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class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Philosophical principle of applying Newton's methods in a variety of fields</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Opticks_by_Sir_Isaac_Newton.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Opticks_by_Sir_Isaac_Newton.png/220px-Opticks_by_Sir_Isaac_Newton.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="386" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6f/Opticks_by_Sir_Isaac_Newton.png 1.5x" data-file-width="319" data-file-height="559" /></a><figcaption>Title page of Isaac Newton's <i>Opticks</i></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Newtonianism</b> is a philosophical and scientific <a href="/wiki/Doctrine" title="Doctrine">doctrine</a> inspired by the beliefs and methods of natural philosopher <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Isaac Newton</a>. While Newton's influential contributions were primarily in physics and mathematics, his broad conception of the universe as being governed by rational and understandable laws laid the foundation for many strands of <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a> thought. Newtonianism became an influential intellectual program that applied Newton's principles in many avenues of inquiry, laying the groundwork for modern science (both the natural and social sciences), in addition to influencing philosophy, political thought and theology. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Newtonianism&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Newton's <i><a href="/wiki/Philosophi%C3%A6_Naturalis_Principia_Mathematica" title="Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica">Principia Mathematica</a></i>, published by the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society" title="Royal Society">Royal Society</a> in 1687<sup id="cite_ref-Newton2016_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Newton2016-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but not available widely and in English until after his death, is the text generally cited as revolutionary or otherwise radical in the development of science.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The three books of <i>Principia</i>, considered a seminal text in mathematics and physics, are notable for their rejection of hypotheses in favor of <a href="/wiki/Inductive_reasoning" title="Inductive reasoning">inductive</a> and <a href="/wiki/Deductive_reasoning" title="Deductive reasoning">deductive reasoning</a> based on a set of definitions and axioms. This method may be contrasted to the <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes">Cartesian</a> method of deduction based on sequential logical reasoning, and showed the efficacy of applying mathematical analysis as a means of making discoveries about the natural world.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Newton's other seminal work was <i><a href="/wiki/Opticks" title="Opticks">Opticks</a></i>, printed in 1704 in <i><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_Transactions_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society">Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society</a></i>, of which he became president in 1703. The treatise, which features his now famous work on the composition and dispersion of sunlight, is often cited as an example of how to analyze difficult questions via quantitative experimentation. Even so, the work was not considered revolutionary in Newton's time.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One hundred years later, however, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Young_(scientist)" title="Thomas Young (scientist)">Thomas Young</a> would describe Newton's observations in <i>Opticks</i> as "yet unrivalled... they only rise in our estimation as we compare them with later attempts to improve on them."<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mathematical_philosophy">Mathematical philosophy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Newtonianism&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Mathematical philosophy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> The first edition of <i>Principia</i> features proposals about the movements of celestial bodies which Newton initially calls "hypotheses"—however, by the second edition, the word "hypothesis" was replaced by the word "rule", and Newton had added to the footnotes the following statement:</p><blockquote><p>... <a href="/wiki/Hypotheses_non_fingo" title="Hypotheses non fingo">I frame no hypotheses</a>. For whatever is not deduced from the phenomena is to be called a hypothesis; and hypotheses, whether metaphysical or physical, whether of occult qualities or mechanical, have no place in experimental philosophy.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p>Newton's work and the philosophy that enshrines it are based on mathematical <a href="/wiki/Empiricism" title="Empiricism">empiricism</a>, which is the idea that mathematical and physical laws may be revealed in the real world via experimentation and observation.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Newton's empiricism is balanced against an adherence to an exact mathematical system, and that in many cases the "observed phenomena" upon which Newton built his theories were actually based on mathematical models, which were representative but not identical to the natural phenomena they described.