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href="#Attic_Greek"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Attic Greek</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Attic_Greek-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Koine_Greek" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Koine_Greek"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Koine Greek</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Koine_Greek-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medieval_Greek" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medieval_Greek"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Medieval Greek</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medieval_Greek-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_Greek" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a 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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">History of Greek</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_del_idioma_griego" title="Historia del idioma griego – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Historia del idioma griego" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histoire_de_la_langue_grecque" title="Histoire de la langue grecque – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Histoire de la langue grecque" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B7%B8%EB%A6%AC%EC%8A%A4%EC%96%B4%EC%9D%98_%EC%97%AD%EC%82%AC" title="그리스어의 역사 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="그리스어의 역사" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sejarah_bahasa_Yunani" title="Sejarah bahasa Yunani – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Sejarah bahasa Yunani" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%94%D7%99%D7%95%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%AA" title="היסטוריה של היוונית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="היסטוריה של היוונית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_grecki" title="Język grecki – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Język grecki" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hist%C3%B3ria_da_l%C3%ADngua_grega" title="História da língua grega – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="História da língua grega" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E8%AF%AD%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2" title="希腊语历史 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="希腊语历史" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" 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<div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the history and evolution of the <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek language</a>. For the history of the Greek people, see <a href="/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">Greeks</a>. For the history of the Greek culture, see <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Greece" title="Culture of Greece">culture of Greece</a>.</div> <p><a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> is an <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-European language">Indo-European language</a>, the sole surviving descendant of the <a href="/wiki/Hellenic_languages" title="Hellenic languages">Hellenic</a> sub-family. Although it split off from other Indo-European languages around the <a href="/wiki/3rd_millennium_BCE" class="mw-redirect" title="3rd millennium BCE">3rd millennium BCE</a> (or possibly before), it is first attested in the <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a> as <i>Mycenaean Greek</i>. During the <a href="/wiki/Archaic_Greece" title="Archaic Greece">Archaic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Classical_Greece" title="Classical Greece">Classical</a> eras, Greek speakers wrote numerous texts in a variety of dialects known collectively as <i>Ancient Greek</i>. In the <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_Greece" title="Hellenistic Greece">Hellenistic</a> era, these dialects underwent <a href="/wiki/Dialect_levelling" title="Dialect levelling">dialect levelling</a> to form <i>Koine Greek</i> which was used as a <a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">lingua franca</a> throughout the eastern <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>, and later grew into <i>Medieval Greek</i>. For much of the period of <i>Modern Greek</i>, the language existed in a situation of <a href="/wiki/Diglossia" title="Diglossia">diglossia</a>, where speakers would switch between informal varieties known as <i><a href="/wiki/Dimotiki" class="mw-redirect" title="Dimotiki">Dimotiki</a></i> and a formal one known as <i><a href="/wiki/Katharevousa" title="Katharevousa">Katharevousa</a></i>. Present-day <i>Modern Standard Greek</i> is largely an outgrowth of Dimotiki, with some features retained from Katharevousa. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Proto-Greek">Proto-Greek</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Greek&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Proto-Greek"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Pre-Greek_substrate#Coming_of_Proto-Greek" title="Pre-Greek substrate">Pre-Greek substrate § Coming of Proto-Greek</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Proto-Greek_language" title="Proto-Greek language">Proto-Greek</a> language was the most recent common ancestor of all Greek dialects. Proto-Greek split off from its nearest Indo-European relatives sometime during the <a href="/wiki/European_Bronze_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="European Bronze Age">European Bronze Age</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/wiki/3rd_millennium_BC" title="3rd millennium BC">3rd millennium BC</a></span>) and possibly even earlier, though it is unknown whether the characteristic Greek sound-changes occurred within the <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greek peninsula</a> or if Proto-Greek speakers themselves migrated into Greece.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Estimates">Estimates</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Greek&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Estimates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Estimates for the introduction of the Proto-Greek language into prehistoric Greece have changed over the course of the 20th century. Since the decipherment of <a href="/wiki/Linear_B" title="Linear B">Linear B</a>, searches were made "for earlier breaks in the continuity of the material record that might represent the 'coming of the Greeks'".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColeman2000104_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColeman2000104-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A Middle Bronze Age estimate, originally presented by C. Haley and J. Blegen in 1928, was altered to an estimate spanning the transition from <a href="/wiki/Helladic_chronology" title="Helladic chronology">Early Helladic</a> II to Early Helladic III (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 2400</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 2200/2100</span> BCE).