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aria-controls="toc-Syntax_and_fundamental_semantics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Syntax and fundamental semantics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Syntax_and_fundamental_semantics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Basic_commands" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Basic_commands"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Basic commands</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Basic_commands-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Advanced_commands" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Advanced_commands"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Advanced commands</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Advanced_commands-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uplevel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uplevel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Uplevel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Uplevel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Upvar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Upvar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Upvar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Upvar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Object-oriented" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Object-oriented"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Object-oriented</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Object-oriented-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Web_application_development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Web_application_development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Web application development</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Web_application_development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Interfacing_with_other_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interfacing_with_other_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Interfacing with other languages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interfacing_with_other_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Extension_packages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Extension_packages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Extension packages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Extension_packages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Tcl</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 39 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-39" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">39 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%8A_%D8%B3%D9%8A_%D8%A5%D9%84" title="تي سي إل – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تي سي إل" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tcl" title="Tcl – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Tcl" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tcl" title="Tcl – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Tcl" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tcl" title="Tcl – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Tcl" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tcl" title="Tcl – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Tcl" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tcl" title="Tcl – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Tcl" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tcl" title="Tcl – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Tcl" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tcl" title="Tcl – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Tcl" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tcl" title="Tcl – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Tcl" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tcl" title="Tcl – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Tcl" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D8%B3%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%D9%84" title="تی‌سی‌ال – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تی‌سی‌ال" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tool_Command_Language" title="Tool Command Language – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Tool Command Language" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/TCL" title="TCL – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="TCL" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tcl" title="Tcl – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="Tcl" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/TCL" title="TCL – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="TCL" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tcl" title="Tcl – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Tcl" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tcl" title="Tcl – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Tcl" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tcl" title="Tcl – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Tcl" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tcl" title="Tcl – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="Tcl" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tool_Command_Language" title="Tool Command Language – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Tool Command Language" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tcl" title="Tcl – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Tcl" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tcl" title="Tcl – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Tcl" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tcl_(programmeertaal)" title="Tcl (programmeertaal) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Tcl (programmeertaal)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tcl" title="Tcl – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="Tcl" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tcl" title="Tcl – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Tcl" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tcl_(j%C4%99zyk_programowania)" title="Tcl (język programowania) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Tcl (język programowania)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tcl" title="Tcl – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Tcl" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tcl/TK" title="Tcl/TK – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Tcl/TK" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tcl" title="Tcl – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Tcl" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tcl" title="Tcl – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Tcl" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tcl" title="Tcl – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Tcl" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tcl_(ohjelmointikieli)" title="Tcl (ohjelmointikieli) – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Tcl (ohjelmointikieli)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tcl" title="Tcl – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Tcl" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tcl" title="Tcl – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Tcl" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bug mw-list-item"><a href="https://bug.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tcl" title="Tcl – Buginese" lang="bug" hreflang="bug" data-title="Tcl" data-language-autonym="Basa Ugi" data-language-local-name="Buginese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Ugi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tcl" title="Tcl – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Tcl" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tcl" title="Tcl – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tcl" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tcl" title="Tcl – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="Tcl" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tcl" title="Tcl – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="Tcl" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet 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searchaux" style="display:none">High-level programming language</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the Chinese electronics company, see <a href="/wiki/TCL_Technology" title="TCL Technology">TCL Technology</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Tcl_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Tcl (disambiguation)">Tcl (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><caption class="infobox-title summary">Tcl</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tcl-powered.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Tcl logo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Tcl-powered.svg/121px-Tcl-powered.svg.png" decoding="async" width="121" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Tcl-powered.svg/182px-Tcl-powered.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Tcl-powered.svg/242px-Tcl-powered.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="179" data-file-height="280" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Programming_paradigm" title="Programming paradigm">Paradigm</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Multi-paradigm_programming_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Multi-paradigm programming language">Multi-paradigm</a>: <a href="/wiki/Event-driven_programming" title="Event-driven programming">event-driven</a>, <a href="/wiki/Functional_programming" title="Functional programming">functional</a>, <a href="/wiki/Imperative_programming" title="Imperative programming">imperative</a>, <a href="/wiki/Object-oriented_programming" title="Object-oriented programming">object-oriented</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Software_design" title="Software design">Designed by</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/John_Ousterhout" title="John Ousterhout">John Ousterhout</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Software_developer" class="mw-redirect" title="Software developer">Developer</a></th><td class="infobox-data organiser">Tcl Core Team<sup id="cite_ref-tclcoreteam_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tclcoreteam-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">First appeared</th><td class="infobox-data">1988<span class="noprint">; 37 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1988</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Software_release_life_cycle" title="Software release life cycle">Stable release</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="margin:0px;">9.0.1<sup id="cite_ref-wikidata-0a353764cb97aa43a68375c88dc5c48539e047f3-v18_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wikidata-0a353764cb97aa43a68375c88dc5c48539e047f3-v18-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5288?uselang=en#P348" title="Edit this on Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this on Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span> / 21 December 2024<span class="noprint">; 3 months ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">21 December 2024</span>)</span></div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Type_system" title="Type system">Typing discipline</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_typing" class="mw-redirect" title="Dynamic typing">Dynamic typing</a>, everything is a <a href="/wiki/String_(programming)" class="mw-redirect" title="String (programming)">string</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Software_license" title="Software license">License</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/BSD_licenses" title="BSD licenses">BSD</a>-style<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Filename_extension" title="Filename extension">Filename extensions</a></th><td class="infobox-data">.tcl, .tbc<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tcl-lang.org">www<wbr />.tcl-lang<wbr />.org</a></span><br /><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tcl.tk">www<wbr />.tcl<wbr />.tk</a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #eee;">Major <a href="/wiki/Programming_language_implementation" title="Programming language implementation">implementations</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.activestate.com/activetcl">ActiveTcl</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.androwish.org/">Androwish</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #eee;"><a href="/wiki/Programming_language#Dialects,_flavors_and_implementations" title="Programming language">Dialects</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jim.tcl.tk/">Jim</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eagle.to/">Eagle</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #eee;">Influenced by</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/AWK" title="AWK">AWK</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lisp_(programming_language)" title="Lisp (programming language)">Lisp</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #eee;">Influenced</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/PHP" title="PHP">PHP</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-mysqlconference_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mysqlconference-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Windows_PowerShell" class="mw-redirect" title="Windows PowerShell">PowerShell</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Tea_(programming_language)" title="Tea (programming language)">Tea</a>, TH1<sup id="cite_ref-th1scripts_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-th1scripts-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Tcl</b> (pronounced "<a href="/wiki/Tickle" class="mw-redirect" title="Tickle">tickle</a>" or "TCL";<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> originally <b>Tool Command Language</b>) is a <a href="/wiki/High-level_programming_language" title="High-level programming language">high-level</a>, <a href="/wiki/General-purpose_programming_language" title="General-purpose programming language">general-purpose</a>, <a href="/wiki/Interpreter_(computing)" title="Interpreter (computing)">interpreted</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dynamic_programming_language" title="Dynamic programming language">dynamic programming language</a>. It was designed with the goal of being very simple but powerful.