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subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Early_medieval_Central_Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Under_Carolingian_rule" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Under_Carolingian_rule"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Under Carolingian rule</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Under_Carolingian_rule-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-East_Francia_and_Holy_Roman_Empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#East_Francia_and_Holy_Roman_Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>East Francia and Holy Roman Empire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-East_Francia_and_Holy_Roman_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Slavic_revolt_of_983" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Slavic_revolt_of_983"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Slavic revolt of 983</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Slavic_revolt_of_983-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eastern_marches_of_East_Francia_and_Holy_Roman_Empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eastern_marches_of_East_Francia_and_Holy_Roman_Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Eastern marches of East Francia and Holy Roman Empire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eastern_marches_of_East_Francia_and_Holy_Roman_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eastern_Saxon_Marches" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eastern_Saxon_Marches"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Eastern Saxon Marches</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eastern_Saxon_Marches-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Northeastern_Germany_and_Holstein" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Northeastern_Germany_and_Holstein"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Northeastern Germany and Holstein</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Northeastern_Germany_and_Holstein-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Northeastern Germany and Holstein subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Northeastern_Germany_and_Holstein-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Background" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Background"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Background</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Background-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Settlement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Settlement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Settlement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Settlement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bohemia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bohemia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Bohemia</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Bohemia-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Bohemia subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Bohemia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Background_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Background_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Background</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Background_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Settlement_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Settlement_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Settlement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Settlement_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-End" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#End"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>End</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-End-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prussia_and_the_Baltics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prussia_and_the_Baltics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Prussia and the Baltics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prussia_and_the_Baltics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hungary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hungary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Hungary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hungary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_and_demographic_background" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_and_demographic_background"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Social and demographic background</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_and_demographic_background-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Technical_and_agricultural_development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Technical_and_agricultural_development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Technical and agricultural development</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Technical_and_agricultural_development-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Technical and agricultural development subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Technical_and_agricultural_development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Dutch_settlers_and_hydraulic_engineering" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dutch_settlers_and_hydraulic_engineering"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Dutch settlers and hydraulic engineering</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dutch_settlers_and_hydraulic_engineering-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Agricultural_implements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Agricultural_implements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Agricultural implements</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Agricultural_implements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pottery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pottery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Pottery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pottery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.4</span> <span>Architecture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Population_and_settlement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Population_and_settlement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Population and settlement</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Population_and_settlement-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Population and settlement subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Population_and_settlement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Urban_development_and_city_foundations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Urban_development_and_city_foundations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Urban development and city foundations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Urban_development_and_city_foundations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-City_laws_and_grants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#City_laws_and_grants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1.1</span> <span>City laws and grants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-City_laws_and_grants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Expansion_of_the_German_city_laws" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Expansion_of_the_German_city_laws"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1.2</span> <span>Expansion of the German city laws</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Expansion_of_the_German_city_laws-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religious_changes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religious_changes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Religious changes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religious_changes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Settlers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Settlers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3</span> <span>Settlers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Settlers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Assimilation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Assimilation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Assimilation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Assimilation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Assimilation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Assimilation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Germans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Germans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Germans</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Germans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Treatment,_involvement_and_traces_of_the_Wends" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Treatment,_involvement_and_traces_of_the_Wends"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Treatment, involvement and traces of the Wends</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Treatment,_involvement_and_traces_of_the_Wends-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Language_exchange" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language_exchange"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.3</span> <span>Language exchange</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language_exchange-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Names_of_localities_and_settlements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Names_of_localities_and_settlements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.4</span> <span>Names of localities and settlements</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Names_of_localities_and_settlements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Family_Names" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Family_Names"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.5</span> <span>Family Names</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Family_Names-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-End_of_migration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#End_of_migration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>End of migration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-End_of_migration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Drang_nach_Osten" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Drang_nach_Osten"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span><i><span><i>Drang nach Osten</i></span></i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Drang_nach_Osten-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">18</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Ostsiedlung</i></span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 40 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-40" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">40 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%B9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82%D9%8A" title="التوسع الألماني الشرقي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="التوسع الألماني الشرقي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostsiedlung" title="Ostsiedlung – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Ostsiedlung" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostsiedlung" title="Ostsiedlung – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Ostsiedlung" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B8%D0%B7%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BA" title="Разселване на немците на изток – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Разселване на немците на изток" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostsiedlung" title="Ostsiedlung – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ostsiedlung" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C4%9Bmeck%C3%A1_v%C3%BDchodn%C3%AD_kolonizace" title="Německá východní kolonizace – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Německá východní kolonizace" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tysk_kolonisering_i_middelalderen" title="Tysk kolonisering i middelalderen – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Tysk kolonisering i middelalderen" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hochmittelalterliche_Ostsiedlung" title="Hochmittelalterliche Ostsiedlung – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Hochmittelalterliche Ostsiedlung" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostsiedlung" title="Ostsiedlung – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ostsiedlung" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%8C%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B6%CE%B9%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%BB%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%BD%CE%B3%CE%BA" title="Όστζιντλουνγκ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Όστζιντλουνγκ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostsiedlung" title="Ostsiedlung – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ostsiedlung" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germana_orienta_koloniigado" title="Germana orienta koloniigado – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Germana orienta koloniigado" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alemaniarren_ekialderako_hedapena" title="Alemaniarren ekialderako hedapena – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Alemaniarren ekialderako hedapena" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AA%E2%80%8C%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%AF%D9%84%D9%88%D9%86%DA%AF" title="اوست‌زیدلونگ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اوست‌زیدلونگ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonisation_germanique_de_l%27Europe_orientale" title="Colonisation germanique de l'Europe orientale – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Colonisation germanique de l'Europe orientale" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%BAtske_eastkolonisaasje" title="Dútske eastkolonisaasje – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Dútske eastkolonisaasje" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostsiedlung" title="Ostsiedlung – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Ostsiedlung" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8F%99%EB%B0%A9%EC%8B%9D%EB%AF%BC%EC%9A%B4%EB%8F%99" title="동방식민운동 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="동방식민운동" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Njema%C4%8Dki_prodor_na_istok" title="Njemački prodor na istok – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Njemački prodor na istok" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolonisasi_daerah_Timur_oleh_bangsa_Jerman" title="Kolonisasi daerah Timur oleh bangsa Jerman – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kolonisasi daerah Timur oleh bangsa Jerman" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostsiedlung" title="Ostsiedlung – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ostsiedlung" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%96%E1%83%98%E1%83%93%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9C%E1%83%92%E1%83%98" title="ოსტზიდლუნგი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ოსტზიდლუნგი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C4%81cie%C5%A1u_apme%C5%A1an%C4%81s_uz_austrumiem" title="Vāciešu apmešanās uz austrumiem – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Vāciešu apmešanās uz austrumiem" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostsiedlung" title="Ostsiedlung – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Ostsiedlung" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A9met_keleti_koloniz%C3%A1ci%C3%B3" title="Német keleti kolonizáció – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Német keleti kolonizáció" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oostkolonisatie" title="Oostkolonisatie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Oostkolonisatie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oostkolonisatie" title="Oostkolonisatie – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Oostkolonisatie" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E6%96%B9%E6%A4%8D%E6%B0%91" title="東方植民 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="東方植民" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostsiedlung" title="Ostsiedlung – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ostsiedlung" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostsiedlung" title="Ostsiedlung – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ostsiedlung" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostsiedlung" title="Ostsiedlung – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Ostsiedlung" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%B2_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BA" title="Расселение немцев на восток – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Расселение немцев на восток" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostsiedlung" title="Ostsiedlung – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Ostsiedlung" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a 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class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostsiedlung" title="Ostsiedlung – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ostsiedlung" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostsiedlung" title="Ostsiedlung – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ostsiedlung" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B7%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BC%D1%86%D1%96%D0%B2_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D1%85%D1%96%D0%B4" title="Розселення німців на схід – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks vcard hlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Germany" title="Category:History of Germany">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a href="/wiki/History_of_Germany" title="History of Germany">History of <span class="fn org label">Germany</span></a></th> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Germany.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Coat_of_arms_of_Germany.svg/90px-Coat_of_arms_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Coat_of_arms_of_Germany.svg/135px-Coat_of_arms_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Coat_of_arms_of_Germany.svg/180px-Coat_of_arms_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="396" data-file-height="510" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_German_history" title="Timeline of German history">Chronology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_Germany" title="Historiography of Germany">Historiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Germany" title="Military history of Germany">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Germany" title="Economic history of Germany">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_LGBT_history_in_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of LGBT history in Germany">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Germany" title="History of the Jews in Germany">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_women_in_Germany" title="History of women in Germany">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_Germany" title="Territorial evolution of Germany">Territorial evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_historic_states_of_Germany" title="List of historic states of Germany">Historic states</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_states_in_the_Holy_Roman_Empire" title="List of states in the Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_German_monarchs" title="List of German monarchs">Monarchs</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_German_queens" title="List of German queens">Queens</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Holy_Roman_empresses" title="List of Holy Roman empresses">Empresses</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_German_monarchs_in_1918" title="List of German monarchs in 1918">1918</a>, <a href="/wiki/Family_tree_of_German_monarchs" title="Family tree of German monarchs">Family tree</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Austria" title="List of rulers of Austria">Austria</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Bavaria" class="mw-redirect" title="List of rulers of Bavaria">Bavaria</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Prussia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of monarchs of Prussia">Prussia</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Saxony" title="List of rulers of Saxony">Saxony</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" class="mw-redirect" title="List of rulers of Württemberg">Württemberg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mediatised_houses" title="Mediatised houses">Mediatised</a>)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Early history</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linear_Pottery_culture" title="Linear Pottery culture">Linear Pottery culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9An%C4%9Btice_culture" title="Únětice culture">Únětice culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urnfield_culture" title="Urnfield culture">Urnfield culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migration_Period" title="Migration Period">Migration Period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbarian_kingdoms" title="Barbarian kingdoms">Barbarian kingdoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francia" title="Francia">Frankish Empire</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Middle Ages</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Francia" title="East Francia">East Francia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Germany" title="Kingdom of Germany">Kingdom of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Eastward settlement</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Germany_in_the_early_modern_period" title="Germany in the early modern period">Early Modern period</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kleinstaaterei" title="Kleinstaaterei">Sectionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/18th-century_history_of_Germany" title="18th-century history of Germany">18th century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Kingdom of Prussia</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Germany" title="Unification of Germany">Unification</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_mediatisation" title="German mediatisation">Mediatisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederation_of_the_Rhine" title="Confederation of the Rhine">Confederation of the Rhine</a></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_Confederation" title="German Confederation">German Confederation</a></li><li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Zollverein" title="Zollverein">Zollverein</a></i></span></li></ul></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_revolutions_of_1848%E2%80%931849" title="German revolutions of 1848–1849">German revolutions of 1848–1849</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_German_Confederation" title="North German Confederation">North German Confederation</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/German_Reich" title="German Reich">German Reich</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1871–1918</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Germany_during_World_War_I" title="History of Germany during World War I">World War I</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1914–1918</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Weimar_Republic" title="Weimar Republic">Weimar Republic</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1918–1933</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1933–1945</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1939–1945</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Contemporary Germany</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.65em;"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allied-occupied_Germany" title="Allied-occupied Germany">Occupation</a></li><li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Former_eastern_territories_of_Germany" title="Former eastern territories of Germany">Ostgebiete</a></i></span></li></ul></div></td><td style="text-align:right;">1945–1949/1952</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Flight_and_expulsion_of_Germans_(1944%E2%80%931950)" title="Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–1950)">Expulsion of Germans</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1944–1950</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.65em;"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">West</a>–<a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East</a> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Germany_(1945%E2%80%931990)" title="History of Germany (1945–1990)">division</a></li></ul></div></td><td style="text-align:right;">1949–1990</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.65em;"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_reunification" title="German reunification">Reunification</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/New_states_of_Germany" title="New states of Germany">New states</a></li></ul></div></td><td style="text-align:right;">1990</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Germany_(1990%E2%80%93present)" title="History of Germany (1990–present)">Modern history</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">since 1990</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/16px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/24px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/32px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a 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.navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Germany_sidebar" title="Template:History of Germany sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Germany_sidebar" title="Template talk:History of Germany sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Germany_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Germany sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Osadnictwo_niemieckie_na_wschodzie.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Osadnictwo_niemieckie_na_wschodzie.PNG/220px-Osadnictwo_niemieckie_na_wschodzie.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="236" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Osadnictwo_niemieckie_na_wschodzie.PNG/330px-Osadnictwo_niemieckie_na_wschodzie.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Osadnictwo_niemieckie_na_wschodzie.PNG/440px-Osadnictwo_niemieckie_na_wschodzie.PNG 2x" data-file-width="540" data-file-height="579" /></a><figcaption>Stages of German eastern settlement in pink and three shades of green; the black line represents the border of the Holy Roman Empire according to the 1348 <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Namys%C5%82%C3%B3w" title="Treaty of Namysłów">Treaty of Namysłów</a></figcaption></figure> <p><b><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Ostsiedlung</i></span></b> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">German pronunciation:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="de-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">[ˈɔstˌziːdlʊŋ]</a></span>, <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">East settlement</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>) is the term for the <a href="/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages" title="Early Middle Ages">Early Medieval</a> and <a href="/wiki/High_Middle_Ages" title="High Middle Ages">High Medieval</a> migration of ethnic <a href="/wiki/Germans" title="Germans">Germans</a> and Germanization of the areas populated by <a href="/wiki/Slavs" title="Slavs">Slavic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Balts" title="Balts">Baltic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Uralic_languages" title="Uralic languages">Uralic</a> peoples; the most settled area was known as <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Germania_Slavica" title="Germania Slavica">Germania Slavica</a></i></span>. Germanization efforts included eastern parts of <a href="/wiki/Francia" title="Francia">Francia</a>, <a href="/wiki/East_Francia" title="East Francia">East Francia</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a> and beyond; and the consequences for settlement development and social structures in the areas of settlement. Other regions were also settled, though not as heavily. The <i>Ostsiedlung</i> encompassed multiple modern and historical regions, primarily <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> east of the <a href="/wiki/Saale" title="Saale">Saale</a> and <a href="/wiki/Elbe" title="Elbe">Elbe</a> rivers, the states of <a href="/wiki/Lower_Austria" title="Lower Austria">Lower Austria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Styria" title="Styria">Styria</a> in <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a>, but also in other parts of <a href="/wiki/Central_and_Eastern_Europe" title="Central and Eastern Europe">Central and Eastern Europe</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Murray2017_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Murray2017-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Berend2017_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Berend2017-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The majority of <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Ostsiedlung</i></span> settlers moved individually, in independent efforts, in multiple stages and on different routes. Many settlers were encouraged and invited by the local princes and regional lords,<sup id="cite_ref-Liulevicius2010_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Liulevicius2010-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESzabo20089_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESzabo20089-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who sometimes even expelled part of the indigenous populations to make room for German settlers.