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Newtonian doctrine can be contrasted with several alternative sets of principles and methods such as <a href="/wiki/Cartesianism" title="Cartesianism">Cartesianism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leibnizianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Leibnizianism">Leibnizianism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wolffianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Wolffianism">Wolffianism</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Newton's_other_beliefs"><span id="Newton.27s_other_beliefs"></span>Newton's other beliefs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Newtonianism&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Newton's other beliefs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Despite his reputation for empiricism in historical and scientific circles, Newton was deeply religious and believed in the literal truth of <a href="/wiki/Religious_text" title="Religious text">Scripture</a>, taking the story of <a href="/wiki/Genesis_creation_narrative" title="Genesis creation narrative">Genesis</a> to be Moses' eyewitness account of the creation of the solar system. Newton reconciled his beliefs by adopting the idea that the Christian God set in place at the beginning of time the "mechanical" laws of nature, but retained the power to enter and alter that mechanism at any time.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Newton further believed that the preservation of nature was in itself an act of God, stating that "a continual miracle is needed to prevent the Sun and <a href="/wiki/Fixed_stars" title="Fixed stars">fixed stars</a> from rushing together through Gravity".<sup id="cite_ref-:1_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Popularization">Popularization</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Newtonianism&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Popularization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Inconnu,_portrait_de_madame_Du_Ch%C3%A2telet_%C3%A0_sa_table_de_travail,_d%C3%A9tail_(ch%C3%A2teau_de_Breteuil)_-002.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Inconnu%2C_portrait_de_madame_Du_Ch%C3%A2telet_%C3%A0_sa_table_de_travail%2C_d%C3%A9tail_%28ch%C3%A2teau_de_Breteuil%29_-002.jpg/220px-Inconnu%2C_portrait_de_madame_Du_Ch%C3%A2telet_%C3%A0_sa_table_de_travail%2C_d%C3%A9tail_%28ch%C3%A2teau_de_Breteuil%29_-002.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Inconnu%2C_portrait_de_madame_Du_Ch%C3%A2telet_%C3%A0_sa_table_de_travail%2C_d%C3%A9tail_%28ch%C3%A2teau_de_Breteuil%29_-002.jpg/330px-Inconnu%2C_portrait_de_madame_Du_Ch%C3%A2telet_%C3%A0_sa_table_de_travail%2C_d%C3%A9tail_%28ch%C3%A2teau_de_Breteuil%29_-002.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Inconnu%2C_portrait_de_madame_Du_Ch%C3%A2telet_%C3%A0_sa_table_de_travail%2C_d%C3%A9tail_%28ch%C3%A2teau_de_Breteuil%29_-002.jpg/440px-Inconnu%2C_portrait_de_madame_Du_Ch%C3%A2telet_%C3%A0_sa_table_de_travail%2C_d%C3%A9tail_%28ch%C3%A2teau_de_Breteuil%29_-002.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="490" /></a><figcaption>Portrait of French physicist and Newtonian Émilie du Châtelet</figcaption></figure> <p>Between 1726 and 1729, French author, philosopher, and historian <a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a> was exiled in England, where he met several English scholars and devotees to the Newtonian system of thought. Voltaire would later bring these ideas back to France with his publication of <i>Lettres Philosophiques</i> and <i>Philosophie de Newton</i>, which popularized Newton's intellectual practices and general philosophy.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later, prominent natural philosopher and friend of Voltaire, <a href="/wiki/%C3%89milie_du_Ch%C3%A2telet" title="Émilie du Châtelet">Émilie du Châtelet</a>, would publish a French translation of <i>Principia</i>, which met with great success in France.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While Newton was opposed by some members of the religious community for his non-Trinitarian beliefs about God, others believed science itself to be a philosophical exercise, that if done correctly, would lead its practitioners to a greater knowledge and appreciation of God.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1737, Italian scholar Count <a href="/wiki/Francesco_Algarotti" title="Francesco Algarotti">Francesco Algarotti</a> published a book entitled <i>Newtonianismo per le dame overro dialoghi sopre la luce e i colori</i>, which aimed to introduce female audiences to the work of Newton. The text explained the principles of Newton's <i>Opticks</i> while avoiding much of the mathematical rigor of the work in favor of a more "agreeable" text. The book was later published with a title that made no reference to women, leading some to believe that the female branding of the book was a ploy to avoid censorship.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Influence_on_other_scholars">Influence on other scholars</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Newtonianism&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Influence on other scholars"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Scottish philosopher <a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">David Hume</a>, likely inspired by the methods of analysis and synthesis which Newton developed in <i>Opticks</i>, was a strong adherent of Newtonian empiricism in his studies of moral phenomena.