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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Position_among_the_world's_language_families"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Position among the world's language families </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Position_among_the_world's_language_families-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_features" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_features"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Notable features </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_features-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phonology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phonology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Phonology </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Phonology subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Eskimoan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eskimoan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Eskimoan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eskimoan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Vowels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vowels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.1 Vowels </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vowels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Consonants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consonants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.2 Consonants </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consonants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aleut" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aleut"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Aleut </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aleut-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Vowels_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vowels_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.1 Vowels </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vowels_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Consonants_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consonants_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.2 Consonants </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consonants_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Morphology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Morphology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Morphology </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Morphology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Morphology subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Morphology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Language_type" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language_type"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Language type </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language_type-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Polysynthetic_language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Polysynthetic_language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1.1 Polysynthetic language </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Polysynthetic_language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Morphosyntactic_alignment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Morphosyntactic_alignment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1.2 Morphosyntactic alignment </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Morphosyntactic_alignment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Syntax" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Syntax"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Syntax </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Syntax-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vocabulary_comparison" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vocabulary_comparison"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Vocabulary comparison </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vocabulary_comparison-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Eskaleut languages</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 90 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-90" aria-hidden="true" > 90 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE-%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%83%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%B1%D0%B7%D1%8D%D1%85%D1%8D%D1%80" title="Эскимо-алеутыбзэхэр – Kabardian" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Эскимо-алеутыбзэхэр" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="Kabardian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгэбзэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eskimo-Aleoetiese_tale" title="Eskimo-Aleoetiese tale – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Eskimo-Aleoetiese tale" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%88_%D8%A3%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="اللغات الإسكيمو أليوطية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="اللغات الإسكيمو أليوطية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luengas_esquimalaleutianas" title="Luengas esquimalaleutianas – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Luengas esquimalaleutianas" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lling%C3%BCes_esquimo-aleutianes" title="Llingües esquimo-aleutianes – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Llingües esquimo-aleutianes" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eskimos-aleut_dill%C9%99ri" title="Eskimos-aleut dilləri – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Eskimos-aleut dilləri" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%85%D9%88-%D8%A2%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AA_%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%84%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="اسکیمو-آلوت دیللری – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="اسکیمو-آلوت دیللری" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%9F_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE" title="এস্কালেউট ভাষা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="এস্কালেউট ভাষা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0-%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%83%D1%86%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B" title="Эскімоска-алеуцкія мовы – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Эскімоска-алеуцкія мовы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0-%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%83%D1%86%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B" title="Эскімоска-алеуцкія мовы – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Эскімоска-алеуцкія мовы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE-%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%83%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Ескимоско-алеутски езици – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Ескимоско-алеутски езици" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yezho%C3%B9_eskimoek-aleutek" title="Yezhoù eskimoek-aleutek – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Yezhoù eskimoek-aleutek" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lleng%C3%BCes_esquimoaleutianes" title="Llengües esquimoaleutianes – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Llengües esquimoaleutianes" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81-%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%83%D1%82_%D1%87%C4%95%D0%BB%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Эскимос-алеут чĕлхисем – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Эскимос-алеут чĕлхисем" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eskym%C3%A1cko-aleutsk%C3%A9_jazyky" title="Eskymácko-aleutské jazyky – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Eskymácko-aleutské jazyky" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eskimoisk-aleutiske_sprog" title="Eskimoisk-aleutiske sprog – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Eskimoisk-aleutiske sprog" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eskimo-aleuhtala%C5%A1_gielat" title="Eskimo-aleuhtalaš gielat – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Eskimo-aleuhtalaš gielat" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Davvisámegiella</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eskimo-aleutische_Sprachen" title="Eskimo-aleutische Sprachen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Eskimo-aleutische Sprachen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eskimo-aleuudi_keeled" title="Eskimo-aleuudi keeled – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Eskimo-aleuudi keeled" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CF%83%CE%BA%CE%B9%CE%BC%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AD%CF%82_%CE%B3%CE%BB%CF%8E%CF%83%CF%83%CE%B5%CF%82" title="Εσκιμολεουτικές γλώσσες – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Εσκιμολεουτικές γλώσσες" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenguas_esquimo-aleutianas" title="Lenguas esquimo-aleutianas – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Lenguas esquimo-aleutianas" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eskim-aleuta_lingvaro" title="Eskim-aleuta lingvaro – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Eskim-aleuta lingvaro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eskimo-aleut_hizkuntzak" title="Eskimo-aleut hizkuntzak – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Eskimo-aleut hizkuntzak" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D8%B3%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%85%D9%88-%D8%A2%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%AA" title="زبان‌های اسکیمو-آلیوت – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زبان‌های اسکیمو-آلیوت" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langues_eskimo-al%C3%A9outes" title="Langues eskimo-aléoutes – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Langues eskimo-aléoutes" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eskimo-Aleoetyske_talen" title="Eskimo-Aleoetyske talen – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Eskimo-Aleoetyske talen" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teangacha_Eiscimea-Aili%C3%BAtacha" title="Teangacha Eiscimea-Ailiútacha – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Teangacha Eiscimea-Ailiútacha" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eskimos-aleut_dilleri" title="Eskimos-aleut dilleri – Gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Eskimos-aleut dilleri" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="Gagauz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagauz</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguas_esquim%C3%B3-aleutianas" title="Linguas esquimó-aleutianas – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Linguas esquimó-aleutianas" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%97%90%EC%8A%A4%ED%82%A4%EB%AA%A8%EC%95%8C%EB%A5%98%ED%8A%B8%EC%96%B4%EC%A1%B1" title="에스키모알류트어족 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="에스키모알류트어족" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B-%E0%A4%90%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%81" title="एस्किमो-ऐलियूत भाषाएँ – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="एस्किमो-ऐलियूत भाषाएँ" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eskimsko-aleutski_jezici" title="Eskimsko-aleutski jezici – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Eskimsko-aleutski jezici" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eskimo-Aleuta_linguaro" title="Eskimo-Aleuta linguaro – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Eskimo-Aleuta linguaro" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumpun_bahasa_Eskimo%E2%80%93Aleut" title="Rumpun bahasa Eskimo–Aleut – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Rumpun bahasa Eskimo–Aleut" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://iu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%91%B2%E1%93%87%E1%91%95%E1%92%A5_%E1%90%83%E1%93%84%E1%90%83%E1%91%A6_%E1%90%85%E1%96%83%E1%90%85%E1%93%AF%E1%96%8F%E1%91%A6" title="ᑲᓇᑕᒥ ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᐅᖃᐅᓯᖏᑦ – Inuktitut" lang="iu" hreflang="iu" data-title="ᑲᓇᑕᒥ ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᐅᖃᐅᓯᖏᑦ" data-language-autonym="ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut" data-language-local-name="Inuktitut" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ik mw-list-item"><a href="https://ik.wikipedia.org/wiki/Una%C5%8Bat_suli_I%C3%B1uit_uqautchi%C5%8Bat" title="Unaŋat suli Iñuit uqautchiŋat – Inupiaq" lang="ik" hreflang="ik" data-title="Unaŋat suli Iñuit uqautchiŋat" data-language-autonym="Iñupiatun" data-language-local-name="Inupiaq" class="interlanguage-link-target">Iñupiatun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eskim%C3%B3-ale%C3%BAt%C3%ADsk_tungum%C3%A1l" title="Eskimó-aleútísk tungumál – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Eskimó-aleútísk tungumál" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingue_eschimo-aleutine" title="Lingue eschimo-aleutine – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingue eschimo-aleutine" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%8E%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%8B-%E0%B2%85%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B3%82%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%AD%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B7%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%B3%E0%B3%81" title="ಎಸ್ಕಿಮೋ-ಅಲ್ಯೂಟ್ ಭಾಷೆಗಳು – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಎಸ್ಕಿಮೋ-ಅಲ್ಯೂಟ್ ಭಾಷೆಗಳು" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%99%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0-%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="ესკიმოსურ-ალეუტური ენები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ესკიმოსურ-ალეუტური ენები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81_%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%96" title="Эскимос тілі – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Эскимос тілі" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lugha_za_Kieskimo-Kialeuti" title="Lugha za Kieskimo-Kialeuti – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Lugha za Kieskimo-Kialeuti" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81-%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%83%D1%82_%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Эскимос-алеут тилдери – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Эскимос-алеут тилдери" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81-%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%83%D1%82_%D0%B9%D3%B9%D0%BB%D0%BC%D3%B9%D0%B2%D0%BB%D3%93" title="Эскимос-алеут йӹлмӹвлӓ – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Эскимос-алеут йӹлмӹвлӓ" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кырык мары</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81-%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%83%D1%82_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%80%D1%83" title="Эскимос-алеут мазру – Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="Эскимос-алеут мазру" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лакку</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguae_Escimaeo-Aleut" title="Linguae Escimaeo-Aleut – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Linguae Escimaeo-Aleut" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eskimosu%E2%80%94aleutu_valodas" title="Eskimosu—aleutu valodas – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Eskimosu—aleutu valodas" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81-%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%83%D1%82_%D1%87%D3%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Эскимос-алеут чӀалар – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Эскимос-алеут чӀалар" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лезги</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eskim%C5%B3-aleut%C5%B3_kalbos" title="Eskimų-aleutų kalbos – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Eskimų-aleutų kalbos" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguas_inuit-aleut" title="Linguas inuit-aleut – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Linguas inuit-aleut" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eskimo-Aleuttilazet_kielet" title="Eskimo-Aleuttilazet kielet – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Eskimo-Aleuttilazet kielet" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eszkim%C3%B3-aleut_nyelvcsal%C3%A1d" title="Eszkimó-aleut nyelvcsalád – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Eszkimó-aleut nyelvcsalád" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE-%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%83%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Ескимско-алеутски јазици – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Ескимско-алеутски јазици" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiteny_eskim%C3%B4-aleota" title="Fiteny eskimô-aleota – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fiteny eskimô-aleota" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%99%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0-%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98" title="ესკიმოსურ-ალეუტური ნინეფი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ესკიმოსურ-ალეუტური ნინეფი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa-bahasa_Eskimo-Aleut" title="Bahasa-bahasa Eskimo-Aleut – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bahasa-bahasa Eskimo-Aleut" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE-%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%83%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%BA%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%85%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Эскимо-Алеутонь кяльхне – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Эскимо-Алеутонь кяльхне" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Мокшень</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eskimo-Aleoetische_talen" title="Eskimo-Aleoetische talen – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Eskimo-Aleoetische talen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B-%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%83" title="इस्किमो-अलियुट भाषातः – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="इस्किमो-अलियुट भाषातः" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A8%E3%82%B9%E3%82%AD%E3%83%A2%E3%83%BC%E3%83%BB%E3%82%A2%E3%83%AC%E3%82%A6%E3%83%88%E8%AA%9E%E6%97%8F" title="エスキモー・アレウト語族 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="エスキモー・アレウト語族" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eskimo-Aleutisk_spriaken" title="Eskimo-Aleutisk spriaken – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Eskimo-Aleutisk spriaken" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eskimoisk-aleutiske_spr%C3%A5k" title="Eskimoisk-aleutiske språk – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Eskimoisk-aleutiske språk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eskimoisk-aleutiske_spr%C3%A5k" title="Eskimoisk-aleutiske språk – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Eskimoisk-aleutiske språk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengas_esquimaudas-al%C3%A8utas" title="Lengas esquimaudas-alèutas – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Lengas esquimaudas-alèutas" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%90%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%8B-%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%8A%E0%A8%9F_%E0%A8%AD%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82" title="ਐਸਕੀਮੋ-ਅਲਿਊਟ ਭਾਸ਼ਾਵਾਂ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਐਸਕੀਮੋ-ਅਲਿਊਟ ਭਾਸ਼ਾਵਾਂ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-koi mw-list-item"><a href="https://koi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81-%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%83%D1%82_%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%B2%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B7" title="Эскимос-алеут кыввез – Komi-Permyak" lang="koi" hreflang="koi" data-title="Эскимос-алеут кыввез" data-language-autonym="Перем коми" data-language-local-name="Komi-Permyak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Перем коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenghe_eskimo-aleutin-e" title="Lenghe eskimo-aleutin-e – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Lenghe eskimo-aleutin-e" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyki_eskimo-aleuckie" title="Języki eskimo-aleuckie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Języki eskimo-aleuckie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADnguas_esquim%C3%B3-ale%C3%BAtes" title="Línguas esquimó-aleútes – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Línguas esquimó-aleútes" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limbi_eschimo-aleute" title="Limbi eschimo-aleute – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Limbi eschimo-aleute" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eskimo_aleut_rimaykuna" title="Eskimo aleut rimaykuna – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Eskimo aleut rimaykuna" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE-%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%83%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Эскимосско-алеутские языки – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Эскимосско-алеутские языки" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eskim%C3%A1cko-aleutsk%C3%A9_jazyky" title="Eskimácko-aleutské jazyky – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Eskimácko-aleutské jazyky" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE-%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%83%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Ескимско-алеутски језици – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Ескимско-алеутски језици" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eskimsko-aleutski_jezici" title="Eskimsko-aleutski jezici – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Eskimsko-aleutski jezici" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eskimo-aleuttilaiset_kielet" title="Eskimo-aleuttilaiset kielet – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Eskimo-aleuttilaiset kielet" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eskim%C3%A5isk-aleutiska_spr%C3%A5k" title="Eskimåisk-aleutiska språk – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Eskimåisk-aleutiska språk" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8B_-_%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D" title="எசுக்கிமோ - அலெயுத் மொழிகள் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="எசுக்கிமோ - அலெயுத் மொழிகள்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81-%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%83%D1%82_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB%D3%99%D1%80%D0%B5" title="Эскимос-алеут телләре – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Эскимос-алеут телләре" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A1%E2%80%93%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C" title="ตระกูลภาษาเอสกิโม–อะลิวต์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ตระกูลภาษาเอสกิโม–อะลิวต์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eskimo_-_Aleut_dilleri" title="Eskimo - Aleut dilleri – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Eskimo - Aleut dilleri" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81-%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%83%D1%82_%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%8A%D1%91%D1%81" title="Эскимос-алеут кылъёс – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Эскимос-алеут кылъёс" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Удмурт</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE-%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%83%D1%82%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8" title="Ескімосько-алеутські мови – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ескімосько-алеутські мови" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%85%D9%88%DB%94%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%AA_%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%BA" title="اسکیمو۔الیوت زبانیں – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="اسکیمو۔الیوت زبانیں" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%81%C3%A9ngoe_eschimo-a%C5%82eutine" title="Łéngoe eschimo-ałeutine – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Łéngoe eschimo-ałeutine" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%E1%BB%AF_h%E1%BB%87_Eskimo-Aleut" title="Ngữ hệ Eskimo-Aleut – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Ngữ hệ Eskimo-Aleut" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%88%B1%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA%E6%91%A9%EF%BC%8D%E9%98%BF%E7%95%99%E7%94%B3%E8%AF%AD%E7%B3%BB" title="爱斯基摩－阿留申语系 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="爱斯基摩－阿留申语系" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%84%9B%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA%E6%91%A9%EF%BC%8D%E9%98%BF%E7%95%99%E7%94%B3%E8%AA%9E%E7%B3%BB" title="愛斯基摩－阿留申語系 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="愛斯基摩－阿留申語系" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eskimo-Aleoetische_taelen" title="Eskimo-Aleoetische taelen – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Eskimo-Aleoetische taelen" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zeêuws</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%88%B1%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA%E6%91%A9-%E9%98%BF%E7%95%99%E7%94%B3%E8%AF%AD%E7%B3%BB" title="爱斯基摩-阿留申语系 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="爱斯基摩-阿留申语系" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="width:22em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color: lightcyan;">Eskaleut</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: lightcyan;">Eskimo–Aleut Inuit–Yupik–Unangan</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Geographic distribution</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Territories" title="Northwest Territories">Northwest Territories</a> (<a href="/wiki/Inuvialuit_Settlement_Region" title="Inuvialuit Settlement Region">Inuvialuit Settlement Region</a>), <a href="/wiki/Nunavut" title="Nunavut">Nunavut</a>, northern <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nunavik" title="Nunavik">Nunavik</a>), northern <a href="/wiki/Labrador" title="Labrador">Labrador</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nunatsiavut" title="Nunatsiavut">Nunatsiavut</a>), <a href="/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</a>, far eastern <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chukchi_Peninsula" title="Chukchi Peninsula">Chukotka Peninsula</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Linguistic classification</a></th><td class="infobox-data">One of the world's primary <a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">language families</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Proto-language</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Proto-Eskaleut_language" title="Proto-Eskaleut language">Proto-Eskaleut</a></td></tr><tr class="plainlist"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Subdivisions</th><td class="infobox-data"> <ul><li>Eskimoan (<a href="/wiki/Inuit_languages" title="Inuit languages">Inuit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yupik_languages" title="Yupik languages">Yupik</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleut_language" title="Aleut language">Aleut</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: lightcyan;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-5" title="ISO 639-5">ISO 639-5</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><samp><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/esx" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:esx">esx</a></code></samp></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><samp><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/eski1264">eski1264</a></code></samp></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Eskimo%E2%80%93Aleut_-01.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Eskimo%E2%80%93Aleut_-01.svg/300px-Eskimo%E2%80%93Aleut_-01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Eskimo%E2%80%93Aleut_-01.svg/450px-Eskimo%E2%80%93Aleut_-01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Eskimo%E2%80%93Aleut_-01.svg/600px-Eskimo%E2%80%93Aleut_-01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="264" /></a><div style="text-align:left;">Eskaleut languages are spoken in Russia, Alaska, Canada and Greenland</div></td></tr></tbody></table> The Eskaleut (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ɛˈskæliuːt/</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">e-SKAL-ee-oot</a>), Eskimo–Aleut or Inuit–Yupik–Unangan<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> languages are a <a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">language family</a> native to the northern portions of the North American continent, and a small part of northeastern Asia. Languages in the family are indigenous to parts of what are now the United States (<a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a>); Canada (<a href="/wiki/Inuit_Nunangat" title="Inuit Nunangat">Inuit Nunangat</a>) including <a href="/wiki/Nunavut" title="Nunavut">Nunavut</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Territories" title="Northwest Territories">Northwest Territories</a> (principally in the <a href="/wiki/Inuvialuit_Settlement_Region" title="Inuvialuit Settlement Region">Inuvialuit Settlement Region</a>), <a href="/wiki/Northern_Quebec" title="Northern Quebec">northern Quebec</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nunavik" title="Nunavik">Nunavik</a>), and northern <a href="/wiki/Labrador" title="Labrador">Labrador</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nunatsiavut" title="Nunatsiavut">Nunatsiavut</a>); <a href="/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</a>; and the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Far_East" title="Russian Far East">Russian Far East</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chukchi_Peninsula" title="Chukchi Peninsula">Chukchi Peninsula</a>). The language family is also known as Eskaleutian, or Eskaleutic.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> The Eskaleut language family is divided into two branches: <a href="/wiki/Proto-Eskimoan_language" title="Proto-Eskimoan language">Eskimoan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aleut_language" title="Aleut language">Aleut</a>. The Aleut branch consists of a single language, Aleut, spoken in the <a href="/wiki/Aleutian_Islands" title="Aleutian Islands">Aleutian Islands</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Pribilof_Islands" title="Pribilof Islands">Pribilof Islands</a>. Aleut is divided into several <a href="/wiki/Dialect" title="Dialect">dialects</a>. The Eskimoan languages are divided into two branches: the <a href="/wiki/Yupik_languages" title="Yupik languages">Yupik languages</a>, spoken in western and southwestern Alaska and in Chukotka, and the <a href="/wiki/Inuit_languages" title="Inuit languages">Inuit languages</a>, spoken in northern Alaska, Canada and Greenland. Inuit languages, which cover a huge range of territory, are divided into several varieties. Neighbouring varieties are <a href="/wiki/Dialect_continuum" title="Dialect continuum">quite similar</a>, although those at the farthest distances from the centre in the <a href="/wiki/Diomede_Islands" title="Diomede Islands">Diomede Islands</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tunu" title="Tunu">East Greenland</a> are quite divergent.<a href="#cite_note-ANLC1-3">[3]</a> The proper place of one language, <a href="/wiki/Sirenik_language" title="Sirenik language">Sirenik</a>, within the Eskimoan family has not been settled. While some linguists list it as a branch of Yupik,<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> others list it as a separate branch of the Eskimoan family, alongside the Yupik and Inuit languages.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Eskaleut_languages&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Alaska_Native_Language_Center" title="Alaska Native Language Center">Alaska Native Language Center</a> believes that the common ancestral language of the Eskimoan languages and of Aleut divided into the Eskimoan and Aleut branches at least 4,000 years ago.<a href="#cite_note-ANLC1-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-ANLC2-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> The Eskimoan language family split into the Yupik and Inuit branches around 1,000 years ago.<a href="#cite_note-ANLC2-6">[6]</a> More recent classifications find a third branch, <a href="/wiki/Old_Sirenik" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Sirenik">Old Sirenik</a>.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> The Eskaleut languages are among the <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous languages of the Americas">native languages of the Americas</a>. This is a geographical category, not a <a href="/wiki/Genetic_relationship_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic relationship (linguistics)">genealogical</a> one. The Eskaleut languages are not demonstrably related to the other language families of North America<a href="#cite_note-ANLC2-6">[6]</a> and are believed to represent <a href="/wiki/Thule_people" title="Thule people">a separate, and the last, prehistoric migration of people from Asia</a>. <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Vovin" title="Alexander Vovin">Alexander Vovin</a> (2015)<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> notes that northern <a href="/wiki/Tungusic_languages" title="Tungusic languages">Tungusic languages</a>, which are spoken in eastern <a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a> and northeastern China, have Eskaleut loanwords that are not found in Southern Tungusic, implying that Eskaleut was once much more widely spoken in eastern Siberia. Vovin (2015) estimates that the Eskaleut loanwords in Northern Tungusic had been borrowed no more than 2,000 years ago, which was when Tungusic was spreading northwards from its homeland in the middle reaches of the <a href="/wiki/Amur_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Amur River">Amur River</a>. Vovin (2015) concludes that the homeland (<a href="/wiki/Urheimat" class="mw-redirect" title="Urheimat">Urheimat</a>) of Proto-Eskaleut was in Siberia rather than in Alaska. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Internal_classification">Internal classification</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Eskaleut_languages&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Internal classification">edit</a>]</div> <div class="clade"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1258728058">body.skin-vector-2022 .mw-parser-output div.clade,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade{overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade p{font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade{border-spacing:0;margin:0;font-size:100%;line-height:100%;border-collapse:separate;width:auto}.mw-parser-output table.clade table.clade{width:100%;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label{min-width:0.2em;width:0.2em;padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:bottom;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label::before,.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel::before{content:"\2060 "}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width{overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.first{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel{padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:top;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.last{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar{vertical-align:middle;text-align:left;padding:0 0.5em;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar.reverse{text-align:right;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf{border:0;padding:0;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leafR{border:0;padding:0;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf.reverse{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkA{background-color:yellow}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkB{background-color:green}</style> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">Eskaleut  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Aleut_language" title="Aleut language">Aleut</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> Eskimoan  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Sirenik_language" title="Sirenik language">Sirenik</a> <abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> <a href="/wiki/Yupik_languages" title="Yupik languages">Yupik</a>  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Alutiiq_language" title="Alutiiq language">Alutiiq</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Central_Alaskan_Yup%CA%BCik" title="Central Alaskan Yupʼik">Central Alaskan Yupʼik</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Naukan_Yupik_language" title="Naukan Yupik language">Naukan</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Central_Siberian_Yupik" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Siberian Yupik">Central Siberian Yupik</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> <a href="/wiki/Inuit_languages" title="Inuit languages">Inuit</a>  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/I%C3%B1upiaq_language" title="Iñupiaq language">Iñupiaq</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Inuvialuktun" title="Inuvialuktun">Inuvialuktun</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Inuktitut" title="Inuktitut">Inuktitut</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Greenlandic_language" title="Greenlandic language">Greenlandic</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1116488514">.mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Treeview-grey-line.png")no-repeat 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px}</style><div class="treeview"> <ul><li>Eskaleut <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aleut_language" title="Aleut language">Aleut</a> (Unangam Tunuu) (40–80 speakers) <ul><li>Western–Central dialects: <a href="/wiki/Aleut_language#Dialects" title="Aleut language">Atkan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aleut_language#Dialects" title="Aleut language">Attuan</a> <abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr> (1997), <a href="/wiki/Aleut_language#Dialects" title="Aleut language">Bering</a> <abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr> (2021), <a href="/wiki/Aleut_language#Dialects" title="Aleut language">Unangan</a></li> <li>Eastern dialects: <a href="/wiki/Aleut_language#Dialects" title="Aleut language">Unalaskan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aleut_language#Dialects" title="Aleut language">Pribilof</a></li></ul></li> <li>Eskimoan <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sirenik_language" title="Sirenik language">Sirenik</a> (Uqeghllistun) <abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yupik_languages" title="Yupik languages">Yupik</a> or Western Eskimoan <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alutiiq_language" title="Alutiiq language">Alutiiq</a> or Pacific Gulf Yupik (ca. 80 speakers) <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Koniag_Alutiiq&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Koniag Alutiiq (page does not exist)">Koniag Alutiiq</a> (Alutiit’stun)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chugach" title="Chugach">Chugach Alutiiq</a> (Sugt’stun)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Alaskan_Yup%27ik_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Alaskan Yup'ik language">Central Alaskan Yup'ik</a> (5,000 speakers ±50%) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Alaskan_Yup%27ik_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Alaskan Yup'ik language">General Central Alaskan Yup'ik</a> (Yugtun)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chevak_Cup%EA%9E%8Cik_dialect" title="Chevak Cupꞌik dialect">Chevak Cupꞌik (Cugtun)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nunivak_Cup%CA%BCig_language" title="Nunivak Cupʼig language">Nunivak Cupʼig (Cugtun)</a> (5–25 speakers)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naukan_Yupik_language" title="Naukan Yupik language">Naukan</a> (Nuvuqaghmiistun) (70 speakers)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Siberian_Yupik_language" title="Central Siberian Yupik language">Central Siberian Yupik</a> (Yuit/Yupigestun) ("Yuit" in Russia, "Yupigestun" in Alaska; Chaplino and <a href="/wiki/St._Lawrence_Island" title="St. Lawrence Island">St. Lawrence Island</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chaplino_dialect" title="Chaplino dialect">Chaplino (Chaplinski) Yupik</a> (Ungazighmiistun) (ca. 200 speakers)</li> <li>St. Lawrence Island Yupik (Sivuqaghmiistun) (400–750 speakers)</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inuit_languages" title="Inuit languages">Inuit</a> or Eastern Eskimoan (ca. 100,000 speakers) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/I%C3%B1upiaq_language" title="Iñupiaq language">Iñupiaq</a> or Inupiat (northern Alaska, 5,000 speakers ±50%) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/I%C3%B1upiaq_language" title="Iñupiaq language">Qawiaraq</a> or <a href="/wiki/Seward_Peninsula" title="Seward Peninsula">Seward Peninsula</a> Inupiaq</li> <li><a href="/wiki/I%C3%B1upiaq_language" title="Iñupiaq language">Inupiatun/Iñupiatun</a> or Northern Alaska Inupiaq (including <a href="/wiki/Uummarmiutun" title="Uummarmiutun">Uummarmiutun</a> (<a href="/wiki/Aklavik" title="Aklavik">Aklavik</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inuvik" title="Inuvik">Inuvik</a>))</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inuvialuktun" title="Inuvialuktun">Inuvialuktun</a> (western Canada; 1,020 speakers, 2016 census) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siglitun" class="mw-redirect" title="Siglitun">Siglitun</a> (<a href="/wiki/Paulatuk" title="Paulatuk">Paulatuk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sachs_Harbour" title="Sachs Harbour">Sachs Harbour</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tuktoyaktuk" title="Tuktoyaktuk">Tuktoyaktuk</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inuinnaqtun" title="Inuinnaqtun">Inuinnaqtun</a> (in <a href="/wiki/Ulukhaktok" title="Ulukhaktok">Ulukhaktok</a> also known as <a href="/wiki/Kangiryuarmiutun" title="Kangiryuarmiutun">Kangiryuarmiutun</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natsilingmiutut" title="Natsilingmiutut">Natsilingmiutut</a> (<a href="/wiki/Netsilik" title="Netsilik">Netsilik</a> area, <a href="/wiki/Nunavut" title="Nunavut">Nunavut</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inuktitut" title="Inuktitut">Inuktitut</a> (eastern Canada; 36,000 speakers, 2016 census) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inuttitut" title="Inuttitut">Inuttitut</a> or Nunatsiavummiutut (<a href="/wiki/Nunatsiavut" title="Nunatsiavut">Nunatsiavut</a>, 550 speakers)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inuktitut#Nunavik" title="Inuktitut">Nunavimmiutitut</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nunavik" title="Nunavik">Nunavik</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inuktitut#Nunavut" title="Inuktitut">Qikiqtaaluk nigiani</a> (South Baffin)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Baffin_dialect" title="North Baffin dialect">Qikiqtaaluk uannangani</a> or Iglulingmiut (North Baffin)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aivilingmiutut" title="Aivilingmiutut">Aivilingmiutut</a> (east-central Nunavut)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kivalliq_dialect" title="Kivalliq dialect">Kivallirmiutut</a> (Southeast Nunavut)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inuktun" title="Inuktun">Inuktun</a> or Avanersuaq (Polar Eskimo, Greenland, 800 speakers)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenlandic_language" title="Greenlandic language">Greenlandic</a> (Greenland: 50,000 speakers Greenland, 7,000 Denmark) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/West_Greenlandic" title="West Greenlandic">Kalaallisut</a> (West Greenlandic, 44,000 speakers)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunumiit_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Tunumiit dialect">Tunumiisut</a> (East Greenlandic, 3,000 speakers)</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Position_among_the_world's_language_families">Position among the world's language families</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Eskaleut_languages&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Position among the world's language families">edit</a>]</div> Eskaleut does not have any <a href="/wiki/Genetic_relationship_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic relationship (linguistics)">genetic relationship</a> to any of the world's other language families, this being generally accepted by linguists at the present time. There is general agreement that it is not closely related to the other language families of North America. The more credible proposals on the external relations of Eskaleut all concern one or more of the language families of northern <a href="/wiki/Eurasia" title="Eurasia">Eurasia</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Chukotko-Kamchatkan_languages" title="Chukotko-Kamchatkan languages">Chukotko-Kamchatkan</a> just across the <a href="/wiki/Bering_Strait" title="Bering Strait">Bering Strait</a>. One of the first such proposals, the <a href="/wiki/Eskimo%E2%80%93Uralic_languages" title="Eskimo–Uralic languages">Eskimo–Uralic</a> hypothesis, was suggested by the pioneering Danish linguist <a href="/wiki/Rasmus_Rask" title="Rasmus Rask">Rasmus Rask</a> in 1818, upon noticing similarities between <a href="/wiki/Greenlandic_language" title="Greenlandic language">Greenlandic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Finnish_language" title="Finnish language">Finnish</a>. Perhaps the most fully developed proposal to date is <a href="/wiki/Michael_Fortescue" title="Michael Fortescue">Michael Fortescue</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Uralo-Siberian_languages" title="Uralo-Siberian languages">Uralo–Siberian</a> hypothesis, published in 1998 which links Eskaleut languages to <a href="/wiki/Yukaghir_languages" title="Yukaghir languages">Yukaghir</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Uralic_languages" title="Uralic languages">Uralic languages</a>. More recently <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Greenberg" title="Joseph Greenberg">Joseph Greenberg</a> (2000–2002) suggested grouping Eskaleut with all of the language families of northern Eurasia (Indo-European, Uralic, Altaic, Korean, Japanese, Ainu, Nivkh/Gilayak, and Chukchi–Kamchatkan), with the exception of <a href="/wiki/Yeniseian_languages" title="Yeniseian languages">Yeniseian</a>, in a proposed language family called <a href="/wiki/Eurasiatic_languages" title="Eurasiatic languages">Eurasiatic</a>. Such proposals are not generally accepted. Criticisms have been made stating that Greenberg's hypothesis is <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ahistorical&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ahistorical (page does not exist)">ahistorical</a>, meaning that it lacks and sacrifices known historical elements of language in favour of external similarities.