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Smaller groups of migrants first moved to the east during the early Middle Ages. Larger treks of settlers, which included scholars, monks, missionaries, craftsmen and artisans, often invited, in numbers unverifiable, first moved eastwards during the mid-12th century. The military territorial conquests and punitive expeditions of the <a href="/wiki/Ottonian_dynasty" title="Ottonian dynasty">Ottonian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Salian_dynasty" title="Salian dynasty">Salian</a> emperors during the 11th and 12th centuries do not form part of the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Ostsiedlung</i></span>, as these actions didn't result in any noteworthy settlement establishment east of the Elbe and Saale rivers. The <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Ostsiedlung</i></span> is considered to have been a purely Medieval event as it ended in the beginning of the 14th century. The legal, cultural, linguistic, religious and economic changes caused by the movement had a profound influence on the history of Eastern Central Europe between the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Carpathian_Mountains" title="Carpathian Mountains">Carpathians</a> until the 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartlett199814_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartlett199814-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESzabo200810_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESzabo200810-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-sze_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sze-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 20th century, accounts of the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Ostsiedlung</i></span> were heavily exploited by <a href="/wiki/German_nationalists" class="mw-redirect" title="German nationalists">German nationalists</a> (including the <a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazi movement</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to press the territorial claims of Germany and to demonstrate supposed German superiority over non-Germanic peoples, whose cultural, urban and scientific achievements in that era were undermined, rejected, or presented as German.<sup id="cite_ref-Men_1450_page_2_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Men_1450_page_2-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (December 2022)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-Many_Devices_page_654,_655_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Many_Devices_page_654,_655-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> (1914–1918), the fact that <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">Germany</a> and <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria</a> lost part of their territories in the East appeared as a counterpoint to <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Ostsiedlung</i></span> because some of the Germans in the East became foreign citizens when their homes were no longer part of Germany and Austria. The Germans in the East outside Germany and Austria were partially forced to leave and the regions that Germany and Austria lost in the East were dominated by non-German peoples, so the German loss here was not as severe as after <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. </p><p>In and after World War II (1944–1950), <a href="/wiki/Flight_and_expulsion_of_Germans_(1944%E2%80%931950)#Following_Germany's_defeat" title="Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–1950)">Germans were driven out and deported</a> to rump Germany from the East and their language and culture were lost in most areas (including the <a href="/wiki/Former_eastern_territories_of_Germany" title="Former eastern territories of Germany">German-dominated lands which Germany lost after this war</a>) in which German people had settled during the Ostsiedlung; except part of Eastern Austria and especially Eastern Germany. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_medieval_Central_Europe">Early medieval Central Europe</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ostsiedlung&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early medieval Central Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the 4th and 5th centuries, in what is known as the <a href="/wiki/Migration_Period" title="Migration Period">Migration Period</a>, Germanic peoples seized control of the decaying <a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Roman Empire</a> in the South and established new kingdoms within it. Meanwhile, formerly Germanic areas in <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a> and present-day Eastern Germany, were settled by <a href="/wiki/Early_Slavs" title="Early Slavs">Slavs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMinahan2000288–289_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMinahan2000288–289-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Under_Carolingian_rule">Under Carolingian rule</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ostsiedlung&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Under Carolingian rule"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Limes.saxoniae.wmt.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Limes.saxoniae.wmt.png/220px-Limes.saxoniae.wmt.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Limes.saxoniae.wmt.png/330px-Limes.saxoniae.wmt.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Limes.saxoniae.wmt.png/440px-Limes.saxoniae.wmt.png 2x" data-file-width="795" data-file-height="515" /></a><figcaption>The <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Limes_Saxoniae" title="Limes Saxoniae">Limes Saxoniae</a></i></span> border between the <a href="/wiki/Saxons" title="Saxons">Saxons</a> and the Slavic <a href="/wiki/Obotrites" title="Obotrites">Obotrites</a>, established about 810</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:843-870_Europe.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/843-870_Europe.jpg/220px-843-870_Europe.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/843-870_Europe.jpg/330px-843-870_Europe.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/843-870_Europe.jpg/440px-843-870_Europe.jpg 2x" data-file-width="513" data-file-height="430" /></a><figcaption>The division of the <a href="/wiki/Carolingian_Empire" title="Carolingian Empire">Carolingian Empire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Verdun" title="Treaty of Verdun">Treaty of Verdun</a>, 843</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Europe" title="History of Europe">History of Europe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic peoples</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germania_Slavica" title="Germania Slavica">Germania Slavica</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Slavs" title="Slavs">Slavs</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a>, ruler of the <a href="/wiki/Carolingian_Empire" title="Carolingian Empire">Carolingian Empire</a> of <a href="/wiki/Francia" title="Francia">Francia</a>, which was founded by <a href="/wiki/Franks" title="Franks">Franks</a> (a <a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic</a> people), under whom most of Western and Central continental Europe had been united during the 8th and 9th centuries, created numerous border territories, so called <a href="/wiki/March_(territorial_entity)" class="mw-redirect" title="March (territorial entity)">marches</a> (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Marken</i>), where a substantial portion of the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Ostsiedlung</i></span> would later take place.<sup id="cite_ref-Fried2016_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fried2016-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lepage2015_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lepage2015-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The territories (from north to south): </p> <ul><li>the <a href="/wiki/Danish_March" title="Danish March">Danish March</a> (south of the <a href="/wiki/Danevirke" title="Danevirke">Danevirke</a> fortifications, between the <a href="/wiki/Eider_(river)" title="Eider (river)">Eider</a> and <a href="/wiki/Schlei" title="Schlei">Schlei</a>), against the <a href="/wiki/Danes_(Germanic_tribe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Danes (Germanic tribe)">Danes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jutes" title="Jutes">Jutes</a><sup id="cite_ref-Logan2012_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Logan2012-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/Saxon_Eastern_March" title="Saxon Eastern March">Saxon Eastern March</a> or Nordalbingen March between the Eider and <a href="/wiki/Elbe" title="Elbe">Elbe</a> in what is now <a href="/wiki/Holstein" title="Holstein">Holstein</a> against the Obotrites</li> <li>the Thuringian or <a href="/wiki/Sorbian_March" title="Sorbian March">Sorbian March</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Saale" title="Saale">Saale</a>, against the <a href="/wiki/Sorbs" title="Sorbs">Sorbs</a> dwelling behind the <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Limes_(Roman_Empire)" title="Limes (Roman Empire)">limes</a> sorabicus</i></span></li> <li>the Franconian march in what is now <a href="/wiki/Upper_Franconia" title="Upper Franconia">Upper Franconia</a>, against the <a href="/wiki/Czechs" title="Czechs">Czechs</a></li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/Avar_March" title="Avar March">Avar March</a> between the <a href="/wiki/Enns_(river)" title="Enns (river)">Enns</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Vienna_Woods" title="Vienna Woods">Vienna Woods</a> (the later <a href="/wiki/Margraviate_of_Austria" title="Margraviate of Austria">Austrian March</a>), against the <a href="/wiki/Pannonian_Avars" title="Pannonian Avars">Avars</a><sup id="cite_ref-PearsonCook1999_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PearsonCook1999-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/March_of_Pannonia" title="March of Pannonia">March of Pannonia</a> east of <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a> (divided into <i>Upper</i> and <i>Lower</i>)</li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/Carantania" title="Carantania">Carantanian</a> march</li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/Friuli" title="Friuli">Friulian</a> march</li></ul> <p>This was the earliest recorded and planned "eastern policy" under Charlemagne, who wanted to protect the eastern border of the Frankish Empire, and also wanted to solidify his position in the east by declaring war on the <a href="/wiki/Obotrites" title="Obotrites">Obotrites</a> and <a href="/wiki/Veleti" title="Veleti">Wilzes</a> in the North, as well as on the <a href="/wiki/Sorbs" title="Sorbs">Sorbs</a> (east of Thuringia) and Czech tribal princes. However, since the goal wasn't to establish an ethnic and linguistic boundary between the <a href="/wiki/Slavs" title="Slavs">Slavs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic</a> tribes, Slavic settlement continued in <a href="/wiki/Thuringia" title="Thuringia">Thuringia</a> and Northern Bavaria, with individual Slavs even making it to the <a href="/wiki/Rhine_basin" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhine basin">Rhine Basin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The tribes that populated these marches were generally unreliable allies of the Empire, and successor kings led numerous, yet not always successful, military campaigns to maintain their authority. </p><p>In 843, the <a href="/wiki/Carolingian_Empire" title="Carolingian Empire">Carolingian Empire</a> was partitioned into three independent kingdoms as a result of dissent among Charlemagne's three grandsons over the continuation of the custom of <a href="/wiki/Partible_inheritance" title="Partible inheritance">partible inheritance</a> or the introduction of <a href="/wiki/Primogeniture" title="Primogeniture">primogeniture</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="East_Francia_and_Holy_Roman_Empire">East Francia and Holy Roman Empire</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ostsiedlung&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: East Francia and Holy Roman Empire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Louis_the_German" title="Louis the German">Louis the German</a> inherited the eastern territories, <a href="/wiki/East_Francia" title="East Francia">East Francia</a>, that included all lands east of the Rhine river and to the north of Italy, which roughly corresponded with the territories of the German <a href="/wiki/Stem_duchies" class="mw-redirect" title="Stem duchies">stem duchies</a>, that formed a federation under the first king <a href="/wiki/Henry_the_Fowler" title="Henry the Fowler">Henry the Fowler</a> (919 to 936).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchulman2002325–27_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchulman2002325–27-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Slavs living within the reach of <a href="/wiki/East_Francia" title="East Francia">East Francia</a> (since 962 C.E. the Holy Roman Empire), collectively called <a href="/wiki/Wends" title="Wends">Wends</a> or "Elbe Slavs", seldom formed larger political entities. They rather constituted various small tribes, settling as far west as to a line from the Eastern <a href="/wiki/Alps" title="Alps">Alps</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bohemia" title="Bohemia">Bohemia</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Saale" title="Saale">Saale</a> and <a href="/wiki/Elbe" title="Elbe">Elbe</a> rivers. As the East Frankish kingdom expanded, various Wendish tribes, that were conquered or allied with the Eastern Franks, such as the <a href="/wiki/Obotrites" title="Obotrites">Obotrites</a>, aided the Franks in defeating the West Germanic <a href="/wiki/Saxons" title="Saxons">Saxons</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-GreerLewis1992_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GreerLewis1992-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Carolingian tradition of setting up <a href="/wiki/March_(territorial_entity)" class="mw-redirect" title="March (territorial entity)">marches</a> at the periphery of the empire would be continued by the East Frankish and Holy Roman Empire's kings during the 11th and 12th centuries. </p><p>Under the rule of King <a href="/wiki/Louis_the_German" title="Louis the German">Louis the German</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arnulf_of_Carinthia" title="Arnulf of Carinthia">Arnulf of Carinthia</a>, the first groups of civilian <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a> settlers were led by <a href="/wiki/Franks" title="Franks">Franks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bavarii" class="mw-redirect" title="Bavarii">Bavarii</a> to the lands of <a href="/wiki/Pannonia" title="Pannonia">Pannonia</a> (present-day <a href="/wiki/Burgenland" title="Burgenland">Burgenland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a>). </p><p>In a series of punitive actions, large territories in the northeast between the <a href="/wiki/Elbe" title="Elbe">Elbe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saale" title="Saale">Saale</a>, <a href="/wiki/Naab" title="Naab">Naab</a> rivers in the west and the <a href="/wiki/Oder" title="Oder">Oder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bober" class="mw-redirect" title="Bober">Bober</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kwisa" title="Kwisa">Kwisa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vltava" title="Vltava">Vltava</a> rivers in the east were conquered (see also: <a href="/wiki/Battle_on_the_Raxa" title="Battle on the Raxa">Battle on the Raxa</a>), and border <a href="/wiki/March_(territorial_entity)" class="mw-redirect" title="March (territorial entity)">marches</a> were established in these areas. Fortifications were occupied and new castles built, reinforced by military units to exert military control and collect tributes. No civilian settlers occupied these lands. Christianization was limited to the establishment of mission dioceses such as <a href="/wiki/Prince-bishopric_of_L%C3%BCbeck" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince-bishopric of Lübeck">Lübeck</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prince-Bishopric_of_Brandenburg" title="Prince-Bishopric of Brandenburg">Brandenburg</a> or <a href="/wiki/Bishopric_of_Havelberg" title="Bishopric of Havelberg">Havelberg</a>. The development of a <a href="/wiki/Parish_church" title="Parish church">parish church</a> system only took place after the settlement of German colonists, beginning in the 2nd half of the 12th century. Control over areas that had already been conquered was repeatedly lost. The Slavic revolt of 983 and an uprising of the Obotrites in 1066 had particularly serious consequences.<sup id="cite_ref-Reuter2014_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reuter2014-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Basilevsky2016_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Basilevsky2016-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Slavic_revolt_of_983">Slavic revolt of 983</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ostsiedlung&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Slavic revolt of 983"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Slavic_revolt_of_983" title="Slavic revolt of 983">Slavic revolt of 983</a></div> <p>In 983, the <a href="/wiki/Polabian_Slavs" title="Polabian Slavs">Polabian Slavs</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Billung_March" title="Billung March">Billung</a> and <a href="/wiki/Northern_March" title="Northern March">Northern Marches</a>, stretching from the Elbe river to the Baltic Sea succeeded in a rebellion against the political rule and Christian mission of the recently established <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a>. In spite of their new-won independence, the <a href="/wiki/Obotrites" title="Obotrites">Obotrites</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rani_(Slavic_tribe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rani (Slavic tribe)">Rani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Veleti" title="Veleti">Liutizian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hevelli" title="Hevelli">Hevelli</a> tribes were soon faced with internal struggles and warfare as well as raids from the newly constituted and expanding <a href="/wiki/Piast_dynasty" title="Piast dynasty">Piast dynasty</a> (the early <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Polish</a>) state from the east, <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a> from the north and the Empire from the west, eager to reestablish her marches. The area remained under rule of the Polabian tribes and uncolonized and unchristianized into the 12th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Fritze1984_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fritze1984-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eastern_marches_of_East_Francia_and_Holy_Roman_Empire">Eastern marches of East Francia and Holy Roman Empire</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ostsiedlung&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Eastern marches of East Francia and Holy Roman Empire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The territories (from north to south): </p> <ul><li>the <a href="/wiki/Billung_March" title="Billung March">Billung March</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a>, stretching approximately from <a href="/wiki/Groswin" title="Groswin">Groswin</a> to <a href="/wiki/Schleswig" class="mw-redirect" title="Schleswig">Schleswig</a></li> <li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Marca_Geronis" title="Marca Geronis">Marca Geronis</a></i></span> (<i>march of Gero</i>), a precursor of the <a href="/wiki/Saxon_Eastern_March" title="Saxon Eastern March">Saxon Eastern March</a>, later divided into smaller marches (the <a href="/wiki/Northern_March" title="Northern March">Northern March</a>, which later was reestablished as <a href="/wiki/Margraviate_of_Brandenburg" title="Margraviate of Brandenburg">Margraviate of Brandenburg</a>; the <a href="/wiki/March_of_Lusatia" title="March of Lusatia">March of Lusatia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Margravate_of_Meissen" title="Margravate of Meissen">Margravate of Meissen</a> in what is now <a href="/wiki/Saxony" title="Saxony">Saxony</a>; the <a href="/wiki/March_of_Zeitz" title="March of Zeitz">March of Zeitz</a>; the <a href="/wiki/March_of_Merseburg" title="March of Merseburg">March of Merseburg</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Milceni" title="Milceni">Milzener March</a> around <a href="/wiki/Bautzen" title="Bautzen">Bautzen</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margraviate_of_Austria" title="Margraviate of Austria">Austrian March</a> (<i><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">marcha Orientalis</i></span></i>, the "Eastern March" or "Bavarian Eastern March" (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Ostmark</i>) in what is now <a href="/wiki/Lower_Austria" title="Lower Austria">lower Austria</a>)</li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/Carantania" title="Carantania">Carantania</a> or <a href="/wiki/March_of_Styria" title="March of Styria">March of Styria</a></li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/Mark_an_der_Drau" title="Mark an der Drau">Drau March</a> (<a href="/wiki/Maribor" title="Maribor">Maribor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ptuj" title="Ptuj">Ptuj</a>)</li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/Mark_an_der_Sann" title="Mark an der Sann">Sann March</a> (<a href="/wiki/Celje" title="Celje">Celje</a>)</li> <li>the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Krain</i></span> or <a href="/wiki/Carniola" title="Carniola">Carniola</a> march, also <a href="/wiki/Windic_March" title="Windic March">Windic March</a> and <a href="/wiki/White_Carniola" title="White Carniola">White Carniola</a> (<i>White March</i>), in what is now <a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Eastern_Saxon_Marches">Eastern Saxon Marches</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ostsiedlung&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Eastern Saxon Marches"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Sorbian_March" title="Sorbian March">Sorbian March</a> east of the <a href="/wiki/Saale" title="Saale">Saale</a> river was established in the 9th century. King <a href="/wiki/Otto_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Otto I">Otto I</a> designated a larger area – the Saxon Eastern March – in 937, that encompassed the territory between the <a href="/wiki/Elbe" title="Elbe">Elbe</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Oder" title="Oder">Oder</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Peene" title="Peene">Peene</a> rivers. Governed by Margrave <a href="/wiki/Gero_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Gero I">Gero</a>, it is also referred to as <a href="/wiki/Marca_Geronis" title="Marca Geronis">Marca Geronis</a>. After Gero's death in 965, the march was divided in smaller sectors: <a href="/wiki/Northern_March" title="Northern March">Northern March</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lusatian_March" class="mw-redirect" title="Lusatian March">Lusatian March</a>, <a href="/wiki/Margraviate_of_Meissen" class="mw-redirect" title="Margraviate of Meissen">Margraviate of Meissen</a>, and <a href="/wiki/March_of_Zeitz" title="March of Zeitz">March of Zeitz</a>. The march was populated by various <a href="/wiki/West_Slavs" title="West Slavs">West Slavic</a> tribes, the largest being <a href="/wiki/Polabian_Slavs" title="Polabian Slavs">Polabian Slavs</a> tribes in the north and <a href="/wiki/Sorbs" title="Sorbs">Sorbian</a> tribes in the south. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Margravate_of_Meissen" title="Margravate of Meissen">Margravate of Meissen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Transylvania" title="Transylvania">Transylvania</a> were populated by German settlers, beginning in the 12th century. From the end of the 12th century onwards, monasteries and cities were established in Pomerania, Brandenburg, Silesia, Bohemia, Moravia and eastern Austria. In the Baltics, the <a href="/wiki/Teutonic_Order" title="Teutonic Order">Teutonic Order</a> founded a <a href="/wiki/State_of_the_Teutonic_Order" title="State of the Teutonic Order">crusader state</a> in the beginning of the 13th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Thompson1962_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thompson1962-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-sze_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sze-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Northeastern_Germany_and_Holstein">Northeastern Germany and Holstein</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ostsiedlung&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Northeastern Germany and Holstein"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Ostsiedlung_in_Pomerania" title="Ostsiedlung in Pomerania">Ostsiedlung in Pomerania</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:West-Slavic_peoples_until_1125.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/West-Slavic_peoples_until_1125.jpg/220px-West-Slavic_peoples_until_1125.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="299" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/West-Slavic_peoples_until_1125.jpg/330px-West-Slavic_peoples_until_1125.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/West-Slavic_peoples_until_1125.jpg/440px-West-Slavic_peoples_until_1125.jpg 2x" data-file-width="943" data-file-height="1280" /></a><figcaption>West-Slavic peoples in Europe until 1125 (yellow borders). <a href="/wiki/Old_Prussians" title="Old Prussians">Prussia</a> (identified as <i>Pruzzia</i>) has not been a Slavic, but <a href="/wiki/Balts" title="Balts">Baltic</a> land.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Background">Background</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ostsiedlung&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Wendish_Crusade" title="Wendish Crusade">Wendish Crusade</a></div> <p>A call for a crusade against the Wends in 1108, probably coming from a <i>Flemish clerk in the circles of the <a href="/wiki/Archbishopric_of_Magdeburg" title="Archbishopric of Magdeburg">archbishop of Magdeburg</a></i>, which included the prospect of profitable land gains for new settlers, had no noticeable effect and resulted in neither a military campaign nor a movement of settlers into the area.<sup id="cite_ref-Fonnesberg-Schmidt2007_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fonnesberg-Schmidt2007-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Curta2019_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Curta2019-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although the first settlers had already arrived in 1124, being mostly of <a href="/wiki/Flemish_people" title="Flemish people">Flemish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dutch_people" title="Dutch people">Dutch</a> origin, they settled south of the <a href="/wiki/Eider_(river)" title="Eider (river)">Eider</a> river, followed by the conquest of the land of the <a href="/wiki/Wagri" title="Wagri">Wagri</a> in 1139, the founding of <a href="/wiki/L%C3%BCbeck" title="Lübeck">Lübeck</a> in 1143 and the call by <a href="/wiki/Adolf_II_of_Holstein" title="Adolf II of Holstein">Count Adolf II of Schauenburg</a> to settle in Eastern <a href="/wiki/Holstein" title="Holstein">Holstein</a>, and Pomerania in the same year.<sup id="cite_ref-Dollinger1999_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dollinger1999-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Klapste2011_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Klapste2011-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Weakened by ongoing internal conflicts and constant warfare, the independent Wendish territories finally lost the capacity to provide effective military resistance. From 1119 to 1123, <a href="/wiki/Pomerania" title="Pomerania">Pomerania</a> invaded and subdued the northeastern parts of the <a href="/wiki/Lutici" title="Lutici">Lutici</a> lands. In 1124 and 1128, <a href="/wiki/Wartislaw_I,_Duke_of_Pomerania" title="Wartislaw I, Duke of Pomerania">Wartislaw I, Duke of Pomerania</a>, at that time a vassal of Poland, invited bishop <a href="/wiki/Otto_of_Bamberg" title="Otto of Bamberg">Otto of Bamberg</a> to Christianize the Pomeranians and Liutizians of his duchy.<sup id="cite_ref-Herbordus2007_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Herbordus2007-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kantzow1816_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kantzow1816-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1147, as a campaign of the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Crusades" title="Northern Crusades">Northern Crusades</a>, the Wendish Crusade was mounted in the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Saxony" title="Duchy of Saxony">Duchy of Saxony</a> to retake the marches lost in 983. The crusaders also headed for Pomeranian <a href="/wiki/Demmin" title="Demmin">Demmin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Szczecin" title="Szczecin">Szczecin</a>, despite these areas having already been successfully Christianized. The Crusade caused widespread devastation and slaughter.