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tcl casts everything into the mold of a <a href="/wiki/Command_(computing)" title="Command (computing)">command</a>, even programming constructs like variable assignment and procedure definition.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tcl supports multiple <a href="/wiki/Programming_paradigm" title="Programming paradigm">programming paradigms</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Object-oriented_programming" title="Object-oriented programming">object-oriented</a>, <a href="/wiki/Imperative_programming" title="Imperative programming">imperative</a>, <a href="/wiki/Functional_programming" title="Functional programming">functional</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Procedural_programming" title="Procedural programming">procedural</a> styles. </p><p>It is commonly used embedded into <a href="/wiki/C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C</a> applications,<sup id="cite_ref-inception_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-inception-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for <a href="/wiki/Rapid_application_development" title="Rapid application development">rapid prototyping</a>, scripted applications, GUIs, and testing.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tcl interpreters are available for many <a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">operating systems</a>, allowing Tcl code to run on a wide variety of systems. Because Tcl is a very compact language, it is used on <a href="/wiki/Embedded_system" title="Embedded system">embedded systems</a> platforms, both in its full form and in several other small-footprint versions.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The popular combination of Tcl with the <a href="/wiki/Tk_(software)" title="Tk (software)">Tk</a> extension is referred to as <b>Tcl/Tk</b> (pronounced "tickle teak"<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2025)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> or "tickle TK") and enables building a <a href="/wiki/Graphical_user_interface" title="Graphical user interface">graphical user interface</a> (GUI) natively in Tcl. Tcl/Tk is included in the standard <a href="/wiki/Python_(programming_language)" title="Python (programming language)">Python</a> installation in the form of <a href="/wiki/Tkinter" title="Tkinter">Tkinter</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tcl&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Tcl programming language was created in the spring of 1988 by <a href="/wiki/John_Ousterhout" title="John Ousterhout">John Ousterhout</a> while he was working at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley" title="University of California, Berkeley">University of California, Berkeley</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Originally "born out of frustration",<sup id="cite_ref-inception_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-inception-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> according to the author, with programmers devising their own languages for extending <a href="/wiki/Electronic_design_automation" title="Electronic design automation">electronic design automation</a> (EDA) software and, more specifically, the <a href="/wiki/Very_Large_Scale_Integration" class="mw-redirect" title="Very Large Scale Integration">VLSI</a> design tool <a href="/wiki/Magic_(software)" title="Magic (software)">Magic</a>, which was a professional focus for John at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later Tcl gained acceptance on its own. Ousterhout was awarded the <a href="/wiki/ACM_Software_System_Award" title="ACM Software System Award">ACM Software System Award</a> in 1997 for Tcl/Tk.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The name originally comes from "Tool Command Language", but is conventionally written <i>Tcl</i> rather than <i>TCL</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Date</th> <th>Event </th></tr> <tr> <td>January 1990</td> <td>Tcl announced beyond Berkeley (Winter <a href="/wiki/USENIX" title="USENIX">USENIX</a>). </td></tr> <tr> <td>June 1990</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Expect" title="Expect">Expect</a> announced (Summer USENIX). </td></tr> <tr> <td>January 1991</td> <td>First announcement of <a href="/wiki/Tk_(software)" title="Tk (software)">Tk</a> (Winter USENIX). </td></tr> <tr> <td>June 1993</td> <td>First Tcl/Tk conference (Berkeley). [table] geometry manager (forerunner of [grid]), <a href="/wiki/Incr_Tcl" title="Incr Tcl">[incr Tcl]</a>, TclDP and Groupkit, announced there. </td></tr> <tr> <td>August 1997</td> <td>Tcl 8.0 introduced a bytecode compiler.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>April 1999</td> <td>Tcl 8.1 introduces full <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> support<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and advanced <a href="/wiki/Regular_expression" title="Regular expression">regular expressions</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-regex_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-regex-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>August 1999</td> <td>Tcl 8.2 introduces Tcl Extension Architecture (TEA)<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>August 2000</td> <td>Tcl Core Team formed, moving Tcl to a more community-oriented development model.<sup id="cite_ref-tclcoreteam_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tclcoreteam-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>September 2002</td> <td>Ninth Tcl/Tk conference (Vancouver). Announcement of starkit packaging system. Tcl 8.4.0 released.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>December 2007</td> <td>Tcl 8.5 added new datatypes, a new extension repository, <a href="/wiki/Arbitrary-precision_arithmetic" title="Arbitrary-precision arithmetic">bignums</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Anonymous_function" title="Anonymous function">lambdas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>December 2012</td> <td>Tcl 8.6 added built-in dynamic object system, TclOO, and stackless evaluation.<sup id="cite_ref-tcl86release_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tcl86release-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>September 2024</td> <td>Tcl 9.0 added 64-bit capabilities, support for the full Unicode code point range, uses <a href="/wiki/Epoll" title="Epoll">epoll</a> & <a href="/wiki/Kqueue" title="Kqueue">kqueue</a><sup id="cite_ref-tcl90release_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tcl90release-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Tcl conferences and workshops are held in both the United States and Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several corporations, including <a href="/wiki/FlightAware" title="FlightAware">FlightAware</a><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> use Tcl as part of their products. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Features">Features</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tcl&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Features"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eclipse-dltk-itcl_en_fedora_11_con_KDE_4.2.4.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Eclipse-dltk-itcl_en_fedora_11_con_KDE_4.2.4.png/250px-Eclipse-dltk-itcl_en_fedora_11_con_KDE_4.2.4.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Eclipse-dltk-itcl_en_fedora_11_con_KDE_4.2.4.png/500px-Eclipse-dltk-itcl_en_fedora_11_con_KDE_4.2.4.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1233" data-file-height="858" /></a><figcaption>A Tcl file being edited in the <a href="/wiki/Eclipse_(software)" title="Eclipse (software)">Eclipse</a> IDE</figcaption></figure> <p>Tcl's features include </p> <ul><li>All operations are <a href="/wiki/Command_(computing)" title="Command (computing)">commands</a>, including language structures. They are written in <a href="/wiki/Prefix_notation" class="mw-redirect" title="Prefix notation">prefix notation</a>.</li> <li>Commands commonly accept a variable number of arguments (are <a href="/wiki/Variadic" title="Variadic">variadic</a>).</li> <li>Everything can be dynamically redefined and overridden. Actually, there are no keywords, so even control structures can be added or changed, although this is not advisable.</li> <li>All <a href="/wiki/Data_type" title="Data type">data types</a> can be manipulated as <a href="/wiki/String_(computer_science)" title="String (computer science)">strings</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Source_code" title="Source code">source code</a>. Internally, variables have types like integer and double, but converting is purely automatic.</li> <li>Variables are not declared, but assigned to. Use of a non-defined variable results in an error.</li> <li>Fully dynamic, class-based <a href="/wiki/Object-oriented_programming" title="Object-oriented programming">object system</a>, TclOO, including advanced features such as meta-classes, filters, and <a href="/wiki/Mixin" title="Mixin">mixins</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-tip257_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tip257-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Event-driven_programming" title="Event-driven programming">Event-driven interface</a> to <a href="/wiki/Network_socket" title="Network socket">sockets</a> and <a href="/wiki/Computer_file" title="Computer file">files</a>. Time-based and user-defined events are also possible.</li> <li>Variable visibility restricted to lexical (static) <a href="/wiki/Scope_(computer_science)" title="Scope (computer science)">scope</a> by default, but <code>uplevel</code> and <code>upvar</code> allowing procs to interact with the enclosing functions' scopes.</li> <li>All commands defined by Tcl itself generate error messages on incorrect usage.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extensibility" title="Extensibility">Extensibility</a>, via <a href="/wiki/C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C</a>, <a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++">C++</a>, <a href="/wiki/Java_(programming_language)" title="Java (programming language)">Java</a>, Python, and Tcl.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interpreted_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Interpreted language">Interpreted language</a> using <a href="/wiki/Bytecode" title="Bytecode">bytecode</a></li> <li>Full <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> (3.1 in the beginning, regularly updated) support, first released 1999.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regular_expression" title="Regular expression">Regular expressions</a><sup id="cite_ref-regex_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-regex-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-platform" class="mw-redirect" title="Cross-platform">Cross-platform</a>: <a href="/wiki/Windows_API" title="Windows API">Windows API</a>; <a href="/wiki/Unix" title="Unix">Unix</a>, <a href="/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a>, <a href="/wiki/Macintosh" class="mw-redirect" title="Macintosh">Macintosh</a> etc.</li> <li>Close, cross-platform integration with windowing (<a href="/wiki/GUI" class="mw-redirect" title="GUI">GUI</a>) interface <a href="/wiki/Tk_(software)" title="Tk (software)">Tk</a>.</li> <li>Multiple distribution mechanisms exist: <ul><li>Full development version (for Windows e.g. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.activestate.com/ActiveTcl">ActiveState Tcl</a>, see <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.tcl.tk/software/tcltk/">[1]</a>)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wiki.tcl.tk/52">Tclkits</a> (single file executable containing a complete scripting runtime, only about 4 megabytes in size), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wiki.tcl.tk/52">Starkits</a> (wrapping mechanism for delivering an application in a self-contained, installation-free, and highly portable way) and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wiki.tcl.tk/52">Starpacks</a> (combine Starkit with Tclkit to produce a Starpack – a single platform specific executable file, ideal for easy deployment)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jim.tcl.tk/">The Jim Interpreter</a>, a small footprint Tcl implementation</li> <li>Freely distributable <a href="/wiki/Source_code" title="Source code">source code</a> under a <a href="/wiki/BSD_license" class="mw-redirect" title="BSD license">BSD license</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Safe-Tcl">Safe-Tcl</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tcl&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Safe-Tcl"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Safe-Tcl is a subset of Tcl that has restricted features so that Tcl scripts cannot harm their hosting machine or application.