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Click here for more information."><img alt="This is a good article. Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">A fantasy author's effect on literary genre</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PlayIT_Show_2015,_Budapest,_74_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/PlayIT_Show_2015%2C_Budapest%2C_74_%28cropped%29.jpg/130px-PlayIT_Show_2015%2C_Budapest%2C_74_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="288" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/PlayIT_Show_2015%2C_Budapest%2C_74_%28cropped%29.jpg/195px-PlayIT_Show_2015%2C_Budapest%2C_74_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/PlayIT_Show_2015%2C_Budapest%2C_74_%28cropped%29.jpg/260px-PlayIT_Show_2015%2C_Budapest%2C_74_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="988" data-file-height="2186" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Tolkien_fandom" title="Tolkien fandom">Tolkien fan</a> in a <i><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="The Lord of the Rings">The Lord of the Rings</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Fantasy" title="Fantasy">fantasy</a> costume, Budapest, 2015</figcaption></figure> <p>Although <a href="/wiki/History_of_fantasy" title="History of fantasy">fantasy had long existed</a> in various forms around the world before his time, <a href="/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien" title="J. R. R. Tolkien">J. R. R. Tolkien</a> has been called the "father of fantasy", and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="The Lord of the Rings">The Lord of the Rings</a></i> its centre. That novel, published in 1954–5, enormously influenced <a href="/wiki/Fantasy" title="Fantasy">fantasy</a> writing, establishing in particular the form of <a href="/wiki/High_fantasy" title="High fantasy">high or epic fantasy</a>, set in a <a href="/wiki/Fantasy_world" title="Fantasy world">secondary or fantasy world</a> in an act of <a href="/wiki/Mythopoeia" title="Mythopoeia">mythopoeia</a>. The book was distinctive at the time for its considerable length, its "epic" feel with a cast of <a href="/wiki/Heroism_in_The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="Heroism in The Lord of the Rings">heroic characters</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Middle-earth" title="Geography of Middle-earth">its wide geography</a>, and its battles. It involved an <a href="/wiki/History_of_Arda" title="History of Arda">extensive history</a> behind the action, an <a href="/wiki/Impression_of_depth_in_The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="Impression of depth in The Lord of the Rings">impression of depth</a>, multiple sentient races and <a href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_monsters" title="Tolkien's monsters">monsters</a>, and powerful talismans. The story is a <a href="/wiki/Quests_in_Middle-earth" title="Quests in Middle-earth">quest</a>, with multiple subplots. The novel's success demonstrated that the genre was commercially distinct and viable. </p><p>Many later fantasy writers have either imitated Tolkien's work, or have written in reaction against it. One of the first was <a href="/wiki/Ursula_K._Le_Guin" title="Ursula K. Le Guin">Ursula Le Guin</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Earthsea" title="Earthsea">Earthsea</a></i> series of novels, starting in 1968, which used Tolkienian archetypes such as wizards, a disinherited prince, a magical ring, a quest, and dragons. A publishing rush followed. Fantasy authors including <a href="/wiki/Stephen_R._Donaldson" title="Stephen R. Donaldson">Stephen R. Donaldson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Philip_Pullman" title="Philip Pullman">Philip Pullman</a> have created intentionally non-Tolkienian fantasies, Donaldson with an unloveable protagonist, and Pullman, who is critical of <i>The Lord of the Rings</i>, with a different view of the purpose of life. </p><p>The genre has spread <a href="/wiki/Fantasy_film" title="Fantasy film">into film</a>, into both <a href="/wiki/Role-playing_game" title="Role-playing game">role-playing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Video_game" title="Video game">video games</a>, and into <a href="/wiki/Fantasy_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Fantasy art">fantasy art</a>. <a href="/wiki/Peter_Jackson" title="Peter Jackson">Peter Jackson</a>'s 2001–3 <a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings_(film_series)" title="The Lord of the Rings (film series)"><i>The Lord of the Rings</i> film series</a> brought a new and very large audience to Tolkien's work. Tolkien's influence reached <a href="/wiki/Role-playing_game" title="Role-playing game">role-playing games</a> as early as 1974 with <a href="/wiki/Gary_Gygax" title="Gary Gygax">Gary Gygax</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Dungeons_%26_Dragons" title="Dungeons & Dragons">Dungeons & Dragons</a></i>; this was followed by many Middle-earth video games, some directly licensed and others based on Tolkienian fantasy culture. Tolkien's fantasies have been illustrated by artists such as <a href="/wiki/John_Howe_(illustrator)" title="John Howe (illustrator)">John Howe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alan_Lee_(illustrator)" title="Alan Lee (illustrator)">Alan Lee</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ted_Nasmith" title="Ted Nasmith">Ted Nasmith</a>, who have become known as "Tolkien artists". </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Context">Context</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tolkien%27s_impact_on_fantasy&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Context"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien" title="J. R. R. Tolkien">J. R. R. Tolkien</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien" title="J. R. R. Tolkien">J. R. R. Tolkien</a> was a scholar of English literature, a <a href="/wiki/Philologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Philologist">philologist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Medievalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Medievalist">medievalist</a> interested in language and poetry from the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>, especially that of <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Saxon England">Anglo-Saxon England</a> and Northern Europe. His professional knowledge of works such as <i><a href="/wiki/Beowulf" title="Beowulf">Beowulf</a></i> shaped his fictional world of <a href="/wiki/Middle-earth" title="Middle-earth">Middle-earth</a>, including his <a href="/wiki/High_fantasy" title="High fantasy">high fantasy</a> novel <i><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="The Lord of the Rings">The Lord of the Rings</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShippey2005146–149_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShippey2005146–149-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This did not prevent him from making <a href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_modern_sources" title="Tolkien's modern sources">use of modern sources</a> including <a href="/wiki/Fantasy" title="Fantasy">fantasy</a> as well;<sup id="cite_ref-Buck_2013_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Buck_2013-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <i><a href="/wiki/J.R.R._Tolkien_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="J.R.R. Tolkien Encyclopedia">J.R.R. Tolkien Encyclopedia</a></i> discusses 25 authors whose works are paralleled by elements in Tolkien's writings.<sup id="cite_ref-Nelson_2013_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nelson_2013-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fantasy_in_Tolkien's_hands"><span id="Fantasy_in_Tolkien.27s_hands"></span>Fantasy in Tolkien's hands</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tolkien%27s_impact_on_fantasy&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Fantasy in Tolkien's hands"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Distinctive_features">Distinctive features</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tolkien%27s_impact_on_fantasy&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Distinctive features"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="The Lord of the Rings">The Lord of the Rings</a> and <a href="/wiki/Middle-earth" title="Middle-earth">Middle-earth</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sketch_Map_of_The_Shire.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Sketch_Map_of_The_Shire.svg/390px-Sketch_Map_of_The_Shire.svg.png" decoding="async" width="390" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Sketch_Map_of_The_Shire.svg/585px-Sketch_Map_of_The_Shire.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Sketch_Map_of_The_Shire.svg/780px-Sketch_Map_of_The_Shire.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="741" data-file-height="439" /></a><figcaption>Among the devices Tolkien created to make <a href="/wiki/Middle-earth" title="Middle-earth">Middle-earth</a> seem real were <a href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_maps" title="Tolkien's maps">maps with many placenames</a>, such as of <a href="/wiki/The_Shire" title="The Shire">the Shire</a>, the <a href="/wiki/England_in_Middle-earth" title="England in Middle-earth">English-sounding</a><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> home to his <a href="/wiki/Hobbit" title="Hobbit">hobbit</a> protagonists. (Sketch map shown) </figcaption></figure> <p><i>The Lord of the Rings</i> was constructed with several distinctive features. These included its considerable length, remarkable for its time when few genre novels exceeded 65,000 words. This was accompanied by an "epic" feel, created by <a href="/wiki/Literary_devices_in_The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="Literary devices in The Lord of the Rings">a combination of features</a> such as its cast of <a href="/wiki/Heroism_in_The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="Heroism in The Lord of the Rings">heroic characters</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Middle-earth" title="Geography of Middle-earth">its wide geography</a>, and its battles. The story is told with allusions to older times, giving both <a href="/wiki/Impression_of_depth_in_The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="Impression of depth in The Lord of the Rings">an impression of depth</a> behind the action, and a past that fades into <a href="/wiki/A_mythology_for_England" title="A mythology for England">mythology</a>. The heroes encounter multiple <a href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_sentience_dilemma" class="mw-redirect" title="Tolkien's sentience dilemma">sentient races</a>, including both free peoples like <a href="/wiki/Elves_in_Middle-earth" title="Elves in Middle-earth">elves</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dwarves_in_Middle-earth" title="Dwarves in Middle-earth">dwarves</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_monsters" title="Tolkien's monsters">monsters</a> like <a href="/wiki/Trolls_in_Middle-earth" title="Trolls in Middle-earth">trolls</a> and <a href="/wiki/Giant_Spider_(Middle_Earth)" class="mw-redirect" title="Giant Spider (Middle Earth)">giant spiders</a>. Powerful talismans are deployed, such as <a href="/wiki/Naming_of_weapons_in_Middle-earth" title="Naming of weapons in Middle-earth">swords with their own names</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wizards_in_Middle-earth" title="Wizards in Middle-earth">wizards</a>' staffs, <a href="/wiki/Rings_of_Power" title="Rings of Power">magical rings</a> and <a href="/wiki/Palant%C3%ADr" title="Palantír">seeing stones</a>. As for the story, there is a <a href="/wiki/Quests_in_Middle-earth" title="Quests in Middle-earth">quest</a>, accompanied by many subplots. As if this were not enough, Tolkien gives the plot a moral dimension: the characters have to rely on <a href="/wiki/Luck_and_fate_in_Middle-earth" title="Luck and fate in Middle-earth">their own courage and luck</a>, believing that the <a href="/wiki/Valar_in_Middle-earth" class="mw-redirect" title="Valar in Middle-earth">unseen powers</a> will support them.<sup id="cite_ref-Paxson_1984_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paxson_1984-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>The Lord of the Rings</i>, and to some extent also his 1937 children's novel, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hobbit" title="The Hobbit">The Hobbit</a></i> make use of <a href="/wiki/Non-narrative_elements_in_The_Lord_of_the_Rings" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-narrative elements in The Lord of the Rings">multiple elements</a> to make the fantasy world of <a href="/wiki/Middle-earth" title="Middle-earth">Middle-earth</a> convincing. These include detailed <a href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_maps" title="Tolkien's maps">maps</a> with a large number of placenames;<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> an impression of depth;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShippey2005259–261_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShippey2005259–261-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_frame_stories" title="Tolkien's frame stories">a frame story</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlieger200567–73_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlieger200567–73-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Poetry_in_The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="Poetry in The Lord of the Rings">poetry interspersed with the narrative</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_Middle-earth_family_trees" title="Tolkien's Middle-earth family trees">family trees</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Languages_constructed_by_J._R._R._Tolkien" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages constructed by J. R. R. Tolkien">invented languages</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShippey2005131–133_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShippey2005131–133-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that had been worked out in detail, complete with <a href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_scripts" title="Tolkien's scripts">scripts</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-Tolkien_Estate_2015_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tolkien_Estate_2015-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_artwork" title="Tolkien's artwork">artwork</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Heraldry_of_Middle-earth" title="Heraldry of Middle-earth">heraldry</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Escudo_Real_de_Gondor.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Escudo_Real_de_Gondor.svg/170px-Escudo_Real_de_Gondor.svg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Escudo_Real_de_Gondor.svg/255px-Escudo_Real_de_Gondor.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Escudo_Real_de_Gondor.svg/340px-Escudo_Real_de_Gondor.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1004" data-file-height="1204" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Heraldry_of_Middle-earth" title="Heraldry of Middle-earth">Heraldry of Middle-earth</a>: a coat of arms bearing the <a href="/wiki/White_Tree" class="mw-redirect" title="White Tree">White Tree</a> of <a href="/wiki/Gondor" title="Gondor">Gondor</a> </figcaption></figure> <p>The impression of depth in particular helps to make Middle-earth feel like what <a href="/wiki/Tom_Shippey" title="Tom Shippey">Tom Shippey</a> has called "a coherent, consistent, deeply fascinating world about which [Tolkien] had no time [then] to speak".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShippey2005259–261_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShippey2005259–261-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As another example, the heraldry helps to convey impressions such as the "evident majesty" of the hero <a href="/wiki/Aragorn" title="Aragorn">Aragorn</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>upon the foremost ship a great standard broke, and the wind displayed it as she turned towards the Harlond. There flowered a <a href="/wiki/White_Tree" class="mw-redirect" title="White Tree">White Tree</a>, and that was for <a href="/wiki/Gondor" title="Gondor">Gondor</a>; but Seven Stars were about it, and a high crown above it, the signs of <a href="/wiki/Elendil" title="Elendil">Elendil</a> that no lord had borne for years beyond count. And the stars flamed in the sunlight, for they were wrought of gems by <a href="/wiki/Arwen" title="Arwen">Arwen</a> daughter of <a href="/wiki/Elrond" title="Elrond">Elrond</a>; and the crown was bright in the morning, for it was wrought of <a href="/wiki/Mithril" title="Mithril">mithril</a> and gold.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mythopoeia">Mythopoeia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tolkien%27s_impact_on_fantasy&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Mythopoeia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Mythopoeia" title="Mythopoeia">Mythopoeia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_fantasy_sources" class="mw-redirect" title="Tolkien's fantasy sources">Tolkien's fantasy sources</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Mythopoeia" title="Mythopoeia">Mythopoeia</a> is the creation of a fictional <a href="/wiki/Mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Mythology">mythology</a>, incorporating traditional <a href="/wiki/Mytheme" title="Mytheme">mythological themes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Archetype" title="Archetype">archetypes</a> within a work of literature.<sup id="cite_ref-Merriam-Webster_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Merriam-Webster-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tolkien was not the first author to create fictional worlds, as <a href="/wiki/George_MacDonald" title="George MacDonald">George MacDonald</a> and <a href="/wiki/H._Rider_Haggard" title="H. Rider Haggard">H. Rider Haggard</a> had done so, and were praised for their "mythopoeic" gifts by Tolkien's friend and fellow-<a href="/wiki/The_Inklings" class="mw-redirect" title="The Inklings">Inkling</a> <a href="/wiki/C._S._Lewis" title="C. S. Lewis">C. S. Lewis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tolkien however went much further, spending many years developing what has been called <a href="/wiki/A_mythology_for_England" title="A mythology for England">a mythology for England</a>, starting in 1914.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Finnish scholar Jyrki Korpua argues that Tolkien followed a specific mythopoetic code in <a href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_legendarium" title="Tolkien's legendarium">his legendarium</a>, spanning creation (<a href="/wiki/Ainulindal%C3%AB" title="Ainulindalë">Ainulindalë</a>), world-building (<a href="/wiki/Valaquenta" class="mw-redirect" title="Valaquenta">Valaquenta</a>, start of <a href="/wiki/Quenta_Silmarillion" class="mw-redirect" title="Quenta Silmarillion">Quenta Silmarillion</a>), the fall (Quenta Silmarillion), a period of struggle (<a href="/wiki/Akallab%C3%AAth" class="mw-redirect" title="Akallabêth">Akallabêth</a> and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="The Lord of the Rings">The Lord of the Rings</a></i>), and the end of the world (as in <i><a href="/wiki/Morgoth%27s_Ring" title="Morgoth's Ring">Morgoth's Ring</a></i>). Korpua states that this code is both linear and somewhat <a href="/wiki/Biblical" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblical">Biblical</a>, and that it makes use of archetypes.<sup id="cite_ref-Korpua_2015_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Korpua_2015-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tolkien created numerous archetypes in his Middle-earth writings. He established as stock fantasy elements, familiar and attractive to readers, the distinct races of Elves, Dwarves, Ents, Trolls, Orcs, and Hobbits.<sup id="cite_ref-Tneh_2011_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tneh_2011-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Impact">Impact</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tolkien%27s_impact_on_fantasy&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Impact"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>The Lord of the Rings</i> had an enormous impact on the fantasy genre; in some respects, it swamped all the works of fantasy that had been written before it, and it unquestionably created "fantasy" as a marketing category.<sup id="cite_ref-Yolen_1992_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yolen_1992-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tolkien has been called the "father" of modern fantasy,<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Oxford_Companion_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxford_Companion-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or more specifically of high fantasy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClute1997"Tolkien,_J._R._R."