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</div> </a> <ul id="toc-Uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Limitations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Limitations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Limitations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Limitations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Graphical_applications_on_chroot" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Graphical_applications_on_chroot"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Graphical applications on chroot</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Graphical_applications_on_chroot-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_applications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_applications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Notable applications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_applications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Linux_host_kernel_virtual_file_systems_and_configuration_files" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Linux_host_kernel_virtual_file_systems_and_configuration_files"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Linux host kernel virtual file systems and configuration files</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Linux_host_kernel_virtual_file_systems_and_configuration_files-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown 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Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Chroot" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chroot" title="Chroot – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Chroot" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chroot" title="Chroot – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Chroot" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chroot" title="Chroot – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Chroot" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chroot" title="Chroot – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="Chroot" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chroot" title="Chroot – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Chroot" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chroot" title="Chroot – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="Chroot" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chroot" title="Chroot – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Chroot" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chroot" title="Chroot – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="Chroot" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chroot" title="Chroot – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Chroot" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chroot" title="Chroot – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="Chroot" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chroot" title="Chroot – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Chroot" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chroot" title="Chroot – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Chroot" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chroot" title="Chroot – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Chroot" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chroot" title="Chroot – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Chroot" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chroot" title="Chroot – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Chroot" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chroot" title="Chroot – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Chroot" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" 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.infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><caption class="infobox-title summary">chroot</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Chroot-command-example.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Chroot-command-example.png/220px-Chroot-command-example.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Chroot-command-example.png/330px-Chroot-command-example.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Chroot-command-example.png/440px-Chroot-command-example.png 2x" data-file-width="631" data-file-height="55" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Example usage of <code>chroot</code> in <a href="/wiki/Raspberry_Pi_OS" title="Raspberry Pi OS">Raspberry Pi OS</a> running an interactive shell within a special root directory</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Programmer" title="Programmer">Original author(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bill_Joy" title="Bill Joy">Bill Joy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bell_Labs" title="Bell Labs">AT&T Bell Laboratories</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Programmer" title="Programmer">Developer(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Various <a href="/wiki/Open-source_software" title="Open-source software">open-source</a> and <a href="/wiki/Commercial_software" title="Commercial software">commercial</a> developers</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Initial release</th><td class="infobox-data">1979<span class="noprint">; 45 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1979</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">Operating system</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Unix" title="Unix">Unix</a>, <a href="/wiki/Unix-like" title="Unix-like">Unix-like</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plan_9_from_Bell_Labs" title="Plan 9 from Bell Labs">Plan 9</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inferno_(operating_system)" title="Inferno (operating system)">Inferno</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Computing_platform" title="Computing platform">Platform</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Cross-platform" class="mw-redirect" title="Cross-platform">Cross-platform</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Software_categories#Categorization_approaches" title="Software categories">Type</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Command_(computing)" title="Command (computing)">Command</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b><code>chroot</code></b> is an operation on <a href="/wiki/Unix" title="Unix">Unix</a> and <a href="/wiki/Unix-like" title="Unix-like">Unix-like</a> <a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">operating systems</a> that changes the apparent <a href="/wiki/Root_directory" title="Root directory">root directory</a> for the current running process and its <a href="/wiki/Child_process" title="Child process">children</a>. A program that is run in such a modified environment cannot name (and therefore normally cannot access) files outside the designated directory tree. The term "chroot" may refer to the <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886049734">.mw-parser-output .monospaced{font-family:monospace,monospace}</style><span class="monospaced">chroot(2)</span> <a href="/wiki/System_call" title="System call">system call</a> or the <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">chroot(8)</span> wrapper program. The modified environment is called a <b>chroot jail</b>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Chroot-from-gentoo-to-ubuntu.webm/220px--Chroot-from-gentoo-to-ubuntu.