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColeman2000104_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColeman2000104-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the latter estimate, accepted by the majority of scholars,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was criticized by John E. Coleman as being based on stratigraphic discontinuities at <a href="/wiki/Lerna" title="Lerna">Lerna</a> that other archaeological excavations in Greece demonstrated were the product of chronological gaps or separate deposit-sequencing instead of cultural changes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColeman2000106–107_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColeman2000106–107-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Models">Models</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Greek&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Models"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In modern scholarship, different settlement models have been proposed regarding the development of Proto-Greek speakers in the Greek peninsula.<sup id="cite_ref-Parpola-Carpelan_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Parpola-Carpelan-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Paul Heggarty et al. (2023), advancing a mixed steppe-farmer model of Indo-European origins via <a href="/wiki/Bayesian_statistics" title="Bayesian statistics">Bayesian statistics</a>, places Greek south of the Caucasus as an already diverged branch of Indo-European at around 7000 years before present (ca. 5000 BCE).<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <ul><li>Panayiotis Filos (2014) states that the term <i>Proto-Greek</i> "does not necessarily refer to a fully homogeneous Indo-European language of the (late) Early/Middle Bronze periods (ca. 2200/2000-1700 BCE, but estimates vary)".<sup id="cite_ref-Filos175_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Filos175-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He argues that Proto-Greek developed "during a long, continuous linguistic process [...], as a migrating population of (soon-to-become) Greek speakers were en route to/on the outskirts of Greece, i.e., somewhere to the north(-west) of the Greek peninsula proper" and amalgamating with Pre-Greek speakers."<sup id="cite_ref-Filos175_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Filos175-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <ul><li>Nancy Demand (2012) argues that speakers of what would become Proto-Greek <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_migrations" title="Indo-European migrations">migrated</a> from their <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_homeland" title="Proto-Indo-European homeland">homeland</a> (which could have been northeast of the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a>) throughout Europe and reached Greece in a date set around the transition of the Early Bronze Age to the Middle Bronze Age.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDemand201249_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDemand201249-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <ul><li>David Anthony (2010) argues that Proto-Greek emerged from the diversification of the <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language" title="Proto-Indo-European language">Proto-Indo-European language</a> (PIE), the last phase of which gave rise to the later language families having occurred in <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 2500</span> BCE;<sup id="cite_ref-Anthony81_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anthony81-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> its formation in Greece occurred during the beginning and end of the Early Helladic III period (~2200–2000 BC).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnthony201082_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnthony201082-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Specifically, Pre-Proto-Greek, the Indo-European dialect from which Proto-Greek originated, emerged <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 2400</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 2200</span> BCE in an area which bordered pre-<a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Iranian_language" title="Proto-Indo-Iranian language">Proto-Indo-Iranian</a> to the east and pre-<a href="/wiki/Proto-Armenian_language" title="Proto-Armenian language">Proto-Armenian</a> and pre-Proto-<a href="/wiki/Phrygian_language" title="Phrygian language">Phrygian</a> to the west, at the eastern borders of southeastern Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnthony201051,_369_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnthony201051,_369-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <ul><li>Asko Parpola and Christian Carpelan (2005) date the arrival of Proto-Greek speakers from the Eurasian steppe into the Greek peninsula to 2200 BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-Parpola-Carpelan_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Parpola-Carpelan-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <ul><li>John E. Coleman (2000) estimates that the entry of Proto-Greek speakers into the Greek peninsula occurred during the late 4th millennium BC (c. 3200 BC) with <a href="/wiki/Pre-Greek_substrate" title="Pre-Greek substrate">pre-Greek</a> spoken by the inhabitants of the Late Neolithic II period.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColeman2000139ff_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColeman2000139ff-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <ul><li>A. L. Katona (2000) places the beginning of the migration of the Proto-Greek speakers from Ukraine towards the south <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 2400</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 2300</span> BCE. Their proposed route of migration passed through Romania and the eastern Balkans to the <a href="/wiki/Maritsa" title="Maritsa">Evros</a> river valley from where their main body moved west.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As such, Katona, agreeing with M. V. Sakellariou, argues that the main body of Greek-speakers settled in a region that included southwestern Illyria, Epirus, northwestern Thessaly and western Macedonia."