<a href="#cite_note-Georg_2005_184–191-10">[10]</a> Although the Eurasiatic hypothesis is generally disregarded by linguists, one critique by <a href="/wiki/Stefan_Georg" title="Stefan Georg">Stefan Georg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Vovin" title="Alexander Vovin">Alexander Vovin</a> stated that they were not willing to disregard the theory immediately although ultimately agreed that Greenberg's conclusion was dubious. Greenberg explicitly states that his developments were based on the previous macro-comparative work done by <a href="/wiki/Vladislav_Illich-Svitych" title="Vladislav Illich-Svitych">Vladislav Illich-Svitych</a> and Bomhard and Kerns.<a href="#cite_note-Georg_2005_184–191-10">[10]</a> By providing evidence of lexical comparison, Greenberg hoped that it would strengthen his hypothesis. Despite all these efforts, the Eurasiatic language theory was overruled on the basis that mass comparison is not accurate enough an approach. In <a href="/wiki/Comparative_linguistics" title="Comparative linguistics">comparative linguistics</a>, the comparative method bases its validity on highly regular changes, not occasional semantic and phonological similarities, which is what the Eurasiatic hypothesis provides. In the 1960s <a href="/wiki/Morris_Swadesh" title="Morris Swadesh">Morris Swadesh</a> suggested a connection with the <a href="/wiki/Wakashan_languages" title="Wakashan languages">Wakashan languages</a>. This was expanded by Jan Henrik Holst (2005).<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_features">Notable features</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Eskaleut_languages&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Notable features">edit</a>]</div> Every word must have only one <a href="/wiki/Root_(linguistics)" title="Root (linguistics)">root</a> (<a href="/wiki/Free_morpheme" class="mw-redirect" title="Free morpheme">free morpheme</a>) always at the beginning.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> Eskaleut languages have a relatively small number of roots: in the case of Central Alaskan Yup'ik, around two thousand.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> Following the root are a number of <a href="/wiki/Postbases" class="mw-redirect" title="Postbases">postbases</a>, which are <a href="/wiki/Bound_morpheme" class="mw-redirect" title="Bound morpheme">bound morphemes</a> that add to the basic meaning of the root. If the meaning of the postbase is to be expressed alone, a special neutral root (in the case of Central Alaskan Yup'ik and Inuktitut pi) is used. The basic word schema is as follows: root-(affixes)-inflection-(enclitic). Below is an example from <a href="/wiki/Central_Siberian_Yupik_language" title="Central Siberian Yupik language">Central Siberian Yupik</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Johns-14">[14]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1209690778">.mw-parser-output .interlinear .bold{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .interlinear .smallcaps{text-transform:uppercase;font-size:smaller}</style><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">angyagh-(gh)lla-ng(e)-yug-tuq-luboat-big-acquire-want.to-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="indicative mood" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">IND</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3S</abbr>-also</div>angyagh-(gh)lla-ng(e)-yug-tuq-luboat-big-acquire-want.to-IND.3S-also‘also, he wants to acquire a big boat’<div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> There are a total of three affixes internal to the word 'angyagh.' The root (or free morpheme) 'angyagh' and the inflection '-tuq' on the right consist of the indicative mood marker plus third person singular. The enclitic –lu ‘also’ follows the inflection.<a href="#cite_note-Johns-14">[14]</a> Following the postbases are <a href="/wiki/Inflectional_suffix" class="mw-redirect" title="Inflectional suffix">non-lexical suffixes</a> that indicate <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_case" title="Grammatical case">case</a> on nouns and <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_person" title="Grammatical person">person</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_mood" title="Grammatical mood">mood</a> on verbs. The number of cases varies, with Aleut languages having a greatly reduced case system compared to Eskimoan. The Eskimoan languages are <a href="/wiki/Ergative%E2%80%93absolutive_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ergative–absolutive language">ergative–absolutive</a> in nouns and in Yup'ik languages, also in verbal person marking. All Eskaleut languages have <a href="/wiki/Polypersonal_agreement" title="Polypersonal agreement">obligatory verbal agreement</a> with agent and patient in <a href="/wiki/Transitivity_(grammatical_category)" class="mw-redirect" title="Transitivity (grammatical category)">transitive</a> clauses, and there are special suffixes used for this purpose in <a href="/wiki/Subordinate_clause" class="mw-redirect" title="Subordinate clause">subordinate clauses</a>, which makes these languages, like most in the North Pacific, highly complement <a href="/wiki/Balancing_and_deranking" title="Balancing and deranking">deranking</a>. At the end of a word there can be one of a small number of <a href="/wiki/Clitic" title="Clitic">clitics</a> with meanings such as "but" or indicating a <a href="/wiki/Yes%E2%80%93no_question" title="Yes–no question">polar question</a>. Phonologically, the Eskaleut languages resemble other language families of northern North America (<a href="/wiki/Na-Dene_languages" title="Na-Dene languages">Na-Dene</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tsimshianic_languages" title="Tsimshianic languages">Tsimshianic</a>) and far-eastern Siberia (<a href="/wiki/Chukotko-Kamchatkan_languages" title="Chukotko-Kamchatkan languages">Chukotko-Kamchatkan</a>). There are usually only three vowels—/a/, /i/, /u/—though some Yup'ik dialects also have /<a href="/wiki/Mid_central_vowel" title="Mid central vowel">ə</a>/. All Eskaleut languages lack both <a href="/wiki/Ejective_consonant" title="Ejective consonant">ejectives</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">aspirates</a>, in which they resemble the Siberian languages more than the North American ones. Eskaleut languages possess <a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiceless</a> <a href="/wiki/Stop_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Stop consonant">plosives</a> at four <a href="/wiki/Place_of_articulation" title="Place of articulation">positions</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bilabial_consonant" title="Bilabial consonant">bilabial</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coronal_consonant" title="Coronal consonant">coronal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">velar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Uvular_consonant" title="Uvular consonant">uvular</a>) in all languages except Aleut, which has lost the bilabial stops (though it has retained the <a href="/wiki/Bilabial_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Bilabial nasal">nasal</a>). There are usually contrasting voiced and voiceless <a href="/wiki/Fricative_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Fricative consonant">fricatives</a> at the same positions, and in the Eskimoan subfamily a <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_lateral_fricative" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar lateral fricative">voiceless alveolar lateral fricative</a> is also present. A rare feature of many dialects of Yup'ik and Aleut is contrasting <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless nasal">voiceless nasals</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phonology">Phonology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Eskaleut_languages&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Phonology">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Cleanup-lang plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section should specify the language of its non-English content, using {{<a href="/wiki/Template:Lang" title="Template:Lang">lang</a>}}, {{<a href="/wiki/Template:Transliteration" title="Template:Transliteration">transliteration</a>}} for transliterated languages, and {{<a href="/wiki/Template:IPA" title="Template:IPA">IPA</a>}} for phonetic transcriptions, with an appropriate <a href="/wiki/Lists_of_ISO_639_codes" title="Lists of ISO 639 codes">ISO 639 code</a>. Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_multilingual_support_templates" title="Category:Wikipedia multilingual support templates">multilingual support templates</a> may also be used. <a href="/wiki/Template:Lang#Rationale" title="Template:Lang">See why</a>. (June 2022)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eskimoan">Eskimoan</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Eskaleut_languages&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Eskimoan">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Proto-Eskaleut_language" title="Proto-Eskaleut language">Proto-Eskaleut language</a></div> The following vowels and consonants were taken from Michael Fortescue et al., 2010.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Vowels">Vowels</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Eskaleut_languages&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Vowels">edit</a>]</div> Eskimoan /<a href="/wiki/Mid_central_vowel" title="Mid central vowel">ə</a>/ corresponds to Aleut /<a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a>/. <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">Front</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Central_vowel" title="Central vowel">Central</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">Back</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Close_vowel" title="Close vowel">Close</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Close_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Close central unrounded vowel">ɨ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Mid_vowel" title="Mid vowel">Mid</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mid_central_vowel" title="Mid central vowel">ə</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Open_vowel" title="Open vowel">Open</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">a</a> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Consonants">Consonants</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Eskaleut_languages&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Consonants">edit</a>]</div> Inuit allows only a single initial consonant and no more than two successive consonants between vowels. Yupik lacks the consonant assimilation process so common to Inuit. Consonants in parentheses are non-Proto-Eskimoan phonemes. <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" rowspan="2"> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Labial_consonant" title="Labial consonant">Labial</a> </th> <th colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">Alveolar</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">Velar</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Uvular_consonant" title="Uvular consonant">Uvular</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">Glottal</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th>Plain </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)" title="Palatalization (phonetics)">Palatalized</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Lateral_consonant" title="Lateral consonant">Lateral</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_consonant" title="Nasal consonant">Nasal</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a> (<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiceless bilabial nasal">m̥</a>) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a> (<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_nasal" title="Voiceless alveolar nasal">n̥</a>) </td> <td>(nʲ)<a href="/wiki/Proto-Eskaleut_language#cite_note-footnote1-2" title="Proto-Eskaleut language">[1]</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_nasal" title="Voiced velar nasal">ŋ</a> (<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_nasal" title="Voiceless velar nasal">ŋ̥</a>) </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Plosive" title="Plosive">Plosive</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">t</a> </td> <td>tʲ </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_plosive" title="Voiceless uvular plosive">q</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Affricate" title="Affricate">Affricate</a> </th> <td> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolar affricate">ts</a><a href="/wiki/Proto-Eskaleut_language#cite_note-footnote2-3" title="Proto-Eskaleut language">[2]</a> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Fricative" title="Fricative">Fricative</a> </th> <th>Voiceless </th> <td>(<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiceless labiodental fricative">f</a>) (<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labial%E2%80%93velar_fricative" title="Voiceless labial–velar fricative">w̥</a>) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a> (<a href="/wiki/Extra-shortness" title="Extra-shortness">s̆</a>) </td> <td>(<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_lateral_fricative" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar lateral fricative">ɬ</a>) </td> <td>(<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative" title="Voiceless velar fricative">x</a>) </td> <td>(<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_fricative" title="Voiceless uvular fricative">χ</a>) </td> <td>(<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">h</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <th>Voiced </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiced labiodental fricative">v</a> (<a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a>) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_fricative" title="Voiced dental fricative">ð</a> </td> <td>(<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a>) (<a href="/wiki/Extra-shortness" title="Extra-shortness">z̆</a>) </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_fricative" title="Voiced velar fricative">ɣ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_uvular_fricative" title="Voiced uvular fricative">ʁ</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Trill_consonant" title="Trill consonant">Trill</a> </th> <td> </td> <td colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Proto-Eskaleut_language#cite_note-footnote3-4" title="Proto-Eskaleut language">[3]</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>(ʀ̃) </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Approximant" title="Approximant">Approximant</a> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a><a href="/wiki/Proto-Eskaleut_language#cite_note-footnote4-5" title="Proto-Eskaleut language">[4]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aleut">Aleut</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Eskaleut_languages&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Aleut">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Aleut_language" title="Aleut language">Aleut language</a></div> The following vowels and consonants were taken from <a href="/wiki/Knut_Bergsland" title="Knut Bergsland">Knut Bergsland</a>, (1997).<a href="#cite_note-Bergsland_1997-16">[16]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Vowels_2">Vowels</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Eskaleut_languages&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Vowels">edit</a>]</div> The Aleut language has six vowels in total: three short vowels /i/, /u/, /a/, and three long vowels /iː/, /uː/, /aː/. Orthographically, they would be spelled ii, uu, and aa. There are no diphthongs in Aleut vowels. The length of the vowel is dependent upon three characteristics: stress, surrounding consonants, and in particularly Eastern Aleut, surrounding vowels. Short vowels are in initial position if a following consonant is velar or labial. For example: the demonstratives uka, ika, and aka. Long vowels are lower than their short counterpart vowels, but are less retracted if they make contact with a uvular consonant. For example: uuquchiing 'blue fox,' qiiqix̂ 'storm-petrel', and qaaqaan 'eat it!' <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">Front</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Central_vowel" title="Central vowel">Central</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">Back</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Close_vowel" title="Close vowel">Close</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a>   iː </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a>   uː </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Open_vowel" title="Open vowel">Open</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">a</a>   aː </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Consonants_2">Consonants</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Eskaleut_languages&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Consonants">edit</a>]</div> The Aleut consonants featured below include single Roman letters, <a href="/wiki/Digraph_(orthography)" title="Digraph (orthography)">digraphs</a>, and one <a href="/wiki/Trigraph_(orthography)" title="Trigraph (orthography)">trigraph</a>. Phonemes in parentheses are found only in Russian and English loanwords, the phoneme in italics is found only in Eastern Aleut, and the bold phonemes are a part of the standard Aleut inventory. Aleut lacks labial stops and allows clusters of up to three consonants as well as consonant clusters in word initial position. Noteworthy phonological features: voiceless nasals and lack of a /p/. <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Labial_consonant" title="Labial consonant">Labial</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Dental_consonant" title="Dental consonant">Dental</a> </th> <th colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">Alveolar</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Palatal_consonant" title="Palatal consonant">Palatal</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">Velar</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Uvular_consonant" title="Uvular consonant">Uvular</a> </th> <th colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Glottal_consonant" title="Glottal consonant">Glottal</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Plosive" title="Plosive">Plosive</a> </th> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a>/ (p) </td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a>/ (b) </td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">t</a>/ t </td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar plosive">d</a>/ (d) </td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_apico-alveolar_affricate" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless apico-alveolar affricate">t̺͡s̺</a>/ tʳ* </td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless postalveolar affricate">tʃ</a>/ tj </td> <td> </td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a>/ k </td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">ɡ</a>/ (g) </td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_plosive" title="Voiceless uvular plosive">q</a>/ q </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Fricative" title="Fricative">Fricative</a> </th> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiceless labiodental fricative">f</a>/ (f) </td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiced labiodental fricative">v</a>/ v* </td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_dental_fricative" title="Voiceless dental fricative">θ</a>/ hd </td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_fricative" title="Voiced dental fricative">ð</a>/ d </td> <td> </td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a>/ s </td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a>/ z </td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative" title="Voiceless velar fricative">x</a>/ x </td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_fricative" title="Voiced velar fricative">ɣ</a>/ g </td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_fricative" title="Voiceless uvular fricative">χ</a>/ x̂ </td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_uvular_fricative" title="Voiced uvular fricative">ʁ</a>/ ĝ </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Nasal_stop" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasal stop">Nasal</a> </th> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiceless bilabial nasal">m̥</a>/ hm </td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a>/ m </td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_nasal" title="Voiceless alveolar nasal">n̥</a>/ hn </td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a>/ n </td> <td> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_nasal" title="Voiceless velar nasal">ŋ̥</a>/ hŋ </td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_nasal" title="Voiced velar nasal">ŋ</a>/ ŋ </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Lateral_consonant" title="Lateral consonant">Lateral</a> </th> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_lateral_fricative" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar lateral fricative">ɬ</a>/ hl </td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a>/ l </td> <td> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Approximant" title="Approximant">Approximant</a> </th> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labial%E2%80%93velar_fricative" title="Voiceless labial–velar fricative">ʍ</a>/ hw </td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a>/ w </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar approximant">ɹ</a>/, /<a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_and_alveolar_taps_and_flaps" title="Voiced dental and alveolar taps and flaps">ɾ</a>/ (r) </td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_palatal_fricative" title="Voiceless palatal fricative">ç</a>/ hy </td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a>/ y </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">h</a>/ h </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Morphology">Morphology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Eskaleut_languages&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Morphology">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Language_type">Language type</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Eskaleut_languages&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Language type">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Polysynthetic_language">Polysynthetic language</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Eskaleut_languages&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Polysynthetic language">edit</a>]</div> Eskaleut is <a href="/wiki/Polysynthetic_language" title="Polysynthetic language">polysynthetic</a>, which features a process in which a single word is able to contain multiple post-bases or morphemes. The Eskaleut languages are exclusively <a href="/wiki/Suffix" title="Suffix">suffixing</a> (with the exception of one prefix in Inuktitut that appears in demonstratives). Suffixes are able to combine and ultimately create an unlimited number of words. Some of the morphemes that are able to attach contain features such as carrying nominal subjects and objects, adverbial information, direct objects, and spatial noun phrases.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> Polysynthetic languages are said to be a form of extreme <a href="/wiki/Agglutinative_language" title="Agglutinative language">agglutination</a>, which allows single words to carry the same information that another language expresses in whole clauses. For example, in <a href="/wiki/Central_Alaskan_Yupik_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Alaskan Yupik language">Central Alaskan Yupik</a>, one can say: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div>qayarpaliqasqessaagellruaqa<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">qayar-kayak-</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">pa-big-</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">li-make-</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">qa-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="polite register" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">POL</abbr>-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="evidential" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">EV</abbr>-</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">sqe-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="agent-like argument of canonical transitive verb">A</abbr>.ask-</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">ssaage-but-</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">llru-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="past tense" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PAST</abbr>-</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">aqa<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="first person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1SG</abbr>/<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3SG</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="indicative mood" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">IND</abbr></div>qayar- pa- li- qa- sqe- ssaage- llru- aqakayak- big- make- POL-EV- A.ask- but- PAST- 1SG/3SG.INDI asked him to make a big kayak. (but actually he has not made it yet)<div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> As a polysynthetic language, Eskaleut is concerned with what "each morpheme means, which categories it can attach to, whether there is any category change, etc. and what type of morphophonological effect occurs to the left as it attaches to the stem".<a href="#cite_note-Johns-14">[14]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Morphosyntactic_alignment">Morphosyntactic alignment</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Eskaleut_languages&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Morphosyntactic alignment">edit</a>]</div> Ergative–absolutive language: Eskaleut follows the basic word order of subject–object–verb (SOV). Eskimoan is an <a href="/wiki/Ergative%E2%80%93absolutive_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ergative–absolutive language">ergative–absolutive language</a>. This means subjects of intransitive verbs and objects of transitive verbs are marked with the absolutive case, while subjects of transitive verbs are marked with the ergative case. Aleut is not an ergative–absolutive language. It does not matter if the verb is transitive or intransitive—subjects and objects are not marked differently. If a transitive object or an object of possession is openly communicated, ergative case marking will not be expressed. If a transitive object or object of possession is not openly communicated, then ergative case marking will be expressed. Example of case marking in Aleut:<a href="#cite_note-Bergsland_1997-16">[16]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">Tayaĝu-x̂man-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="absolutive case" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">ABS</abbr></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">qa-x̂fish</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">qa-ku-x̂eat-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="indicative mood" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">IND</abbr>-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3SG</abbr></div>Tayaĝu-x̂ qa-x̂ qa-ku-x̂man-ABS fish eat-IND-3SG'The man eats the/a fish'<div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">Tayaĝu-mman-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="ergative case" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">ERG</abbr></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">qa-kuueat-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3SG</abbr>/<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3SG</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="indicative mood" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">IND</abbr></div>Tayaĝu-m qa-kuuman-ERG eat-3SG/3SG.IND'The man eats it'<div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Syntax">Syntax</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Eskaleut_languages&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Syntax">edit</a>]</div> The syntax of Eskaleut is concerned with the functional use of its morphological structure. The two language branches, although part of the same family, have separated and detached themselves in relation to grammatical similarities. Bergsland states that Aleut, which was once a language more similar to Proto-Eskimoan than the current Eskimoan languages themselves, has distanced itself from the ancient language. The case inflections, "relative *-m, instrumental *-mEk/meN, and locative *-mi<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> have undergone phonological merger and led to a completely different explanation of ergative morphology in Proto-Eskimoan. In order to further explain the profound changes that have occurred in Aleutian syntax, Bergsland proposed the Domino Effect, which is ultimately the chronological order of Aleut’s unique features. Below is a step by step list of the 'domino effect': The Domino Effect:<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> <ol><li>The phonological reduction of final syllables and the ensuing syncretism of locative, relative, and instrumental case markers;</li> <li>The collapse of the ergative system and of the distinction between relative and locative case in postpositional constructions;</li> <li>The development of the unusual Aleut anaphoric reference system from the debris of this collapse, going hand in hand with a strict fixation of SOV word order;</li> <li>The simple 3rd person forms when the original morphemes began to refer to any anaphoric (non-overt) referent, and;</li> <li>The spread of such a referent's own number (including that of a possessor of some overt argument) to the final verb of the (complex) sentence, overriding agreement with the subject.</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vocabulary_comparison">Vocabulary comparison</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Eskaleut_languages&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Vocabulary comparison">edit</a>]</div> The following is a comparison of <a href="/wiki/Cognate_(etymology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cognate (etymology)">cognates</a> among the basic vocabulary across the Eskaleut language family (about 122 words). Note that empty cells do not imply that a particular language is lacking a word to describe the concept, but rather that the word for the concept in that language is formed from another stem and is not a cognate with the other words in the row. Also, there may be shifts in the meaning from one language to another, and so the "common meaning" given is only approximate. In some cases the form given is found only in some dialects of the language. Forms are given in native Latin orthographies unless otherwise noted. Cognates of the Eskimoan languages can be found in Michael Fortescue et al., 2010.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> Cognates of the Aleut language can be found in Knut Bergsland, 1997.<a href="#cite_note-Bergsland_1997-16">[16]</a> <dl><dt>Persons</dt></dl> <div style="overflow:auto"> <table class="wikitable" style="font-size: 85%"> <tbody><tr> <th>Common meaning </th> <th style="background-color: #d6e1ec"><a href="/wiki/Aleut_language" title="Aleut language">Aleut</a> </th> <th style="background-color: #d1ebeb"><a href="/wiki/Proto-Eskimoan_language" title="Proto-Eskimoan language">Proto-Eskimoan</a> </th> <th style="background-color: #d6e1ec"><a href="/wiki/Sirenik_language" title="Sirenik language">Sirenik</a> </th> <th style="background-color: #e4e0f0"><a href="/wiki/Siberian_Yupik_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Siberian Yupik language">Siberian Yupik</a> </th> <th style="background-color: #ece0f0"><a href="/wiki/Alutiiq_language" title="Alutiiq language">Alutiiq</a> </th> <th style="background-color: #f1dfe5"><a href="/wiki/Central_Alaskan_Yup%27ik_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Alaskan Yup'ik language">Yup'ik</a> </th> <th style="background-color: #f1e9df"><a href="/wiki/Inupiaq_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Inupiaq language">Seward Inupiaq</a> </th> <th style="background-color: #d6e1ec"><a href="/wiki/Qawiaraq_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Qawiaraq language">Qawiaraq</a> </th> <th style="background-color: #f0f1df"><a href="/wiki/Inupiaq_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Inupiaq language">Malimiutun</a> </th> <th style="background-color: #e8f1df"><a href="/wiki/Inupiaq_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Inupiaq language">North Slope</a> </th> <th style="background-color: #dff1e0"><a href="/wiki/Uummarmiutun" title="Uummarmiutun">Uummarmiutun</a> </th> <th style="background-color: #dff1ed"><a href="/wiki/Siglitun" class="mw-redirect" title="Siglitun">Siglitun</a> </th> <th style="background-color: #e4e0f0"><a href="/wiki/Inuinnaqtun" title="Inuinnaqtun">Inuinnaqtun</a> </th> <th style="background-color: #ece0f0"><a href="/wiki/Natsilingmiutut" title="Natsilingmiutut">Natsilik</a> </th> <th style="background-color: #f1dfe5"><a href="/wiki/Kivallirmiutut" class="mw-redirect" title="Kivallirmiutut">Kivalliq</a> </th> <th style="background-color: #f1e9df"><a href="/wiki/Aivilingmiutut" title="Aivilingmiutut">Aivilik</a> </th> <th style="background-color: #d6e1ec"><a href="/wiki/North_Baffin" class="mw-redirect" title="North Baffin">North Baffin</a> </th> <th style="background-color: #f0f1df"><a href="/wiki/South_Baffin_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="South Baffin dialect">South Baffin</a> </th> <th style="background-color: #e8f1df"><a href="/wiki/Inuktitut#Nunavik" title="Inuktitut">Nunavik</a> </th> <th style="background-color: #dff1e0"><a href="/wiki/Nunatsiavummiutut" class="mw-redirect" title="Nunatsiavummiutut">Labrador Inuttut</a> </th> <th style="background-color: #d6e1ec"><a href="/wiki/Inuktun" title="Inuktun">North Greenlandic</a> </th> <th style="background-color: #e4e0f0"><a href="/wiki/Greenlandic_language" title="Greenlandic language">West Greenlandic</a> </th> <th style="background-color: #ece0f0"><a href="/wiki/Greenlandic_language" title="Greenlandic language">East Greenlandic</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>boy </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">hlax </td> <td style="background-color: #d1ebeb">*aleqa </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">nukeɫpegaẋ </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">nukaɫpegaq </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">nukaɫpiaq </td> <td style="background-color: #f1dfe5">nukaɫpiaq </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">nugatpiaq </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">nugatpiaq </td> <td style="background-color: #f0f1df">nukatpiaq </td> <td style="background-color: #e8f1df">nukatpiaq </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1e0">nukatpiaq </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1ed">nukatpiraq </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">nukatpiaq </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">nukatpiaq </td> <td style="background-color: #f1dfe5">nukatpiaq </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">nukappiaq </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">nukappiaq </td> <td style="background-color: #f0f1df">nukappiaq </td> <td style="background-color: #e8f1df">nukappiaq </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1e0">nukappiak </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">nukappiaq </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">nukapperaq </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">nugappiaq </td></tr> <tr> <td>daughter </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec"> </td> <td style="background-color: #d1ebeb">*paniɣ </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">panex </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">panik </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">panik </td> <td style="background-color: #f1dfe5">panik </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">panik </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">panik </td> <td style="background-color: #f0f1df">panik </td> <td style="background-color: #e8f1df">panik </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1e0">panik </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1ed">panik </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">panik </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">panik </td> <td style="background-color: #f1dfe5">panik </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">panik </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">panik </td> <td style="background-color: #f0f1df">panik </td> <td style="background-color: #e8f1df">panik </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1e0">panik </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">panik </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">panik </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">panik </td></tr> <tr> <td>family, relative </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">ilaanux̂ </td> <td style="background-color: #d1ebeb">*ila </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">ila </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">ila </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">ila </td> <td style="background-color: #f1dfe5">ila </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">ila </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">ila </td> <td style="background-color: #f0f1df">ila </td> <td style="background-color: #e8f1df">ila </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1e0">ila </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1ed">ila </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">ila </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">ila </td> <td style="background-color: #f1dfe5">ila </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">ila </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">ila </td> <td style="background-color: #f0f1df">ila </td> <td style="background-color: #e8f1df">ila </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1e0">ila </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">ila </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">ila </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">ila </td></tr> <tr> <td>girl </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">ayaĝaadax̂ </td> <td style="background-color: #d1ebeb">*nǝvi(a)ʁc(ǝɣ)a- </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">náẋserráẋ </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">neveghsaq </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0"> </td> <td style="background-color: #f1dfe5">neviarcaq </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">niaqsaaʁruk </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">niaqsiaʁruk </td> <td style="background-color: #f0f1df">niviaqsiaʁruk </td> <td style="background-color: #e8f1df">niviaqsiaʁruk </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1e0">niviakkaq </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1ed">niviaqsiraq </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">niviaqhiaq </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">niviaqhiaq </td> <td style="background-color: #f1dfe5">niviakkiaq </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">niviaqsiaq </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">niviaqsaaq </td> <td style="background-color: #f0f1df">niviaqsiaq </td> <td style="background-color: #e8f1df">niviatsiaq </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1e0">niviatsiak </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">niviarhiaq </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">niviarsiaraq </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">niiarsiaq </td></tr> <tr> <td>(grand)father </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">adax̂/taatax̂ </td> <td style="background-color: #d1ebeb">*ata *ata-ata </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">ata </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">ata </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">ata </td> <td style="background-color: #f1dfe5">aata </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">ata/ava </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">ata/ava </td> <td style="background-color: #f0f1df">aapa/taata </td> <td style="background-color: #e8f1df">aapa </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1e0">aapa/ata </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1ed">aappak/ataatak </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">aappak </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">ataata </td> <td style="background-color: #f1dfe5">ataata </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">ataata </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">ataata </td> <td style="background-color: #f0f1df">ataata </td> <td style="background-color: #e8f1df">ataata </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1e0">ataata </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">ataata </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">ataataq </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">alaala </td></tr> <tr> <td>human being (shaman word's)[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>] </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">taĝu </td> <td style="background-color: #d1ebeb">taʁu </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">tarex </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">taghu </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">taru </td> <td style="background-color: #f1dfe5">taru </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">tau </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">tau </td> <td style="background-color: #f0f1df">tau </td> <td style="background-color: #e8f1df">tau </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1e0">tau </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1ed">tau </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">tau </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">tau </td> <td style="background-color: #f1dfe5">tau </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">tau </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">tau </td> <td style="background-color: #f0f1df">tau </td> <td style="background-color: #e8f1df">tau </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1e0">tau </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">tau </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">taa </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">taa </td></tr> <tr> <td>husband </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">ugi </td> <td style="background-color: #d1ebeb">*uɣi </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">uga </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">ugwik </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">wik </td> <td style="background-color: #f1dfe5">wii </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">ui </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">ui </td> <td style="background-color: #f0f1df">ui </td> <td style="background-color: #e8f1df">ui </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1e0">ui </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1ed">ui </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">ui </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">ui </td> <td style="background-color: #f1dfe5">ui </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">ui </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">ui </td> <td style="background-color: #f0f1df">ui </td> <td style="background-color: #e8f1df">ui </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1e0">uik </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">ui </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">ui </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">uviq </td></tr> <tr> <td>man </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">tayaĝux̂ </td> <td style="background-color: #d1ebeb">*aŋu-nt </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">angeta </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">angun </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">angun </td> <td style="background-color: #f1dfe5">angun </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">angun </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">angun </td> <td style="background-color: #f0f1df">angun </td> <td style="background-color: #e8f1df">angun </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1e0">angun </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1ed">angun </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">angun </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">angut </td> <td style="background-color: #f1dfe5">angut </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">angut </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">anguti </td> <td style="background-color: #f0f1df">anguti </td> <td style="background-color: #e8f1df">anguti </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1e0">angutik </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">angut </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">angut </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">tikkaq </td></tr> <tr> <td>mother </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">anax̂ </td> <td style="background-color: #d1ebeb">*ana *ana-ana </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">nana </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">naa/ana </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">aana </td> <td style="background-color: #f1dfe5">aana </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">aaga </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">aaga </td> <td style="background-color: #f0f1df">aaka </td> <td style="background-color: #e8f1df">aaka </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1e0">aaka </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1ed">amaamak/aana </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">amaamak/anaana </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">anaana </td> <td style="background-color: #f1dfe5">anaana </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">anaana </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">anaana </td> <td style="background-color: #f0f1df">anaana </td> <td style="background-color: #e8f1df">anaana </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1e0">anaana </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">anaana </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">anaanaq </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">annivik </td></tr> <tr> <td>mother-in-law </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec"> </td> <td style="background-color: #d1ebeb">*caki </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">saka </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">saki </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">caki </td> <td style="background-color: #f1dfe5">cakiq </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">sagi </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">chagi </td> <td style="background-color: #f0f1df">saki </td> <td style="background-color: #e8f1df">saki </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1e0">hakigaq </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1ed">saki </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">haki </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">haki </td> <td style="background-color: #f1dfe5">hakigaq </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">saki </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">saki </td> <td style="background-color: #f0f1df">saki </td> <td style="background-color: #e8f1df">saki </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1e0">sakik </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">haki </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">saki </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">saqiq/sagiq </td></tr> <tr> <td>older brother (of female) </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">huyux̂ </td> <td style="background-color: #d1ebeb">*aNǝ-LГun </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">anta </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">aningak </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">anngaq </td> <td style="background-color: #f1dfe5">anngaq </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">ani </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">ani </td> <td style="background-color: #f0f1df">ani </td> <td style="background-color: #e8f1df">ani </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1e0">ani </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1ed">aniraaluk </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">ani </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">ani </td> <td style="background-color: #f1dfe5">ani </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">ani </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">ani </td> <td style="background-color: #f0f1df">ani </td> <td style="background-color: #e8f1df">ani </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1e0">anik </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">ani </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">ani </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">ani </td></tr> <tr> <td>older sister (of male) </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">uhngix </td> <td style="background-color: #d1ebeb">*aleqa </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">nuskit </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">alqaq </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">aɫqaq </td> <td style="background-color: #f1dfe5">aliraq </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">aliqaq </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">aliqaq </td> <td style="background-color: #f0f1df">aliqaq </td> <td style="background-color: #e8f1df">aliqaq </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1e0">aliqaq </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1ed">aliqaq </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">aliqaq </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">aliqaq </td> <td style="background-color: #f1dfe5">aliqaq </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">aliqaq </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">aliqannaq </td> <td style="background-color: #f0f1df">angajuk </td> <td style="background-color: #e8f1df">angajuk </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1e0">angajuk </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">aliqa </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">aleqaq </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">alara </td></tr> <tr> <td>person </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">anĝaĝinax̂ </td> <td style="background-color: #d1ebeb">*inguɣ </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">jux </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">yuk </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">suk </td> <td style="background-color: #f1dfe5">yuk/cuk </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">inuk </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">inuk </td> <td style="background-color: #f0f1df">iñuk </td> <td style="background-color: #e8f1df">iñuk </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1e0">iñuk </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1ed">inuk </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">inuk </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">inuk </td> <td style="background-color: #f1dfe5">inuk </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">inuk </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">inuk </td> <td style="background-color: #f0f1df">inuk </td> <td style="background-color: #e8f1df">inuk </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1e0">inuk </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">inuk </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">inuk </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">iik </td></tr> <tr> <td>son </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec"> </td> <td style="background-color: #d1ebeb">*iʁni-ʁ </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">irnex </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">ighneq </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">irneq </td> <td style="background-color: #f1dfe5">irneq </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">irniq </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">irniq </td> <td style="background-color: #f0f1df">irñiq </td> <td style="background-color: #e8f1df">irñiq </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1e0">irñiq </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1ed">irniq </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">irniq </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">irniq </td> <td style="background-color: #f1dfe5">irniq </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">irniq </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">irniq </td> <td style="background-color: #f0f1df">irniq </td> <td style="background-color: #e8f1df">irniq </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1e0">innik </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">irniq </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">erneq </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">irniq </td></tr> <tr> <td>wife </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">ayagax̂ </td> <td style="background-color: #d1ebeb">*nuLiaq </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">nucix </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">nuliiq </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">nuliq </td> <td style="background-color: #f1dfe5">nuliaq </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">nuliaq </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">nuliaq </td> <td style="background-color: #f0f1df">nuliaq </td> <td style="background-color: #e8f1df">nuliaq </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1e0">nuliaq </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1ed">nuliaq </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">nuliaq </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">nuliaq </td> <td style="background-color: #f1dfe5">nuliaq </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">nuliaq </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">nuliaq </td> <td style="background-color: #f0f1df">nuliaq </td> <td style="background-color: #e8f1df">nuliaq </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1e0">nuliak </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">nuliaq </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">nuliaq </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">nuliaq </td></tr> <tr> <td>woman </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">ayaĝax̂ </td> <td style="background-color: #d1ebeb">*aʁnaq </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">arnax </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">arnaq </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">arnaq </td> <td style="background-color: #f1dfe5">arnaq </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">arnaq </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">arnaq </td> <td style="background-color: #f0f1df">arnaq </td> <td style="background-color: #e8f1df">arnaq </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1e0">arnaq </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1ed">arnaq </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">arnaq </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">arnaq </td> <td style="background-color: #f1dfe5">arnaq </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">arnaq </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">arnaq </td> <td style="background-color: #f0f1df">arnaq </td> <td style="background-color: #e8f1df">arnaq </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1e0">annak </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">arnaq </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">arnaq </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">nuliakkaaq </td></tr> <tr> <td>young brother (of female) </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">kingii </td> <td style="background-color: #d1ebeb">*nukaq </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">ungjex </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">uyughaq </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">uyuwaq </td> <td style="background-color: #f1dfe5">uyuraq </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">nukaq </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">nukaq </td> <td style="background-color: #f0f1df">nukaaluk </td> <td style="background-color: #e8f1df">nukaaluk </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1e0">nukaq </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1ed">nukaq </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">nukaq </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">nukaq </td> <td style="background-color: #f1dfe5">mukaq </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">nukaq </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">nukaq </td> <td style="background-color: #f0f1df">nukaq </td> <td style="background-color: #e8f1df">nukaq </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1e0">nukak </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">nukaq </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">nukaq </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">nukaq </td></tr> <tr> <td>young sister (of male) </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">uhngix </td> <td style="background-color: #d1ebeb">*nayak </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">najex </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">nayak </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">nayak </td> <td style="background-color: #f1dfe5">nayak </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">nayak </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">nayak </td> <td style="background-color: #f0f1df">nayak </td> <td style="background-color: #e8f1df">nayak </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1e0">nayak </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1ed">nayak </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">nayak </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">nayak </td> <td style="background-color: #f1dfe5">nayak </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">najak </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">najak </td> <td style="background-color: #f0f1df">najak </td> <td style="background-color: #e8f1df">najak </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1e0">najaatsuk </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">najak </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">najak </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">najak </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <dl><dt>Pronouns</dt></dl> There are two types of pronouns: independent pronouns and pronominal pronouns. <dl><dt><dl><dt>Pronouns in relation to nouns</dt></dl></dt></dl> In Eskaleut languages, singular, <a href="/wiki/Dual_(grammatical_number)" title="Dual (grammatical number)">dual</a>, and plural nouns are marked by inflectional suffixes, and if they are possessed, the number marker is followed by pronominal suffixes that specify the (human) possessor. There are no genders, and this can be seen in the four persons: my, your, his/her, his/her own.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> "His/her own" specifies ownership, in contrast with "his/her", which does not. E.g., his house vs. his own house. (See <a href="/wiki/Possessive_determiner#Semantics" title="Possessive determiner">Possessive determiner § Semantics</a>.) <dl><dt><dl><dt>Pronouns in relation to verbs</dt></dl></dt></dl> Aleut uses independent pronouns, instead of pronominal marking on verbs. On the other hand, Eskimoan languages have four persons and three numbers marked by pronominal suffixes. <dl><dt>Independent pronouns</dt></dl> <div style="overflow:auto"> <table class="wikitable" style="font-size: 85%"> <tbody><tr> <th>Common meaning </th> <th style="background-color: #d6e1ec"><a href="/wiki/Aleut_language" title="Aleut language">Aleut</a> </th> <th style="background-color: #d1ebeb"><a href="/wiki/Proto-Eskimoan_language" title="Proto-Eskimoan language">Proto-Eskimoan</a> </th> <th style="background-color: #d6e1ec"><a href="/wiki/Sirenik_language" title="Sirenik language">Sirenik</a> </th> <th style="background-color: #e4e0f0"><a href="/wiki/Siberian_Yupik_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Siberian Yupik language">Siberian Yupik</a> </th> <th style="background-color: #ece0f0"><a href="/wiki/Alutiiq_language" title="Alutiiq language">Alutiiq</a> </th> <th style="background-color: #f1dfe5"><a href="/wiki/Central_Alaskan_Yup%27ik_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Alaskan Yup'ik language">Yup'ik</a> </th> <th style="background-color: #f1e9df"><a href="/wiki/Inupiaq_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Inupiaq language">Seward Inupiaq</a> </th> <th style="background-color: #d6e1ec"><a href="/wiki/Qawiaraq_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Qawiaraq language">Qawiaraq</a> </th> <th style="background-color: #f0f1df"><a href="/wiki/Inupiaq_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Inupiaq language">Malimiutun</a> </th> <th style="background-color: #e8f1df"><a href="/wiki/Inupiaq_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Inupiaq language">North Slope</a> </th> <th style="background-color: #dff1e0"><a href="/wiki/Uummarmiutun" title="Uummarmiutun">Uummarmiutun</a> </th> <th style="background-color: #dff1ed"><a href="/wiki/Siglitun" class="mw-redirect" title="Siglitun">Siglitun</a> </th> <th style="background-color: #e4e0f0"><a href="/wiki/Inuinnaqtun" title="Inuinnaqtun">Inuinnaqtun</a> </th> <th style="background-color: #ece0f0"><a href="/wiki/Natsilingmiutut" title="Natsilingmiutut">Natsilik</a> </th> <th style="background-color: #f1dfe5"><a href="/wiki/Kivallirmiutut" class="mw-redirect" title="Kivallirmiutut">Kivalliq</a> </th> <th style="background-color: #f1e9df"><a href="/wiki/Aivilingmiutut" title="Aivilingmiutut">Aivilik</a> </th> <th style="background-color: #d6e1ec"><a href="/wiki/North_Baffin" class="mw-redirect" title="North Baffin">North Baffin</a> </th> <th style="background-color: #f0f1df"><a href="/wiki/South_Baffin_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="South Baffin dialect">South Baffin</a> </th> <th style="background-color: #e8f1df"><a href="/wiki/Inuktitut#Nunavik" title="Inuktitut">Nunavik</a> </th> <th style="background-color: #dff1e0"><a href="/wiki/Nunatsiavummiutut" class="mw-redirect" title="Nunatsiavummiutut">Labrador Inuttut</a> </th> <th style="background-color: #d6e1ec"><a href="/wiki/Inuktun" title="Inuktun">North Greenlandic</a> </th> <th style="background-color: #e4e0f0"><a href="/wiki/Greenlandic_language" title="Greenlandic language">West Greenlandic</a> </th> <th style="background-color: #ece0f0"><a href="/wiki/Greenlandic_language" title="Greenlandic language">East Greenlandic</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>first-person singular (I) </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">ting </td> <td style="background-color: #d1ebeb">*vi </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">menga </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">hwanga </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">w'iinga </td> <td style="background-color: #f1dfe5">w'iinga </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">wanga </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">uanga </td> <td style="background-color: #f0f1df">uvanga </td> <td style="background-color: #e8f1df">uvanga </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1e0">uvanga </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1ed">uvanga </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">uvanga </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">uvanga </td> <td style="background-color: #f1dfe5">uvanga </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">uvanga </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">uvanga </td> <td style="background-color: #f0f1df">uvanga </td> <td style="background-color: #e8f1df">uvaqa </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1e0">uvak </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">uanga </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">uanga </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">uara </td></tr> <tr> <td>second-person singular (you) </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">txin </td> <td style="background-color: #d1ebeb">*ǝɫ-vǝn-t </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">ɫpi </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">ɫpet </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">eɫpet </td> <td style="background-color: #f1dfe5">eɫpet </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">ivlin </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">ilvin </td> <td style="background-color: #f0f1df">ilvich </td> <td style="background-color: #e8f1df">ilvich </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1e0">ilvik </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1ed">ilvit </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">ilvit </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">ivrit/itvin </td> <td style="background-color: #f1dfe5">igvin/idvin </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">igvit </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">ivvit </td> <td style="background-color: #f0f1df">ivvit </td> <td style="background-color: #e8f1df">ivvit </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1e0">iffit </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">illit </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">illit </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">ittit </td></tr> <tr> <td>third-person singular (he, she, it) </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">ilaa/uda </td> <td style="background-color: #d1ebeb">*ǝɫ-ŋa *una </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">langa/una </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">lnga/una </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">elen/una </td> <td style="background-color: #f1dfe5">elii/una </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">ilaa/una </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">ilaa/una </td> <td style="background-color: #f0f1df">ilaa/una </td> <td style="background-color: #e8f1df">ilaa/una </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1e0">ilaa/una </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1ed">ilaa/una </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">una </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">una </td> <td style="background-color: #f1dfe5">una </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">una </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">una </td> <td style="background-color: #f0f1df">una </td> <td style="background-color: #e8f1df">una </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1e0">una </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">una </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">una </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">una </td></tr> <tr> <td>first-person dual (we both) </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">tingix </td> <td style="background-color: #d1ebeb">*vik </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec"> </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">hwagakuk </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">w'iingakuk </td> <td style="background-color: #f1dfe5">w'iingakuk </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">waguk </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">uaguk </td> <td style="background-color: #f0f1df">uvaguk </td> <td style="background-color: #e8f1df">uvaguk </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1e0">uvaguk </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1ed">uvaguk </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">uvaguk </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">uvaguk </td> <td style="background-color: #f1dfe5">uvaguk </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">uvaguk </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">uvaguk </td> <td style="background-color: #f0f1df">uvaguk </td> <td style="background-color: #e8f1df">uvaguk </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1e0">uvaguk </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec"> </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0"> </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0"> </td></tr> <tr> <td>second-person dual (you both) </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">txidix </td> <td style="background-color: #d1ebeb">*ǝɫ-ptek </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec"> </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">ɫpetek </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">eɫpetek </td> <td style="background-color: #f1dfe5">eɫpetek </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">iliptik </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">iliptik </td> <td style="background-color: #f0f1df">iliptik </td> <td style="background-color: #e8f1df">iliptik </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1e0">iliptik </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1ed">iliptik </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">iliptik </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">iliptik </td> <td style="background-color: #f1dfe5">iliptik </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">iliptik </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">ilissik </td> <td style="background-color: #f0f1df">ilittik </td> <td style="background-color: #e8f1df">ilittik </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1e0">ilittik </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec"> </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0"> </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0"> </td></tr> <tr> <td>first-person plural (we) </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">tingin(s) </td> <td style="background-color: #d1ebeb">*vit </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">mengaketa </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">hwagakuta </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">w'iingakuta </td> <td style="background-color: #f1dfe5">w'iingakuta </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">wagut </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">uagut </td> <td style="background-color: #f0f1df">uvagut </td> <td style="background-color: #e8f1df">uvagut </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1e0">uvagut </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1ed">uvagut </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">uvagut </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">uvagut </td> <td style="background-color: #f1dfe5">uvagut </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">uvagut </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">uvagut </td> <td style="background-color: #f0f1df">uvagut </td> <td style="background-color: #e8f1df">uvagut </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1e0">uvagut </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">uagut </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">uagut </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">uangit </td></tr> <tr> <td>second-person dual reflexive (both ... yourselves) </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">txichix </td> <td style="background-color: #d1ebeb">*ǝɫ-vcet </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">ɫpisi </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">ɫpesi </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">eɫpici </td> <td style="background-color: #f1dfe5">eɫpeci </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">ilipsi </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">ilipsi </td> <td style="background-color: #f0f1df">ilivsi </td> <td style="background-color: #e8f1df">ilivsi </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1e0">iliffi </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1ed">ilipsi </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">iliffi </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">iliphi </td> <td style="background-color: #f1dfe5">iliphi </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">ilipsi </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">ilissi </td> <td style="background-color: #f0f1df">ilitsi </td> <td style="background-color: #e8f1df">ilitsi </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1e0">ilitsi </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">ilissi </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">ilissi </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">ilitsi </td></tr> <tr> <td>third-person dual reflexive (both ... themselves) </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">ilaan(s)/udan(s) </td> <td style="background-color: #d1ebeb">*ǝɫ-ŋat *ukuat </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">langwi/uket </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">lngit/ukut </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">elita/ukut </td> <td style="background-color: #f1dfe5">eliita/ukut </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">ilaat/ugua </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">ilaat/ugua </td> <td style="background-color: #f0f1df">ilaat/ukua </td> <td style="background-color: #e8f1df">ilaat/ukua </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1e0">ilaat/ukua </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1ed">ilaat/ukua </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">ukua/ukkua </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">ukua/ukkua </td> <td style="background-color: #f1dfe5">ukua/ukkua </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">ukua/ukkua </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">ukua/ukkua </td> <td style="background-color: #f0f1df">ukua/ukkua </td> <td style="background-color: #e8f1df">ukua/ukkua </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1e0">ukua/ukkua </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">ukua/ukkua </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">ukua/ukkua </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">ugua/ukkua </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <dl><dt>Pronominal suffixes</dt></dl> <div style="overflow:auto"> <table class="wikitable" style="font-size: 85%"> <tbody><tr> <th>Common meaning </th> <th style="background-color: #d6e1ec"><a href="/wiki/Aleut_language" title="Aleut language">Aleut</a> </th> <th style="background-color: #d1ebeb"><a href="/wiki/Proto-Eskimoan_language" title="Proto-Eskimoan language">Proto-Eskimoan</a> </th> <th style="background-color: #d6e1ec"><a href="/wiki/Sirenik_language" title="Sirenik language">Sirenik</a> </th> <th style="background-color: #e4e0f0"><a href="/wiki/Siberian_Yupik_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Siberian Yupik language">Siberian Yupik</a> </th> <th style="background-color: #ece0f0"><a href="/wiki/Alutiiq_language" title="Alutiiq language">Alutiiq</a> </th> <th style="background-color: #f1dfe5"><a href="/wiki/Central_Alaskan_Yup%27ik_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Alaskan Yup'ik language">Yup'ik</a> </th> <th style="background-color: #f1e9df"><a href="/wiki/Inupiaq_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Inupiaq language">Seward Inupiaq</a> </th> <th style="background-color: #d6e1ec"><a href="/wiki/Qawiaraq_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Qawiaraq language">Qawiaraq</a> </th> <th style="background-color: #f0f1df"><a href="/wiki/Inupiaq_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Inupiaq language">Malimiutun</a> </th> <th style="background-color: #e8f1df"><a href="/wiki/Inupiaq_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Inupiaq language">North Slope</a> </th> <th style="background-color: #dff1e0"><a href="/wiki/Uummarmiutun" title="Uummarmiutun">Uummarmiutun</a> </th> <th style="background-color: #dff1ed"><a href="/wiki/Siglitun" class="mw-redirect" title="Siglitun">Siglitun</a> </th> <th style="background-color: #e4e0f0"><a href="/wiki/Inuinnaqtun" title="Inuinnaqtun">Inuinnaqtun</a> </th> <th style="background-color: #ece0f0"><a href="/wiki/Natsilingmiutut" title="Natsilingmiutut">Natsilik</a> </th> <th style="background-color: #f1dfe5"><a href="/wiki/Kivallirmiutut" class="mw-redirect" title="Kivallirmiutut">Kivalliq</a> </th> <th style="background-color: #f1e9df"><a href="/wiki/Aivilingmiutut" title="Aivilingmiutut">Aivilik</a> </th> <th style="background-color: #d6e1ec"><a href="/wiki/North_Baffin" class="mw-redirect" title="North Baffin">North Baffin</a> </th> <th style="background-color: #f0f1df"><a href="/wiki/South_Baffin_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="South Baffin dialect">South Baffin</a> </th> <th style="background-color: #e8f1df"><a href="/wiki/Inuktitut#Nunavik" title="Inuktitut">Nunavik</a> </th> <th style="background-color: #dff1e0"><a href="/wiki/Nunatsiavummiutut" class="mw-redirect" title="Nunatsiavummiutut">Labrador Inuttut</a> </th> <th style="background-color: #d6e1ec"><a href="/wiki/Inuktun" title="Inuktun">North Greenlandic</a> </th> <th style="background-color: #e4e0f0"><a href="/wiki/Greenlandic_language" title="Greenlandic language">West Greenlandic</a> </th> <th style="background-color: #ece0f0"><a href="/wiki/Greenlandic_language" title="Greenlandic language">East Greenlandic</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>first-person singular (I) </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">-kuq </td> <td style="background-color: #d1ebeb">*tua *kuq </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">-jua </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">-tua </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">-tua </td> <td style="background-color: #f1dfe5">-tua, -runga </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">-runga </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">-runga </td> <td style="background-color: #f0f1df">-runga </td> <td style="background-color: #e8f1df">-runga </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1e0">-yunga, -yuami </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1ed">-yunga </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">-yunga </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">-runga </td> <td style="background-color: #f1dfe5">-yunga </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">-junga </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">-junga </td> <td style="background-color: #f0f1df">-junga </td> <td style="background-color: #e8f1df">-junga </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1e0">-junga </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">-junga </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">-punga, sunga </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">-pua, lua </td></tr> <tr> <td>second-person singular (you) </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">-kuxt </td> <td style="background-color: #d1ebeb">*it </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">-jet </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">-ten </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">-ten </td> <td style="background-color: #f1dfe5">-ten </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">-rutin </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">-rutin </td> <td style="background-color: #f0f1df">-rutin </td> <td style="background-color: #e8f1df">-rutin </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1e0">-rutin </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1ed">-yutin </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">-yutin </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">-rutit </td> <td style="background-color: #f1dfe5">-yutit </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">-jutit </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">-jutit </td> <td style="background-color: #f0f1df">-jutit </td> <td style="background-color: #e8f1df">-jutit </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1e0">-jutit </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">-hutit </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">-sutit </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">-sulit </td></tr> <tr> <td>third-person singular (he, she, it) </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">-kux </td> <td style="background-color: #d1ebeb">*tuq </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">-jix </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">-tuq </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">-tuq </td> <td style="background-color: #f1dfe5">-tuq </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">-ruq </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">-ruq </td> <td style="background-color: #f0f1df">-ruq </td> <td style="background-color: #e8f1df">-ruq </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1e0">-ruq </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1ed">-yuaq </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">-yuq </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">-ruq </td> <td style="background-color: #f1dfe5">-yuq </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">-yuq </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">-juq </td> <td style="background-color: #f0f1df">-juq </td> <td style="background-color: #e8f1df">-juq </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1e0">-juk </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">-huq </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">-soq, poq </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">-tuq, puq </td></tr> <tr> <td>first-person singular possessive (my) </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">-ng </td> <td style="background-color: #d1ebeb">*nga </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">-ka/qa </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">-ka/qa </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">-ka/qa </td> <td style="background-color: #f1dfe5">-ka/qa </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">-ga/ra </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">-ga/ra </td> <td style="background-color: #f0f1df">-ga/ra </td> <td style="background-color: #e8f1df">-ga/ra </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1e0">-ga/ra </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1ed">-ga/ra </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">-ga/ra </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">-ga/ra </td> <td style="background-color: #f1dfe5">-ga/ra </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">-ga/ra </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">-ga/ra </td> <td style="background-color: #f0f1df">-ga/ra </td> <td style="background-color: #e8f1df">-ga/ra </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1e0">-ga </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">-ga/ra </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">-ga/ra </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">-nga/ra </td></tr> <tr> <td>second-person singular possessive (your) </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">-n </td> <td style="background-color: #d1ebeb">*in </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">-n </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">-n </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">-n </td> <td style="background-color: #f1dfe5">-n </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">-n </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">-n </td> <td style="background-color: #f0f1df">-n </td> <td style="background-color: #e8f1df">-n </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1e0">-n </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1ed">-n </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">-t </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">-t </td> <td style="background-color: #f1dfe5">-t </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">-t </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">-it </td> <td style="background-color: #f0f1df">-it </td> <td style="background-color: #e8f1df">-it </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1e0">-it </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">-t </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">-t </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">-t </td></tr> <tr> <td>third-person singular possessive (his, her, its) </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">-(n)gan </td> <td style="background-color: #d1ebeb">*ngan </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">-nga/a </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">-nga/a </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">-nga/a </td> <td style="background-color: #f1dfe5">-nga/a </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">-nga/a </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">-nga/a </td> <td style="background-color: #f0f1df">-nga/a </td> <td style="background-color: #e8f1df">-nga/a </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1e0">-nga/a </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1ed">-nga/a </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">-nga/a </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">-nga/a </td> <td style="background-color: #f1dfe5">-nga/a </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">-nga/a </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">-nga/a </td> <td style="background-color: #f0f1df">-nga/a </td> <td style="background-color: #e8f1df">-nga/a </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1e0">-nga/a </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">-nga/a </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">-nga/a </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">-nga/a </td></tr> <tr> <td>third-person singular object (him, her, it) </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">-kuu/qaa </td> <td style="background-color: #d1ebeb">*jaa/kaa </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">-jaa/kaa </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">-taa/kaa </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">-taa/kaa </td> <td style="background-color: #f1dfe5">-taa/kaa </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">-raa/gaa </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">-raa/gaa </td> <td style="background-color: #f0f1df">-raa/gaa </td> <td style="background-color: #e8f1df">-raa/gaa </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1e0">-yaa/gaa </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1ed">-yaa/gaa </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">-raa/gaa </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">-yaa/gaa </td> <td style="background-color: #f1dfe5">-jaa/gaa </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">-jaa/gaa </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">-jaa/gaa </td> <td style="background-color: #f0f1df">-jaa/gaa </td> <td style="background-color: #e8f1df">-jaa/gaa </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1e0">-jaa/gaa </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">-jaa/gaa </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">-saa/gaa </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">-laa/ngaa </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <dl><dt>Interrogative words</dt></dl> <div style="overflow:auto"> <table class="wikitable" style="font-size: 85%"> <tbody><tr> <th>Common meaning </th> <th style="background-color: #d6e1ec"><a href="/wiki/Aleut_language" title="Aleut language">Aleut</a> </th> <th style="background-color: #d1ebeb"><a href="/wiki/Proto-Eskimoan" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Eskimoan">Proto-Eskimoan</a> </th> <th style="background-color: #d6e1ec"><a href="/wiki/Sirenik_language" title="Sirenik language">Sirenik</a> </th> <th style="background-color: #e4e0f0"><a href="/wiki/Siberian_Yupik_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Siberian Yupik language">Siberian Yupik</a> </th> <th style="background-color: #ece0f0"><a href="/wiki/Alutiiq_language" title="Alutiiq language">Alutiiq</a> </th> <th style="background-color: #f1dfe5"><a href="/wiki/Central_Alaskan_Yup%27ik_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Alaskan Yup'ik language">Yup'ik</a> </th> <th style="background-color: #f1e9df"><a href="/wiki/Inupiaq_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Inupiaq language">Seward Inupiaq</a> </th> <th style="background-color: #d6e1ec"><a href="/wiki/Qawiaraq_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Qawiaraq language">Qawiaraq</a> </th> <th style="background-color: #f0f1df"><a href="/wiki/Inupiaq_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Inupiaq language">Malimiutun</a> </th> <th style="background-color: #e8f1df"><a href="/wiki/Inupiaq_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Inupiaq language">North Slope</a> </th> <th style="background-color: #dff1e0"><a href="/wiki/Uummarmiutun" title="Uummarmiutun">Uummarmiutun</a> </th> <th style="background-color: #dff1ed"><a href="/wiki/Siglitun" class="mw-redirect" title="Siglitun">Siglitun</a> </th> <th style="background-color: #e4e0f0"><a href="/wiki/Inuinnaqtun" title="Inuinnaqtun">Inuinnaqtun</a> </th> <th style="background-color: #ece0f0"><a href="/wiki/Natsilingmiutut" title="Natsilingmiutut">Natsilik</a> </th> <th style="background-color: #f1dfe5"><a href="/wiki/Kivallirmiutut" class="mw-redirect" title="Kivallirmiutut">Kivalliq</a> </th> <th style="background-color: #f1e9df"><a href="/wiki/Aivilingmiutut" title="Aivilingmiutut">Aivilik</a> </th> <th style="background-color: #d6e1ec"><a href="/wiki/North_Baffin" class="mw-redirect" title="North Baffin">North Baffin</a> </th> <th style="background-color: #f0f1df"><a href="/wiki/South_Baffin_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="South Baffin dialect">South Baffin</a> </th> <th style="background-color: #e8f1df"><a href="/wiki/Inuktitut#Nunavik" title="Inuktitut">Nunavik</a> </th> <th style="background-color: #dff1e0"><a href="/wiki/Nunatsiavummiutut" class="mw-redirect" title="Nunatsiavummiutut">Labrador Inuttut</a> </th> <th style="background-color: #d6e1ec"><a href="/wiki/Inuktun" title="Inuktun">North Greenlandic</a> </th> <th style="background-color: #e4e0f0"><a href="/wiki/Greenlandic_language" title="Greenlandic language">West Greenlandic</a> </th> <th style="background-color: #ece0f0"><a href="/wiki/Greenlandic_language" title="Greenlandic language">East Greenlandic</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>who </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">kiin </td> <td style="background-color: #d1ebeb">*kina </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">kiin </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">kina </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">kina </td> <td style="background-color: #f1dfe5">kina </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">kina </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">kina </td> <td style="background-color: #f0f1df">kina </td> <td style="background-color: #e8f1df">kina </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1e0">kina </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1ed">kina </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">kina </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">kina </td> <td style="background-color: #f1dfe5">kina </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">kina </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">kina </td> <td style="background-color: #f0f1df">kina </td> <td style="background-color: #e8f1df">kina </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1e0">kina </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">kina </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">kina </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">kia </td></tr> <tr> <td>what </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">alqux </td> <td style="background-color: #d1ebeb">*caŋu </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">sangǝ̄́ca </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">sangwa/suna </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">cacaq </td> <td style="background-color: #f1dfe5">cacaq/tcauna </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">suna </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">sua </td> <td style="background-color: #f0f1df">sua </td> <td style="background-color: #e8f1df">suna/suva </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1e0">huna </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1ed">suna </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">huna </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">huna </td> <td style="background-color: #f1dfe5">huna </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">suna </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">kisu </td> <td style="background-color: #f0f1df">suna </td> <td style="background-color: #e8f1df">suna </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1e0">suna </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">kihu </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">suna/sua </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">kisik </td></tr> <tr> <td>when (past/future) </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">qanaayam </td> <td style="background-color: #d1ebeb">*qanga/qaku </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">qanga/qaku </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">qavnga/kaku </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">qangwaq/qaku </td> <td style="background-color: #f1dfe5">qangvaq/qaku </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">qanga/qagun </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">qanga/qagu </td> <td style="background-color: #f0f1df">qaglaan/qaku </td> <td style="background-color: #e8f1df">qanga/qaku </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1e0">qanga/qaku </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1ed">qanga/qakugu </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">qanga/qakugu </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">qanga/qakugu </td> <td style="background-color: #f1dfe5">qanga/qakugu </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">qanga/qakugu </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">qanga/qakugu </td> <td style="background-color: #f0f1df">qanga/qakugu </td> <td style="background-color: #e8f1df">qanga/qakugu </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1e0">kanga/kakugu </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">qanga/qakugu </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">qanga/qaqugu </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">qanga/qara </td></tr> <tr> <td>where </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">qaataa </td> <td style="background-color: #d1ebeb">*nani </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">nani </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">nani/naa/sami </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">nama/nani </td> <td style="background-color: #f1dfe5">nani/cami </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">naung/nani </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">naunga/nani </td> <td style="background-color: #f0f1df">sumi/nani/naung </td> <td style="background-color: #e8f1df">sumi/nani/naung </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1e0">humi/nani/nau </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1ed">sumi/nani/naung </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">humi/nani/naung </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">humi/naung </td> <td style="background-color: #f1dfe5">nani/naung </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">sumi/nauk </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">nani/nauk </td> <td style="background-color: #f0f1df">nami/nani </td> <td style="background-color: #e8f1df">nami/nani </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1e0">nami/nani </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">humi </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">sumi </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">sumi </td></tr> <tr> <td>why </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">alqul(-usaal) </td> <td style="background-color: #d1ebeb">*caŋu </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">sangaami </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">sangami </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">cin/caluni </td> <td style="background-color: #f1dfe5">ciin/caluni </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">suami </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">suami </td> <td style="background-color: #f0f1df">summan/suvataa </td> <td style="background-color: #e8f1df">summan/suvataa </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1e0">huuq </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1ed">suuq </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">huuq </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">huuq </td> <td style="background-color: #f1dfe5">huuq </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">suuq </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">suuq </td> <td style="background-color: #f0f1df">sungmat </td> <td style="background-color: #e8f1df">sumut </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1e0">summat </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">huuq </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">sooq </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">suuq </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <dl><dt>Body parts</dt></dl> <div style="overflow:auto"> <table class="wikitable" style="font-size: 85%"> <tbody><tr> <th>Common meaning </th> <th style="background-color: #d6e1ec"><a href="/wiki/Aleut_language" title="Aleut language">Aleut</a> </th> <th style="background-color: #d1ebeb"><a href="/wiki/Proto-Eskimoan_language" title="Proto-Eskimoan language">Proto-Eskimoan</a> </th> <th style="background-color: #d6e1ec"><a href="/wiki/Sirenik_language" title="Sirenik language">Sirenik</a> </th> <th style="background-color: #e4e0f0"><a href="/wiki/Siberian_Yupik_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Siberian Yupik language">Siberian Yupik</a> </th> <th style="background-color: #ece0f0"><a href="/wiki/Alutiiq_language" title="Alutiiq language">Alutiiq</a> </th> <th style="background-color: #f1dfe5"><a href="/wiki/Central_Alaskan_Yup%27ik_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Alaskan Yup'ik language">Yup'ik</a> </th> <th style="background-color: #f1e9df"><a href="/wiki/Inupiaq_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Inupiaq language">Seward Inupiaq</a> </th> <th style="background-color: #d6e1ec"><a href="/wiki/Qawiaraq_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Qawiaraq language">Qawiaraq</a> </th> <th style="background-color: #f0f1df"><a href="/wiki/Inupiaq_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Inupiaq language">Malimiutun</a> </th> <th style="background-color: #e8f1df"><a href="/wiki/Inupiaq_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Inupiaq language">North Slope</a> </th> <th style="background-color: #dff1e0"><a href="/wiki/Uummarmiutun" title="Uummarmiutun">Uummarmiutun</a> </th> <th style="background-color: #dff1ed"><a href="/wiki/Siglitun" class="mw-redirect" title="Siglitun">Siglitun</a> </th> <th style="background-color: #e4e0f0"><a href="/wiki/Inuinnaqtun" title="Inuinnaqtun">Inuinnaqtun</a> </th> <th style="background-color: #ece0f0"><a href="/wiki/Natsilingmiutut" title="Natsilingmiutut">Natsilik</a> </th> <th style="background-color: #f1dfe5"><a href="/wiki/Kivallirmiutut" class="mw-redirect" title="Kivallirmiutut">Kivalliq</a> </th> <th style="background-color: #f1e9df"><a href="/wiki/Aivilingmiutut" title="Aivilingmiutut">Aivilik</a> </th> <th style="background-color: #d6e1ec"><a href="/wiki/North_Baffin" class="mw-redirect" title="North Baffin">North Baffin</a> </th> <th style="background-color: #f0f1df"><a href="/wiki/South_Baffin_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="South Baffin dialect">South Baffin</a> </th> <th style="background-color: #e8f1df"><a href="/wiki/Inuktitut#Nunavik" title="Inuktitut">Nunavik</a> </th> <th style="background-color: #dff1e0"><a href="/wiki/Nunatsiavummiutut" class="mw-redirect" title="Nunatsiavummiutut">Labrador Inuttut</a> </th> <th style="background-color: #d6e1ec"><a href="/wiki/Inuktun" title="Inuktun">North Greenlandic</a> </th> <th style="background-color: #e4e0f0"><a href="/wiki/Greenlandic_language" title="Greenlandic language">West Greenlandic</a> </th> <th style="background-color: #ece0f0"><a href="/wiki/Greenlandic_language" title="Greenlandic language">East Greenlandic</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>anus </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">idiĝasix̂ </td> <td style="background-color: #d1ebeb">*ǝtǝʁ </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">tex </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">eteq </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">eteq </td> <td style="background-color: #f1dfe5">teq </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">itiq </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">itiq </td> <td style="background-color: #f0f1df">itiq </td> <td style="background-color: #e8f1df">itiq </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1e0">itiq </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1ed">itiq </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">itiq </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">itiq </td> <td style="background-color: #f1dfe5">itiq </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">itiq </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">itiq </td> <td style="background-color: #f0f1df">itiq </td> <td style="background-color: #e8f1df">itiq </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1e0">itik </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">itiq </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">iteq </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">iliq? *kiaavik </td></tr> <tr> <td>arm </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">chuyux̂ </td> <td style="background-color: #d1ebeb">*taɫi- </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">jaqex </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">taɫiq </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">taɫiq </td> <td style="background-color: #f1dfe5">taɫiq </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">taliq </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">taliq </td> <td style="background-color: #f0f1df">taliq </td> <td style="background-color: #e8f1df">taliq </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1e0">taliq </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1ed">taliq </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">taliq </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">taliq </td> <td style="background-color: #f1dfe5">taliq </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">taliq </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">taliq </td> <td style="background-color: #f0f1df">taliq </td> <td style="background-color: #e8f1df">taliq </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1e0">talik </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">taliq </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">taleq </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">taliq </td></tr> <tr> <td>belly </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">xax </td> <td style="background-color: #d1ebeb">*aqja </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">aqii </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">aqyaq </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">aqsaq </td> <td style="background-color: #f1dfe5">aqsaq </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">aqiaq </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">aqiaq </td> <td style="background-color: #f0f1df">aqiaq </td> <td style="background-color: #e8f1df">aqiaq </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1e0">aqiaq </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1ed">aqiaq </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">aqiaq </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">aqiaq </td> <td style="background-color: #f1dfe5">aqiaq </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">aqiaq </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">aqiaq </td> <td style="background-color: #f0f1df">aqiaq </td> <td style="background-color: #e8f1df">aqiaq </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1e0">akiak </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">aqiaq </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">aqajaq </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">ariaq </td></tr> <tr> <td>blood </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">aamaaxs </td> <td style="background-color: #d1ebeb">*aruɣ </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">acex/arux </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">awk </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">auk </td> <td style="background-color: #f1dfe5">auk </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">awk </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">auk </td> <td style="background-color: #f0f1df">auk </td> <td style="background-color: #e8f1df">auk </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1e0">auk </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1ed">auk </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">auk </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">auk </td> <td style="background-color: #f1dfe5">auk </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">auk </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">auk </td> <td style="background-color: #f0f1df">auk </td> <td style="background-color: #e8f1df">auk </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1e0">auk </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">auk </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">aak </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">aak </td></tr> <tr> <td>calf </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">tugaadix̂ </td> <td style="background-color: #d1ebeb">*nakacuɣ-na- </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">nakasegnax </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">nakasugnaq </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">nakacugnaq </td> <td style="background-color: #f1dfe5">nakacugnaq </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">nakasungnaq </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">nakasungnaq </td> <td style="background-color: #f0f1df">nakasrungnaq </td> <td style="background-color: #e8f1df">nakasungnaq </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1e0">nakahungnaq </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1ed">nakasungnaq </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">nakahungnaq </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">nakahungnaq </td> <td style="background-color: #f1dfe5">nakahungnaq </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">nakasungnaq </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">nakasungnaq </td> <td style="background-color: #f0f1df">nakasunnaq </td> <td style="background-color: #e8f1df">nakasunnaq </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1e0">nakasunnak </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">nakahungnaq </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">nakasunnaaq </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0"> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ear </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">tutusix̂ </td> <td style="background-color: #d1ebeb">*ciɣunt </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">siigeta </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">sigun </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">cuun </td> <td style="background-color: #f1dfe5">ciun </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">siun </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">siun </td> <td style="background-color: #f0f1df">siun </td> <td style="background-color: #e8f1df">siun </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1e0">hiun </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1ed">siun </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">hiun </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">hiut </td> <td style="background-color: #f1dfe5">hiut </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">siut </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">siuti </td> <td style="background-color: #f0f1df">siuti </td> <td style="background-color: #e8f1df">siuti </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1e0">siutik </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">hiut </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">siut </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">siit/*tusaat </td></tr> <tr> <td>eye </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">dax̂ </td> <td style="background-color: #d1ebeb">*irǝ </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">eca </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">iya </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">ii/iingaq </td> <td style="background-color: #f1dfe5">ii/iingaq </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">izi </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">izi </td> <td style="background-color: #f0f1df">iri </td> <td style="background-color: #e8f1df">iri </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1e0">iyi </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1ed">iyi </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">iyi </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">iri </td> <td style="background-color: #f1dfe5">iyi </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">iji </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">iji </td> <td style="background-color: #f0f1df">iji </td> <td style="background-color: #e8f1df">iji </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1e0">ijik </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">ihi </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">isi </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">ili </td></tr> <tr> <td>eyelash </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">dam qaxsaa </td> <td style="background-color: #d1ebeb">*qǝmǝʁja- </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">qemerjax/seqpix </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">qemeryaq/siqpik </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">qemeryaq/ciqpik </td> <td style="background-color: #f1dfe5">qemeryaq/ciqpek </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">qimiriaq/siqpiq </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">qimiriaq/siqpik </td> <td style="background-color: #f0f1df">qimiriaq/siqpik </td> <td style="background-color: #e8f1df">qimiriaq/siqpik </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1e0">qimiriaq/hiqpik </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1ed">qimiriaq/siqpik </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">qimiriaq/hiqpik </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">qimiriaq/hiqpik </td> <td style="background-color: #f1dfe5">qimiriaq/hiqpik </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">qimiriaq/siqpik </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">qimiriaq/siqpik </td> <td style="background-color: #f0f1df">qimiriaq/siqpik </td> <td style="background-color: #e8f1df">qimiriaq/siqpik </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1e0">kimigiak/sippik </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">qimiriaq/hiqpik </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">qimeriaq/serpik </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">qimiiaq/sirpik </td></tr> <tr> <td>finger </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">atx̂ux̂ </td> <td style="background-color: #d1ebeb">*ińura- </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">nurax </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">yughaq </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">suaraq </td> <td style="background-color: #f1dfe5">yuaraq </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">inugaq </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">inugaq </td> <td style="background-color: #f0f1df">iñugaq </td> <td style="background-color: #e8f1df">iñugaq </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1e0">iñugaq </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1ed">inugaq </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">inugaq </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">inugaq </td> <td style="background-color: #f1dfe5">inugaq </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">inugaq </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">inugaq </td> <td style="background-color: #f0f1df">inugaq </td> <td style="background-color: #e8f1df">inugaq </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1e0">inugak </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">inugaq </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">inuaq </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">iiaq </td></tr> <tr> <td>fingernail </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec"> </td> <td style="background-color: #d1ebeb">*kikra </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec"> </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">kiikiak </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0"> </td> <td style="background-color: #f1dfe5"> </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">kigiak </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">kikiak </td> <td style="background-color: #f0f1df">kikiak </td> <td style="background-color: #e8f1df">kikiak </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1e0">kikiak </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1ed">kikiak </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">kikiak </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">kikiak </td> <td style="background-color: #f1dfe5">kikiak </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">kikiak </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">kikiak </td> <td style="background-color: #f0f1df">kikiak </td> <td style="background-color: #e8f1df">kikiak </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1e0">kikiak </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">kikiak </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">kikiak </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">kigiak </td></tr> <tr> <td>foot </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">kitax̂ </td> <td style="background-color: #d1ebeb">*itǝɣ-(a-) </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">ítegá </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">itegaq </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">itaq </td> <td style="background-color: #f1dfe5">itgaq </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">itigak </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">itigaq </td> <td style="background-color: #f0f1df">isigak </td> <td style="background-color: #e8f1df">isigak </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1e0">ihigak </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1ed">itigak </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">itigak </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">ihigak </td> <td style="background-color: #f1dfe5">itigak </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">itigak </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">isigak </td> <td style="background-color: #f0f1df">itigak </td> <td style="background-color: #e8f1df">itigak </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1e0">itigak </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">ihigak </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">isigak </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0"> </td></tr> <tr> <td>hair </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">iimlix </td> <td style="background-color: #d1ebeb">*ńujaq </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">nujǝẋ/jujǝẋ </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">nuyaq </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">nuyaq </td> <td style="background-color: #f1dfe5">nuyaq </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">nuyaq </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">nuyaq </td> <td style="background-color: #f0f1df">nuyaq </td> <td style="background-color: #e8f1df">nuyaq </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1e0">nuyaq </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1ed">nuyaq </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">nuyaq </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">nuyaq </td> <td style="background-color: #f1dfe5">nuyaq </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">nujaq </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">nujaq </td> <td style="background-color: #f0f1df">nujaq </td> <td style="background-color: #e8f1df">nujaq </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1e0">nujak </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">nujaq </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">nujaq </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">nujaq </td></tr> <tr> <td>hand </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">chax̂ </td> <td style="background-color: #d1ebeb">*arɣa </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">ácxeẋ </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">aykaq </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">aikaq </td> <td style="background-color: #f1dfe5">aikaq </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">agrak </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">agraq </td> <td style="background-color: #f0f1df">argak </td> <td style="background-color: #e8f1df">argak </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1e0">argak </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1ed">adjgak *aygak </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">algak </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">argak </td> <td style="background-color: #f1dfe5">adjgak </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">aggak </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">aggak </td> <td style="background-color: #f0f1df">aggak </td> <td style="background-color: #e8f1df">aggak </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1e0">aggak </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">aghak </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">assak </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">attak </td></tr> <tr> <td>head </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">kamĝix̂ </td> <td style="background-color: #d1ebeb">*ńarǝ-qu- </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">iiceqeẋ </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">naasquq/nayquq </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">nasquq </td> <td style="background-color: #f1dfe5">nacquq </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">niaquq </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">niaquq </td> <td style="background-color: #f0f1df">niaquq </td> <td style="background-color: #e8f1df">niaquq </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1e0">niaquq </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1ed">niaquq </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">niaquq </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">niaquq </td> <td style="background-color: #f1dfe5">niaquq </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">niaquq </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">niaquq </td> <td style="background-color: #f0f1df">niaquq </td> <td style="background-color: #e8f1df">niaquq </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1e0">niakuk </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">niaquq </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">niaqoq </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">suuniq </td></tr> <tr> <td>heart </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">kanuux̂ </td> <td style="background-color: #d1ebeb">*uŋ-uma- </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">ungevata </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">unguvan </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">unguwan </td> <td style="background-color: #f1dfe5">unguvan </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">uumman </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">uumman </td> <td style="background-color: #f0f1df">uumman </td> <td style="background-color: #e8f1df">uumman </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1e0">uumman </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1ed">uumman </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">uumman </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">uummat </td> <td style="background-color: #f1dfe5">uummat </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">uummat </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">uummati </td> <td style="background-color: #f0f1df">uummati </td> <td style="background-color: #e8f1df">uummati </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1e0">uummatik </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">uummat </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">uummat </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">iimmat </td></tr> <tr> <td>knee </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">chidiĝix </td> <td style="background-color: #d1ebeb">*ciɣǝr-qu </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">sigesqeẋ </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">serquq </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">cisquq </td> <td style="background-color: #f1dfe5">ciisquq </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">siitquq </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">siitquq </td> <td style="background-color: #f0f1df">siitquq </td> <td style="background-color: #e8f1df">siitquq </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1e0">hiitquq </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1ed">siitquq </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">hiitquq </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">hiitquq </td> <td style="background-color: #f1dfe5">hiitquq </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">siiqquq </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">siiqquq </td> <td style="background-color: #f0f1df">siiqquq </td> <td style="background-color: #e8f1df">siirquq </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1e0">siikkuk </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">hiiqquq </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">seeqqoq </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0"> </td></tr> <tr> <td>navel </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">qiihliqdax̂ </td> <td style="background-color: #d1ebeb">*qacaɫǝʁ </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">qaɫasex </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">qasaɫeq </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">qaɫaciq </td> <td style="background-color: #f1dfe5">qaɫaciq </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">qalaziq </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">qalachiq </td> <td style="background-color: #f0f1df">qalasriq </td> <td style="background-color: #e8f1df">qalasiq </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1e0">qalahiq </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1ed">qalasiq </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">qalahiq </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">qalahiq </td> <td style="background-color: #f1dfe5">qalahiq </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">qalasiq </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">qalasiq </td> <td style="background-color: #f0f1df">qalasiq </td> <td style="background-color: #e8f1df">qalasiq </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1e0">kalasik </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">qalahiq </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">qalaseq </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0"> </td></tr> <tr> <td>nose </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">angusix̂ </td> <td style="background-color: #d1ebeb">*qǝŋa- </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">qengax </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">qengaq </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">qengaq </td> <td style="background-color: #f1dfe5">qengaq </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">qingaq </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">qingaq </td> <td style="background-color: #f0f1df">qingaq </td> <td style="background-color: #e8f1df">qingaq </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1e0">qingaq </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1ed">qingaq </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">qingaq </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">qingaq </td> <td style="background-color: #f1dfe5">qingaq </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">qingaq </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">qingaq </td> <td style="background-color: #f0f1df">qingaq </td> <td style="background-color: #e8f1df">qingaq </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1e0">kingak </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">qingaq </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">qingaq </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">qingaq </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <dl><dt>Animals</dt></dl> <div style="overflow:auto"> <table class="wikitable" style="font-size: 85%"> <tbody><tr> <th>Common meaning </th> <th style="background-color: #d6e1ec"><a href="/wiki/Aleut_language" title="Aleut language">Aleut</a> </th> <th style="background-color: #d1ebeb"><a href="/wiki/Proto-Eskimoan_language" title="Proto-Eskimoan language">Proto-Eskimoan</a> </th> <th style="background-color: #d6e1ec"><a href="/wiki/Sirenik_language" title="Sirenik language">Sirenik</a> </th> <th style="background-color: #e4e0f0"><a href="/wiki/Siberian_Yupik_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Siberian Yupik language">Siberian Yupik</a> </th> <th style="background-color: #ece0f0"><a href="/wiki/Alutiiq_language" title="Alutiiq language">Alutiiq</a> </th> <th style="background-color: #f1dfe5"><a href="/wiki/Central_Alaskan_Yup%27ik_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Alaskan Yup'ik language">Yup'ik</a> </th> <th style="background-color: #f1e9df"><a href="/wiki/Inupiaq_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Inupiaq language">Seward Inupiaq</a> </th> <th style="background-color: #d6e1ec"><a href="/wiki/Qawiaraq_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Qawiaraq language">Qawiaraq</a> </th> <th style="background-color: #f0f1df"><a href="/wiki/Inupiaq_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Inupiaq language">Malimiutun</a> </th> <th style="background-color: #e8f1df"><a href="/wiki/Inupiaq_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Inupiaq language">North Slope</a> </th> <th style="background-color: #dff1e0"><a href="/wiki/Uummarmiutun" title="Uummarmiutun">Uummarmiutun</a> </th> <th style="background-color: #dff1ed"><a href="/wiki/Siglitun" class="mw-redirect" title="Siglitun">Siglitun</a> </th> <th style="background-color: #e4e0f0"><a href="/wiki/Inuinnaqtun" title="Inuinnaqtun">Inuinnaqtun</a> </th> <th style="background-color: #ece0f0"><a href="/wiki/Natsilingmiutut" title="Natsilingmiutut">Natsilik</a> </th> <th style="background-color: #f1dfe5"><a href="/wiki/Kivallirmiutut" class="mw-redirect" title="Kivallirmiutut">Kivalliq</a> </th> <th style="background-color: #f1e9df"><a href="/wiki/Aivilingmiutut" title="Aivilingmiutut">Aivilik</a> </th> <th style="background-color: #d6e1ec"><a href="/wiki/North_Baffin" class="mw-redirect" title="North Baffin">North Baffin</a> </th> <th style="background-color: #f0f1df"><a href="/wiki/South_Baffin_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="South Baffin dialect">South Baffin</a> </th> <th style="background-color: #e8f1df"><a href="/wiki/Inuktitut#Nunavik" title="Inuktitut">Nunavik</a> </th> <th style="background-color: #dff1e0"><a href="/wiki/Nunatsiavummiutut" class="mw-redirect" title="Nunatsiavummiutut">Labrador Inuttut</a> </th> <th style="background-color: #d6e1ec"><a href="/wiki/Inuktun" title="Inuktun">North Greenlandic</a> </th> <th style="background-color: #e4e0f0"><a href="/wiki/Greenlandic_language" title="Greenlandic language">West Greenlandic</a> </th> <th style="background-color: #ece0f0"><a href="/wiki/Greenlandic_language" title="Greenlandic language">East Greenlandic</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>bowhead whale, whale </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">alax̂ </td> <td style="background-color: #d1ebeb">*aʁvǝʁ </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">arvex </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">arveq </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">arweq/arruq </td> <td style="background-color: #f1dfe5">arveq </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">arviq </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">arviq </td> <td style="background-color: #f0f1df">arviq </td> <td style="background-color: #e8f1df">arviq </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1e0">arviq </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1ed">arviq </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">arviq </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">arviq </td> <td style="background-color: #f1dfe5">arviq </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">arviq </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">arviq </td> <td style="background-color: #f0f1df">arviq </td> <td style="background-color: #e8f1df">arviq </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1e0">avvik </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">arviq </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">arfeq </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">arpiq </td></tr> <tr> <td>Canada goose </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">laĝix̂ </td> <td style="background-color: #d1ebeb">*lǝqlǝʁ </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">leẋɫeẋ </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">leghɫeq </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">neqɫeq </td> <td style="background-color: #f1dfe5">neqɫeq </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">lirliq </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">lirliq </td> <td style="background-color: #f0f1df">lirliq </td> <td style="background-color: #e8f1df">nirliq </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1e0">nirliq </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1ed">nirliq </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">nirliq </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">nirliq </td> <td style="background-color: #f1dfe5">nirliq </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">lirliq/nirliq </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">nirliq </td> <td style="background-color: #f0f1df">nirliq </td> <td style="background-color: #e8f1df">nirliq </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1e0">nillik </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">nirliq </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">nerleq </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">nirtiq </td></tr> <tr> <td>caribou </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">itx̂aygix̂ </td> <td style="background-color: #d1ebeb">*tuŋtu </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">tumta </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">tungtu </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">tuntu </td> <td style="background-color: #f1dfe5">tuntu </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">tuttu </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">tuttu </td> <td style="background-color: #f0f1df">tuttu </td> <td style="background-color: #e8f1df">tuttu </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1e0">tuttu </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1ed">tuktu </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">tuktu </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">tuktu </td> <td style="background-color: #f1dfe5">tuktu </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">tuktu </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">tuktu </td> <td style="background-color: #f0f1df">tuttu </td> <td style="background-color: #e8f1df">tuttu </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1e0">tuttuk </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">tuktu </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">tuttu </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">tuttuq </td></tr> <tr> <td>dog </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">sabaakax̂ </td> <td style="background-color: #d1ebeb">*qikmi- </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">qepeneẋ </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">qikmiq </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">qiqmiq/piugta </td> <td style="background-color: #f1dfe5">qimugta </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">qimmiq </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">qimmiq </td> <td style="background-color: #f0f1df">qipmiq </td> <td style="background-color: #e8f1df">qimmiq </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1e0">qimmiq </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1ed">qimmiq </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">qinmiq </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">qingmiq/qimmiq </td> <td style="background-color: #f1dfe5">qingmiq/qimmiq </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">qimmiq </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">qimmiq </td> <td style="background-color: #f0f1df">qimmiq </td> <td style="background-color: #e8f1df">qimmiq </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1e0">kimmik </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">qimmiq </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">qimmeq </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">qimmiq </td></tr> <tr> <td>fish </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">qax̂ </td> <td style="background-color: #d1ebeb">*ǝqaɫuɣ </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">iqeɫex </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">iqaɫuk </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">iqaɫuk </td> <td style="background-color: #f1dfe5">iqaɫuk </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">iraluk </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">iraluk </td> <td style="background-color: #f0f1df">iqaluk </td> <td style="background-color: #e8f1df">iqaluk </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1e0">qaluk </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1ed">iqaluk </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">iqaluk </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">iqaluk </td> <td style="background-color: #f1dfe5">iqaluk </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">iqaluk </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">iqaluk </td> <td style="background-color: #f0f1df">iqaluk </td> <td style="background-color: #e8f1df">iqaluk </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1e0">ikaluk </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">iqaluk </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">eqaluk </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">iqalik </td></tr> <tr> <td>groundhog, Arctic squirrel </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">sixsix </td> <td style="background-color: #d1ebeb">*sigsik </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">siksix </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">sikik </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">cikik </td> <td style="background-color: #f1dfe5">cikik </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">siksrik </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">chiksrik </td> <td style="background-color: #f0f1df">siksrik </td> <td style="background-color: #e8f1df">siksrik </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1e0">siksrik </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1ed">siksik </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">hikhik </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">hiksik </td> <td style="background-color: #f1dfe5">hikhik </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">siksik </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">siksi </td> <td style="background-color: #f0f1df">sitsik </td> <td style="background-color: #e8f1df">sitsik </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1e0">sitsik </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">highik </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">sissi </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">sitsiq </td></tr> <tr> <td>killer whale </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">aglux̂ </td> <td style="background-color: #d1ebeb">*aʁɫuɣ </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">arɫux? </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">arɫuk </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">aqɫuk </td> <td style="background-color: #f1dfe5">arɫuk </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">aarlu </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">aarlu </td> <td style="background-color: #f0f1df">aarlu </td> <td style="background-color: #e8f1df">aarlu </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1e0">aarlu </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1ed">aarlu </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">aarlu </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">aarluk </td> <td style="background-color: #f1dfe5">aarluk </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">aarluk </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">aarluk </td> <td style="background-color: #f0f1df">aarluk </td> <td style="background-color: #e8f1df">aarluk </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1e0">aalluk </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">aarluk </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">aarluk </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">aartiq? </td></tr> <tr> <td>louse </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">kitux̂ </td> <td style="background-color: #d1ebeb">*kumaɣ </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">kúmex </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">kumak </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">kumak </td> <td style="background-color: #f1dfe5">kumak </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">kumak </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">kumak </td> <td style="background-color: #f0f1df">kumak </td> <td style="background-color: #e8f1df">kumak </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1e0">kumak </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1ed">kumak </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">kumak </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">kumak </td> <td style="background-color: #f1dfe5">kumak </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">kumak </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">kumak </td> <td style="background-color: #f0f1df">kumak </td> <td style="background-color: #e8f1df">kumak </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1e0">kumak </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">kumak </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">kumak </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">kumak </td></tr> <tr> <td>oldsquaw/long-tailed duck </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">aagix̂ </td> <td style="background-color: #d1ebeb">*aXaŋǝ-liʁ </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">aahaangalex </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">aahaangwliq </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">ahangkiluk </td> <td style="background-color: #f1dfe5">aahaangiiq/aahaaliq </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">aa'aangiq </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">aa'aangiq </td> <td style="background-color: #f0f1df">aahaaliq </td> <td style="background-color: #e8f1df">aahaaliq </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1e0">ahaangiq </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1ed">ahaangiq </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">aahaalliq </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">ahaangiq </td> <td style="background-color: #f1dfe5">ahaangiq </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">ahaangiq </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">ahaangiq </td> <td style="background-color: #f0f1df">ahaangiq </td> <td style="background-color: #e8f1df">ahaangiq </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1e0">ahaangik </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">ahaangiq </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">ahaangiq </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">ahaangiq </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ptarmigan" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptarmigan">ptarmigan</a> </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">aĝdiikax̂ </td> <td style="background-color: #d1ebeb">*aqărɣiʁ </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">aqergex </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">aqargiiq/aqarriq </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">aqasgiiq </td> <td style="background-color: #f1dfe5">aqazgiiq </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">arargiq </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">arargiq </td> <td style="background-color: #f0f1df">aqargiq </td> <td style="background-color: #e8f1df">aqargiq </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1e0">aqaygiq </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1ed">aqiygiq </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">aqilgiq </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">aqirgiq/aqigriq </td> <td style="background-color: #f1dfe5">aqidjgiq </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">aqiggiq </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">aqiggiq </td> <td style="background-color: #f0f1df">aqiggiq </td> <td style="background-color: #e8f1df">aqiggiq </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1e0">akiggik </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">aqighiq </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">aqisseq </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">nagalaraq </td></tr> <tr> <td>swan </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">qukingix̂ </td> <td style="background-color: #d1ebeb">*quɣruɣ </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">qerúmɫeráẋ </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">quuk </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">qugyuq </td> <td style="background-color: #f1dfe5">qugyuq </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">qugruk </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">qugruk </td> <td style="background-color: #f0f1df">qugruk </td> <td style="background-color: #e8f1df">qugruk </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1e0">qugruk </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1ed">qugyuk </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">qugyuk </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">qugyuk </td> <td style="background-color: #f1dfe5">qugyuk </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">qugjuk </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">qugjuk </td> <td style="background-color: #f0f1df">qujjuk </td> <td style="background-color: #e8f1df">qujjuk </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1e0">kutjuk </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">qughuk </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">qussuk </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">qutsuk </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <dl><dt>Other nouns</dt></dl> <div style="overflow:auto"> <table class="wikitable" style="font-size: 85%"> <tbody><tr> <th>Common meaning </th> <th style="background-color: #d6e1ec"><a href="/wiki/Aleut_language" title="Aleut language">Aleut</a> </th> <th style="background-color: #d1ebeb"><a href="/wiki/Proto-Eskimoan_language" title="Proto-Eskimoan language">Proto-Eskimoan</a> </th> <th style="background-color: #d6e1ec"><a href="/wiki/Sirenik_language" title="Sirenik language">Sirenik</a> </th> <th style="background-color: #e4e0f0"><a href="/wiki/Siberian_Yupik_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Siberian Yupik language">Siberian Yupik</a> </th> <th style="background-color: #ece0f0"><a href="/wiki/Alutiiq_language" title="Alutiiq language">Alutiiq</a> </th> <th style="background-color: #f1dfe5"><a href="/wiki/Central_Alaskan_Yup%27ik_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Alaskan Yup'ik language">Yup'ik</a> </th> <th style="background-color: #f1e9df"><a href="/wiki/Inupiaq_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Inupiaq language">Seward Inupiaq</a> </th> <th style="background-color: #d6e1ec"><a href="/wiki/Qawiaraq_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Qawiaraq language">Qawiaraq</a> </th> <th style="background-color: #f0f1df"><a href="/wiki/Inupiaq_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Inupiaq language">Malimiutun</a> </th> <th style="background-color: #e8f1df"><a href="/wiki/Inupiaq_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Inupiaq language">North Slope</a> </th> <th style="background-color: #dff1e0"><a href="/wiki/Uummarmiutun" title="Uummarmiutun">Uummarmiutun</a> </th> <th style="background-color: #dff1ed"><a href="/wiki/Siglitun" class="mw-redirect" title="Siglitun">Siglitun</a> </th> <th style="background-color: #e4e0f0"><a href="/wiki/Inuinnaqtun" title="Inuinnaqtun">Inuinnaqtun</a> </th> <th style="background-color: #ece0f0"><a href="/wiki/Natsilingmiutut" title="Natsilingmiutut">Natsilik</a> </th> <th style="background-color: #f1dfe5"><a href="/wiki/Kivallirmiutut" class="mw-redirect" title="Kivallirmiutut">Kivalliq</a> </th> <th style="background-color: #f1e9df"><a href="/wiki/Aivilingmiutut" title="Aivilingmiutut">Aivilik</a> </th> <th style="background-color: #d6e1ec"><a href="/wiki/North_Baffin" class="mw-redirect" title="North Baffin">North Baffin</a> </th> <th style="background-color: #f0f1df"><a href="/wiki/South_Baffin_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="South Baffin dialect">South Baffin</a> </th> <th style="background-color: #e8f1df"><a href="/wiki/Inuktitut#Nunavik" title="Inuktitut">Nunavik</a> </th> <th style="background-color: #dff1e0"><a href="/wiki/Nunatsiavummiutut" class="mw-redirect" title="Nunatsiavummiutut">Labrador Inuttut</a> </th> <th style="background-color: #d6e1ec"><a href="/wiki/Inuktun" title="Inuktun">North Greenlandic</a> </th> <th style="background-color: #e4e0f0"><a href="/wiki/Greenlandic_language" title="Greenlandic language">West Greenlandic</a> </th> <th style="background-color: #ece0f0"><a href="/wiki/Greenlandic_language" title="Greenlandic language">East Greenlandic</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>and, also </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">ama </td> <td style="background-color: #d1ebeb">*amma </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">ama/sama </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">amahwa/aamta </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">amleq/cama </td> <td style="background-color: #f1dfe5">amleq/cama </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">amma </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">amma </td> <td style="background-color: #f0f1df">amma </td> <td style="background-color: #e8f1df">amma </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1e0">amma </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1ed">amma </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">amma </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">amma </td> <td style="background-color: #f1dfe5">amma </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">amma </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">amma </td> <td style="background-color: #f0f1df">amma </td> <td style="background-color: #e8f1df">amma </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1e0">amma </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">amma </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">aamma </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">aamma </td></tr> <tr> <td>arrow </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec"> </td> <td style="background-color: #d1ebeb">*qaʁru </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">qarceẋ </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">ruuq </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">ruuq </td> <td style="background-color: #f1dfe5">qeruq </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">qarruq </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">qarruq </td> <td style="background-color: #f0f1df">qarruq </td> <td style="background-color: #e8f1df">qarruq </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1e0">qarruq </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1ed">qaryuq </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">qaryuq </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">qaryuq </td> <td style="background-color: #f1dfe5">qaryuq </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">qarjuq </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">qarjuq </td> <td style="background-color: #f0f1df">qarjuk </td> <td style="background-color: #e8f1df">qajjuk </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1e0">katjuk </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">qarhuq </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">qarsoq </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">qarliq </td></tr> <tr> <td>ash </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">utxix̂ </td> <td style="background-color: #d1ebeb">*aʁra </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">arex </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">aʁra </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">araq </td> <td style="background-color: #f1dfe5">araq </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">arra </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">arra </td> <td style="background-color: #f0f1df">arra </td> <td style="background-color: #e8f1df">arra </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1e0">arra </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1ed">arya </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">arya </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">arya </td> <td style="background-color: #f1dfe5">arya </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">arja </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">arja </td> <td style="background-color: #f0f1df">arja </td> <td style="background-color: #e8f1df">ajja </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1e0">atjak </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">arhaq </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">arsaq </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">arlaq </td></tr> <tr> <td>atmosphere, weather, out </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">silan/slax̂ </td> <td style="background-color: #d1ebeb">*cǝla </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">siɫa </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">sɫaa </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">ɫa </td> <td style="background-color: #f1dfe5">ciɫa/ella </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">sila </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">chila </td> <td style="background-color: #f0f1df">sila </td> <td style="background-color: #e8f1df">sila </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1e0">hila </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1ed">sila </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">hila </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">hila </td> <td style="background-color: #f1dfe5">hila </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">sila </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">sila </td> <td style="background-color: #f0f1df">sila </td> <td style="background-color: #e8f1df">sila </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1e0">sila </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">hila </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">sila </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">sila </td></tr> <tr> <td>breath </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">angil </td> <td style="background-color: #d1ebeb">*anǝʁ- </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">anerte- </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">anernaq </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">anerneq </td> <td style="background-color: #f1dfe5">anerneq </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">anirniq </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">anirniq </td> <td style="background-color: #f0f1df">aniqniq </td> <td style="background-color: #e8f1df">anirniq </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1e0">anirniq </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1ed">anirniq </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">anirniq </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">anirniq </td> <td style="background-color: #f1dfe5">anirniq </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">anirniq </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">anirniq </td> <td style="background-color: #f0f1df">anirniq </td> <td style="background-color: #e8f1df">anirniq </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1e0">aninnik </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">anirniq </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">anerneq </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">anirniq </td></tr> <tr> <td>cloud </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec"> </td> <td style="background-color: #d1ebeb">*nụvǝja </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec"> </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0"> </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0"> </td> <td style="background-color: #f1dfe5"> </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">nuiya </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">nuwiya </td> <td style="background-color: #f0f1df">nuviya </td> <td style="background-color: #e8f1df">nuviya </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1e0">nuvuya </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1ed">nuvuya </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">nuvuya </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">nuvuya </td> <td style="background-color: #f1dfe5">nuvuya </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">nuvuja </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">nuvujaq </td> <td style="background-color: #f0f1df">nuvujaq </td> <td style="background-color: #e8f1df">nuvujaq </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1e0">nuvujak </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">nuvujaq </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">nuiaq </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">nuviaq </td></tr> <tr> <td>cook </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">unagix̂ </td> <td style="background-color: #d1ebeb">*ǝɣa </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">ega </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">ega </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">ega </td> <td style="background-color: #f1dfe5">ega </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">iga </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">iga </td> <td style="background-color: #f0f1df">iga </td> <td style="background-color: #e8f1df">iga </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1e0">iga </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1ed">iga </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">iga </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">iga </td> <td style="background-color: #f1dfe5">iga </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">iga </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">iga </td> <td style="background-color: #f0f1df">iga </td> <td style="background-color: #e8f1df">iga </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1e0">iga </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">iga </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">iga </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">inga </td></tr> <tr> <td>cry, weep </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">qidal </td> <td style="background-color: #d1ebeb">*qiRă- </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">qeje </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">qeya </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">qia </td> <td style="background-color: #f1dfe5">qeya </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">qia </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">qia </td> <td style="background-color: #f0f1df">qia </td> <td style="background-color: #e8f1df">qia </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1e0">qia </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1ed">qia </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">qia </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">qia </td> <td style="background-color: #f1dfe5">qia </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">qia </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">qia </td> <td style="background-color: #f0f1df">qia </td> <td style="background-color: #e8f1df">qia </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1e0">kia </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">qia </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">qia </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">qia </td></tr> <tr> <td>dog barking </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">qihlux </td> <td style="background-color: #d1ebeb">*qiluɣ </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">qelux </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">qilugaq </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">qiluk </td> <td style="background-color: #f1dfe5">qiluk </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">qiluk </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">qiluk </td> <td style="background-color: #f0f1df">qiluk </td> <td style="background-color: #e8f1df">qiluk </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1e0">qiluk </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1ed">qiluk </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">qiluk </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">qiluk </td> <td style="background-color: #f1dfe5">qiluk </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">qiluk </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">qiluk </td> <td style="background-color: #f0f1df">qiluk </td> <td style="background-color: #e8f1df">qiluk </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1e0">kiluk </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">qiluk </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">qiluk </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">qiliilaq </td></tr> <tr> <td>earth </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">tanax̂ </td> <td style="background-color: #d1ebeb">*luna </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec"> </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">nuna </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">nuna </td> <td style="background-color: #f1dfe5">nuna </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">nuna </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">nuna </td> <td style="background-color: #f0f1df">nuna </td> <td style="background-color: #e8f1df">nuna </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1e0">nuna </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1ed">nuna </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">nuna </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">nuna </td> <td style="background-color: #f1dfe5">nuna </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">nuna </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">nuna </td> <td style="background-color: #f0f1df">nuna </td> <td style="background-color: #e8f1df">nuna </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1e0">nuna </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">nuna </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">nuna </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">nuna </td></tr> <tr> <td>feather </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">haka </td> <td style="background-color: #d1ebeb">*culuk </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">silek </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">siluk </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">culuk </td> <td style="background-color: #f1dfe5">culuk </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">suluk </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">chuluk </td> <td style="background-color: #f0f1df">suluk </td> <td style="background-color: #e8f1df">suluk </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1e0">huluk </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1ed">suluk </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">huluk </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">huluk </td> <td style="background-color: #f1dfe5">huluk </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">suluk </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">suluk </td> <td style="background-color: #f0f1df">suluk </td> <td style="background-color: #e8f1df">suluk </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1e0">suluk </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">huluk </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">suluk </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">siik </td></tr> <tr> <td>fire </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">qignal </td> <td style="background-color: #d1ebeb">*ǝknǝ- </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">ekn'ex </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">ekneq </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">keneq </td> <td style="background-color: #f1dfe5">keneq </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">ikniq </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">itniq </td> <td style="background-color: #f0f1df">ikniq </td> <td style="background-color: #e8f1df">igniq </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1e0">ingniq </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1ed">ingniq </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">ingniq </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">ingniq </td> <td style="background-color: #f1dfe5">ingniq </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">ingniq </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">ingniq </td> <td style="background-color: #f0f1df">inniq </td> <td style="background-color: #e8f1df">inniq </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1e0">innik </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">ingniq </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">inneq </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">igivattattiq </td></tr> <tr> <td>Here it is! </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">wa </td> <td style="background-color: #d1ebeb">*uva </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">hwa </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">hwa </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">w'a </td> <td style="background-color: #f1dfe5">w'a </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">uvvaa </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">uvvaa </td> <td style="background-color: #f0f1df">uvva </td> <td style="background-color: #e8f1df">uvva </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1e0">uvva </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1ed">uvva </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">uvva </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">uvva </td> <td style="background-color: #f1dfe5">uvva </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">uvva </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">uvva </td> <td style="background-color: #f0f1df">uvva </td> <td style="background-color: #e8f1df">uvva </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1e0">uvva </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">uhha </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">uffa </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">uppa </td></tr> <tr> <td>hilltop </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">qayax̂ </td> <td style="background-color: #d1ebeb">*qemi </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">qemix </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">qemiq </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">qemiq </td> <td style="background-color: #f1dfe5">qemiq </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">qimiq </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">qimiq </td> <td style="background-color: #f0f1df">qimiq </td> <td style="background-color: #e8f1df">qimiq </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1e0">qimiq </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1ed">qimiq </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">qimiq </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">qimiq </td> <td style="background-color: #f1dfe5">qimiq </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">qimiq </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">qimiq </td> <td style="background-color: #f0f1df">qimiq </td> <td style="background-color: #e8f1df">qimiq </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1e0">kimik </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">qimiq </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">qimeq </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">qimiq </td></tr> <tr> <td>house </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">ulax̂ </td> <td style="background-color: #d1ebeb">*ǝŋlu </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">lu </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">inglu </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">englu </td> <td style="background-color: #f1dfe5">englu </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">iglu </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">iglu </td> <td style="background-color: #f0f1df">iglu </td> <td style="background-color: #e8f1df">iglu </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1e0">iglu </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1ed">iglu </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">iglu </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">iglu </td> <td style="background-color: #f1dfe5">iglu </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">iglu </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">iglu </td> <td style="background-color: #f0f1df">illu </td> <td style="background-color: #e8f1df">illu </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1e0">illuk </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">iglu </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">illu </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">ittiq </td></tr> <tr> <td>hungry </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">haagil </td> <td style="background-color: #d1ebeb">*kajak </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">kajex </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">keek </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">kaik </td> <td style="background-color: #f1dfe5">kaik </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">kaak </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">kaak </td> <td style="background-color: #f0f1df">kaak </td> <td style="background-color: #e8f1df">kaak </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1e0">kaak </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1ed">kaak </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">kaak </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">kaak </td> <td style="background-color: #f1dfe5">kaak </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">kaak </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">kaak </td> <td style="background-color: #f0f1df">kaak </td> <td style="background-color: #e8f1df">kaak </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1e0">kaak </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">kaak </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">kaak </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">kaak </td></tr> <tr> <td>kiss, kiss on nose </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">qingul </td> <td style="background-color: #d1ebeb">*kungik </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">singeq </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">singaq(-ghaqaa) </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">cingaq </td> <td style="background-color: #f1dfe5">cingaq </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">kunik </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">kunik </td> <td style="background-color: #f0f1df">kunik </td> <td style="background-color: #e8f1df">kunik </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1e0">kunik </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1ed">kunik </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">kunik </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">kunik </td> <td style="background-color: #f1dfe5">kunik </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">kunik </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">kunik </td> <td style="background-color: #f0f1df">kunik </td> <td style="background-color: #e8f1df">kunik </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1e0">kunik </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">kunik </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">kunik </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">kunik </td></tr> <tr> <td>lake </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">hanix̂ </td> <td style="background-color: #d1ebeb">*taci-ʁ </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">jajvex </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">nayvaq </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">nanwaq </td> <td style="background-color: #f1dfe5">nanvaq </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">navraq/teziq </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">navraq/tachiq </td> <td style="background-color: #f0f1df">narvaq/tasriq </td> <td style="background-color: #e8f1df">narvaq/tasiq </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1e0">narvaq/tahiq </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1ed">nayvaq/tasiq </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">nalvaq/tahiq </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">narvaq/tahiq </td> <td style="background-color: #f1dfe5">nagvaq/tahiq </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">navvaq/tasiq </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">navvaq/tasiq </td> <td style="background-color: #f0f1df">navvaq/tasiq </td> <td style="background-color: #e8f1df">navvaq/tasiq </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1e0">navvak/tasik </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">nassak/tahiq </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">nassak/taseq </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">nattak/tasiq </td></tr> <tr> <td>load </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">husix̂ </td> <td style="background-color: #d1ebeb">*uci </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">usa </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">usi </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">uci </td> <td style="background-color: #f1dfe5">uci </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">uzi </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">uchi </td> <td style="background-color: #f0f1df">usri </td> <td style="background-color: #e8f1df">usi </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1e0">uhi </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1ed">usi </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">uhi </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">uhi </td> <td style="background-color: #f1dfe5">uhi </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">usi </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">usi </td> <td style="background-color: #f0f1df">usi </td> <td style="background-color: #e8f1df">usi </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1e0">usik </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">uhi </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">usi </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">usi </td></tr> <tr> <td>milk </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">mulukax </td> <td style="background-color: #d1ebeb">*emug, itug </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">ituk/emunge </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">ituk/emuk </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">muk </td> <td style="background-color: #f1dfe5">ituk </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">immuk </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">immuk </td> <td style="background-color: #f0f1df">immuk </td> <td style="background-color: #e8f1df">immuk </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1e0">ituk </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1ed">miluk </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">miluk </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">ituk </td> <td style="background-color: #f1dfe5">immuk </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">immuk </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">immuk </td> <td style="background-color: #f0f1df">immuk </td> <td style="background-color: #e8f1df">immuk </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1e0">immuk </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">immuk </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">immuk </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">immuk </td></tr> <tr> <td>name </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">asax̂ </td> <td style="background-color: #d1ebeb">*atǝʁ </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">atex </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">ateq </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">ateq </td> <td style="background-color: #f1dfe5">ateq </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">atiq </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">atiq </td> <td style="background-color: #f0f1df">atiq </td> <td style="background-color: #e8f1df">atiq </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1e0">atiq </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1ed">atiq </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">atiq </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">atiq </td> <td style="background-color: #f1dfe5">atiq </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">atiq </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">atiq </td> <td style="background-color: #f0f1df">atiq </td> <td style="background-color: #e8f1df">atiq </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1e0">atik </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">atiq </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">ateq </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">aliq </td></tr> <tr> <td>no </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">nangaa </td> <td style="background-color: #d1ebeb">*naaka *qaanga </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">naaka </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">naka/naah </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">kaa </td> <td style="background-color: #f1dfe5">ina/qanga </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">naami/naagga </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">qanngaq/naagga </td> <td style="background-color: #f0f1df">naumi/naakka </td> <td style="background-color: #e8f1df">naumi/naagga </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1e0">naggai </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1ed">naaggai </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">imannaq </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">iiq/naagga </td> <td style="background-color: #f1dfe5">naung/naagga </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">nauk/aakka </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">aakka/naagga </td> <td style="background-color: #f0f1df">aukka/aggaq </td> <td style="background-color: #e8f1df">naggai/nauk </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1e0">aukang </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">na'a/naagga </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">naami/naagga </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">iiqqii </td></tr> <tr> <td>price, value </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">akiisal </td> <td style="background-color: #d1ebeb">*aki </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">aka </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">aki </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">aki </td> <td style="background-color: #f1dfe5">aki </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">aki </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">aki </td> <td style="background-color: #f0f1df">agi </td> <td style="background-color: #e8f1df">agi </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1e0">aki </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1ed">aki </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">aki </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">aki </td> <td style="background-color: #f1dfe5">aki </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">aki </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">aki </td> <td style="background-color: #f0f1df">aki </td> <td style="background-color: #e8f1df">aki </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1e0">aki </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">akik </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">aki </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">agiq </td></tr> <tr> <td>shaman </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">qugaaĝix̂ </td> <td style="background-color: #d1ebeb">*aŋalku- </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">angekex </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">angaɫkuq </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">angaɫquq </td> <td style="background-color: #f1dfe5">angaɫkuq </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">angatkuq </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">angatkuq </td> <td style="background-color: #f0f1df">angatkuq </td> <td style="background-color: #e8f1df">angatkuq </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1e0">angatkuq </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1ed">angatkuq </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">angatkuq </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">angatkuq </td> <td style="background-color: #f1dfe5">angatkuq </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">angakkuq </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">angakkuq </td> <td style="background-color: #f0f1df">angakkuq </td> <td style="background-color: #e8f1df">angakkuq </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1e0">angakkuk </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">angakkuq </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">angakkoq </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">angakkiq </td></tr> <tr> <td>ship, boat </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">ayxaasix̂ </td> <td style="background-color: #d1ebeb">*umi(r)a </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">umax </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">umiaq </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">umiaq </td> <td style="background-color: #f1dfe5">umiaq </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">umiaq </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">umiaq </td> <td style="background-color: #f0f1df">umiaq </td> <td style="background-color: #e8f1df">umiaq </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1e0">umiaq </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1ed">umiaq </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">umiaq </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">umiaq </td> <td style="background-color: #f1dfe5">umiaq </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">umiaq </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">umiaq </td> <td style="background-color: #f0f1df">umiaq </td> <td style="background-color: #e8f1df">umiaq </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1e0">umiak </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">umiaq </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">umiaq </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">umiaq </td></tr> <tr> <td>sky </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">inix̂ </td> <td style="background-color: #d1ebeb">*qilaɣ </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">qilex </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">qilak </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">qilak </td> <td style="background-color: #f1dfe5">qilak </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">qilak </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">qilak </td> <td style="background-color: #f0f1df">qilak </td> <td style="background-color: #e8f1df">qilak </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1e0">qilak </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1ed">qilak </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">qilak </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">qilak </td> <td style="background-color: #f1dfe5">qilak </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">qilak </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">qilak </td> <td style="background-color: #f0f1df">qilak </td> <td style="background-color: #e8f1df">qilak </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1e0">kilak </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">qilak </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">qilak </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">qilak </td></tr> <tr> <td>smoke </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">huyux̂s </td> <td style="background-color: #d1ebeb">*puju </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">pujex </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">puyuq </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">puyuq </td> <td style="background-color: #f1dfe5">puyuq </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">puyuq </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">puyuq </td> <td style="background-color: #f0f1df">puyuq </td> <td style="background-color: #e8f1df">puyuq </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1e0">puyuq </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1ed">puyuq </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">puyuq </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">puyuq </td> <td style="background-color: #f1dfe5">puyuq </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">pujuq </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">pujuq </td> <td style="background-color: #f0f1df">pujuq </td> <td style="background-color: #e8f1df">pujuq </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1e0">pujuk </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">pujuq </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">pujoq </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">pujuq </td></tr> <tr> <td>snow(flake) </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">qaniigix̂ </td> <td style="background-color: #d1ebeb">*qaniɣ </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">qanix </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">qanik </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">qanik </td> <td style="background-color: #f1dfe5">qaniq </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">qanik </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">qanik </td> <td style="background-color: #f0f1df">qanik </td> <td style="background-color: #e8f1df">qanik </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1e0">qanik </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1ed">qanik </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">qanik </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">qanik </td> <td style="background-color: #f1dfe5">qanik </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">qanik </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">qanik </td> <td style="background-color: #f0f1df">qanik </td> <td style="background-color: #e8f1df">qanik </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1e0">kanik </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">qanik </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">qanik </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">qanik </td></tr> <tr> <td>star </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">sdax̂ </td> <td style="background-color: #d1ebeb">*umluria </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec"> </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0"> </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0"> </td> <td style="background-color: #f1dfe5"> </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">uvluriaq </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">uvluriaq </td> <td style="background-color: #f0f1df">uvluriaq </td> <td style="background-color: #e8f1df">uvluriaq </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1e0">uvluriaq </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1ed">ubluriaq </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">ubluriaq </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">ubluriaq </td> <td style="background-color: #f1dfe5">ubluriaq </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">ubluriaq </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">ulluriaq </td> <td style="background-color: #f0f1df">ulluriaq </td> <td style="background-color: #e8f1df">ulluriaq </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1e0">ullugiak </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">ulluriaq </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">ulloriaq </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">utturiaq </td></tr> <tr> <td>sun, day </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">aĝadĝix̂ </td> <td style="background-color: #d1ebeb">*ciqi-nǝʁ </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">siqinex </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">siqineq/mazaq </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">ciqineq/masaq </td> <td style="background-color: #f1dfe5">ciqineq/macaq </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">siriniq/mazaq </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">chiqiniq/machaq </td> <td style="background-color: #f0f1df">siqiñiq/masaq </td> <td style="background-color: #e8f1df">siqiñiq </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1e0">hiqiñiq </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1ed">siqiniq </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">hiqiniq </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">hiqiniq </td> <td style="background-color: #f1dfe5">hiqiniq </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">siqiniq </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">siqiniq </td> <td style="background-color: #f0f1df">siqiniq </td> <td style="background-color: #e8f1df">siqiniq </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1e0">sikinik </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">hiqiniq </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">seqineq </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">siirliq </td></tr> <tr> <td>tell a story/legend </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">uniikal </td> <td style="background-color: #d1ebeb">*uniɣ-paʁ- </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">unircex </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">ungikpaq </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">unifkuaq </td> <td style="background-color: #f1dfe5">unifkaraq </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">unipkaaq </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">unipkaaq </td> <td style="background-color: #f0f1df">unipkaaq </td> <td style="background-color: #e8f1df">unipkaaq </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1e0">unipkaaq </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1ed">unipkaaq </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">unipkaaq </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">unipkaaq </td> <td style="background-color: #f1dfe5">unipkaaq </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">unipkaaq </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">unikkaaq </td> <td style="background-color: #f0f1df">unikkaaq </td> <td style="background-color: #e8f1df">unikkaaq </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1e0">unikkaak </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">unikkaaq </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">unikkaaq </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">unikkaaq </td></tr> <tr> <td>tent </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">pulaatxix̂ </td> <td style="background-color: #d1ebeb">*tupǝʁ </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">tupex </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">tupeq </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0"> </td> <td style="background-color: #f1dfe5"> </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">tuviq </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">tuviq </td> <td style="background-color: #f0f1df">tupiq </td> <td style="background-color: #e8f1df">tupiq </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1e0">tupiq </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1ed">tupiq </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">tupiq </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">tupiq </td> <td style="background-color: #f1dfe5">tupiq </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">tupiq </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">tupiq </td> <td style="background-color: #f0f1df">tupiq </td> <td style="background-color: #e8f1df">tupiq </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1e0">tupik </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">tupiq </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">tupeq </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">tupiq </td></tr> <tr> <td>to ask </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">ahmat- </td> <td style="background-color: #d1ebeb">*apete </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">apet- </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">apetaqa- </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">apqar- </td> <td style="background-color: #f1dfe5">apete- </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">apiri- </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">apiri- </td> <td style="background-color: #f0f1df">apiri- </td> <td style="background-color: #e8f1df">apiri- </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1e0">apiri- </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1ed">apiri- </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">apiri- </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">apiri- </td> <td style="background-color: #f1dfe5">apiri- </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">apiri- </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">apiri- </td> <td style="background-color: #f0f1df">apiri- </td> <td style="background-color: #e8f1df">apiri- </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1e0">apigi- </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">apiri- </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">aperi- </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">apii- </td></tr> <tr> <td>to urinate </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">qaalux̂ </td> <td style="background-color: #d1ebeb">*quʁ(r)ǝ- </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">qux-teqex </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">uraquq </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">qure- </td> <td style="background-color: #f1dfe5">qure- </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">qui- </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">qui- </td> <td style="background-color: #f0f1df">qui- </td> <td style="background-color: #e8f1df">qui- </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1e0">qui- </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1ed">qui- </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">qui- </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">qui- </td> <td style="background-color: #f1dfe5">qui- </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">qui- </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">qui- </td> <td style="background-color: #f0f1df">qui- </td> <td style="background-color: #e8f1df">qui- </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1e0">kui- </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">qui- </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">qui- </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">quvi- </td></tr> <tr> <td>tree, wood </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec"> </td> <td style="background-color: #d1ebeb">*napar- </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">napax </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">napartuq </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">napaq </td> <td style="background-color: #f1dfe5">napa </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">napaaqtuq </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">napaaqtuq </td> <td style="background-color: #f0f1df">napaaqtuq </td> <td style="background-color: #e8f1df">napaaqtuq </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1e0">napaaqtuq </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1ed">napaaqtuq </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">napaaqtuq </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">napaaqtuq </td> <td style="background-color: #f1dfe5">napaaqtuq </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">napaaqtuq </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">napaaqtuq </td> <td style="background-color: #f0f1df">napaaqtiq </td> <td style="background-color: #e8f1df">napaattuq </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1e0">napaattuk </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">uqpik/napaaqtuq </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">orpik/napaartoq </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">urpik/napaartuq </td></tr> <tr> <td>water </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">taangax̂ </td> <td style="background-color: #d1ebeb">*ǝmǝʁ </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">mex </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">emeq </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">meq </td> <td style="background-color: #f1dfe5">imiq </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">imiq </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">imiq </td> <td style="background-color: #f0f1df">imiq </td> <td style="background-color: #e8f1df">imiq </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1e0">imiq </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1ed">imiq </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">imiq </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">imiq </td> <td style="background-color: #f1dfe5">imiq </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">imiq </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">imiq </td> <td style="background-color: #f0f1df">imiq </td> <td style="background-color: #e8f1df">imiq </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1e0">imik </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">imiq </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">imeq </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">imiq </td></tr> <tr> <td>wind </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">achunal </td> <td style="background-color: #d1ebeb">*anuqǝ </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">anuqa </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">anuqa </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">anuqa </td> <td style="background-color: #f1dfe5">anuqa </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">anuri </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">anuri </td> <td style="background-color: #f0f1df">anuri </td> <td style="background-color: #e8f1df">anuri </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1e0">anuri </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1ed">anuri </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">anuri </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">anuri </td> <td style="background-color: #f1dfe5">anuri </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">anuri </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">anuri </td> <td style="background-color: #f0f1df">anuri </td> <td style="background-color: #e8f1df">anuri </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1e0">anugik </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">anuri </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">anori </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">anirsiq </td></tr> <tr> <td>yes </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">aang </td> <td style="background-color: #d1ebeb">*aa/ii </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">ii </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">ii </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">ii-i </td> <td style="background-color: #f1dfe5">ii-i </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">ii-i </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">ii-i </td> <td style="background-color: #f0f1df">ii </td> <td style="background-color: #e8f1df">ii </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1e0">ii </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1ed">ii </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">ii </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">ii </td> <td style="background-color: #f1dfe5">ii </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">ii </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">ii </td> <td style="background-color: #f0f1df">ii </td> <td style="background-color: #e8f1df">ii </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1e0">ii </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">ii </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">aap </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">ii </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <dl><dt>Adjectives</dt></dl> <div style="overflow:auto"> <table class="wikitable" style="font-size: 85%"> <tbody><tr> <th>Common meaning </th> <th style="background-color: #d6e1ec"><a href="/wiki/Aleut_language" title="Aleut language">Aleut</a> </th> <th style="background-color: #d1ebeb"><a href="/wiki/Proto-Eskimoan_language" title="Proto-Eskimoan language">Proto-Eskimoan</a> </th> <th style="background-color: #d6e1ec"><a href="/wiki/Sirenik_language" title="Sirenik language">Sirenik</a> </th> <th style="background-color: #e4e0f0"><a href="/wiki/Siberian_Yupik_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Siberian Yupik language">Siberian Yupik</a> </th> <th style="background-color: #ece0f0"><a href="/wiki/Alutiiq_language" title="Alutiiq language">Alutiiq</a> </th> <th style="background-color: #f1dfe5"><a href="/wiki/Central_Alaskan_Yup%27ik_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Alaskan Yup'ik language">Yup'ik</a> </th> <th style="background-color: #f1e9df"><a href="/wiki/Inupiaq_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Inupiaq language">Seward Inupiaq</a> </th> <th style="background-color: #d6e1ec"><a href="/wiki/Qawiaraq_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Qawiaraq language">Qawiaraq</a> </th> <th style="background-color: #f0f1df"><a href="/wiki/Inupiaq_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Inupiaq language">Malimiutun</a> </th> <th style="background-color: #e8f1df"><a href="/wiki/Inupiaq_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Inupiaq language">North Slope</a> </th> <th style="background-color: #dff1e0"><a href="/wiki/Uummarmiutun" title="Uummarmiutun">Uummarmiutun</a> </th> <th style="background-color: #dff1ed"><a href="/wiki/Siglitun" class="mw-redirect" title="Siglitun">Siglitun</a> </th> <th style="background-color: #e4e0f0"><a href="/wiki/Inuinnaqtun" title="Inuinnaqtun">Inuinnaqtun</a> </th> <th style="background-color: #ece0f0"><a href="/wiki/Natsilingmiutut" title="Natsilingmiutut">Natsilik</a> </th> <th style="background-color: #f1dfe5"><a href="/wiki/Kivallirmiutut" class="mw-redirect" title="Kivallirmiutut">Kivalliq</a> </th> <th style="background-color: #f1e9df"><a href="/wiki/Aivilingmiutut" title="Aivilingmiutut">Aivilik</a> </th> <th style="background-color: #d6e1ec"><a href="/wiki/North_Baffin" class="mw-redirect" title="North Baffin">North Baffin</a> </th> <th style="background-color: #f0f1df"><a href="/wiki/South_Baffin_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="South Baffin dialect">South Baffin</a> </th> <th style="background-color: #e8f1df"><a href="/wiki/Inuktitut#Nunavik" title="Inuktitut">Nunavik</a> </th> <th style="background-color: #dff1e0"><a href="/wiki/Nunatsiavummiutut" class="mw-redirect" title="Nunatsiavummiutut">Labrador Inuttut</a> </th> <th style="background-color: #d6e1ec"><a href="/wiki/Inuktun" title="Inuktun">North Greenlandic</a> </th> <th style="background-color: #e4e0f0"><a href="/wiki/Greenlandic_language" title="Greenlandic language">West Greenlandic</a> </th> <th style="background-color: #ece0f0"><a href="/wiki/Greenlandic_language" title="Greenlandic language">East Greenlandic</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Cold!/Brrr!/How cold! </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">ababa </td> <td style="background-color: #d1ebeb">*alaapaa </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec"> </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0"> </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0"> </td> <td style="background-color: #f1dfe5"> </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">alaapa </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">alaappa </td> <td style="background-color: #f0f1df">alaappa </td> <td style="background-color: #e8f1df">alaappa </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1e0">alaappa </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1ed">alaappa </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">alaappa </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">alaappa </td> <td style="background-color: #f1dfe5">ikkii </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">ikkii </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">ikkii </td> <td style="background-color: #f0f1df">ikkii </td> <td style="background-color: #e8f1df">ikkii </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1e0">ikkii </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">ikkii </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">ikkii </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">ikkii </td></tr> <tr> <td>copper </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">kanuuyax̂ </td> <td style="background-color: #d1ebeb">*kanɣu-ja </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">kanuje </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">kanuya </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">kanuyaq </td> <td style="background-color: #f1dfe5">kanuyaq </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">kannuuyaq </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">kannuyaq </td> <td style="background-color: #f0f1df">kannuyaq </td> <td style="background-color: #e8f1df">kannguyaq </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1e0">kannuyaq </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1ed">kannuyaq </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">kannuyaq </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">kannuyaq </td> <td style="background-color: #f1dfe5">kanuhaq </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">kannujaq </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">kannujaq </td> <td style="background-color: #f0f1df">kannujaq </td> <td style="background-color: #e8f1df">kanusaq </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1e0">kannujak </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">kannussaq </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">kanngussak </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">kanngutsak </td></tr> <tr> <td>fat </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">ignatul </td> <td style="background-color: #d1ebeb">*quvi </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">quginaẋ </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">quginaq </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">quili </td> <td style="background-color: #f1dfe5">quvinaq </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">quiniq </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">quiniq </td> <td style="background-color: #f0f1df">quiniq </td> <td style="background-color: #e8f1df">quiniq </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1e0">quiniq </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1ed">quiniq </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">quiniq </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">quiniq </td> <td style="background-color: #f1dfe5">quiniq </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">quiniq </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">quiniq </td> <td style="background-color: #f0f1df">quiniq </td> <td style="background-color: #e8f1df">quiniq </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1e0">kuinik </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">quiniq </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">quineq </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">quiniq </td></tr> <tr> <td>grey hair </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">qidaayux </td> <td style="background-color: #d1ebeb">*qirʁǝʁ </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">qircéreɫeẋ </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">qiiq </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">qiiq </td> <td style="background-color: #f1dfe5">qiiq </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">qiʁriq </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">qirʁiq </td> <td style="background-color: #f0f1df">qirʁiq </td> <td style="background-color: #e8f1df">qirʁi </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1e0">qirʁiq </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1ed">qiyriq </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">qiiq </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">qiriq </td> <td style="background-color: #f1dfe5">qiiq </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">qiiq </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">qiiq </td> <td style="background-color: #f0f1df">qiiq </td> <td style="background-color: #e8f1df">qiiq </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1e0">kiik </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">qiiq </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">qeeq </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">qiiq </td></tr> <tr> <td>long </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">adul </td> <td style="background-color: #d1ebeb">*takǝ(v) </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">takevaláẋ </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">taakǝlʁi </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">takequq </td> <td style="background-color: #f1dfe5">takequq </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">tagiruq </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">tagiruq </td> <td style="background-color: #f0f1df">takiruq </td> <td style="background-color: #e8f1df">takiruq </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1e0">takiruq </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1ed">takiyuq </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">takiyuq </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">takiyuq </td> <td style="background-color: #f1dfe5">takiyuq </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">takijuq </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">takijuq </td> <td style="background-color: #f0f1df">takijuq </td> <td style="background-color: #e8f1df">takijuq </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1e0">takijuk </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">takihuuq </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">takisooq/takivoq </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">tagiliq </td></tr> <tr> <td>still, also, more </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">ahlii </td> <td style="background-color: #d1ebeb">*culi </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">sali </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">salin </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">cali </td> <td style="background-color: #f1dfe5">cali </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">suli </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">chuli </td> <td style="background-color: #f0f1df">suli </td> <td style="background-color: #e8f1df">suli </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1e0">huli </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1ed">suli </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">huli </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">huli </td> <td style="background-color: #f1dfe5">huli </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">suli </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">suli </td> <td style="background-color: #f0f1df">suli </td> <td style="background-color: #e8f1df">suli </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1e0">suli </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">huli </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">suli </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">suli </td></tr> <tr> <td>swell </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">hums </td> <td style="background-color: #d1ebeb">*puvet </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">puvceqertéẋ </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">puuvaaquq </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">puge- </td> <td style="background-color: #f1dfe5">puve- </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">puit- </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">puit- </td> <td style="background-color: #f0f1df">puvit- </td> <td style="background-color: #e8f1df">puvit- </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1e0">puvit- </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1ed">puvit- </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">puvit- </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">puvit- </td> <td style="background-color: #f1dfe5">puvit- </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">puvit- </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">puvit- </td> <td style="background-color: #f0f1df">puvit- </td> <td style="background-color: #e8f1df">puvit- </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1e0">puvit- </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">puvit- </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">puik- </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">puiq- </td></tr> <tr> <td>white </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">quhmax̂ </td> <td style="background-color: #d1ebeb">*qătǝ-ʁ </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">qetex </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">qeteq </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">qeteq </td> <td style="background-color: #f1dfe5">qeter- </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">qatiq </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">qatiq </td> <td style="background-color: #f0f1df">qatiq </td> <td style="background-color: #e8f1df">qatiq </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1e0">qatiq </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1ed">qatiq </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">qakuqtaq </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">qaquqtaq </td> <td style="background-color: #f1dfe5">qakuqtaq </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">qakuqtaq </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">qakuqtaq </td> <td style="background-color: #f0f1df">qakuqtaq </td> <td style="background-color: #e8f1df">qakutaq </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1e0">kakuttak </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">qakuqtuq </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">qaqortoq </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">qaartiq </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <dl><dt><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238216509">.mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#b1d2ff}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}</style>Numbers</dt></dl> <div style="overflow:auto"> <table class="wikitable" style="font-size: 85%"> <tbody><tr> <th>Common meaning </th> <th style="background-color: #d6e1ec"><a href="/wiki/Aleut_language" title="Aleut language">Aleut</a> </th> <th style="background-color: #d1ebeb"><a href="/wiki/Proto-Eskimoan_language" title="Proto-Eskimoan language">Proto-Eskimoan</a> </th> <th style="background-color: #d6e1ec"><a href="/wiki/Sirenik_language" title="Sirenik language">Sirenik</a> </th> <th style="background-color: #e4e0f0"><a href="/wiki/Siberian_Yupik_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Siberian Yupik language">Siberian Yupik</a> </th> <th style="background-color: #ece0f0"><a href="/wiki/Alutiiq_language" title="Alutiiq language">Alutiiq</a> </th> <th style="background-color: #f1dfe5"><a href="/wiki/Central_Alaskan_Yup%27ik_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Alaskan Yup'ik language">Yup'ik</a> </th> <th style="background-color: #f1e9df"><a href="/wiki/Inupiaq_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Inupiaq language">Seward Inupiaq</a> </th> <th style="background-color: #d6e1ec"><a href="/wiki/Qawiaraq_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Qawiaraq language">Qawiaraq</a> </th> <th style="background-color: #f0f1df"><a href="/wiki/Inupiaq_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Inupiaq language">Malimiutun</a> </th> <th style="background-color: #e8f1df"><a href="/wiki/Inupiaq_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Inupiaq language">North Slope</a> </th> <th style="background-color: #dff1e0"><a href="/wiki/Uummarmiutun" title="Uummarmiutun">Uummarmiutun</a> </th> <th style="background-color: #dff1ed"><a href="/wiki/Siglitun" class="mw-redirect" title="Siglitun">Siglitun</a> </th> <th style="background-color: #e4e0f0"><a href="/wiki/Inuinnaqtun" title="Inuinnaqtun">Inuinnaqtun</a> </th> <th style="background-color: #ece0f0"><a href="/wiki/Natsilingmiutut" title="Natsilingmiutut">Natsilik</a> </th> <th style="background-color: #f1dfe5"><a href="/wiki/Kivallirmiutut" class="mw-redirect" title="Kivallirmiutut">Kivalliq</a> </th> <th style="background-color: #f1e9df"><a href="/wiki/Aivilingmiutut" title="Aivilingmiutut">Aivilik</a> </th> <th style="background-color: #d6e1ec"><a href="/wiki/North_Baffin" class="mw-redirect" title="North Baffin">North Baffin</a> </th> <th style="background-color: #f0f1df"><a href="/wiki/South_Baffin_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="South Baffin dialect">South Baffin</a> </th> <th style="background-color: #e8f1df"><a href="/wiki/Inuktitut#Nunavik" title="Inuktitut">Nunavik</a> </th> <th style="background-color: #dff1e0"><a href="/wiki/Nunatsiavummiutut" class="mw-redirect" title="Nunatsiavummiutut">Labrador Inuttut</a> </th> <th style="background-color: #d6e1ec"><a href="/wiki/Inuktun" title="Inuktun">North Greenlandic</a> </th> <th style="background-color: #e4e0f0"><a href="/wiki/Greenlandic_language" title="Greenlandic language">West Greenlandic</a> </th> <th style="background-color: #ece0f0"><a href="/wiki/Greenlandic_language" title="Greenlandic language">East Greenlandic</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>one </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">ataqan </td> <td style="background-color: #d1ebeb">*ataʁu-ci- </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">ateresex </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">ataaziq </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">atauciq/atuusiq </td> <td style="background-color: #f1dfe5">atauciq </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">atausiq </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">atauchiq </td> <td style="background-color: #f0f1df">atausriq </td> <td style="background-color: #e8f1df">atausiq </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1e0">atauhiq </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1ed">atausiq </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">atauhiq </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">atauhiq </td> <td style="background-color: #f1dfe5">atauhiq </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">atausiq </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">atausiq </td> <td style="background-color: #f0f1df">atausiq </td> <td style="background-color: #e8f1df">atausiq </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1e0">atausik </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">atauhiq </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">ataaseq </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">alaasiq </td></tr> <tr> <td>two </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">aalax̂ </td> <td style="background-color: #d1ebeb">*malǝʁu- </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">malrug </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">malghuk </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">malluk </td> <td style="background-color: #f1dfe5">malruk </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">marluuk </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">marluk </td> <td style="background-color: #f0f1df">malruk </td> <td style="background-color: #e8f1df">malruk </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1e0">malruk </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1ed">malruk </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">malruuk </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">malruuk </td> <td style="background-color: #f1dfe5">malruuk </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">marruuk </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">marruuk </td> <td style="background-color: #f0f1df">marruuk </td> <td style="background-color: #e8f1df">maqruuk </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1e0">magguuk </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">marluk </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">marluk </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">martut </td></tr> <tr> <td>three </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">qankun(-s) </td> <td style="background-color: #d1ebeb">*pingajunt </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">pingejug </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">pingayut </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">pingaun </td> <td style="background-color: #f1dfe5">pingayun </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">pingasut </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">pingachut </td> <td style="background-color: #f0f1df">piñgasrut </td> <td style="background-color: #e8f1df">piñgasut </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1e0">piñgahut </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1ed">pingasut </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">pingahut </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">pingahut </td> <td style="background-color: #f1dfe5">pingahut </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">pingasut </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">pingasut </td> <td style="background-color: #f0f1df">pingasut </td> <td style="background-color: #e8f1df">pingasut </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1e0">pingasut </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">pingahut </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">pingasut </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">pingasit </td></tr> <tr> <td>four </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">siiching </td> <td style="background-color: #d1ebeb">*cǝtama- </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">sitamij </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">sitamat </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">staamat </td> <td style="background-color: #f1dfe5">cetaman </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">sitaman </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">chitaman </td> <td style="background-color: #f0f1df">sisaman </td> <td style="background-color: #e8f1df">sisaman </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1e0">hihaman </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1ed">sitaman </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">hitaman </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">hihamat </td> <td style="background-color: #f1dfe5">hitamat </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">sitamat </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">tisamat </td> <td style="background-color: #f0f1df">sitamat </td> <td style="background-color: #e8f1df">sitamat </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1e0">sitamat </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">hihamat </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">sisamat </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">siamat </td></tr> <tr> <td>five </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">chaang </td> <td style="background-color: #d1ebeb">*taɫiman </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">tasímengíyi </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">taɫimat </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">taɫiman </td> <td style="background-color: #f1dfe5">taɫiman </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">tauliman </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">taliman </td> <td style="background-color: #f0f1df">talliman </td> <td style="background-color: #e8f1df">talliman </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1e0">talliman </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1ed">talliman </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">talliman </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">tallimat </td> <td style="background-color: #f1dfe5">tallimat </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">tallimat </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">tallimat </td> <td style="background-color: #f0f1df">tallimat </td> <td style="background-color: #e8f1df">tallimat </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1e0">tallimat </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">tallimat </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">tallimat </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">tattimat </td></tr> <tr> <td>six </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">atuung </td> <td style="background-color: #d1ebeb">*aʁvinelegh </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">inglex </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">aghvínelek </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">arwinlgen </td> <td style="background-color: #f1dfe5">arvinglegen </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">arwinilik </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">arwinilik </td> <td style="background-color: #f0f1df">itchaksrat </td> <td style="background-color: #e8f1df">itchaksat </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1e0">itchakhat </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1ed">arvinillik </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">arvinillik </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">arviniq </td> <td style="background-color: #f1dfe5">arvinraq </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">arviniqtut </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">arviniliit </td> <td style="background-color: #f0f1df">pingasuujuqtut </td> <td style="background-color: #e8f1df">pingasuujurtut </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1e0">pingasuujuttut </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">arviniglit </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">arfinillit </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">arpiniit </td></tr> <tr> <td>ten </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">hatix̂ </td> <td style="background-color: #d1ebeb">*qulǝ(ŋ) </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">qulex? </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">qula </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">qulin </td> <td style="background-color: #f1dfe5">qula </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">qulit </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">qulit </td> <td style="background-color: #f0f1df">qulit </td> <td style="background-color: #e8f1df">qulit </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1e0">qulit </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1ed">qulit </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">qulit </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">qulit </td> <td style="background-color: #f1dfe5">qulit </td> <td style="background-color: #f1e9df">qulit </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">qulit </td> <td style="background-color: #f0f1df">qulit </td> <td style="background-color: #e8f1df">qulit </td> <td style="background-color: #dff1e0">kulit </td> <td style="background-color: #d6e1ec">qulit </td> <td style="background-color: #e4e0f0">qulit </td> <td style="background-color: #ece0f0">qutit </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Eskaleut_languages&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eskimo%E2%80%93Uralic_languages" title="Eskimo–Uralic languages">Eskimo-Uralic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eskimology" title="Eskimology">Eskimology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Eskaleut_language" title="Proto-Eskaleut language">Proto-Eskaleut language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Eskimoan_language" title="Proto-Eskimoan language">Proto-Eskimoan language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uralo-Siberian_languages" title="Uralo-Siberian languages">Uralo-Siberian</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Eskaleut_languages&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> "Due to the pejorative nature of the term 'Eskimo' in some locales, and the increasing preference for 'Unangan' as opposed to 'Aleut' in Alaska, this family may be alternately referred to as Inuit–Yupik–Unangan. The hyphenated term gives some sense of the variety of languages subsumed under this family label." Holton, Gary. 