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vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Philosophy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Philosophy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 Philosophy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Philosophy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 History </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle History subsection </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Development_of_ML_(Meta_Language)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Development_of_ML_(Meta_Language)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Development of ML (Meta Language) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Development_of_ML_(Meta_Language)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_implementation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_implementation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 First implementation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_implementation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Caml_Light" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Caml_Light"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Caml Light </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Caml_Light-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Caml_Special_Light" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Caml_Special_Light"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Caml Special Light </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Caml_Special_Light-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Objective_Caml" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Objective_Caml"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Objective Caml </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Objective_Caml-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ongoing_development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ongoing_development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Ongoing development </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ongoing_development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Features" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Features"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Features </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Features-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Code_examples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Code_examples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Code examples </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Code_examples-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Code examples subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Code_examples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hello_World" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hello_World"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Hello World </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hello_World-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Option" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Option"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Option </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Option-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Summing_a_list_of_integers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Summing_a_list_of_integers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Summing a list of integers </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Summing_a_list_of_integers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Quicksort" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Quicksort"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Quicksort </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Quicksort-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Birthday_problem" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Birthday_problem"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Birthday problem </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Birthday_problem-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Church_numerals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Church_numerals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.6 Church numerals </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Church_numerals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arbitrary-precision_factorial_function_(libraries)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arbitrary-precision_factorial_function_(libraries)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.7 Arbitrary-precision factorial function (libraries) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arbitrary-precision_factorial_function_(libraries)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Triangle_(graphics)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Triangle_(graphics)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.8 Triangle (graphics) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Triangle_(graphics)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fibonacci_sequence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fibonacci_sequence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.9 Fibonacci sequence </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fibonacci_sequence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Higher-order_functions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Higher-order_functions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.10 Higher-order functions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Higher-order_functions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Derived_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Derived_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Derived languages </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Derived_languages-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Derived languages subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Derived_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-MetaOCaml" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#MetaOCaml"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 MetaOCaml </div> </a> <ul id="toc-MetaOCaml-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_derived_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_derived_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Other derived languages </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_derived_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Software_written_in_OCaml" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Software_written_in_OCaml"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Software written in OCaml </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Software_written_in_OCaml-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Users" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Users"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Users </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Users-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">OCaml</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 33 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-33" aria-hidden="true" > 33 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A9_%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B6%D9%88%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="لغة كامل الموضوعية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="لغة كامل الموضوعية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCaml" title="OCaml – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="OCaml" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCaml" title="OCaml – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="OCaml" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCaml" title="OCaml – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="OCaml" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCaml" title="OCaml – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="OCaml" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCaml" title="OCaml – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="OCaml" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCaml" title="OCaml – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="OCaml" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCaml" title="OCaml – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="OCaml" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DA%A9%D9%85%D9%84" title="اکمل – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اکمل" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCaml" title="OCaml – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="OCaml" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocaml" title="Ocaml – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Ocaml" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCaml" title="OCaml – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="OCaml" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCaml" title="OCaml – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="OCaml" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCaml" title="OCaml – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="OCaml" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%94%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="ობიექტური კამლი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ობიექტური კამლი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%92%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%BD" title="ഒകാമൽ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഒകാമൽ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCaml" title="OCaml – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="OCaml" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocaml" title="Ocaml – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Ocaml" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCaml" title="OCaml – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="OCaml" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCaml" title="OCaml – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="OCaml" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCaml" title="OCaml – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="OCaml" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCaml" title="OCaml – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="OCaml" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCaml" title="OCaml – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="OCaml" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCaml" title="OCaml – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="OCaml" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCaml" title="OCaml – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="OCaml" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCaml" title="OCaml – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="OCaml" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocaml" title="Ocaml – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Ocaml" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCaml" title="OCaml – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="OCaml" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCaml" title="OCaml – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="OCaml" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCaml" title="OCaml – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="OCaml" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Objective_Caml" title="Objective Caml – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Objective Caml" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCaml" title="OCaml – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="OCaml" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCaml" title="OCaml – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="OCaml" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q212587#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li 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searchaux" style="display:none">Programming language</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Occam_(programming_language)" title="Occam (programming language)">occam (programming language)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><caption class="infobox-title summary">OCaml</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:OCaml_Logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/OCaml_Logo.svg/121px-OCaml_Logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="121" height="33" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/OCaml_Logo.svg/182px-OCaml_Logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/OCaml_Logo.svg/242px-OCaml_Logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="525" data-file-height="144" /></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Programming_paradigm" title="Programming paradigm">Paradigms</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Programming_paradigm#Multi-paradigm" title="Programming paradigm">Multi-paradigm</a>: <a href="/wiki/Functional_programming" title="Functional programming">functional</a>, <a href="/wiki/Imperative_programming" title="Imperative programming">imperative</a>, <a href="/wiki/Modular_programming" title="Modular programming">modular</a>,<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> <a href="/wiki/Object-oriented_programming" title="Object-oriented programming">object-oriented</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Family</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/ML_(programming_language)" title="ML (programming language)">ML</a>: <a href="/wiki/Caml" title="Caml">Caml</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Software_design" title="Software design">Designed by</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Xavier_Leroy" title="Xavier Leroy">Xavier Leroy</a>, Jérôme Vouillon, <a href="/wiki/Damien_Doligez" title="Damien Doligez">Damien Doligez</a>, Didier Rémy, Ascánder Suárez</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Software_developer" class="mw-redirect" title="Software developer">Developer</a></th><td class="infobox-data organiser"><a href="/wiki/French_Institute_for_Research_in_Computer_Science_and_Automation" title="French Institute for Research in Computer Science and Automation">Inria</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">First appeared</th><td class="infobox-data">1996; 29 years ago (1996)<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Software_release_life_cycle" title="Software release life cycle">Stable release</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="margin:0px;">5.3.0<a href="#cite_note-wikidata-34447fdd2960f8e7ad4f5ce6624650819a99db73-v18-3">[3]</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q212587?uselang=en#P348" title="Edit this on Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this on Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a> / 8 January 2025; 2 months ago (8 January 2025)</div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Type_system" title="Type system">Typing discipline</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Type_inference" title="Type inference">Inferred</a>, <a href="/wiki/Static_typing" class="mw-redirect" title="Static typing">static</a>, <a href="/wiki/Strong_and_weak_typing" title="Strong and weak typing">strong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Structural_typing" class="mw-redirect" title="Structural typing">structural</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Implementation language</th><td class="infobox-data">OCaml, <a href="/wiki/C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Computing_platform" title="Computing platform">Platform</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/IA-32" title="IA-32">IA-32</a>, <a href="/wiki/X86-64" title="X86-64">x86-64</a>, <a href="/wiki/Power_ISA" title="Power ISA">Power</a>, <a href="/wiki/SPARC" title="SPARC">SPARC</a>, <a href="/wiki/ARM_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="ARM architecture">ARM 32-64</a>, <a href="/wiki/RISC-V" title="RISC-V">RISC-V</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">OS</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Cross-platform_software" title="Cross-platform software">Cross-platform</a>: <a href="/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a>, <a href="/wiki/Unix" title="Unix">Unix</a>, <a href="/wiki/MacOS" title="MacOS">macOS</a>, <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Windows</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Software_license" title="Software license">License</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/GNU_Lesser_General_Public_License" title="GNU Lesser General Public License">LGPLv2.1</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Filename_extension" title="Filename extension">Filename extensions</a></th><td class="infobox-data">.ml, .mli</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ocaml.org/">ocaml.org</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #eee;">Influenced by</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caml" title="Caml">Caml</a>, <a href="/wiki/Modula-3" title="Modula-3">Modula-3</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pascal_(programming_language)" title="Pascal (programming language)">Pascal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Standard_ML" title="Standard ML">Standard ML</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #eee;">Influenced</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/ATS_(programming_language)" title="ATS (programming language)">ATS</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coq_(software)" class="mw-redirect" title="Coq (software)">Coq</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elm_(programming_language)" title="Elm (programming language)">Elm</a>, <a href="/wiki/F_Sharp_(programming_language)" title="F Sharp (programming language)">F#</a>, <a href="/wiki/F*_(programming_language)" title="F* (programming language)">F*</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haxe" title="Haxe">Haxe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Opa_(programming_language)" title="Opa (programming language)">Opa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rust_(programming_language)" title="Rust (programming language)">Rust</a>,<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> <a href="/wiki/Scala_(programming_language)" title="Scala (programming language)">Scala</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below hlist" style="border-top: 1px solid #aaa; padding-top: 3px;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/16px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/24px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/32px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></a> <a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Objective_Caml" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Objective Caml">Objective Caml</a> at Wikibooks</li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> OCaml (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/oʊˈkæməl/</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">oh-KAM-əl</a>, formerly Objective Caml) is a <a href="/wiki/General-purpose_programming_language" title="General-purpose programming language">general-purpose</a>, <a href="/wiki/High-level_programming_language" title="High-level programming language">high-level</a>, <a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_multi-paradigm_programming_languages" title="Comparison of multi-paradigm programming languages">multi-paradigm</a> <a href="/wiki/Programming_language" title="Programming language">programming language</a> which extends the <a href="/wiki/Caml" title="Caml">Caml</a> dialect of <a href="/wiki/ML_(programming_language)" title="ML (programming language)">ML</a> with <a href="/wiki/Object-oriented_programming" title="Object-oriented programming">object-oriented</a> features. OCaml was created in 1996 by <a href="/wiki/Xavier_Leroy" title="Xavier Leroy">Xavier Leroy</a>, Jérôme Vouillon,<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> <a href="/wiki/Damien_Doligez" title="Damien Doligez">Damien Doligez</a>, Didier Rémy,<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> Ascánder Suárez, and others. The OCaml <a href="/wiki/Toolchain" title="Toolchain">toolchain</a> includes an interactive top-level <a href="/wiki/Interpreter_(computing)" title="Interpreter (computing)">interpreter</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Bytecode" title="Bytecode">bytecode</a> <a href="/wiki/Compiler" title="Compiler">compiler</a>, an optimizing <a href="/wiki/Native_code" class="mw-redirect" title="Native code">native code</a> compiler, a reversible <a href="/wiki/Debugger" title="Debugger">debugger</a>, and a <a href="/wiki/Package_manager" title="Package manager">package manager</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opam.ocaml.org/packages/">OPAM</a>) together with a composable build system for OCaml (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dune.build/">Dune</a>). OCaml was initially developed in the context of <a href="/wiki/Automated_theorem_proving" title="Automated theorem proving">automated theorem proving</a>, and is used in <a href="/wiki/Static_program_analysis" title="Static program analysis">static analysis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Formal_methods" title="Formal methods">formal methods</a> software. Beyond these areas, it has found use in <a href="/wiki/Systems_programming" title="Systems programming">systems programming</a>, <a href="/wiki/Web_development" title="Web development">web development</a>, and specific financial utilities, among other application domains. The acronym CAML originally stood for Categorical Abstract Machine Language, but OCaml omits this <a href="/wiki/Abstract_machine" title="Abstract machine">abstract machine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> OCaml