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="138" data-durationhint="98" data-mwtitle="Chroot-from-gentoo-to-ubuntu.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Chroot-from-gentoo-to-ubuntu.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b1/Chroot-from-gentoo-to-ubuntu.webm/Chroot-from-gentoo-to-ubuntu.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="768" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b1/Chroot-from-gentoo-to-ubuntu.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="av1"" data-width="1920" data-height="1200" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b1/Chroot-from-gentoo-to-ubuntu.webm/Chroot-from-gentoo-to-ubuntu.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1152" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b1/Chroot-from-gentoo-to-ubuntu.webm/Chroot-from-gentoo-to-ubuntu.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1728" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b1/Chroot-from-gentoo-to-ubuntu.webm/Chroot-from-gentoo-to-ubuntu.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="230" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b1/Chroot-from-gentoo-to-ubuntu.webm/Chroot-from-gentoo-to-ubuntu.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="384" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b1/Chroot-from-gentoo-to-ubuntu.webm/Chroot-from-gentoo-to-ubuntu.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="576" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b1/Chroot-from-gentoo-to-ubuntu.webm/Chroot-from-gentoo-to-ubuntu.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="576" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>Chroot: from Gentoo to Ubuntu</figcaption></figure> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chroot&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The chroot system call was introduced during development of <a href="/wiki/Version_7_Unix" title="Version 7 Unix">Version 7 Unix</a> in 1979. One source suggests that <a href="/wiki/Bill_Joy" title="Bill Joy">Bill Joy</a> added it on 18 March 1982 – 17 months before <a href="/wiki/Berkeley_Software_Distribution" title="Berkeley Software Distribution">4.2BSD</a> was released – in order to test its installation and build system.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All versions of BSD that had a kernel have chroot(2).<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An early use of the term "jail" as applied to chroot comes from <a href="/wiki/William_Cheswick" title="William Cheswick">Bill Cheswick</a> creating a <a href="/wiki/Honeypot_(computing)" title="Honeypot (computing)">honeypot</a> to monitor a <a href="/wiki/Hacker_(computer_security)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hacker (computer security)">hacker</a> in 1991.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first article about a jailbreak has been discussed on the security column of SunWorld Online which is written by Carole Fennelly; the August 1999 and January 1999 editions cover most of the chroot() topics.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To make it useful for <a href="/wiki/Operating_system%E2%80%93level_virtualization" class="mw-redirect" title="Operating system–level virtualization">virtualization</a>, <a href="/wiki/FreeBSD" title="FreeBSD">FreeBSD</a> expanded the concept and in its 4.0 release in 2000 introduced the <a href="/wiki/FreeBSD_jail" title="FreeBSD jail">jail</a> command.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 2002, an article written by Nicolas Boiteux described how to create a jail on Linux.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 2003, first internet microservices providers with Linux jails provide SAAS/PAAS (shell containers, proxy, ircd, bots, ...) services billed for consumption into the jail by usage.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 2005, <a href="/wiki/Sun_Microsystems" title="Sun Microsystems">Sun</a> released <a href="/wiki/Solaris_Containers" title="Solaris Containers">Solaris Containers</a> (also known as Solaris Zones), described as "chroot on steroids."<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 2008, <a href="/wiki/LXC" title="LXC">LXC</a> (upon which <a href="/wiki/Docker_(software)" title="Docker (software)">Docker</a> was later built) adopted the "container" terminology<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and gained popularity in 2013 due to inclusion into <a href="/wiki/Linux_kernel" title="Linux kernel">Linux kernel</a> 3.8 of <a href="/wiki/Linux_namespaces" title="Linux namespaces">user namespaces</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uses">Uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chroot&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A chroot environment can be used to create and host a separate <a href="/wiki/Operating-system-level_virtualization" class="mw-redirect" title="Operating-system-level virtualization">virtualized</a> copy of the software system. This can be useful for: </p> <dl><dt>Testing and development</dt> <dd>A test environment can be set up in the chroot for software that would otherwise be too risky to deploy on a production system.</dd> <dt>Dependency control</dt> <dd>Software can be developed, built and tested in a chroot populated only with its expected dependencies. This can prevent some kinds of linkage skew that can result from developers building projects with different sets of program libraries installed.</dd> <dt>Compatibility</dt> <dd>Legacy software or software using a different <a href="/wiki/Application_binary_interface" title="Application binary interface">ABI</a> must sometimes be run in a chroot because their supporting libraries or data files may otherwise clash in name or linkage with those of the host system.</dd> <dt>Recovery</dt> <dd>Should a system be rendered unbootable, a chroot can be used to move back into the damaged environment after bootstrapping from an alternate root file system (such as from installation media, or a <a href="/wiki/Live_CD" title="Live CD">Live CD</a>).</dd> <dt>Privilege separation</dt> <dd>Programs are allowed to carry open <a href="/wiki/File_descriptor" title="File descriptor">file descriptors</a> (for files, <a href="/wiki/Pipeline_(Unix)" title="Pipeline (Unix)">pipelines</a> and network connections) into the chroot, which can simplify jail design by making it unnecessary to leave working files inside the chroot directory. This also simplifies the common arrangement of running the potentially vulnerable parts of a privileged program in a sandbox, in order to pre-emptively contain a security breach. Note that chroot is not necessarily enough to contain a process with root privileges.