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Settlement">Settlement</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ostsiedlung&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Settlement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This created ideal conditions for German settlement, some of the most prominent supporters of settlement included <a href="/wiki/William,_Margrave_of_Meissen" title="William, Margrave of Meissen">William IV</a> who had purchased small amounts of land on the frontier of Pomerania, and <a href="/wiki/Wichmann_von_Seeburg" title="Wichmann von Seeburg">Wichmann von Seeburg</a>. In 1152 the large numbers of <a href="/wiki/Flemish_people" title="Flemish people">Flemish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dutch_People" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch People">Dutch</a> people were introduced to the unoccupied and uncultivated <a href="/wiki/Marshlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Marshlands">marshlands</a> just east of <a href="/wiki/Magdeburg" title="Magdeburg">Magdeburg</a> near the <a href="/wiki/Havel" title="Havel">Havel</a>. They founded the cities of <a href="/wiki/Rabenstein" title="Rabenstein">Fläming</a> and <a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCterbog" title="Jüterbog">Jüterbog</a>. <a href="/wiki/Henry_the_Lion" title="Henry the Lion">Henry the Lion</a> also settled Mecklenburg with a large number of Flemish people. With the formation of the <a href="/wiki/Hanseatic_League" title="Hanseatic League">Hanseatic League</a>, which allowed further German settlement in coastal towns due to it being the dominant trade republic in the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic</a> and <a href="/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North</a> seas.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the Wendish crusade, <a href="/wiki/Albert_the_Bear" title="Albert the Bear">Albert the Bear</a> was able to establish and expand the <a href="/wiki/Margraviate_of_Brandenburg" title="Margraviate of Brandenburg">Margraviate of Brandenburg</a> in 1157 on approximately the territory of the former <a href="/wiki/Northern_March" title="Northern March">Northern March</a>, which since 983 had been controlled by the <a href="/wiki/Hevelli" title="Hevelli">Hevelli</a> and Lutici tribes. The <a href="/wiki/Bishopric_of_Havelberg" title="Bishopric of Havelberg">Bishopric of Havelberg</a>, that had been occupied by revolting Lutici tribes was reestablished to Christianize the Wends.<sup id="cite_ref-Bagiński1946_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bagiński1946-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1164, after Saxon duke <a href="/wiki/Henry_the_Lion" title="Henry the Lion">Henry the Lion</a> finally defeated rebellious Obotrites and Pomeranian dukes in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Verchen" title="Battle of Verchen">Battle of Verchen</a>. The <a href="/wiki/List_of_Pomeranian_duchies_and_dukes" title="List of Pomeranian duchies and dukes">Pomeranian duchies of Demmin and Stettin</a> became Saxon fiefs, as well as the Obodrite territories, which became <a href="/wiki/Mecklenburg" title="Mecklenburg">Mecklenburg</a>, named after the Obotrites residential capital, <a href="/wiki/Mecklenburg_Castle" title="Mecklenburg Castle">Mecklenburg Castle</a>. After Henry the Lion lost his internal struggle with Emperor <a href="/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor">Frederick I</a>, Mecklenburg and Pomerania became fiefs of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a> in 1181,<sup id="cite_ref-Fuhrmann1986_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fuhrmann1986-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although the latter briefly as it passed under Danish suzerainty in 1185, and then under Imperial again only in the 13th century. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bohemia">Bohemia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ostsiedlung&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Bohemia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Background_2">Background</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ostsiedlung&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Ostsiedlung" title="Special:EditPage/Ostsiedlung">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Ostsiedlung%22">"Ostsiedlung"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Ostsiedlung%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Ostsiedlung%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Ostsiedlung%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Ostsiedlung%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Ostsiedlung%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>German influence in Bohemia began when Duke <a href="/wiki/Spytihn%C4%9Bv_I,_Duke_of_Bohemia" title="Spytihněv I, Duke of Bohemia">Spytihněv I</a> freed himself from Moravian vassalage and instead paid homage to the <a href="/wiki/East_Francia" title="East Francia">East Frankish</a> King <a href="/wiki/Arnulf_of_Carinthia" title="Arnulf of Carinthia">Arnulf of Carinthia</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Diet_(Holy_Roman_Empire)" title="Imperial Diet (Holy Roman Empire)">Imperial Diet</a> (<i>Reichstag</i>) in <a href="/wiki/Regensburg" title="Regensburg">Regensburg</a> in 895.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 973, when the <a href="/wiki/Bishopric_of_Prague" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishopric of Prague">Bishopric of Prague</a> was created, it was made subject to the <a href="/wiki/Archbishopric_of_Mainz" class="mw-redirect" title="Archbishopric of Mainz">Archbishopric of Mainz</a>, which increased German influence. In the 11th century, <a href="/wiki/Bretislav_I" title="Bretislav I">Bretislav I</a> led a campaign against Poland, reconquering Silesia<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and transferring the relics of <a href="/wiki/Saint_Adalbert_of_Prague" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Adalbert of Prague">Saint Adalbert</a> to Prague, hoping to have Prague elevated to archbishopric status. This resulted in a military conflict with the German King <a href="/wiki/Henry_III,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Henry III, Holy Roman Emperor">Henry III</a>, and in the end, Bretislav had to renounce his conquests in Poland and recognize Henry as his sovereign.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After this, Bohemia remained loyal to Germany because of fears of another invasion, and Polish and Hungarian expansionism to the North and South <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. On the epoch of the <a href="/wiki/War_of_Investiture" class="mw-redirect" title="War of Investiture">war of investiture in Germany</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henry_IV,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor">Henry IV</a> decisively fixed German-Bohemian relationship by playing off the Polish-Bohemian enmity. In 1080 Vratislav I, fighting under the banner of the Emperor, captured the golden lance of the papal counter-king, <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_of_Rheinfelden" title="Rudolf of Rheinfelden">Rudolf of Swabia</a>, at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Flarchheim" title="Battle of Flarchheim">battle of Flarchheim</a> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. Bohemia's reward for this loyalty came six years later, in 1086, when Henry IV elevated the Duke to the rank of king.<sup id="cite_ref-FG_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FG-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Settlement_2">Settlement</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ostsiedlung&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Settlement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>All of this laid the perfect conditions for German settlement and dominance of Bohemia <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. German settlers, mainly traders, miners, farmers and monks. The trade fairs of Prague attracted many merchants from all over Europe, with many including the Germans settling in Prague, and even making up almost a quarter of all people in Prague <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. Bretislav II granted them important privileges, notably the right of self-government under magistrates of their own election, and the right of living under German law.<sup id="cite_ref-FG_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FG-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the late <a href="/wiki/12th_century" title="12th century">12th</a> and early <a href="/wiki/13th_century" title="13th century">13th century</a>, German settlement of the mountainous borderland (Known as the <i><a href="/wiki/Sudetenland" title="Sudetenland">Sudetenland</a></i>) began <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. It was caused by the successful settlement of modern day <a href="/wiki/Northeastern_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Northeastern Germany">Northeastern Germany</a>. The mountainous area settled first was the <a href="/wiki/Egerland" title="Egerland">Eger Valley</a>, partially due to its southern edges coming under the control of <a href="/wiki/Diepold_III,_Margrave_of_Vohburg" title="Diepold III, Margrave of Vohburg">Diepold III</a> who was an ally of Holy Roman Emperor <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Barbarossa" title="Frederick Barbarossa">Frederick Barbarossa</a>. Furthermore, the <a href="/wiki/Waldsassen_Abbey" title="Waldsassen Abbey">Monastery of Waldsassen</a> owned extensive land in the Eger Valley. The first German villages were Penerit and Neudorf, both founded in 1196. <a href="/wiki/Bavarians" title="Bavarians">Bavarians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Austrians" title="Austrians">Austrians</a> settled the southern edge, <a href="/wiki/East_Franks" class="mw-redirect" title="East Franks">East Franks</a> the middle edge, and <a href="/wiki/Saxons" title="Saxons">Saxon miners</a> the northern edge, notably the <a href="/wiki/Ore_Mountains" title="Ore Mountains">Erzgebirge</a>. Unlike in <a href="/wiki/Mecklenburg" title="Mecklenburg">Mecklenburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pomerania" title="Pomerania">Pomerania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brandenburg" title="Brandenburg">Brandenburg</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Silesia" title="Silesia">Silesia</a>, the German settlement was not as heavy, nor were many Czechs assimilated like in Eastern Germany. As German influence grew, with greater numbers of Settlers arriving each year, <a href="/wiki/Sob%C4%9Bslav_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Soběslav II">Soběslav II</a> felt it was necessary to protect the Czechs from Germany, asking <a href="/wiki/Henry_II,_Duke_of_Austria" title="Henry II, Duke of Austria">Henry II, Duke of Austria</a> to renounce his claims to certain Bohemian lands, this was refused, and in the war that followed he was defeated. This made Soběslavs successors <a href="/wiki/Frederick,_Duke_of_Bohemia" title="Frederick, Duke of Bohemia">Frederick</a> and <a href="/wiki/Conrad_II,_Duke_of_Bohemia" title="Conrad II, Duke of Bohemia">Conrad II</a> ruling during a period of unrest. This allowed for greater settlement during the 13th century, where even many Czech towns received so many German settlers they were practically Germanized and became majority Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-JT_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JT-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to the German influence on the nobility, many castles and villages names were Germanized, such as <a href="/wiki/Zv%C3%ADkov_Castle" title="Zvíkov Castle">Zvíkov Castle</a> to <i>Burg Klingenberg</i>. Under the reign of <a href="/wiki/Vladislaus_II_of_Moravia" title="Vladislaus II of Moravia">Vladislaus II</a>, various military orders, the most prominent of which, the <a href="/wiki/Knights_Hospitaller" title="Knights Hospitaller">Knights Hospitaller</a>, were even allowed to bring German settlers into Bohemian land and settle them <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. During this time, German settlers were exempt from the local <a href="/wiki/%C5%BDupan" title="Župan">Župan</a> Laws, which included various duties such as the upkeep of local infrastructure. In 1219, <a href="/wiki/Litom%C4%9B%C5%99ice" title="Litoměřice">Litoměřice</a> (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Leitmeritz</i>), was the first German town to be given the privileges of the <a href="/wiki/Magdeburg_rights" title="Magdeburg rights">Magdeburg Laws</a> in Bohemia.<sup id="cite_ref-FB_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FB-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the 13th-14th century, as much as 1 out of every 6th German settlers was going to Bohemia, while this is lower than in <a href="/wiki/Upper_Saxony" title="Upper Saxony">Upper Saxony</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lusatia" title="Lusatia">Lusatia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lower_Silesia" title="Lower Silesia">Lower Silesia</a>, It's still a substantial number.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="End">End</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ostsiedlung&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: End"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Eventually, during the late 14th and early 15th centuries' settlement slowed down, due to numerous factors such as the <a href="/wiki/Black_Death" title="Black Death">Black Plague in Germany</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Hussite_Wars" title="Hussite Wars">Hussite Wars</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prussia_and_the_Baltics">Prussia and the Baltics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ostsiedlung&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Prussia and the Baltics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Germans" title="Baltic Germans">Baltic Germans</a> and <a href="/wiki/State_of_the_Teutonic_Order" title="State of the Teutonic Order">State of the Teutonic Order</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Teutonic_Order_1410.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Teutonic_Order_1410.png/220px-Teutonic_Order_1410.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Teutonic_Order_1410.png/330px-Teutonic_Order_1410.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Teutonic_Order_1410.png/440px-Teutonic_Order_1410.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1043" /></a><figcaption>Lands of the <a href="/wiki/Teutonic_Order" title="Teutonic Order">Teutonic Order</a> in 1410</figcaption></figure> <p>The Teutonic State was formed in the aftermath of the <a href="/wiki/Livonian_Crusade" title="Livonian Crusade">Livonian Crusade</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prussian_Crusade" title="Prussian Crusade">Prussian Crusade</a> and in general the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Crusades" title="Northern Crusades">Northern Crusades</a> in the territories of <a href="/wiki/Prussia_(region)" title="Prussia (region)">Prussia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pomerelia" title="Pomerelia">Pomerelia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Livonia" title="Livonia">Livonia</a>. It was established on February 2, 1207<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as a principality of the Holy Roman Empire<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and proclaimed by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_III" title="Pope Innocent III">Pope Innocent III</a> in 1215 as a subject to the <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Teutonic State established a comprehensive administrative structure, and modernized the old traditional tribal structure of the region. An integral part of the Order other than converting <a href="/wiki/Slavic_paganism" title="Slavic paganism">Pagans</a> to <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> was also to encourage Germans to settle the sparsely populated area. Most German settlers primarily went to urban cities, such as <a href="/wiki/Graudenz" class="mw-redirect" title="Graudenz">Graudenz</a> (Grudziądz), <a href="/wiki/Elbing" class="mw-redirect" title="Elbing">Elbing</a> (Elbląg), and <a href="/wiki/Riga" title="Riga">Riga</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The settlers also established numerous rural settlements, known as <i>Vorwerke</i> in <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">German</a>. Most of the settlers came from the <a href="/wiki/Rhineland" title="Rhineland">Rhineland</a> region. The Teutonic Order established numerous Castles, and other holdings near populated places such as <a href="/wiki/Kaliningrad" title="Kaliningrad">Kaliningrad</a> to consolidate the conquered lands. While East Prussia was heavily settled and Germanized, Livonia still had a very small German population, because there were no attempts to settle inland. The Germans in Livonia were mainly employees of the Teutonic Order there for administrative purposes, or merchants of the Hanseatic League who settled coastal towns.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hungary">Hungary</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ostsiedlung&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Hungary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While Hungary was never conquered by the Holy Roman Empire and was never in focus of German settlement, it still had a sizeable German population. During the 11th century, <a href="/wiki/Stephen_I_of_Hungary" title="Stephen I of Hungary">Stephen I of Hungary</a> invited German <a href="/wiki/Priest" title="Priest">priests</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abbot" title="Abbot">abbots</a>, and churchmen to found monasteries and promote the conversion of Hungary. Eventually these Germans' descendants started to fill other occupations, becoming <a href="/wiki/Merchant" title="Merchant">merchants</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clerk" title="Clerk">clerks</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Farmer" title="Farmer">farmers</a>, etc. and were granted the status of free peasants. In 1149, <a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9za_II_of_Hungary" title="Géza II of Hungary">Géza II</a> invited German settlers to Southern Transylvania. Written records call them "Flamands", "Teutons", and "Latins". The term "Saxons" appeared in 1206, and became the official term for local Germans in 1231. The term represented legal status rather than nationality. The <a href="/wiki/Transylvanian_Saxons" title="Transylvanian Saxons">Transylvanian Saxons</a> have diverse origins, their pottery, art, and liturgy were not uniform. In the 12th and 13th centuries, more Germans arrived in Hungary, living in dispersed villages known as <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=K%C3%B6nigsboden&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Königsboden (page does not exist)">Königsboden</a> </i><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6nigsboden" class="extiw" title="de:Königsboden">de</a>]</span>. By the mid-13th century, their importance in trade (especially in <a href="/wiki/Pozsony" class="mw-redirect" title="Pozsony">Pozsony</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pest,_Hungary" title="Pest, Hungary">Pest</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nagyszombat" class="mw-redirect" title="Nagyszombat">Nagyszombat</a>) and gold and silver mining (especially in <a href="/wiki/Beszterce" class="mw-redirect" title="Beszterce">Beszterce</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rodna" title="Rodna">Radna</a>) grew significant. </p><p>When Stephen I married <a href="/wiki/Gisela_of_Hungary" title="Gisela of Hungary">Gisela of Bavaria</a>, many German knights came to Hungary, joining its military. They were often rewarded with large estates and entry into the nobility.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESzende2019362_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESzende2019362-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1224, <a href="/wiki/Andrew_II_of_Hungary" title="Andrew II of Hungary">Andrew II</a> signed a charter laying out the duties and rights of the Germans in the kingdom. The king defined their duties such as the payment of tax, military service, and housing of the king and his officials. In exchange, they were able to elect their priests and officials independently and their merchants were exempt from customs duties. Their markets were also not taxed. No outsider was allowed to receive villages or estates in German land where only the monarch and the <a href="/wiki/Count_of_Hermannstadt" title="Count of Hermannstadt">Count of Hermannstadt</a> had jurisdiction.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Social_and_demographic_background">Social and demographic background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ostsiedlung&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Social and demographic background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Political and military events were greatly influenced by a massive population increase throughout Europe in the High Middle Ages. From the 11th to the 13th centuries, the population in the kingdom of Germany increased from about four to twelve million inhabitants.<sup id="cite_ref-Brzechczyn2009_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brzechczyn2009-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FulbrookFulbrook2004_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FulbrookFulbrook2004-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During this time, the High Medieval <a href="/wiki/Landesausbau" title="Landesausbau">Landesausbau</a> (inland settlement) took place, when arable land was largely expanded at the expense of forested areas. Although new land was won and numerous settlements created, demands could not be absorbed.<sup id="cite_ref-Rösener1992_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rösener1992-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another factor was a surplus of offspring of the nobility who were not entitled to inheritance, but after the success of the first crusade, took their chances of acquiring new lands in the peripheral regions of the Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-sze_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sze-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartlett1998147_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartlett1998147-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is no doubt that there were "rather numerous German settlers" in Eastern Central who were responsible for bringing German law in the earliest stages of the colonization. Other settlers included Walloons, Jews, Dutch, Flemish, and later Poles, especially in the territory of modern Ukraine.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The migration of the <a href="/wiki/Walser" class="mw-redirect" title="Walser">Walser</a> in the territory of present-day <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a> to areas that had formerly been inhabited by <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Romans</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Walser" class="mw-redirect" title="Walser">Walser</a> settlers left their homes in <a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Valais" class="mw-redirect" title="Canton of Valais">Valais</a> and founded villages in the uplands of the Alp valleys (in the north of Italy and in the <a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Grisons" class="mw-redirect" title="Canton of Grisons">Grisons</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Technical_and_agricultural_development">Technical and agricultural development</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ostsiedlung&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Technical and agricultural development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Warm_Period" title="Medieval Warm Period">Medieval Warm Period</a>, which began in the 11th century resulted in higher average temperatures in Central Europe. Additional technical progress in agriculture, for example through the construction of mills, Three-field farming and increased cultivation of grain (graining) led to general population increase. </p><p>The new settlers not only brought their customs and language with them, but also new technical skills and equipment that were adapted within a few decades, especially in agriculture and crafts.<sup id="cite_ref-NagySeb?k1999_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NagySeb?k1999-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These included: </p><p>The amount of cultivated land increased as large forested areas were cleared. The extent of land increase differed by region. In Silesia it had doubled (16% of the total area) by the beginning of the 11th century, 30% in the 16th century and the highest increase rates in the 14th century, the total area of arable land increased seven – to twentyfold in many Silesian regions during the <i>Ostsiedlung</i>. </p><p>Parallel to agricultural innovations new forms of farm layout and settlement structuring (division and classification of land) were introduced. Farmland was divided into <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Hufen</i></span></i>, (English <a href="/wiki/Hide_(unit)" title="Hide (unit)">hides</a>) and larger villages replaced the previously dominant type of small villages consisting of four to eight farms as <i>a complete transformation of the previous settlement structure</i> occurred. The cultural landscape of East Central Europe formed by the medieval settlement processes essentially prevails until today. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dutch_settlers_and_hydraulic_engineering">Dutch settlers and hydraulic engineering</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ostsiedlung&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Dutch settlers and hydraulic engineering"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Flemish and Dutch settlers were among the first to immigrate to Mecklenburg at the beginning of the 12th century. In the following years, they moved further east to Pomerania and Silesia and in the south to Hungary, motivated by the lack of settlement areas in their already largely developed home areas and several flood disasters and famines.<sup id="cite_ref-Bünz2008_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bünz2008-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Experienced and skilled hydraulic engineers, they were in high demand at the settlements of the as yet undeveloped areas east of the Elbe. The land was drained by creating a network-like structure of smaller drainage ditches that drained the water in main ditches. Roads connecting the settlers' individual farms ran along these main trenches. </p><p>Dutch settlers were recruited by the local rulers in large numbers, especially during the second half of the 12th century. In 1159/60, for example, Albert the Bear granted Dutch settlers the right to take possession of former Slavic settlements. The preacher <a href="/wiki/Helmold" title="Helmold">Helmold</a> of Bosau reported on this in his Slavic chronicle: <i>"Finally, when the Slavs were gradually dispersing, he (Albrecht) sent to Utrecht and the Rhine region, and also to those who live by the ocean, who under the power of the sea had suffered, the Dutch, Zealanders and Flemings, where he attracted a lot of people and let them live in the castles and villages of the Slavs."</i><sup id="cite_ref-Bünz2008_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bünz2008-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Agricultural_implements">Agricultural implements</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ostsiedlung&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Agricultural implements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Three_Field_System.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Three_Field_System.svg/200px-Three_Field_System.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Three_Field_System.svg/300px-Three_Field_System.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Three_Field_System.svg/400px-Three_Field_System.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Three-field system with <a href="/wiki/Ridge_and_furrow" title="Ridge and furrow">ridge and furrow</a> fields (furlongs)</figcaption></figure> <p>The Slavs used ploughs and agricultural implements before the arrival of German settlers. The oldest meaningful reference to this can be found in a Slavic chronicle, in which the use of a plough as an areal measurement is mentioned. Although heavier and useful ploughs were brought by the settlers.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartlett1998184_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartlett1998184-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 12th and 13th century documents, the <a href="/wiki/Ard_(plough)" title="Ard (plough)">Ard</a> without a mouldboard is mentioned. It tear opens the soil and spreads the soil to both sides without turning it. It is therefore particularly suitable for light and sandy subsoil. In the mid 13th century, the <a href="/wiki/Three-field_system" title="Three-field system">Three-field system</a> was introduced east of the Elbe. This new cultivation method required the use of the heavy mouldboard plough that digs up the earth deeply and turns it around in a single operation.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The different modes of operation of the two devices also had an impact on the shape and size of the cultivation areas. The fields worked with the ard had about the same field length and width and a square base. Long fields with a rectangular base were much more suitable for the mouldboard plough, as the heavy implements had to be turned less often. Planting and cultivation of oats and rye was promoted, and soon these cereals became the most important type of grain. Farmers who used mouldboard ploughs were required to pay double tax fees.