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> File system access is limited and arbitrary system commands are prevented from execution. It uses a dual interpreter model with the untrusted interpreter running code in an untrusted script. It was designed by <a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Borenstein" title="Nathaniel Borenstein">Nathaniel Borenstein</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Rose" title="Marshall Rose">Marshall Rose</a> to include active messages in e-mail. Safe-Tcl can be included in e-mail when the <i>application/safe-tcl</i> and <i>multipart/enabled-mail</i> are supported. The functionality of Safe-Tcl has since been incorporated as part of the standard Tcl/Tk releases.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Syntax_and_fundamental_semantics">Syntax and fundamental semantics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tcl&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Syntax and fundamental semantics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The syntax and semantics of Tcl are covered by twelve rules<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> known as the Dodekalogue.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A Tcl script consists of a series of command invocations. A command invocation is a list of words separated by whitespace and terminated by a <a href="/wiki/Newline" title="Newline">newline</a> or semicolon. The first word is the name of a command, which may be built into the language, found in an available <a href="/wiki/Library_(computing)" title="Library (computing)">library</a>, or defined in the script itself. The subsequent words serve as arguments to the command: </p> <pre>commandName argument1 argument2 ... argumentN </pre> <p>The following example uses the <i>puts</i> (short for "put string") command to display a string of text on the host console: </p> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-tcl mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span><span class="nb">puts</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">"Hello, World!"</span> </pre></div> <p>This sends the string "Hello, World!" to the <a href="/wiki/Standard_streams#Standard_output_(stdout)" title="Standard streams">standard output</a> device along with an appended newline character. </p><p>Variables and the results of other commands can be substituted into strings, such as in this example which uses the <i>set</i> and <i>expr</i> commands to store the result of a calculation in a variable (note that Tcl does not use <code>=</code> as an assignment operator), and then uses <i>puts</i> to print the result together with some explanatory text: </p> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-tcl mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span><span class="c"># expr evaluates text string as an expression</span> <span class="k">set</span><span class="w"> </span>sum<span class="w"> </span><span class="k">[expr</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="o">+</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="o">+</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="o">+</span><span class="mi">4</span><span class="o">+</span><span class="mi">5</span><span class="k">]</span> <span class="nb">puts</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">"The sum of the numbers 1..5 is $sum."</span> </pre></div> <p>The <code>#</code> character introduces a <a href="/wiki/Comment_(computer_programming)" title="Comment (computer programming)">comment</a>. Comments can appear anywhere the interpreter is expecting a command name. </p> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-tcl mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span><span class="c"># with curly braces, variable substitution is performed by expr</span> <span class="k">set</span><span class="w"> </span>x<span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">1</span> <span class="k">set</span><span class="w"> </span>sum<span class="w"> </span><span class="k">[expr</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">{</span><span class="nv">$x</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">+</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nv">2</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">+</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">+</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">4</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">+</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">5</span><span class="k">}];</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c"># $x is not substituted before passing the parameter to expr;</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="c"># expr substitutes 1 for $x while evaluating the expression</span> <span class="nb">puts</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">"The sum of the numbers 1..5 is $sum."</span><span class="k">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c"># sum is 15</span> </pre></div> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-tcl mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span><span class="c"># without curly braces, variable substitution occurs at the definition site (lexical scoping)</span> <span class="k">set</span><span class="w"> </span>x<span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">2</span> <span class="k">set</span><span class="w"> </span>op<span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*</span> <span class="k">set</span><span class="w"> </span>y<span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">3</span> <span class="k">set</span><span class="w"> </span>res<span class="w"> </span><span class="k">[expr</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nv">$x$op$y</span><span class="k">];</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c"># $x, $op, and $y are substituted, and the expression is evaluated to 6</span> <span class="nb">puts</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">"$x $op $y is $res."</span><span class="k">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c"># $x, $op, $y, and $res are substituted and evaluated as strings</span> </pre></div> <p>As seen in these examples, there is one basic construct in the language: the command. Quoting mechanisms and substitution rules determine how the arguments to each command are processed. </p><p>One special substitution occurs <i>before</i> the parsing of any commands or arguments. If the final character on a line (i.e., immediately before a newline) is a backslash, then the backslash-newline combination (and any spaces or tabs immediately following the newline) are replaced by a single space. This provides a <a href="/wiki/Line_continuation" class="mw-redirect" title="Line continuation">line continuation</a> mechanism, whereby long lines in the source code can be wrapped to the next line for the convenience of readers. </p><p>Continuing with normal argument processing, a word that begins with a double-quote character (<code>"</code>) extends to the next double-quote character. Such a word can thus contain whitespace and semicolons without those characters being interpreted as having any special meaning (i.e., they are treated as normal text characters). A word that begins with an opening curly-brace character (<code>{</code>) extends to the next closing curly-brace character (<code>}</code>). Inside curly braces all forms of substitution are suppressed except the previously mentioned backslash-newline elimination. Words not enclosed in either construct are known as bare words. </p><p>In bare and double-quoted words, three types of substitution may occur: </p> <ul><li><b>Command substitution</b> replaces the contents of balanced square brackets with the result of evaluating the script contained inside. For example, <code>[expr 1+2+3]</code> is replaced by the result of evaluating the contained expression (in this case 6).</li> <li><b>Variable substitution</b> replaces the name of a variable prefixed with a dollar sign with the contents (or value) of the variable. For example, <code>$foo</code> is replaced by the contents of the variable called "foo". The variable name may be surrounded by curly braces to separate it from subsequent text in otherwise ambiguous cases (e.g., <code>${foo}ing</code>).</li> <li><b>Backslash substitution</b> replaces a backslash followed by a letter with another character. For example, <code>\n</code> is replaced by a newline.</li></ul> <p>Substitution proceeds left-to-right in a single scan through each word. Any substituted text will not be scanned again for possible further substitutions. However, any number of substitutions can appear in a single word. </p><p>From Tcl 8.5 onwards, any word may be prefixed by <code>{*}</code>, which causes the word to be split apart into its constituent sub-words for the purposes of building the command invocation (similar to the <code>,@</code> sequence of <a href="/wiki/Lisp_(programming_language)" title="Lisp (programming language)">Lisp</a>'s quasiquote feature). </p><p>As a consequence of these rules, the result of any command may be used as an argument to any other command. Note that, unlike in <a href="/wiki/Bourne_shell" title="Bourne shell">Unix command shells</a>, Tcl does not reparse any string unless explicitly directed to do so, which makes interactive use more cumbersome, but scripted use more predictable (e.g., the presence of spaces in filenames does not cause difficulties). </p><p>The single equality sign (<code>=</code>) serves no special role in the language at all. The double equality sign (<code>==</code>) is the test for equality which is used in expression contexts such as the <code>expr</code> command and in the first argument to <code>if</code>. (Both commands are part of the standard library; they have no special place in the library and can be replaced if desired.) </p><p>The majority of Tcl commands, especially in the standard library, are <a href="/wiki/Variadic_function" title="Variadic function">variadic</a>, and the <code>proc</code> (the constructor for scripted command procedures) allows one to define default values for unspecified arguments and a catch-all argument to allow the code to process arbitrary numbers of arguments. </p><p>Tcl is not statically typed: each variable may contain integers, floats, strings, lists, command names, dictionaries, or any other value; values are reinterpreted (subject to syntactic constraints) as other types on demand. However, values are <a href="/wiki/Immutable_object" title="Immutable object">immutable</a> and operations that appear to change them actually just return a new value instead. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Basic_commands">Basic commands</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tcl&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Basic commands"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The most important commands that refer to program execution and data operations are: </p> <ul><li><code>set</code> writes a new value to a variable (creates a variable if did not exist). If used only with one argument, it returns the value of the given variable (it must exist in this case).</li> <li><code>proc</code> defines a new command, whose execution results in executing a given Tcl script, written as a set of commands. <code>return</code> can be used to immediately return control to the caller.</li></ul> <p>The usual execution control commands are: </p> <ul><li><code><a href="/wiki/If-then-else" class="mw-redirect" title="If-then-else">if</a></code> executes given script body (second argument), if the condition (first argument) is satisfied. It can be followed by additional arguments starting from <code>elseif</code> with the alternative condition and body, or <code>else</code> with the complementary block.</li> <li><code><a href="/wiki/While_loop#Tcl" title="While loop">while</a></code> repeats executing given script body, as long as the condition (first argument) remains satisfied</li> <li><code><a href="/wiki/Foreach#Tcl" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreach">foreach</a></code> executes given body where the control variable is assigned list elements one by one.</li> <li><code>for</code> shortcut for initializing the control variable, condition (as in <code>while</code>) and the additional "next iteration" statement (command executed after executing the body)</li></ul> <p>Those above looping commands can be additionally controlled by the following commands: </p> <ul><li><code>break</code> interrupts the body execution and returns from the looping command</li> <li><code>continue</code> interrupts the body execution, but the control is still given back to the looping command. For <code>while</code> it means to loop again, for <code>for</code> and <code>foreach</code>, pick up the next iteration.</li> <li><code>return</code> interrupts the execution of the current body no matter how deep inside a procedure, until reaching the procedure boundary, and returns given value to the caller.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Advanced_commands">Advanced commands</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tcl&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Advanced commands"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><code>expr</code> passes the argument to a separate expression interpreter and returns the evaluated value. Note that the same interpreter is used also for "conditional" expression for <code>if</code> and looping commands.</li> <li><code>list</code> creates a <a href="/wiki/List_(computer_science)" class="mw-redirect" title="List (computer science)">list</a> comprising all the arguments, or an empty string if no argument is specified. The <code>lindex</code> command may be used on the result to re-extract the original arguments.