</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Limitations">Limitations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chroot&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Limitations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The chroot mechanism is not intended to defend against intentional tampering by privileged (root) users. A notable exception is <a href="/wiki/NetBSD" title="NetBSD">NetBSD</a>, on which chroot is considered a security mechanism and no escapes are known. On most systems, chroot contexts do not stack properly and chrooted programs with sufficient privileges may perform a <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160127150916/http://www.bpfh.net/simes/computing/chroot-break.html">second chroot</a> to break out. To mitigate the risk of these security weakness, chrooted programs should relinquish root privileges as soon as practical after chrooting, or other mechanisms – such as <a href="/wiki/FreeBSD_jail" title="FreeBSD jail">FreeBSD jails</a> – should be used instead. Note that some systems, such as <a href="/wiki/FreeBSD" title="FreeBSD">FreeBSD</a>, take precautions to prevent a second chroot attack.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On systems that support device nodes on ordinary filesystems, a chrooted <a href="/wiki/Superuser" title="Superuser">root user</a> can still create device nodes and mount the file systems on them; thus, the chroot mechanism is not intended by itself to be used to block low-level access to system devices by privileged users. It is not intended to restrict the use of resources like <a href="/wiki/Input/output" title="Input/output">I/O</a>, bandwidth, disk space or CPU time. Most Unixes are not completely file system-oriented and leave potentially disruptive functionality like networking and process control available through the system call interface to a chrooted program. </p><p>At startup, programs expect to find <a href="/wiki/Scratch_space" title="Scratch space">scratch space</a>, configuration files, <a href="/wiki/Device_node" class="mw-redirect" title="Device node">device nodes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shared_library" title="Shared library">shared libraries</a> at certain preset locations. For a chrooted program to successfully start, the chroot directory must be populated with a minimum set of these files. This can make chroot difficult to use as a general sandboxing mechanism. Tools such as <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://olivier.sessink.nl/jailkit/">Jailkit</a> can help to ease and automate this process. </p><p>Only the <a href="/wiki/Superuser" title="Superuser">root user</a> can perform a chroot. This is intended to prevent users from putting a <a href="/wiki/Setuid" title="Setuid">setuid</a> program inside a specially crafted chroot jail (for example, with a fake <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced"><a href="/wiki//etc/passwd" class="mw-redirect" title="/etc/passwd">/etc/passwd</a></span> and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced"><a href="/wiki//etc/shadow" class="mw-redirect" title="/etc/shadow">/etc/shadow</a></span> file) that would fool it into a <a href="/wiki/Privilege_escalation" title="Privilege escalation">privilege escalation</a>. </p><p>Some Unixes offer extensions of the chroot mechanism to address at least some of these limitations (see <a href="/wiki/Operating_system-level_virtualization#Implementations" class="mw-redirect" title="Operating system-level virtualization">Implementations of operating system-level virtualization technology</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Graphical_applications_on_chroot">Graphical applications on chroot</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chroot&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Graphical applications on chroot"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It is possible to run graphical applications on a chrooted environment, using methods such as:<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Use <a href="/wiki/Xhost" class="mw-redirect" title="Xhost">xhost</a> (or copy the secret from .Xauthority)</li> <li>Nested X servers like <a href="/w/index.php?title=Xnest&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Xnest (page does not exist)">Xnest</a> or the more modern <a href="/wiki/Xephyr" title="Xephyr">Xephyr</a> (or start a real X server from inside the jail)</li> <li>Accessing the chroot via <a href="/wiki/Secure_Shell" title="Secure Shell">SSH</a> using the X11 forwarding (ssh -X) feature</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.elstel.org/xchroot/">xchroot</a> an extended version of chroot for users and Xorg/X11 forwarding (socat/mount)</li> <li>An X11 <a href="/wiki/VNC" title="VNC">VNC</a> server and connecting a <a href="/wiki/VNC" title="VNC">VNC</a> client outside the environment.</li> <li>Atoms is a Linux Chroot Management Tool with a User-Friendly GUI.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_applications">Notable applications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chroot&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Notable applications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Postfix_(software)" title="Postfix (software)">Postfix</a> mail transfer agent operates as a pipeline of individually chrooted helper programs. </p><p>Like 4.2BSD before it, the Debian and Ubuntu internal package-building farms use chroots extensively to catch unintentional build dependencies between packages. <a href="/wiki/SUSE_Linux" class="mw-redirect" title="SUSE Linux">SUSE</a> uses a similar method with its <i>build</i> program. Fedora, Red Hat, and various other RPM-based distributions build all <a href="/wiki/RPM_Package_Manager" title="RPM Package Manager">RPMs</a> using a chroot tool such as <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fedoraproject.org/wiki/Projects/Mock">mock</a>. </p><p>Many <a href="/wiki/FTP_server" title="FTP server">FTP servers</a> for POSIX systems use the chroot mechanism to sandbox untrusted FTP clients. This may be done by forking a process to handle an incoming connection, then chrooting the child (to avoid having to populate the chroot with libraries required for program startup). </p><p>If privilege separation is enabled, the <a href="/wiki/OpenSSH" title="OpenSSH">OpenSSH</a> daemon will chroot an unprivileged helper process into an empty directory to handle pre-authentication network traffic for each client. The daemon can also sandbox SFTP and shell sessions in a chroot (from version 4.9p1 onwards).<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/ChromeOS" title="ChromeOS">ChromeOS</a> can use a chroot to run a Linux instance using <a href="/wiki/Crouton_(computing)" title="Crouton (computing)">Crouton</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> providing an otherwise thin OS with access to hardware resources. The security implications related in this article apply here. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Linux_host_kernel_virtual_file_systems_and_configuration_files">Linux host kernel virtual file systems and configuration files</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chroot&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Linux host kernel virtual file systems and configuration files"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>To have a functional chroot environment in Linux, the kernel virtual file systems and configuration files also have to be mounted/copied from host to chroot. </p> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-sh mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span><span class="c1"># Mount Kernel Virtual File Systems</span> <span class="nv">TARGETDIR</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"/mnt/chroot"</span> mount<span class="w"> </span>-t<span class="w"> </span>proc<span class="w"> </span>proc<span class="w"> </span><span class="nv">$TARGETDIR</span>/proc mount<span class="w"> </span>-t<span class="w"> </span>sysfs<span class="w"> </span>sysfs<span class="w"> </span><span class="nv">$TARGETDIR</span>/sys mount<span class="w"> </span>-t<span class="w"> </span>devtmpfs<span class="w"> </span>devtmpfs<span class="w"> </span><span class="nv">$TARGETDIR</span>/dev mount<span class="w"> </span>-t<span class="w"> </span>tmpfs<span class="w"> </span>tmpfs<span class="w"> </span><span class="nv">$TARGETDIR</span>/dev/shm mount<span class="w"> </span>-t<span class="w"> </span>devpts<span class="w"> </span>devpts<span class="w"> </span><span class="nv">$TARGETDIR</span>/dev/pts <span class="c1"># Copy /etc/hosts</span> /bin/cp<span class="w"> </span>-f<span class="w"> </span>/etc/hosts<span class="w"> </span><span class="nv">$TARGETDIR</span>/etc/ <span class="c1"># Copy /etc/resolv.conf </span> /bin/cp<span class="w"> </span>-f<span class="w"> </span>/etc/resolv.conf<span class="w"> </span><span class="nv">$TARGETDIR</span>/etc/resolv.conf <span class="c1"># Link /etc/mtab</span> chroot<span class="w"> </span><span class="nv">$TARGETDIR</span><span class="w"> </span>rm<span class="w"> </span>/etc/mtab<span class="w"> </span><span class="m">2</span>><span class="w"> </span>/dev/null<span class="w"> </span> chroot<span class="w"> </span><span class="nv">$TARGETDIR</span><span class="w"> </span>ln<span class="w"> </span>-s<span class="w"> </span>/proc/mounts<span class="w"> </span>/etc/mtab </pre></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chroot&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Unix_commands" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Unix commands">List of Unix commands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operating_system-level_virtualization" class="mw-redirect" title="Operating system-level virtualization">Operating system-level virtualization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandbox_(computer_security)" title="Sandbox (computer security)">Sandbox (computer security)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudo" title="Sudo">sudo</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chroot&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output 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.cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docs.freebsd.org/44doc/papers/jail/jail-9.html">"jail, section 9"</a>. <i>docs.freebsd.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170105092247/https://docs.freebsd.org/44doc/papers/jail/jail-9.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-01-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-03-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=docs.freebsd.org&rft.atitle=jail%2C+section+9.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdocs.freebsd.org%2F44doc%2Fpapers%2Fjail%2Fjail-9.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChroot" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLosh2000" class="citation web cs1">Losh, Warner (February 2, 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bsdimp.blogspot.com/2020/06/whither-chroot.html">"Warner's Random Hacking Blog: Whither chroot?"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200628214616/http://bsdimp.blogspot.com/2020/06/whither-chroot.html">Archived</a> from the original on June 28, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 28,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Warner%27s+Random+Hacking+Blog%3A+Whither+chroot%3F&rft.date=2000-02-02&rft.aulast=Losh&rft.aufirst=Warner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbsdimp.blogspot.com%2F2020%2F06%2Fwhither-chroot.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChroot" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blog.dionresearch.com/2020/05/data-infrastructures-for-rest-of-us-iii.html">"Data Infrastructures for the rest of us - III - software"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200630201639/https://blog.dionresearch.com/2020/05/data-infrastructures-for-rest-of-us-iii.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-06-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-06-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Data+Infrastructures+for+the+rest+of+us+-+III+-+software&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblog.dionresearch.com%2F2020%2F05%2Fdata-infrastructures-for-rest-of-us-iii.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChroot" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCheswick1991" class="citation conference cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Cheswick" title="William Cheswick">Cheswick, Bill</a> (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cheswick.com/ches/papers/berferd.pdf">"An Evening with Berferd: In Which a Cracker is Lured, Endured, and Studied"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>USENIX Summer Conference Proceedings, Volume 1</i>. <a href="/wiki/USENIX" title="USENIX">USENIX</a>. San Francisco, California: The Association. p. 163. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181105012101/http://www.cheswick.com/ches/papers/berferd.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2018-11-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-06-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.atitle=An+Evening+with+Berferd%3A+In+Which+a+Cracker+is+Lured%2C+Endured%2C+and+Studied&rft.btitle=USENIX+Summer+Conference+Proceedings%2C+Volume+1&rft.place=San+Francisco%2C+California&rft.pages=163&rft.pub=The+Association&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=Cheswick&rft.aufirst=Bill&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cheswick.com%2Fches%2Fpapers%2Fberferd.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChroot" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarole" class="citation web cs1">Carole, Fennelly. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sunsite.uakom.sk/sunworldonline/swol-08-1999/swol-08-security.html">"Summertime potluck"</a>. <i>SunWorld Online</i>. Carole Fennelly. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210928155456/http://sunsite.uakom.sk/sunworldonline/swol-08-1999/swol-08-security.html">Archived</a> from the original on September 28, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SunWorld+Online&rft.atitle=Summertime+potluck&rft.aulast=Carole&rft.aufirst=Fennelly&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsunsite.uakom.sk%2Fsunworldonline%2Fswol-08-1999%2Fswol-08-security.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChroot" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRiondato" class="citation web cs1">Riondato, Matteo. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.freebsd.org/doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/jails.html">"FreeBSD Handbook "Jails" Chapter"</a>. <i>freebsd.org</i>. The FreeBSD Project. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140815023159/http://www.freebsd.org/doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/jails.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2014-08-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-10-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=freebsd.org&rft.atitle=FreeBSD+Handbook+%22Jails%22+Chapter&rft.aulast=Riondato&rft.aufirst=Matteo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.freebsd.org%2Fdoc%2Fen_US.ISO8859-1%2Fbooks%2Fhandbook%2Fjails.