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartlett1998187_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartlett1998187-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pottery">Pottery</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ostsiedlung&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Pottery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Potters were among the first group of artisans who also settled in the rural areas. Typical Slavic ceramics were the Flat-bottom vessels. With the influx of western settlers, new vessel shapes such as the rounded jar were introduced, inclusive hard-fired processes, that improved ceramics quality. This type of ceramics, known as <i>Hard Grayware</i>, became widespread east of the Elbe by the end of the 12th century. It was manufactured extensively in Pomerania by the 13th century, when more advanced manufacturing methods, such as the tunnel kiln, enabled the mass production of ceramic household goods. The demand for household goods such as pots, jugs, jugs and bowls, which had previously been made of wood, increased steadily and promoted the development of new sales markets. </p><p>During the 13th century, glazed ceramics were introduced and the import of stoneware increased. The transfer of technology and knowledge affected the way of life of old and new settlers in a variety of ways and, in addition to innovations in agriculture and handicrafts, also included other areas, such as weapons technology, documents and coins.<sup id="cite_ref-BiermannMangelsdorf2005_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BiermannMangelsdorf2005-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Architecture">Architecture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ostsiedlung&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Architecture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Schoena_Heimatstube_im_Umgebindehaus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Schoena_Heimatstube_im_Umgebindehaus.jpg/170px-Schoena_Heimatstube_im_Umgebindehaus.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Schoena_Heimatstube_im_Umgebindehaus.jpg/255px-Schoena_Heimatstube_im_Umgebindehaus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Schoena_Heimatstube_im_Umgebindehaus.jpg/340px-Schoena_Heimatstube_im_Umgebindehaus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>Timber-framed house in <a href="/wiki/Reinhardtsdorf-Sch%C3%B6na" title="Reinhardtsdorf-Schöna">Schöna</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The Slavic population (Sorbs), who lived east of the Elbe, primarily built log houses, which had proven suitable for the regional climates and wood was plentiful in the continental regions. The German settlers, mainly from Franconia and Thuringia, who advanced into the area in the 13th century, brought with them the half-timbering style, which was already known to the Germanic peoples, as a wood-saving, solid and stable construction method, that allowed multi-storey buildings. A combination of the two construction methods was difficult because the horizontally stacked wood of the log room expands differently in height than the vertical posts of the framework. The result was the new type of half-timbered house with a timber frame around the ground floor block, capable to support a second floor, which was made of half-timber. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Population_and_settlement">Population and settlement</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ostsiedlung&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Population and settlement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bev%C3%B6lkerung_Mitteleuropas_um_895.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Bev%C3%B6lkerung_Mitteleuropas_um_895.jpg/320px-Bev%C3%B6lkerung_Mitteleuropas_um_895.jpg" decoding="async" width="320" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Bev%C3%B6lkerung_Mitteleuropas_um_895.jpg/480px-Bev%C3%B6lkerung_Mitteleuropas_um_895.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Bev%C3%B6lkerung_Mitteleuropas_um_895.jpg/640px-Bev%C3%B6lkerung_Mitteleuropas_um_895.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3375" data-file-height="1908" /></a><figcaption>German eastward expansion 895–1400</figcaption></figure> <p>The <i>Ostsiedlung</i> followed an immediate rapid <a href="/wiki/Population_growth" title="Population growth">population growth</a> throughout <a href="/wiki/Central_and_Eastern_Europe" title="Central and Eastern Europe">Central and Eastern Europe</a>. During the 12th and 13th centuries, the <a href="/wiki/Population_density" title="Population density">population density</a> increased considerably. The increase was due to the influx of settlers on the one hand and an increase in slavic populations after the settlement on the other hand. Settlement was the primary reason for the increase e.g. in the areas east of the <a href="/wiki/Oder" title="Oder">Oder</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Pomerania" title="Duchy of Pomerania">Duchy of Pomerania</a>, western <a href="/wiki/Greater_Poland" title="Greater Poland">Greater Poland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Silesia" title="Silesia">Silesia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moravia" title="Moravia">Moravia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prussia_(region)" title="Prussia (region)">Prussia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Transylvania" title="Transylvania">Transylvania</a>, while in the larger part of Central and Eastern Europe indigenous populations were responsible for the growth. Author Piskorski wrote that <i>"insofar as it is possible to draw conclusions from the less than rich medieval source material, it appears that at least in some East Central European territories the population increased significantly. It is however possible to contest to what extent this was a direct result of migration and how far it was due to increased agricultural productivity and the gathering pace of urbanization."</i><sup id="cite_ref-Pis2008_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pis2008-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In contrast to <a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western Europe</a>, this increased population was largely spared by the 14th-century <a href="/wiki/Black_Death" title="Black Death">Black Death</a> <a href="/wiki/Pandemic" title="Pandemic">pandemic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-TrossbachZimmermann2006_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TrossbachZimmermann2006-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With the German settlers new systems of <a href="/wiki/Taxation" class="mw-redirect" title="Taxation">taxation</a> arrived. While the existing Wendish <a href="/wiki/Tithe" title="Tithe">tithe</a> was a fixed tax depending on village size, the German tithe depended on the actual crop yield. Thus higher taxes were collected from the settlers than from the Wends, although settlers were partly exempted from tax payments during the first years after settlement establishment.<sup id="cite_ref-NagySeb?k1999_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NagySeb?k1999-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-sze_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sze-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Urban_development_and_city_foundations">Urban development and city foundations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ostsiedlung&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Urban development and city foundations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/German_town_law" title="German town law">German town law</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:354px;max-width:354px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader">Examples of <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Ostsiedlung</i></span> towns</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:352px;max-width:352px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Poznan_Braun_Hohenberg.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Poznan_Braun_Hohenberg.jpg/350px-Poznan_Braun_Hohenberg.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Poznan_Braun_Hohenberg.jpg/525px-Poznan_Braun_Hohenberg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Poznan_Braun_Hohenberg.jpg/700px-Poznan_Braun_Hohenberg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5000" data-file-height="2168" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Pozna%C5%84" title="Poznań">Poznań</a> (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Posen</i>), an example of an <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Ostsiedlung</i></span> town attached to a preexisting castrum (castle with a suburbium). The castrum was located on the island with the cathedral, the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Ostsiedlung</i></span> town with its rectangular street grid was built on the river's bank.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:352px;max-width:352px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greifswald_im_Mittelalter_(Rekonstruktion_Theodor_Pyl).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Greifswald_im_Mittelalter_%28Rekonstruktion_Theodor_Pyl%29.jpg/350px-Greifswald_im_Mittelalter_%28Rekonstruktion_Theodor_Pyl%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Greifswald_im_Mittelalter_%28Rekonstruktion_Theodor_Pyl%29.jpg/525px-Greifswald_im_Mittelalter_%28Rekonstruktion_Theodor_Pyl%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Greifswald_im_Mittelalter_%28Rekonstruktion_Theodor_Pyl%29.jpg/700px-Greifswald_im_Mittelalter_%28Rekonstruktion_Theodor_Pyl%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2175" data-file-height="950" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Greifswald" title="Greifswald">Greifswald</a> in <a href="/wiki/Pomerania_during_the_High_Middle_Ages" class="mw-redirect" title="Pomerania during the High Middle Ages">medieval Pomerania</a> is an example of an <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Ostsiedlung</i></span> town built in a previously unsettled area.<sup id="cite_ref-Brather156_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brather156-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Locators</i> organized the settlement and set up rectangular blocks in an oval area with a central market.</div></div></div></div></div> <p>The development of <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Germania_Slavica" title="Germania Slavica">Germania Slavica</a></i></span> was also associated with the establishment of towns. There already existed Slavic castle towns, in which merchant quarters formed suburbs at fortified strongholds (grads). Wendish-Scandinavian merchants founded manufacturing and trading settlements (emporia) at the Baltic coast. Large cities included <a href="/wiki/Szczecin" title="Szczecin">Szczecin</a> which reached 9,000 inhabitants, <a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w" title="Kraków">Kraków</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw" title="Wrocław">Wrocław</a>, major cities and centers of power of medieval Poland. However, they experienced substantial growth since the end of the 12th century through new settlers and expansion (<span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">locatio civitatis</i></span>). The foundation of a bishopric, for example in <a href="/wiki/Havelberg" title="Havelberg">Havelberg</a>, would lead to the development of a town, although cities were also founded out of nowhere, such as <a href="/wiki/Neubrandenburg" title="Neubrandenburg">Neubrandenburg</a>. Characteristic of the founding cities are geometrical or rasterized floor plans with main streets, intersecting axes and a central market place. Different settlement phases are reflected in twin cities names such as <i>New town</i> or <i>Old town</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Higounet1990_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Higounet1990-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The towns established during the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Ostsiedlung</i></span> were <i>Free Towns</i> (<span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">civitates liberae</i></span>) or called "New Towns" by its contemporaries. The rapid increase in the number of towns led to an "urbanization of East Central Europe". The new towns differed from their predecessors in: </p> <ul><li>The introduction of <a href="/wiki/German_town_law" title="German town law">German town law</a>, resulting in far-reaching administrative and judicial rights for the towns. The townspeople were personally free, enjoyed far-reaching property rights and were subject to the town's own jurisdiction only. The privileges granted to the towns were copied, sometimes with minor changes, from the legal charters of the (<a href="/wiki/L%C3%BCbeck_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Lübeck Law">Lübeck Law</a> in 33 towns<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> at the southern coast of the Baltic Sea), the <a href="/wiki/Magdeburg_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Magdeburg Law">Magdeburg Law</a> in <a href="/wiki/Margraviate_of_Brandenburg" title="Margraviate of Brandenburg">Brandenburg</a>, areas of modern <a href="/wiki/Saxony" title="Saxony">Saxony</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lusatia" title="Lusatia">Lusatia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Silesia" title="Silesia">Silesia</a>, northern <a href="/wiki/Bohemia" title="Bohemia">Bohemia</a>, northern <a href="/wiki/Moravia" title="Moravia">Moravia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Teutonic_Order_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Teutonic Order state">Teutonic Order state</a>, the Nuremberg Law in southwestern Bohemia, the Brünn Law (Brno) in Moravia, based on the charter of <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a>), the Iglau Law (Jihlava) in Bohemian and Moravian mining areas.<sup id="cite_ref-Brather155_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brather155-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Besides these basic town laws, several adapted town charters.<sup id="cite_ref-Brather155_76-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brather155-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The introduction of permanent markets. As previously, markets were held only periodically, townspeople were now free to trade and marketplaces became a central feature of the new towns.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchich2007217_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchich2007217-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Layout: The new towns were <a href="/wiki/Planned_community" title="Planned community">planned towns</a> as their layout was usually rectangular.<sup id="cite_ref-Brather156_72-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brather156-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="City_laws_and_grants">City laws and grants</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ostsiedlung&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: City laws and grants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The granting of city rights played an important role in attracting German settlers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartlett1998326_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartlett1998326-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The town charter privileged the new residents and existing suburban settlements with a market were given formal town charter and then rebuilt or expanded. Even small settlements inhabited by native people would eventually be granted these new rights. Regardless of existing suburban settlements, locators were commissioned to establish completely new cities, as the goal was to attract as many people as possible in order to create new, flourishing population centers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartlett1998320_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartlett1998320-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchich2007218_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchich2007218-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Expansion_of_the_German_city_laws">Expansion of the German city laws</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ostsiedlung&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Expansion of the German city laws"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Among the many different German city laws, the <a href="/wiki/Magdeburg_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Magdeburg law">Magdeburg law</a> and the <a href="/wiki/L%C3%BCbeck_law" title="Lübeck law">Lübeck law</a> played the greatest role in the new settlements as they served, often in more or less modified form, as models for most cities. Other city rights that were of regional importance include the Nuremberg law, the Mecklenburg law and the Iglau law. The Lübeck law of 1188 served in the 13th and 14th centuries as the model for around 100 cities in the entire Baltic Sea trading area. Around 350,000 people lived under Lübeck law in the early 15th century. The Magdeburg law, which has its origins in the privileges granted by Archbishop <a href="/wiki/Wichmann_von_Seeburg" title="Wichmann von Seeburg">Wichmann of Magdeburg</a>, first spread into Brandenburg, Saxony and Lusatia. Laws based on the Magdeburg model (for example the <a href="/wiki/Che%C5%82mno_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Chełmno rights">Kulm/Chełmno law</a> and <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Aroda_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Środa law">Neumarkt/Środa law</a>) were introduced in Poland, including Silesia, the State of the Teutonic Order, Bohemia and Moravia and beyond. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religious_changes">Religious changes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ostsiedlung&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Religious changes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Garcaeus_marienkirche.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Garcaeus_marienkirche.jpg/220px-Garcaeus_marienkirche.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Garcaeus_marienkirche.jpg/330px-Garcaeus_marienkirche.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/eb/Garcaeus_marienkirche.jpg 2x" data-file-width="408" data-file-height="316" /></a><figcaption><i>St. Mary of Brandenburg</i>, built on top of the pagan <i>Triglav</i> sanctuary, by Zacharias Garcaeus, 1588</figcaption></figure> <p>The pagan Wends had been the target of Christianization attempts before the beginning of the Ostsiedlung, since the government of emperor Otto I and the establishment of dioceses east of the Elbe. The Slav uprising of 983 put an end to these efforts for almost 200 years. In contrast to the Czechs and Poles who had been Christianized before the turn of the millennium, the conversion attempts of the Elbe Slavs were initially accompanied by violence. The arrival of new settlers from around 1150 on led to a civil Christianization of the areas between the Elbe and Oder. The new settlers first built wooden and later field stone parish churches in their villages. Some places of worship, such as the St. Mary in Brandenburg, and the <a href="/wiki/Lehnin_Abbey" title="Lehnin Abbey">Lehnin Abbey</a>, were built on pagan shrines. The <a href="/wiki/Cistercians" title="Cistercians">Cistercians</a>, who had been assigned a prominent role by church authorities, combined the spread of faith and settlement development. Their monasteries with extensive international connections played a vital role in the development of the communities.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Settlers">Settlers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ostsiedlung&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Settlers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sachsenspiegel-Ostsiedlung.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Sachsenspiegel-Ostsiedlung.jpg/200px-Sachsenspiegel-Ostsiedlung.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Sachsenspiegel-Ostsiedlung.jpg/300px-Sachsenspiegel-Ostsiedlung.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Sachsenspiegel-Ostsiedlung.jpg/400px-Sachsenspiegel-Ostsiedlung.jpg 2x" data-file-width="909" data-file-height="740" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sachsenspiegel" title="Sachsenspiegel">Sachsenspiegel</a> depicting the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Ostsiedlung</i></span>. A <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Lokator</i></span> receives the foundation charter from the landlord and acts as village judge. Settlers clear forests and build houses.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Deutsche_Siedlungsgebiete_in_Osteuropa_1925.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Deutsche_Siedlungsgebiete_in_Osteuropa_1925.jpg/220px-Deutsche_Siedlungsgebiete_in_Osteuropa_1925.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Deutsche_Siedlungsgebiete_in_Osteuropa_1925.jpg/330px-Deutsche_Siedlungsgebiete_in_Osteuropa_1925.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Deutsche_Siedlungsgebiete_in_Osteuropa_1925.jpg/440px-Deutsche_Siedlungsgebiete_in_Osteuropa_1925.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1989" data-file-height="1610" /></a><figcaption>Ethnic Germans in Central/Eastern Europe, 1925</figcaption></figure> <p>The majority of the settlers were Germans of the Holy Roman Empire. Significant numbers of <a href="/wiki/Dutch_people" title="Dutch people">Dutch</a> settlers participated, particularly in the early <a href="/wiki/12th_century" title="12th century">12th century</a> in the area surrounding the Middle Elbe River.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To a lesser extent Danes, <a href="/wiki/Scottish_people" title="Scottish people">Scots</a> or local <a href="/wiki/Wends" title="Wends">Wends</a> and (French-speaking) Walloons participated as well. Among the settlers were landless children of noble families who could not inherit property.<sup id="cite_ref-gün_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gün-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Besides the marches, adjacent to the Empire, Germans settled in areas farther east, such as the <a href="/wiki/Carpathian_Mountains" title="Carpathian Mountains">Carpathians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Transylvania" title="Transylvania">Transylvania</a>, and along the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Riga" title="Gulf of Riga">Gulf of Riga</a>. Settlers were invited by local secular rulers, such as dukes, counts, margraves, princes and (only in a few cases due to the weakening central power) the king. The sovereigns in East Central Europe owned large territories, of which only small portions were arable, which generated very little income.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartlett1998147_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartlett1998147-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The lords offered considerable privileges to new settlers from the Empire. Starting in the border marks, the princes invited people from the Empire by granting them land ownership and improved legal status, binding duties and the inheritance of the farm. The landowners eventually benefited from these rather generous conditions for the farmers, and generated income from the land that had previously been fallow.<sup id="cite_ref-gün_83-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gün-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most sovereigns transferred the specific recruitment of settlers, the distribution of the land and the establishment of the settlements to so-called <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Lokator" title="Lokator">Lokators</a></i></span> (allocator of land). These men, who usually came from the lower nobility or the urban bourgeoisie, organized the settlement trains, that included advertising, equipment and transport, land clearing and preparation of the settlements. <i>Locator contracts</i> settled rights and obligations of the locators and the new settlers.<sup id="cite_ref-Higounet1990_74-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Higounet1990-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartlett1998148_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartlett1998148-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Towns were founded and granted <a href="/wiki/German_town_law" title="German town law">German town law</a>. The agricultural, legal, administrative, and technical methods of the immigrants, as well as their successful Christianization of the native inhabitants, led to a gradual transformation of the settlement areas, as Slavic communities adopted German culture.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> German cultural and linguistic influence lasted in some of these areas right up to the present day.<sup id="cite_ref-Murray2017_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Murray2017-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the mid 14th century, the migration process slowed considerably as a result of the <a href="/wiki/Black_Death" title="Black Death">Black Death</a>. The population probably decreased by that time and economically marginal settlements were left, in particular at the coast of Pomerania and Western Prussia. Only a century later, local Slavic leaders of <a href="/wiki/Pomerania" title="Pomerania">Pomerania</a>, Western Prussia and <a href="/wiki/Silesia" title="Silesia">Silesia</a> invited German settlers again.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESzabo200811_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESzabo200811-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Assimilation">Assimilation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ostsiedlung&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Assimilation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Settlement was the pretext for assimilation processes that lasted centuries. Assimilation occurred in both directions – depending on the region and the majority population, Slavic and German settlers mutually assimilated each other. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Germans">Germans</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ostsiedlung&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Germans"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GermanHamletsSince15th.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/GermanHamletsSince15th.jpg/220px-GermanHamletsSince15th.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/GermanHamletsSince15th.jpg/330px-GermanHamletsSince15th.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/GermanHamletsSince15th.jpg/440px-GermanHamletsSince15th.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2797" data-file-height="2095" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Polish_Subcarpathia" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish Subcarpathia">Subcarpathian</a> (<i><span title="Polish-language text"><i lang="pl"><a href="/wiki/Ma%C5%82opolska" class="mw-redirect" title="Małopolska">Małopolska</a></i></span></i>) Germans in the 15th century</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Polonization" title="Polonization">Polonization</a> process of German settlers in <a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w" title="Kraków">Kraków</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pozna%C5%84" title="Poznań">Poznań</a> lasted about two centuries. The community could only continue its isolated position with a continuation of newcomers from German lands. The <a href="/wiki/Sorbs" title="Sorbs">Sorbs</a> also assimilated German settlers, yet at the same time, small Sorbic communities were themselves assimilated by the surrounding German-speaking population. Many Central and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern European</a> towns developed into multi-ethnic <a href="/wiki/Melting_pot" title="Melting pot">melting pots</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESzabo200812_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESzabo200812-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Treatment,_involvement_and_traces_of_the_Wends"><span id="Treatment.2C_involvement_and_traces_of_the_Wends"></span>Treatment, involvement and traces of the Wends</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ostsiedlung&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Treatment, involvement and traces of the Wends"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although Slavic population density was generally not very high compared to the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Empire</a> and had, as a result of the extensive warfare during the 10th to 12th centuries, even further declined, some settlement centers maintained their Wendish populations to varying degrees, resisting assimilation for a long time.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESzabo200812_86-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESzabo200812-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the territories of <a href="/wiki/Pomerania" title="Pomerania">Pomerania</a> and <a href="/wiki/Silesia" title="Silesia">Silesia</a>, German migrants did not settle in the old Slavic/Polish villages and set up new ones on grounds allotted to them by the Slavic/Polish dukes and the monastic clergy. In the marches west of the <a href="/wiki/Oder" title="Oder">Oder</a>, the Wends were occasionally driven out and the villages rebuilt by settlers. The new villages would nevertheless keep their former Slavic names. In the case of the village Böbelin in Mecklenburg, the evicted Wendish inhabitants repeatedly invaded their former village, hindering a resettlement.