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Newton and his philosophy of Newtonianism arguably led to the popularization of science in Europe—particularly in England, France,<sup id="cite_ref-:1_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Germany<sup id="cite_ref-:2_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>—catalyzing the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Newtonianism&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Newton2016-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Newton2016_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSir_Isaac_Newton2016" class="citation book cs1">Sir Isaac Newton (5 February 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EQLWCgAAQBAJ"><i>The Principia: The Authoritative Translation and Guide: Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-96481-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-96481-5"><bdi>978-0-520-96481-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Principia%3A+The+Authoritative+Translation+and+Guide%3A+Mathematical+Principles+of+Natural+Philosophy&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2016-02-05&rft.isbn=978-0-520-96481-5&rft.au=Sir+Isaac+Newton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEQLWCgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANewtonianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohen2002" class="citation book cs1">Cohen, Ierome Bernard (2002-01-01). <i>The Newtonian revolution : with illustrations of the transformation of scientific ideas</i>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_Univ._Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambridge Univ. Press">Cambridge Univ. Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521273800" title="Special:BookSources/9780521273800"><bdi>9780521273800</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/265462302">265462302</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Newtonian+revolution+%3A+with+illustrations+of+the+transformation+of+scientific+ideas&rft.pub=Cambridge+Univ.+Press&rft.date=2002-01-01&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F265462302&rft.isbn=9780521273800&rft.aulast=Cohen&rft.aufirst=Ierome+Bernard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANewtonianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYoung1802" class="citation journal cs1">Young, Thomas (1802-01-01). "The Bakerian Lecture: On the Theory of Light and Colours". <i>Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London</i>. <b>92</b>: 12–48. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frstl.1802.0004">10.1098/rstl.1802.0004</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-0523">0261-0523</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophical+Transactions+of+the+Royal+Society+of+London&rft.atitle=The+Bakerian+Lecture%3A+On+the+Theory+of+Light+and+Colours&rft.volume=92&rft.pages=12-48&rft.date=1802-01-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frstl.1802.0004&rft.issn=0261-0523&rft.aulast=Young&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANewtonianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDalitzNauenberg2000" class="citation book cs1">Dalitz, R. H.; Nauenberg, Michael (2000-01-01). <i>The foundations of Newtonian scholarship</i>. World Scientific Pub. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789810239206" title="Special:BookSources/9789810239206"><bdi>9789810239206</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/42968133">42968133</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+foundations+of+Newtonian+scholarship&rft.pub=World+Scientific+Pub&rft.date=2000-01-01&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F42968133&rft.isbn=9789810239206&rft.aulast=Dalitz&rft.aufirst=R.+H.&rft.au=Nauenberg%2C+Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANewtonianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Newtonian Studies</i>. <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>. 1965-01-01. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0674181854" title="Special:BookSources/978-0674181854"><bdi>978-0674181854</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/941275050">941275050</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Newtonian+Studies&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1965-01-01&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F941275050&rft.isbn=978-0674181854&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANewtonianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFForceHutton2010" class="citation book cs1">Force, James E.; Hutton, Sarah (2010-01-01). <i>Newton and Newtonianism: new studies</i>. Kluwer Academic. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781402022388" title="Special:BookSources/9781402022388"><bdi>9781402022388</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/827177278">827177278</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Newton+and+Newtonianism%3A+new+studies&rft.pub=Kluwer+Academic&rft.date=2010-01-01&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F827177278&rft.isbn=9781402022388&rft.aulast=Force&rft.aufirst=James+E.&rft.au=Hutton%2C+Sarah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANewtonianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://name.umdl.umich.edu/A65672.0001.001">"A new theory of the earth, from its original to the consummation of all things wherein the creation of the world in six days, the universal deluge, and the general conflagration, as laid down in the Holy Scriptures, are shewn to be perfectly agreeable to reason and philosophy : with a large introductory discourse concerning the genuine nature, stile, and extent of the Mosaick history of the creation / by William Whiston ..."</a> <i>name.umdl.umich.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-05-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=name.umdl.umich.edu&rft.atitle=A+new+theory+of+the+earth%2C+from+its+original+to+the+consummation+of+all+things+wherein+the+creation+of+the+world+in+six+days%2C+the+universal+deluge%2C+and+the+general+conflagration%2C+as+laid+down+in+the+Holy+Scriptures%2C+are+shewn+to+be+perfectly+agreeable+to+reason+and+philosophy+%3A+with+a+large+introductory+discourse+concerning+the+genuine+nature%2C+stile%2C+and+extent+of+the+Mosaick+history+of+the+creation+%2F+by+William+Whiston+...