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChroot" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNicolas" class="citation web cs1">Nicolas, Boiteux. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20021014060228/http://membres.lycos.fr/code34/howtochroot1a/">"chroot shell"</a>. <i>lycos.fr</i>. Nicolas Boiteux. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://membres.lycos.fr:80/code34/howtochroot1a/">the original</a> on 2002-10-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=lycos.fr&rft.atitle=chroot+shell&rft.aulast=Nicolas&rft.aufirst=Boiteux&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmembres.lycos.fr%3A80%2Fcode34%2Fhowtochroot1a%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChroot" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040612194051/http://girafon.org/index.php?page=Girafon-hebergement-eggdrop-bot-ircd-24-pids-shell-linux-pour-un-paiement-allopass">"Girafon"</a>. <i>girafon.org</i>. girafon. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://girafon.org:80/index.php?page=Girafon-hebergement-eggdrop-bot-ircd-24-pids-shell-linux-pour-un-paiement-allopass">the original</a> on 2004-06-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=girafon.org&rft.atitle=Girafon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgirafon.org%3A80%2Findex.php%3Fpage%3DGirafon-hebergement-eggdrop-bot-ircd-24-pids-shell-linux-pour-un-paiement-allopass&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChroot" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchmidt2006" class="citation book cs1">Schmidt, Klaus (2006-09-02). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=adU_AAAAQBAJ&q=Solaris+Containers+chroot&pg=PA186"><i>High Availability and Disaster Recovery: Concepts, Design, Implementation</i></a>. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 186. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783540345824" title="Special:BookSources/9783540345824"><bdi>9783540345824</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230220021312/https://books.google.com/books?id=adU_AAAAQBAJ&q=Solaris+Containers+chroot&pg=PA186">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-02-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-08-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=High+Availability+and+Disaster+Recovery%3A+Concepts%2C+Design%2C+Implementation&rft.pages=186&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.date=2006-09-02&rft.isbn=9783540345824&rft.aulast=Schmidt&rft.aufirst=Klaus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DadU_AAAAQBAJ%26q%3DSolaris%2BContainers%2Bchroot%26pg%3DPA186&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChroot" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sourceforge.net/projects/lxc/files/lxc/">"SourceForge LXC Download Files"</a>. <i>sourceforge.net</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140819223537/http://sourceforge.net/projects/lxc/files/lxc/">Archived</a> from the original on 2014-08-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-08-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=sourceforge.net&rft.atitle=SourceForge+LXC+Download+Files&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsourceforge.net%2Fprojects%2Flxc%2Ffiles%2Flxc%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChroot" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosen2014" class="citation web cs1">Rosen, Rami (2014-03-26). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.haifux.org/lectures/320/netLec8_final.pdf">"Linux Containers and the Future Cloud"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160418204630/http://www.haifux.org/lectures/320/netLec8_final.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2016-04-18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-08-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Linux+Containers+and+the+Future+Cloud&rft.date=2014-03-26&rft.aulast=Rosen&rft.aufirst=Rami&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.haifux.org%2Flectures%2F320%2FnetLec8_final.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChroot" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=chroot&sektion=2&n=1">"chroot(2)"</a>. <i>www.freebsd.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200918091526/https://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=chroot&sektion=2&n=1">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-09-18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-12-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.freebsd.org&rft.atitle=chroot%282%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.freebsd.org%2Fcgi%2Fman.cgi%3Fquery%3Dchroot%26sektion%3D2%26n%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChroot" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140326175547/http://wiki.mandriva.com/en/Development/Howto/Chroot">"Development/Howto/Chroot"</a>. <i>Mandriva Wiki</i>. 25 July 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wiki.mandriva.com/en/Development/Howto/Chroot#Launch_X_Applications_inside_the_chroot">the original</a> on 2014-03-26.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mandriva+Wiki&rft.atitle=Development%2FHowto%2FChroot&rft.date=2011-07-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwiki.mandriva.com%2Fen%2FDevelopment%2FHowto%2FChroot%23Launch_X_Applications_inside_the_chroot&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChroot" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110831200622/http://www.gentoo-wiki.info/HOWTO_startx_in_a_chroot">"HOWTO startx in a chroot"</a>. <i>Gentoo Wiki</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gentoo-wiki.info/HOWTO_startx_in_a_chroot">the original</a> on 2011-08-31<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-10-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gentoo+Wiki&rft.atitle=HOWTO+startx+in+a+chroot&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gentoo-wiki.info%2FHOWTO_startx_in_a_chroot&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChroot" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid2023" class="citation web cs1">David, Redfield (October 10, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://linuxtldr.com/atoms-tool/">"Atoms is a Linux Chroot Management Tool with a User-Friendly GUI"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Atoms+is+a+Linux+Chroot+Management+Tool+with+a+User-Friendly+GUI&rft.date=2023-10-10&rft.aulast=David&rft.aufirst=Redfield&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flinuxtldr.com%2Fatoms-tool%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChroot" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://man.openbsd.org/sshd_config.5">"sshd_config(5) manual page"</a>. 2017-10-26. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180205001013/https://man.openbsd.org/sshd_config.5">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-02-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-02-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=sshd_config%285%29+manual+page&rft.date=2017-10-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fman.openbsd.org%2Fsshd_config.5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChroot" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/dnschneid/crouton">"Chromium OS Universal Chroot Environment (on github)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/GitHub" title="GitHub">GitHub</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161125200701/https://github.com/dnschneid/crouton">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-11-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-12-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GitHub&rft.atitle=Chromium+OS+Universal+Chroot+Environment+%28on+github%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgithub.com%2Fdnschneid%2Fcrouton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChroot" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chroot&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="plainlinksneverexpand"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=chroot&sektion=2">chroot(2)</a></code></span>: change root directory – <a href="/wiki/FreeBSD" title="FreeBSD">FreeBSD</a> System Calls <a href="/wiki/Man_page" title="Man page">Manual</a></li> <li><span class="plainlinksneverexpand"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=chroot&sektion=8">chroot(8)</a></code></span>: change root directory – <a href="/wiki/FreeBSD" title="FreeBSD">FreeBSD</a> System Manager's <a href="/wiki/Man_page" title="Man page">Manual</a></li> <li><span class="plainlinksneverexpand"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://manned.org/chroot.2">chroot(2)</a></code></span>: change root directory – <a href="/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a> Programmer's <a href="/wiki/Man_page" title="Man page">Manual</a> – System Calls</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://whiteboard.ping.se/Android/Debian">Integrating GNU/Linux with Android using chroot</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">File system</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cat_(Unix)" title="Cat (Unix)">cat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chattr" title="Chattr">chattr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chmod" title="Chmod">chmod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chown" title="Chown">chown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chgrp" title="Chgrp">chgrp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cksum" title="Cksum">cksum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cmp_(Unix)" title="Cmp (Unix)">cmp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cp_(Unix)" title="Cp (Unix)">cp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dd_(Unix)" title="Dd (Unix)">dd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Du_(Unix)" title="Du (Unix)">du</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Df_(Unix)" title="Df (Unix)">df</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File_(command)" title="File (command)">file</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuser_(Unix)" title="Fuser (Unix)">fuser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ln_(Unix)" title="Ln (Unix)">ln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ls" title="Ls">ls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mkdir" title="Mkdir">mkdir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mv_(Unix)" title="Mv (Unix)">mv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pax_(command)" title="Pax (command)">pax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pwd" title="Pwd">pwd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rm_(Unix)" title="Rm (Unix)">rm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rmdir" title="Rmdir">rmdir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Split_(Unix)" title="Split (Unix)">split</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tee_(command)" title="Tee (command)">tee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Touch_(command)" title="Touch (command)">touch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_(Unix)" title="Type (Unix)">type</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umask" title="Umask">umask</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Processes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/At_(command)" title="At (command)">at</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Job_control_(Unix)#Commands" title="Job control (Unix)">bg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cron" title="Cron">crontab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Job_control_(Unix)#Commands" title="Job control (Unix)">fg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kill_(command)" title="Kill (command)">kill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nice_(Unix)" title="Nice (Unix)">nice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ps_(Unix)" title="Ps (Unix)">ps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_(Unix)" title="Time (Unix)">time</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">User environment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Env" title="Env">env</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exit_(command)" title="Exit (command)">exit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logname" title="Logname">logname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesg" title="Mesg">mesg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talk_(software)" title="Talk (software)">talk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tput" title="Tput">tput</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uname" title="Uname">uname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Who_(Unix)" title="Who (Unix)">who</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Write_(Unix)" title="Write (Unix)">write</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Text processing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AWK" title="AWK">awk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basename" title="Basename">basename</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comm" title="Comm">comm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Csplit" title="Csplit">csplit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cut_(Unix)" title="Cut (Unix)">cut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diff" title="Diff">diff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirname" title="Dirname">dirname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ed_(text_editor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ed (text editor)">ed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ex_(text_editor)" title="Ex (text editor)">ex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fold_(Unix)" title="Fold (Unix)">fold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Head_(Unix)" title="Head (Unix)">head</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iconv" title="Iconv">iconv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Join_(Unix)" title="Join (Unix)">join</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M4_(computer_language)" title="M4 (computer language)">m4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/More_(command)" title="More (command)">more</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nl_(Unix)" title="Nl (Unix)">nl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paste_(Unix)" title="Paste (Unix)">paste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patch_(Unix)" title="Patch (Unix)">patch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Printf_(Unix)" title="Printf (Unix)">printf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Read_(Unix)" title="Read (Unix)">read</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sed" title="Sed">sed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sort_(Unix)" title="Sort (Unix)">sort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strings_(Unix)" title="Strings (Unix)">strings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tail_(Unix)" title="Tail (Unix)">tail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tr_(Unix)" title="Tr (Unix)">tr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troff" title="Troff">troff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uniq" title="Uniq">uniq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vi_(text_editor)" title="Vi (text editor)">vi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wc_(Unix)" title="Wc (Unix)">wc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xargs" title="Xargs">xargs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Shell_builtin" title="Shell builtin">Shell builtins</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alias_(command)" title="Alias (command)">alias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cd_(command)" title="Cd (command)">cd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Echo_(command)" title="Echo (command)">echo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Test_(Unix)" title="Test (Unix)">test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environment_variable#unset_command" title="Environment variable">unset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wait_(command)" title="Wait (command)">wait</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Searching</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Find_(Unix)" title="Find (Unix)">find</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grep" title="Grep">grep</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Documentation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Man_page" title="Man page">man</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Software_development" title="Software development">Software development</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ar_(Unix)" title="Ar (Unix)">ar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ctags" title="Ctags">ctags</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lex_(software)" title="Lex (software)">lex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Make_(software)" title="Make (software)">make</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nm_(Unix)" title="Nm (Unix)">nm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strip_(Unix)" title="Strip (Unix)">strip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yacc" title="Yacc">yacc</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bc_(programming_language)" title="Bc (programming language)">bc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cal_(command)" title="Cal (command)">cal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expr" title="Expr">expr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/System_V_printing_system" title="System V printing system">lp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Od_(Unix)" title="Od (Unix)">od</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sleep_(command)" title="Sleep (command)">sleep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/True_and_false_(commands)" title="True and false (commands)">true and false</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b>Categories</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Standard_Unix_programs" title="Category:Standard Unix programs">Standard Unix programs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Unix_SUS2008_utilities" title="Category:Unix SUS2008 utilities">Unix SUS2008 utilities</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/List_of_POSIX_commands" title="List of POSIX commands">List</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="GNU_Core_Utilities_command-line_interface_programs" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Core_Utilities_commands" title="Template:Core Utilities commands"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Core_Utilities_commands" title="Template talk:Core Utilities commands"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Core_Utilities_commands" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Core Utilities commands"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="GNU_Core_Utilities_command-line_interface_programs" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/GNU_Core_Utilities" title="GNU Core Utilities">GNU Core Utilities</a> <a href="/wiki/Command-line_interface" title="Command-line interface">command-line interface</a> programs</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">File system</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chcon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chcon (page does not exist)">chcon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chmod" title="Chmod">chmod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chown" title="Chown">chown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chgrp" title="Chgrp">chgrp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cksum" title="Cksum">cksum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cp_(Unix)" title="Cp (Unix)">cp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dd_(Unix)" title="Dd (Unix)">dd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Df_(Unix)" title="Df (Unix)">df</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ls" title="Ls">dir</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dircolors_(Unix)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dircolors (Unix) (page does not exist)">dircolors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Install_(Unix)" title="Install (Unix)">install</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ln_(Unix)" title="Ln (Unix)">ln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ls" title="Ls">ls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mkdir" title="Mkdir">mkdir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mkfifo" class="mw-redirect" title="Mkfifo">mkfifo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mknod" class="mw-redirect" title="Mknod">mknod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mktemp" title="Mktemp">mktemp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mv_(Unix)" title="Mv (Unix)">mv</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Realpath&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Realpath (page does not exist)">realpath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rm_(Unix)" title="Rm (Unix)">rm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rmdir" title="Rmdir">rmdir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shred_(Unix)" title="Shred (Unix)">shred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sync_(Unix)" title="Sync (Unix)">sync</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Touch_(command)" title="Touch (command)">touch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truncate" class="mw-redirect" title="Truncate">truncate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ls" title="Ls">vdir</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Text