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerbersJaspert2007_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerbersJaspert2007-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Sorbian_March" title="Sorbian March">Sorbian March</a> the situation was again different as the area and in particular Upper <a href="/wiki/Lusatia" title="Lusatia">Lusatia</a> is situated close to <a href="/wiki/Bohemia" title="Bohemia">Bohemia</a>, ruled by a Slavic dynasty, a loyal and powerful duchy of the Empire. In this environment, German feudal lords often cooperated with the Slavic inhabitants. <a href="/wiki/Wiprecht_of_Groitzsch" title="Wiprecht of Groitzsch">Wiprecht of Groitzsch</a>, a prominent figure during the early German migration period only acquired local power through the marriage to a Slavic noblewoman and the support of the Bohemian king. German-Slavic relations were generally good, while relations between Slavic-governed Bohemia and Slavic-governed Poland were marred by constant struggle. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Guttau_-_Hauptstra%C3%9Fe_03_ies.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Guttau_-_Hauptstra%C3%9Fe_03_ies.jpg/220px-Guttau_-_Hauptstra%C3%9Fe_03_ies.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Guttau_-_Hauptstra%C3%9Fe_03_ies.jpg/330px-Guttau_-_Hauptstra%C3%9Fe_03_ies.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Guttau_-_Hauptstra%C3%9Fe_03_ies.jpg/440px-Guttau_-_Hauptstra%C3%9Fe_03_ies.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Bilingual German-<a href="/wiki/Lower_Sorbian_language" title="Lower Sorbian language">Sorbian</a> road signs in <a href="/wiki/Saxony" title="Saxony">Saxony</a>, Germany</figcaption></figure> <p>Discrimination against the Wends was not a part of the general concept of the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Ostsiedlung</i></span>. Rather, the Wends were subject to a low taxation mode and thus not as profitable as new settlers. Even though the majority of the settlers were Germans (<a href="/wiki/Franks" title="Franks">Franks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bavarians" title="Bavarians">Bavarians</a> in the South, and <a href="/wiki/Saxons" title="Saxons">Saxons</a> and <a href="/wiki/Flemings" class="mw-redirect" title="Flemings">Flemings</a> in the North), Wends and other tribes also participated in the settlement. New settlers were not chosen just because of their ethnicity, a concept unknown in the Middle Ages, but because of their manpower and agricultural and technical know-how.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESzabo200812_86-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESzabo200812-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most of the Wends were gradually assimilated. However, in isolated rural areas where Wends constituted a substantial part of the population, they continued their culture. These were the <a href="/wiki/Drevani" title="Drevani">Drevani</a> <a href="/wiki/Polabians_(tribe)" title="Polabians (tribe)">Polabians</a> of the Wendland east of the <a href="/wiki/L%C3%BCneburg_Heath" title="Lüneburg Heath">Lüneburg Heath</a>, the <i>Jabelheide Drevani</i> of southern <a href="/wiki/Mecklenburg" title="Mecklenburg">Mecklenburg</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Slovincians" title="Slovincians">Slovincians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kashubs" class="mw-redirect" title="Kashubs">Kashubs</a> of Eastern <a href="/wiki/Pomerania" title="Pomerania">Pomerania</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Sorbs" title="Sorbs">Sorbs</a> of <a href="/wiki/Lusatia" title="Lusatia">Lusatia</a>. Lusatia was inhabited by a large population of Sorbs until the end of the 19th century as linguistic assimilation occurred in a relatively short time. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Language_exchange">Language exchange</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ostsiedlung&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Language exchange"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Ostsiedlung caused the adoption of loan words, foreign words and loan translations among the German and the Slavic languages. Direct contact between Germans and Slavs caused direct language exchange of language elements due to the bilingualism of people or the spatial proximity of the speakers of the respective language. Remote contact took place during trade travels or political embassies.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The oldest adoption of naming units dates back to <a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic_language" title="Proto-Germanic language">Proto-Germanic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Proto-Slavic" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Slavic">Proto-Slavic</a>. The original Slavic word <span title="Proto-Slavic-language text">*<i lang="sla">kъnędzъ</i></span> can be found in almost all Slavic languages. German was mainly used to convey words in Slavic languages that related to handicraft, politics, agriculture and nutrition. This includes <a href="/wiki/Old_High_German" title="Old High German">Old High German</a> <span title="Old High German (ca. 750-1050)-language text"><i lang="goh">cihla</i></span>, <a href="/wiki/Middle_High_German" title="Middle High German">Middle High German</a> <span title="Middle High German (ca. 1050-1500)-language text"><i lang="gmh">ziegala</i></span>, <span title="Middle High German (ca. 1050-1500)-language text"><i lang="gmh">ziegel</i></span> (brick), that resulted from the sound shift of the Latin <i>tegula</i>. An example of borrowing from Slavic into Germanic usage is the word for <i>border</i>. In Middle High German called <span title="Middle High German (ca. 1050-1500)-language text"><i lang="gmh">Grenize</i></span>, which is a borrowing of the old Czech word <span title="Czech-language text"><i lang="cs">granicĕ</i></span> or the Polish word <span title="Polish-language text"><i lang="pl">granica</i></span>. City names are also affected by language exchange, sound shifting and the <a href="/wiki/Slavic_second_palatalization" title="Slavic second palatalization">Slavic second palatalization</a>. The city of <span title="German-language text"><span lang="de" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Regensburg" title="Regensburg">Regensburg</a></span></span> is called <span title="Czech-language text"><i lang="cs">Řezno</i></span> in Czech and <span title="Proto-Slavic-language text">*<i lang="sla">Rezъno</i></span> in <a href="/wiki/Proto-Slavic" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Slavic">Proto-Slavic</a>. Due to the intensive language contact, idioms were also transmitted. Two examples from Czech and Polish are <span title="Czech-language text"><i lang="cs">na vlastní pěst</i></span> / <span title="Polish-language text"><i lang="pl">na własną rękę</i></span> ('on your own') or <span title="Czech-language text"><i lang="cs">ozbrojený po zuby</i></span> / <span title="Polish-language text"><i lang="pl">uzbrojony po zęby</i></span> ('armed to the teeth'), in Hungarian <span title="Hungarian-language text"><i lang="hu">saját szakállára</i></span> ('one's own beard') and <span title="Hungarian-language text"><i lang="hu">állig felfegyverzett</i></span> ('armed to the chin'), with different wording, but with the same meaning.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="margin: auto; text-align: center; width: 70%;"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Category </th> <th scope="col">English </th> <th scope="col">German </th> <th scope="col">Polish </th> <th scope="col">Czech </th> <th scope="col">Slovakian </th> <th scope="col">Hungarian </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Administration </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Mayor" title="Mayor">mayor</a> </td> <td><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Bürgermeister</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Polish-language text"><i lang="pl">burmistrz</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Czech-language text"><i lang="cs">purkmistr</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Slovak-language text"><i lang="sk">richtár</i></span> / <span title="Slovak-language text"><i lang="sk">burgmajster</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Hungarian-language text"><i lang="hu">polgármester</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Administration </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Margrave" title="Margrave">margrave</a> </td> <td><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Markgraf</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Polish-language text"><i lang="pl">margrabia</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Czech-language text"><i lang="cs">markrabě</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Slovak-language text"><i lang="sk">markgróf</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Hungarian-language text"><i lang="hu">őrgróf</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Craft </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Brick" title="Brick">brick</a> </td> <td><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Ziegel</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Polish-language text"><i lang="pl">cegła</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Czech-language text"><i lang="cs">cihla</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Slovak-language text"><i lang="sk">tehla</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Hungarian-language text"><i lang="hu">tégla</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Food </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Pretzel" title="Pretzel">pretzel</a> </td> <td><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Brezel</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Polish-language text"><i lang="pl">precel</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Czech-language text"><i lang="cs">preclík</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Slovak-language text"><i lang="sk">praclík</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Hungarian-language text"><i lang="hu">perec</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Food </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Cooking_oil" title="Cooking oil">oil</a> </td> <td><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Öl</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Polish-language text"><i lang="pl">olej</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Czech-language text"><i lang="cs">olej</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Slovak-language text"><i lang="sk">olej</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Hungarian-language text"><i lang="hu">olaj</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Agriculture </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Mill_(grinding)" title="Mill (grinding)">mill</a> </td> <td><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Mühle</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Polish-language text"><i lang="pl">młyn</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Czech-language text"><i lang="cs">mlýn</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Slovak-language text"><i lang="sk">mlyn</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Hungarian-language text"><i lang="hu">malom</i></span> (<span title="Hungarian-language text"><i lang="hu">mahlen</i></span>) </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Trade </th> <td>(cart-)load </td> <td><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Fuhre</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Polish-language text"><i lang="pl">fura</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Czech-language text"><i lang="cs">fůra</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Slovak-language text"><i lang="sk">fúra</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Hungarian-language text"><i lang="hu">furik</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Others </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Flute" title="Flute">flute</a> </td> <td><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Flöte</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Polish-language text"><i lang="pl">flet</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Czech-language text"><i lang="cs">flétna</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Slovak-language text"><i lang="sk">flauta</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Hungarian-language text"><i lang="hu">flóta</i></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Names_of_localities_and_settlements">Names of localities and settlements</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ostsiedlung&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Names of localities and settlements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/German_toponymy" title="German toponymy">German toponymy</a></div> <p>As Slavic and Wendish locality names were widely adopted, they represent, in adapted and further developed form, a very high proportion of East German toponyms and place names. These are recognizable at word endings, such as <i>-ow</i> (Germanized <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">-au</i></span>, as in Spandau), <i>-vitz</i> or <i>-witz</i> and sometimes <i>-in</i>. Newly created villages were given German names that ended, for example, with <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">-dorf</i></span> or <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">-hagen</i></span> in the North, and <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">-rode</i></span> or <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">-hain</i></span> in the South. The name of the settler's place of origin (example: Lichtervelde in Flanders) could also become part of the place name. If a German settlement was founded alongside a Wendish settlement, the name of the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Wendendorf</i></span> could also be adopted for the German village, the distinction was then made through additions (for example: <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Klein-</i></span> or <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Wendisch-</i></span> / <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Windisch-</i></span> for Wendendorf, <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Groß-</i></span> or <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Deutsch-</i></span> for German).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchich2007217_77-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchich2007217-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Schwarz189_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schwarz189-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In German-speaking areas most inherited <a href="/wiki/Surnames" class="mw-redirect" title="Surnames">surnames</a> were formed only after the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Ostsiedlung</i></span> period, and many <a href="/wiki/German_family_name_etymology" class="mw-redirect" title="German family name etymology">German surnames</a> are in fact Germanized Wendish placenames.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The former ethnic variety of German (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Deutsch-</i></span>) and Slavic (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Wendisch-</i></span>, <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Böhmisch-</i></span>, <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Polnisch-</i></span>) toponyms was discontinued by the Eastern European republics after World War II. Villages and towns were renamed in Slavic only. Memory of the history of German settlement was no longer appreciated.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Family_Names">Family Names</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ostsiedlung&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Family Names"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It's estimated that approximately 25% of all German family names are of Slavic origin,<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> most of these are Polish. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>For most to least common<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Name</th> <th>Origin and meaning </th></tr> <tr> <td>Nowak</td> <td>Slavic, <i>now-/nov-</i> ‘new’ (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Neu</i>) + <i>-ak</i> means "New settlers" (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Neuansiedler</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Noack</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sorbian_languages" title="Sorbian languages">Sorbian</a>, nowy ‘new’ (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Neu</i>) + <i>-ak</i> means "New settlers" (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Neuansiedler</i>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kretschmer</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Czech_language" title="Czech language">Czech</a>, <i>krčmář</i> means "<a href="/wiki/Publican" title="Publican">Publican</a>" </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mielke</td> <td>Slavic, nickname with <i>mil-</i> "love, dear" (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Lieb, Teuer</i>) + -<i>ek</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Stenzel</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a> nickname <i>Stanisław</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kaminski</td> <td>Polish, settlement name- <i>kamień</i> "Stone" (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Stein</i>) + <i>-ski</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Wieczorek</td> <td>Polish, <i>wieczor</i> "evening" (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Abend</i>) + <i>-ek</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kowalski</td> <td>Polish, settlement name or <i>kowal</i> "Blacksmith" (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Schmied</i>) + <i>-ski</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Grabowski</td> <td>Polish, settlement name + <i>-ski</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Jankowski</td> <td>Polish, settlement or the nickname <i>Janek</i> + <i>-owski</i> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="End_of_migration">End of migration</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ostsiedlung&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: End of migration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There is no clear cause nor a definite end point in time of the Ostsiedlung. However, a slowdown in the settlement movement can be observed after the year 1300 and in the 14th century only a few new settlements with the participation of German-speaking settlers were founded. An explanation for the end of the Ostsiedlung must include various factors without being able to clearly weigh or differentiate between them. The deterioration of the climate from around 1300 as the beginning of the "<a href="/wiki/Little_Ice_Age" title="Little Ice Age">Little Ice Age</a>", the agricultural crisis that began in the mid 14th century. In the wake of the demographic slump caused by the 1347 Plague, profound devastation processes have taken place. If a clear connection could be established here, the end of the <i>Ostsiedlung</i> would be understood as part of the crisis of the 14th century.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Drang_nach_Osten"><i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Drang nach Osten</i></span></i></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ostsiedlung&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Drang nach Osten"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Drang_nach_Osten" title="Drang nach Osten">Drang nach Osten</a></div> <p>In the 19th century, recognition of this complex phenomenon coupled with the rise of <a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">nationalism</a>. This led to a largely unhistoric ethnically inspired nationalist reinterpretation of the medieval process. In Germany and some Slavic countries, most notably Poland, the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Ostsiedlung</i></span> was perceived in nationalist circles as a prelude to contemporary expansionism and Germanization efforts, the slogan used for this perception was <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Drang_nach_Osten" title="Drang nach Osten">Drang nach Osten</a></i></span> (Drive or Push to the East).<sup id="cite_ref-Wippermann1981_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wippermann1981-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote><p>The German settlement processes in Pomerania did not follow any kind of ideology, nor did the other migratory movements. Rather, the German settlement in Pomerania was shaped exclusively by practical requirements...The national historiography that established itself around the middle of the 19th century retrospectively constructed a Slavic-Germanic contrast in the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Ostsiedlung</i></span> process of the High Middle Ages. However, that was the ideology of the 19th century, not the Middle Ages...Settlement was to be "<span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">cuiuscunque gentis et cuiuscunque artis homines</i></span>" ('people of whatever origin and whatever craft') which was recorded in numerous documents issued by Pomeranian dukes and Rügish princes. -Buchholz<sup id="cite_ref-Buchholz2002_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Buchholz2002-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ostsiedlung&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kress_Interfax.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Kress_Interfax.JPG/170px-Kress_Interfax.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Kress_Interfax.JPG/255px-Kress_Interfax.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Kress_Interfax.JPG/340px-Kress_Interfax.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1879" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Viktor_Kress" title="Viktor Kress">Viktor Kress</a>, former governor of the <a href="/wiki/Tomsk_Oblast" title="Tomsk Oblast">Tomsk Oblast</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>, is an ethnic German</figcaption></figure> <p>The 20th century wars and nationalist policies severely altered the ethnic and cultural composition of Central and Eastern Europe. After <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, Germans in <a href="/wiki/Second_Polish_Republic" title="Second Polish Republic">reconstituted Poland</a> were set under pressure to leave the <a href="/wiki/Polish_Corridor" title="Polish Corridor">Polish Corridor</a>, the eastern part of <a href="/wiki/Upper_Silesia" title="Upper Silesia">Upper Silesia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pozna%C5%84" title="Poznań">Poznań</a>. During <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Nazis" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazis">Nazis</a> initiated the <a href="/wiki/Nazi-Soviet_population_transfers" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi-Soviet population transfers">Nazi-Soviet population transfers</a>, wiping out the old settlement areas of the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Germans" title="Baltic Germans">Baltic Germans</a>, the Germans in Bessarabia and others, to resettle them in the future territories in occupied Poland. </p><p>During <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Generalplan_Ost" title="Generalplan Ost">Generalplan Ost</a></i></span> was launched with the aim of extermitating or enslaving Poles and other Slavs,<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> according to the Nazis' <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Lebensraum" title="Lebensraum">Lebensraum</a></i></span> concept. In order to press the territorial claims of Germany and to demonstrate supposed German superiority over non-Germanic peoples, the latter's cultural, urban and scientific achievements in that era were undermined, rejected, or presented as German.<sup id="cite_ref-Men_1450_page_2_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Men_1450_page_2-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Many_Devices_page_654,_655_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Many_Devices_page_654,_655-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While further realization of this mega plan, aiming at a total reconstitution of Central and Eastern Europe as a German colony, was prevented by the war's turn, the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_Poles_by_Nazi_Germany" title="Expulsion of Poles by Nazi Germany">expulsion of 2 million Poles</a> and settlement of <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Volksdeutsche" title="Volksdeutsche">Volksdeutsche</a></i></span> in the annexed territories yet was implied by 1944.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="what does "implied" mean in this context? (July 2024)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Potsdam_Conference" title="Potsdam Conference">Potsdam Conference</a> – the meeting between the leaders of the United States, Great Britain, and the Soviet Union – <a href="/wiki/Potsdam_Agreement" title="Potsdam Agreement">sanctioned</a> the <a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_Germans_from_Czechoslovakia" title="Expulsion of Germans from Czechoslovakia">expulsion of Germans from Czechoslovakia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flight_and_expulsion_of_Germans_from_Poland_during_and_after_World_War_II" title="Flight and expulsion of Germans from Poland during and after World War II">Poland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Germans_of_Hungary#Expulsion" title="Germans of Hungary">Hungary</a>. With the <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a>'s advance and <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a>'s defeat in 1945, the ethnic make-up of Central and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern</a> and <a href="/wiki/East_Central_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="East Central Europe">East Central Europe</a> was radically changed, as nearly all <a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_Germans_after_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Expulsion of Germans after World War II">Germans were expelled</a> not only from all Soviet conquered German settlement areas across Central and Eastern Europe, but also from <a href="/wiki/Former_eastern_territories_of_Germany" title="Former eastern territories of Germany">former territories of the Reich</a> east of the <a href="/wiki/Oder-Neisse_line" class="mw-redirect" title="Oder-Neisse line">Oder-Neisse line</a>, especially the provinces of <a href="/wiki/Silesia" title="Silesia">Silesia</a>, <a href="/wiki/East_Prussia" title="East Prussia">East Prussia</a>, <a href="/wiki/East_Brandenburg" class="mw-redirect" title="East Brandenburg">East Brandenburg</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pomerania" title="Pomerania">Pomerania</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet</a>-established <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of Poland">People's Republic of Poland</a> annexed the majority of the lands, while the northern half of <a href="/wiki/East_Prussia" title="East Prussia">East Prussia</a> was taken by the Soviets, becoming the <a href="/wiki/Kaliningrad_Oblast" title="Kaliningrad Oblast">Kaliningrad Oblast</a>, an exclave of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Russian SFSR</a>. The former German settlement areas were resettled by ethnic citizens of the respective succeeding state (Czechs in the former <a href="/wiki/Sudetenland" title="Sudetenland">Sudetenland</a> and Poles in Silesia and Pomerania). However, some areas that were settled and Germanized in the course of the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Ostsiedlung</i></span> still form the northeastern part of modern Germany, such as the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/States_of_Germany" title="States of Germany">Bundesländer</a></i></span> of <a href="/wiki/Mecklenburg-Vorpommern" title="Mecklenburg-Vorpommern">Mecklenburg-Vorpommern</a>, Brandenburg, <a href="/wiki/Saxony" title="Saxony">Saxony</a> and east of the <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Limes_Saxoniae" title="Limes Saxoniae">limes Saxoniae</a></i></span> in <a href="/wiki/Holstein" title="Holstein">Holstein</a> (part of <a href="/wiki/Schleswig-Holstein" title="Schleswig-Holstein">Schleswig-Holstein</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-exp_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-exp-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The areas that were settled in the Middle Ages and later came to constitute the Eastern provinces of the <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria</a> were inhabited by an estimated 30 million Germans at beginning of 20th century. The westward withdrawal of political boundaries of Germany, first in 1919, but substantially in 1945, was followed by the removal of some 15 million people to resettle within borders of present-day Germany. Only the areas that were settled as far back as the 12th (and partially 13th) century remained German in language and culture and stayed part of post-1945 <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Germany">Eastern Germany</a> and <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-exp_104-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-exp-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Ostsiedlung" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Ostsiedlung">Ostsiedlung</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ostsiedlung&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_assimilation" title="Cultural assimilation">Cultural assimilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_diaspora" title="German diaspora">German diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Czech_lands_under_Habsburg_dynasty&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Czech lands under Habsburg dynasty (page does not exist)">Czech lands under Habsburg dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zipser_Willk%C3%BCr" title="Zipser Willkür">Zipser Willkür</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transylvanian_Saxon_University" title="Transylvanian Saxon University">Transylvanian Saxon University</a></li> <li><i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Drang_nach_Osten" title="Drang nach Osten">Drang nach Osten</a></i></span></i></li> <li><i><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Limes_Saxoniae" title="Limes Saxoniae">Limes Saxoniae</a></i></span></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbarian_invasions" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbarian invasions">Barbarian invasions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wends" title="Wends">Wends</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wendish_Crusade" title="Wendish Crusade">Wendish Crusade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Crusades" title="Northern Crusades">Northern Crusades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_demography" title="Medieval demography">Medieval demography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_exonyms" title="German exonyms">German exonyms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanization" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanization">Germanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanization_of_Poles_during_Partitions" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanization of Poles during Partitions">Germanization of Poles during Partitions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Germans_in_Russia_and_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Germans in Russia and the Soviet Union">History of Germans in Russia and the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_migration" class="mw-redirect" title="Historical migration">Historical migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josephine_colonization" title="Josephine colonization">Josephine colonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_transfer_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Population transfer in the Soviet Union">Population transfer in the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polonization" title="Polonization">Polonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-modern_human_migration" title="Pre-modern human migration">Pre-modern human migration</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ostsiedlung&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The German settlement was preceded in some areas by military conquest and the ejection of the indigenous population. Elsewhere, however, it was the native princes who invited in settlers and even expelled part of the indigenous population to make way for the newcomers."