</li> <li><code>array</code> manipulates <a href="/wiki/Associative_array" title="Associative array">array</a> variables.</li> <li><code>dict</code> manipulates <a href="/wiki/Associative_array" title="Associative array">dictionary</a> (since 8.5), which are lists with an even number of elements where every two elements are interpreted as a key/value pair.</li> <li><code>regexp</code> matches a regular expression against a string.</li> <li><code>regsub</code> Performs substitutions based on regular expression pattern matching.</li> <li><code><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Uplevel">uplevel</a></code> is a <a href="/wiki/Command_(computing)" title="Command (computing)">command</a> that allows a command script to be executed in a <a href="/wiki/Scope_(computer_science)" title="Scope (computer science)">scope</a> other than the current innermost scope on the stack.</li> <li><code><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Upvar">upvar</a></code> creates a link to variable in a different stack frame.</li> <li><code>namespace</code> lets you create, access, and destroy separate contexts for commands and variables.</li> <li><code>apply</code> applies an anonymous function (since 8.5).</li> <li><code>coroutine</code>, <code>yield</code>, and <code>yieldto</code> create and produce values from <a href="/wiki/Coroutine" title="Coroutine">coroutines</a> (since 8.6).</li> <li><code>try</code> lets you trap and process errors and exceptions.</li> <li><code>catch</code> lets you trap exceptional returns.</li> <li><code>zlib</code> provides access to the compression and checksumming facilities of the Zlib library (since 8.6).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Uplevel">Uplevel</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tcl&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Uplevel"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><code>uplevel</code> allows a command script to be executed in a <a href="/wiki/Scope_(computer_science)" title="Scope (computer science)">scope</a> other than the current innermost scope on the stack. Because the command script may itself call procedures that use the <i>uplevel</i> command, this has the net effect of transforming the <a href="/wiki/Call_stack" title="Call stack">call stack</a> into a call tree.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It was originally implemented to permit Tcl procedures to reimplement built-in commands (like <i>for</i>, <i>if</i> or <i>while</i>) and still have the ability to manipulate local <a href="/wiki/Variable_(computer_science)" title="Variable (computer science)">variables</a>. For example, the following Tcl script is a reimplementation of the <i>for</i> command (omitting <a href="/wiki/Exception_handling" title="Exception handling">exception handling</a>): </p> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-tcl mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span><span class="k">proc</span><span class="w"> </span>for<span class="w"> </span><span class="k">{</span><span class="nv">initCmd</span><span class="w"> </span>testExpr<span class="w"> </span>advanceCmd<span class="w"> </span>bodyScript<span class="k">}</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">{</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="k">uplevel</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nv">$initCmd</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="k">set</span><span class="w"> </span>testCmd<span class="w"> </span><span class="k">[</span><span class="nb">list</span><span class="w"> </span>expr<span class="w"> </span><span class="nv">$testExpr</span><span class="k">]</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="k">while</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">{[uplevel</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nv">$testCmd</span><span class="k">]}</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">{</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="k">uplevel</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nv">$bodyScript</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="k">uplevel</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nv">$advanceCmd</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="k">}</span> <span class="k">}</span> </pre></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Upvar">Upvar</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tcl&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Upvar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><code>upvar</code> arranges for one or more <a href="/wiki/Local_variable" title="Local variable">local variables</a> in the current procedure to refer to variables in an enclosing procedure call or to <a href="/wiki/Global_variable" title="Global variable">global variables</a>. The upvar command simplifies the implementation of call-by-name procedure calling and also makes it easier to build new control constructs as Tcl procedures.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A decr command that works like the built-in <code>incr</code> command except it subtracts the value from the variable instead of adding it: </p> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-tcl mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span><span class="k">proc</span><span class="w"> </span>decr<span class="w"> </span><span class="k">{</span><span class="nv">varName</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">{</span><span class="nv">decrement</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="k">}}</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">{</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="k">upvar</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nv">$varName</span><span class="w"> </span>var <span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">incr</span><span class="w"> </span>var<span class="w"> </span><span class="k">[expr</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">{</span><span class="nv">-$decrement</span><span class="k">}]</span> <span class="k">}</span> </pre></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Object-oriented">Object-oriented</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tcl&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Object-oriented"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Object-oriented_programming" title="Object-oriented programming">Object-oriented programming</a></div> <p>Tcl 8.6 added a built-in dynamic object system, TclOO, in 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-tip257_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tip257-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It includes features such as: </p> <ul><li>Class-based object system. This is what most programmers expect from OO.</li> <li>Allows per-object customization and dynamic redefinition of classes.</li> <li>Meta-classes</li> <li>Filters</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixin" title="Mixin">Mixins</a></li> <li>A system for implementing methods in custom ways, so that package authors that want significantly different ways of doing a method implementation may do so fairly simply.</li></ul> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-tcl mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">oo</span><span class="o">::</span>class<span class="w"> </span>create<span class="w"> </span>fruit<span class="w"> </span><span class="k">{</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="nv">method</span><span class="w"> </span>eat<span class="w"> </span><span class="k">{}</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">{</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">puts</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">"yummy!"</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="k">}</span> <span class="k">}</span> <span class="nv">oo</span><span class="o">::</span>class<span class="w"> </span>create<span class="w"> </span>banana<span class="w"> </span><span class="k">{</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="nv">superclass</span><span class="w"> </span>fruit <span class="w"> </span><span class="nv">constructor</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">{}</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">{</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="nv">my</span><span class="w"> </span>variable<span class="w"> </span>peeled <span class="w"> </span><span class="k">set</span><span class="w"> </span>peeled<span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">0</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="k">}</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="nv">method</span><span class="w"> </span>peel<span class="w"> </span><span class="k">{}</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">{</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="nv">my</span><span class="w"> </span>variable<span class="w"> </span>peeled <span class="w"> </span><span class="k">set</span><span class="w"> </span>peeled<span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">1</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">puts</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">"skin now off"</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="k">}</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="nv">method</span><span class="w"> </span>edible<span class="o">?</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">{}</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">{</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="nv">my</span><span class="w"> </span>variable<span class="w"> </span>peeled <span class="w"> </span><span class="k">return</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nv">$peeled</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="k">}</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="nv">method</span><span class="w"> </span>eat<span class="w"> </span><span class="k">{}</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">{</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="k">if</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">{</span><span class="o">!</span><span class="k">[</span><span class="nv">my</span><span class="w"> </span>edible<span class="o">?</span><span class="k">]}</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">{</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="nv">my</span><span class="w"> </span>peel <span class="w"> </span><span class="k">}</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="nv">next</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="k">}</span> <span class="k">}</span> <span class="k">set</span><span class="w"> </span>b<span class="w"> </span><span class="k">[</span><span class="nv">banana</span><span class="w"> </span>new<span class="k">]</span> <span class="nv">$b</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nv">eat</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="err">→</span><span class="w"> </span>prints<span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">"skin now off"</span><span class="w"> </span>and<span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">"yummy!"</span> <span class="nv">fruit</span><span class="w"> </span>destroy <span class="nv">$b</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nv">eat</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="err">→</span><span class="w"> </span>error<span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">"unknown command"</span> </pre></div> <p>Tcl did not have <a href="/wiki/Object-oriented_programming" title="Object-oriented programming">object oriented</a> (OO) syntax until 2012,<sup id="cite_ref-tip257_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tip257-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> so various extension packages emerged to enable object-oriented programming. They are widespread in existing Tcl source code. Popular extensions include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Incr_Tcl" title="Incr Tcl">incr Tcl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XOTcl" title="XOTcl">XOTcl</a></li> <li>Itk</li> <li>Snit</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jfontain.free.fr/stooop.html">STOOOP</a></li></ul> <p>TclOO was not only added to build a strong object oriented system, but also to enable extension packages to build object oriented abstractions using it as a foundation. After the release of TclOO, <a href="/wiki/Incr_Tcl" title="Incr Tcl">incr Tcl</a> was updated to use TclOO as its foundation.<sup id="cite_ref-tcl86release_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tcl86release-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Web_application_development">Web application development</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tcl&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Web application development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tcl.tk/software/tclhttpd/">Tcl Web Server</a> is a pure-Tcl implementation of an HTTP protocol server. It runs as a script on top of a vanilla Tcl interpreter. </p><p><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tcl.apache.org/rivet/">Apache Rivet</a> is an open source programming system for <a href="/wiki/Apache_HTTP_Server" title="Apache HTTP Server">Apache HTTP Server</a> that allows developers to use Tcl as a scripting language for creating dynamic web applications. Rivet is similar to <a href="/wiki/PHP" title="PHP">PHP</a>, <a href="/wiki/Active_Server_Pages" title="Active Server Pages">ASP</a>, and <a href="/wiki/JavaServer_Pages" class="mw-redirect" title="JavaServer Pages">JSP</a>. Rivet was primarily developed by Damon Courtney, David Welton, Massimo Manghi, Harald Oehlmann and <a href="/wiki/Karl_Lehenbauer" title="Karl Lehenbauer">Karl Lehenbauer</a>. Rivet can use any of the thousands of publicly available Tcl packages that offer countless features such as database interaction (Oracle, PostgreSQL, MySQL, SQLite, etc.), or interfaces to popular applications such as the <a href="/wiki/GD_Graphics_Library" title="GD Graphics Library">GD Graphics Library</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Interfacing_with_other_languages">Interfacing with other languages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tcl&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Interfacing with other languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tcl interfaces natively with the <a href="/wiki/C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C</a> language.