&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fname.umdl.umich.edu%2FA65672.0001.001&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANewtonianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBell1961" class="citation book cs1">Bell, Arthur E. (1961). <i>Newtonian Science</i>. London: Edward Arnold.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Newtonian+Science&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Edward+Arnold&rft.date=1961&rft.aulast=Bell&rft.aufirst=Arthur+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANewtonianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRogers2003" class="citation book cs1">Rogers, Moira R. (2003-01-01). <i>Newtonianism for the ladies and other uneducated souls : the popularization of science in Leipzig, 1687-1750</i>. P. Lang. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0820450292" title="Special:BookSources/978-0820450292"><bdi>978-0820450292</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/469855126">469855126</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Newtonianism+for+the+ladies+and+other+uneducated+souls+%3A+the+popularization+of+science+in+Leipzig%2C+1687-1750&rft.pub=P.+Lang&rft.date=2003-01-01&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F469855126&rft.isbn=978-0820450292&rft.aulast=Rogers&rft.aufirst=Moira+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANewtonianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDemeter,_Tamás2016" class="citation book cs1">Demeter, Tamás (2016). <i>David Hume and the culture of Scottish Newtonianism : methodology and ideology in Enlightenment inquiry</i>. Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004327313" title="Special:BookSources/9789004327313"><bdi>9789004327313</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/960722703">960722703</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=David+Hume+and+the+culture+of+Scottish+Newtonianism+%3A+methodology+and+ideology+in+Enlightenment+inquiry&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F960722703&rft.isbn=9789004327313&rft.au=Demeter%2C+Tam%C3%A1s&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANewtonianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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aria-labelledby="Sir_Isaac_Newton" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini 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this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Sir_Isaac_Newton" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Sir Isaac Newton</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;vertical-align:top;">Publications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Method_of_Fluxions" title="Method of Fluxions">Fluxions</a></i> (1671)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/De_motu_corporum_in_gyrum" title="De motu corporum in gyrum">De Motu</a></i> (1684)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Philosophi%C3%A6_Naturalis_Principia_Mathematica" title="Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica">Principia</a></i> (1687)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Opticks" title="Opticks">Opticks</a></i> (1704)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Queries" class="mw-redirect" title="The Queries">Queries</a></i> (1704)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Arithmetica_Universalis" title="Arithmetica Universalis">Arithmetica</a></i> (1707)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/De_analysi_per_aequationes_numero_terminorum_infinitas" title="De analysi per aequationes numero terminorum infinitas">De Analysi</a></i> (1711)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;vertical-align:top;">Other writings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Quaestiones_quaedam_philosophicae" title="Quaestiones quaedam philosophicae">Quaestiones</a></i> (1661–1665)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Standing_on_the_shoulders_of_giants" title="Standing on the shoulders of giants">standing on the shoulders of giants</a>" (1675)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Notes_on_the_Jewish_Temple" title="Notes on the Jewish Temple">Notes on the Jewish Temple</a></i> (c. 1680)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/General_Scholium" title="General Scholium">General Scholium</a>" (1713; <i>"<a href="/wiki/Hypotheses_non_fingo" title="Hypotheses non fingo">hypotheses non fingo</a>"</i> )</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Chronology_of_Ancient_Kingdoms_Amended" title="The Chronology of Ancient Kingdoms Amended">Ancient Kingdoms Amended</a></i> (1728)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/An_Historical_Account_of_Two_Notable_Corruptions_of_Scripture" title="An Historical Account of Two Notable Corruptions of Scripture">Corruptions of Scripture</a></i> (1754)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;vertical-align:top;">Contributions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calculus" title="Calculus">Calculus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fluxion" title="Fluxion">fluxion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_depth" title="Impact depth">Impact depth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inertia" title="Inertia">Inertia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newton_disc" title="Newton disc">Newton disc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newton_polygon" title="Newton polygon">Newton polygon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Newton%E2%80%93Okounkov_body" title="Newton–Okounkov body">Newton–Okounkov body</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newton%27s_reflector" title="Newton's reflector">Newton's reflector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newtonian_telescope" title="Newtonian telescope">Newtonian telescope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newton_scale" title="Newton