_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClute1997"Tolkien,_J._R._R."-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tolkien's works brought fantasy literature a new degree of mainstream acclaim; numerous polls named <i>The Lord of the Rings</i> the greatest book of the century.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The author and editor of <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_the_Fantastic_in_the_Arts" class="mw-redirect" title="Journal of the Fantastic in the Arts">Journal of the Fantastic in the Arts</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Brian_Attebery" title="Brian Attebery">Brian Attebery</a>, writes that fantasy is defined "not by boundaries but by a centre", which is <i>The Lord of the Rings</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hunt_2013_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hunt_2013-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Diana_Paxson" class="mw-redirect" title="Diana Paxson">Diana Paxson</a> states in <i><a href="/wiki/Mythlore" title="Mythlore">Mythlore</a></i> that Tolkien had founded a new literary tradition.<sup id="cite_ref-Paxson_1984_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paxson_1984-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Shippey_2007_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shippey_2007-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tolkien's influence, and his literary criticism, greatly popularized <a href="/wiki/Secondary_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Secondary world">secondary worlds</a>, as his formative essay "<a href="/wiki/On_Fairy_Stories" class="mw-redirect" title="On Fairy Stories">On Fairy Stories</a>" termed them. This led to the decline of such devices as <a href="/wiki/Dream_world_(plot_device)" title="Dream world (plot device)">dream frames</a> to explain away a fantastical setting.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tolkien-influenced_fantasy_writing">Tolkien-influenced fantasy writing</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tolkien%27s_impact_on_fantasy&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Tolkien-influenced fantasy writing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Works_inspired_by_J._R._R._Tolkien" class="mw-redirect" title="Works inspired by J. R. R. Tolkien">Works inspired by J. R. R. Tolkien</a></div> <p>It has been said of Tolkien that "most subsequent writers of fantasy are either imitating him or else desperately trying to escape his influence", while "his hold over readers has been extraordinary".<sup id="cite_ref-James_2012_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-James_2012-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFimi2020335_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFimi2020335-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Inspired_by_Tolkien">Inspired by Tolkien</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tolkien%27s_impact_on_fantasy&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Inspired by Tolkien"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The immense success of Tolkien's works started a publishing rush. <a href="/wiki/Lin_Carter" title="Lin Carter">Lin Carter</a> edited the <a href="/wiki/Ballantine_Adult_Fantasy_series" title="Ballantine Adult Fantasy series">Ballantine Adult Fantasy series</a> from 1969, reprinting Morris, Dunsany, MacDonald, and Mirrlees, alongside some new works.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClute199782_"Ballantine_Adult_Fantasy_series"_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClute199782_"Ballantine_Adult_Fantasy_series"-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFimi2020335–336_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFimi2020335–336-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many authors wrote "Tolkienesque" books, with stories rooted in folklore, myth, and magic, set in a medieval countryside.<sup id="cite_ref-Yolen_1992_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yolen_1992-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among these were <a href="/wiki/Patricia_A._McKillip" title="Patricia A. McKillip">Patricia A. McKillip</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Forgotten_Beasts_of_Eld" title="The Forgotten Beasts of Eld">The Forgotten Beasts of Eld</a></i> and <a href="/wiki/Jane_Yolen" title="Jane Yolen">Jane Yolen</a>'s <i>The Magic Three of Solatia</i>, Tolkien-inspired fantasies for young adults written in the mid-1970s.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yolen comments that while some of the writing was good, "what began in grace and power easily degenerated into a kind of mythic silliness", with "pastel unicorns, coy talking swords, and a paint-by-number medieval setting with the requisite number of dirty inns, evil wizards, and gentle hairy-footed beings of various sexual persuasions. Tolkien ... would have been horrified."<sup id="cite_ref-Yolen_1992_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yolen_1992-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatleft" style="width:45%; ;"> <div class="quotebox-title" style="">A safe and comfortable format?</div> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p>Fantasy has come to be identified with a bunch of multi-volume Tolkien clones that follow an overly-familiar trajectory... we all know how it goes: a youth (almost always male) is unexpectedly revealed to have a special skill or be a long-lost prince and must then embark on a quest to recover <a href="/wiki/MacGuffin" title="MacGuffin">various plot tokens</a> before finally defeating the forces of evil. It's a format that accounts for an awful lot of what appears on the fantasy shelves of our bookshops, from <i><a href="/wiki/The_Sword_of_Shannara" title="The Sword of Shannara">The Sword of Shannara</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Terry_Brooks" title="Terry Brooks">Terry Brooks</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Harry_Potter" title="Harry Potter"><i>Harry Potter</i> novels</a> by <a href="/wiki/J._K._Rowling" title="J. K. Rowling">J. K. Rowling</a>. The format may be safe and comfortable, but it represents only a very tiny proportion of what fantasy can do...<sup id="cite_ref-Kincaid_2011_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kincaid_2011-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> — <a href="/wiki/Paul_Kincaid" title="Paul Kincaid">Paul Kincaid</a> </p> </blockquote> </div> <p>In 1977, <a href="/wiki/Lester_Del_Rey" class="mw-redirect" title="Lester Del Rey">Lester Del Rey</a>, seeking to mirror Tolkien's work, published <a href="/wiki/Terry_Brooks" title="Terry Brooks">Terry Brooks</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Sword_of_Shannara" title="The Sword of Shannara">The Sword of Shannara</a></i>. The book was heavily criticised by Carter, Attebery and others for copying the plot and characters of <i>The Lord of the Rings</i> wholesale; Attebery wrote that it attempted "to evoke wonder without engaging the mind or emotions", reducing Tolkien's artistry "to a bare formula".<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAttebery1980155_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAttebery1980155-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite this, it gained the sort of breakthrough success that Del Rey had hoped for;<sup id="cite_ref-Shippey_2007_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shippey_2007-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it became the first fantasy novel to appear on, and eventually to top, the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Times_bestseller_list" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Times bestseller list">New York Times bestseller list</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Guy_Gavriel_Kay" title="Guy Gavriel Kay">Guy Gavriel Kay</a>, who had assisted <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Tolkien" title="Christopher Tolkien">Christopher Tolkien</a> with the editing of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Silmarillion" title="The Silmarillion">The Silmarillion</a></i>, later wrote his own Tolkien-influenced fantasy trilogy, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Fionavar_Tapestry" title="The Fionavar Tapestry">The Fionavar Tapestry</a></i> (1984–86), complete with dwarves and mages.<sup id="cite_ref-Shippey_2007_32-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shippey_2007-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Dennis_L._McKiernan" title="Dennis L. McKiernan">Dennis L. McKiernan</a>'s Silver Call duology was intended to be a direct sequel to <i>The Lord of the Rings</i> but had to be altered. The <i><a href="/wiki/The_Iron_Tower" title="The Iron Tower">Iron Tower</a></i> trilogy, highly influenced by Tolkien's books, was then written as backstory.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fantasy series such as <a href="/wiki/Terry_Pratchett" title="Terry Pratchett">Terry Pratchett</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Discworld" title="Discworld">Discworld</a></i> and <a href="/wiki/Orson_Scott_Card" title="Orson Scott Card">Orson Scott Card</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Tales_of_Alvin_Maker" title="The Tales of Alvin Maker">The Tales of Alvin Maker</a></i> were "undoubtedly" influenced by Tolkien.<sup id="cite_ref-Duriez_2003_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Duriez_2003-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1992, <a href="/wiki/Martin_H._Greenberg" title="Martin H. Greenberg">Martin H. Greenberg</a> edited a <i><a href="/wiki/Festschrift" title="Festschrift">festschrift</a></i> collection of short stories by 19 fantasy authors including Yolen, <a href="/wiki/Stephen_R._Donaldson" title="Stephen R. Donaldson">Stephen R. Donaldson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Terry_Pratchett" title="Terry Pratchett">Terry Pratchett</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poul_Anderson" title="Poul Anderson">Poul and Karen Anderson</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Peter_S._Beagle" title="Peter S. Beagle">Peter S. Beagle</a> on the centenary of Tolkien's birth. Yolen, commenting that "sometimes it is difficult to remember that there were fantasy books written before J. R. R. Tolkien's work", stated that the stories were not imitations, "for none of us are imitators—but in honor of his work".<sup id="cite_ref-Yolen_1992_24-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yolen_1992-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gollum_s_journey_commences_by_Frederic_Bennett_(detail).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Gollum_s_journey_commences_by_Frederic_Bennett_%28detail%29.jpg/180px-Gollum_s_journey_commences_by_Frederic_Bennett_%28detail%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Gollum_s_journey_commences_by_Frederic_Bennett_%28detail%29.jpg/270px-Gollum_s_journey_commences_by_Frederic_Bennett_%28detail%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Gollum_s_journey_commences_by_Frederic_Bennett_%28detail%29.jpg/360px-Gollum_s_journey_commences_by_Frederic_Bennett_%28detail%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="975" data-file-height="1026" /></a><figcaption>Tolkien created or popularized fantasy elements such as heroes, quests, magical objects, <a href="/wiki/Wizards_in_Middle-earth" title="Wizards in Middle-earth">wizards</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elves_in_Middle-earth" title="Elves in Middle-earth">elves</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dwarves_in_Middle-earth" title="Dwarves in Middle-earth">dwarves</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_monsters" title="Tolkien's monsters">monsters</a> including <a href="/wiki/Gollum" title="Gollum">Gollum</a>. Painting of Gollum by Frederic Bennet, 2014</figcaption></figure> <p>Many writers have made use of Tolkienesque plots, settings, and characters. The plot of <a href="/wiki/Pat_Murphy_(writer)" title="Pat Murphy (writer)">Pat Murphy</a>'s 1999 <i><a href="/wiki/There_and_Back_Again_(novel)" title="There and Back Again (novel)">There and Back Again</a></i> intentionally mirrors that of <i>The Hobbit</i>, but is transposed into a science-fiction setting involving space travel. <a href="/wiki/J._K._Rowling" title="J. K. Rowling">J. K. Rowling</a>'s 1997–2007 <i><a href="/wiki/Harry_Potter" title="Harry Potter">Harry Potter</a></i> series, too, is influenced by Tolkien; for example, the wizard <a href="/wiki/Albus_Dumbledore" title="Albus Dumbledore">Dumbledore</a> has been described as partially inspired by Tolkien's Gandalf.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Further, Rowling explores the Tolkienian themes of <a href="/wiki/Death_and_immortality_in_Middle-earth" title="Death and immortality in Middle-earth">death and immortality</a>, and the nature of evil and how it arises, with <a href="/wiki/Lord_Voldemort" title="Lord Voldemort">Lord Voldemort</a> taking the place of the Dark Lord <a href="/wiki/Morgoth" title="Morgoth">Morgoth</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFimi2020344–346_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFimi2020344–346-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> S.M. Stirling's <a href="/wiki/The_Emberverse_series" title="The Emberverse series">"Emberverse"</a> series includes a character obsessed with <i>The Lord of the Rings</i> who creates a post-apocalyptic community based Tolkien's Elves and <a href="/wiki/D%C3%BAnedain" title="Dúnedain">Dúnedain</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Shippey_2007_32-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shippey_2007-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The same plot point was used by the Russian writer Vladimir Berezin in his novel <i>Road Signs</i> (from the <a href="/wiki/Universe_of_Metro_2033" class="mw-redirect" title="Universe of Metro 2033">Universe of Metro 2033</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Shippey_2007_32-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shippey_2007-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The horror writer <a href="/wiki/Stephen_King" title="Stephen King">Stephen King</a> has acknowledged Tolkien's influence on his novel <i><a href="/wiki/The_Stand" title="The Stand">The Stand</a></i> and his fantasy series <i><a href="/wiki/The_Dark_Tower_(series)" title="The Dark Tower (series)">The Dark Tower</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Shippey_2007_32-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shippey_2007-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other prominent fantasy writers including <a href="/wiki/George_R._R._Martin" title="George R. R. Martin">George R. R. Martin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Swanwick" title="Michael Swanwick">Michael Swanwick</a>, <a href="/wiki/Raymond_E._Feist" title="Raymond E. Feist">Raymond E. Feist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poul_Anderson" title="Poul Anderson">Poul Anderson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karen_Haber" title="Karen Haber">Karen Haber</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harry_Turtledove" title="Harry Turtledove">Harry Turtledove</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_De_Lint" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles De Lint">Charles De Lint</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Orson_Scott_Card" title="Orson Scott Card">Orson Scott Card</a> have acknowledged Tolkien's work as an inspiration.<sup id="cite_ref-Shippey_2007_32-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shippey_2007-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reacting_against_Tolkien">Reacting against Tolkien</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tolkien%27s_impact_on_fantasy&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Reacting against Tolkien"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Heroism_in_The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="Heroism in The Lord of the Rings">Heroism in <i>The Lord of the Rings</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Middle-earth" title="Christianity in Middle-earth">Christianity in Middle-earth</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Women_in_The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="Women in The Lord of the Rings">Women in <i>The Lord of the Rings</i></a></div> <p>Some writers have reacted against Tolkien by creating fantasy that does not fit the expected pattern. Thus, <a href="/wiki/Stephen_R._Donaldson" title="Stephen R. Donaldson">Stephen R. Donaldson</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Chronicles_of_Thomas_Covenant" title="The Chronicles of Thomas Covenant">The Chronicles of Thomas Covenant</a></i> has an unloveable protagonist quite unlike a hobbit: John R. Fultz calls Covenant "a whiner, a complainer, a broken man with no hope for himself or the kingdom he was charged with saving."<sup id="cite_ref-Fultz_2013_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fultz_2013-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The world that Covenant visits might resemble Middle-earth, as might his quest, but the book's approach, a "dark counterpoint to <a href="/wiki/Heroism_in_The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="Heroism in The Lord of the Rings">Tolkien's shining heroism</a>", is entirely different.<sup id="cite_ref-Fultz_2013_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fultz_2013-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Philip_Pullman" title="Philip Pullman">Philip Pullman</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/His_Dark_Materials" title="His Dark Materials">His Dark Materials</a></i> trilogy is according to Pullman "a rival" to both <i>The Lord of the Rings</i> and Tolkien's fellow-<a href="/wiki/The_Inklings" class="mw-redirect" title="The Inklings">Inkling</a> <a href="/wiki/C._S._Lewis" title="C. S. Lewis">C. S. Lewis</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Chronicles_of_Narnia" title="The Chronicles of Narnia">The Chronicles of Narnia</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Intelligent_Life_2007_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Intelligent_Life_2007-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFimi2020344–346_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFimi2020344–346-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pullman states that he disagrees with Lewis's answer to questions about the existence of God and the purpose of life, and asserts that Tolkien "doesn't touch [<a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Middle-earth" title="Christianity in Middle-earth">those issues</a>] at all."<sup id="cite_ref-Intelligent_Life_2007_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Intelligent_Life_2007-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, he finds Tolkien "essentially trivial" and "not worth arguing with."<sup id="cite_ref-Intelligent_Life_2007_51-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Intelligent_Life_2007-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ross_Douthat" title="Ross Douthat">Ross Douthat</a> comments in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Atlantic" title="The Atlantic">The Atlantic</a></i> that Pullman's "dismiss[ing] the <i>Rings</i> saga as 'trivial' tells you a great deal about where his own fantasy saga went wrong."<sup id="cite_ref-Douthat_2007_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Douthat_2007-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Douthat's view, Pullman's "compelling and fun" world-building in <i><a href="/wiki/Northern_Lights_(Pullman_novel)" title="Northern Lights (Pullman novel)">The Golden Compass</a></i> (the first novel in the trilogy), complete with the armoured bear "and the witches, the <a href="/wiki/Jules_Verne" title="Jules Verne">Jules Verne</a>-meets-Tolkien landscape" slowly fades out in the later novels.<sup id="cite_ref-Douthat_2007_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Douthat_2007-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pullman has further criticised <i>The Lord of the Rings</i> for <a href="/wiki/Women_in_The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="Women in The Lord of the Rings">not having any strong female characters</a>; in his view "There is absolutely no awareness of sexual power and mystery in the book."