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPalgrave_Macmillan_UK199911_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPalgrave_Macmillan_UK199911-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The Slavonic peoples of Central and Eastern Europe were not ignorant of agriculture, as is sometimes maintained. The Germans, however, plainly understood the principles of cereal exploitation and they probably also introduced to the regions of settlement the 'heavy' plough or Pflug and the system of annual three-field rotation."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPalgrave_Macmillan_UK199912_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPalgrave_Macmillan_UK199912-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The Slavonic peoples of Central and Eastern Europe were not ignorant of agriculture, as is sometimes maintained. The Germans, however, plainly understood the principles of cereal exploitation and they probably also introduced to the regions of settlement the 'heavy' plough or Pflug and the system of annual three-field rotation."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPalgrave_Macmillan_UK199912_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPalgrave_Macmillan_UK199912-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ostsiedlung&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Murray2017-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Murray2017_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Murray2017_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAlan_V._Murray2017" class="citation book cs1">Alan V. Murray (15 May 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KgokDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT23"><i>The North-Eastern Frontiers of Medieval Europe: The Expansion of Latin Christendom in the Baltic Lands</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. pp. 23–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-351-88483-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-351-88483-9"><bdi>978-1-351-88483-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+North-Eastern+Frontiers+of+Medieval+Europe%3A+The+Expansion+of+Latin+Christendom+in+the+Baltic+Lands&rft.pages=23-&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2017-05-15&rft.isbn=978-1-351-88483-9&rft.au=Alan+V.+Murray&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKgokDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOstsiedlung" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Berend2017-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Berend2017_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNora_Berend2017" class="citation book cs1">Nora Berend (15 May 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SgokDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT194"><i>The Expansion of Central Europe in the Middle Ages</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. pp. 194–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-351-89008-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-351-89008-3"><bdi>978-1-351-89008-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Expansion+of+Central+Europe+in+the+Middle+Ages&rft.pages=194-&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2017-05-15&rft.isbn=978-1-351-89008-3&rft.au=Nora+Berend&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSgokDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT194&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOstsiedlung" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Liulevicius2010-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Liulevicius2010_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVejas_Gabriel_Liulevicius2010" class="citation book cs1">Vejas Gabriel Liulevicius (9 December 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=P2mF419R0-kC"><i>The German Myth of the East: 1800 to the Present – p. 1</i></a>. OUP Oxford. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-960516-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-960516-3"><bdi>978-0-19-960516-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+German+Myth+of+the+East%3A+1800+to+the+Present+%E2%80%93+p.+1&rft.pub=OUP+Oxford&rft.date=2010-12-09&rft.isbn=978-0-19-960516-3&rft.au=Vejas+Gabriel+Liulevicius&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DP2mF419R0-kC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOstsiedlung" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.grin.com/document/106527"><i>Ostsiedlung – ein gesamteuropäisches Phänomen</i></a>. GRIN Verlag. 25 May 2002. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-640-04806-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-640-04806-9"><bdi>978-3-640-04806-9</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ostsiedlung+%E2%80%93+ein+gesamteurop%C3%A4isches+Ph%C3%A4nomen&rft.pub=GRIN+Verlag&rft.date=2002-05-25&rft.isbn=978-3-640-04806-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.grin.com%2Fdocument%2F106527&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOstsiedlung" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESzabo20089-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESzabo20089_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSzabo2008">Szabo 2008</a>, p. 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPalgrave_Macmillan_UK199911-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPalgrave_Macmillan_UK199911_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPalgrave_Macmillan_UK1999">Palgrave Macmillan UK 1999</a>, p. 11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartlett199814-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartlett199814_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBartlett1998">Bartlett 1998</a>, p. 14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESzabo200810-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESzabo200810_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSzabo2008">Szabo 2008</a>, p. 10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sze-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sze_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sze_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sze_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sze_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKatalin_Szende" class="citation web cs1">Katalin Szende. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/332981514">"Iure Theutonico ? German settlers and legal frameworks for immigration to Hungary in an East-Central European perspective"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Iure+Theutonico+%3F+German+settlers+and+legal+frameworks+for+immigration+to+Hungary+in+an+East-Central+European+perspective&rft.au=Katalin+Szende&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F332981514&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOstsiedlung" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3SYzAQAAQBAJ"><i>"The Slippery Memory of Men": The Place of Pomerania in the Medieval Kingdom of Poland</i></a> (East Central and Eastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 450–1450), by Paul Milliman. Brill: Leiden, 2013, page 2 – "There is a huge literature on this topic in Polish and German, which was until recently lumped together with a whole host of other topics (including the peaceful settlement in East Central Europe of Germans and other western Europeans, who had been invited by Slavic lords) as the <i>Drang nach Osten</i>. Because of this term's associations with nineteenth-century nationalism and twentieth-century Nazism, it has for the most part been scrapped, only to be replaced by the deceptively benign 'Ostsiedlung' or the even more problematical 'Ostkolonisation[...]' [...]."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Men_1450_page_2-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Men_1450_page_2_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Men_1450_page_2_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">The Slippery Memory of Men (East Central and Eastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 450–1450) by Paul Milliman page 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Many_Devices_page_654,_655-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Many_Devices_page_654,_655_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Many_Devices_page_654,_655_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Jan M. Piskorski: "The historiography of the so-called 'east colonisation' and the current state of research" in: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rbWZAgg9a5EC"><i>The Man of Many Devices, Who Wandered Full Many Ways ...: Festschrift in Honor of Janos M.Bak</i></a> [Hardcover] Balázs Nagy (Editor), Marcell Sebok (Editor) page 654, 655.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TbXKAQAAQBAJ">The Holocaust as Colonial Genocide: Hitler's 'Indian Wars' in the 'Wild East'</a> – page 38; Carroll P. Kakel III – 2013: "Within National Socialist discourse, the Nazis purposefully and skillfully presented their eastern colonization project as a 'continuation of medieval <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Ostkolonisation</i></span> [eastern colonization], celebrated in the language of continuity, legacy, and colonial grandeur".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMinahan2000288–289-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMinahan2000288–289_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMinahan2000">Minahan 2000</a>, pp. 288–289.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fried2016-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fried2016_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohannes_Fried2016" class="citation book cs1">Johannes Fried (10 October 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uJYsDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA193"><i>Charlemagne</i></a>. Harvard University Press. pp. 193–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-73739-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-73739-6"><bdi>978-0-674-73739-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Charlemagne&rft.pages=193-&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2016-10-10&rft.isbn=978-0-674-73739-6&rft.au=Johannes+Fried&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuJYsDQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA193&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOstsiedlung" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lepage2015-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lepage2015_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJean-Denis_G.G._Lepage2015" class="citation book cs1">Jean-Denis G.G. Lepage (20 May 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=J5CQZK1_NoAC&pg=PA16"><i>Castles and Fortified Cities of Medieval Europe: An Illustrated History</i></a>. McFarland. pp. 16–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-6027-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-6027-4"><bdi>978-0-7864-6027-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Castles+and+Fortified+Cities+of+Medieval+Europe%3A+An+Illustrated+History&rft.pages=16-&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2015-05-20&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-6027-4&rft.au=Jean-Denis+G.G.+Lepage&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJ5CQZK1_NoAC%26pg%3DPA16&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOstsiedlung" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Logan2012-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Logan2012_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFF_Donald_Logan2012" class="citation book cs1">F Donald Logan (2 October 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2Ulp9cTtmHEC&pg=PA71"><i>A History of the Church in the Middle Ages</i></a>. Routledge. pp. 71–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-78669-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-78669-5"><bdi>978-1-134-78669-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Church+in+the+Middle+Ages&rft.pages=71-&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2012-10-02&rft.isbn=978-1-134-78669-5&rft.au=F+Donald+Logan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2Ulp9cTtmHEC%26pg%3DPA71&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOstsiedlung" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PearsonCook1999-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PearsonCook1999_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKathy_Lynne_Roper_PearsonNicholas_Cook1999" class="citation book cs1">Kathy Lynne Roper Pearson; Nicholas Cook (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YC9oAAAAMAAJ"><i>Conflicting Loyalties in Early Medieval Bavaria: A View of Socio-political Interaction, 680-900</i></a>. Ashgate. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-0011-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-0011-4"><bdi>978-0-7546-0011-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Conflicting+Loyalties+in+Early+Medieval+Bavaria%3A+A+View+of+Socio-political+Interaction%2C+680-900&rft.pub=Ashgate&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-7546-0011-4&rft.au=Kathy+Lynne+Roper+Pearson&rft.au=Nicholas+Cook&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYC9oAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOstsiedlung" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLübke2008" class="citation book cs1">Lübke, Christian (2008). <i>The Germans and the East</i>. West Lafayette, Indiana: Purdue University Press. pp. 18–19. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55753-443-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55753-443-9"><bdi>978-1-55753-443-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Germans+and+the+East&rft.place=West+Lafayette%2C+Indiana&rft.pages=18-19&rft.pub=Purdue+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-55753-443-9&rft.aulast=L%C3%BCbke&rft.aufirst=Christian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOstsiedlung" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJenny_Benham" class="citation web cs1">Jenny Benham. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/324932997">"Treaty of Verdun (843)"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Treaty+of+Verdun+%28843%29&rft.au=Jenny+Benham&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F324932997&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOstsiedlung" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchulman2002325–27-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchulman2002325–27_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchulman2002">Schulman 2002</a>, pp. 325–27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GreerLewis1992-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GreerLewis1992_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas_H._GreerGavin_Lewis1992" class="citation book cs1">Thomas H. Greer; Gavin Lewis (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2PgrnNDLwaoC"><i>A Brief History of the Western World</i></a>. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich College Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-15-505552-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-15-505552-0"><bdi>978-0-15-505552-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Brief+History+of+the+Western+World&rft.pub=Harcourt+Brace+Jovanovich+College+Publishers&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-15-505552-0&rft.au=Thomas+H.+Greer&rft.au=Gavin+Lewis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2PgrnNDLwaoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOstsiedlung" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Reuter2014-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Reuter2014_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTimothy_Reuter2014" class="citation book cs1">Timothy Reuter (6 June 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9PrJAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT266"><i>Germany in the Early Middle Ages c. 800-1056</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. pp. 266–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-87238-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-87238-2"><bdi>978-1-317-87238-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Germany+in+the+Early+Middle+Ages+c.+800-1056&rft.pages=266-&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2014-06-06&rft.isbn=978-1-317-87238-2&rft.au=Timothy+Reuter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9PrJAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT266&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOstsiedlung" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Basilevsky2016-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Basilevsky2016_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlexander_Basilevsky2016" class="citation book cs1">Alexander Basilevsky (28 March 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oa_uCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA146"><i>Early Ukraine: A Military and Social History to the Mid-19th Century</i></a>. McFarland. pp. 146–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-9714-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-9714-0"><bdi>978-0-7864-9714-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Early+Ukraine%3A+A+Military+and+Social+History+to+the+Mid-19th+Century&rft.pages=146-&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2016-03-28&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-9714-0&rft.au=Alexander+Basilevsky&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Doa_uCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA146&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOstsiedlung" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fritze1984-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fritze1984_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolfgang_H._Fritze1984" class="citation book cs1">Wolfgang H. Fritze (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lZGBMQAACAAJ"><i>Der slawische Aufstand von 983: eine Schicksalswende in der Geschichte Mitteleuropas</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Der+slawische+Aufstand+von+983%3A+eine+Schicksalswende+in+der+Geschichte+Mitteleuropas&rft.date=1984&rft.au=Wolfgang+H.+Fritze&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlZGBMQAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOstsiedlung" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://medievalelbe.uoregon.edu/events-983">"The Medieval Elbe – Slavs and Germans on the Frontier"</a>. University of Oregon<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Medieval+Elbe+%E2%80%93+Slavs+and+Germans+on+the+Frontier&rft.pub=University+of+Oregon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmedievalelbe.uoregon.edu%2Fevents-983&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOstsiedlung" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Thompson1962-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Thompson1962_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames_Westfall_Thompson1962" class="citation book cs1">James Westfall Thompson (1962). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=04MfAAAAMAAJ"><i>Feudal Germany</i></a>. F. Ungar Publishing Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Feudal+Germany&rft.pub=F.+Ungar+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1962&rft.au=James+Westfall+Thompson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D04MfAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOstsiedlung" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fonnesberg-Schmidt2007-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fonnesberg-Schmidt2007_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIben_Fonnesberg-Schmidt2007" class="citation book cs1">Iben Fonnesberg-Schmidt (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TKCAvDd2JHYC&pg=PA29"><i>The Popes and the Baltic Crusades: 1147–1254</i></a>. BRILL. pp. 29–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-15502-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-15502-2"><bdi>978-90-04-15502-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Popes+and+the+Baltic+Crusades%3A+1147%E2%80%931254&rft.pages=29-&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-90-04-15502-2&rft.au=Iben+Fonnesberg-Schmidt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTKCAvDd2JHYC%26pg%3DPA29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOstsiedlung" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Curta2019-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Curta2019_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlorin_Curta2019" class="citation book cs1">Florin Curta (8 July 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-sqiDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA556"><i>Eastern Europe in the Middle Ages (500-1300) (2 vols)</i></a>. BRILL. pp. 556–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-39519-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-39519-0"><bdi>978-90-04-39519-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eastern+Europe+in+the+Middle+Ages+%28500-1300%29+%282+vols%29&rft.pages=556-&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2019-07-08&rft.isbn=978-90-04-39519-0&rft.au=Florin+Curta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-sqiDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA556&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOstsiedlung" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dollinger1999-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dollinger1999_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhilippe_Dollinger1999" class="citation book cs1">Philippe Dollinger (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UOlQuaYvBu8C&pg=PA379"><i>The German Hansa</i></a>. Psychology Press. pp. 379–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-19073-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-19073-2"><bdi>978-0-415-19073-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+German+Hansa&rft.pages=379-&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-415-19073-2&rft.au=Philippe+Dollinger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUOlQuaYvBu8C%26pg%3DPA379&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOstsiedlung" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Klapste2011-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Klapste2011_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJan_Klapste2011" class="citation book cs1">Jan Klapste (11 November 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9dcyAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA215"><i>The Czech Lands in Medieval Transformation</i></a>. BRILL. pp. 215–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-22646-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-22646-3"><bdi>978-90-04-22646-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Czech+Lands+in+Medieval+Transformation&rft.pages=215-&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2011-11-11&rft.isbn=978-90-04-22646-3&rft.au=Jan+Klapste&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9dcyAQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA215&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOstsiedlung" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Herbordus2007-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Herbordus2007_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEbo_and_Herbordus2007" class="citation book cs1">Ebo and Herbordus (1 June 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0y75aFMLw94C&pg=PA4"><i>The Life of Otto Apostle of Pomerania 1060–1139</i></a>. Cosimo, Inc. pp. 4–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60206-535-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60206-535-2"><bdi>978-1-60206-535-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Life+of+Otto+Apostle+of+Pomerania+1060%E2%80%931139&rft.pages=4-&rft.pub=Cosimo%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2007-06-01&rft.isbn=978-1-60206-535-2&rft.au=Ebo+and+Herbordus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0y75aFMLw94C%26pg%3DPA4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOstsiedlung" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kantzow1816-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kantzow1816_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas_Kantzow1816" class="citation book cs1">Thomas Kantzow (1816). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=frZDAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA1"><i>Pomerania, oder, Ursprunck, Altheit und Geschicht der Völcker und Lande Pomern, Cassuben, Wenden, Stettin, Rhügen in vierzehn Büchern</i></a>. Auf Kosten des Herausgebers, in Commission bey E. Mauritins. pp. 1–.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pomerania%2C+oder%2C+Ursprunck%2C+Altheit+und+Geschicht+der+V%C3%B6lcker+und+Lande+Pomern%2C+Cassuben%2C+Wenden%2C+Stettin%2C+Rh%C3%BCgen+in+vierzehn+B%C3%BCchern&rft.pages=1-&rft.pub=Auf+Kosten+des+Herausgebers%2C+in+Commission+bey+E.+Mauritins&rft.date=1816&rft.au=Thomas+Kantzow&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfrZDAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOstsiedlung" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">* <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarraclough1984" class="citation book cs1">Barraclough, Geoffrey (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RY6VmGuAaCkC"><i>The Origins of Modern Germany</i></a>. Norton Paperback. W.W. Norton. pp. 261–263. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-30153-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-30153-3"><bdi>978-0-393-30153-3</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Origins+of+Modern+Germany&rft.series=Norton+Paperback&rft.pages=261-263&rft.pub=W.W.+Norton&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-393-30153-3&rft.aulast=Barraclough&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRY6VmGuAaCkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOstsiedlung" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarraclough1984" class="citation book cs1">Barraclough, Geoffrey (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RY6VmGuAaCkC"><i>The Origins of Modern Germany</i></a>. Norton Paperback. W.W. Norton. pp. 263–266. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-30153-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-30153-3"><bdi>978-0-393-30153-3</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Origins+of+Modern+Germany&rft.series=Norton+Paperback&rft.pages=263-266&rft.pub=W.W.+Norton&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-393-30153-3&rft.aulast=Barraclough&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRY6VmGuAaCkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOstsiedlung" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bagiński1946-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bagiński1946_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHenryk_Bagiński1946" class="citation book cs1">Henryk Bagiński (1946). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=h3rUAAAAMAAJ"><i>Poland and the Baltic: The Problem of Poland's Access to the Sea</i></a>. Polish Institute for Overseas Problems.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Poland+and+the+Baltic%3A+The+Problem+of+Poland%27s+Access+to+the+Sea&rft.pub=Polish+Institute+for+Overseas+Problems&rft.date=1946&rft.au=Henryk+Bagi%C5%84ski&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dh3rUAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOstsiedlung" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fuhrmann1986-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fuhrmann1986_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHorst_Fuhrmann1986" class="citation book cs1">Horst Fuhrmann (9 October 1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Hlapxde55rAC"><i>Germany in the High Middle Ages: C.1050-1200</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-31980-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-31980-5"><bdi>978-0-521-31980-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Germany+in+the+High+Middle+Ages%3A+C.1050-1200&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1986-10-09&rft.isbn=978-0-521-31980-5&rft.au=Horst+Fuhrmann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHlapxde55rAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOstsiedlung" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThompson1926" class="citation journal cs1">Thompson, James Westfall (March 1926). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4201997">"Medieval German Expansion in Bohemia"</a>. <i>The Slavonic Review</i>. <b>4</b> (12): 613. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4201997">4201997</a> – via JSTOR.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Slavonic+Review&rft.atitle=Medieval+German+Expansion+in+Bohemia&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=613&rft.date=1926-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4201997%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.aufirst=James+Westfall&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4201997&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOstsiedlung" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMahoney2011" class="citation book cs1">Mahoney, William (2011). <i>The History of the Czech Republic and Slovakia</i>. 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Informa UK Limited: 220–225. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F01629778.2021.1872182">10.1080/01629778.2021.1872182</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0162-9778">0162-9778</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:232081010">232081010</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Baltic+Studies&rft.atitle=Making+Livonia%3A+actors+and+networks+in+the+medieval+and+early+modern+Baltic+Sea+region&rft.volume=52&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=220-225&rft.date=2021-01-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A232081010%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0162-9778&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F01629778.2021.1872182&rft.aulast=Selch+Jensen&rft.aufirst=Carsten&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOstsiedlung" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESzende2019362-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESzende2019362_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSzende2019">Szende 2019</a>, p. 362.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerend2017" class="citation book cs1">Berend, Nora (15 May 2017). "Immigrants and Locals in Medieval Hungary: 11th–13th centuries". <i>The Expansion of Central Europe in the Middle Ages</i>. Routledge. pp. 310–313. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9781315239781-12">10.4324/9781315239781-12</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781315239781" title="Special:BookSources/9781315239781"><bdi>9781315239781</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Immigrants+and+Locals+in+Medieval+Hungary%3A+11th%E2%80%9313th+centuries&rft.btitle=The+Expansion+of+Central+Europe+in+the+Middle+Ages&rft.pages=310-313&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2017-05-15&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4324%2F9781315239781-12&rft.isbn=9781315239781&rft.aulast=Berend&rft.aufirst=Nora&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOstsiedlung" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brzechczyn2009-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Brzechczyn2009_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrzysztof_Brzechczyn2009" class="citation book cs1">Krzysztof Brzechczyn (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4i5ZmD9CAgQC&pg=PA235"><i>Idealization XIII: Modeling in History</i></a>. Rodopi. pp. 235–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-420-2831-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-420-2831-9"><bdi>978-90-420-2831-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Idealization+XIII%3A+Modeling+in+History&rft.pages=235-&rft.pub=Rodopi&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-90-420-2831-9&rft.au=Krzysztof+Brzechczyn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4i5ZmD9CAgQC%26pg%3DPA235&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOstsiedlung" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FulbrookFulbrook2004-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FulbrookFulbrook2004_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMary_FulbrookProfessor_of_German_History_Mary_Fulbrook2004" class="citation book cs1">Mary Fulbrook; Professor of German History Mary Fulbrook (19 February 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zFBu8ujJWzkC&pg=PA13"><i>A Concise History of Germany</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 13–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-54071-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-54071-1"><bdi>978-0-521-54071-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Concise+History+of+Germany&rft.pages=13-&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2004-02-19&rft.isbn=978-0-521-54071-1&rft.au=Mary+Fulbrook&rft.au=Professor+of+German+History+Mary+Fulbrook&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzFBu8ujJWzkC%26pg%3DPA13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOstsiedlung" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rösener1992-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rösener1992_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWerner_Rösener1992" class="citation book cs1">Werner Rösener (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=w86ZAAAAIAAJ"><i>Agrarwirtschaft, Agrarverfassung und ländliche Gesellschaft im Mittelalter – p. 17</i></a>. Oldenbourg. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-486-55024-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-486-55024-5"><bdi>978-3-486-55024-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Agrarwirtschaft%2C+Agrarverfassung+und+l%C3%A4ndliche+Gesellschaft+im+Mittelalter+%E2%80%93+p.+17&rft.pub=Oldenbourg&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-3-486-55024-5&rft.au=Werner+R%C3%B6sener&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dw86ZAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOstsiedlung" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartlett1998147-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartlett1998147_58-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartlett1998147_58-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBartlett1998">Bartlett 1998</a>, p. 147.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Germans and the East</i>, Charles W. Ingrao, Franz A. J. Szabo, Jan Piskorski Medieval Colonization in Europe, pages 31-32, Purdue University Press, 2007 "The sources leave no doubt that rather numerous German settlers arrived into many areas of East Central Europe and that particularly in the earliest period of eastern colonization the so-called German law was introduced above all by immigrants from the German lands. This particularly affected the territory between the Elbe and the Oder, Western Pomerania, Prussia, western Poland, the Czech lands (and especially Moravia), Carinthia and Transylvania."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnne-Lise_Head-König2011" class="citation journal cs1">Anne-Lise Head-König (28 April 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.openedition.org/rga/1359">"Migration in the Swiss Alps and Swiss Jura from the Middle Ages to the mid-20th century – Migratory movements and their chronologies, 2"</a>. <i>Journal of Alpine Research | Revue de Géographie Alpine</i> (99–1). Open Edition. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4000%2Frga.1359">10.4000/rga.1359</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Alpine+Research+%26%23124%3B+Revue+de+G%C3%A9ographie+Alpine&rft.atitle=Migration+in+the+Swiss+Alps+and+Swiss+Jura+from+the+Middle+Ages+to+the+mid-20th+century+%E2%80%93+Migratory+movements+and+their+chronologies%2C+2.&rft.issue=99%E2%80%931&rft.date=2011-04-28&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4000%2Frga.1359&rft.au=Anne-Lise+Head-K%C3%B6nig&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.openedition.org%2Frga%2F1359&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOstsiedlung" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NagySeb?k1999-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NagySeb?k1999_61-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NagySeb?k1999_61-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBal_zs_NagyMarcell_Seb?k1999" class="citation book cs1">Bal zs Nagy; Marcell Seb?k (1 January 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rbWZAgg9a5EC"><i>The Man of Many Devices, who Wandered Full Many Ways--: Festschrift in Honour of J nos M. Bak – Piskorski, Jan Maria – "The Historiography of the So-called "East Colonisation" and the Current State of Research" pp. 654–667</i></a>. Central European University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-963-9116-67-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-963-9116-67-2"><bdi>978-963-9116-67-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Man+of+Many+Devices%2C+who+Wandered+Full+Many+Ways--%3A+Festschrift+in+Honour+of+J+nos+M.+Bak+%E2%80%93+Piskorski%2C+Jan+Maria+%E2%80%93+%22The+Historiography+of+the+So-called+%22East+Colonisation%22+and+the+Current+State+of+Research%22+pp.+654%E2%80%93667&rft.pub=Central+European+University+Press&rft.date=1999-01-01&rft.isbn=978-963-9116-67-2&rft.au=Bal+zs+Nagy&rft.au=Marcell+Seb%3Fk&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrbWZAgg9a5EC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOstsiedlung" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bünz2008-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bünz2008_62-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bünz2008_62-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEnno_Bünz2008" class="citation book cs1">Enno Bünz (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=T9g1H7prV00C"><i>Ostsiedlung und Landesausbau in Sachsen: die Kührener Urkunde von 1154 und ihr historisches Umfeld p. 95</i></a>. Leipziger Universitätsverlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-86583-165-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-86583-165-1"><bdi>978-3-86583-165-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ostsiedlung+und+Landesausbau+in+Sachsen%3A+die+K%C3%BChrener+Urkunde+von+1154+und+ihr+historisches+Umfeld+p.+95&rft.pub=Leipziger+Universit%C3%A4tsverlag&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-3-86583-165-1&rft.au=Enno+B%C3%BCnz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DT9g1H7prV00C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOstsiedlung" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPalgrave_Macmillan_UK199912-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPalgrave_Macmillan_UK199912_63-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPalgrave_Macmillan_UK199912_63-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPalgrave_Macmillan_UK1999">Palgrave Macmillan UK 1999</a>, p. 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartlett1998184-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartlett1998184_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBartlett1998">Bartlett 1998</a>, p. 184.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartlett1998187-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartlett1998187_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBartlett1998">Bartlett 1998</a>, p. 187.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BiermannMangelsdorf2005-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BiermannMangelsdorf2005_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFelix_BiermannGünter_Mangelsdorf2005" class="citation book cs1">Felix Biermann; Günter Mangelsdorf (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=b-YnAAAACAAJ"><i>Die bäuerliche Ostsiedlung des Mittelalters in Nordostdeutschland: Untersuchungen zum Landesausbau des 12. bis 14. Jahrhunderts im ländlichen Raum</i></a>. Lang. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-631-54117-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-631-54117-3"><bdi>978-3-631-54117-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+b%C3%A4uerliche+Ostsiedlung+des+Mittelalters+in+Nordostdeutschland%3A+Untersuchungen+zum+Landesausbau+des+12.+bis+14.+Jahrhunderts+im+l%C3%A4ndlichen+Raum&rft.pub=Lang&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-3-631-54117-3&rft.au=Felix+Biermann&rft.au=G%C3%BCnter+Mangelsdorf&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Db-YnAAAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOstsiedlung" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pis2008-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pis2008_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharles_W._IngraoFranz_A._J._Szabo2008" class="citation book cs1">Charles W. Ingrao; Franz A. J. Szabo (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IHAcEB8jh1AC"><i>The Germans and the East – Piskorski, Jan Maria. "Medieval Colonization in Europe" pp. 27-37</i></a>. Purdue University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55753-443-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55753-443-9"><bdi>978-1-55753-443-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Germans+and+the+East+%E2%80%93+Piskorski%2C+Jan+Maria.+%22Medieval+Colonization+in+Europe%22+pp.+27-37&rft.pub=Purdue+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-55753-443-9&rft.au=Charles+W.+Ingrao&rft.au=Franz+A.+J.+Szabo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIHAcEB8jh1AC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOstsiedlung" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TrossbachZimmermann2006-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-TrossbachZimmermann2006_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWerner_TrossbachClemens_Zimmermann2006" class="citation book cs1">Werner Trossbach; Clemens Zimmermann (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qXiYNwAACAAJ"><i>Die Geschichte des Dorfes: von den Anfängen im Frankenreich zur bundesdeutschen Gegenwart</i></a>. Ulmer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8252-8324-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-8252-8324-7"><bdi>978-3-8252-8324-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+Geschichte+des+Dorfes%3A+von+den+Anf%C3%A4ngen+im+Frankenreich+zur+bundesdeutschen+Gegenwart&rft.pub=Ulmer&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-3-8252-8324-7&rft.au=Werner+Trossbach&rft.au=Clemens+Zimmermann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqXiYNwAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOstsiedlung" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrather2001" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Brather, Sebastian (2001). <i>Archäologie der westlichen Slawen. Siedlung, Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft im früh- und hochmittelalterlichen Ostmitteleuropa</i>. Ergänzungsbände zum <a href="/wiki/Reallexikon_der_germanischen_Altertumskunde" class="mw-redirect" title="Reallexikon der germanischen Altertumskunde">Reallexikon der germanischen Altertumskunde</a> (in German). Vol. 30. Walter de Gruyter. pp. 156, 159. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-11-017061-2" title="Special:BookSources/3-11-017061-2"><bdi>3-11-017061-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arch%C3%A4ologie+der+westlichen+Slawen.+Siedlung%2C+Wirtschaft+und+Gesellschaft+im+fr%C3%BCh-+und+hochmittelalterlichen+Ostmitteleuropa&rft.series=Erg%C3%A4nzungsb%C3%A4nde+zum+Reallexikon+der+germanischen+Altertumskunde&rft.pages=156%2C+159&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=3-11-017061-2&rft.aulast=Brather&rft.aufirst=Sebastian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOstsiedlung" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brather156-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Brather156_72-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brather156_72-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrather2001" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Brather, Sebastian (2001). <i>Archäologie der westlichen Slawen. Siedlung, Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft im früh- und hochmittelalterlichen Ostmitteleuropa</i>. Ergänzungsbände zum <a href="/wiki/Reallexikon_der_germanischen_Altertumskunde" class="mw-redirect" title="Reallexikon der germanischen Altertumskunde">Reallexikon der germanischen Altertumskunde</a> (in German). Vol. 30. Walter de Gruyter. p. 156. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-11-017061-2" title="Special:BookSources/3-11-017061-2"><bdi>3-11-017061-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arch%C3%A4ologie+der+westlichen+Slawen.+Siedlung%2C+Wirtschaft+und+Gesellschaft+im+fr%C3%BCh-+und+hochmittelalterlichen+Ostmitteleuropa&rft.series=Erg%C3%A4nzungsb%C3%A4nde+zum+Reallexikon+der+germanischen+Altertumskunde&rft.pages=156&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=3-11-017061-2&rft.aulast=Brather&rft.aufirst=Sebastian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOstsiedlung" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://literat.ug.edu.pl/histp/polish.htm">Anna Paner, Jan Iluk: Historia Polski Virtual Library of Polish Literature, Katedra Kulturoznawstwa, Wydział Filologiczny, Uniwersytet Gdański.</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Higounet1990-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Higounet1990_74-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Higounet1990_74-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharles_Higounet1990" class="citation book cs1">Charles Higounet (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=huVFOQAACAAJ"><i>Die deutsche Ostsiedlung im Mittelalter</i></a>. Deutscher Taschenbuch Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-423-04540-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-423-04540-7"><bdi>978-3-423-04540-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+deutsche+Ostsiedlung+im+Mittelalter&rft.pub=Deutscher+Taschenbuch+Verlag&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-3-423-04540-7&rft.au=Charles+Higounet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhuVFOQAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOstsiedlung" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnefelkamp2002" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Knefelkamp, Ulrich (2002). <i>Das Mittelalter. 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UTB. p. 242. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-8252-2105-9" title="Special:BookSources/3-8252-2105-9"><bdi>3-8252-2105-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Das+Mittelalter.+Geschichte+im+%C3%9Cberblick&rft.series=UTB+Uni-Taschenb%C3%BCcher&rft.pages=242&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=UTB&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=3-8252-2105-9&rft.aulast=Knefelkamp&rft.aufirst=Ulrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOstsiedlung" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brather155-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Brather155_76-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brather155_76-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrather2001" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Brather, Sebastian (2001). <i>Archäologie der westlichen Slawen. 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Verlag Siedlungsforschung Bonn. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kulturlandschaft.org/publikationen/siedlungsforschung/sf13-1995.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 19 March 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Siedlungsforschung+Arch%C3%A4ologie-Geschichte-Geographie%2C+Band+13+%E2%80%93+pp.+67+%E2%80%93+77&rft.pub=Verlag+Siedlungsforschung+Bonn&rft.au=Klaus+Fehn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kulturlandschaft.org%2Fpublikationen%2Fsiedlungsforschung%2Fsf13-1995.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOstsiedlung" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wippermann1981-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wippermann1981_97-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolfgang_Wippermann1981" class="citation book cs1">Wolfgang Wippermann (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bNbOAAAAIAAJ"><i>Der "deutsche Drang nach Osten": Ideologie und Wirklichkeit eines politischen Schlagwortes</i></a>. Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-534-07556-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-534-07556-0"><bdi>978-3-534-07556-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Der+%22deutsche+Drang+nach+Osten%22%3A+Ideologie+und+Wirklichkeit+eines+politischen+Schlagwortes&rft.pub=Wissenschaftliche+Buchgesellschaft&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-3-534-07556-0&rft.au=Wolfgang+Wippermann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbNbOAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOstsiedlung" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJanusz_Gumkowkski,_Kazimierz_Leszczynski" class="citation web cs1">Janusz Gumkowkski, Kazimierz Leszczynski. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120527021449/http://www.dac.neu.edu/holocaust/Hitlers_Plans.htm">"Hitler's Plans for Eastern Europe"</a>. archive. 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Dirk, ed. (2008). <i>Empire, Colony, Genocide: Conquest, Occupation, and Subaltern Resistance in World History</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Generalplan+Ost%22+zur+Versklavungosteurop%C3%A4ischer+V%C3%B6lker&rft.pub=Archive&rft.au=DIETRICH+EICHHOLTZ&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rosalux.de%2Ffileadmin%2Frls_uploads%2Fpdfs%2F167eichholtz.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOstsiedlung" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWALTER_SCHLESINGER" class="citation web cs1">WALTER SCHLESINGER. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.degruyter.com/view/journals/hzhz/183/JG/article-p517.xml">"DIE GESCHICHTLICHE STELLUNG DER MITTELALTERLICHEN DEUTSCHEN OSTBEWEGUNG"</a>. De Gruyter<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=DIE+GESCHICHTLICHE+STELLUNG+DER+MITTELALTERLICHEN+DEUTSCHEN+OSTBEWEGUNG&rft.pub=De+Gruyter&rft.au=WALTER+SCHLESINGER&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.degruyter.com%2Fview%2Fjournals%2Fhzhz%2F183%2FJG%2Farticle-p517.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOstsiedlung" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-exp-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-exp_104-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-exp_104-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSTEFFEN_PRAUSER,_ARFON_REES" class="citation web cs1">STEFFEN PRAUSER, ARFON REES. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cadmus.eui.eu/bitstream/handle/1814/2599/HEC04-01.pdf;jsessionid=5307FD51D55686867F88759004878F4F?sequence=1">"The Expulsion of the German Communities from Eastern Europe at the End of the Second World War"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Expulsion+of+the+German+Communities+from+Eastern+Europe+at+the+End+of+the+Second+World+War&rft.pub=EUROPEAN+UNIVERSITY+INSTITUTE%2C+FLORENCE&rft.au=STEFFEN+PRAUSER%2C+ARFON+REES&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcadmus.eui.eu%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F1814%2F2599%2FHEC04-01.pdf%3Bjsessionid%3D5307FD51D55686867F88759004878F4F%3Fsequence%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOstsiedlung" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ostsiedlung&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBartlett1998" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Bartlett, Robert (1998). <i>Die Geburt Europas aus dem Geist der Gewalt. Eroberung, Kolonisation und kultureller Wandel von 950 bis 1350 ( = [English original :] The Making of Europe : conquest, colonization, and cultural change 950 – 1350)</i> (in German). Knaur München. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-426-60639-9" title="Special:BookSources/3-426-60639-9"><bdi>3-426-60639-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+Geburt+Europas+aus+dem+Geist+der+Gewalt.+Eroberung%2C+Kolonisation+und+kultureller+Wandel+von+950+bis+1350+%28+%3D+%5BEnglish+original+%3A%5D+The+Making+of+Europe+%3A+conquest%2C+colonization%2C+and+cultural+change+950+%E2%80%93+1350%29&rft.pub=Knaur+M%C3%BCnchen&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=3-426-60639-9&rft.aulast=Bartlett&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOstsiedlung" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKleinebergMarxKnoblochLelgemann2010" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kleineberg, A; Marx, Chr; Knobloch, E.; Lelgemann, D. (2010). <i>Germania und die Insel Thule. Die Entschlüsselung von Ptolemaios' "Atlas der Oikumene"</i> (in German). WBG. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-534-23757-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-534-23757-9"><bdi>978-3-534-23757-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Germania+und+die+Insel+Thule.+Die+Entschl%C3%BCsselung+von+Ptolemaios%27+%22Atlas+der+Oikumene%22&rft.pub=WBG&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-3-534-23757-9&rft.aulast=Kleineberg&rft.aufirst=A&rft.au=Marx%2C+Chr&rft.au=Knobloch%2C+E.&rft.au=Lelgemann%2C+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOstsiedlung" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGründerJohanek2001" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Gründer, Horst; Johanek, Peter (2001). <i>Kolonialstädte, europäische Enklaven oder Schmelztiegel der Kulturen?: Europäische Enklaven oder Schmelztiegel der Kulturen?</i> (in German). LIT Verlag Münster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-8258-3601-0" title="Special:BookSources/3-8258-3601-0"><bdi>3-8258-3601-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kolonialst%C3%A4dte%2C+europ%C3%A4ische+Enklaven+oder+Schmelztiegel+der+Kulturen%3F%3A+Europ%C3%A4ische+Enklaven+oder+Schmelztiegel+der+Kulturen%3F&rft.pub=LIT+Verlag+M%C3%BCnster&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=3-8258-3601-0&rft.aulast=Gr%C3%BCnder&rft.aufirst=Horst&rft.au=Johanek%2C+Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOstsiedlung" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReuberStrüverWolkersdorfer2005" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Reuber, Paul; Strüver, Anke; Wolkersdorfer, Günter (2005). <i>Politische Geographien Europas – Annäherungen an ein umstrittenes Konstrukt: Annäherungen an ein umstrittenes Konstrukt</i> (in German). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-8258-6523-1" title="Special:BookSources/3-8258-6523-1"><bdi>3-8258-6523-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Politische+Geographien+Europas+%E2%80%93+Ann%C3%A4herungen+an+ein+umstrittenes+Konstrukt%3A+Ann%C3%A4herungen+an+ein+umstrittenes+Konstrukt&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=3-8258-6523-1&rft.aulast=Reuber&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft.au=Str%C3%BCver%2C+Anke&rft.au=Wolkersdorfer%2C+G%C3%BCnter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOstsiedlung" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDemurgerKaiser2003" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Demurger, Alain; Kaiser, Wolfgang (2003). <i>Die Ritter des Herrn: Geschichte der Geistlichen Ritterorden</i> (in German). C.H.Beck. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-406-50282-2" title="Special:BookSources/3-406-50282-2"><bdi>3-406-50282-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+Ritter+des+Herrn%3A+Geschichte+der+Geistlichen+Ritterorden&rft.pub=C.H.Beck&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=3-406-50282-2&rft.aulast=Demurger&rft.aufirst=Alain&rft.au=Kaiser%2C+Wolfgang&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOstsiedlung" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerbersJaspert2007" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Herbers, Klaus; Jaspert, Nikolas, eds. (2007). <i>Grenzräume und Grenzüberschreitungen im Vergleich: Der Osten und der Westen des mittelalterlichen Lateineuropa</i> (in German). De Gruyter. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-05-004155-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-05-004155-1"><bdi>978-3-05-004155-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Grenzr%C3%A4ume+und+Grenz%C3%BCberschreitungen+im+Vergleich%3A+Der+Osten+und+der+Westen+des+mittelalterlichen+Lateineuropa&rft.pub=De+Gruyter&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-3-05-004155-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOstsiedlung" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFamazon.de2023" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.de/Slawen-Deutschland-Geschichte-slawischen-westlich/dp/B00426LCD2">"Die Slawen in Deutschland. Geschichte und Kultur der slawischen Stämme westlich von Oder und Neiße : Joachim Herrmann, Autorenkollektiv: Amazon.de: Bücher"</a>. <i>amazon.de</i> (in German). 