<sup id="cite_ref-tclcapi_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tclcapi-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is because it was originally written to be a framework for providing a syntactic front-end to commands written in C, and all commands in the language (including things that might otherwise be <a href="/wiki/Keyword_(computer_programming)" class="mw-redirect" title="Keyword (computer programming)">keywords</a>, such as <code>if</code> or <code>while</code>) are implemented this way. Each command implementation <a href="/wiki/Subroutine" class="mw-redirect" title="Subroutine">function</a> is passed an array of values that describe the (already substituted) arguments to the command, and is free to interpret those values as it sees fit. </p><p>Digital <a href="/wiki/Logic_simulation" title="Logic simulation">logic simulators</a> often include a Tcl scripting interface for simulating <a href="/wiki/Verilog" title="Verilog">Verilog</a>, <a href="/wiki/VHDL" title="VHDL">VHDL</a> and SystemVerilog <a href="/wiki/Hardware_description_language" title="Hardware description language">hardware languages</a>. </p><p>Tools exist (e.g. <a href="/wiki/SWIG" title="SWIG">SWIG</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://elf.org/ffidl">Ffidl</a>) to automatically generate the necessary code to connect arbitrary C functions and the Tcl runtime, and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://equi4.com/starkit/critcl.html">Critcl</a> does the reverse, allowing embedding of arbitrary C code inside a Tcl script and compiling it at runtime into a <a href="/wiki/Dynamic-link_library" title="Dynamic-link library">DLL</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Extension_packages">Extension packages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tcl&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Extension packages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Tcl language has always allowed for extension packages, which provide additional functionality, such as a GUI, terminal-based application automation, database access, and so on. Commonly used extensions include: </p> <dl><dt>Tk</dt> <dd>The most popular Tcl extension is the <a href="/wiki/Tk_(software)" title="Tk (software)">Tk</a> toolkit, which provides a <a href="/wiki/Graphical_user_interface" title="Graphical user interface">graphical user interface</a> library for a variety of <a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">operating systems</a>. Each GUI consists of one or more <i>frames</i>. Each frame has a layout manager.</dd> <dt>Expect</dt> <dd>One of the other very popular Tcl extensions is <a href="/wiki/Expect" title="Expect">Expect</a> extension. The early close relationship of Expect with Tcl is largely responsible for the popularity of Tcl in prolific areas of use such as in Unix testing, where Expect was (and still is today) employed very successfully to automate telnet, ssh, and serial sessions to perform many repetitive tasks (i.e., scripting of formerly interactive-only applications). Tcl was the only way to run Expect, so Tcl became very popular in these areas of industry.</dd> <dt>Tile/Ttk</dt> <dd>Tile/Ttk<sup id="cite_ref-tktable1208_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tktable1208-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a styles and theming widget collection that can replace most of the widgets in Tk with variants that are truly platform native through calls to an <a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">operating system</a>'s <a href="/wiki/API" title="API">API</a>. Themes covered in this way are <a href="/wiki/Windows_XP" title="Windows XP">Windows XP</a>, Windows Classic, <a href="/wiki/Qt_(toolkit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Qt (toolkit)">Qt</a> (that hooks into the <a href="/wiki/X11" class="mw-redirect" title="X11">X11</a> <a href="/wiki/KDE" title="KDE">KDE</a> environment libraries) and <a href="/wiki/Aqua_(user_interface)" title="Aqua (user interface)">Aqua</a> (Mac OS X). A theme can also be constructed without these calls using widget definitions supplemented with image <a href="/wiki/Pixmap" class="mw-redirect" title="Pixmap">pixmaps</a>. Themes created this way include Classic Tk, Step, Alt/Revitalized, Plastik and Keramik. Under Tcl 8.4, this package is known as Tile, while in Tcl 8.5 it has been folded into the core distribution of Tk (as Ttk).</dd> <dt>Tix</dt> <dd>Tix, the Tk Interface eXtension, is a set of user interface components that expand the capabilities of Tcl/Tk and Python applications. It is an open source software package maintained by volunteers in the Tix Project Group and released under a BSD-style license.<sup id="cite_ref-tixlic96_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tixlic96-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dt>Itcl/IncrTcl</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Itcl" class="mw-redirect" title="Itcl">Itcl</a> is an object system for Tcl, and is normally named as [incr Tcl] (that being the way to increment in Tcl, similar in fashion to the name C++).</dd> <dt>Tcllib</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tcllib" class="mw-redirect" title="Tcllib">Tcllib</a> is a set of scripted packages for Tcl that can be used with no compilation steps.</dd> <dt>Tklib</dt> <dd>Tklib is a collection of utility modules for Tk, and a companion to Tcllib.</dd> <dt>tDOM</dt> <dd>tDOM is a Tcl extension for parsing XML, based on the <a href="/wiki/Expat_(library)" class="mw-redirect" title="Expat (library)">Expat</a> parser</dd> <dt>TclTLS</dt> <dd>TclTLS is <a href="/wiki/OpenSSL" title="OpenSSL">OpenSSL</a> extension to Tcl.</dd> <dt>TclUDP</dt> <dd>The TclUDP<sup id="cite_ref-tcludp1109_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tcludp1109-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> extension provides a simple library to support <a href="/wiki/User_Datagram_Protocol" title="User Datagram Protocol">User Datagram Protocol</a> (UDP) sockets in Tcl.</dd> <dt>TWAPI</dt> <dd>TWAPI (Tcl Windows API) is an extension to Tcl providing bindings to the Windows API.</dd> <dt>Databases</dt> <dd>Tcl Database Connectivity (TDBC), part of Tcl 8.6, is a common database access interface for Tcl scripts. It currently supports drivers for accessing <a href="/wiki/MySQL" title="MySQL">MySQL</a>, <a href="/wiki/ODBC" class="mw-redirect" title="ODBC">ODBC</a>, <a href="/wiki/PostgreSQL" title="PostgreSQL">PostgreSQL</a> and <a href="/wiki/SQLite" title="SQLite">SQLite</a> databases. More are planned for the future. Access to databases is also supported through database-specific extensions, of which there are many available.<sup id="cite_ref-tdbc1202_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tdbc1202-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tcl&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Octicons-terminal.svg/60px-Octicons-terminal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="896" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Computer_programming" title="Portal:Computer programming">Computer programming portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eggdrop" title="Eggdrop">Eggdrop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expect" title="Expect">Expect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TclX" title="TclX">TclX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tkdesk" title="Tkdesk">Tkdesk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_integrated_development_environments#Tcl" title="Comparison of integrated development environments">Comparison of Tcl integrated development environments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_programming_languages" title="Comparison of programming languages">Comparison of programming languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programming_languages" title="List of programming languages">List of programming languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environment_Modules_(software)#modulefiles" title="Environment Modules (software)">Environment Modules</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tcl&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-tclcoreteam-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tclcoreteam_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tclcoreteam_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tcl.tk/community/coreteam">"Tcl/Tk Core Development"</a>. <i>Tcl Developer Xchange</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-11-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tcl+Developer+Xchange&rft.atitle=Tcl%2FTk+Core+Development&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tcl.tk%2Fcommunity%2Fcoreteam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATcl" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wikidata-0a353764cb97aa43a68375c88dc5c48539e047f3-v18-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wikidata-0a353764cb97aa43a68375c88dc5c48539e047f3-v18_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sourceforge.net/p/tcl/mailman/message/59108215/">"[TCLCORE] Tk 9.0.1 RELEASED"</a>. 21 December 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 December</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%5BTCLCORE%5D+Tk+9.0.1+RELEASED&rft.date=2024-12-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsourceforge.net%2Fp%2Ftcl%2Fmailman%2Fmessage%2F59108215%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATcl" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tcl-lang.org/software/tcltk/license.html">"Tcl/Tk License Terms"</a>. <i>Tcl Developer Xchange</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-11-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tcl+Developer+Xchange&rft.atitle=Tcl%2FTk+License+Terms&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tcl-lang.org%2Fsoftware%2Ftcltk%2Flicense.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATcl" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://docs.activestate.com/tdk/4.1/Compiler.html">"Tcl Dev Kit – Compiler"</a>. <i>ActiveState Docs</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-11-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ActiveState+Docs&rft.atitle=Tcl+Dev+Kit+%E2%80%93+Compiler&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdocs.activestate.com%2Ftdk%2F4.1%2FCompiler.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATcl" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mysqlconference-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mysqlconference_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLerdorf2007" class="citation web cs1">Lerdorf, Rasmus (2007-04-26). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://itc.conversationsnetwork.org/shows/detail3298.html">"PHP on Hormones – history of PHP presentation by Rasmus Lerdorf given at the MySQL Conference in Santa Clara, California"</a>. The Conversations Network<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-12-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=PHP+on+Hormones+%E2%80%93+history+of+PHP+presentation+by+Rasmus+Lerdorf+given+at+the+MySQL+Conference+in+Santa+Clara%2C+California&rft.pub=The+Conversations+Network&rft.date=2007-04-26&rft.aulast=Lerdorf&rft.aufirst=Rasmus&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fitc.conversationsnetwork.org%2Fshows%2Fdetail3298.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATcl" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081225093003/http://blogs.msdn.com/powershell/archive/2008/05/25/powershell-and-wpf-wtf.aspx">"PowerShell and WPF: WTF"</a>. <i>Windows PowerShell Blog</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 3,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Windows+PowerShell+Blog&rft.atitle=PowerShell+and+WPF%3A+WTF&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblogs.msdn.com%2Fpowershell%2Farchive%2F2008%2F05%2F25%2Fpowershell-and-wpf-wtf.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATcl" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-th1scripts-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-th1scripts_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fossil-scm.org/home/doc/trunk/www/th1.md">"TH1 Scripts"</a>. Fossil.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=TH1+Scripts&rft.pub=Fossil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffossil-scm.org%2Fhome%2Fdoc%2Ftrunk%2Fwww%2Fth1.md&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATcl" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKenny2005" class="citation newsgroup cs1">Kenny, Kevin (4 July 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://groups.google.com/d/msg/comp.lang.tcl/4KfTRIr5ZxE/XIw-gnbxIyMJ">"Re: TCL certification"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Usenet_newsgroup" title="Usenet newsgroup">Newsgroup</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="news:comp.lang.tcl">comp.lang.tcl</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Re%3A+TCL+certification&rft.pub=comp.lang.tcl&rft.date=2005-07-04&rft.aulast=Kenny&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgroups.google.com%2Fd%2Fmsg%2Fcomp.lang.tcl%2F4KfTRIr5ZxE%2FXIw-gnbxIyMJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATcl" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tcl-lang.org/about/language.html">"Language"</a>. <i>Tcl Developer Xchange</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-11-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tcl+Developer+Xchange&rft.atitle=Language&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tcl-lang.org%2Fabout%2Flanguage.