is a <a href="/wiki/Free_and_open-source_software" title="Free and open-source software">free and open-source software</a> project managed and principally maintained by the <a href="/wiki/French_Institute_for_Research_in_Computer_Science_and_Automation" title="French Institute for Research in Computer Science and Automation">French Institute for Research in Computer Science and Automation</a> (Inria). In the early 2000s, elements from OCaml were adopted by many languages, notably <a href="/wiki/F_Sharp_(programming_language)" title="F Sharp (programming language)">F#</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scala_(programming_language)" title="Scala (programming language)">Scala</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Philosophy">Philosophy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=OCaml&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Philosophy">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/ML_(programming_language)" title="ML (programming language)">ML</a>-derived languages are best known for their static <a href="/wiki/Type_system" title="Type system">type systems</a> and <a href="/wiki/Type_inference" title="Type inference">type-inferring</a> compilers. OCaml unifies <a href="/wiki/Functional_programming" title="Functional programming">functional</a>, <a href="/wiki/Imperative_programming" title="Imperative programming">imperative</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Object-oriented_programming" title="Object-oriented programming">object-oriented programming</a> under an ML-like type system. Thus, programmers need not be highly familiar with the pure functional language <a href="/wiki/Programming_paradigm" title="Programming paradigm">paradigm</a> to use OCaml. By requiring the programmer to work within the constraints of its static <a href="/wiki/Type_system" title="Type system">type system</a>, OCaml eliminates many of the type-related <a href="/wiki/Run-time_type_information" title="Run-time type information">runtime</a> problems associated with <a href="/wiki/Type_system" title="Type system">dynamically typed</a> languages. Also, OCaml's type-inferring compiler greatly reduces the need for the manual type annotations that are required in most statically typed languages. For example, the <a href="/wiki/Data_type" title="Data type">data types</a> of variables and the <a href="/wiki/Type_signature" title="Type signature">signatures</a> of functions usually need not be declared explicitly, as they do in languages like <a href="/wiki/Java_(programming_language)" title="Java (programming language)">Java</a> and <a href="/wiki/C_Sharp_(programming_language)" title="C Sharp (programming language)">C#</a>, because they can be <a href="/wiki/Type_inference" title="Type inference">inferred</a> from the operators and other functions that are applied to the variables and other values in the code. Effective use of OCaml's type system can require some sophistication on the part of a programmer, but this discipline is rewarded with reliable, high-performance software. OCaml is perhaps most distinguished from other languages with origins in academia by its emphasis on performance. Its static type system prevents runtime type mismatches and thus obviates runtime type and safety checks that burden the performance of dynamically typed languages, while still guaranteeing runtime safety, except when <a href="/wiki/Array_bounds_checking" class="mw-redirect" title="Array bounds checking">array bounds checking</a> is turned off or when some type-unsafe features like <a href="/wiki/Serialization" title="Serialization">serialization</a> are used. These are rare enough that avoiding them is quite possible in practice. Aside from type-checking overhead, <a href="/wiki/Functional_programming" title="Functional programming">functional programming</a> languages are, in general, challenging to compile to efficient machine language code, due to issues such as the <a href="/wiki/Funarg_problem" title="Funarg problem">funarg problem</a>. Along with standard loop, register, and instruction optimizations, OCaml's <a href="/wiki/Optimizing_compiler" title="Optimizing compiler">optimizing compiler</a> employs <a href="/wiki/Static_program_analysis" title="Static program analysis">static program analysis</a> methods to optimize value <a href="/wiki/Boxing_(computer_science)" class="mw-redirect" title="Boxing (computer science)">boxing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Closure_(computer_science)" class="mw-redirect" title="Closure (computer science)">closure</a> allocation, helping to maximize the performance of the resulting code even if it makes extensive use of functional programming constructs. <a href="/wiki/Xavier_Leroy" title="Xavier Leroy">Xavier Leroy</a> has stated that "OCaml delivers at least 50% of the performance of a decent C compiler",<a href="#cite_note-LWN-8">[8]</a> although a direct comparison is impossible. Some functions in the OCaml standard library are implemented with faster algorithms than equivalent functions in the standard libraries of other languages. For example, the implementation of set union in the OCaml standard library in theory is asymptotically faster than the equivalent function in the standard libraries of imperative languages (e.g., C++, Java) because the OCaml implementation can exploit the <a href="/wiki/Immutability" class="mw-redirect" title="Immutability">immutability</a> of sets to reuse parts of input sets in the output (see <a href="/wiki/Persistent_data_structure" title="Persistent data structure">persistent data structure</a>). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=OCaml&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Award_for_OCaml_at_POPL_2024.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Award_for_OCaml_at_POPL_2024.jpg/250px-Award_for_OCaml_at_POPL_2024.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Award_for_OCaml_at_POPL_2024.jpg/330px-Award_for_OCaml_at_POPL_2024.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Award_for_OCaml_at_POPL_2024.jpg/500px-Award_for_OCaml_at_POPL_2024.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4896" data-file-height="3672" /></a><figcaption>The OCaml development team receiving an award at <a href="/wiki/Symposium_on_Principles_of_Programming_Languages" title="Symposium on Principles of Programming Languages">Symposium on Principles of Programming Languages</a> (POPL) 2024</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Development_of_ML_(Meta_Language)">Development of ML (Meta Language)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=OCaml&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Development of ML (Meta Language)">edit</a>]</div> Between the 1970s and 1980s, <a href="/wiki/Robin_Milner" title="Robin Milner">Robin Milner</a>, a British computer scientist and <a href="/wiki/Turing_Award" title="Turing Award">Turing Award</a> winner, worked at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Edinburgh" title="University of Edinburgh">University of Edinburgh</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Laboratory_for_Foundations_of_Computer_Science" title="Laboratory for Foundations of Computer Science">Laboratory for Foundations of Computer Science</a>.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-10">[10]</a> Milner and others were working on <a href="/wiki/Automated_theorem_proving" title="Automated theorem proving">theorem provers</a>, which were historically developed in languages such as <a href="/wiki/Lisp_(programming_language)" title="Lisp (programming language)">Lisp</a>. Milner repeatedly ran into the issue that the theorem provers would attempt to claim a <a href="/wiki/Proof_(truth)" title="Proof (truth)">proof</a> was valid by putting non-proofs together.<a href="#cite_note-:0-10">[10]</a> As a result, he went on to develop the <a href="/wiki/ML_(programming_language)" title="ML (programming language)">meta language</a> for his <a href="/wiki/Logic_for_Computable_Functions" title="Logic for Computable Functions">Logic for Computable Functions</a>, a language that would only allow the writer to construct valid proofs with its polymorphic type system.<a href="#cite_note-:1-11">[11]</a> ML was turned into a <a href="/wiki/Compiler" title="Compiler">compiler</a> to simplify using LCF on different machines, and, by the 1980s, was turned into a complete system of its own.<a href="#cite_note-:1-11">[11]</a> ML would eventually serve as a basis for the creation of OCaml. In the early 1980s, there were some developments that prompted <a href="/wiki/French_Institute_for_Research_in_Computer_Science_and_Automation" title="French Institute for Research in Computer Science and Automation">INRIA</a>'s Formel team to become interested in the ML language. <a href="/wiki/Luca_Cardelli" title="Luca Cardelli">Luca Cardelli</a>, a research professor at <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">University of Oxford</a>, used his functional abstract machine to develop a faster implementation of ML, and Robin Milner proposed a new definition of ML to avoid divergence between various implementations. Simultaneously, Pierre-Louis Curien, a senior researcher at <a href="/wiki/Paris_Diderot_University" title="Paris Diderot University">Paris Diderot University</a>, developed a calculus of categorical combinators and linked it to <a href="/wiki/Lambda_calculus" title="Lambda calculus">lambda calculus</a>, which led to the definition of the <a href="/wiki/Categorical_abstract_machine" title="Categorical abstract machine">categorical abstract machine</a> (CAM). Guy Cousineau, a researcher at Paris Diderot University, recognized that this could be applied as a compiling method for ML.<a href="#cite_note-:2-12">[12]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_implementation">First implementation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=OCaml&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: First implementation">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Caml" title="Caml">Caml</a> was initially designed and developed by INRIA's Formel team headed by <a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_Huet" title="Gérard Huet">Gérard Huet</a>. The first implementation of Caml was created in 1987 and was further developed until 1992. Though it was spearheaded by Ascánder Suárez, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Weis_(computer_scientist)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pierre Weis (computer scientist) (page does not exist)">Pierre Weis</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Michel_Mauny_(computer_science)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Michel Mauny (computer science) (page does not exist)">Michel Mauny</a> carried on with development after he left in 1988.<a href="#cite_note-:2-12">[12]</a> Guy Cousineau is quoted recalling that his experience with programming language implementation was initially very limited, and that there were multiple inadequacies for which he is responsible. Despite this, he believes that "Ascander, Pierre and Michel did quite a nice piece of work.”