23 June 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=amazon.de&rft.atitle=Die+Slawen+in+Deutschland.+Geschichte+und+Kultur+der+slawischen+St%C3%A4mme+westlich+von+Oder+und+Nei%C3%9Fe+%3A+Joachim+Herrmann%2C+Autorenkollektiv%3A+Amazon.de%3A+B%C3%BCcher&rft.date=2023-06-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.de%2FSlawen-Deutschland-Geschichte-slawischen-westlich%2Fdp%2FB00426LCD2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOstsiedlung" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnefelkamp2001" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Knefelkamp, Ulrich, ed. (2001). <i>Zisterzienser: Norm, Kultur, Reform – 900 Jahre Zisterzienser</i> (in German). Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-540-64816-X" title="Special:BookSources/3-540-64816-X"><bdi>3-540-64816-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Zisterzienser%3A+Norm%2C+Kultur%2C+Reform+%E2%80%93+900+Jahre+Zisterzienser&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=3-540-64816-X&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOstsiedlung" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMinahan2000" class="citation book cs1">Minahan, James (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NwvoM-ZFoAgC&pg=PA287">"Germans"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NwvoM-ZFoAgC"><i>One Europe, Many Nations: A Historical Dictionary of European National Groups</i></a>. Greenwood Publishing Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-313-30984-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-313-30984-1"><bdi>0-313-30984-1</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 March</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Germans&rft.btitle=One+Europe%2C+Many+Nations%3A+A+Historical+Dictionary+of+European+National+Groups&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-313-30984-1&rft.aulast=Minahan&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNwvoM-ZFoAgC%26pg%3DPA287&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOstsiedlung" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchich2007" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Schich, Winfried (2007). <i>Wirtschaft und Kulturlandschaft: Gesammelte Beiträge 1977 bis 1999 zur Geschichte der Zisterzienser und der "Germania Slavica"</i>. Bibliothek der brandenburgischen und preussischen Geschichte (in German). Vol. 12. BWV Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8305-0378-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-8305-0378-1"><bdi>978-3-8305-0378-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wirtschaft+und+Kulturlandschaft%3A+Gesammelte+Beitr%C3%A4ge+1977+bis+1999+zur+Geschichte+der+Zisterzienser+und+der+%22Germania+Slavica%22.&rft.series=Bibliothek+der+brandenburgischen+und+preussischen+Geschichte&rft.pub=BWV+Verlag&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-3-8305-0378-1&rft.aulast=Schich&rft.aufirst=Winfried&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOstsiedlung" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRösener1988" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Rösener, Werner (1988). <i>Agrarwirtschaft, Agrarverfassung und ländliche Gesellschaft im Mittelalter</i> (in German). Oldenbourg. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-486-55024-1" title="Special:BookSources/3-486-55024-1"><bdi>3-486-55024-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Agrarwirtschaft%2C+Agrarverfassung+und+l%C3%A4ndliche+Gesellschaft+im+Mittelalter&rft.pub=Oldenbourg&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=3-486-55024-1&rft.aulast=R%C3%B6sener&rft.aufirst=Werner&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOstsiedlung" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchulman2002" class="citation book cs1">Schulman, Jana K. (2002). <i>The Rise of the Medieval World, 500–1300: A Biographical Dictionary</i>. Greenwood Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rise+of+the+Medieval+World%2C+500%E2%80%931300%3A+A+Biographical+Dictionary&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Schulman&rft.aufirst=Jana+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOstsiedlung" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSommerfeld2005" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Sommerfeld, Wilhelm von (2005) [1896]. <i>Geschichte der Germanisierung des Herzogtums Pommern oder Slavien bis zum Ablauf des 13. Jahrhunderts</i> (in German). Adamant Media Corporation. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4212-3832-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-4212-3832-2"><bdi>1-4212-3832-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Geschichte+der+Germanisierung+des+Herzogtums+Pommern+oder+Slavien+bis+zum+Ablauf+des+13.+Jahrhunderts&rft.pub=Adamant+Media+Corporation&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=1-4212-3832-2&rft.aulast=Sommerfeld&rft.aufirst=Wilhelm+von&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOstsiedlung" class="Z3988"></span> (unabridged facsimile of the edition published by Duncker & Humblot, Leipzig 1896)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSzabo2008" class="citation book cs1">Szabo, Franz A. J. (2008). Ingrao, Charles W. (ed.). <i>The Germans and the East</i>. Purdue University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55753-443-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55753-443-9"><bdi>978-1-55753-443-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Germans+and+the+East&rft.pub=Purdue+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-55753-443-9&rft.aulast=Szabo&rft.aufirst=Franz+A.+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOstsiedlung" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPalgrave_Macmillan_UK1999" class="citation book cs1">Bartlett, Roger; Schönwälder, Karen, eds. (1999). <i>The German Lands and Eastern Europe</i>. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-1-349-27094-1">10.1007/978-1-349-27094-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-349-27096-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-349-27096-5"><bdi>978-1-349-27096-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+German+Lands+and+Eastern+Europe&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan+UK&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-1-349-27094-1&rft.isbn=978-1-349-27096-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOstsiedlung" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSzende2019" class="citation journal cs1">Szende, Katalin (9 May 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F03044181.2019.1612195">"<i>Iure Theutonico</i>? German settlers and legal frameworks for immigration to Hungary in an East-Central European perspective"</a>. <i>Journal of Medieval History</i>. <b>45</b> (3). <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>: 360–379. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F03044181.2019.1612195">10.1080/03044181.2019.1612195</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14018%2F13997">20.500.14018/13997</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0304-4181">0304-4181</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Medieval+History&rft.atitle=Iure+Theutonico%3F+German+settlers+and+legal+frameworks+for+immigration+to+Hungary+in+an+East-Central+European+perspective&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=360-379&rft.date=2019-05-09&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F20.500.14018%2F13997&rft.issn=0304-4181&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F03044181.2019.1612195&rft.aulast=Szende&rft.aufirst=Katalin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%252F03044181.2019.1612195&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOstsiedlung" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ostsiedlung&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Higounet" title="Charles Higounet">Charles Higounet</a> (1911–1988) <span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.fr/dp/270072223X"><i>Les allemands en Europe centrale et oriental au moyen age</i></a></span></span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a> translation: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.de/s?search-type=ss&index=books-de&field-author=Charles%20Higounet"><i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Die deutsche Ostsiedlung im Mittelalter</i></span></i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a> translation: <span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">ドイツ植民と東欧世界の形成, <a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BD%A9%E6%B5%81%E7%A4%BE" class="extiw" title="ja:彩流社">彩流社</a></span></span>, by Naoki Miyajima</li></ul></li> <li>Bielfeldt et al., <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Die Slawen in Deutschland. Ein Handbuch</i></span></i>, Hg. Joachim Herrmann, Akademie-Verlag Berlin, 1985</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="German_people" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Germans" title="Template:Germans"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Germans" title="Template talk:Germans"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Germans" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Germans"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="German_people" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Germans" title="Germans">German people</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Bundesdeutsche</i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Reichsdeutsche" title="Reichsdeutsche">Reichsdeutsche</a></i></span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Palatines" title="Palatines">Palatines</a></li></ul></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Volksdeutsche" title="Volksdeutsche">Volksdeutsche</a></i></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/German_diaspora" title="German diaspora">Diaspora</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Germans_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Germans in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Silesian_German" title="Silesian German">Silesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudeten_Germans" title="Sudeten Germans">Sudeten Germans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germans_of_Hungary" title="Germans of Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_minority_in_Poland" title="German minority in Poland">Poland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vistula_Germans" title="Vistula Germans">Vistula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ol%C4%99ders" class="mw-redirect" title="Olęders">Olęders</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Walddeutsche" title="Walddeutsche">Walddeutsche</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galician_Germans" title="Galician Germans">Galicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silesian_German" title="Silesian German">Silesia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carpathian_Germans" title="Carpathian Germans">Slovakia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zipser_Germans" title="Zipser Germans">Zipser</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_immigration_to_Switzerland" title="German immigration to Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Germans_in_Belarus" title="Germans in Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bessarabia_Germans" title="Bessarabia Germans">Moldova</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Sea_Germans" title="Black Sea Germans">Black Sea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germans_of_Romania" title="Germans of Romania">Romania</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transylvanian_Saxons" title="Transylvanian Saxons">Transylvanian Saxons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transylvanian_Landlers" title="Transylvanian Landlers">Landlers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danube_Swabians" title="Danube Swabians">Danube</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Banat_Swabians" title="Banat Swabians">Banat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Banat_Highland_Germans" title="Banat Highland Germans">Highland</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Walser_people" title="Walser people">Walser</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satu_Mare_Swabians" title="Satu Mare Swabians">Satu Mare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukovina_Germans" title="Bukovina Germans">Bukovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dobrujan_Germans" title="Dobrujan Germans">Dobruja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regat_Germans" title="Regat Germans">Regat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zipser_Germans" title="Zipser Germans">Zipser</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Germans_in_Russia,_Ukraine,_and_the_Soviet_Union" title="History of Germans in Russia, Ukraine, and the Soviet Union">Russia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Volga_Germans" title="Volga Germans">Volga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasus_Germans" title="Caucasus Germans">North Caucasus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Germans_in_Russia,_Ukraine,_and_the_Soviet_Union" title="History of Germans in Russia, Ukraine, and the Soviet Union">Ukraine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bessarabia_Germans" title="Bessarabia Germans">Bessarabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Sea_Germans" title="Black Sea Germans">Black Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Mennonites" title="Russian Mennonites">Russian Mennonites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carpathian_Germans" title="Carpathian Germans">Carpathian Ruthenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimea_Germans" title="Crimea Germans">Crimea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galician_Germans" title="Galician Germans">Galicia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Northern Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_Germans" title="Baltic Germans">Baltic states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_minority_in_Denmark" title="German minority in Denmark">Denmark</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Schleswig_Germans" class="mw-redirect" title="North Schleswig Germans">North Schleswig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potato_Germans" title="Potato Germans">Potato Germans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germans_of_Norway&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Germans of Norway (page does not exist)">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germans_in_Finland" title="Germans in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germans_in_Sweden" title="Germans in Sweden">Sweden</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southern Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caucasus_Germans" title="Caucasus Germans">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germans_in_Azerbaijan" title="Germans in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germans_in_Bulgaria" title="Germans in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasus_Germans" title="Caucasus Germans">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_South_Tyrol" title="History of South Tyrol">Italy (South Tyrol)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germans_of_Yugoslavia" title="Germans of Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Germans_of_Yugoslavia" title="Germans of Yugoslavia">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germans_of_Croatia" title="Germans of Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germans_of_Serbia" title="Germans of Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germans_of_Slovenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Germans of Slovenia">Slovenia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gottscheers" title="Gottscheers">Gottscheers</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German-speaking_Community_of_Belgium" title="German-speaking Community of Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germans_in_France" title="Germans in France">France</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Alsatians_and_Lotharingians" title="List of Alsatians and Lotharingians">Alsatians and Lotharingians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germans_of_the_Netherlands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Germans of the Netherlands (page does not exist)">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germans_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Germans in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Multinational dimension</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_German_settlement_in_Central_and_Eastern_Europe" title="History of German settlement in Central and Eastern Europe">Central and Eastern</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/German_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="German colonization of the Americas">Americas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_Argentines" title="German Argentines">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mennonites_in_Belize" title="Mennonites in Belize">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Bolivians" title="German Bolivians">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Brazilians" title="German Brazilians">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Canadians" title="German Canadians">Canada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amish" title="Amish">Amish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amish_Mennonite" title="Amish Mennonite">Amish Mennonites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beachy_Amish" title="Beachy Amish">Beachy Amish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Beachy_Amish" title="Old Beachy Amish">Old Beachy Amish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Order_Amish" title="New Order Amish">New Order Amish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hutterites" title="Hutterites">Hutterites</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dariusleut" title="Dariusleut">Dariusleut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lehrerleut" title="Lehrerleut">Lehrerleut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schmiedeleut" title="Schmiedeleut">Schmiedeleut</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German-Canadian_history_in_British_Columbia" title="German-Canadian history in British Columbia">British Columbia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Chileans" title="German Chileans">Chile</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Los_R%C3%ADos_Region" title="Los Ríos Region">Los Ríos Region</a> (including German, Swiss and Austrians)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Los_Lagos_Region" title="Los Lagos Region">Los Lagos Region</a> (including German, Swiss and Austrians)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Colombian" class="mw-redirect" title="German Colombian">Colombia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mennonites_in_Colombia" title="Mennonites in Colombia">Mennonites</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Costa_Rica#Germans" title="Immigration to Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Guatemalan" title="German Guatemalan">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Haitians" title="German Haitians">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germans_in_Jamaica" title="Germans in Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Mexicans" title="German Mexicans">Mexico</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mennonites_in_Mexico" title="Mennonites in Mexico">Mennonites</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Nicaraguan" title="German Nicaraguan">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germans_in_Paraguay" class="mw-redirect" title="Germans in Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Peruvians" title="German Peruvians">Peru</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pozuzo" title="Pozuzo">Pozuzo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Salvadoran" title="German Salvadoran">El Salvador</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mennonites_in_El_Salvador" title="Mennonites in El Salvador">Mennonites</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Americans" title="German Americans">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amish" title="Amish">Amish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amish_Mennonite" title="Amish Mennonite">Amish Mennonites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beachy_Amish" title="Beachy Amish">Beachy Amish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Beachy_Amish" title="Old Beachy Amish">Old Beachy Amish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Order_Amish" title="New Order Amish">New Order Amish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subgroups_of_Amish#Para-Amish_groups" title="Subgroups of Amish">Para-Amish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Believers_in_Christ,_Lobelville" title="Believers in Christ, Lobelville">Believers in Christ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Communities_(Elmo_Stoll)" title="Christian Communities (Elmo Stoll)">Christian Communities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caneyville_Christian_Community" title="Caneyville Christian Community">Caneyville</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vernon_Community,_Hestand" title="Vernon Community, Hestand">Vernon Community</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hutterites" title="Hutterites">Hutterites</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dariusleut" title="Dariusleut">Dariusleut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lehrerleut" title="Lehrerleut">Lehrerleut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schmiedeleut" title="Schmiedeleut">Schmiedeleut</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Dutch" title="Pennsylvania Dutch">Pennsylvania Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Nebraskan" title="German Nebraskan">Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Mennonites" title="Russian Mennonites">Russian Mennonites</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amish_Mennonite" title="Amish Mennonite">Amish Mennonites</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Texan" class="mw-redirect" title="German Texan">Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germans_in_Omaha,_Nebraska" title="Germans in Omaha, Nebraska">Omaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Palatines" class="mw-redirect" title="German Palatines">Palatines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_immigration_to_Puerto_Rico" title="German immigration to Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:German_Americans_by_location" title="Template:German Americans by location">by city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Uruguayans" title="German Uruguayans">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Venezuelans" title="German Venezuelans">Venezuela</a> <ul><li><span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es"><a href="/wiki/Colonia_Tovar" title="Colonia Tovar">Colonia Tovar</a></i></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/German_colonization_of_Africa" title="German colonization of Africa">Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_Angolans" title="German Angolans">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=German_Cameroonians&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="German Cameroonians (page does not exist)">Cameroon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Douala" title="Douala">Douala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaound%C3%A9" title="Yaoundé">Yaoundé</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ghanaian_Germans&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ghanaian Germans (page does not exist)">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=German_Guineans&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="German Guineans (page does not exist)">Guinea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kapita%C3%AF_and_Koba" title="Kapitaï and Koba">Kapitaï and Koba</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=German_Ivorians&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="German Ivorians (page does not exist)">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Namibians" title="German Namibians">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germans_Nigerians&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Germans Nigerians (page does not exist)">Nigeria</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lagos" title="Lagos">Lagos</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germans_in_Senegal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Germans in Senegal (page does not exist)">Senegal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kapita%C3%AF_and_Koba" title="Kapitaï and Koba">Kapitaï and Koba</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germans_in_South_Africa" title="Germans in South Africa">South Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afrikaners" title="Afrikaners">Afrikaners</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=German_Tanzanians&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="German Tanzanians (page does not exist)">Tanzania</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bagamoyo" title="Bagamoyo">Bagamoyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dar_es_Salaam" title="Dar es Salaam">Dar es Salaam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zanzibar" title="Zanzibar">Zanzibar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germans_in_Togo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Germans in Togo (page does not exist)">Togo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baguida" title="Baguida">Baguida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebe" title="Sebe">Sebe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lom%C3%A9" title="Lomé">Lomé</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afrikaners_in_Zimbabwe" title="Afrikaners in Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Germans_in_Azerbaijan" title="Germans in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germans_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Germans in China">China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qingdao" title="Qingdao">Qingdao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tianjin" title="Tianjin">Tianjin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germans_in_India" title="Germans in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Speaking_Protestant_Congregation_in_Iran" title="German Speaking Protestant Congregation in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Templers_(Radical_Pietist_sect)" title="Templers (Radical Pietist sect)">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%A8%E6%97%A5%E3%83%89%E3%82%A4%E3%83%84%E4%BA%BA" class="extiw" title="jp:在日ドイツ人">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan_Germans" class="mw-redirect" title="Kazakhstan Germans">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germans_in_Korea" title="Germans in Korea">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan_Germans" title="Kyrgyzstan Germans">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germans_in_Pakistan" title="Germans in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_settlement_in_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="German settlement in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germans_in_Turkey" title="Germans in Turkey">Turkey</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bosporus_Germans" title="Bosporus Germans">Bosporus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasus_Germans" title="Caucasus Germans">Caucasus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germans_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" class="mw-redirect" title="Germans in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_Australians" title="German Australians">Australia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Detention_River_Christian_Community" title="Detention River Christian Community">Hutterites</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_New_Zealanders" title="German New Zealanders">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germans_in_Papua_New_Guinea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Germans in Papua New Guinea (page does not exist)">Papua New Guinea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kokopo" title="Kokopo">Kokopo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabaul" title="Rabaul">Rabaul</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=German_Samoans&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="German Samoans (page does not exist)">German Samoans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apia" title="Apia">Apia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ostsiedlung</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_and_expulsion_of_Germans_(1944%E2%80%931950)" title="Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–1950)">Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–1950)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170346#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4130328-3">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Drang nach Osten"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85039388">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007562836405171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ostsiedlung&oldid=1252392133">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ostsiedlung&oldid=1252392133</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" 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