<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <ul><li>Thomas V. Gamkrelidze and Vjaceslav V. Ivanov (1995) date the separation of Greek from the Greek-Armenian-Aryan clade of Proto-Indo-European to around the 3rd millennium BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGamkrelidzeIvanov1995761–762_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGamkrelidzeIvanov1995761–762-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Greek clade afterwards split into independently developed dialects (i.e., eastern: Arcado-Cyprian, Aeolic, Ionic; western: Doric) during the end of the 3rd or beginning of the 2nd millennium BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGamkrelidzeIvanov1995761–762_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGamkrelidzeIvanov1995761–762-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <ul><li>Robert Drews (1994) dates the coming of chariot-riding Greeks into the Aegean in <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1600</span> BC viewing earlier estimates as "deeply flawed".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrews199445ff_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrews199445ff-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Drews' model, however, is rejected by <a href="/wiki/Mycenology" title="Mycenology">modern Mycenologists</a> on the grounds that it is both historically and linguistically inaccurate.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDickinson199997–107_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDickinson199997–107-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELittauerCrouwel1996299_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELittauerCrouwel1996299-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <ul><li>An older model by Bulgarian linguist <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_I._Georgiev" title="Vladimir I. Georgiev">Vladimir I. Georgiev</a> (1981) placed Proto-Greek in northwestern Greece and adjacent areas (approximately up to Aulon river to the north including <a href="/wiki/Parauaea" title="Parauaea">Parauaea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tymphaia" class="mw-redirect" title="Tymphaia">Tymphaia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Athamanians" title="Athamanians">Athamania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dolopia" title="Dolopia">Dolopia</a>, Amphilochia, and Acarnania as well as west and north Thessaly (<a href="/wiki/Histiaeotis" title="Histiaeotis">Histiaeotis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Perrhaebia" title="Perrhaebia">Perrhaibia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tripolis_Larisaia" title="Tripolis Larisaia">Tripolis</a>) and Pieria in Macedonia during the Late Neolithic period.<sup id="cite_ref-Georgiev156_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Georgiev156-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the dating of Proto-Greek in Bronze Age Greece is compatible with the inherited lexicon from the common <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language" title="Proto-Indo-European language">Proto-Indo-European language</a> which excludes any possibility of it being present in Neolithic Greece.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMallory2003101_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMallory2003101-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Anthony81_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anthony81-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Proto.Greek.Area.220.1900.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Proto-Greek area of settlement (2200/2100–1900 BC) suggested by Katona (2000), Sakellariou (2016, 1980, 1975) and Phylaktopoulos (1975)."><img alt="Proto-Greek area of settlement (2200/2100–1900 BC) suggested by Katona (2000), Sakellariou (2016, 1980, 1975) and Phylaktopoulos (1975)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Proto.Greek.Area.220.1900.svg/120px-Proto.Greek.Area.220.1900.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="76" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Proto.Greek.Area.220.1900.svg/180px-Proto.Greek.Area.220.1900.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Proto.Greek.Area.220.1900.svg/240px-Proto.Greek.Area.220.1900.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="894" data-file-height="563" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Proto-Greek area of settlement (2200/2100–1900 BC) suggested by Katona (2000), Sakellariou (2016, 1980, 1975) and Phylaktopoulos (1975).</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Proto_Greek_Area_reconstruction.png" class="mw-file-description" title="View of "Proto-Greek area" in the 3rd millennium BCE, reconstructed by Vladimir I. Georgiev (1973 and 1981). The boundaries are based on the high concentration of archaic Greek place-names in the region in contrast to southern Greece which preserves many pre-Greek ones.[10][19][23]"><img alt="View of "Proto-Greek area" in the 3rd millennium BCE, reconstructed by Vladimir I. Georgiev (1973 and 1981). The boundaries are based on the high concentration of archaic Greek place-names in the region in contrast to southern Greece which preserves many pre-Greek ones.[10][19][23]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Proto_Greek_Area_reconstruction.png/120px-Proto_Greek_Area_reconstruction.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Proto_Greek_Area_reconstruction.png/180px-Proto_Greek_Area_reconstruction.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Proto_Greek_Area_reconstruction.png/240px-Proto_Greek_Area_reconstruction.png 2x" data-file-width="460" data-file-height="380" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">View of "Proto-Greek area" in the 3rd millennium BCE, reconstructed by <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_I._Georgiev" title="Vladimir I. Georgiev">Vladimir I. Georgiev</a> (1973 and 1981). The boundaries are based on the high concentration of archaic Greek place-names in the region in contrast to southern Greece which preserves many pre-Greek ones.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnthony201082_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnthony201082-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Georgiev156_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Georgiev156-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diversification">Diversification</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Greek&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Diversification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Ivo_Hajnal" title="Ivo Hajnal">Ivo Hajnal</a> dates the beginning of the diversification of Proto-Greek into the subsequent Greek dialects to a point not significantly earlier than 1700 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-Hajnal_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hajnal-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The conventional division of the Greek dialects prior of 1955 differentiated them between a West Greek (consisting of Doric and Northwest Greek) and an East Greek (consisting of Aeolic, Arcado-Cypriot, and Attic-Ionic) group. However, after the decipherment of the <a href="/wiki/Linear_B" title="Linear B">Linear B</a> script, Walter Porzig and <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Risch" title="Ernst Risch">Ernst Risch</a> argued for a division between a Northern (consisting of Doric, Northwest Greek, and Aeolic) and a Southern (consisting of Mycenaean, Arcado-Cypriot, and Attic-Ionic) group, which remains fundamental through today.