlic?f_ri=585296"},{"id":335361,"name":"Infrared","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Infrared?f_ri=585296"},{"id":347988,"name":"Phenols","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phenols?f_ri=585296"},{"id":398650,"name":"Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fourier_transform_infrared_spectroscopy?f_ri=585296"},{"id":409570,"name":"Onion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Onion?f_ri=585296"},{"id":519926,"name":"Functional Group","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Functional_Group?f_ri=585296"},{"id":585296,"name":"Oregon","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Oregon?f_ri=585296"},{"id":596974,"name":"Agricultural and Food Chemistry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Agricultural_and_Food_Chemistry?f_ri=585296"},{"id":1007124,"name":"FT IR Spectroscopy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/FT_IR_Spectroscopy?f_ri=585296"},{"id":1292656,"name":"Reference Value","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Reference_Value?f_ri=585296"},{"id":1322481,"name":"Antioxidant Capacity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Antioxidant_Capacity?f_ri=585296"},{"id":1379131,"name":"Total Phenolic Content","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Total_Phenolic_Content?f_ri=585296"},{"id":1781775,"name":"Total Antioxidant Capacity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Total_Antioxidant_Capacity?f_ri=585296"},{"id":2006437,"name":"Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ferric_Reducing_Antioxidant_Power?f_ri=585296"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_48548241" data-work_id="48548241" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/48548241/Spatial_and_temporal_variability_of_contaminants_within_estuarine_sediments_and_native_Olympia_oysters_A_contrast_between_a_developed_and_an_undeveloped_estuary">Spatial and temporal variability of contaminants within estuarine sediments and native Olympia oysters: A contrast between a developed and an undeveloped estuary</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Chemical contaminants can be introduced into estuarine and marine ecosystems from a variety of sources including wastewater, agriculture and forestry practices, point and non-point discharges, runoff from industrial, municipal, and urban... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_48548241" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Chemical contaminants can be introduced into estuarine and marine ecosystems from a variety of sources including wastewater, agriculture and forestry practices, point and non-point discharges, runoff from industrial, municipal, and urban lands, accidental spills, and atmospheric deposition. The diversity of potential sources contributes to the likelihood of contaminated marine waters and sediments and increases the probability of uptake by marine organisms. Despite widespread recognition of direct and indirect pathways for contaminant deposition and organismal exposure in coastal systems, spatial and temporal variability in contaminant composition, deposition, and uptake patterns are still poorly known. We investigated these patterns for a suite of persistent legacy contaminants including polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and chemicals of emerging concern including pharmaceuticals within two Oregon coastal estuaries (Coos and Netarts Bays). ...</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/48548241" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="744f2bf3b4037fed3d03e22453f5f779" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":67102807,"asset_id":48548241,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/67102807/download_file?st=MTczMzI5ODgwMiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="33204910" href="https://independent.academia.edu/EliseGranek">Elise Granek</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="33204910" type="text/json">{"id":33204910,"first_name":"Elise","last_name":"Granek","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"EliseGranek","display_name":"Elise Granek","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/EliseGranek?f_ri=585296","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/33204910/76105735/64625356/s65_elise.granek.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_48548241 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="48548241"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 48548241, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_48548241", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=48548241]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_48548241").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_48548241").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="48548241"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">7</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="11801" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Monitoring">Environmental Monitoring</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="11801" type="text/json">{"id":11801,"name":"Environmental Monitoring","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Monitoring?f_ri=585296","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="28235" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Multidisciplinary">Multidisciplinary</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="28235" type="text/json">{"id":28235,"name":"Multidisciplinary","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Multidisciplinary?f_ri=585296","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="89990" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Estuaries">Estuaries</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="89990" type="text/json">{"id":89990,"name":"Estuaries","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Estuaries?f_ri=585296","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="149539" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Polychlorinated_Biphenyls">Polychlorinated Biphenyls</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="149539" type="text/json">{"id":149539,"name":"Polychlorinated Biphenyls","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Polychlorinated_Biphenyls?f_ri=585296","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=48548241]'), work: {"id":48548241,"title":"Spatial and temporal variability of contaminants within estuarine sediments and native Olympia oysters: A contrast between a developed and an undeveloped estuary","created_at":"2021-05-04T22:54:59.197-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/48548241/Spatial_and_temporal_variability_of_contaminants_within_estuarine_sediments_and_native_Olympia_oysters_A_contrast_between_a_developed_and_an_undeveloped_estuary?f_ri=585296","dom_id":"work_48548241","summary":"Chemical contaminants can be introduced into estuarine and marine ecosystems from a variety of sources including wastewater, agriculture and forestry practices, point and non-point discharges, runoff from industrial, municipal, and urban lands, accidental spills, and atmospheric deposition. The diversity of potential sources contributes to the likelihood of contaminated marine waters and sediments and increases the probability of uptake by marine organisms. Despite widespread recognition of direct and indirect pathways for contaminant deposition and organismal exposure in coastal systems, spatial and temporal variability in contaminant composition, deposition, and uptake patterns are still poorly known. We investigated these patterns for a suite of persistent legacy contaminants including polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and chemicals of emerging concern including pharmaceuticals within two Oregon coastal estuaries (Coos and Netarts Bays). ...","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":67102807,"asset_id":48548241,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":33204910,"first_name":"Elise","last_name":"Granek","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"EliseGranek","display_name":"Elise Granek","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/EliseGranek?f_ri=585296","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/33204910/76105735/64625356/s65_elise.granek.