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATcl" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Tcl Fundamentals</i>, Chapter 1 in <i>Practical Programming in Tcl and Tk</i>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-13-038560-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-13-038560-3">0-13-038560-3</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-inception-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-inception_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-inception_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">From the inside flap of <i>Tcl and the Tk Toolkit</i>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-201-63337-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-201-63337-X">0-201-63337-X</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tcl-lang.org/about/uses.html">"Uses for Tcl/Tk"</a>. <i>Tcl Developer Xchange</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-11-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tcl+Developer+Xchange&rft.atitle=Uses+for+Tcl%2FTk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tcl-lang.org%2Fabout%2Fuses.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATcl" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/td/docs/ios-xml/ios/ios_tcl/configuration/12-4t/ios-tcl-12-4t-book/nm-script-tcl.html">"Cisco IOS Scripting with TCL Configuration Guide"</a>. <i>Cisco Support</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-08-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Personal+pages&rft.atitle=History+of+Tcl&rft.au=John+Ousterhout&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stanford.edu%2F~ouster%2Fcgi-bin%2FtclHistory.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATcl" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tcl-lang.org/about/history.html">"History of Tcl"</a>. <i>Tcl Developer Xchange</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-11-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tcl+Developer+Xchange&rft.atitle=History+of+Tcl&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tcl-lang.org%2Fabout%2Fhistory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATcl" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wiki.tcl-lang.org/page/EDA">"EDA"</a>. <i>wiki.tcl-lang.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-04-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=wiki.tcl-lang.org&rft.atitle=EDA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwiki.tcl-lang.org%2Fpage%2FEDA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATcl" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://awards.acm.org/award_winners/ousterhout_1957745.cfm">"John K Ousterhout – Award Winner"</a>. <i>ACM Awards</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-11-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ACM+Awards&rft.atitle=John+K+Ousterhout+%E2%80%93+Award+Winner&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fawards.acm.org%2Faward_winners%2Fousterhout_1957745.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATcl" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>From the Tcler's Wiki <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wiki.tcl.tk/11902">Tcl vs. TCL</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tcl.tk/software/tcltk/8.0.html">"Tcl/Tk 8.0 Release Announcement"</a>. <i>Tcl Developer Xchange</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-07-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tcl+Developer+Xchange&rft.atitle=Tcl%2FTk+8.0+Release+Announcement&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tcl.tk%2Fsoftware%2Ftcltk%2F8.0.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATcl" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tcl.tk/software/tcltk/8.1.html">"Tcl/Tk 8.1 Release Announcement"</a>. <i>Tcl Developer Xchange</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-07-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tcl+Developer+Xchange&rft.atitle=Tcl%2FTk+8.1+Release+Announcement&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tcl.tk%2Fsoftware%2Ftcltk%2F8.1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATcl" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-regex-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-regex_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-regex_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tcl.tk/doc/howto/regexp81.html">"New Regular Expression Features in Tcl 8.1"</a>. <i>Tcl Developer Xchange</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-11-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tcl+Developer+Xchange&rft.atitle=New+Regular+Expression+Features+in+Tcl+8.1&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tcl.tk%2Fdoc%2Fhowto%2Fregexp81.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATcl" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tcl.tk/software/tcltk/8.2.html">"Tcl/Tk 8.2 Release Announcement"</a>. <i>Tcl Developer Xchange</i>. 1999-08-18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-07-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tcl+Developer+Xchange&rft.atitle=Tcl%2FTk+8.2+Release+Announcement&rft.date=1999-08-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tcl.tk%2Fsoftware%2Ftcltk%2F8.2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATcl" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tcl.tk/software/tcltk/8.4.html">"Tcl/Tk 8.4 Release Announcement"</a>. <i>Tcl Developer Xchange</i>. 2013-06-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-07-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tcl+Developer+Xchange&rft.atitle=Tcl%2FTk+8.4+Release+Announcement&rft.date=2013-06-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tcl.tk%2Fsoftware%2Ftcltk%2F8.4.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATcl" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tcl.tk/cgi-bin/tct/tip/237.html">"TIP #237: Arbitrary-Precision Integers for Tcl"</a>. <i>Tcl Developer Xchange</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-11-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tcl+Developer+Xchange&rft.atitle=TIP+%23237%3A+Arbitrary-Precision+Integers+for+Tcl&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tcl.tk%2Fcgi-bin%2Ftct%2Ftip%2F237.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATcl" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tcl.tk/cgi-bin/tct/tip/194.html">"TIP #194: TIP #194: Procedures as Values via apply"</a>. <i>Tcl Developer Xchange</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-11-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tcl+Developer+Xchange&rft.atitle=TIP+%23194%3A+TIP+%23194%3A+Procedures+as+Values+via+apply&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tcl.tk%2Fcgi-bin%2Ftct%2Ftip%2F194.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATcl" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tcl.tk/software/tcltk/8.5.html">"Tcl/Tk 8.5 Release Announcement"</a>. <i>Tcl Developer Xchange</i>. 2013-09-18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-07-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tcl+Developer+Xchange&rft.atitle=Tcl%2FTk+8.5+Release+Announcement&rft.date=2013-09-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tcl.tk%2Fsoftware%2Ftcltk%2F8.5.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATcl" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tcl86release-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tcl86release_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tcl86release_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tcl.tk/software/tcltk/8.6.html">"Tcl/Tk 8.6 Release Announcement"</a>. <i>Tcl Developer Xchange</i>. 2013-09-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-07-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tcl+Developer+Xchange&rft.atitle=Tcl%2FTk+8.6+Release+Announcement&rft.date=2013-09-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tcl.tk%2Fsoftware%2Ftcltk%2F8.6.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATcl" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tcl90release-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-tcl90release_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tcl-lang.org/software/tcltk/9.0.html">"Tcl/Tk 9.0 Release Announcement"</a>. <i>Tcl Developer Xchange</i>. 2024-09-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-09-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tcl+Developer+Xchange&rft.atitle=Tcl%2FTk+9.0+Release+Announcement&rft.date=2024-09-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tcl-lang.org%2Fsoftware%2Ftcltk%2F9.0.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATcl" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tcl.tk/community/conferences.html">"Tcl/Tk Conferences"</a>. <i>Tcl Developer Xchange</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-11-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tcl+Developer+Xchange&rft.atitle=Tcl%2FTk+Conferences&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tcl.tk%2Fcommunity%2Fconferences.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATcl" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/flightaware?q=&type=all&language=tcl&sort=">"FlightAware"</a>. <i>GitHub</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-10-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GitHub&rft.atitle=FlightAware&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgithub.com%2Fflightaware%3Fq%3D%26type%3Dall%26language%3Dtcl%26sort%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATcl" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tip257-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tip257_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tip257_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tip257_31-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tcl.tk/cgi-bin/tct/tip/257.html">"TIP #257: Object Orientation for Tcl"</a>. <i>Tcl Developer Xchange</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-11-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tcl+Developer+Xchange&rft.atitle=TIP+%23257%3A+Object+Orientation+for+Tcl&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tcl.tk%2Fcgi-bin%2Ftct%2Ftip%2F257.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATcl" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tcl.tk/software/tcltk/download.html">"Download Tcl/Tk Sources"</a>. <i>Tcl Developer Xchange</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-11-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tcl+Developer+Xchange&rft.atitle=Download+Tcl%2FTk+Sources&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tcl.tk%2Fsoftware%2Ftcltk%2Fdownload.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATcl" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tcl.tk/software/plugin/safetcl.html">"Safe Tcl"</a>. <i>Tcl Developer Xchange</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-11-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tcl+Developer+Xchange&rft.atitle=Safe+Tcl&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tcl.tk%2Fsoftware%2Fplugin%2Fsafetcl.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATcl" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBrown1996" class="citation conference cs1">Brown, Lawrie (September 18–20, 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LP5CKyrp9WsC&pg=PA50">"Mobile Code Security"</a>. In Bossomaier, Terry; Chubb, Lucy (eds.). <i>Proceedings, 2nd Joint Conference, AUUG '96 and Asia-Pacific WWW '96</i>. Melbourne, Australia. p. 50<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-03-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.atitle=Mobile+Code+Security&rft.btitle=Proceedings%2C+2nd+Joint+Conference%2C+AUUG+%2796+and+Asia-Pacific+WWW+%2796&rft.place=Melbourne%2C+Australia&rft.pages=50&rft.date=1996-09-18%2F1996-09-20&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Lawrie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLP5CKyrp9WsC%26pg%3DPA50&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATcl" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWelch,_Brent_B.Jones,_KenHobbs,_Jeffrey2003" class="citation book cs1">Welch, Brent B.; Jones, Ken; Hobbs, Jeffrey (2003). <i>Practical programming in Tcl and Tk</i>. Vol. 1 (4th ed.). Prentice Hall PTR. p. 291. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-13-038560-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-13-038560-3"><bdi>0-13-038560-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Practical+programming+in+Tcl+and+Tk&rft.pages=291&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Prentice+Hall+PTR&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-13-038560-3&rft.au=Welch%2C+Brent+B.&rft.au=Jones%2C+Ken&rft.au=Hobbs%2C+Jeffrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATcl" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tcl.tk/man/tcl/TclCmd/Tcl.htm">"Tcl manual page – Tcl Built-In Commands"</a>. <i>Tcl Developer Xchange</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-06-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tcl+Developer+Xchange&rft.atitle=Tcl+manual+page+%E2%80%93+Tcl+Built-In+Commands&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tcl.tk%2Fman%2Ftcl%2FTclCmd%2FTcl.