<sup id="cite_ref-Dey_2021_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dey_2021-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Using_Tolkienian_sources">Using Tolkienian sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tolkien%27s_impact_on_fantasy&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Using Tolkienian sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Influences_on_J._R._R._Tolkien" class="mw-redirect" title="Influences on J. R. R. Tolkien">Influences on J. R. R. Tolkien</a></div> <p>The scholar of folklore <a href="/wiki/Dimitra_Fimi" title="Dimitra Fimi">Dimitra Fimi</a> suggests a third group of Tolkien-influenced authors, the British fantasists <a href="/wiki/Susan_Cooper" title="Susan Cooper">Susan Cooper</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alan_Garner" title="Alan Garner">Alan Garner</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Diana_Wynne_Jones" title="Diana Wynne Jones">Diana Wynne Jones</a>. In her view, all were, like Tolkien, prompted to fantasy by war; all three attended Tolkien's lectures at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">University of Oxford</a>; and all admitted being influenced by "British myth and folklore", the sorts of medieval "intertexts" that Tolkien had used. While Wynne Jones wrote high fantasy, about secondary worlds, Cooper and Garner wrote "intrusion" fantasy, in which the <a href="/wiki/Supernatural" title="Supernatural">supernatural</a> or fantastic intrudes into the ordinary world.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFimi2020337–340_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFimi2020337–340-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><span class="anchor" id="Le_Guin"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reworking_Tolkienian_conventions">Reworking Tolkienian conventions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tolkien%27s_impact_on_fantasy&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Reworking Tolkienian conventions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176"><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:45%; ;"> <div class="quotebox-title" style="">Wizards, dragons, adventures ...</div> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p>The island of Gont, a single mountain that lifts its peak a mile above the storm-racked Northeast Sea, is a land famous for wizards. From the towns in its high valleys and the ports on its dark narrow bays many a Gontishman has gone forth to serve the Lords of the Archipelago in their cities as wizard or mage, or, looking for adventure, to wander working magic from isle to isle of all Earthsea. Of these some say the greatest, and surely the greatest voyager, was the man called Sparrowhawk, who in his day became both dragonlord and Archmage. His life is told of in the Deed of Ged and in many songs, but this is a tale of the time before his fame, before the songs were made. — <a href="/wiki/Ursula_Le_Guin" class="mw-redirect" title="Ursula Le Guin">Ursula Le Guin</a>, <i>A Wizard of Earthsea</i><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </blockquote> </div> <p>In 1968, <a href="/wiki/Ursula_K._Le_Guin" title="Ursula K. Le Guin">Ursula K. Le Guin</a> published the high fantasy <i><a href="/wiki/A_Wizard_of_Earthsea" title="A Wizard of Earthsea">A Wizard of Earthsea</a></i>, followed between 1970 and 2001 by her other <i><a href="/wiki/Earthsea" title="Earthsea">Earthsea</a></i> novels and short stories. It was one of the first fantasy series influenced by Tolkien.<sup id="cite_ref-Roberts_2013_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roberts_2013-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among the Tolkienian archetypes in the Earthsea books are wizards (including the protagonist, <a href="/wiki/Ged_(Earthsea)" title="Ged (Earthsea)">Ged</a>), a disinherited prince (Arren in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Farthest_Shore" title="The Farthest Shore">The Farthest Shore</a></i>), a magical ring (the ring of Erreth-Akbe in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Tombs_of_Atuan" title="The Tombs of Atuan">The Tombs of Atuan</a></i>), a <a href="/wiki/Quests_in_Middle-earth" title="Quests in Middle-earth">Middle-earth style quest</a> (in <i>The Farthest Shore</i>), and powerful dragons (like the dragon of Pendor, in <i>A Wizard of Earthsea</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-Paxson_1984_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paxson_1984-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Fimi writes that Le Guin's secondary world, along with its mythology, is "very much un-Tolkienian". It has its own culture, languages, and history, but, she notes, Earthsea does not share the British "flavor" of Middle-earth; Earthsea consists of an archipelago not a continent, has <a href="/wiki/Tolkien_and_race" title="Tolkien and race">brown-skinned protagonists</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoist</a> philosophy. Le Guin stated that Tolkien's wizard Gandalf was the "germ" for <i>A Wizard of Earthsea</i>; the character led her to wonder how wizards learnt "what is obviously an erudite and dangerous art? Are there colleges for young wizards?", resulting in the young Ged's going to the island of Roke to study at the School of Magic and ultimately to become the Archmage. In Fimi's view, Le Guin "has navigated her way around Tolkien's legacy with care and a real creative flair."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFimi2020340–342_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFimi2020340–342-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tolkien-influenced_fantasy_media">Tolkien-influenced fantasy media</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tolkien%27s_impact_on_fantasy&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Tolkien-influenced fantasy media"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Film">Film</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tolkien%27s_impact_on_fantasy&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Film"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Lists_of_fantasy_films" title="Lists of fantasy films">Lists of fantasy films</a></div> <p>The fantasy genre has expanded from the written form into film. <a href="/wiki/Peter_Jackson" title="Peter Jackson">Peter Jackson</a>'s 2001–3 <a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings_(film_series)" title="The Lord of the Rings (film series)"><i>The Lord of the Rings</i> film series</a> brought Tolkien to the cinema screen, gaining him, and fantasy in general, a new and very large audience. Its success was followed up by the 2005–10 <a href="/wiki/The_Chronicles_of_Narnia_(film_series)" title="The Chronicles of Narnia (film series)"><i>The Chronicles of Narnia</i> film series</a>, adapted from Lewis's Narnia books, and the eight <a href="/wiki/Harry_Potter_(film_series)" title="Harry Potter (film series)"><i>Harry Potter</i> films</a>. The fantasy market accommodated, too, some very un-Tolkien-like films, such as <a href="/wiki/Guillermo_del_Toro" title="Guillermo del Toro">Guillermo del Toro</a>'s 2006 <i><a href="/wiki/Pan%27s_Labyrinth" title="Pan's Labyrinth">Pan's Labyrinth</a></i>, set in post-<a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a> Spain, where a mythical world full of strange monsters intrudes upon the real world.<sup id="cite_ref-Choudhary_2021_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Choudhary_2021-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Del Toro was later involved in the development of <a href="/wiki/The_Hobbit_(film_series)" title="The Hobbit (film series)"><i>The Hobbit</i> film series</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> despite having said of Tolkien's Middle-earth that "I don't like little guys and <a href="/wiki/Dragon" title="Dragon">dragons</a>, hairy feet, <a href="/wiki/Hobbit" title="Hobbit">hobbits</a> .... I don't like sword and sorcery, I hate all that stuff".<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Games">Games</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tolkien%27s_impact_on_fantasy&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Games"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Middle-earth_role-playing_games" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle-earth role-playing games">Middle-earth role-playing games</a> and <a href="/wiki/Middle-earth_in_video_games" title="Middle-earth in video games">Middle-earth in video games</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:E3_2011_-_From_Aliens_Demo_Line_(5834938502).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/E3_2011_-_From_Aliens_Demo_Line_%285834938502%29.jpg/220px-E3_2011_-_From_Aliens_Demo_Line_%285834938502%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/E3_2011_-_From_Aliens_Demo_Line_%285834938502%29.jpg/330px-E3_2011_-_From_Aliens_Demo_Line_%285834938502%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/E3_2011_-_From_Aliens_Demo_Line_%285834938502%29.jpg/440px-E3_2011_-_From_Aliens_Demo_Line_%285834938502%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3054" data-file-height="2036" /></a><figcaption>Middle-earth <a href="/wiki/Video_game" title="Video game">video games</a> at <a href="/wiki/E3_2011" title="E3 2011">E3 2011</a> </figcaption></figure> <p>Tolkien's influence extends to <a href="/wiki/Role-playing_game" title="Role-playing game">role-playing games</a> including <a href="/wiki/Gary_Gygax" title="Gary Gygax">Gary Gygax</a>'s 1974 <i><a href="/wiki/Dungeons_%26_Dragons" title="Dungeons & Dragons">Dungeons & Dragons</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Perry_2006_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Perry_2006-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gygax was obliged, after a lawsuit, to rename some especially Tolkienesque types of character, such as Hobbits (which became "Halflings"), Nazgul (which became "Wraiths") and the <a href="/wiki/Balrog" title="Balrog">Balrog</a> (which became "<a href="/wiki/Balor" title="Balor">Balor</a>").<sup id="cite_ref-Young_2021_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Young_2021-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many video games inspired by Middle-earth have been manufactured by studios including <a href="/wiki/Electronic_Arts" title="Electronic Arts">Electronic Arts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vivendi_Games" title="Vivendi Games">Vivendi Games</a>, <a href="/wiki/Krome_Studios_Melbourne" class="mw-redirect" title="Krome Studios Melbourne">Melbourne House</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Warner_Bros._Interactive_Entertainment" class="mw-redirect" title="Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment">Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Robinson_2015_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Robinson_2015-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Apart from games directly licensed to use Middle-earth material, other developers have developed video games such as <i><a href="/wiki/Baldur%27s_Gate" title="Baldur's Gate">Baldur's Gate</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/EverQuest" title="EverQuest">EverQuest</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Elder_Scrolls" title="The Elder Scrolls">The Elder Scrolls</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Neverwinter_Nights" title="Neverwinter Nights">Neverwinter Nights</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/World_of_Warcraft" title="World of Warcraft">World of Warcraft</a></i> "grown from the culture put forth from Tolkien's works."<sup id="cite_ref-Perry_2006_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Perry_2006-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Art">Art</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tolkien%27s_impact_on_fantasy&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Art"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Fantastic_art" title="Fantastic art">Fantastic art</a> and <a href="/wiki/Illustrating_Tolkien" class="mw-redirect" title="Illustrating Tolkien">Illustrating Tolkien</a></div> <p>Tolkien is one of the few authors in any domain not just to have had <a href="/wiki/Illustrating_Tolkien" class="mw-redirect" title="Illustrating Tolkien">his works illustrated</a> by fantasy artists, in his case including <a href="/wiki/John_Howe_(illustrator)" title="John Howe (illustrator)">John Howe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alan_Lee_(illustrator)" title="Alan Lee (illustrator)">Alan Lee</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FAAB_2021_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FAAB_2021-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Ted_Nasmith" title="Ted Nasmith">Ted Nasmith</a>, whose work was praised by Tolkien,<sup id="cite_ref-Hoyt_2009_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hoyt_2009-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but to have spawned a named profession, "Tolkien artist".<sup id="cite_ref-FAAB_2021_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FAAB_2021-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Howe and Lee served, too, as concept artists for Jackson's Middle-earth films.<sup id="cite_ref-FOTR_SEE_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOTR_SEE-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Brothers_Hildebrandt" title="Brothers Hildebrandt">Brothers Hildebrandt</a> created many Tolkien artworks in the 1970s, a selection appearing in their Tolkien calendars.<sup id="cite_ref-Hildebrandt_Herdling_2001_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hildebrandt_Herdling_2001-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Norton_Hildebrandt_1991_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Norton_Hildebrandt_1991-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Russia, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Korotich" title="Alexander Korotich">Alexander Korotich</a> created a set of <a href="/wiki/Scraperboard" class="mw-redirect" title="Scraperboard">scraperboard</a> illustrations for <i>The Lord of the Rings</i>. He also drew illustrations for a collection of Tolkien's fairy tales for the Ural Market publishing house.<sup id="cite_ref-Uraic.ru_exhibition_2013_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Uraic.ru_exhibition_2013-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tolkien%27s_impact_on_fantasy&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fimi notes that critics have directly equated elements of <i>The Sword of Shannara</i> with elements of <i>The Lord of the Rings</i>, such as The Vale with <a href="/wiki/The_Shire" title="The Shire">The Shire</a>, Allanon with <a href="/wiki/Gandalf" title="Gandalf">Gandalf</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFimi2020336_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFimi2020336-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Tolkien scholar <a href="/wiki/John_Garth_(author)" title="John Garth (author)">John Garth</a> writes that Tolkien's name appears to be hidden in the small amount of the Hardic language of Earthsea in <i>The Wizard of Earthsea</i>. "Sea" is <i>sukien</i>, from <i>suk</i>, "foam", and <i>inien</i>, "feather". "Rock", the material of earth, is "tolk", so, he suggests, the Hardic for "Earthsea" would be <i>Tolkien</i>, for <i>tolk + inien</i> on the same pattern as <i>sukien</i>. Garth suggests that this is a tribute to Tolkien, <i>tolk</i> being the first word of the "Old Speech" that she names, and the first to be handed down both by the Wizard Ged to Tenar in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Tombs_of_Atuan" title="The Tombs of Atuan">The Tombs of Atuan</a></i>, and by Tenar to her daughter in <i><a href="/wiki/Tehanu" title="Tehanu">Tehanu</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Garth_2021_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garth_2021-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tolkien%27s_impact_on_fantasy&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 28em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarpenter2023">Carpenter 2023</a>, #131 to Milton Waldman, late 1951</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShippey2005146–149-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShippey2005146–149_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShippey2005">Shippey 2005</a>, pp. 146–149.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Buck_2013-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Buck_2013_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBuck2013" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Buck, Claire (2013) [2007]. "Literary Context, Twentieth Century". In <a href="/wiki/Michael_D._C._Drout" title="Michael D. C. Drout">Drout, Michael D. C.</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/J.R.R._Tolkien_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="J.R.R. Tolkien Encyclopedia">J.R.R. Tolkien Encyclopedia: Scholarship and Critical Assessment</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. pp. 363–366. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-86511-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-86511-1"><bdi>978-0-415-86511-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Literary+Context%2C+Twentieth+Century&rft.btitle=J.R.R.+Tolkien+Encyclopedia%3A+Scholarship+and+Critical+Assessment&rft.pages=363-366&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-415-86511-1&rft.aulast=Buck&rft.aufirst=Claire&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATolkien%27s+impact+on+fantasy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nelson_2013-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nelson_2013_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNelson2013" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Nelson, Dale (2013) [2007]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=B0loOBA3ejIC&pg=PA366">"Literary Influences, Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Michael_D._C._Drout" title="Michael D. C. Drout">Drout, Michael D. C.</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/J.R.R._Tolkien_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="J.R.R. Tolkien Encyclopedia">J.R.R. Tolkien Encyclopedia: Scholarship and Critical Assessment</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. pp. 366–377. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-86511-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-86511-1"><bdi>978-0-415-86511-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Literary+Influences%2C+Nineteenth+and+Twentieth+Centuries&rft.btitle=J.R.R.+Tolkien+Encyclopedia%3A+Scholarship+and+Critical+Assessment&rft.pages=366-377&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-415-86511-1&rft.aulast=Nelson&rft.aufirst=Dale&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DB0loOBA3ejIC%26pg%3DPA366&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATolkien%27s+impact+on+fantasy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurns2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Marjorie_Burns" title="Marjorie Burns">Burns, Marjorie</a> (2005). <a href="/wiki/Perilous_Realms" title="Perilous Realms"><i>Perilous Realms: Celtic and Norse in Tolkien's Middle-earth</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto_Press" title="University of Toronto Press">University of Toronto Press</a>. pp. 26–29. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-3806-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-3806-7"><bdi>978-0-8020-3806-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Perilous+Realms%3A+Celtic+and+Norse+in+Tolkien%27s+Middle-earth&rft.pages=26-29&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-8020-3806-7&rft.aulast=Burns&rft.aufirst=Marjorie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATolkien%27s+impact+on+fantasy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Paxson_1984-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Paxson_1984_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Paxson_1984_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Paxson_1984_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaxson1984" class="citation journal cs1">Paxson, Diana (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dc.swosu.edu/mythlore/vol11/iss1/19">"The Tolkien Tradition"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Mythlore" title="Mythlore">Mythlore</a></i>. <b>11</b> (1). Article 19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mythlore&rft.atitle=The+Tolkien+Tradition&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=Article+19&rft.date=1984&rft.aulast=Paxson&rft.aufirst=Diana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdc.swosu.edu%2Fmythlore%2Fvol11%2Fiss1%2F19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATolkien%27s+impact+on+fantasy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampbell2013" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Campbell, Alice (2013) [2007]. "Maps". In <a href="/wiki/Michael_D._C._Drout" title="Michael D. C. Drout">Drout, Michael D. C.</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/The_J._R._R._Tolkien_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="The J. R. R. Tolkien Encyclopedia">The J. R. R. Tolkien Encyclopedia: Scholarship and Critical Assessment</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. pp. 405–408. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-86511-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-86511-1"><bdi>978-0-415-86511-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Maps&rft.btitle=The+J.+R.+R.+Tolkien+Encyclopedia%3A+Scholarship+and+Critical+Assessment&rft.pages=405-408&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-415-86511-1&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=Alice&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATolkien%27s+impact+on+fantasy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShippey2005259–261-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShippey2005259–261_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShippey2005259–261_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShippey2005">Shippey 2005</a>, pp. 259–261.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlieger200567–73-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlieger200567–73_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFlieger2005">Flieger 2005</a>, pp. 67–73.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarchesani1980" class="citation journal cs1">Marchesani, Diane (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dc.swosu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1517&context=mythlore">"Tolkien's Lore: The Songs of Middle-earth"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Mythlore" title="Mythlore">Mythlore</a></i>. <b>7</b> (1): 3–5 (Article 1).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mythlore&rft.atitle=Tolkien%27s+Lore%3A+The+Songs+of+Middle-earth&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=3-5+%28Article+1%29&rft.date=1980&rft.aulast=Marchesani&rft.aufirst=Diane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdc.swosu.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D1517%26context%3Dmythlore&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATolkien%27s+impact+on+fantasy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFisher2013" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jason_Fisher" title="Jason Fisher">Fisher, Jason</a> (2013) [2007]. 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Tolkien Encyclopedia: Scholarship and Critical Assessment</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. pp. 188–189. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-86511-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-86511-1"><bdi>978-0-415-86511-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Family+Trees&rft.btitle=J.R.R.+Tolkien+Encyclopedia%3A+Scholarship+and+Critical+Assessment&rft.pages=188-189&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-415-86511-1&rft.aulast=Fisher&rft.aufirst=Jason&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATolkien%27s+impact+on+fantasy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShippey2005131–133-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShippey2005131–133_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShippey2005">Shippey 2005</a>, pp. 131–133.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tolkien_Estate_2015-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tolkien_Estate_2015_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2015" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Arden_R._Smith" title="Arden R. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Writing+Systems&rft.pub=The+Tolkien+Estate&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Arden+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tolkienestate.com%2Fen%2Flearning%2Flanguages-and-writing-systems%2Fwriting-systems.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATolkien%27s+impact+on+fantasy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHammondScull1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Wayne_G._Hammond" title="Wayne G. Hammond">Hammond, Wayne G.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Christina_Scull" title="Christina Scull">Scull, Christina</a>, eds. 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R.".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSur2021" class="citation web cs1">Sur, Debadrita (2 September 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://faroutmagazine.co.uk/how-jrr-tolkien-lord-of-the-rings-changed-fantasy-genre/">"How J.R.R. Tolkien's 'Lord of the Rings' changed the high fantasy genre"</a>. <i>Far Out Magazine</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Far+Out+Magazine&rft.atitle=How+J.R.R.+Tolkien%27s+%27Lord+of+the+Rings%27+changed+the+high+fantasy+genre&rft.date=2021-09-02&rft.aulast=Sur&rft.aufirst=Debadrita&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffaroutmagazine.co.uk%2Fhow-jrr-tolkien-lord-of-the-rings-changed-fantasy-genre%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATolkien%27s+impact+on+fantasy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShippey2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tom_Shippey" title="Tom Shippey">Shippey, Tom</a> (2001). <i>J.R.R. Tolkien: Author of the Century</i>. HarperCollins. pp. xx–xxi. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-2611-0401-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-2611-0401-3"><bdi>978-0-2611-0401-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=J.R.R.+Tolkien%3A+Author+of+the+Century&rft.pages=xx-xxi&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-2611-0401-3&rft.aulast=Shippey&rft.aufirst=Tom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATolkien%27s+impact+on+fantasy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hunt_2013-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hunt_2013_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHunt2013" class="citation book cs1">Hunt, Peter (2013). <i>J.R.R. Tolkien</i>. 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Tolkien Encyclopedia</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Taylor_%26_Francis" title="Taylor & Francis">Taylor & Francis</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0415969425" title="Special:BookSources/0415969425">0415969425</a>, pp. 378-382</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCluteGrant1997" class="citation web cs1">Clute, John; Grant, John (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sf-encyclopedia.com/fe/genre_fantasy">"Genre Fantasy"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia of Fantasy</i>. p. 951 "Tolkien, J(ohn) R(onald) R(euel)"<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+of+Fantasy&rft.atitle=Genre+Fantasy&rft.pages=951+%22Tolkien%2C+J%28ohn%29+R%28onald%29+R%28euel%29%22&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Clute&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Grant%2C+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsf-encyclopedia.com%2Ffe%2Fgenre_fantasy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATolkien%27s+impact+on+fantasy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-James_2012-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-James_2012_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames2012" class="citation book cs1">James, Edward (26 January 2012). "Tolkien, Lewis and the explosion of genre fantasy". <i>The Cambridge Companion to Fantasy Literature</i>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. pp. 62–78. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fccol9780521429597.007">10.1017/ccol9780521429597.007</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521429597" title="Special:BookSources/9780521429597"><bdi>9780521429597</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Tolkien%2C+Lewis+and+the+explosion+of+genre+fantasy&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Companion+to+Fantasy+Literature&rft.pages=62-78&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2012-01-26&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fccol9780521429597.007&rft.isbn=9780521429597&rft.aulast=James&rft.aufirst=Edward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATolkien%27s+impact+on+fantasy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFimi2020335-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFimi2020335_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFimi2020">Fimi 2020</a>, p. 335.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClute199782_"Ballantine_Adult_Fantasy_series"-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClute199782_"Ballantine_Adult_Fantasy_series"_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFClute1997">Clute 1997</a>, p. 82 "Ballantine Adult Fantasy series".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFimi2020335–336-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFimi2020335–336_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFimi2020">Fimi 2020</a>, pp. 335–336.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Patricia McKillip and Jane Yolen, both American, should also be mentioned here: the former's <i>The Forgotten Beasts of Eld</i> (1974) echoes Tolkien in its nuanced prose...the latter's <i>The Magic Three of Solatia</i> (1974) bears a similar relationship to Tolkien." Jamie Williamson, <i>The Evolution of Modern Fantasy: From Antiquarianism to the Ballantine Adult Fantasy Series</i>. Springer, 2015. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781137518088" title="Special:BookSources/9781137518088">9781137518088</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kincaid_2011-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kincaid_2011_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKincaid2011" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Kincaid" title="Paul Kincaid">Kincaid, Paul</a> (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sfsite.com/01a/sh335.htm">"[Review] The Secret History of Fantasy edited by Peter S. Beagle Tachyon Publications, 384 pages"</a>. <i>SF Site</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SF+Site&rft.atitle=%5BReview%5D+The+Secret+History+of+Fantasy+edited+by+Peter+S.+Beagle+Tachyon+Publications%2C+384+pages&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Kincaid&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sfsite.com%2F01a%2Fsh335.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATolkien%27s+impact+on+fantasy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarter1978" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Lin_Carter" title="Lin Carter">Carter, Lin</a> (1978). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Year%27s_Best_Fantasy_Stories:_4" title="The Year's Best Fantasy Stories: 4">The Year's Best Fantasy Stories: 4</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/DAW_Books" title="DAW Books">DAW Books</a>. pp. 207–208.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Year%27s+Best+Fantasy+Stories%3A+4&rft.pages=207-208&rft.pub=DAW+Books&rft.date=1978&rft.aulast=Carter&rft.aufirst=Lin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATolkien%27s+impact+on+fantasy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchlobin1979" class="citation book cs1">Schlobin, Roger (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/literatureoffant003s3/page/31"><i>The Literature of Fantasy: A Comprehensive, Annotated Bibliography of Modern Fantasy Fiction</i></a>. Garland Publishers. p. 31. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8240-9757-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8240-9757-2"><bdi>0-8240-9757-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Literature+of+Fantasy%3A+A+Comprehensive%2C+Annotated+Bibliography+of+Modern+Fantasy+Fiction&rft.pages=31&rft.pub=Garland+Publishers&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=0-8240-9757-2&rft.aulast=Schlobin&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fliteratureoffant003s3%2Fpage%2F31&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATolkien%27s+impact+on+fantasy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAttebery1980155-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAttebery1980155_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAttebery1980">Attebery 1980</a>, p. 155.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFimi2020336-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFimi2020336_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFimi2020">Fimi 2020</a>, p. 336.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMathews2002" class="citation book cs1">Mathews, Richard (2002). <i>Fantasy: The Liberation of Imagination</i>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. p. 35. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-93890-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-93890-7"><bdi>978-0-415-93890-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fantasy%3A+The+Liberation+of+Imagination&rft.pages=35&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-415-93890-7&rft.aulast=Mathews&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATolkien%27s+impact+on+fantasy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://theauthorhour.com/dennis-l-mckiernan/">Interview with Dennis L. McKiernan</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Duriez_2003-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Duriez_2003_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaber2002" class="citation book cs1">Haber, Karen, ed. (2002). "Rhythmic Pattern in <i>The Lord of the Rings</i>". <i>Meditations on Middle-earth: New Writing on the Worlds of J. R. R. Tolkien by Orson Scott Card, Ursula K. Le Guin, and others</i>. <a href="/wiki/St_Martin%27s_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="St Martin's Press">St Martin's Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Rhythmic+Pattern+in+The+Lord+of+the+Rings&rft.btitle=Meditations+on+Middle-earth%3A+New+Writing+on+the+Worlds+of+J.+R.+R.+Tolkien+by+Orson+Scott+Card%2C+Ursula+K.+Le+Guin%2C+and+others&rft.pub=St+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=2002&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATolkien%27s+impact+on+fantasy" class="Z3988"></span> reviewed in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuriez2003" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Colin_Duriez" title="Colin Duriez">Duriez, Colin</a> (2003). "Journal Article Review: Survey of Tolkien Literature". <i>VII: Journal of the Marion E. Wade Center</i>. <b>20</b>: 105–114. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/45296990">45296990</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=VII%3A+Journal+of+the+Marion+E.+Wade+Center&rft.atitle=Journal+Article+Review%3A+Survey+of+Tolkien+Literature&rft.volume=20&rft.pages=105-114&rft.date=2003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F45296990%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Duriez&rft.aufirst=Colin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATolkien%27s+impact+on+fantasy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWetherill2015" class="citation book cs1">Wetherill, Louise (2015). <i>Ampthill Literary Festival Yearbook 2015</i>. Ampthill. pp. 85–92. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5175506-8-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5175506-8-4"><bdi>978-1-5175506-8-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ampthill+Literary+Festival+Yearbook+2015&rft.pages=85-92&rft.pub=Ampthill&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-5175506-8-4&rft.aulast=Wetherill&rft.aufirst=Louise&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATolkien%27s+impact+on+fantasy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFimi2020344–346-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFimi2020344–346_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFimi2020344–346_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFimi2020">Fimi 2020</a>, pp. 344–346.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fultz_2013-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fultz_2013_50-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fultz_2013_50-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFultz2013" class="citation web cs1">Fultz, John R. (7 January 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.orbitbooks.net/2013/01/07/in-the-masters-shadow-epic-fantasy-in-the-post-tolkien-world/">"In the Master's Shadow: Epic Fantasy in the Post-Tolkien World"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Orbit_Books" title="Orbit Books">Orbit Books</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Orbit+Books&rft.atitle=In+the+Master%27s+Shadow%3A+Epic+Fantasy+in+the+Post-Tolkien+World&rft.date=2013-01-07&rft.aulast=Fultz&rft.aufirst=John+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.orbitbooks.net%2F2013%2F01%2F07%2Fin-the-masters-shadow-epic-fantasy-in-the-post-tolkien-world%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATolkien%27s+impact+on+fantasy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Intelligent_Life_2007-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Intelligent_Life_2007_51-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Intelligent_Life_2007_51-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Intelligent_Life_2007_51-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFButlerPullman2007" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Olen_Butler" title="Robert Olen Butler">Butler, Robert</a>; <a href="/wiki/Philip_Pullman" title="Philip Pullman">Pullman, Philip</a> (3 December 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071205001046/http://www.moreintelligentlife.com/node/697">"An Interview with Philip Pullman"</a>. <i>Intelligent Life Magazine</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.moreintelligentlife.com/node/697">the original</a> on 5 December 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Intelligent+Life+Magazine&rft.atitle=An+Interview+with+Philip+Pullman&rft.date=2007-12-03&rft.aulast=Butler&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft.au=Pullman%2C+Philip&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.moreintelligentlife.com%2Fnode%2F697&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATolkien%27s+impact+on+fantasy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Douthat_2007-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Douthat_2007_52-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Douthat_2007_52-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDouthat2007" class="citation journal cs1">Douthat, Ross (10 December 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/personal/archive/2007/12/pullman-versus-tolkien/55124/">"Pullman Versus Tolkien"</a>. <i>The Atlantic</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&rft.atitle=Pullman+Versus+Tolkien&rft.date=2007-12-10&rft.aulast=Douthat&rft.aufirst=Ross&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Fpersonal%2Farchive%2F2007%2F12%2Fpullman-versus-tolkien%2F55124%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATolkien%27s+impact+on+fantasy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dey_2021-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dey_2021_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDey2021" class="citation web cs1">Dey, Simantini (24 February 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.news18.com/news/buzz/exploring-lack-of-women-in-lord-of-the-rings-philip-pullman-calls-tolkiens-magnum-opus-dead-end-3469850.html">"Why Do Women Have Such Small Parts in LOTR? asks Philip Pullman, Calls Tolkien's Iconic Book A 'Dead-end'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Network18_Group" title="Network18 Group">News18</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 July</span> 2023</span>. <q>Pullman, who has given fantasy literature a memorable heroine like Lyra Belacqua, has also often pointed out how Tolkien's famous book had failed to introduce any strong woman character, and the Narnia series has been 'disparaging towards women'... I've long come to dislike the Tolkien kind of fantasy: I think it shuts out too much of what we know to be real.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=News18&rft.atitle=Why+Do+Women+Have+Such+Small+Parts+in+LOTR%3F+asks+Philip+Pullman%2C+Calls+Tolkien%27s+Iconic+Book+A+%27Dead-end%27&rft.date=2021-02-24&rft.aulast=Dey&rft.aufirst=Simantini&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.news18.com%2Fnews%2Fbuzz%2Fexploring-lack-of-women-in-lord-of-the-rings-philip-pullman-calls-tolkiens-magnum-opus-dead-end-3469850.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATolkien%27s+impact+on+fantasy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFimi2020337–340-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFimi2020337–340_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFimi2020">Fimi 2020</a>, pp. 337–340.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLe_Guin1968" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ursula_Le_Guin" class="mw-redirect" title="Ursula Le Guin">Le Guin, Ursula</a> (1968). "1. Warriors in the Mist". <i>A Wizard of Earthsea</i>. Parnassus Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=1.