scale">Newton scale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newton%27s_metal" title="Newton's metal">Newton's metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spectrum" title="Spectrum">Spectrum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_coloration" title="Structural coloration">Structural coloration</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;vertical-align:top;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Newtonianism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bucket_argument" title="Bucket argument">Bucket argument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newton%27s_inequalities" title="Newton's inequalities">Newton's inequalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newton%27s_law_of_cooling" title="Newton's law of cooling">Newton's law of cooling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newton%27s_law_of_universal_gravitation" title="Newton's law of universal gravitation">Newton's law of universal gravitation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Post-Newtonian_expansion" title="Post-Newtonian expansion">post-Newtonian expansion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parameterized_post-Newtonian_formalism" title="Parameterized post-Newtonian formalism">parameterized</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravitational_constant" title="Gravitational constant">gravitational constant</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newton%E2%80%93Cartan_theory" title="Newton–Cartan theory">Newton–Cartan theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schr%C3%B6dinger%E2%80%93Newton_equation" title="Schrödinger–Newton equation">Schrödinger–Newton equation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newton%27s_laws_of_motion" title="Newton's laws of motion">Newton's laws of motion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kepler%27s_laws_of_planetary_motion" title="Kepler's laws of planetary motion">Kepler's laws</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newtonian_dynamics" title="Newtonian dynamics">Newtonian dynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newton%27s_method_in_optimization" title="Newton's method in optimization">Newton's method in optimization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_Apollonius" title="Problem of Apollonius">Apollonius's problem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truncated_Newton_method" title="Truncated Newton method">truncated Newton method</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gauss%E2%80%93Newton_algorithm" title="Gauss–Newton algorithm">Gauss–Newton algorithm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newton%27s_rings" title="Newton's rings">Newton's rings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newton%27s_theorem_about_ovals" title="Newton's theorem about ovals">Newton's theorem about ovals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newton%E2%80%93Pepys_problem" title="Newton–Pepys problem">Newton–Pepys problem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newtonian_potential" title="Newtonian potential">Newtonian potential</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newtonian_fluid" title="Newtonian fluid">Newtonian fluid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_mechanics" title="Classical mechanics">Classical mechanics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corpuscular_theory_of_light" title="Corpuscular theory of light">Corpuscular theory of light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leibniz%E2%80%93Newton_calculus_controversy" title="Leibniz–Newton calculus controversy">Leibniz–Newton calculus controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newton%27s_notation" class="mw-redirect" title="Newton's notation">Newton's notation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotating_spheres" title="Rotating spheres">Rotating spheres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newton%27s_cannonball" title="Newton's cannonball">Newton's cannonball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newton%E2%80%93Cotes_formulas" title="Newton–Cotes formulas">Newton–Cotes formulas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newton%27s_method" title="Newton's method">Newton's method</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Generalized_Gauss%E2%80%93Newton_method" title="Generalized Gauss–Newton method">generalized Gauss–Newton method</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newton_fractal" title="Newton fractal">Newton fractal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newton%27s_identities" title="Newton's identities">Newton's identities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newton_polynomial" title="Newton polynomial">Newton polynomial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newton%27s_theorem_of_revolving_orbits" title="Newton's theorem of revolving orbits">Newton's theorem of revolving orbits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newton%E2%80%93Euler_equations" title="Newton–Euler equations">Newton–Euler equations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_number" title="Power number">Newton number</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kissing_number" title="Kissing number">kissing number problem</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Difference_quotient" title="Difference quotient">Newton's quotient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallelogram_of_force" title="Parallelogram of force">Parallelogram of force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puiseux_series" title="Puiseux series">Newton–Puiseux theorem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Absolute_space_and_time#Newton" title="Absolute space and time">Absolute space and