<a href="#cite_note-:2-12">[12]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Caml_Light">Caml Light</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=OCaml&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Caml Light">edit</a>]</div> Between 1990 and 1991, <a href="/wiki/Xavier_Leroy" title="Xavier Leroy">Xavier Leroy</a> designed a new implementation of Caml based on a <a href="/wiki/Bytecode_interpreter" class="mw-redirect" title="Bytecode interpreter">bytecode interpreter</a> written in <a href="/wiki/C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C</a>. In addition to this, <a href="/wiki/Damien_Doligez" title="Damien Doligez">Damien Doligez</a> wrote a memory management system, also known as a sequential <a href="/wiki/Garbage_collection_(computer_science)" title="Garbage collection (computer science)">garbage collector</a>, for this implementation.<a href="#cite_note-:1-11">[11]</a> This new implementation, known as <a href="/wiki/Caml_Light" class="mw-redirect" title="Caml Light">Caml Light</a>, replaced the old Caml implementation and ran on small desktop machines.<a href="#cite_note-:2-12">[12]</a> In the following years, libraries such as Michel Mauny's syntax manipulation tools appeared and helped promote the use of Caml in educational and research teams.<a href="#cite_note-:1-11">[11]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Caml_Special_Light">Caml Special Light</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=OCaml&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Caml Special Light">edit</a>]</div> In 1995, Xavier Leroy released Caml Special Light, which was an improved version of Caml.<a href="#cite_note-:2-12">[12]</a> An optimizing <a href="/wiki/Native_code" class="mw-redirect" title="Native code">native-code</a> compiler was added to the bytecode compiler, which greatly increased performance to comparable levels with mainstream languages such as <a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++">C++</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:1-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-12">[12]</a> Also, Leroy designed a high-level module system inspired by the module system of Standard ML which provided powerful facilities for abstraction and parameterization and made larger-scale programs easier to build.<a href="#cite_note-:1-11">[11]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Objective_Caml">Objective Caml</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=OCaml&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Objective Caml">edit</a>]</div> Didier Rémy and Jérôme Vouillon designed an expressive <a href="/wiki/Type_system" title="Type system">type system</a> for objects and classes, which was integrated within Caml Special Light. This led to the emergence of the Objective Caml language, first released in 1996 and subsequently renamed to OCaml in 2011. This object system notably supported many prevalent object-oriented idioms in a statically type-safe way, while those same idioms caused unsoundness or required runtime checks in languages such as C++ or <a href="/wiki/Java_(programming_language)" title="Java (programming language)">Java</a>. In 2000, Jacques Garrigue extended Objective Caml with multiple new features such as polymorphic methods, variants, and labeled and optional arguments.<a href="#cite_note-:1-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-12">[12]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ongoing_development">Ongoing development</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=OCaml&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Ongoing development">edit</a>]</div> Language improvements have been incrementally added for the last two decades to support the growing commercial and academic codebases in OCaml.<a href="#cite_note-:1-11">[11]</a> The OCaml 4.0 release in 2012 added Generalized Algebraic Data Types (GADTs) and first-class modules to increase the flexibility of the language.<a href="#cite_note-:1-11">[11]</a> The OCaml 5.0.0 release in 2022<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> is a complete rewrite of the language runtime, removing the <a href="/wiki/Global_interpreter_lock" title="Global interpreter lock">global GC lock</a> and adding <a href="/wiki/Effect_system" title="Effect system">effect handlers</a> via <a href="/wiki/Delimited_continuations" class="mw-redirect" title="Delimited continuations">delimited continuations</a>. These changes enable support for <a href="/wiki/Parallel_programming_model#Shared_memory" title="Parallel programming model">shared-memory parallelism</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Color-blind_concurrency&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Color-blind concurrency (page does not exist)">color-blind concurrency</a>, respectively. OCaml's development continued within the Cristal team at INRIA until 2005, when it was succeeded by the Gallium team.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> Subsequently, Gallium was succeeded by the Cambium team in 2019.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> As of 2023, there are 23 core developers of the compiler distribution from a variety of organizations<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> and 41 developers for the broader OCaml tooling and packaging ecosystem.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> In 2023, the OCaml compiler was recognised with <a href="/wiki/SIGPLAN" title="SIGPLAN">ACM SIGPLAN's Programming Languages Software Award</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Features">Features</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=OCaml&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Features">edit</a>]</div> OCaml features a <a href="/wiki/Semantic_analysis_(computer_science)" class="mw-redirect" title="Semantic analysis (computer science)">static</a> <a href="/wiki/Type_system" title="Type system">type system</a>, <a href="/wiki/Type_inference" title="Type inference">type inference</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parametric_polymorphism" title="Parametric polymorphism">parametric polymorphism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tail_recursion" class="mw-redirect" title="Tail recursion">tail recursion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pattern_matching" title="Pattern matching">pattern matching</a>, first class lexical <a href="/wiki/Closure_(computer_science)" class="mw-redirect" title="Closure (computer science)">closures</a>, <a href="/wiki/Function_object#Other_meanings" title="Function object">functors (parametric modules)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Exception_handling" title="Exception handling">exception handling</a>, <a href="/wiki/Effect_system" title="Effect system">effect handling</a>, and incremental generational <a href="/wiki/Garbage_collection_(computer_science)" title="Garbage collection (computer science)">automatic garbage collection</a>. OCaml is notable for extending ML-style type inference to an object system in a general-purpose language. This permits <a href="/wiki/Structural_subtyping" class="mw-redirect" title="Structural subtyping">structural subtyping</a>, where object types are compatible if their method signatures are compatible, regardless of their declared <a href="/wiki/Inheritance_(object-oriented_programming)" title="Inheritance (object-oriented programming)">inheritance</a> (an unusual feature in statically typed languages). A <a href="/wiki/Foreign_function_interface" title="Foreign function interface">foreign function interface</a> for <a href="/wiki/Linker_(computing)" title="Linker (computing)">linking</a> to <a href="/wiki/C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C</a> primitives is provided, including language support for efficient numerical <a href="/wiki/Array_data_structure" class="mw-redirect" title="Array data structure">arrays</a> in formats compatible with both C and <a href="/wiki/Fortran" title="Fortran">Fortran</a>. OCaml also supports creating libraries of OCaml functions that can be linked to a main program in C, so that an OCaml library can be distributed to C programmers who have no knowledge or installation of OCaml. Although OCaml does not have a macro system as an indivisible part of the language (<a href="/wiki/Metaprogramming" title="Metaprogramming">metaprogramming</a>), i.e. built-in support for <a href="/wiki/Preprocessor" title="Preprocessor">preprocessing</a>, the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ocaml.org/docs/metaprogramming">OCaml platform does officially support a library for writing such preprocessors</a>. These can be of two types: one that works at the source code level (as in C), and one that works on the <a href="/wiki/Abstract_syntax_tree" title="Abstract syntax tree">Abstract Syntax Tree</a> level. The latter, which is called PPX, acronym for Pre-Processor eXtension, is the recommended one. The OCaml distribution contains: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lexical_analysis" title="Lexical analysis">Lexical analysis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Parsing" title="Parsing">parsing</a> tools called ocamllex and ocamlyacc</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debugger" title="Debugger">Debugger</a> that supports stepping backwards to investigate errors</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Documentation_generator" title="Documentation generator">Documentation generator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Profiler_(computer_science)" class="mw-redirect" title="Profiler (computer science)">Profiler</a> – to measure performance</li> <li>Many general-purpose <a href="/wiki/Library_(computing)" title="Library (computing)">libraries</a></li></ul> The native code compiler is available for many platforms, including <a href="/wiki/Unix" title="Unix">Unix</a>, <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Microsoft Windows</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple</a> <a href="/wiki/MacOS" title="MacOS">macOS</a>. Portability is achieved through native <a href="/wiki/Code_generation_(compiler)" title="Code generation (compiler)">code generation</a> support for major architectures: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/X86-64" title="X86-64">X86-64</a> (AMD64), <a href="/wiki/RISC-V" title="RISC-V">RISC-V</a>, and <a href="/wiki/ARM64" class="mw-redirect" title="ARM64">ARM64</a> (in OCaml 5.0.0 and higher)<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Z" title="IBM Z">IBM Z</a> (before OCaml 5.0.0, and back in OCaml 5.1.0)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_ISA" title="Power ISA">Power</a> (before OCaml 5.0.0, and due to reappear in OCaml 5.2.0)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/IA-32" title="IA-32">IA-32</a> and <a href="/wiki/ARM_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="ARM architecture">ARM</a> (before OCaml 5.0.0)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SPARC" title="SPARC">SPARC</a> (before OCaml 4.06.0)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/DEC_Alpha" title="DEC Alpha">DEC Alpha</a>, <a href="/wiki/HPPA" class="mw-redirect" title="HPPA">HPPA</a>, <a href="/wiki/IA64" class="mw-redirect" title="IA64">IA64</a> and <a href="/wiki/MIPS_architecture" title="MIPS architecture">MIPS</a> (before OCaml 4.00.0)</li></ul> The <a href="/wiki/Bytecode" title="Bytecode">bytecode</a> <a href="/wiki/Compiler" title="Compiler">compiler</a> supports operation on any 32- or 64-bit architecture when native code generation is not available, requiring only a C compiler. OCaml bytecode and native code programs can be written in a <a href="/wiki/Thread_(computer_science)" class="mw-redirect" title="Thread (computer science)">multithreaded</a> style, with <a href="/wiki/Preemption_(computing)" title="Preemption (computing)">preemptive</a> context switching. OCaml <a href="/wiki/Thread_(computing)" title="Thread (computing)">threads</a> in the same domain<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> execute by <a href="/wiki/Time-sharing" title="Time-sharing">time sharing</a> only. However, an OCaml program can contain several domains. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Code_examples">Code examples</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=OCaml&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Code examples">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-One_source plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-one_source" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article relies largely or entirely on a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Articles_with_a_single_source" title="Wikipedia:Articles with a single source">single source</a>. Relevant discussion may be found on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:OCaml" title="Talk:OCaml">talk page</a>. Please help <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=OCaml&action=edit">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">introducing citations to additional sources</a>. Find sources: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22OCaml%22">"OCaml"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22OCaml%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22OCaml%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22OCaml%22+-wikipedia">books</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22OCaml%22">scholar</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22OCaml%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a> (January 2024)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> Snippets of OCaml code are most easily studied by entering them into the top-level <a href="/wiki/Read%E2%80%93eval%E2%80%93print_loop" title="Read–eval–print loop">REPL</a>. This is an interactive OCaml session that prints the inferred types of resulting or defined expressions.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> The OCaml top-level is started by simply executing the OCaml program: <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-console mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>$ ocaml Objective Caml version 3.09.0 # </pre></div> Code can then be entered at the "#" prompt. For example, to calculate 1+2*3: <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-console mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre># 1 + 2 * 3;; - : int = 7 </pre></div> OCaml infers the type of the expression to be "int" (a <a href="/wiki/Word_(computer_architecture)" title="Word (computer architecture)">machine-precision</a> <a href="/wiki/Integer_(computer_science)" title="Integer (computer science)">integer</a>) and gives the result "7". <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hello_World">Hello World</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=OCaml&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Hello World">edit</a>]</div> The following program "hello.ml": <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-ocaml mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>print_endline "Hello World!" </pre></div> can be compiled into a bytecode executable: <pre>$ ocamlc hello.ml -o hello </pre> or compiled into an optimized native-code executable: <pre>$ ocamlopt hello.ml -o hello </pre> and executed: <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-console mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>$ ./hello Hello World! $ </pre></div> The first argument to ocamlc, "hello.ml", specifies the source file to compile and the "-o hello" flag specifies the output file.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Option">Option</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=OCaml&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Option">edit</a>]</div> The <code>option</code> type constructor in OCaml, similar to the <code>Maybe</code> type in <a href="/wiki/Haskell" title="Haskell">Haskell</a>, augments a given data type to either return <code>Some</code> value of the given data type, or to return <code>None</code>.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> This is used to express that a value might or might not be present.<div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-ocaml mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre># Some 42;; - : int option = Some 42 # None;; - : 'a option = None </pre></div>This is an example of a function that either extracts an int from an option, if there is one inside, and converts it into a <a href="/wiki/String_(computer_science)" title="String (computer science)">string</a>, or if not, returns an empty string:<div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-ocaml mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>let extract o = match o with | Some i -> string_of_int i | None -> "";; </pre></div><div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-ocaml mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre># extract (Some 42);; - : string = "42" # extract None;; - : string = "" </pre></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Summing_a_list_of_integers">Summing a list of integers</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=OCaml&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Summing a list of integers">edit</a>]</div> Lists are one of the fundamental datatypes in OCaml. The following code example defines a <a href="/wiki/Recursion_(computer_science)" title="Recursion (computer science)">recursive</a> function sum that accepts one argument, integers, which is supposed to be a list of integers. Note the keyword <code>rec</code> which denotes that the function is recursive. The function recursively iterates over the given list of integers and provides a sum of the elements. The match statement has similarities to <a href="/wiki/C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Switch_statement" title="Switch statement">switch</a> element, though it is far more general. <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-ocaml mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>let rec sum integers = (* Keyword rec means 'recursive'. *) match integers with | [] -> 0 (* Yield 0 if integers is the empty list []. *) | first :: rest -> first + sum rest;; (* Recursive call if integers is a non- empty list; first is the first element of the list, and rest is a list of the rest of the elements, possibly []. *) </pre></div> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-ocaml mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre> # sum [1;2;3;4;5];; - : int = 15 </pre></div> Another way is to use standard <a href="/wiki/Fold_function" class="mw-redirect" title="Fold function">fold function</a> that works with lists. <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-ocaml mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>let sum integers = List.fold_left (fun accumulator x -> accumulator + x) 0 integers;; </pre></div> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-ocaml mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre> # sum [1;2;3;4;5];; - : int = 15 </pre></div> Since the <a href="/wiki/Anonymous_function" title="Anonymous function">anonymous function</a> is simply the application of the + operator, this can be shortened to: <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-ocaml mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>let sum integers = List.fold_left (+) 0 integers </pre></div> Furthermore, one can omit the list argument by making use of a <a href="/wiki/Partial_application" title="Partial application">partial application</a>: <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-ocaml mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>let sum = List.fold_left (+) 0 </pre></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Quicksort">Quicksort</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=OCaml&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Quicksort">edit</a>]</div> OCaml lends itself to concisely expressing recursive algorithms. The following code example implements an algorithm similar to <a href="/wiki/Quicksort" title="Quicksort">quicksort</a> that sorts a list in increasing order. <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-ocaml mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre> let rec qsort = function | [] -> [] | pivot :: rest -> let is_less x = x < pivot in let left, right = List.partition is_less rest in qsort left @ [pivot] @ qsort right </pre></div> Or using partial application of the >= operator. <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-ocaml mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre> let rec qsort = function | [] -> [] | pivot :: rest -> let is_less = (>=) pivot in let left, right = List.partition is_less rest in qsort left @ [pivot] @ qsort right </pre></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Birthday_problem">Birthday problem</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=OCaml&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Birthday problem">edit</a>]</div> The following program calculates the smallest number of people in a room for whom the probability of completely unique birthdays is less than 50% (the <a href="/wiki/Birthday_problem" title="Birthday problem">birthday problem</a>, where for 1 person the probability is 365/365 (or 100%), for 2 it is 364/365, for 3 it is 364/365 × 363/365, etc.) (answer = 23). <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-ocaml mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>let year_size = 365. let rec birthday_paradox prob people = let prob = (year_size -. float people) /. year_size *. prob in if prob < 0.5 then Printf.printf "answer = %d\n" (people+1) else birthday_paradox prob (people+1) ;; birthday_paradox 1.0 1 </pre></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Church_numerals">Church numerals</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=OCaml&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Church numerals">edit</a>]</div> The following code defines a <a href="/wiki/Church_encoding" title="Church encoding">Church encoding</a> of <a href="/wiki/Natural_number" title="Natural number">natural numbers</a>, with successor (succ) and addition (add). A Church numeral <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-ocaml mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr">n</code> is a <a href="/wiki/Higher-order_function" title="Higher-order function">higher-order function</a> that accepts a function <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-ocaml mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr">f</code> and a value <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-ocaml mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr">x</code> and applies <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-ocaml mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr">f</code> to <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-ocaml mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr">x</code> exactly <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-ocaml mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr">n</code> times. To convert a Church numeral from a functional value to a string, we pass it a function that prepends the string <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-ocaml mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr">"S"</code> to its input and the constant string <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-ocaml mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr">"0"</code>. <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-ocaml mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>let zero f x = x let succ n f x = f (n f x) let one = succ zero let two = succ (succ zero) let add n1 n2 f x = n1 f (n2 f x) let to_string n = n (fun k -> "S" ^ k) "0" let _ = to_string (add (succ two) two) </pre></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arbitrary-precision_factorial_function_(libraries)">Arbitrary-precision factorial function (libraries)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=OCaml&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Arbitrary-precision factorial function (libraries)">edit</a>]</div> A variety of libraries are directly accessible from OCaml. For example, OCaml has a built-in library for <a href="/wiki/Arbitrary-precision_arithmetic" title="Arbitrary-precision arithmetic">arbitrary-precision arithmetic</a>. As the factorial function grows very rapidly, it quickly overflows machine-precision numbers (typically 32- or 64-bits). Thus, factorial is a suitable candidate for arbitrary-precision arithmetic. In OCaml, the Num module (now superseded by the ZArith module) provides arbitrary-precision arithmetic and can be loaded into a running top-level using: <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-ocaml mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre># #use "topfind";; # #require "num";; # open Num;; </pre></div> The factorial function may then be written using the arbitrary-precision numeric operators <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886049734">.mw-parser-output .monospaced{font-family:monospace,monospace}</style>=/, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734" />*/ and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734" />-/ : <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-ocaml mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre># let rec fact n = if n =/ Int 0 then Int 1 else n */ fact(n -/ Int 1);; val fact : Num.num -> Num.num = <fun> </pre></div> This function can compute much larger factorials, such as 120!: <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-ocaml mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre># string_of_num (fact (Int 120));; - : string = "6689502913449127057588118054090372586752746333138029810295671352301633 55724496298936687416527198498130815763789321409055253440858940812185989 8481114389650005964960521256960000000000000000000000000000" </pre></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Triangle_(graphics)">Triangle (graphics)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=OCaml&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Triangle (graphics)">edit</a>]</div> The following program renders a rotating triangle in 2D using <a href="/wiki/OpenGL" title="OpenGL">OpenGL</a>: <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-ocaml mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>let () = ignore (Glut.init Sys.argv); Glut.initDisplayMode ~double_buffer:true (); ignore (Glut.createWindow ~title:"OpenGL Demo"); let angle t = 10. *. t *. t in let render () = GlClear.clear [ `color ]; GlMat.load_identity (); GlMat.rotate ~angle: (angle (Sys.time ())) ~z:1. (); GlDraw.begins `triangles; List.iter GlDraw.vertex2 [-1., -1.; 0., 1.; 1., -1.]; GlDraw.ends (); Glut.swapBuffers () in GlMat.mode `modelview; Glut.displayFunc ~cb:render; Glut.idleFunc ~cb:(Some Glut.postRedisplay); Glut.mainLoop () </pre></div> The LablGL bindings to OpenGL are required. The program may then be compiled to bytecode with: <pre>$ ocamlc -I +lablGL lablglut.cma lablgl.cma simple.ml -o simple </pre> or to nativecode with: <pre>$ ocamlopt -I +lablGL lablglut.cmxa lablgl.cmxa simple.ml -o simple </pre> or, more simply, using the ocamlfind build command <pre>$ ocamlfind opt simple.ml -package lablgl.glut -linkpkg -o simple </pre> and run: <pre>$ ./simple </pre> Far more sophisticated, high-performance 2D and 3D graphical programs can be developed in OCaml. Thanks to the use of OpenGL and OCaml, the resulting programs can be cross-platform, compiling without any changes on many major platforms. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fibonacci_sequence">Fibonacci sequence</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=OCaml&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Fibonacci sequence">edit</a>]</div> The following code calculates the <a href="/wiki/Fibonacci_number" class="mw-redirect" title="Fibonacci number">Fibonacci sequence</a> of a number n inputted. It uses <a href="/wiki/Tail_recursion" class="mw-redirect" title="Tail recursion">tail recursion</a> and pattern matching. <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-ocaml mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>let fib n = let rec fib_aux m a b = match m with | 0 -> a | _ -> fib_aux (m - 1) b (a + b) in fib_aux n 0 1 </pre></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Higher-order_functions">Higher-order functions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=OCaml&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Higher-order functions">edit</a>]</div> Functions may take functions as input and return functions as result. For example, applying twice to a function f yields a function that applies f two times to its argument. <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-ocaml mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>let twice (f : 'a -> 'a) = fun (x : 'a) -> f (f x);; let inc (x : int) : int = x + 1;; let add2 = twice inc;; let inc_str (x : string) : string = x ^ " " ^ x;; let add_str = twice(inc_str);; </pre></div> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-ocaml mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre> # add2 98;; - : int = 100 # add_str "Test";; - : string = "Test Test Test Test" </pre></div> The function twice uses a type variable 'a to indicate that it can be applied to any function f mapping from a type 'a to itself, rather than only to int->int functions. In particular, twice can even be applied to itself. <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-ocaml mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre> # let fourtimes f = (twice twice) f;; val fourtimes : ('a -> 'a) -> 'a -> 'a = <fun> # let add4 = fourtimes inc;; val add4 : int -> int = <fun> # add4 98;; - : int = 102 </pre></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Derived_languages">Derived languages</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=OCaml&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Derived languages">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="MetaOCaml">MetaOCaml</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=OCaml&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: MetaOCaml">edit</a>]</div> MetaOCaml<a href="#cite_note-Meta-24">[24]</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Multi-stage_programming" title="Multi-stage programming">multi-stage programming</a> extension of OCaml enabling incremental compiling of new <a href="/wiki/Machine_code" title="Machine code">machine code</a> during runtime. Under some circumstances, significant <a href="/wiki/Speedup" title="Speedup">speedups</a> are possible using <a href="/wiki/Multi-stage_programming" title="Multi-stage programming">multistage programming</a>, because more detailed information about the data to process is available at runtime than at the regular compile time, so the incremental compiler can optimize away many cases of condition checking, etc. As an example: if at compile time it is known that some <a href="/wiki/Exponentiation" title="Exponentiation">power function</a> <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-ocaml mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr">x -> x^n</code> is needed often, but the value of <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-ocaml mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr">n</code> is known only at <a href="/wiki/Runtime_system" title="Runtime system">runtime</a>, a two-stage power function can be used in MetaOCaml: <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-ocaml mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>let rec power n x = if n = 0 then .<1>. else if even n then sqr (power (n/2) x) else .<.~x *. .~(power (n - 1) x)>. </pre></div> As soon as <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-ocaml mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr">n</code> is known at runtime, a specialized and very fast power function can be created: <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-ocaml mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>.<fun x -> .~(power 5 .<x>.)>. </pre></div> The result is: <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-ocaml mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>fun x_1 -> (x_1 * let y_3 = let y_2 = (x_1 * 1) in (y_2 * y_2) in (y_3 * y_3)) </pre></div> The new function is automatically compiled. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_derived_languages">Other derived languages</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=OCaml&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Other derived languages">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/F_Sharp_(programming_language)" title="F Sharp (programming language)">F#</a> is a <a href="/wiki/.NET" title=".NET">.NET</a> framework language based on OCaml.