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":11801,"name":"Environmental Monitoring","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Monitoring?f_ri=585296","nofollow":false},{"id":28235,"name":"Multidisciplinary","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Multidisciplinary?f_ri=585296","nofollow":false},{"id":89990,"name":"Estuaries","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Estuaries?f_ri=585296","nofollow":false},{"id":149539,"name":"Polychlorinated Biphenyls","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Polychlorinated_Biphenyls?f_ri=585296","nofollow":false},{"id":184467,"name":"Seawater","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Seawater?f_ri=585296"},{"id":585296,"name":"Oregon","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Oregon?f_ri=585296"},{"id":1256666,"name":"Geologic Sediments","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Geologic_Sediments?f_ri=585296"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_3072835" data-work_id="3072835" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/3072835/Trans_Holocene_Marine_Mammal_Exploitation_on_San_Clemente_Island_California_A_Tragedy_of_the_Commons_Revisited">Trans-Holocene Marine Mammal Exploitation on San Clemente Island, California: A Tragedy of the Commons Revisited</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Occupied from ca. 7040 B.C. to A.D. 1400, the Eel Point Site (CA-SCLI-43) on San Clemente Island, California represents one of the longest sequences of near-continuous marine resource exploitation on the west coast of North America.... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_3072835" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Occupied from ca. 7040 B.C. to A.D. 1400, the Eel Point Site (CA-SCLI-43) on San Clemente Island, California represents one of the longest sequences of near-continuous marine resource exploitation on the west coast of North America. Faunal remains suggest transitions from heavy exploitation of fur seals and sea lions during the early Holocene, to increased hunting of cetaceans at mid-Holocene, to a focus on sea otters and fish during the late Holocene. These trends are consistent with patterns of overexploitation and economic intensification on the California and Oregon mainland, but they also suggest watercraft-based hunting earlier on the island than elsewhere. Fur seal and sea lion bones mainly represent females and juveniles, indicating that exploitation of island rookeries was guided more by self-interest than by principles of game conservation. Two intervals of temporary site abandonment, ca. 6150–3970 B.C. and A.D. 1020–1400, were both followed by periods of increased marine mammal exploitation and may reflect intervals during which marine mammal populations rebounded. Broad-scale diachronic trends in the zooarchaeological remains do not correlate with flux in paleo-sea temperatures and are best interpreted as products of overhunting and increased use of watercraft over time.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/3072835" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="ebfb8845ac4ed71f3941061e4a767500" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":50490142,"asset_id":3072835,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/50490142/download_file?st=MTczMzI5ODgwMiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="3532780" href="https://umkc.academia.edu/MarkRaab">Mark Raab</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="3532780" type="text/json">{"id":3532780,"first_name":"Mark","last_name":"Raab","domain_name":"umkc","page_name":"MarkRaab","display_name":"Mark Raab","profile_url":"https://umkc.academia.edu/MarkRaab?f_ri=585296","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/3532780/1214084/3357603/s65_mark.raab.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_3072835 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="3072835"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 3072835, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_3072835", }); 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Faunal remains suggest transitions from heavy exploitation of fur seals and sea lions during the early Holocene, to increased hunting of cetaceans at mid-Holocene, to a focus on sea otters and fish during the late Holocene. These trends are consistent with patterns of overexploitation and economic intensification on the California and Oregon mainland, but they also suggest watercraft-based hunting earlier on the island than elsewhere. Fur seal and sea lion bones mainly represent females and juveniles, indicating that exploitation of island rookeries was guided more by self-interest than by principles of game conservation. Two intervals of temporary site abandonment, ca. 6150–3970 B.C. and A.D. 1020–1400, were both followed by periods of increased marine mammal exploitation and may reflect intervals during which marine mammal populations rebounded. Broad-scale diachronic trends in the zooarchaeological remains do not correlate with flux in paleo-sea temperatures and are best interpreted as products of overhunting and increased use of watercraft over time.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":50490142,"asset_id":3072835,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":3532780,"first_name":"Mark","last_name":"Raab","domain_name":"umkc","page_name":"MarkRaab","display_name":"Mark 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href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Geology">Geology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="406" type="text/json">{"id":406,"name":"Geology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Geology?f_ri=585296","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="407" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Geochemistry">Geochemistry</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="407" type="text/json">{"id":407,"name":"Geochemistry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Geochemistry?f_ri=585296","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="409" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Geophysics">Geophysics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="409" type="text/json">{"id":409,"name":"Geophysics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Geophysics?f_ri=585296","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1370" 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