time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luminiferous_aether" title="Luminiferous aether">Luminiferous aether</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finite_difference" title="Finite difference">Newtonian series</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Table_of_Newtonian_series" title="Table of Newtonian series">table</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;vertical-align:top;">Personal life</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Woolsthorpe_Manor" title="Woolsthorpe Manor">Woolsthorpe Manor</a> (birthplace)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cranbury_Park" title="Cranbury Park">Cranbury Park</a> (home)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_life_of_Isaac_Newton" title="Early life of Isaac Newton">Early life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Later_life_of_Isaac_Newton" title="Later life of Isaac Newton">Later life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton%27s_apple_tree" title="Isaac Newton's apple tree">Apple tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_views_of_Isaac_Newton" title="Religious views of Isaac Newton">Religious views</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton%27s_occult_studies" title="Isaac Newton's occult studies">Occult studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_Revolution" title="Scientific Revolution">Scientific Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copernican_Revolution" title="Copernican Revolution">Copernican Revolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;vertical-align:top;">Relations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_Barton" title="Catherine Barton">Catherine Barton</a> (niece)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Conduitt" title="John Conduitt">John Conduitt</a> (nephew-in-law)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Barrow" title="Isaac Barrow">Isaac Barrow</a> (professor)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Clarke_(apothecary)" title="William Clarke (apothecary)">William Clarke</a> (mentor)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Pulleyn" title="Benjamin Pulleyn">Benjamin Pulleyn</a> (tutor)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Cotes" title="Roger Cotes">Roger Cotes</a> (student)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Whiston" title="William Whiston">William Whiston</a> (student)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Keill" title="John Keill">John Keill</a> (disciple)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Stukeley" title="William Stukeley">William Stukeley</a> (friend)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Jones_(mathematician)" title="William Jones (mathematician)">William Jones</a> (friend)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_de_Moivre" title="Abraham de Moivre">Abraham de Moivre</a> (friend)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton_in_popular_culture" title="Isaac Newton in popular culture">Depictions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Newton_(Blake)" title="Newton (Blake)"><i>Newton</i> by Blake</a> (monotype)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newton_(Paolozzi)" title="Newton (Paolozzi)"><i>Newton</i> by Paolozzi</a> (sculpture)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton_Gargoyle" title="Isaac Newton Gargoyle">Isaac Newton Gargoyle</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Astronomers_Monument" title="Astronomers Monument">Astronomers Monument</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_things_named_after_Isaac_Newton" title="List of things named after Isaac Newton">Namesake</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Newton_(unit)" title="Newton (unit)">Newton (unit)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newton%27s_cradle" title="Newton's cradle">Newton's cradle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton_Institute" title="Isaac Newton Institute">Isaac Newton Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Physics_Isaac_Newton_Medal" class="mw-redirect" title="Institute of Physics Isaac Newton Medal">Isaac Newton Medal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton_Telescope" title="Isaac Newton Telescope">Isaac Newton Telescope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton_Group_of_Telescopes" title="Isaac Newton Group of Telescopes">Isaac Newton Group of Telescopes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XMM-Newton" title="XMM-Newton">XMM-Newton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_Isaac_Newton_Sixth_Form" title="Sir Isaac Newton Sixth Form">Sir Isaac Newton Sixth Form</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statal_Institute_of_Higher_Education_Isaac_Newton" title="Statal Institute of Higher Education Isaac Newton">Statal Institute of Higher Education Isaac Newton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newton_International_Fellowship" title="Newton International Fellowship">Newton International Fellowship</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;vertical-align:top;">Categories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="div-col"> <div class="CategoryTreeTag" data-ct-options="{"mode":20,"hideprefix":20,"showcount":false,"namespaces":false,"notranslations":false}"><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="Isaac_Newton" aria-expanded="false"></a> </span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:Isaac_Newton" title="Category:Isaac Newton">Isaac Newton</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div></div> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Newtonianism&oldid=1251630668">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Newtonianism&oldid=1251630668</a>"</div></div> 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