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/JoCaml" title="JoCaml">JoCaml</a> integrates constructions for developing <a href="/wiki/Concurrent_computing" title="Concurrent computing">concurrent</a> and <a href="/wiki/Distributed_computing" title="Distributed computing">distributed programs</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reason_(programming_language)" title="Reason (programming language)">Reason</a> is an alternative OCaml <a href="/wiki/Syntax_(programming_languages)" title="Syntax (programming languages)">syntax</a> and <a href="/wiki/Toolchain" title="Toolchain">toolchain</a> for OCaml created at <a href="/wiki/Facebook" title="Facebook">Facebook</a>, which can compile to both native code and <a href="/wiki/JavaScript" title="JavaScript">JavaScript</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Software_written_in_OCaml">Software written in OCaml</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=OCaml&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Software written in OCaml">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Ahrefs, an <a href="/wiki/Search_engine_optimization" title="Search engine optimization">SEO</a> software product</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alt-Ergo" title="Alt-Ergo">Alt-Ergo</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Satisfiability_modulo_theories" title="Satisfiability modulo theories">SMT solver</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astr%C3%A9e_(static_analysis)" title="Astrée (static analysis)">Astrée</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Static_program_analysis" title="Static program analysis">static analyzer</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Be_Sport&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Be Sport (page does not exist)">Be Sport</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Social_networking_service" title="Social networking service">social network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coccinelle_(software)" title="Coccinelle (software)">Coccinelle</a>, a utility for <a href="/wiki/Program_transformation" title="Program transformation">transforming</a> the <a href="/wiki/Source_code" title="Source code">source code</a> of <a href="/wiki/C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C</a> programs.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coq_(software)" class="mw-redirect" title="Coq (software)">Coq</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Formal_proof" title="Formal proof">formal proof</a> <a href="/wiki/Management_system" title="Management system">management system</a>.</li> <li>Easycrypt, a <a href="/wiki/Programming_tool" title="Programming tool">toolset</a> for writing <a href="/wiki/Computer-assisted_proof" title="Computer-assisted proof">computer-aided proofs</a>.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F*_(programming_language)" title="F* (programming language)">F*</a>, a high-level, multi-paradigm, functional and object-oriented programming language intended for <a href="/wiki/Formal_verification" title="Formal verification">program verification</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/FFTW" title="FFTW">FFTW</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Library_(computing)" title="Library (computing)">library</a> for computing <a href="/wiki/Discrete_Fourier_transform" title="Discrete Fourier transform">discrete Fourier transforms</a>. Several C routines have been generated by an OCaml program named <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-ocaml mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr">genfft</code>.</li> <li>The web version of <a href="/wiki/Facebook_Messenger" class="mw-redirect" title="Facebook Messenger">Facebook Messenger</a>.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a></li> <li>Flow, a <a href="/wiki/Static_program_analysis" title="Static program analysis">static analyzer</a> created at <a href="/wiki/Facebook" title="Facebook">Facebook</a> that infers and checks <a href="/wiki/Type_system#Static_type_checking" title="Type system">static types</a> for <a href="/wiki/JavaScript" title="JavaScript">JavaScript</a>.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ocsigen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ocsigen (page does not exist)">Ocsigen</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Client%E2%80%93server_model" title="Client–server model">client server</a> Web and mobile development <a href="/wiki/Application_framework" title="Application framework">framework</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Owl_Scientific_Computing" title="Owl Scientific Computing">Owl Scientific Computing</a>, a dedicated system for scientific and engineering computing.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frama-C" title="Frama-C">Frama-C</a>, a framework for analyzing C programs.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/GeneWeb" title="GeneWeb">GeneWeb</a>, free and open-source multi-platform genealogy software.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Hack_(programming_language)" title="Hack (programming language)">Hack</a> programming language compiler, created at Facebook, extending <a href="/wiki/PHP" title="PHP">PHP</a> with static types.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Haxe" title="Haxe">Haxe</a> programming language compiler.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/HOL_Light" title="HOL Light">HOL Light</a>, a formal proof assistant.</li> <li>Infer, a static analyzer created at Facebook for <a href="/wiki/Java_(programming_language)" title="Java (programming language)">Java</a>, C, <a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++">C++</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Objective-C" title="Objective-C">Objective-C</a>, used to detect bugs in <a href="/wiki/IOS" title="IOS">iOS</a> and <a href="/wiki/Android_(operating_system)" title="Android (operating system)">Android</a> apps.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquidsoap" title="Liquidsoap">Liquidsoap</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Scripting_language" title="Scripting language">scripting language</a> for generating multimedia streams.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MirageOS" class="mw-redirect" title="MirageOS">MirageOS</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Unikernel" title="Unikernel">unikernel</a> programming framework written in pure OCaml.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MLdonkey" class="mw-redirect" title="MLdonkey">MLdonkey</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Peer-to-peer_file_sharing" title="Peer-to-peer file sharing">peer-to-peer file sharing</a> application based on the <a href="/wiki/EDonkey_network" title="EDonkey network">EDonkey network</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opa_(programming_language)" title="Opa (programming language)">Opa</a>, a free and open-source programming language for web development.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reason_(programming_language)" title="Reason (programming language)"> Reason / ReScript</a>, a general-purpose, high-level, multi-paradigm, functional and object-oriented programming language.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Rust_(programming_language)" title="Rust (programming language)">Rust</a> compiler was <a href="/wiki/Bootstrapping_(compilers)" title="Bootstrapping (compilers)">initially implemented</a> in OCaml before becoming <a href="/wiki/Self-hosting_(compilers)" title="Self-hosting (compilers)">self-hosting</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tezos" title="Tezos">Tezos</a>, a self-amending smart contract platform using XTZ as a native currency.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unison_(software)" title="Unison (software)">Unison</a>, a <a href="/wiki/File_synchronization" title="File synchronization">file synchronization</a> program to synchronize files between two directories.</li> <li>The reference interpreter for <a href="/wiki/WebAssembly" title="WebAssembly">WebAssembly</a>, a low-level <a href="/wiki/Bytecode" title="Bytecode">bytecode</a> intended for execution inside <a href="/wiki/Web_browser" title="Web browser">web browsers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xen_Cloud_Platform" class="mw-redirect" title="Xen Cloud Platform">Xen Cloud Platform</a> (XCP), a <a href="/wiki/Turnkey" title="Turnkey">turnkey</a> <a href="/wiki/Virtualization" title="Virtualization">virtualization</a> solution for the <a href="/wiki/Xen" title="Xen">Xen</a> <a href="/wiki/Hypervisor" title="Hypervisor">hypervisor</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Users">Users</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=OCaml&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Users">edit</a>]</div> At least several dozen companies use OCaml to some degree.<a href="#cite_note-ocaml.org-companies-30">[30]</a> Notable examples include: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bloomberg_L.P." title="Bloomberg L.P.">Bloomberg L.P.</a>, which created <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bucklescript.github.io/">BuckleScript</a>, an OCaml compiler backend targeting JavaScript.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citrix_Systems" title="Citrix Systems">Citrix Systems</a>, which uses OCaml in <a href="/wiki/Citrix_Systems#Networking_and_cloud" title="Citrix Systems">XenServer</a> (rebranded as Citrix Hypervisor during 2018).<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Facebook" title="Facebook">Facebook</a>, which developed Flow,<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> Hack, Infer, Pfff, and <a href="/wiki/Reason_(programming_language)" title="Reason (programming language)">ReasonML</a> in OCaml.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Street_Capital" title="Jane Street Capital">Jane Street Capital</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Proprietary_trading" title="Proprietary trading">proprietary trading</a> firm, which adopted OCaml as its preferred language in its early days<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> and continues to use it as of 2023.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Docker_(software)" title="Docker (software)">Docker</a>, which uses OCaml in the desktop editions on <a href="/wiki/MacOS" title="MacOS">macOS</a> and <a href="/wiki/Windows" class="mw-redirect" title="Windows">Windows</a>.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a></li></ul> In the context of Academic teaching and research, OCaml has a remarkable presence in computer science teaching programmes, both in universities and colleges. 