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uaf.edu/anla/collections/cea/about/">Overview of Comparative Inuit–Yupik–Unangan.</a> Retrieved 2013-11-18. </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> Cf. Fleming 1987:189. </li> <li id="cite_note-ANLC1-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ANLC1_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ANLC1_3-1">b</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFKaplan1984" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lawrence_D_Kaplan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lawrence D Kaplan (page does not exist)">Kaplan, Lawrence</a> (1984). McGary, Jane (ed.). Inupiaq and the Schools – A Handbook for Teachers. <a href="/wiki/Alaska_Native_Language_Center" title="Alaska Native Language Center">Alaska Native Language Center</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Alaska_Fairbanks" title="University of Alaska Fairbanks">University of Alaska Fairbanks</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inupiaq+and+the+Schools+%E2%80%93+A+Handbook+for+Teachers&rft.pub=Alaska+Native+Language+Center%2C+University+of+Alaska+Fairbanks&rft.date=1984&rft.aulast=Kaplan&rft.aufirst=Lawrence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEskaleut+languages" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=ysr">"Ethnologue report for Yupik Sirenk"</a>, Ethnologue, Retrieved 2008-08-25. </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uaf.edu/anlc/languages.html">"Alaska Native Languages – An Overview"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080509104608/http://www.uaf.edu/anlc/languages.html">Archived</a> 2008-05-09 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Retrieved 2008-08-25. </li> <li id="cite_note-ANLC2-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ANLC2_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ANLC2_6-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ANLC2_6-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacobson1984" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Steven_A_Jocobson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Steven A Jocobson (page does not exist)">Jacobson, Steven</a> (1984). Central Yupik and the Schools – A Handbook for Teachers. <a href="/wiki/Alaska_Native_Language_Center" title="Alaska Native Language Center">Alaska Native Language Center</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Alaska_Fairbanks" title="University of Alaska Fairbanks">University of Alaska Fairbanks</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Central+Yupik+and+the+Schools+%E2%80%93+A+Handbook+for+Teachers&rft.pub=Alaska+Native+Language+Center%2C+University+of+Alaska+Fairbanks&rft.date=1984&rft.aulast=Jacobson&rft.aufirst=Steven&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEskaleut+languages" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStern2009" class="citation book cs1">Stern, Pamela (2009). The A to Z of the Inuit. Lanham: Scarecrow Press. pp. xxiii. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-6822-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-6822-9"><bdi>978-0-8108-6822-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+A+to+Z+of+the+Inuit&rft.place=Lanham&rft.pages=xxiii&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-8108-6822-9&rft.aulast=Stern&rft.aufirst=Pamela&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEskaleut+languages" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> Dorais, Louis-Jacques. 2010. The Language of the Inuit: Syntax, Semantics, and Society in the Arctic. McGill-Queen's University Press </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> Vovin, Alexander. 2015. Eskimo Loanwords in Northern Tungusic. Iran and the Caucasus 19 (2015), 87–95. Leiden: Brill. </li> <li id="cite_note-Georg_2005_184–191-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Georg_2005_184–191_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Georg_2005_184–191_10-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeorgVovin2005" class="citation journal cs1">Georg, Stefan; Vovin, Alexander (2005). "Review of Indo-European and its Closest Relatives: The Eurasiatic language family. Volume 2: Lexicon". Diachronica. 22: 184–191. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1075%2Fdia.22.1.09geo">10.1075/dia.22.1.09geo</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Diachronica&rft.atitle=Review+of+Indo-European+and+its+Closest+Relatives%3A+The+Eurasiatic+language+family.+Volume+2%3A+Lexicon&rft.volume=22&rft.pages=184-191&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1075%2Fdia.22.1.09geo&rft.aulast=Georg&rft.aufirst=Stefan&rft.au=Vovin%2C+Alexander&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEskaleut+languages" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> Jan Henrik Holst, Einführung in die eskimo-aleutischen Sprachen. Buske Verlag </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> Mattissen, Johanna. Dependent–Head Synthesis in Nivkh: A Contribution to a Typology of Polysynthesis p. 282. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-272-2965-1" title="Special:BookSources/90-272-2965-1">90-272-2965-1</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> Garry, Jane and Rubino, Carl R. 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New York: Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Historical+Linguistics&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Crowley&rft.aufirst=Terry&rft.au=Bowern%2C+Claire&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEskaleut+languages" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiyaoka2012" class="citation book cs1">Miyaoka, Osahito (2012). A grammar of Central Alaskan Yupik (cay). Mouton Grammar Library.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+grammar+of+Central+Alaskan+Yupik+%28cay%29&rft.pub=Mouton+Grammar+Library&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Miyaoka&rft.aufirst=Osahito&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEskaleut+languages" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFortescue1998" class="citation book cs1">Fortescue, Michael (1998). Language Relations Across Bering Strait: Reappraising the Archaeological and Linguistic Evidence. 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Fairbanks: Alaska Native Language Center.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Comparative+Eskimo+Dictionary+with+Aleut+Cognates&rft.place=Fairbanks&rft.pub=Alaska+Native+Language+Center&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Fortescue&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Jacobson%2C+Steven&rft.au=Kaplan%2C+Lawrence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEskaleut+languages" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBooijLehmannMugdanSkopeteas2004" class="citation book cs1">Booij, Geert; Lehmann, Christian; Mugdan, Joachim; Skopeteas, Stavros (2004). Morphologie / Morphology. Walter de Gruyter.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Morphologie+%2F+Morphology&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Booij&rft.aufirst=Geert&rft.au=Lehmann%2C+Christian&rft.au=Mugdan%2C+Joachim&rft.au=Skopeteas%2C+Stavros&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEskaleut+languages" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGutmanAvanzati2013" class="citation web cs1">Gutman, Alejandro; Avanzati, Beatriz (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.languagesgulper.com/eng/Eskimo.html">"Eskimo–Aleut Languages"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Eskimo%E2%80%93Aleut+Languages&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Gutman&rft.aufirst=Alejandro&rft.au=Avanzati%2C+Beatriz&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.languagesgulper.com%2Feng%2FEskimo.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEskaleut+languages" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Eskaleut_languages&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Bibliography">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBergsland1997" class="citation book cs1">Bergsland, Knut (1997). Aleut Grammar: Unangam Tunuganaan Achixaasix̂. Alaska Native Language Center.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aleut+Grammar%3A+Unangam+Tunuganaan+Achixaasix%CC%82&rft.pub=Alaska+Native+Language+Center&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Bergsland&rft.aufirst=Knut&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEskaleut+languages" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBernet1974" class="citation book cs1">Bernet, John W. (1974). An Anthology of Aleut, Eskimo, and Indian Literature of Alaska in English Translation. Fairbanks: University of Alaska.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Anthology+of+Aleut%2C+Eskimo%2C+and+Indian+Literature+of+Alaska+in+English+Translation&rft.place=Fairbanks&rft.pub=University+of+Alaska&rft.date=1974&rft.aulast=Bernet&rft.aufirst=John+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEskaleut+languages" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBooijLehmannMugdanSkopeteas2004" class="citation book cs1">Booij, Geert; Lehmann, Christian; Mugdan, Joachim; Skopeteas, Stavros, eds. (2004). Morphologie / Morphology. Vol. 2. Walter de Gruyter. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9783110172782.2">10.1515/9783110172782.2</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-019427-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-019427-2"><bdi>978-3-11-019427-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Morphologie+%2F+Morphology&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2F9783110172782.2&rft.isbn=978-3-11-019427-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEskaleut+languages" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrowleyBowern2010" class="citation book cs1">Crowley, Terry; Bowern, Claire (2010). An Introduction to Historical Linguistics. New York: Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Historical+Linguistics&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Crowley&rft.aufirst=Terry&rft.au=Bowern%2C+Claire&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEskaleut+languages" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDumond1965" class="citation journal cs1">Dumond, Don E. (1965). "On Eskaleutian Linguistics, Archaeology, and Prehistory". American Anthropologist. 67 (5): 1231–1257. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1525%2Faa.1965.67.5.02a00080">10.1525/aa.1965.67.5.02a00080</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/668365">668365</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Anthropologist&rft.atitle=On+Eskaleutian+Linguistics%2C+Archaeology%2C+and+Prehistory&rft.volume=67&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=1231-1257&rft.date=1965&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1525%2Faa.1965.67.5.02a00080&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F668365%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Dumond&rft.aufirst=Don+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEskaleut+languages" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFleming1987" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Harold_C._Fleming" title="Harold C. Fleming">Fleming, Harold C.</a> (1987). "Towards a definitive classification of the world's languages". Diachronica. 4 (1–2): 159–223. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1075%2Fdia.4.1-2.09fle">10.1075/dia.4.1-2.09fle</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Diachronica&rft.atitle=Towards+a+definitive+classification+of+the+world%27s+languages&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.pages=159-223&rft.date=1987&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1075%2Fdia.4.1-2.09fle&rft.aulast=Fleming&rft.aufirst=Harold+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEskaleut+languages" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFortescue1984" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Fortescue" title="Michael Fortescue">Fortescue, Michael D.</a> (1984). 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København: Institut for Eskimologi, Københavns Universitet. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/87-87874-10-5" title="Special:BookSources/87-87874-10-5"><bdi>87-87874-10-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Some+Problems+Concerning+the+Correlation+and+Reconstruction+of+Eskimo+and+Aleut+Mood+Markers&rft.place=K%C3%B8benhavn&rft.pub=Institut+for+Eskimologi%2C+K%C3%B8benhavns+Universitet&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=87-87874-10-5&rft.aulast=Fortescue&rft.aufirst=Michael+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEskaleut+languages" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFortescueJacobsonKaplan1994" class="citation book cs1">Fortescue, Michael D.; Jacobson, Steven A.; Kaplan, Lawrence D. 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CE976FJK1994.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Comparative+Eskimo+Dictionary+with+Aleut+Cognates&rft.place=Fairbanks&rft.pub=Alaska+Native+Language+Center%2C+University+of+Alaska%2C+Fairbanks&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=1-55500-051-7&rft.aulast=Fortescue&rft.aufirst=Michael+D.&rft.au=Jacobson%2C+Steven+A.&rft.au=Kaplan%2C+Lawrence+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.uaf.edu%2Fanla%2Frecord.php%3Fidentifier%3DCE976FJK1994&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEskaleut+languages" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFortescue1998" class="citation book cs1">Fortescue, Michael (1998). Language Relations across Bering Strait: Reappraising the Archaeological and Linguistic Evidence. London: Cassell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-304-70330-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-304-70330-2"><bdi>978-0-304-70330-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Language+Relations+across+Bering+Strait%3A+Reappraising+the+Archaeological+and+Linguistic+Evidence&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Cassell&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-304-70330-2&rft.aulast=Fortescue&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEskaleut+languages" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenberg2000" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Greenberg" title="Joseph Greenberg">Greenberg, Joseph H.</a> (2000). Indo-European and Its Closest Relatives: The Eurasiatic Language Family. Vol. 1: Grammar. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indo-European+and+Its+Closest+Relatives%3A+The+Eurasiatic+Language+Family&rft.place=Stanford%2C+CA&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Greenberg&rft.aufirst=Joseph+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEskaleut+languages" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenberg2002" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Greenberg, Joseph H. (2002). Indo-European and Its Closest Relatives: The Eurasiatic Language Family. Vol. 2: Lexicon. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indo-European+and+Its+Closest+Relatives%3A+The+Eurasiatic+Language+Family&rft.place=Stanford%2C+CA&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Greenberg&rft.aufirst=Joseph+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEskaleut+languages" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGutmanAvanzati2013" class="citation web cs1">Gutman, Alejandro; Avanzati, Beatriz (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231008071633/http://languagesgulper.com/eng/Eskimo.html">"Eskimo–Aleut Languages"</a>. The Language Gulper. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.languagesgulper.com/eng/Eskimo.html">the original</a> on 2023-10-08.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Language+Gulper&rft.atitle=Eskimo%E2%80%93Aleut+Languages&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Gutman&rft.aufirst=Alejandro&rft.au=Avanzati%2C+Beatriz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.languagesgulper.com%2Feng%2FEskimo.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEskaleut+languages" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHamp1976" class="citation conference cs1">Hamp, Eric P., ed. (1976). Papers on Eskimo and Aleut Linguistics. Conference on Eskimo Linguistics. Chicago: Chicago Linguistic Society.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=Papers+on+Eskimo+and+Aleut+Linguistics&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=Chicago+Linguistic+Society&rft.date=1976&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEskaleut+languages" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolst2005" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Holst, Jan Henrik (2005). Einführung in die eskimo-aleutischen Sprachen (in German). Hamburg: Buske. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783875483864" title="Special:BookSources/9783875483864"><bdi>9783875483864</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Einf%C3%BChrung+in+die+eskimo-aleutischen+Sprachen&rft.place=Hamburg&rft.pub=Buske&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9783875483864&rft.aulast=Holst&rft.aufirst=Jan+Henrik&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEskaleut+languages" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohns2014" class="citation book cs1">Johns, Alana (2014). "Eskimo–Aleut". The Oxford Handbook of Derivational Morphology. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780199641642.013.0037">10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199641642.013.0037</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199641642" title="Special:BookSources/9780199641642"><bdi>9780199641642</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Eskimo%E2%80%93Aleut&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Derivational+Morphology&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780199641642.013.0037&rft.isbn=9780199641642&rft.aulast=Johns&rft.aufirst=Alana&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEskaleut+languages" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarsh1956" class="citation book cs1">Marsh, Gordon H. (1956). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uaf.edu/anla/record.php?identifier=CE951M1956">The Linguistic Divisions of the Eskimo–Aleut Stock</a>. CE951M1956.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Linguistic+Divisions+of+the+Eskimo%E2%80%93Aleut+Stock&rft.date=1956&rft.aulast=Marsh&rft.aufirst=Gordon+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.uaf.edu%2Fanla%2Frecord.php%3Fidentifier%3DCE951M1956&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEskaleut+languages" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiyaoka2012" class="citation book cs1">Miyaoka, Osahito (2012). A grammar of Central Alaskan Yupik (CAY). Mouton Grammar Library. Vol. 58. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9783110278576">10.1515/9783110278576</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783110278200" title="Special:BookSources/9783110278200"><bdi>9783110278200</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+grammar+of+Central+Alaskan+Yupik+%28CAY%29&rft.series=Mouton+Grammar+Library&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2F9783110278576&rft.isbn=9783110278200&rft.aulast=Miyaoka&rft.aufirst=Osahito&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEskaleut+languages" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwift2004" class="citation book cs1">Swift, Mary D. (2004). Time in Child Inuktitut: A Developmental Study of an Eskimo–Aleut Language. Studies on Language Acquisition. Vol. 24. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-11-018120-7" title="Special:BookSources/3-11-018120-7"><bdi>3-11-018120-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Time+in+Child+Inuktitut%3A+A+Developmental+Study+of+an+Eskimo%E2%80%93Aleut+Language&rft.place=Berlin&rft.series=Studies+on+Language+Acquisition&rft.pub=Mouton+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=3-11-018120-7&rft.aulast=Swift&rft.aufirst=Mary+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEskaleut+languages" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Eskaleut_languages&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCompton2024" class="citation book cs1">Compton, Richard (2024). "Inuit-Yupik-Unangan: An overview of the language family". In Carmen Dagostino; Marianne Mithun; Keren Rice (eds.). The Languages and Linguistics of Indigenous North America: A Comprehensive Guide. Vol. 2. Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 843–874. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9783110712742-038">10.1515/9783110712742-038</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-071274-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-071274-2"><bdi>978-3-11-071274-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Inuit-Yupik-Unangan%3A+An+overview+of+the+language+family&rft.btitle=The+Languages+and+Linguistics+of+Indigenous+North+America%3A+A+Comprehensive+Guide&rft.place=Berlin%2C+Boston&rft.pages=843-874&rft.pub=De+Gruyter+Mouton&rft.date=2024&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2F9783110712742-038&rft.isbn=978-3-11-071274-2&rft.aulast=Compton&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEskaleut+languages" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Eskaleut_languages&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wiktionary" title="Wiktionary">Wiktionary</a> has a list of reconstructed forms at <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Proto-Eskimo_reconstructions" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Appendix:Proto-Eskimo reconstructions">Appendix:Proto-Eskimoan reconstructions</a></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uaf.edu/anlc/">Alaska Native Language Center</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd 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.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Eskaleut_languages" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini 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title="Special:EditPage/Template:Eskaleut languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Eskaleut_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Eskaleut languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Aleut</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aleut_language" title="Aleut language">Aleut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mednyj_Aleut_language" title="Mednyj Aleut language">Mednyj Aleut</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Eskimo%E2%80%93Aleut_-01.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Eskimo%E2%80%93Aleut_-01.svg/200px-Eskimo%E2%80%93Aleut_-01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Eskimo%E2%80%93Aleut_-01.svg/300px-Eskimo%E2%80%93Aleut_-01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Eskimo%E2%80%93Aleut_-01.svg/400px-Eskimo%E2%80%93Aleut_-01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="264" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eskimoan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Inuit_languages" title="Inuit languages">Inuit</a>1</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greenlandic_language" title="Greenlandic language">Greenlandic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/West_Greenlandic" title="West Greenlandic">Kalaallisut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunumiit_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Tunumiit dialect">Tunumiit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inuktitut" title="Inuktitut">Inuktitut</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Baffin_dialect" title="North Baffin dialect">North Baffin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inuttitut" title="Inuttitut">Inuttitut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inuktun" title="Inuktun">Inuktun</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inuvialuktun" title="Inuvialuktun">Inuvialuktun</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siglitun" class="mw-redirect" title="Siglitun">Siglitun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aivilik_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Aivilik dialect">Aivilik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inuinnaqtun" title="Inuinnaqtun">Inuinnaqtun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kangiryuarmiutun" title="Kangiryuarmiutun">Kangiryuarmiutun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kivalliq_dialect" title="Kivalliq dialect">Kivalliq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natsilingmiutut" title="Natsilingmiutut">Netsilik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utkuhiksalik" title="Utkuhiksalik">Utkuhiksalik</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I%C3%B1upiaq_language" title="Iñupiaq language">Iñupiaq</a> (<a href="/wiki/I%C3%B1upiaq_Braille" title="Iñupiaq Braille">Iñupiaq Braille</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qawiaraq_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Qawiaraq dialect">Qawiaraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uummarmiutun" title="Uummarmiutun">Uummarmiutun</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Yupik_languages" title="Yupik languages">Yupik</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alutiiq_language" title="Alutiiq language">Alutiiq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Alaskan_Yup%CA%BCik" title="Central Alaskan Yupʼik">Central Alaskan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Alaskan_Yup%CA%BCik" title="Central Alaskan Yupʼik">Yugtun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nunivak_Cup%CA%BCig_language" title="Nunivak Cupʼig language">Nunivak Cup'ig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chevak_Cup%EA%9E%8Cik_dialect" title="Chevak Cupꞌik dialect">Chevak Cup’ik</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Siberian_Yupik_language" title="Central Siberian Yupik language">Central Siberian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chaplino_dialect" title="Chaplino dialect">Chaplino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Lawrence_Island_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Lawrence Island dialect">St. Lawrence Island</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naukan_Yupik_language" title="Naukan Yupik language">Naukan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirenik_language" title="Sirenik language">Sirenik</a>2</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Eskaleut_language" title="Proto-Eskaleut language">Proto-Eskaleut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Eskimoan_language" title="Proto-Eskimoan language">Proto-Eskimoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inuktitut_syllabics" title="Inuktitut syllabics">Inuktitut syllabics</a> (writing system)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inuit_phonology" title="Inuit phonology">Inuit phonology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inuit_grammar" title="Inuit grammar">Inuit grammar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaktovik_numerals" title="Kaktovik numerals">Kaktovik numerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugtun_script" title="Yugtun script">Yugtun script</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li>Italics indicate <a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">extinct languages</a></li></ul> <ul><li>1: The Inuit language 'family' is a continuum of dialects</li> <li>2: Some linguists classify Sirenik as under a separate branch</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Primary_language_families" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_families" title="Template:Language families"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Language_families" title="Template talk:Language families"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Language_families" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Language families"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Primary_language_families" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_language_families" title="List of language families">Primary language families</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Africa" title="Languages of Africa">Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afroasiatic_languages" title="Afroasiatic languages">Afroasiatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khoe%E2%80%93Kwadi_languages" title="Khoe–Kwadi languages">Khoe–Kwadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kx%CA%BCa_languages" title="Kxʼa languages">Kx'a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niger%E2%80%93Congo_languages" title="Niger–Congo languages">Niger–Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nilo-Saharan_languages" title="Nilo-Saharan languages">Nilo-Saharan</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuu_languages" title="Tuu languages">Tuu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mande_languages" title="Mande languages">Mande</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songhay_languages" title="Songhay languages">Songhay</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ijaw_languages" title="Ijaw languages">Ijaw</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubangian_languages" title="Ubangian languages">Ubangian</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadu_languages" title="Kadu languages">Kadu</a>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Isolates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangime_language" title="Bangime language">Bangime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadza_language" title="Hadza language">Hadza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jalaa_language" title="Jalaa language">Jalaa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandawe_language" title="Sandawe language">Sandawe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laal_language" title="Laal language">Laal</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shabo_language" title="Shabo language">Shabo</a>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eurasia (<a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Europe" title="Languages of Europe">Europe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Asia" title="Languages of Asia">Asia</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afroasiatic_languages" title="Afroasiatic languages">Afroasiatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ainu_languages" title="Ainu languages">Ainu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austroasiatic_languages" title="Austroasiatic languages">Austroasiatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chukotko-Kamchatkan_languages" title="Chukotko-Kamchatkan languages">Chukotko-Kamchatkan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dravidian_languages" title="Dravidian languages">Dravidian</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Eskaleut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Andamanese_languages" title="Great Andamanese languages">Great Andamanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hmong%E2%80%93Mien_languages" title="Hmong–Mien languages">Hmong–Mien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurro-Urartian_languages" title="Hurro-Urartian languages">Hurro-Urartian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japonic_languages" title="Japonic languages">Japonic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kartvelian_languages" title="Kartvelian languages">Kartvelian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koreanic_languages" title="Koreanic languages">Koreanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kra%E2%80%93Dai_languages" title="Kra–Dai languages">Kra–Dai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolic_languages" title="Mongolic languages">Mongolic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nivkh_languages" title="Nivkh languages">Nivkh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Caucasian_languages" title="Northeast Caucasian languages">Northeast Caucasian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Caucasian_languages" title="Northwest Caucasian languages">Northwest Caucasian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ongan_languages" title="Ongan languages">Ongan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Tibetan_languages" title="Sino-Tibetan languages">Sino-Tibetan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tungusic_languages" title="Tungusic languages">Tungusic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyrsenian_languages" title="Tyrsenian languages">Tyrsenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uralic_languages" title="Uralic languages">Uralic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeniseian_languages" title="Yeniseian languages">Yeniseian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yukaghir_languages" title="Yukaghir languages">Yukaghir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digaro_languages" title="Digaro languages">Digaro</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hrusish_languages" title="Hrusish languages">Hrusish</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kho-Bwa_languages" title="Kho-Bwa languages">Kho-Bwa</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mijiic_languages" title="Mijiic languages">Mijiic</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miju_languages" title="Miju languages">Miju</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siangic_languages" title="Siangic languages">Siangic</a>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Isolates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basque_language" title="Basque language">Basque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burushaski" title="Burushaski">Burushaski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elamite_language" title="Elamite language">Elamite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hattic_language" title="Hattic language">Hattic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenaboi_language" title="Kenaboi language">Kenaboi</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kusunda_language" title="Kusunda language">Kusunda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minoan_language" title="Minoan language">Minoan</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nihali_language" title="Nihali language">Nihali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shompen_language" title="Shompen language">Shompen</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumerian_language" title="Sumerian language">Sumerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tambora_language" title="Tambora language">Tambora</a>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Papuan_languages" title="Papuan languages">New Guinea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Oceania" title="Languages of Oceania">the Pacific</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arai%E2%80%93Samaia_languages" title="Arai–Samaia languages">Arai–Samaia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binanderean%E2%80%93Goilalan_languages" title="Binanderean–Goilalan languages">Binanderean–Goilalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Border_languages_(New_Guinea)" title="Border languages (New Guinea)">Border</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulaka_River_languages" title="Bulaka River languages">Bulaka River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Solomon_languages" title="Central Solomon languages">Central Solomons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chimbu%E2%80%93Wahgi_languages" title="Chimbu–Wahgi languages">Chimbu–Wahgi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demta%E2%80%93Sentani_languages" title="Demta–Sentani languages">Demta–Sentani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doso%E2%80%93Turumsa_languages" title="Doso–Turumsa languages">Doso–Turumsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Geelvink_Bay_languages" title="East Geelvink Bay languages">East Geelvink Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_New_Britain_languages" title="East New Britain languages">East New Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Strickland_languages" title="East Strickland languages">East Strickland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleman_languages" title="Eleman languages">Eleman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engan_languages" title="Engan languages">Engan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fas_languages" title="Fas languages">Fas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foja_Range_languages" title="Foja Range languages">Foja Range</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaure%E2%80%93Kosare_languages" title="Kaure–Kosare languages">Kaure–Kosare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiwaian_languages" title="Kiwaian languages">Kiwaian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kutubuan_languages" title="Kutubuan languages">Kutubuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakes_Plain_languages" title="Lakes Plain languages">Lakes Plain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Mamberamo_languages" title="Lower Mamberamo languages">Lower Mamberamo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Sepik_languages" title="Lower Sepik languages">Lower Sepik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madang_languages" title="Madang languages">Madang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mairasi_languages" title="Mairasi languages">Mairasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Bougainville_languages" title="North Bougainville languages">North Bougainville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pauwasi_languages" title="Pauwasi languages">Pauwasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramu_languages" title="Ramu languages">Ramu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senagi_languages" title="Senagi languages">Senagi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senu_River_languages" title="Senu River languages">Senu River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sepik_languages" title="Sepik languages">Sepik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skou_languages" title="Skou languages">Skou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Bougainville_languages" title="South Bougainville languages">South Bougainville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teberan_languages" title="Teberan languages">Teberan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torricelli_languages" title="Torricelli languages">Torricelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans-Fly_languages" title="Trans-Fly languages">Trans-Fly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans%E2%80%93New_Guinea_languages" title="Trans–New Guinea languages">Trans–New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turama%E2%80%93Kikorian_languages" title="Turama–Kikorian languages">Turama–Kikorian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Yuat_languages" title="Upper Yuat languages">Upper Yuat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Papuan_languages" title="West Papuan languages">West Papuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yam_languages" title="Yam languages">Yam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yawa_languages" title="Yawa languages">Yawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuat_languages" title="Yuat languages">Yuat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Papuan_languages" title="Northwest Papuan languages">Northwest Papuan</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papuan_Gulf_languages" title="Papuan Gulf languages">Papuan Gulf</a>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Isolates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abinomn_language" title="Abinomn language">Abinomn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abun_language" title="Abun language">Abun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An%C3%AAm_language" title="Anêm language">Anêm</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ata_language" title="Ata language">Ata</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kol_language_(Papua_New_Guinea)" title="Kol language (Papua New Guinea)">Kol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuot_language" title="Kuot language">Kuot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maybrat_language" title="Maybrat language">Maybrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mpur_language" title="Mpur language">Mpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pawaia_language" title="Pawaia language">Pawaia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porome_language" title="Porome language">Porome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulka_language" title="Sulka language">Sulka</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tayap_language" title="Tayap language">Taiap</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tambora_language" title="Tambora language">Tambora</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiru_language" title="Wiru language">Wiru</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_languages" title="Australian Aboriginal languages">Australia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Macro-Gunwinyguan_languages" title="Macro-Gunwinyguan languages">Arnhem/Macro-Gunwinyguan</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bunuban_languages" title="Bunuban languages">Bunuban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darwin_Region_languages" title="Darwin Region languages">Darwin Region</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Daly_languages" title="Eastern Daly languages">Eastern Daly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Tasmanian_languages" title="Eastern Tasmanian languages">Eastern Tasmanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garawan_languages" title="Garawan languages">Garawan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iwaidjan_languages" title="Iwaidjan languages">Iwaidjan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jarrakan_languages" title="Jarrakan languages">Jarrakan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marrku%E2%80%93Wurrugu_languages" title="Marrku–Wurrugu languages">Marrku–Wurrugu</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirndi_languages" title="Mirndi languages">Mirndi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Tasmanian_languages" title="Northern Tasmanian languages">Northern Tasmanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeastern_Tasmanian_languages" title="Northeastern Tasmanian languages">Northeastern Tasmanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyulnyulan_languages" title="Nyulnyulan languages">Nyulnyulan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pama%E2%80%93Nyungan_languages" title="Pama–Nyungan languages">Pama–Nyungan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Daly_languages" title="Southern Daly languages">Southern Daly</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangkic_languages" title="Tangkic languages">Tangkic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wagaydyic_languages" title="Wagaydyic languages">Wagaydyic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Daly_languages" title="Western Daly languages">Western Daly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Tasmanian_languages" title="Western Tasmanian languages">Western Tasmanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worrorran_languages" title="Worrorran languages">Worrorran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wardaman_language" title="Wardaman language">Yangmanic</a> (incl. <a href="/wiki/Wagiman_language" title="Wagiman language">Wagiman</a>)?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Isolates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Giimbiyu_language" title="Giimbiyu language">Giimbiyu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malak-Malak_language" title="Malak-Malak language">Malak-Malak</a> (Northern Daly?