utilities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=B2sum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="B2sum (page does not exist)">b2sum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Base32" title="Base32">base32</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Base64" title="Base64">base64</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cat_(Unix)" title="Cat (Unix)">cat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cksum" title="Cksum">cksum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comm" title="Comm">comm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Csplit" title="Csplit">csplit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cut_(Unix)" title="Cut (Unix)">cut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expand_(Unix)" title="Expand (Unix)">expand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fmt_(Unix)" title="Fmt (Unix)">fmt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fold_(Unix)" title="Fold (Unix)">fold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Head_(Unix)" title="Head (Unix)">head</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Join_(Unix)" title="Join (Unix)">join</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Md5sum" title="Md5sum">md5sum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nl_(Unix)" title="Nl (Unix)">nl</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Numfmt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Numfmt (page does not exist)">numfmt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Od_(Unix)" title="Od (Unix)">od</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paste_(Unix)" title="Paste (Unix)">paste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptx_(Unix)" title="Ptx (Unix)">ptx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pr_(Unix)" title="Pr (Unix)">pr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sha1sum" title="Sha1sum">sha1sum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuf" title="Shuf">shuf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sort_(Unix)" title="Sort (Unix)">sort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Split_(Unix)" title="Split (Unix)">split</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sum_(Unix)" title="Sum (Unix)">sum</a></li> <li>tac</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tail_(Unix)" title="Tail (Unix)">tail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tr_(Unix)" title="Tr (Unix)">tr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsort" title="Tsort">tsort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unexpand" title="Unexpand">unexpand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uniq" title="Uniq">uniq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wc_(Unix)" title="Wc (Unix)">wc</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Shell utilities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uname" title="Uname">arch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basename" title="Basename">basename</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">chroot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unix_time#Command_line" title="Unix time">date</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirname" title="Dirname">dirname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Du_(Unix)" title="Du (Unix)">du</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Echo_(command)" title="Echo (command)">echo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Env" title="Env">env</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expr" title="Expr">expr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Factor_(Unix)" title="Factor (Unix)">factor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/True_and_false_(commands)" title="True and false (commands)">false</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groups_(Unix)" class="mw-redirect" title="Groups (Unix)">groups</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hostid_(Unix)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hostid (Unix) (page does not exist)">hostid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Id_(Unix)" class="mw-redirect" title="Id (Unix)">id</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Link_(Unix)" title="Link (Unix)">link</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logname" title="Logname">logname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nice_(Unix)" title="Nice (Unix)">nice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nohup" title="Nohup">nohup</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nproc&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nproc (page does not exist)">nproc</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pathchk_(Unix)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pathchk (Unix) (page does not exist)">pathchk</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pinky_(Unix)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pinky (Unix) (page does not exist)">pinky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Printenv" class="mw-redirect" title="Printenv">printenv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Printf" title="Printf">printf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pwd" title="Pwd">pwd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Readlink" class="mw-redirect" title="Readlink">readlink</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Runcon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Runcon (page does not exist)">runcon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seq_(Unix)" title="Seq (Unix)">seq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sleep_(command)" title="Sleep (command)">sleep</a></li> <li>stat</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stdbuf&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stdbuf (page does not exist)">stdbuf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stty_(Unix)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stty (Unix)">stty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tee_(command)" title="Tee (command)">tee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Test_(Unix)" title="Test (Unix)">test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeout_(computing)" title="Timeout (computing)">timeout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/True_and_false_(commands)" title="True and false (commands)">true</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tty_(Unix)" title="Tty (Unix)">tty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uname" title="Uname">uname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unlink_(Unix)" title="Unlink (Unix)">unlink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uptime#coreutils" title="Uptime">uptime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Users_(Unix)" class="mw-redirect" title="Users (Unix)">users</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Who_(Unix)" title="Who (Unix)">who</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whoami" title="Whoami">whoami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yes_(Unix)" title="Yes (Unix)">yes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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