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</ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=OCaml&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/40px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/60px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/80px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikibooks has a book on the topic of: <a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/OCaml" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:OCaml">OCaml</a></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ocaml.org/">Official website</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q212587#P856" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://v2.ocaml.org/manual/">OCaml manual</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opam.ocaml.org/">OCaml Package Manager</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dev.realworldocaml.org/">Real World OCaml</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style 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.navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="ML_programming711" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" 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title="Template talk:ML programming (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:ML_programming" title="Special:EditPage/Template:ML programming"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="ML_programming711" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/ML_(programming_language)" title="ML (programming language)">ML</a> programming</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Software" title="Software">Software</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Programming_language_implementation" title="Programming language implementation">Implementations</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dialect_(computing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dialect (computing)">dialects</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Caml" title="Caml">Caml</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">OCaml</a>° <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eff_(programming_language)" title="Eff (programming language)">Eff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F*_(programming_language)" title="F* (programming language)">F*</a>°</li> <li><a href="/wiki/F_Sharp_(programming_language)" title="F Sharp (programming language)">F#</a>°</li> <li><a href="/wiki/JoCaml" title="JoCaml">JoCaml</a>°</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reason_(programming_language)" title="Reason (programming language)">Reason</a>°</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Standard_ML" title="Standard ML">Standard ML</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alice_(programming_language)" title="Alice (programming language)">Alice</a>°</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concurrent_ML" title="Concurrent ML">Concurrent ML</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extended_ML" title="Extended ML">Extended ML</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MLton" title="MLton">MLton</a>°</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_ML_of_New_Jersey" title="Standard ML of New Jersey">Standard ML of New Jersey</a>° (SML/NJ)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_ML" title="Dependent ML">Dependent ML</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ATS_(programming_language)" title="ATS (programming language)">ATS</a>°</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Futhark_(programming_language)" title="Futhark (programming language)">Futhark</a>°</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lennart_Augustsson#Languages" title="Lennart Augustsson">Lazy ML</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacroML" title="MacroML">MacroML</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ur_(programming_language)" title="Ur (programming language)">Ur</a>°</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Programming_tool" title="Programming tool">Programming tools</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Alt-Ergo" title="Alt-Ergo">Alt-Ergo</a>°</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astr%C3%A9e_(static_analysis)" title="Astrée (static analysis)">Astrée</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camlp4" title="Camlp4">Camlp4</a>°</li> <li><a href="/wiki/FFTW" title="FFTW">FFTW</a>°</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frama-C" title="Frama-C">Frama-C</a>°</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haxe" title="Haxe">Haxe</a>°</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marionnet" title="Marionnet">Marionnet</a>°</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MTASC" title="MTASC">MTASC</a>°</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poplog" title="Poplog">Poplog</a>°</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semgrep" title="Semgrep">Semgrep</a>°</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SLAM_project" title="SLAM project">SLAM project</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Automated_theorem_proving" title="Automated theorem proving">Theorem provers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Proof_assistant" title="Proof assistant">proof assistants</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rocq_(software)" title="Rocq (software)">Rocq</a>°</li> <li><a href="/wiki/HOL_(proof_assistant)" title="HOL (proof assistant)">HOL</a>° <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HOL_Light" title="HOL Light">HOL Light</a>°</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabelle_(proof_assistant)" title="Isabelle (proof assistant)">Isabelle</a>°</li> <li><a href="/wiki/LEGO_(proof_assistant)" title="LEGO (proof assistant)">LEGO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logic_for_Computable_Functions" title="Logic for Computable Functions">Logic for Computable Functions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matita" title="Matita">Matita</a>°</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelf" title="Twelf">Twelf</a>°</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GeneWeb" title="GeneWeb">GeneWeb</a>°</li></ul></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:OCaml_Logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/OCaml_Logo.svg/110px-OCaml_Logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/OCaml_Logo.svg/165px-OCaml_Logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/OCaml_Logo.svg/220px-OCaml_Logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="525" data-file-height="144" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Community_of_practice" title="Community of practice">Community</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Designers9" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Designers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Lennart_Augustsson" title="Lennart Augustsson">Lennart Augustsson</a> (Lazy ML)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damien_Doligez" title="Damien Doligez">Damien Doligez</a> (OCaml)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_Huet" title="Gérard Huet">Gérard Huet</a> (Caml)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xavier_Leroy" title="Xavier Leroy">Xavier Leroy</a> (Caml, OCaml)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robin_Milner" title="Robin Milner">Robin Milner</a> (ML)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don_Sannella" title="Don Sannella">Don Sannella</a> (Extended ML)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don_Syme" title="Don Syme">Don Syme</a> (F#)</li> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thierry_Coquand" title="Thierry Coquand">Thierry Coquand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steven_G._Johnson" title="Steven G. Johnson">Steven G. Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christine_Paulin-Mohring" title="Christine Paulin-Mohring">Christine Paulin-Mohring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Pfenning" title="Frank Pfenning">Frank Pfenning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Thompson_(professor)" title="Simon Thompson (professor)">Simon Thompson</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <li>Italics = discontinued</li> <li>° = <a href="/wiki/Open-source_software" title="Open-source software">Open-source software</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_book_class2.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wikipedia book"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Symbol_book_class2.svg/20px-Symbol_book_class2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Symbol_book_class2.svg/40px-Symbol_book_class2.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/OCaml" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:OCaml">Book</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:ML_programming_language_family" title="Category:ML programming language family">Category:Family:ML</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:OCaml_programming_language_family" title="Category:OCaml programming language family">Category:Family:OCaml</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:OCaml_software" title="Category:OCaml software">Category:Software:OCaml</a></li> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Programming_languages625" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Programming_languages" title="Template:Programming languages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Programming_languages" title="Template talk:Programming languages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Programming_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Programming languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Programming_languages625" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Programming_language" title="Programming language">Programming languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_programming_languages" title="Comparison of programming languages">Comparison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_programming_languages" title="Timeline of programming languages">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_programming_languages" title="History of programming languages">History</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ada_(programming_language)" title="Ada (programming language)">Ada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ALGOL" title="ALGOL">ALGOL</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Simula" title="Simula">Simula</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/APL_(programming_language)" title="APL (programming language)">APL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assembly_language" title="Assembly language">Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BASIC" title="BASIC">BASIC</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Visual_Basic" title="Visual Basic">Visual Basic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Visual_Basic_(classic)" title="Visual Basic (classic)">classic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_Basic_(.NET)" title="Visual Basic (.NET)">.NET</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++">C++</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C_Sharp_(programming_language)" title="C Sharp (programming language)">C#</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COBOL" title="COBOL">COBOL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erlang_(programming_language)" title="Erlang (programming 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