+Warriors+in+the+Mist&rft.btitle=A+Wizard+of+Earthsea&rft.pub=Parnassus+Press&rft.date=1968&rft.aulast=Le+Guin&rft.aufirst=Ursula&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATolkien%27s+impact+on+fantasy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Roberts_2013-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Roberts_2013_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoberts2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Adam_Roberts_(British_writer)" title="Adam Roberts (British writer)">Roberts, Adam</a> (2013). "10. The Enigma of Genre Fantasy". <i>The Riddles of the Hobbit</i>. <a href="/wiki/Palgrave_Macmillan" title="Palgrave Macmillan">Palgrave Macmillan</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-137-37365-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-137-37365-6"><bdi>978-1-137-37365-6</bdi></a>. <q>Le Guin's Earthsea series, beginning with <i><a href="/wiki/The_Wizard_of_Earthsea" class="mw-redirect" title="The Wizard of Earthsea">The Wizard of Earthsea</a></i> (1968) is not only amongst the finest examples of post-Tolkien fantasy, it is explicitly and directly influenced by Tolkien himself.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=10.+The+Enigma+of+Genre+Fantasy&rft.btitle=The+Riddles+of+the+Hobbit&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-137-37365-6&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=Adam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATolkien%27s+impact+on+fantasy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBernardoMurphy2006" class="citation book cs1">Bernardo, Susan M.; Murphy, Graham J. (2006). <i>Ursula K. Le Guin: A Critical Companion</i>. <a href="/wiki/Greenwood_Publishing_Group" title="Greenwood Publishing Group">Greenwood Publishing Group</a>. pp. 92–93. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-33225-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-33225-8"><bdi>978-0-313-33225-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ursula+K.+Le+Guin%3A+A+Critical+Companion&rft.pages=92-93&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-313-33225-8&rft.aulast=Bernardo&rft.aufirst=Susan+M.&rft.au=Murphy%2C+Graham+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATolkien%27s+impact+on+fantasy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Garth_2021-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Garth_2021_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarth2021" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Garth_(author)" title="John Garth (author)">Garth, John</a> (22 January 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://johngarth.wordpress.com/2021/01/22/ursula-le-guin-the-language-of-earthsea-and-tolkien/#_ftn2">"Ursula Le Guin, the language of Earthsea, and Tolkien"</a>. John Garth. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210122223313/https://johngarth.wordpress.com/2021/01/22/ursula-le-guin-the-language-of-earthsea-and-tolkien/">Archived</a> from the original on 22 January 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ursula+Le+Guin%2C+the+language+of+Earthsea%2C+and+Tolkien&rft.pub=John+Garth&rft.date=2021-01-22&rft.aulast=Garth&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjohngarth.wordpress.com%2F2021%2F01%2F22%2Fursula-le-guin-the-language-of-earthsea-and-tolkien%2F%23_ftn2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATolkien%27s+impact+on+fantasy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFimi2020340–342-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFimi2020340–342_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFimi2020">Fimi 2020</a>, p. 340–342.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Choudhary_2021-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Choudhary_2021_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChoudhary2021" class="citation web cs1">Choudhary, Sayantan (13 November 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://collider.com/movies-like-lord-of-the-rings-best-fantasy-films/">"15 Fantasy Movies Like 'Lord of The Rings' for When You're Seeking an Escape From Reality"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Collider_(website)" class="mw-redirect" title="Collider (website)">Collider</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Collider&rft.atitle=15+Fantasy+Movies+Like+%27Lord+of+The+Rings%27+for+When+You%27re+Seeking+an+Escape+From+Reality&rft.date=2021-11-13&rft.aulast=Choudhary&rft.aufirst=Sayantan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcollider.com%2Fmovies-like-lord-of-the-rings-best-fantasy-films%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATolkien%27s+impact+on+fantasy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSperling2008" class="citation magazine cs1">Sperling, Nicole (19 August 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080828024418/http://hollywoodinsider.ew.com/2008/08/the-hobbit.html">"Peter Jackson, Fran Walsh, Philippa Boyens join Guillermo Del Toro penning <i>The Hobbit</i>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Entertainment_Weekly" title="Entertainment Weekly">Entertainment Weekly</a></i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 August</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Entertainment+Weekly&rft.atitle=Peter+Jackson%2C+Fran+Walsh%2C+Philippa+Boyens+join+Guillermo+Del+Toro+penning+The+Hobbit&rft.date=2008-08-19&rft.aulast=Sperling&rft.aufirst=Nicole&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhollywoodinsider.ew.com%2F2008%2F08%2Fthe-hobbit.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATolkien%27s+impact+on+fantasy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnondel_Toro2006" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Guillermo_del_Toro" title="Guillermo del Toro">Anon</a>; del Toro, Guillermo (12 October 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.salon.com/ent/audiofile/2006/10/12/conversations_toro/">"Conversations: Guillermo del Toro"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Salon.com" title="Salon.com">Salon.com</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 June</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Salon.com&rft.atitle=Conversations%3A+Guillermo+del+Toro&rft.date=2006-10-12&rft.au=Anon&rft.au=del+Toro%2C+Guillermo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.salon.com%2Fent%2Faudiofile%2F2006%2F10%2F12%2Fconversations_toro%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATolkien%27s+impact+on+fantasy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Perry_2006-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Perry_2006_64-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Perry_2006_64-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerry2006" class="citation web cs1">Perry, Douglas (18 May 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ign.com/articles/2006/05/18/the-influence-of-literature-and-myth-in-videogames?page=1">"The Influence of Literature and Myth in Videogames"</a>. <i>www.ign.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ign.com&rft.atitle=The+Influence+of+Literature+and+Myth+in+Videogames&rft.date=2006-05-18&rft.aulast=Perry&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ign.com%2Farticles%2F2006%2F05%2F18%2Fthe-influence-of-literature-and-myth-in-videogames%3Fpage%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATolkien%27s+impact+on+fantasy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Young_2021-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Young_2021_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYoung2021" class="citation web cs1">Young, Luca (14 September 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://medium.com/@luca.young000/the-lord-of-the-rings-and-tolkiens-impact-on-the-fantasy-genre-16777c8a2c6d">"The Lord of the Rings and Tolkien's impact on the fantasy genre"</a>. <i>Medium</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Medium&rft.atitle=The+Lord+of+the+Rings+and+Tolkien%27s+impact+on+the+fantasy+genre&rft.date=2021-09-14&rft.aulast=Young&rft.aufirst=Luca&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmedium.com%2F%40luca.young000%2Fthe-lord-of-the-rings-and-tolkiens-impact-on-the-fantasy-genre-16777c8a2c6d&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATolkien%27s+impact+on+fantasy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archives.theonering.net/features/interviews/gary_gygax.html">"Gary Gygax - Creator of Dungeons & Dragons"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/TheOneRing.net" class="mw-redirect" title="TheOneRing.net">TheOneRing</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131206212135/http://archives.theonering.net/features/interviews/gary_gygax.html">Archived</a> from the original on 6 December 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TheOneRing&rft.atitle=Gary+Gygax+-+Creator+of+Dungeons+%26+Dragons&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchives.theonering.net%2Ffeatures%2Finterviews%2Fgary_gygax.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATolkien%27s+impact+on+fantasy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://venturebeat.com/2017/06/15/warner-bros-games-are-coming-out-of-the-shadow-of-its-movies/">"Warner Bros. Games are coming out of the shadow of its movies"</a>. 15 June 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170704220825/https://venturebeat.com/2017/06/15/warner-bros-games-are-coming-out-of-the-shadow-of-its-movies/">Archived</a> from the original on 4 July 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 July</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Warner+Bros.+Games+are+coming+out+of+the+shadow+of+its+movies&rft.date=2017-06-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fventurebeat.com%2F2017%2F06%2F15%2Fwarner-bros-games-are-coming-out-of-the-shadow-of-its-movies%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATolkien%27s+impact+on+fantasy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/thr-esq/warner-bros-tolkien-estate-settle-80-million-hobbit-lawsuit-1018478">"Warner Bros., Tolkien Estate Settle $80 Million 'Hobbit' Lawsuit"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hollywood_Reporter" title="The Hollywood Reporter">The Hollywood Reporter</a></i>. 3 July 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170703154839/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/thr-esq/warner-bros-tolkien-estate-settle-80-million-hobbit-lawsuit-1018478">Archived</a> from the original on 3 July 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 July</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Hollywood+Reporter&rft.atitle=Warner+Bros.%2C+Tolkien+Estate+Settle+%2480+Million+%27Hobbit%27+Lawsuit&rft.date=2017-07-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hollywoodreporter.com%2Fthr-esq%2Fwarner-bros-tolkien-estate-settle-80-million-hobbit-lawsuit-1018478&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATolkien%27s+impact+on+fantasy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Robinson_2015-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Robinson_2015_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobinson2015" class="citation book cs1">Robinson, Carol (2015). "Electronic Tolkien: Characterization in Film and Video Games". In Ashton, Gail (ed.). <i>Medieval Afterlives in Contemporary Culture</i>. <a href="/wiki/Bloomsbury_Publishing" title="Bloomsbury Publishing">Bloomsbury Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4411-2960-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4411-2960-4"><bdi>978-1-4411-2960-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Electronic+Tolkien%3A+Characterization+in+Film+and+Video+Games&rft.btitle=Medieval+Afterlives+in+Contemporary+Culture&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-4411-2960-4&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.aufirst=Carol&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATolkien%27s+impact+on+fantasy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FAAB_2021-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FAAB_2021_70-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FAAB_2021_70-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.festivalartandbooks.com/journal2cmy/inthowe.html">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Here be dragons': Festival in the Shire interviews John Howe"</a>. <i>Festival Art and Books</i>. 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Festival+Art+and+Books&rft.atitle=%27Here+be+dragons%27%3A+Festival+in+the+Shire+interviews+John+Howe&rft.date=2021&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.festivalartandbooks.com%2Fjournal2cmy%2Finthowe.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATolkien%27s+impact+on+fantasy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hoyt_2009-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hoyt_2009_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoyt2009" class="citation web cs1">Hoyt, Randy (1 January 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journeytothesea.com/nasmith-interview/">"Illustrating Tolkien: Ted Nasmith Interview"</a>. <i>Journey to the Sea</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Journey+to+the+Sea&rft.atitle=Illustrating+Tolkien%3A+Ted+Nasmith+Interview&rft.date=2009-01-01&rft.aulast=Hoyt&rft.aufirst=Randy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjourneytothesea.com%2Fnasmith-interview%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATolkien%27s+impact+on+fantasy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOTR_SEE-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOTR_SEE_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1"><i>The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring Appendices</i> (DVD). <a href="/wiki/New_Line_Cinema" title="New Line Cinema">New Line Cinema</a>. 2002.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Lord+of+the+Rings%3A+The+Fellowship+of+the+Ring+Appendices&rft.pub=New+Line+Cinema&rft.date=2002&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATolkien%27s+impact+on+fantasy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hildebrandt_Herdling_2001-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hildebrandt_Herdling_2001_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHildebrandtHerdling2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Brothers_Hildebrandt" title="Brothers Hildebrandt">Hildebrandt, Gregory</a>; Herdling, Glenn (2001). <i>Greg and Tim Hildebrandt, the Tolkien Years</i>. <a href="/wiki/Watson-Guptill" title="Watson-Guptill">Watson-Guptill</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8230-5124-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8230-5124-3"><bdi>978-0-8230-5124-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Greg+and+Tim+Hildebrandt%2C+the+Tolkien+Years&rft.pub=Watson-Guptill&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-8230-5124-3&rft.aulast=Hildebrandt&rft.aufirst=Gregory&rft.au=Herdling%2C+Glenn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATolkien%27s+impact+on+fantasy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Norton_Hildebrandt_1991-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Norton_Hildebrandt_1991_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNortonHildebrandt1991" class="citation book cs1">Norton, Jack E.; <a href="/wiki/Brothers_Hildebrandt" title="Brothers Hildebrandt">Hildebrandt, Tim</a> (1991). <i>The Fantasy Art Techniques of Tim Hildebrandt</i>. <a href="/wiki/Avery_Publishing" title="Avery Publishing">Avery Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85028-161-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85028-161-0"><bdi>978-1-85028-161-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Fantasy+Art+Techniques+of+Tim+Hildebrandt&rft.pub=Avery+Publishing&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-1-85028-161-0&rft.aulast=Norton&rft.aufirst=Jack+E.&rft.au=Hildebrandt%2C+Tim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATolkien%27s+impact+on+fantasy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTolkienHildebrandtHildebrandt1975" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien" title="J. R. R. Tolkien">Tolkien, J. R. R.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Brothers_Hildebrandt" title="Brothers Hildebrandt">Hildebrandt, Greg (illus.)</a>; Hildebrandt, Tim (illus.) (1975). <i>1976 J.R.R. Tolkien Calendar: Illustrations by the Brothers Hildebrandt</i>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Ballantine_Books" title="Ballantine Books">Ballantine Books</a>, <a href="/wiki/Random_House" title="Random House">Random House</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=1976+J.R.R.+Tolkien+Calendar%3A+Illustrations+by+the+Brothers+Hildebrandt&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Ballantine+Books%2C+Random+House&rft.date=1975&rft.aulast=Tolkien&rft.aufirst=J.+R.+R.&rft.au=Hildebrandt%2C+Greg+%28illus.%29&rft.au=Hildebrandt%2C+Tim+%28illus.%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATolkien%27s+impact+on+fantasy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Uraic.ru_exhibition_2013-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Uraic.ru_exhibition_2013_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://book.uraic.ru/galereja/vystavki2013/aleksandr_korotich">"Александр Коротич. Иллюстрации к произведениям Дж"</a> [Р. Р. Толкина Alexander Korotich. Illustrations for the works of J. R. R. Tolkien]. <i>Uraic.ru</i> (in Russian). 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161018172900/http://book.uraic.ru/galereja/vystavki2013/aleksandr_korotich">Archived</a> from the original on 18 October 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 September</span> 2023</span>. <q>The exhibition presents individual illustrations for "The Lord of the Rings" by J. R. R. Tolkien, created by artist Alexander Korotich from the second half of the 1980s until mid-1997, when the folder with most of the sheets was lost, as well as a number of illustrations for the book "D. R. R. Tolkien. Fairy tales" by the publishing house "Ural market", released in 1993.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Uraic.ru&rft.atitle=%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80+%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87.+%D0%98%D0%BB%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D0%BA+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BC+%D0%94%D0%B6.&rft.date=2013&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbook.uraic.ru%2Fgalereja%2Fvystavki2013%2Faleksandr_korotich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATolkien%27s+impact+on+fantasy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tolkien%27s_impact_on_fantasy&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAttebery1980" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Brian_Attebery" title="Brian Attebery">Attebery, Brian</a> (1980). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fantasytradition00atte"><i>The Fantasy Tradition in American Literature: From Irving to Le Guin</i></a></span>. Bloomington: <a href="/wiki/Indiana_University_Press" title="Indiana University Press">Indiana University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-2533-5665-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-2533-5665-9"><bdi>978-0-2533-5665-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Fantasy+Tradition+in+American+Literature%3A+From+Irving+to+Le+Guin&rft.place=Bloomington&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-0-2533-5665-9&rft.aulast=Attebery&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffantasytradition00atte&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATolkien%27s+impact+on+fantasy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarpenter2023" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Humphrey_Carpenter" title="Humphrey Carpenter">Carpenter, Humphrey</a>, ed. (2023) [1981]. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Letters_of_J._R._R._Tolkien" title="The Letters of J. R. R. Tolkien">The Letters of J. R. R. Tolkien</a>: Revised and Expanded Edition</i>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Harper_Collins" class="mw-redirect" title="Harper Collins">Harper Collins</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-35-865298-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-35-865298-4"><bdi>978-0-35-865298-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Letters+of+J.+R.+R.+Tolkien%3A+Revised+and+Expanded+Edition&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Harper+Collins&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-0-35-865298-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATolkien%27s+impact+on+fantasy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClute1997" class="citation book cs1">Clute, John, ed. (1997). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Encyclopedia_of_Fantasy" title="The Encyclopedia of Fantasy">The Encyclopedia of Fantasy</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Orbit_Books" title="Orbit Books">Orbit Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85723-368-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85723-368-1"><bdi>978-1-85723-368-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Fantasy&rft.pub=Orbit+Books&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-1-85723-368-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATolkien%27s+impact+on+fantasy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFimi2020" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Dimitra_Fimi" title="Dimitra Fimi">Fimi, Dimitra</a> (2020) [2014]. "Later Fantasy Fiction: Tolkien's Legacy". In <a href="/wiki/Stuart_D._Lee" title="Stuart D. Lee">Lee, Stuart D.</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/A_Companion_to_J._R._R._Tolkien" title="A Companion to J. R. R. Tolkien">A Companion to J. R. R. Tolkien</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Wiley_Blackwell" class="mw-redirect" title="Wiley Blackwell">Wiley Blackwell</a>. pp. 335–349. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-1196-5602-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-1196-5602-9"><bdi>978-1-1196-5602-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1183854105">1183854105</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Later+Fantasy+Fiction%3A+Tolkien%27s+Legacy&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+J.+R.+R.+Tolkien&rft.pages=335-349&rft.pub=Wiley+Blackwell&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1183854105&rft.isbn=978-1-1196-5602-9&rft.aulast=Fimi&rft.aufirst=Dimitra&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATolkien%27s+impact+on+fantasy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlieger2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Verlyn_Flieger" title="Verlyn Flieger">Flieger, Verlyn</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Q6zgmCf_kY4C&q=Tolkien+%22Red+Book%22+Haggard&pg=PA150"><i>Interrupted Music: The Making Of Tolkien's Mythology</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Kent_State_University_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Kent State University Press">Kent State University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780873388245" title="Special:BookSources/9780873388245"><bdi>9780873388245</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Interrupted+Music%3A+The+Making+Of+Tolkien%27s+Mythology&rft.pub=Kent+State+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9780873388245&rft.aulast=Flieger&rft.aufirst=Verlyn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQ6zgmCf_kY4C%26q%3DTolkien%2B%2522Red%2BBook%2522%2BHaggard%26pg%3DPA150&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATolkien%27s+impact+on+fantasy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShippey2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tom_Shippey" title="Tom Shippey">Shippey, Tom</a> (2005) [1982]. <a href="/wiki/The_Road_to_Middle-Earth" title="The Road to Middle-Earth"><i>The Road to Middle-Earth: How J. R. R. Tolkien Created a New Mythology</i></a> (Third ed.). <a href="/wiki/HarperCollins" title="HarperCollins">HarperCollins</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-261-10275-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-261-10275-0"><bdi>978-0-261-10275-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Road+to+Middle-Earth%3A+How+J.+R.+R.+Tolkien+Created+a+New+Mythology&rft.edition=Third&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-261-10275-0&rft.aulast=Shippey&rft.aufirst=Tom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATolkien%27s+impact+on+fantasy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTolkien1955" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien" title="J. R. R. Tolkien">Tolkien, J. R. R.</a> (1955). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Return_of_the_King" title="The Return of the King">The Return of the King</a></i>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="The Lord of the Rings">The Lord of the Rings</a></i>. Boston: <a href="/wiki/Houghton_Mifflin" class="mw-redirect" title="Houghton Mifflin">Houghton Mifflin</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/519647821">519647821</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Return+of+the+King&rft.place=Boston&rft.series=%27%27The+Lord+of+the+Rings%27%27&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin&rft.date=1955&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F519647821&rft.aulast=Tolkien&rft.aufirst=J.+R.+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATolkien%27s+impact+on+fantasy" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tolkien%27s_impact_on_fantasy&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Fornet-Ponse, Thomas, ed. (2013). "Tolkien's Influence on Fantasy - Tolkiens Einfluss Auf Die Fantasy: interdisziplinäres Seminar der DTG 27. bis 29. April 2012, Jena". <i>Hither Shore: Jahrbuch der Deutschen Tolkien Gesellschaft</i> (in English and German). <b>9</b>. Düsseldorf: Scriptorium Oxoniae / Atelier für Textaufgaben. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-9810-6127-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-9810-6127-7"><bdi>978-3-9810-6127-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/977800457">977800457</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hither+Shore%3A+Jahrbuch+der+Deutschen+Tolkien+Gesellschaft&rft.atitle=Tolkien%27s+Influence+on+Fantasy+-+Tolkiens+Einfluss+Auf+Die+Fantasy%3A+interdisziplin%C3%A4res+Seminar+der+DTG+27.+bis+29.+April+2012%2C+Jena&rft.volume=9&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F977800457&rft.isbn=978-3-9810-6127-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATolkien%27s+impact+on+fantasy" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> 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R. R. Tolkien"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:J._R._R._Tolkien" title="Template talk:J. R. R. Tolkien"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:J._R._R._Tolkien" title="Special:EditPage/Template:J. R. R. Tolkien"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="J._R._R._Tolkien" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien" title="J. R. R. Tolkien">J. R. R. Tolkien</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien_bibliography" title="J. R. R. Tolkien bibliography">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Letters_of_J._R._R._Tolkien" title="The Letters of J. R. R. Tolkien">Letters</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_poetry" title="Tolkien's poetry">Poetry<br />and songs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Songs_for_the_Philologists" title="Songs for the Philologists">Songs for the Philologists</a></i> (1936) <ul><li>"<i><a href="/wiki/Bagme_Bloma" title="Bagme Bloma">Bagme Bloma</a></i>"</li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Homecoming_of_Beorhtnoth_Beorhthelm%27s_Son" title="The Homecoming of Beorhtnoth Beorhthelm's Son">The Homecoming of Beorhtnoth Beorhthelm's Son</a></i> (1953)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/A_Walking_Song" title="A Walking Song">A Walking Song</a>" (1954)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Adventures_of_Tom_Bombadil" title="The Adventures of Tom Bombadil">The Adventures of Tom Bombadil</a></i> (1962) <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Errantry" title="Errantry">Errantry</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Fastitocalon_(poem)" title="Fastitocalon (poem)">Fastitocalon</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Sea-Bell" title="The Sea-Bell">The Sea-Bell</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Man_in_the_Moon_Stayed_Up_Too_Late" title="The Man in the Moon Stayed Up Too Late">The Man in the Moon Stayed Up Too Late</a>"</li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Road_Goes_Ever_On" title="The Road Goes Ever On">The Road Goes Ever On</a></i> (1967)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bilbo%27s_Last_Song" title="Bilbo's Last Song">Bilbo's Last Song</a></i> (1974)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Legend_of_Sigurd_and_Gudr%C3%BAn" title="The Legend of Sigurd and Gudrún">The Legend of Sigurd and Gudrún</a></i> (2009)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Fall_of_Arthur" title="The Fall of Arthur">The Fall of Arthur</a></i> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Tolkien%27s_alliterative_verse" title="List of Tolkien's alliterative verse">List of Tolkien's alliterative verse</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Tolkien_monogram.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Tolkien_monogram.svg/50px-Tolkien_monogram.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="69" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Tolkien_monogram.svg/75px-Tolkien_monogram.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Tolkien_monogram.svg/100px-Tolkien_monogram.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="31" data-file-height="43" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fiction</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Hobbit" title="The Hobbit">The Hobbit</a></i> (1937)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Leaf_by_Niggle" title="Leaf by Niggle">Leaf by Niggle</a>" (1947)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Lay_of_Aotrou_and_Itroun" title="The Lay of Aotrou and Itroun">The Lay of Aotrou and Itroun</a></i> (1945)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Farmer_Giles_of_Ham" title="Farmer Giles of Ham">Farmer Giles of Ham</a></i> (1949)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="The Lord of the Rings">The Lord of the Rings</a></i>: <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Fellowship_of_the_Ring" title="The Fellowship of the Ring">The Fellowship of the Ring</a></i> (1954)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Two_Towers" title="The Two Towers">The Two Towers</a></i> (1954)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Return_of_the_King" title="The Return of the King">The Return of the King</a></i> (1955)</li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tree_and_Leaf" title="Tree and Leaf">Tree and Leaf</a></i> (1964)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Tolkien_Reader" title="The Tolkien Reader">The Tolkien Reader</a></i> (1966)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Smith_of_Wootton_Major" title="Smith of Wootton Major">Smith of Wootton Major</a></i> (1967)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Posthumous <br /> fiction</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Father_Christmas_Letters" title="The Father Christmas Letters">The Father Christmas Letters</a></i> (1976)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Silmarillion" title="The Silmarillion">The Silmarillion</a></i> (1977)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Unfinished_Tales" title="Unfinished Tales">Unfinished Tales</a></i> (1980)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mr._Bliss" title="Mr. Bliss">Mr. Bliss</a></i> (1982)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_History_of_Middle-earth" title="The History of Middle-earth">The History of Middle-earth</a></i> (1983–1996) <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Book_of_Lost_Tales" title="The Book of Lost Tales">The Book of Lost Tales</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Lays_of_Beleriand" title="The Lays of Beleriand">The Lays of Beleriand</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Shaping_of_Middle-earth" title="The Shaping of Middle-earth">The Shaping of Middle-earth</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Lost_Road_and_Other_Writings" title="The Lost Road and Other Writings">The Lost Road and Other Writings</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_History_of_The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="The History of The Lord of the Rings">The History of The Lord of the Rings</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Morgoth%27s_Ring" title="Morgoth's Ring">Morgoth's Ring</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_War_of_the_Jewels" title="The War of the Jewels">The War of the Jewels</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Peoples_of_Middle-earth" title="The Peoples of Middle-earth">The Peoples of Middle-earth</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Roverandom" title="Roverandom">Roverandom</a></i> (1998)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Children_of_H%C3%BArin" title="The Children of Húrin">The Children of Húrin</a></i> (2007)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_History_of_The_Hobbit" title="The History of The Hobbit">The History of The Hobbit</a></i> (2007)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Story_of_Kullervo" title="The Story of Kullervo">The Story of Kullervo</a></i> (2015)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Beren_and_L%C3%BAthien" title="Beren and Lúthien">Beren and Lúthien</a></i> (2017)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Fall_of_Gondolin" title="The Fall of Gondolin">The Fall of Gondolin</a></i> (2018)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Nature_of_Middle-earth" title="The Nature of Middle-earth">The Nature of Middle-earth</a></i> (2021)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Fall_of_N%C3%BAmenor" title="The Fall of Númenor">The Fall of Númenor</a></i> (2022)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academic<br />works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="wrap"> <i><a href="/wiki/Sir_Gawain_and_the_Green_Knight" title="Sir Gawain and the Green Knight">Sir Gawain and the Green Knight</a></i> (Middle English text, 1925) </span></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Devil%27s_Coach_Horses" title="The Devil's Coach Horses">The Devil's Coach Horses</a>" (1925)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Ancrene_Wisse_and_Hali_Mei%C3%B0had" title="Ancrene Wisse and Hali Meiðhad">Ancrene Wisse and Hali Meiðhad</a>" (1929)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Sigelwara_Land" title="Sigelwara Land">Sigelwara Land</a>" (1932–34)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Chaucer_as_a_Philologist:_The_Reeve%27s_Tale" title="Chaucer as a Philologist: The Reeve's Tale">Chaucer as a Philologist: The Reeve's Tale</a>" (1934)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Beowulf:_The_Monsters_and_the_Critics" title="Beowulf: The Monsters and the Critics"><i>Beowulf</i>: The Monsters and the Critics</a>" (1936)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/On_Fairy-Stories" title="On Fairy-Stories">On Fairy-Stories</a>" (1939) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eucatastrophe" title="Eucatastrophe">Eucatastrophe</a></li></ul></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/On_Translating_Beowulf" title="On Translating Beowulf">On Translating <i>Beowulf</i></a><span style="padding-left:.15em;">"</span> (1940)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sir_Orfeo" title="Sir Orfeo">Sir Orfeo</a></i> (1944)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ancrene_Wisse" title="Ancrene Wisse">Ancrene Wisse</a></i> (1962)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/English_and_Welsh" title="English and Welsh">English and Welsh</a>" (1963)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_Bible" title="Jerusalem Bible">Jerusalem Bible</a></i> (as translator and lexicographer, 1966)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Posthumous <br /> academic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="wrap"> <i><a href="/wiki/Sir_Gawain_and_the_Green_Knight" title="Sir Gawain and the Green Knight">Sir Gawain and the Green Knight</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pearl_(poem)" title="Pearl (poem)">Pearl</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sir_Orfeo" title="Sir Orfeo">Sir Orfeo</a></i> (translations, 1975) </span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Exodus_(poem)" title="Exodus (poem)">Exodus</a></i> (1981)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Finn_and_Hengest" title="Finn and Hengest">Finn and Hengest</a></i> (1982)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Monsters_and_the_Critics,_and_Other_Essays" title="The Monsters and the Critics, and Other Essays">The Monsters and the Critics, and Other Essays</a></i> (1983)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Beowulf_and_the_Critics" title="Beowulf and the Critics">Beowulf and the Critics</a></i> (2002)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Beowulf:_A_Translation_and_Commentary" title="Beowulf: A Translation and Commentary">Beowulf: A Translation and Commentary</a></i> with "<a href="/wiki/Sellic_Spell" title="Sellic Spell">Sellic Spell</a>" (2014)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Secret_Vice" title="A Secret Vice">A Secret Vice</a></i> (2016)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scholars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Biographers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Humphrey_Carpenter" title="Humphrey Carpenter">Humphrey Carpenter</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien:_A_Biography" title="J. R. R. Tolkien: A Biography">J. R. R. Tolkien: A Biography</a></i> (1977, authorized biography)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Garth_(author)" title="John Garth (author)">John Garth</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Tolkien_and_the_Great_War" title="Tolkien and the Great War">Tolkien and the Great War</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Worlds_of_J._R._R._Tolkien" title="The Worlds of J. R. R. Tolkien">The Worlds of J. R. R. Tolkien</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_McIlwaine" title="Catherine McIlwaine">Catherine McIlwaine</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Tolkien:_Maker_of_Middle-earth" title="Tolkien: Maker of Middle-earth">Tolkien: Maker of Middle-earth</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Moseley_(writer)" title="Charles Moseley (writer)">Charles Moseley</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Middle-earth" title="Christianity in Middle-earth">Christian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stratford_Caldecott" title="Stratford Caldecott">Stratford Caldecott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_T._Dickerson" title="Matthew T. Dickerson">Matthew T. Dickerson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colin_Duriez" title="Colin Duriez">Colin Duriez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kreeft" title="Peter Kreeft">Peter Kreeft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holly_Ordway" title="Holly Ordway">Holly Ordway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Pearce" title="Joseph Pearce">Joseph Pearce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fleming_Rutledge" title="Fleming Rutledge">Fleming Rutledge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_C._Wood" title="Ralph C. Wood">Ralph C. Wood</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tolkien_research" title="Tolkien research">Literary<br />critics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_A._Anderson" title="Douglas A. Anderson">Douglas A. Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Birns" title="Nicholas Birns">Nicholas Birns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bradley_J._Birzer" title="Bradley J. Birzer">Bradley J. Birzer</a></li> <li>Janice Bogstad & Philip Kaveny <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Picturing_Tolkien" title="Picturing Tolkien">Picturing Tolkien</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Bratman" title="David Bratman">David Bratman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janet_Brennan_Croft" title="Janet Brennan Croft">Janet Brennan Croft</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Tolkien_on_Film" title="Tolkien on Film">Tolkien on Film</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Curry" title="Patrick Curry">Patrick Curry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bradford_Lee_Eden" title="Bradford Lee Eden">Bradford Lee Eden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimitra_Fimi" title="Dimitra Fimi">Dimitra Fimi</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Tolkien,_Race_and_Cultural_History" title="Tolkien, Race and Cultural History">Tolkien, Race and Cultural History</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jason_Fisher" title="Jason Fisher">Jason Fisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verlyn_Flieger" title="Verlyn Flieger">Verlyn Flieger</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Interrupted_Music" title="Interrupted Music">Interrupted Music</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Question_of_Time_(book)" title="A Question of Time (book)">A Question of Time</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Splintered_Light" title="Splintered Light">Splintered Light</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Foster_(Tolkien_scholar)" title="Michael Foster (Tolkien scholar)">Michael Foster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nick_Groom" title="Nick Groom">Nick Groom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wayne_G._Hammond" title="Wayne G. Hammond">Wayne G. Hammond</a> & <a href="/wiki/Christina_Scull" title="Christina Scull">Christina Scull</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien:_A_Descriptive_Bibliography" title="J. R. R. Tolkien: A Descriptive Bibliography">J. R. R. Tolkien: A Descriptive Bibliography</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings:_A_Reader%27s_Companion" title="The Lord of the Rings: A Reader's Companion">The Lord of the Rings: A Reader's Companion</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien:_Artist_and_Illustrator" title="J. R. R. Tolkien: Artist and Illustrator">J. R. R. Tolkien: Artist and Illustrator</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_J._R._R._Tolkien_Companion_and_Guide" title="The J. R. R. Tolkien Companion and Guide">The J. R. R. Tolkien Companion and Guide</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Randel_Helms" title="Randel Helms">Randel Helms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Honegger" title="Thomas Honegger">Thomas Honegger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_A._Huttar" title="Charles A. Huttar">Charles A. Huttar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_H._Kocher" title="Paul H. Kocher">Paul H. Kocher</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Master_of_Middle-Earth" title="Master of Middle-Earth">Master of Middle-Earth</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuart_D._Lee" title="Stuart D. Lee">Stuart D. Lee</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Keys_of_Middle-earth" title="The Keys of Middle-earth">The Keys of Middle-earth</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jared_Lobdell" title="Jared Lobdell">Jared Lobdell</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Tolkien_Compass" title="A Tolkien Compass">A Tolkien Compass</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_D._Rateliff" title="John D. Rateliff">John D. Rateliff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robin_Anne_Reid" title="Robin Anne Reid">Robin Anne Reid</a></li> <li>Brian Rosebury <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Tolkien:_A_Cultural_Phenomenon" title="Tolkien: A Cultural Phenomenon">Tolkien: A Cultural Phenomenon</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amy_H._Sturgis" title="Amy H. Sturgis">Amy H. Sturgis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Vaninskaya" title="Anna Vaninskaya">Anna Vaninskaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_C._West" title="Richard C. West">Richard C. West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Whittingham" title="Elizabeth Whittingham">Elizabeth Whittingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_Zimbardo" title="Rose Zimbardo">Rose Zimbardo</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Understanding_The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="Understanding The Lord of the Rings">Understanding The Lord of the Rings</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Languages_constructed_by_Tolkien" title="Languages constructed by Tolkien">Linguists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Appleyard" title="Anthony Appleyard">Anthony Appleyard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helge_Fauskanger" title="Helge Fauskanger">Helge Fauskanger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_F._Hostetter" title="Carl F. Hostetter">Carl F. Hostetter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Loback" title="Tom Loback">Tom Loback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Salo" title="David Salo">David Salo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arden_R._Smith" title="Arden R. Smith">Arden R. Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allan_Turner" title="Allan Turner">Allan Turner</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tolkien_and_the_medieval" title="Tolkien and the medieval">Medievalists</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/Tolkien_and_the_classical_world" title="Tolkien and the classical world">Classicists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marjorie_Burns" title="Marjorie Burns">Marjorie Burns</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Perilous_Realms" title="Perilous Realms">Perilous Realms</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Chance" title="Jane Chance">Jane Chance</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Tolkien_and_the_Invention_of_Myth" title="Tolkien and the Invention of Myth">Tolkien and the Invention of Myth</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_Art:_%27A_Mythology_for_England%27" title="Tolkien's Art: 'A Mythology for England'">Tolkien's Art: 'A Mythology for England'</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_D._C._Drout" title="Michael D. C. Drout">Michael D. C. Drout</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien_Encyclopedia" title="J. R. R. Tolkien Encyclopedia">J. R. R. Tolkien Encyclopedia</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Evans_(scholar)" title="Jonathan Evans (scholar)">Jonathan Evans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincent_Ferr%C3%A9" title="Vincent Ferré">Vincent Ferré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gergely_Nagy_(scholar)" title="Gergely Nagy (scholar)">Gergely Nagy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Shippey" title="Tom Shippey">Tom Shippey</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien:_Author_of_the_Century" title="J. R. R. Tolkien: Author of the Century">J. R. R. Tolkien: Author of the Century</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Road_to_Middle-Earth" title="The Road to Middle-Earth">The Road to Middle-Earth</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Solopova" title="Elizabeth Solopova">Elizabeth Solopova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandra_Ballif_Straubhaar" title="Sandra Ballif Straubhaar">Sandra Ballif Straubhaar</a></li> <li>Hamish Williams <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Tolkien_and_the_Classical_World_(book)" title="Tolkien and the Classical World (book)">Tolkien and the Classical World</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tolkien_fandom" title="Tolkien fandom">Popular</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lin_Carter" title="Lin Carter">Lin Carter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Complete_Guide_to_Middle-earth" title="The Complete Guide to Middle-earth">Robert Foster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glen_GoodKnight" title="Glen GoodKnight">Glen GoodKnight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Martinez_(Tolkien_scholar)" title="Michael Martinez (Tolkien scholar)">Michael Martinez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Noad" title="Charles Noad">Charles Noad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Tyler" title="Tony Tyler">J. E. A. Tyler</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien_family" title="Tolkien family">Family</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Xavier_Morgan" title="Francis Xavier Morgan">Francis Xavier Morgan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Influences_on_Tolkien" title="Influences on Tolkien">Influences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_artwork" title="Tolkien's artwork">Artwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_constructed_by_Tolkien" title="Languages constructed by Tolkien">Languages constructed by Tolkien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_Tolkien%27s_Middle-earth_writings" title="Impact of Tolkien's Middle-earth writings">Impact of Tolkien's Middle-earth writings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inklings" title="Inklings">Inklings</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mythlore" title="Mythlore">Mythlore</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mythopoeic_Society" title="Mythopoeic Society">Mythopoeic Society</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elvish_Linguistic_Fellowship" title="Elvish Linguistic Fellowship">Elvish Linguistic Fellowship</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tolkien's impact on fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien_and_the_modernists" title="Tolkien and the modernists">Tolkien and the modernists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien_Estate" title="Tolkien Estate">Tolkien Estate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien_fandom" title="Tolkien fandom">Tolkien fandom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien_fan_fiction" title="Tolkien fan fiction">Tolkien fan fiction</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Tolkien_Society" title="The Tolkien Society">The Tolkien Society</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien_Society_Awards" title="Tolkien Society Awards">Awards</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tolkien_Studies" title="Tolkien Studies">Tolkien Studies</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_things_named_after_J._R._R._Tolkien_and_his_works" title="List of things named after J. R. R. Tolkien and his works">Memorials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literary_reception_of_The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="Literary reception of The Lord of the Rings">Reception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien_research" title="Tolkien research">Tolkien research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Works_inspired_by_Tolkien" title="Works inspired by Tolkien">Works inspired by Tolkien</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tolkien_(film)" title="Tolkien (film)">Tolkien</a></i> (biographical film)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Poems_and_Songs_of_Middle_Earth" title="Poems and Songs of Middle Earth">Poems and Songs of Middle Earth</a></i> (album)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Language_and_Human_Nature" title="Language and Human Nature">Language and Human Nature</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Ring_of_Words:_Tolkien_and_the_Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="The Ring of Words: Tolkien and the Oxford English Dictionary">The Ring of Words: Tolkien and the Oxford English Dictionary</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Middle-earth" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Middle-earth" title="Template:Middle-earth"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Middle-earth" title="Template talk:Middle-earth"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Middle-earth" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Middle-earth"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Middle-earth" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Middle-earth" title="Middle-earth">Middle-earth</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien" title="J. R. R. Tolkien">J. R. R. Tolkien</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien_bibliography" title="J. R. R. Tolkien bibliography">Bibliography</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle-earth_canon" title="Middle-earth canon">Canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_legendarium" title="Tolkien's legendarium">Legendarium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Middle-earth" title="Outline of Middle-earth">Outline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In Tolkien's<br />lifetime</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Hobbit" title="The Hobbit">The Hobbit</a></i> (1937)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="The Lord of the Rings">The Lord of the Rings</a></i> (1954-55) <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Fellowship_of_the_Ring" title="The Fellowship of the Ring">The Fellowship of the Ring</a></i> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Shadow_of_the_Past" title="The Shadow of the Past">The Shadow of the Past</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Council_of_Elrond" title="The Council of Elrond">The Council of Elrond</a>"</li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Two_Towers" title="The Two Towers">The Two Towers</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Return_of_the_King" title="The Return of the King">The Return of the King</a></i> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Scouring_of_the_Shire" title="The Scouring of the Shire">The Scouring of the Shire</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Tale_of_Aragorn_and_Arwen" title="The Tale of Aragorn and Arwen">The Tale of Aragorn and Arwen</a>"</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Adventures_of_Tom_Bombadil" title="The Adventures of Tom Bombadil">The Adventures of Tom Bombadil</a></i> (1962)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Posthumous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Silmarillion" title="The Silmarillion">The Silmarillion</a></i> (1977) <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Ainulindal%C3%AB" title="Ainulindalë">Ainulindalë</a>"</li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Unfinished_Tales" title="Unfinished Tales">Unfinished Tales</a></i> (1980)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Letters_of_J._R._R._Tolkien" title="The Letters of J. R. R. Tolkien">The Letters of J. R. R. Tolkien</a></i> (1981)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bilbo%27s_Last_Song" title="Bilbo's Last Song">Bilbo's Last Song</a></i> (1990)</li> <li>The three "Great Tales" <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Children_of_H%C3%BArin" title="The Children of Húrin">The Children of Húrin</a></i> (2007)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Beren_and_L%C3%BAthien" title="Beren and Lúthien">Beren and Lúthien</a></i> (2017)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Fall_of_Gondolin" title="The Fall of Gondolin">The Fall of Gondolin</a></i> (2018)</li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Fall_of_N%C3%BAmenor" title="The Fall of Númenor">The Fall of Númenor</a></i> (2022)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History of<br />composition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/The_History_of_Middle-earth" title="The History of Middle-earth">History of<br />Middle-earth</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>[1–2] <i><a href="/wiki/The_Book_of_Lost_Tales" title="The Book of Lost Tales">The Book of Lost Tales</a></i> (1983–84) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86lfwine_(Tolkien)" title="Ælfwine (Tolkien)">Ælfwine</a></li></ul></li> <li>[3] <i><a href="/wiki/The_Lays_of_Beleriand" title="The Lays of Beleriand">The Lays of Beleriand</a></i> (1985)</li> <li>[4] <i><a href="/wiki/The_Shaping_of_Middle-earth" title="The Shaping of Middle-earth">The Shaping of Middle-earth</a></i> (1986)</li> <li>[5] <i><a href="/wiki/The_Lost_Road_and_Other_Writings" title="The Lost Road and Other Writings">The Lost Road and Other Writings</a></i> (1987) <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Etymologies_(Tolkien)" title="The Etymologies (Tolkien)">The Etymologies</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lhammas" title="Lhammas">Lhammas</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>[6–9] <i><a href="/wiki/The_History_of_The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="The History of The Lord of the Rings">The History of The Lord of the Rings</a></i> (1988–92) <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Notion_Club_Papers" title="The Notion Club Papers">The Notion Club Papers</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>[10] <i><a href="/wiki/Morgoth%27s_Ring" title="Morgoth's Ring">Morgoth's Ring</a></i> (1993)</li> <li>[11] <i><a href="/wiki/The_War_of_the_Jewels" title="The War of the Jewels">The War of the Jewels</a></i> (1994)</li> <li>[12] <i><a href="/wiki/The_Peoples_of_Middle-earth" title="The Peoples of Middle-earth">The Peoples of Middle-earth</a></i> (1996)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_D._Rateliff" title="John D. Rateliff">John D. Rateliff</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_History_of_The_Hobbit" title="The History of The Hobbit">The History of The Hobbit</a></i> (2007)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_F._Hostetter" title="Carl F. Hostetter">Carl F. Hostetter</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Nature_of_Middle-earth" title="The Nature of Middle-earth">The Nature of Middle-earth</a></i> (2021)</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Arda" title="History of Arda">Fictional<br />universe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Middle-earth_peoples" title="Middle-earth peoples">Peoples</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_monsters" title="Tolkien's monsters">monsters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ainur_in_Middle-earth" title="Ainur in Middle-earth">Ainur</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maiar" title="Maiar">Maiar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balrog" title="Balrog">Balrogs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wizards_in_Middle-earth" title="Wizards in Middle-earth">Wizards</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valar" title="Valar">Valar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dragons_in_Middle-earth" title="Dragons in Middle-earth">Dragons</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancalagon_the_Black" title="Ancalagon the Black">Ancalagon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smaug" title="Smaug">Smaug</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwarves_in_Middle-earth" title="Dwarves in Middle-earth">Dwarves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eagles_in_Middle-earth" title="Eagles in Middle-earth">Eagles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elves_in_Middle-earth" title="Elves in Middle-earth">Elves</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Half-elf" title="Half-elf">Half-elven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noldor" title="Noldor">Noldor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundering_of_the_Elves" title="Sundering of the Elves">Sundering</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ent" title="Ent">Ents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hobbit" title="Hobbit">Hobbits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Men_in_Middle-earth" title="Men in Middle-earth">Men</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beorn" title="Beorn">Beornings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dr%C3%BAedain" title="Drúedain">Drúedain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%BAnedain" title="Dúnedain">Dúnedain</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orc" title="Orc">Orcs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trolls_in_Middle-earth" title="Trolls in Middle-earth">Trolls</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Middle-earth_characters" title="List of Middle-earth characters">Characters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>First and Second Ages <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celebrimbor" title="Celebrimbor">Celebrimbor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E%C3%A4rendil_and_Elwing" title="Eärendil and Elwing">Eärendil and Elwing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elendil" title="Elendil">Elendil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%ABanor" title="Fëanor">Fëanor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fingolfin" title="Fingolfin">Fingolfin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finw%C3%AB_and_M%C3%ADriel" title="Finwë and Míriel">Finwë and Míriel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gil-galad" title="Gil-galad">Gil-galad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%BArin" title="Húrin">Húrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isildur" title="Isildur">Isildur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%BAthien_and_Beren" title="Lúthien and Beren">Lúthien and Beren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melian_(Middle-earth)" title="Melian (Middle-earth)">Melian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morgoth" title="Morgoth">Morgoth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thingol" title="Thingol">Thingol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuor_and_Idril" title="Tuor and Idril">Tuor and Idril</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BArin_Turambar" title="Túrin Turambar">Túrin Turambar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ungoliant" title="Ungoliant">Ungoliant</a></li></ul></li> <li>Third Age <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elrond" title="Elrond">Elrond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galadriel" title="Galadriel">Galadriel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandalf" title="Gandalf">Gandalf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glorfindel" title="Glorfindel">Glorfindel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goldberry" title="Goldberry">Goldberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gollum" title="Gollum">Gollum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saruman" title="Saruman">Saruman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sauron" title="Sauron">Sauron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Bombadil" title="Tom Bombadil">Tom Bombadil</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Middle-earth" title="Geography of Middle-earth">Places</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>First and Second Ages <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beleriand" title="Beleriand">Beleriand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%BAmenor" title="Númenor">Númenor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valinor" title="Valinor">Valinor</a></li></ul></li> <li>Third Age <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bree_(Middle-earth)" title="Bree (Middle-earth)">Bree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esgaroth" title="Esgaroth">Esgaroth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gondor" title="Gondor">Gondor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harad" title="Harad">Harad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isengard" title="Isengard">Isengard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lonely_Mountain" title="Lonely Mountain">Lonely Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lothl%C3%B3rien" title="Lothlórien">Lothlórien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirkwood" title="Mirkwood">Mirkwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mordor" title="Mordor">Mordor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moria,_Middle-earth" title="Moria, Middle-earth">Moria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rivendell" title="Rivendell">Rivendell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rohan,_Middle-earth" title="Rohan, Middle-earth">Rohan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Shire" title="The Shire">The Shire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bag_End" title="Bag End">Bag End</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Objects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mithril" title="Mithril">Mithril</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palant%C3%ADr" title="Palantír">Palantír</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Book_of_Westmarch" title="Red Book of Westmarch">Red Book of Westmarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rings_of_Power" title="Rings of Power">Rings of Power</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/One_Ring" title="One Ring">One Ring</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silmarils" title="Silmarils">Silmarils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_Trees_of_Valinor" title="Two Trees of Valinor">Two Trees of Valinor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_weapons_and_armour_in_Middle-earth" title="List of weapons and armour in Middle-earth">List of weapons and armour</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Analysis</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tolkien_and_antiquarianism" title="Tolkien and antiquarianism">Elements</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_artwork" title="Tolkien's artwork">Artwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_Middle-earth_family_trees" title="Tolkien's Middle-earth family trees">Family trees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraldry_of_Middle-earth" title="Heraldry of Middle-earth">Heraldry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_constructed_by_Tolkien" title="Languages constructed by Tolkien">Languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ad%C3%BBnaic" title="Adûnaic">Adûnaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Speech" title="Black Speech">Black Speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elvish_languages_of_Middle-earth" title="Elvish languages of Middle-earth">Elvish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quenya" title="Quenya">Quenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindarin" title="Sindarin">Sindarin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khuzdul" title="Khuzdul">Khuzdul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valarin" title="Valarin">Valarin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westron" title="Westron">Westron</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_maps" title="Tolkien's maps">Maps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_poetry" title="Tolkien's poetry">Tolkien's poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_scripts" title="Tolkien's scripts">Scripts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cirth" title="Cirth">Cirth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarati" title="Sarati">Sarati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tengwar" title="Tengwar">Tengwar</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Themes_of_The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="Themes of The Lord of the Rings">Themes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anachronism_in_Middle-earth" title="Anachronism in Middle-earth">Anachronism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancestry_as_guide_to_character_in_Tolkien%27s_legendarium" title="Ancestry as guide to character in Tolkien's legendarium">Ancestry as guide to character</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_in_Middle-earth" title="Architecture in Middle-earth">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Middle-earth" title="Christianity in Middle-earth">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmology_of_Tolkien%27s_legendarium" title="Cosmology of Tolkien's legendarium">Cosmology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_round_world_dilemma" title="Tolkien's round world dilemma">Round World dilemma</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_and_immortality_in_Middle-earth" title="Death and immortality in Middle-earth">Death and immortality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decline_and_fall_in_Middle-earth" title="Decline and fall in Middle-earth">Decline and fall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dreams_and_visions_in_Middle-earth" title="Dreams and visions in Middle-earth">Dreams and visions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Middle-earth" title="Economy of Middle-earth">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/England_in_Middle-earth" title="England in Middle-earth">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism_in_The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="Environmentalism in The Lord of the Rings">Environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evil_in_Middle-earth" title="Evil in Middle-earth">Evil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Great_War_and_Middle-earth" title="The Great War and Middle-earth">First World War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forests_in_Middle-earth" title="Forests in Middle-earth">Forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_frame_stories" title="Tolkien's frame stories">Frame stories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hell_and_Middle-earth" title="Hell and Middle-earth">Hell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heroism_in_The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="Heroism in The Lord of the Rings">Heroism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_light_in_Tolkien%27s_legendarium" title="Christian light in Tolkien's legendarium">Light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luck_and_fate_in_Middle-earth" title="Luck and fate in Middle-earth">Luck and fate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_in_Middle-earth" title="Magic in Middle-earth">Magic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_illness_in_Middle-earth" title="Mental illness in Middle-earth">Mental illness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien_and_the_modernists" title="Tolkien and the modernists">Modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_moral_dilemma" title="Tolkien's moral dilemma">Moral dilemma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Middle-earth" title="Music of Middle-earth">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naming_of_weapons_in_Middle-earth" title="Naming of weapons in Middle-earth">Naming of weapons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_courage_in_Middle-earth" title="Northern courage in Middle-earth">Northern courage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Straight_Road" title="Old Straight Road">Old Straight Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paganism_in_Middle-earth" title="Paganism in Middle-earth">Paganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plants_in_Middle-earth" title="Plants in Middle-earth">Plants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_journeys_of_Middle-earth" title="Psychological journeys of Middle-earth">Psychological journeys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quests_in_Middle-earth" title="Quests in Middle-earth">Quests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_and_language_in_Middle-earth" title="Sound and language in Middle-earth">Sound and language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_in_Tolkien%27s_fiction" title="Time in Tolkien's fiction">Time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trees_in_Middle-earth" title="Trees in Middle-earth">Trees</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Literary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tolkien's impact on fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Influences_on_Tolkien" title="Influences on Tolkien">Influences</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beowulf_and_Middle-earth" title="Beowulf and Middle-earth"><i>Beowulf</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_influences_on_Tolkien" title="Celtic influences on Tolkien">Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien_and_the_classical_world" title="Tolkien and the classical world">Classical world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_influences_on_Tolkien" title="Finnish influences on Tolkien">Finnish language and literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien_and_the_medieval" title="Tolkien and the medieval">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_modern_sources" title="Tolkien's modern sources">Modern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien_and_the_Norse" title="Tolkien and the Norse">Norse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philology_and_Middle-earth" title="Philology and Middle-earth">Philology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakespeare%27s_influence_on_Tolkien" title="Shakespeare's influence on Tolkien">Shakespeare</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_prose_style" title="Tolkien's prose style">Prose style</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_ambiguity" title="Tolkien's ambiguity">Ambiguity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_mythology_for_England" title="A mythology for England">A mythology for England</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Atlas_of_Middle-earth" title="The Atlas of Middle-earth">The Atlas of Middle-earth</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Journeys_of_Frodo" title="Journeys of Frodo">Journeys of Frodo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Map_of_Middle-earth" title="A Map of Middle-earth">A Map of Middle-earth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Adaptations,<br />legacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Illustrating_Middle-earth" title="Illustrating Middle-earth">Artists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pauline_Baynes" title="Pauline Baynes">Pauline Baynes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cor_Blok" title="Cor Blok">Cor Blok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anke_Ei%C3%9Fmann" title="Anke Eißmann">Anke Eißmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brothers_Hildebrandt" title="Brothers Hildebrandt">Brothers Hildebrandt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jenny_Dolfen" title="Jenny Dolfen">Jenny Dolfen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Fairburn" title="Mary Fairburn">Mary Fairburn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donato_Giancola" title="Donato Giancola">Donato Giancola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Howe_(illustrator)" title="John Howe (illustrator)">John Howe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tove_Jansson" title="Tove Jansson">Tove Jansson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Korotich" title="Alexander Korotich">Alexander Korotich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Lee_(illustrator)" title="Alan Lee (illustrator)">Alan Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Loback" title="Tom Loback">Tom Loback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margrethe_II" title="Margrethe II">Margrethe II of Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ted_Nasmith" title="Ted Nasmith">Ted Nasmith</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Composers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bo_Hansson" title="Bo Hansson">Bo Hansson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johan_de_Meij" title="Johan de Meij">Johan de Meij</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._1_The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="Symphony No. 1 The Lord of the Rings">Symphony No. 1 <i>The Lord of the Rings</i></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Shore" title="Howard Shore">Howard Shore</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_The_Lord_of_the_Rings_film_series" title="Music of The Lord of the Rings film series">Music of <i>The Lord of the Rings</i> film series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_The_Hobbit_film_series" title="Music of The Hobbit film series">Music of <i>The Hobbit</i> film series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_The_Lord_of_the_Rings:_The_Rings_of_Power" title="Music of The Lord of the Rings: The Rings of Power">Music of <i>The Rings of Power</i> TV series</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blind_Guardian" title="Blind Guardian">Blind Guardian</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Nightfall_in_Middle-Earth" title="Nightfall in Middle-Earth">Nightfall in Middle-Earth</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Settings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Swann" title="Donald Swann">Donald Swann</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Road_Goes_Ever_On" title="The Road Goes Ever On">The Road Goes Ever On</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Poems_and_Songs_of_Middle_Earth" title="Poems and Songs of Middle Earth">Poems and Songs of Middle Earth</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Tolkien_Ensemble" title="The Tolkien Ensemble">The Tolkien Ensemble</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/An_Evening_in_Rivendell" title="An Evening in Rivendell">An Evening in Rivendell</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Night_in_Rivendell" title="A Night in Rivendell">A Night in Rivendell</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/At_Dawn_in_Rivendell" title="At Dawn in Rivendell">At Dawn in Rivendell</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Leaving_Rivendell" title="Leaving Rivendell">Leaving Rivendell</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_Tolkien%27s_Middle-earth_writings" title="Impact of Tolkien's Middle-earth writings">Impact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle-earth_Enterprises" title="Middle-earth Enterprises">Middle-earth Enterprises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Works_inspired_by_Tolkien" title="Works inspired by Tolkien">Works inspired by Tolkien</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien_fan_fiction" title="Tolkien fan fiction">Fan fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle-earth_in_motion_pictures" title="Middle-earth in motion pictures">Film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien_Calendars" title="Tolkien Calendars">Calendars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle-earth_in_video_games" title="Middle-earth in video games">Video games</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_things_named_after_J._R._R._Tolkien_and_his_works" title="List of things named after J. R. R. Tolkien and his works">Things named after Tolkien and his works</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Literary_reception_of_The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="Literary reception of The Lord of the Rings">Literary<br />criticism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Complete_Guide_to_Middle-earth" title="The Complete Guide to Middle-earth">The Complete Guide to Middle-earth</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Companion_to_J._R._R._Tolkien" title="A Companion to J. R. R. Tolkien">A Companion to J. R. R. Tolkien</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Interrupted_Music" title="Interrupted Music">Interrupted Music</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Master_of_Middle-Earth" title="Master of Middle-Earth">Master of Middle-Earth</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Picturing_Tolkien" title="Picturing Tolkien">Picturing Tolkien</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Question_of_Time_(book)" title="A Question of Time (book)">A Question of Time</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien:_Author_of_the_Century" title="J. R. R. Tolkien: Author of the Century">J. R. R. Tolkien: Author of the Century</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_J._R._R._Tolkien_Companion_and_Guide" title="The J. R. R. Tolkien Companion and Guide">The J. R. R. Tolkien Companion and Guide</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien_Encyclopedia" title="J. R. R. Tolkien Encyclopedia">J. R. R. Tolkien Encyclopedia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings:_A_Reader%27s_Companion" title="The Lord of the Rings: A Reader's Companion">The Lord of the Rings: A Reader's Companion</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Perilous_Realms" title="Perilous Realms">Perilous Realms</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Road_to_Middle-Earth" title="The Road to Middle-Earth">The Road to Middle-Earth</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Splintered_Light" title="Splintered Light">Splintered Light</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tolkien_and_the_Invention_of_Myth" title="Tolkien and the Invention of Myth">Tolkien and the Invention of Myth</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_Art:_%27A_Mythology_for_England%27" title="Tolkien's Art: 'A Mythology for England'">Tolkien's Art: 'A Mythology for England'</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tolkien:_A_Look_Behind_The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="Tolkien: A Look Behind The Lord of the Rings">Tolkien: A Look Behind The Lord of the Rings</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Tolkien_Compass" title="A Tolkien Compass">A Tolkien Compass</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tolkien:_Maker_of_Middle-earth" title="Tolkien: Maker of Middle-earth">Tolkien: Maker of Middle-earth</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tolkien,_Race_and_Cultural_History" title="Tolkien, Race and Cultural History">Tolkien, Race and Cultural History</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_Legendarium:_Essays_on_The_History_of_Middle-earth" title="Tolkien's Legendarium: Essays on The History of Middle-earth">Tolkien's Legendarium</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tolkien_and_the_Great_War" title="Tolkien and the Great War">Tolkien and the Great War</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Worlds_of_J._R._R._Tolkien" title="The Worlds of J. R. R. Tolkien">The Worlds of J. R. R. Tolkien</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Ring_of_Words:_Tolkien_and_the_Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="The Ring of Words: Tolkien and the Oxford English Dictionary">The Ring of Words: Tolkien and the Oxford English Dictionary</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tolkien%27s_impact_on_fantasy&oldid=1242193492">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tolkien%27s_impact_on_fantasy&oldid=1242193492</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fantasy" title="Category:Fantasy">Fantasy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:J._R._R._Tolkien" title="Category:J. 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