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATcl" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wiki.tcl.tk/10259">"Dodekalogue"</a>. Tcler's Wiki<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-06-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dodekalogue&rft.pub=Tcler%27s+Wiki&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwiki.tcl.tk%2F10259&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATcl" class="Z3988"></span> (Also contains a shorter "Octalogue" version of the rules.)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tcl.tk/man/tcl8.6/TclCmd/uplevel.htm">"uplevel manual page – Built-In Commands"</a>. <i>Tcl Developer Xchange</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-06-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tcl+Developer+Xchange&rft.atitle=uplevel+manual+page+%E2%80%93+Built-In+Commands&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tcl.tk%2Fman%2Ftcl8.6%2FTclCmd%2Fuplevel.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATcl" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tcl.tk/man/tcl8.6/TclCmd/upvar.htm">"upvar manual page – Built-In Commands"</a>. <i>Tcl Developer Xchange</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-06-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tcl+Developer+Xchange&rft.atitle=upvar+manual+page+%E2%80%93+Built-In+Commands&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tcl.tk%2Fman%2Ftcl8.6%2FTclCmd%2Fupvar.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATcl" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tclcapi-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-tclcapi_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tcl.tk/man/tcl/TclLib/contents.htm">"Tcl C API"</a>. <i>tcl.tk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-11-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=tcl.tk&rft.atitle=Tcl+C+API&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tcl.tk%2Fman%2Ftcl%2FTclLib%2Fcontents.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATcl" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tktable1208-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-tktable1208_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tktable.sourceforge.net/tile">"Tile: an improved themeing engine for Tk"</a>. <i>SourceForge</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 7,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SourceForge&rft.atitle=Tile%3A+an+improved+themeing+engine+for+Tk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftktable.sourceforge.net%2Ftile&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATcl" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tixlic96-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-tixlic96_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tix.sourceforge.net/license.terms">"Tix License"</a>. SourceForge<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 7,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tix+License&rft.pub=SourceForge&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftix.sourceforge.net%2Flicense.terms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATcl" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tcludp1109-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-tcludp1109_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wiki.tcl.tk/8493">"TclUDP"</a>. Tcl'ers Wiki<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 7,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=TclUDP&rft.pub=Tcl%27ers+Wiki&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwiki.tcl.tk%2F8493&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATcl" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tdbc1202-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-tdbc1202_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wiki.tcl.tk/20343">"TDBC"</a>. Tcl'ers Wiki<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 7,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=TDBC&rft.pub=Tcl%27ers+Wiki&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwiki.tcl.tk%2F20343&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATcl" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tcl&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFOusterhoutJones2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Ousterhout" title="John Ousterhout">Ousterhout, John K.</a>; Jones, Ken (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.informit.com/store/tcl-and-the-tk-toolkit-9780321336330"><i>Tcl and the Tk Toolkit</i></a> (2nd ed.). Addison Wesley. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-321-33633-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-321-33633-0"><bdi>978-0-321-33633-0</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 November</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tcl+and+the+Tk+Toolkit&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Addison+Wesley&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-321-33633-0&rft.aulast=Ousterhout&rft.aufirst=John+K.&rft.au=Jones%2C+Ken&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.informit.com%2Fstore%2Ftcl-and-the-tk-toolkit-9780321336330&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATcl" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFoster-Johnson1997" class="citation book cs1">Foster-Johnson, Eric (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/graphicalapplica00fost"><i>Graphical Applications with Tcl & Tk</i></a> (2nd ed.). New York, N.Y.: M&T Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55851-569-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-55851-569-0"><bdi>1-55851-569-0</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 November</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Graphical+Applications+with+Tcl+%26+Tk&rft.place=New+York%2C+N.Y.&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=M%26T+Books&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=1-55851-569-0&rft.aulast=Foster-Johnson&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgraphicalapplica00fost&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATcl" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Brent B. Welch, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://beedub.com/book">Practical Programming in Tcl and Tk</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Prentice_Hall" title="Prentice Hall">Prentice Hall</a>, Upper Saddle River, NJ, USA, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-13-038560-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-13-038560-3">0-13-038560-3</a>, 2003</li> <li>J Adrian Zimmer, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jazimmer.net/tclbook/home.html">Tcl/Tk for Programmers</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/IEEE_Computer_Society" title="IEEE Computer Society">IEEE Computer Society</a>, distributed by John Wiley and Sons, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8186-8515-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8186-8515-8">0-8186-8515-8</a>, 1998</li> <li>Mark Harrison and Michael McLennan, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.informit.com/store/effective-tcl-tk-programming-writing-better-programs-9780201634747">Effective Tcl/Tk Programming</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Addison-Wesley" title="Addison-Wesley">Addison-Wesley</a>, Reading, MA, USA, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-201-63474-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-201-63474-0">0-201-63474-0</a>, 1998</li> <li>Bert Wheeler, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.packtpub.com/tcl-tk-8-5-programming-cookbook/book">Tcl/Tk 8.5 Programming Cookbook</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Packt_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Packt Publishing">Packt Publishing</a>, Birmingham, England, UK, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1849512981" title="Special:BookSources/1849512981">1849512981</a>, 2011</li> <li>Wojciech Kocjan, Piotr Beltowski <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.packtpub.com/tcl-8-5-network-programming/book">Tcl 8.5 Network Programming</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Packt_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Packt Publishing">Packt Publishing</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1849510962" title="Special:BookSources/1849510962">1849510962</a>, 2010</li> <li>Clif Flynt <i>Tcl/Tk, Third Edition: A Developer’s Guide</i>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0123847176" title="Special:BookSources/0123847176">0123847176</a>, 2012</li> <li>Ashok P. Nadkarni <i>The Tcl Programming Language</i>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/154867964X" title="Special:BookSources/154867964X">154867964X</a>, 2017</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tcl&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/40px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/60px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/120px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikibooks has a book on the topic of: <i><b><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Tcl_Programming" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Tcl Programming">Tcl Programming</a></b></i></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735" /><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/60px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Tcl_programming_language_family" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Tcl programming language family">Tcl programming language family</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tcl.tk">Official website</a></span></span> <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5288#P856" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://core.tcl.tk/">Tcl Sources</a>, main Tcl and Tk source code download website</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wiki.tcl.tk/">Tcler's Wiki</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tkdocs.com/">TkDocs</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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href="/wiki/Template:Programming_languages" title="Template:Programming languages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Programming_languages" title="Template talk:Programming languages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Programming_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Programming languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Programming_languages625" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Programming_language" title="Programming language">Programming languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_programming_languages" title="Comparison of programming languages">Comparison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_programming_languages" title="Timeline of programming languages">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_programming_languages" title="History of programming languages">History</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ada_(programming_language)" title="Ada (programming language)">Ada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ALGOL" title="ALGOL">ALGOL</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Simula" title="Simula">Simula</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/APL_(programming_language)" title="APL (programming language)">APL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assembly_language" title="Assembly language">Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BASIC" title="BASIC">BASIC</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Visual_Basic" title="Visual Basic">Visual Basic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Visual_Basic_(classic)" title="Visual Basic (classic)">classic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_Basic_(.NET)" title="Visual Basic (.NET)">.NET</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++">C++</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C_Sharp_(programming_language)" title="C Sharp (programming language)">C#</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COBOL" title="COBOL">COBOL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erlang_(programming_language)" title="Erlang (programming language)">Erlang</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elixir_(programming_language)" title="Elixir (programming language)">Elixir</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forth_(programming_language)" title="Forth (programming language)">Forth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fortran" title="Fortran">Fortran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Go_(programming_language)" title="Go (programming language)">Go</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haskell" title="Haskell">Haskell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Java_(programming_language)" title="Java (programming language)">Java</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JavaScript" title="JavaScript">JavaScript</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/TypeScript" title="TypeScript">TypeScript</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julia_(programming_language)" title="Julia (programming language)">Julia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kotlin_(programming_language)" title="Kotlin (programming language)">Kotlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisp_(programming_language)" title="Lisp (programming language)">Lisp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lua_(programming_language)" title="Lua (programming language)">Lua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MATLAB" title="MATLAB">MATLAB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ML_(programming_language)" title="ML (programming language)">ML</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caml" title="Caml">Caml </a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/OCaml" title="OCaml">OCaml</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pascal_(programming_language)" title="Pascal (programming language)">Pascal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Object_Pascal" title="Object Pascal">Object Pascal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perl" title="Perl">Perl </a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Raku_(programming_language)" title="Raku (programming language)">Raku</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PHP" title="PHP">PHP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prolog" title="Prolog">Prolog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Python_(programming_language)" title="Python (programming language)">Python</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R_(programming_language)" title="R (programming language)">R</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruby_(programming_language)" title="Ruby (programming language)">Ruby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rust_(programming_language)" title="Rust (programming language)">Rust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SQL" title="SQL">SQL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scratch_(programming_language)" title="Scratch (programming language)">Scratch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shell_script" title="Shell script">Shell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smalltalk" title="Smalltalk">Smalltalk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swift_(programming_language)" title="Swift (programming language)">Swift</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_programming_languages" title="List of programming languages">more...