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiwi_language" title="Tiwi language">Tiwi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous languages of the Americas">North America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algic_languages" title="Algic languages">Algic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alsea_language" title="Alsea language">Alsea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caddoan_languages" title="Caddoan languages">Caddoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chimakuan_languages" title="Chimakuan languages">Chimakuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinookan_languages" title="Chinookan languages">Chinookan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chumashan_languages" title="Chumashan languages">Chumashan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comecrudan_languages" title="Comecrudan languages">Comecrudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coosan_languages" title="Coosan languages">Coosan</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Eskaleut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iroquoian_languages" title="Iroquoian languages">Iroquoian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalapuyan_languages" title="Kalapuyan languages">Kalapuyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keres_language" title="Keres language">Keres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maiduan_languages" title="Maiduan languages">Maiduan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muskogean_languages" title="Muskogean languages">Muskogean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Na-Dene_languages" title="Na-Dene languages">Na-Dene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palaihnihan_languages" title="Palaihnihan languages">Palaihnihan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plateau_Penutian_languages" title="Plateau Penutian languages">Plateau Penutian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomoan_languages" title="Pomoan languages">Pomoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salishan_languages" title="Salishan languages">Salishan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shastan_languages" title="Shastan languages">Shastan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siouan_languages" title="Siouan languages">Siouan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanoan_languages" title="Tanoan languages">Tanoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsimshianic_languages" title="Tsimshianic languages">Tsimshianic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utian_languages" title="Utian languages">Utian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uto-Aztecan_languages" title="Uto-Aztecan languages">Uto-Aztecan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wakashan_languages" title="Wakashan languages">Wakashan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wintuan_languages" title="Wintuan languages">Wintuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuki%E2%80%93Wappo_languages" title="Yuki–Wappo languages">Yukian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuman%E2%80%93Cochim%C3%AD_languages" title="Yuman–Cochimí languages">Yuman–Cochimí</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Isolates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chimariko_language" title="Chimariko language">Chimariko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esselen_language" title="Esselen language">Esselen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haida_language" title="Haida language">Haida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karuk_language" title="Karuk language">Karuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kutenai_language" title="Kutenai language">Kutenai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seri_language" title="Seri language">Seri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siuslaw_language" title="Siuslaw language">Siuslaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takelma_language" title="Takelma language">Takelma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timucua_language" title="Timucua language">Timucua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonkawa_language" title="Tonkawa language">Tonkawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waikuri_language" title="Waikuri language">Waikuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washo_language" title="Washo language">Washo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yana_language" title="Yana language">Yana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yokuts_language" title="Yokuts language">Yokuts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuchi_language" title="Yuchi language">Yuchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zuni_language" title="Zuni language">Zuni</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_languages" title="Mesoamerican languages">Mesoamerica</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chibchan_languages" title="Chibchan languages">Chibchan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jicaquean_languages" title="Jicaquean languages">Jicaquean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lencan_languages" title="Lencan languages">Lencan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayan_languages" title="Mayan languages">Mayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misumalpan_languages" title="Misumalpan languages">Misumalpan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixe%E2%80%93Zoque_languages" title="Mixe–Zoque languages">Mixe–Zoque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oto-Manguean_languages" title="Oto-Manguean languages">Oto-Manguean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tequistlatecan_languages" title="Tequistlatecan languages">Tequistlatecan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totonacan_languages" title="Totonacan languages">Totonacan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uto-Aztecan_languages" title="Uto-Aztecan languages">Uto-Aztecan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xincan_languages" title="Xincan languages">Xincan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Isolates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cuitlatec_language" title="Cuitlatec language">Cuitlatec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huave_language" title="Huave language">Huave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pur%C3%A9pecha_language" title="Purépecha language">Tarascan/Purépecha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous languages of the Americas">South America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andoque%E2%80%93Urequena_languages" title="Andoque–Urequena languages">Andoque–Urequena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arawan_languages" title="Arawan languages">Arauan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Araucanian_languages" title="Araucanian languages">Araucanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arawakan_languages" title="Arawakan languages">Arawakan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arutani%E2%80%93Sape_languages" title="Arutani–Sape languages">Arutani–Sape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aymaran_languages" title="Aymaran languages">Aymaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbacoan_languages" title="Barbacoan languages">Barbacoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boran_languages" title="Boran languages">Boran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cahuapanan_languages" title="Cahuapanan languages">Cahuapanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cariban_languages" title="Cariban languages">Cariban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catacaoan_languages" title="Catacaoan languages">Catacaoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chapacuran_languages" title="Chapacuran languages">Chapacuran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charruan_languages" title="Charruan languages">Charruan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chibchan_languages" title="Chibchan languages">Chibchan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choco_languages" title="Choco languages">Choco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chonan_languages" title="Chonan languages">Chonan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guaicuruan_languages" title="Guaicuruan languages">Guaicuruan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guajiboan_languages" title="Guajiboan languages">Guajiboan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Har%C3%A1kmbut%E2%80%93Katukinan_languages" title="Harákmbut–Katukinan languages">Harákmbut–Katukinan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jirajaran_languages" title="Jirajaran languages">Jirajaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicham_languages" title="Chicham languages">Jivaroan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katembri%E2%80%93Taruma_languages" title="Katembri–Taruma languages">Katembri–Taruma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mascoian_languages" title="Mascoian languages">Mascoian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matacoan_languages" title="Matacoan languages">Matacoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadahup_languages" title="Nadahup languages">Nadahup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nambikwaran_languages" title="Nambikwaran languages">Nambikwaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otom%C3%A1koan_languages" title="Otomákoan languages">Otomákoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pano-Tacanan_languages" title="Pano-Tacanan languages">Pano-Tacanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peba%E2%80%93Yaguan_languages" title="Peba–Yaguan languages">Peba–Yaguan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quechuan_languages" title="Quechuan languages">Quechuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piaroa%E2%80%93Saliban_languages" title="Piaroa–Saliban languages">Piaroa–Saliban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ticuna%E2%80%93Yuri_languages" title="Ticuna–Yuri languages">Ticuna–Yuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timotean_languages" title="Timotean languages">Timotean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiniguan_languages" title="Tiniguan languages">Tiniguan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tucanoan_languages" title="Tucanoan languages">Tucanoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tupian_languages" title="Tupian languages">Tupian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uru%E2%80%93Chipaya_languages" title="Uru–Chipaya languages">Uru–Chipaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witotoan_languages" title="Witotoan languages">Witotoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yanomaman_languages" title="Yanomaman languages">Yanomaman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zamucoan_languages" title="Zamucoan languages">Zamucoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaparoan_languages" title="Zaparoan languages">Zaparoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bora%E2%80%93Witoto_languages" title="Bora–Witoto languages">Bora-Witoto</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chimuan_languages" title="Chimuan languages">Chimuan</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esmeralda%E2%80%93Yaruroan_languages" title="Esmeralda–Yaruroan languages">Esmeralda–Yaruro</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hibito%E2%80%93Cholon_languages" title="Hibito–Cholon languages">Hibito–Cholón</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lule%E2%80%93Vilela_languages" title="Lule–Vilela languages">Lule–Vilela</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macro-J%C3%AA_languages" title="Macro-Jê languages">Macro-Jê</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tequiraca%E2%80%93Canichana_languages" title="Tequiraca–Canichana languages">Tequiraca–Canichana</a>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Isolates (extant in 2000)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aikan%C3%A3_language" title="Aikanã language">Aikanã</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alacalufan_languages" title="Alacalufan languages">Alacalufan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cams%C3%A1_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Camsá language">Camsá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candoshi-Shapra_language" title="Candoshi-Shapra language">Candoshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chimane_language" title="Chimane language">Chimane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiquitano_language" title="Chiquitano language">Chiquitano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cof%C3%A1n_language" title="Cofán language">Cofán</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fulni%C3%B4_language" title="Fulniô language">Fulniô</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guat%C3%B3_language" title="Guató language">Guató</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hod%C3%AF_language" title="Hodï language">Hodï/Joti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irantxe_language" title="Irantxe language">Irantxe</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itonama_language" title="Itonama language">Itonama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunza_language" title="Kunza language">Kunza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leco_language" title="Leco language">Leco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maku_language_of_Auari" title="Maku language of Auari">Maku</a> (Maku-Auari/Jukude)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movima_language" title="Movima language">Movima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mura_language" title="Mura language">Mura-Pirahã</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nukak_language" title="Nukak language">Nukak</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A1ez_language" title="Páez language">Páez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puinave_language" title="Puinave language">Puinave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waorani_language" title="Waorani language">Huaorani/Waorani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trumai_language" title="Trumai language">Trumai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urarina_language" title="Urarina language">Urarina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warao_language" title="Warao language">Warao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yahgan_language" title="Yahgan language">Yamana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuracar%C3%A9_language" title="Yuracaré language">Yuracaré</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sign_language" title="Sign language">Sign languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_sign-language_family" title="Arab sign-language family">Arab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BANZSL" title="BANZSL">BANZSL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Sign_Language" title="Chinese Sign Language">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Sign_Language_family" title="French Sign Language family">Francosign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Sign_Language_family" title="German Sign Language family">Germanosign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_Sign_Language" title="Indo-Pakistani Sign Language">Indo-Pakistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Sign_Language_family" title="Japanese Sign Language family">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Chiangmai%E2%80%93Bangkok_Sign_Language_family" title="Old Chiangmai–Bangkok Sign Language family">Original Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Sign_Language_family" title="Swedish Sign Language family">Swedish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanzanian_sign_languages" title="Tanzanian sign languages">Tanzanian</a>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Isolates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>See <a href="/wiki/List_of_sign_languages" title="List of sign languages">list of sign languages</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constructed_language" title="Constructed language">Constructed languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creole_language" title="Creole language">Creoles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_isolate" title="Language isolate">Language isolates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_language" title="Mixed language">Mixed languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pidgin" title="Pidgin">Pidgins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unclassified_language" title="Unclassified language">Unclassified languages</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Families with question marks (?) are disputed or controversial.</li><li>Families in italics have no living members.</li><li>Families with more than 30 languages are in bold.</li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Language_families_of_Eurasia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Eurasian_languages" title="Template:Eurasian languages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Eurasian_languages" title="Template talk:Eurasian languages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Eurasian_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Eurasian languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Language_families_of_Eurasia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_language_families" title="List of language families">Language families</a> of <a href="/wiki/Eurasia" title="Eurasia">Eurasia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Europe" title="Languages of Europe">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uralic_languages" title="Uralic languages">Uralic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basque_language" title="Basque language">Basque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iberian_language" title="Iberian language">Iberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tartessian_language" title="Tartessian language">Tartessian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Corsican_language" title="Paleo-Corsican language">Paleo-Corsican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Sardinian_language" title="Paleo-Sardinian language">Paleo-Sardinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camunic_language" title="Camunic language">Camunic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ligurian_(ancient_language)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ligurian (ancient language)">Ligurian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Picene_language" title="North Picene language">North Picene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicani" title="Sicani">Sicani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyrsenian_languages" title="Tyrsenian languages">Tyrsenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eteocretan_language" title="Eteocretan language">Eteocretan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eteocypriot_language" title="Eteocypriot language">Eteocypriot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minoan_language" title="Minoan language">Minoan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Asia">West Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afroasiatic_languages" title="Afroasiatic languages">Afroasiatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hattic_language" title="Hattic language">Hattic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaskian_language" title="Kaskian language">Kaskian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurro-Urartian_languages" title="Hurro-Urartian languages">Hurro-Urartian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kassite_language" title="Kassite language">Kassite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gutian_language" title="Gutian language">Gutian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philistine_language" title="Philistine language">Philistine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumerian_language" title="Sumerian language">Sumerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elamite_language" title="Elamite language">Elamite</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Caucasus" title="Languages of the Caucasus">Caucasus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kartvelian_languages" title="Kartvelian languages">Kartvelian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Caucasian_languages" title="North Caucasian languages">North Caucasian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Caucasian_languages" title="Northeast Caucasian languages">Northeast Caucasian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Caucasian_languages" title="Northwest Caucasian languages">Northwest Caucasian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_South_Asia" title="Languages of South Asia">South Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dravidian_languages" title="Dravidian languages">Dravidian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Tibetan_languages" title="Sino-Tibetan languages">Sino-Tibetan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austroasiatic_languages" title="Austroasiatic languages">Austroasiatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nihali_language" title="Nihali language">Nihali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burushaski" title="Burushaski">Burushaski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kusunda_language" title="Kusunda language">Kusunda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harappan_language" title="Harappan language">Harappan</a> ?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_East_Asia" title="Languages of East Asia">East Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Tibetan_languages" title="Sino-Tibetan languages">Sino-Tibetan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austroasiatic_languages" title="Austroasiatic languages">Austroasiatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hmong%E2%80%93Mien_languages" title="Hmong–Mien languages">Hmong–Mien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kra%E2%80%93Dai_languages" title="Kra–Dai languages">Kra–Dai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolic_languages" title="Mongolic languages">Mongolic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tungusic_languages" title="Tungusic languages">Tungusic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koreanic_languages" title="Koreanic languages">Koreanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japonic_languages" title="Japonic languages">Japonic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a> rim</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Andamanese_languages" title="Great Andamanese languages">Great Andamanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ongan_languages" title="Ongan languages">Ongan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentinelese_language" title="Sentinelese language">Sentinelese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenaboi_language" title="Kenaboi language">Kenaboi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/North_Asia" title="North Asia">North Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="&quot;Paleosiberian&quot;" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">"<a href="/wiki/Paleosiberian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Paleosiberian languages">Paleosiberian</a>"</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ainu_languages" title="Ainu languages">Ainu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nivkh_languages" title="Nivkh languages">Nivkh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chukotko-Kamchatkan_languages" title="Chukotko-Kamchatkan languages">Chukotko-Kamchatkan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yukaghir_languages" title="Yukaghir languages">Yukaghir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeniseian_languages" title="Yeniseian languages">Yeniseian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other <a href="/wiki/North_Asia" title="North Asia">North Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uralic_languages" title="Uralic languages">Uralic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rouran_language" title="Rouran language">Rouran</a> ?</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Eskaleut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiongnu_language" title="Xiongnu language">Xiongnu</a> ?</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Proposed groupings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alarodian_languages" title="Alarodian languages">Alarodian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altaic_languages" title="Altaic languages">Altaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borean_languages" title="Borean languages">Borean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nostratic_languages" title="Nostratic languages">Nostratic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Den%C3%A9%E2%80%93Caucasian_languages" title="Dené–Caucasian languages">Dené–Caucasian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurasiatic_languages" title="Eurasiatic languages">Eurasiatic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Den%C3%A9%E2%80%93Yeniseian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Dené–Yeniseian languages">Dené–Yeniseian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dravido-Korean_languages" title="Dravido-Korean languages">Dravido-Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elamo-Dravidian_languages" title="Elamo-Dravidian languages">Elamo-Dravidian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibero-Caucasian_languages" title="Ibero-Caucasian languages">Ibero-Caucasian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Hittite" title="Indo-Hittite">Indo-Hittite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pacific_languages" title="Indo-Pacific languages">Indo-Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Semitic_languages" title="Indo-Semitic languages">Indo-Semitic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Uralic_languages" title="Indo-Uralic languages">Indo-Uralic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karasuk_languages" title="Karasuk languages">Karasuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbi%E2%80%93Mongolic_languages" title="Serbi–Mongolic languages">Serbi–Mongolic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontic_languages" title="Pontic languages">Pontic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ural-Altaic_languages" title="Ural-Altaic languages">Ural-Altaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uralo-Siberian_languages" title="Uralo-Siberian languages">Uralo-Siberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uralic%E2%80%93Yukaghir_languages" title="Uralic–Yukaghir languages">Uralic–Yukaghir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eskimo%E2%80%93Uralic_languages" title="Eskimo–Uralic languages">Eskimo–Uralic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chukotko-Kamchatkan%E2%80%93Amuric_languages" title="Chukotko-Kamchatkan–Amuric languages">Chukotko-Kamchatkan–Amuric</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Language_isolates_and_independent_language_families_in_Arunachal" class="mw-redirect" title="Language isolates and independent language families in Arunachal">Arunachal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Siangic_languages" title="Greater Siangic languages">Greater Siangic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siangic_languages" title="Siangic languages">Siangic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digaro_languages" title="Digaro languages">Digaro</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mijiic_languages" title="Mijiic languages">Mijiic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miju_languages" title="Miju languages">Miju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hrusish_languages" title="Hrusish languages">Hrusish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kho-Bwa_languages" title="Kho-Bwa languages">Kho-Bwa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Classification_of_Southeast_Asian_languages" title="Classification of Southeast Asian languages">East and Southeast Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andamanese_languages" title="Andamanese languages">Andamanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austric_languages" title="Austric languages">Austric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austro-Tai_languages" title="Austro-Tai languages">Austro-Tai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austronesian%E2%80%93Ongan_languages" title="Austronesian–Ongan languages">Austronesian–Ongan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_languages" title="East Asian languages">East Asian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Austronesian_languages" title="Sino-Austronesian languages">Sino-Austronesian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Stratum_(linguistics)" title="Stratum (linguistics)">Substrata</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_(Semitic)_languages" title="Atlantic (Semitic) languages">Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Celtic" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-Celtic">Pre-Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_substrate_hypothesis" title="Germanic substrate hypothesis">Pre-Germanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goidelic_substrate_hypothesis" title="Goidelic substrate hypothesis">Pre-Goidelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Greek_substrate" title="Pre-Greek substrate">Pre-Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasconic_substrate_hypothesis" title="Vasconic substrate hypothesis">Vasconic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substratum_in_Vedic_Sanskrit" title="Substratum in Vedic Sanskrit">Pre-Vedic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Finno-Ugric_substrate" title="Pre-Finno-Ugric substrate">Pre-Finno-Ugric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Laplandic_languages" title="Paleo-Laplandic languages">Paleo-Laplandic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Euphratean_language" title="Proto-Euphratean language">Proto-Euphratean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Families in italics have no living members.</li><li>Families with more than 30 languages are in bold.</li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Indigenous_language_families_and_isolates_of_North_America" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:North_American_languages" title="Template:North American languages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:North_American_languages" title="Template talk:North American languages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:North_American_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:North American languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Indigenous_language_families_and_isolates_of_North_America" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Classification_of_indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Classification of indigenous languages of the Americas">Indigenous language families and isolates</a> of <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_North_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous languages of North America">North America</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Language families and isolates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haida_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Haida languages">Haida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuki%E2%80%93Wappo_languages" title="Yuki–Wappo languages">Yuki–Wappo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chumashan_languages" title="Chumashan languages">Chumashan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adai_language" title="Adai language">Adai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beothuk_language" title="Beothuk language">Beothuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bidai_language" title="Bidai language">Bidai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cayuse_language" title="Cayuse language">Cayuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kutenai_language" title="Kutenai language">Kutenai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timucua_language" title="Timucua language">Timucua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waikuri_language" title="Waikuri language">Waikuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peric%C3%BA_language" title="Pericú language">Pericú</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Eskaleut</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aleut_language" title="Aleut language">Aleut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eskimoan_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Eskimoan languages">Eskimoan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Na-Dene_languages" title="Na-Dene languages">Na-Dene</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tlingit_language" title="Tlingit language">Tlingit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eyak_language" title="Eyak language">Eyak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athabaskan_languages" title="Athabaskan languages">Athabaskan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Algic_languages" title="Algic languages">Algic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wiyot_language" title="Wiyot language">Wiyot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yurok_language" title="Yurok language">Yurok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algonquian_languages" title="Algonquian languages">Algonquian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mosan_languages" title="Mosan languages">Mosan</a> ?</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salishan_languages" title="Salishan languages">Salishan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wakashan_languages" title="Wakashan languages">Wakashan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chimakuan_languages" title="Chimakuan languages">Chimakuan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Macro-Siouan_languages" title="Macro-Siouan languages">Macro-Siouan</a> ?</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siouan_languages" title="Siouan languages">Siouan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caddoan_languages" title="Caddoan languages">Caddoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iroquoian_languages" title="Iroquoian languages">Iroquoian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuchi_language" title="Yuchi language">Yuchi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Penutian_languages" title="Penutian languages">Penutian</a> ?</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinookan_languages" title="Chinookan languages">Chinookan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wintuan_languages" title="Wintuan languages">Wintuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maiduan_languages" title="Maiduan languages">Maiduan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yok-Utian_languages" title="Yok-Utian languages">Yok-Utian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yokuts_language" title="Yokuts language">Yokuts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utian_languages" title="Utian languages">Utian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsimshianic_languages" title="Tsimshianic languages">Tsimshianic</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plateau_Penutian_languages" title="Plateau Penutian languages">Plateau</a> ?</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Klamath_language" title="Klamath language">Klamath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molala_language" title="Molala language">Molala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahaptian_languages" title="Sahaptian languages">Sahaptian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Coast_Oregon_Penutian_languages" title="Coast Oregon Penutian languages">Coast Oregon</a> ?</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alsea_language" title="Alsea language">Alsean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coosan_languages" title="Coosan languages">Coosan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siuslaw_language" title="Siuslaw language">Siuslaw</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Takelma%E2%80%93Kalapuyan_languages" title="Takelma–Kalapuyan languages">Takelma–Kalapuyan</a> ?</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Takelma_language" title="Takelma language">Takelma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalapuyan_languages" title="Kalapuyan languages">Kalapuyan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hokan_languages" title="Hokan languages">Hokan</a> ?</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shastan_languages" title="Shastan languages">Shastan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palaihnihan_languages" title="Palaihnihan languages">Palaihnihan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomoan_languages" title="Pomoan languages">Pomoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuman_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Yuman languages">Yuman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tequistlatecan_languages" title="Tequistlatecan languages">Tequistlatecan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chimariko_language" title="Chimariko language">Chimariko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esselen_language" title="Esselen language">Esselen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jicaquean_languages" title="Jicaquean languages">Jicaquean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karuk_language" title="Karuk language">Karuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salinan_language" title="Salinan language">Salinan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seri_language" title="Seri language">Seri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washo_language" title="Washo language">Washo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yana_language" title="Yana language">Yana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pueblo_linguistic_area" title="Pueblo linguistic area">Pueblo linguistic area</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tanoan_languages" title="Tanoan languages">Tanoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keres_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Keres languages">Keres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zuni_language" title="Zuni language">Zuni</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Coahuiltecan_languages" title="Coahuiltecan languages">Coahuiltecan</a> linguistic area</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aranama_language" title="Aranama language">Aranama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karankawa_language" title="Karankawa language">Karankawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maratino_language" title="Maratino language">Maratino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naolan_language" title="Naolan language">Naolan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quinigua_language" title="Quinigua language">Quinigua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solano_language" title="Solano language">Solano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonkawa_language" title="Tonkawa language">Tonkawa</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Pakawan_?" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pakawan_languages" title="Pakawan languages">Pakawan</a> ?</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coahuilteco_language" title="Coahuilteco language">Coahuilteco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cotoname_language" title="Cotoname language">Cotoname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comecrudo_language" title="Comecrudo language">Comecrudo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garza_language" title="Garza language">Garza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamulique_language" title="Mamulique language">Mamulique</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gulf_languages" title="Gulf languages">Gulf</a> ?</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muskogean_languages" title="Muskogean languages">Muskogean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natchez_language" title="Natchez language">Natchez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atakapa_language" title="Atakapa language">Atakapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chitimacha_language" title="Chitimacha language">Chitimacha</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Calusa–Tunica_?" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Calusa%E2%80%93Tunica_languages" title="Calusa–Tunica languages">Calusa–Tunica</a> ?</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tunica_language" title="Tunica language">Tunica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calusa_language" title="Calusa language">Calusa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_languages" title="Mesoamerican languages">Mesoamerican</a> linguistic area</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chibchan_languages" title="Chibchan languages">Chibchan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jicaquean_languages" title="Jicaquean languages">Jicaquean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lencan_languages" title="Lencan languages">Lencan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayan_languages" title="Mayan languages">Mayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misumalpan_languages" title="Misumalpan languages">Misumalpan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oto-Manguean_languages" title="Oto-Manguean languages">Oto-Manguean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tequistlatecan_languages" title="Tequistlatecan languages">Tequistlatecan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totozoquean_languages" title="Totozoquean languages">Totozoquean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Totonacan_languages" title="Totonacan languages">Totonacan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixe%E2%80%93Zoque_languages" title="Mixe–Zoque languages">Mixe–Zoque</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uto-Aztecan_languages" title="Uto-Aztecan languages">Uto-Aztecan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xincan_languages" title="Xincan languages">Xincan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuitlatec_language" title="Cuitlatec language">Cuitlatec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huave_language" title="Huave language">Huave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pur%C3%A9pecha_language" title="Purépecha language">Purépecha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alag%C3%BCilac_language" title="Alagüilac language">Alagüilac</a> ?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Caribbean" title="Indigenous peoples of the Caribbean">Caribbean</a> linguistic area</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arawakan_languages" title="Arawakan languages">Arawakan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cariban_languages" title="Cariban languages">Cariban</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Pre-Arawakan" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pre-Arawakan_languages_of_the_Greater_Antilles" title="Pre-Arawakan languages of the Greater Antilles">Pre-Arawakan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guanahatabey_language" title="Guanahatabey language">Guanahatabey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macorix_language" title="Macorix language">Macorix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ciguayo_language" title="Ciguayo language">Ciguayo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Proposed groupings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amerind_languages" title="Amerind languages">Amerind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algonquian%E2%80%93Wakashan_languages" title="Algonquian–Wakashan languages">Algonquian–Wakashan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aztec%E2%80%93Tanoan_languages" title="Aztec–Tanoan languages">Aztec–Tanoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macro-Mayan_languages" title="Macro-Mayan languages">Macro-Mayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macro-Chibchan_languages" title="Macro-Chibchan languages">Macro-Chibchan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolatecan_languages" title="Tolatecan languages">Tolatecan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waroid_languages" title="Waroid languages">Waroid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classification_of_indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas#North_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Classification of indigenous languages of the Americas">Classification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extinct_languages_of_North_America" title="List of extinct languages of North America">Extinct languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_unclassified_languages_of_North_America" title="List of unclassified languages of North America">Unclassified languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_areas_of_the_Americas" title="Linguistic areas of the Americas">Linguistic areas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25946#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" 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