</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b>Lists:</b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_programming_languages" title="List of programming languages">Alphabetical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programming_languages_by_type" title="List of programming languages by type">Categorical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generational_list_of_programming_languages" title="Generational list of programming languages">Generational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-English-based_programming_languages" title="Non-English-based programming languages">Non-English-based</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Programming_languages" title="Category:Programming languages">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Free_and_open-source_software510" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:FOSS" title="Template:FOSS"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:FOSS" title="Template talk:FOSS"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:FOSS" title="Special:EditPage/Template:FOSS"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Free_and_open-source_software510" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Free_and_open-source_software" title="Free and open-source software">Free and open-source software</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_terms_for_free_software" title="Alternative terms for free software">Alternative terms for free software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_open-source_and_closed-source_software" title="Comparison of open-source and closed-source software">Comparison of open-source and closed-source software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_source-code-hosting_facilities" title="Comparison of source-code-hosting facilities">Comparison of source-code-hosting facilities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_software" title="Free software">Free software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_free_software_project_directories" title="List of free software project directories">Free software project directories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gratis_versus_libre" title="Gratis versus libre">Gratis versus libre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long-term_support" title="Long-term support">Long-term support</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_software" title="Open-source software">Open-source software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_software_development" title="Open-source software development">Open-source software development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_free_software" title="Outline of free software">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_free_and_open-source_software" title="Timeline of free and open-source software">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_free_and_open-source_software_packages" title="List of free and open-source software packages">Software<br />packages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_free_software_for_audio" title="Comparison of free software for audio">Audio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_open-source_bioinformatics_software" title="List of open-source bioinformatics software">Bioinformatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_open-source_codecs" title="List of open-source codecs">Codecs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_open-source_configuration_management_software" title="Comparison of open-source configuration management software">Configuration management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Device_driver" title="Device driver">Drivers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free_and_open-source_graphics_device_driver" title="Free and open-source graphics device driver">Graphics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_open-source_wireless_drivers" title="Comparison of open-source wireless drivers">Wireless</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_open-source_health_software" title="List of open-source health software">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_open-source_software_for_mathematics" title="List of open-source software for mathematics">Mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_office_suites" title="List of office suites">Office suites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_open-source_operating_systems" title="Comparison of open-source operating systems">Operating systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_open-source_routing_platforms" title="List of open-source routing platforms">Routing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_free_television_software" title="List of free television software">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_open-source_video_games" title="List of open-source video games">Video games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_free_and_open-source_web_applications" title="List of free and open-source web applications">Web applications</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_shopping_cart_software" title="Comparison of shopping cart software">E-commerce</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_free_and_open-source_Android_applications" title="List of free and open-source Android applications">Android apps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_free_and_open-source_iOS_applications" title="List of free and open-source iOS applications">iOS apps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_commercial_open-source_applications_and_services" title="List of commercial open-source applications and services">Commercial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_formerly_proprietary_software" title="List of formerly proprietary software">Formerly proprietary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_formerly_free_and_open-source_software" class="mw-redirect" title="List of formerly free and open-source software">Formerly open-source</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Community_of_practice" title="Community of practice">Community</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free_software_movement" title="Free software movement">Free software movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_free_and_open-source_software" title="History of free and open-source software">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source-software_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Open-source-software movement">Open-source-software movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_free-software_events" title="List of free-software events">Events</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_software_advocacy" title="Open-source software advocacy">Advocacy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_free_and_open-source_software_organizations" title="List of free and open-source software organizations">Organisations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free_Software_Movement_of_India" title="Free Software Movement of India">Free Software Movement of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Software_Foundation" title="Free Software Foundation">Free Software Foundation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Free-software_license" title="Free-software license">Licenses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academic_Free_License" title="Academic Free License">AFL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apache_License" title="Apache License">Apache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Public_Source_License" title="Apple Public Source License">APSL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artistic_License" title="Artistic License">Artistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beerware" title="Beerware">Beerware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BSD_licenses" title="BSD licenses">BSD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creative_Commons_license" title="Creative Commons license">Creative Commons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Development_and_Distribution_License" title="Common Development and Distribution License">CDDL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eclipse_Public_License" title="Eclipse Public License">EPL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Software_Foundation" title="Free Software Foundation">Free Software Foundation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GNU_General_Public_License" title="GNU General Public License">GNU GPL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNU_Affero_General_Public_License" title="GNU Affero General Public License">GNU AGPL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNU_Lesser_General_Public_License" title="GNU Lesser General Public License">GNU LGPL</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISC_license" title="ISC license">ISC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MIT_License" title="MIT License">MIT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozilla_Public_License" title="Mozilla Public License">MPL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Python_License" title="Python License">Python</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Python_Software_Foundation_License" title="Python Software Foundation License">Python Software Foundation License</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shared_Source_Initiative" title="Shared Source Initiative">Shared Source Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sleepycat_License" class="mw-redirect" title="Sleepycat License">Sleepycat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unlicense" title="Unlicense">Unlicense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WTFPL" title="WTFPL">WTFPL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zlib_License" title="Zlib License">zlib</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Types_and_standards23" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types and<br /> standards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_free_and_open-source_software_licenses" title="Comparison of free and open-source software licenses">Comparison of licenses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contributor_License_Agreement" title="Contributor License Agreement">Contributor License Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyleft" title="Copyleft">Copyleft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debian_Free_Software_Guidelines" class="mw-redirect" title="Debian Free Software Guidelines">Debian Free Software Guidelines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works" title="Definition of Free Cultural Works">Definition of Free Cultural Works</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_license" title="Free license">Free license</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Free_Software_Definition" title="The Free Software Definition">The Free Software Definition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Open_Source_Definition" title="The Open Source Definition">The Open Source Definition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_license" title="Open-source license">Open-source license</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permissive_software_license" title="Permissive software license">Permissive software license</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">Public domain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Challenges</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_rights_management" title="Digital rights management">Digital rights management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/License_proliferation" title="License 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