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall1997160_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall1997160-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoodard200852_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoodard200852-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHorrocks201019–20_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorrocks201019–20-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParker2008443–444_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParker2008443–444-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mycenaean_Greek">Mycenaean Greek</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Greek&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Mycenaean Greek"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greek" title="Mycenaean Greek">Mycenaean Greek</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Homeric_Greece-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Homeric_Greece-en.svg/220px-Homeric_Greece-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Homeric_Greece-en.svg/330px-Homeric_Greece-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Homeric_Greece-en.svg/440px-Homeric_Greece-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1502" data-file-height="1253" /></a><figcaption>Map of <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a> as described in <a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Iliad" title="Iliad">Iliad</a></i>. The geographical data is believed to refer primarily to <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a> Greece, when Mycenaean Greek would have been spoken, and so can be used as an estimator of the range.</figcaption></figure> <p>The first known script for writing Greek was the <a href="/wiki/Linear_B" title="Linear B">Linear B</a> <a href="/wiki/Syllabary" title="Syllabary">syllabary</a>, used for the archaic <a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Mycenaean language">Mycenaean</a> dialect. <a href="/wiki/Linear_B" title="Linear B">Linear B</a> was not deciphered until 1952. After the fall of the Mycenaean <a href="/wiki/Civilization" title="Civilization">civilization</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_collapse" class="mw-redirect" title="Bronze Age collapse">Bronze Age collapse</a>, there was a period of about five hundred years when writing was either not used or nothing has survived to the present day. Since early classical times, Greek has been written in the <a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek alphabet</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ancient_Greek_dialects">Ancient Greek dialects</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Greek&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Ancient Greek dialects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_dialects" title="Ancient Greek dialects">Ancient Greek dialects</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AncientGreekDialects_(Woodard)_en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/AncientGreekDialects_%28Woodard%29_en.svg/220px-AncientGreekDialects_%28Woodard%29_en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/AncientGreekDialects_%28Woodard%29_en.svg/330px-AncientGreekDialects_%28Woodard%29_en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/AncientGreekDialects_%28Woodard%29_en.svg/440px-AncientGreekDialects_%28Woodard%29_en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="660" data-file-height="555" /></a><figcaption>Distribution of Greek dialects in the classical period</figcaption></figure> <p>In the archaic and classical periods, there were three main dialects of the Greek language: <a href="/wiki/Aeolic_Greek" title="Aeolic Greek">Aeolic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ionic_Greek" title="Ionic Greek">Ionic</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Doric_Greek" title="Doric Greek">Doric</a>, corresponding to the three main tribes of the Greeks, the Aeolians (chiefly living in the islands of the Aegean and the west coast of Asia Minor north of <a href="/wiki/Smyrna" title="Smyrna">Smyrna</a>), the Ionians (mostly settled in the west coast of Asia Minor, including Smyrna and the area to the south of it), and the Dorians (primarily the Greeks of the coast of the Pelopennesus, for example, of Sparta, Crete and the southernmost parts of the west coast of Asia Minor). <a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Iliad" title="Iliad">Iliad</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Odyssey" title="Odyssey">Odyssey</a></i> were written in a kind of literary Ionic with some loan words from the other dialects. Ionic, therefore, became the primary literary language of ancient Greece until the ascendancy of Athens in the late 5th century. Doric was standard for Greek lyric poetry, such as <a href="/wiki/Pindar" title="Pindar">Pindar</a> and the choral odes of the Greek tragedians. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Attic_Greek">Attic Greek</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Greek&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Attic Greek"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Attic_Greek" title="Attic Greek">Attic Greek</a>, a subdialect of Ionic, was for centuries the language of <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a>. Most surviving <a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">classical</a> <a href="/wiki/Greek_literature" title="Greek literature">Greek literature</a> appears in Attic Greek, including the extant texts of <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a>, which were passed down in written form from classical times. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Koine_Greek">Koine Greek</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Greek&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Koine Greek"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek" title="Koine Greek">Koine Greek</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hellenistic_Greek.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Hellenistic_Greek.png/220px-Hellenistic_Greek.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Hellenistic_Greek.png/330px-Hellenistic_Greek.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Hellenistic_Greek.png/440px-Hellenistic_Greek.png 2x" data-file-width="725" data-file-height="588" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek" title="Koine Greek">Koine Greek</a> language area: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:royalblue; color:white;"> </span> Areas where Greek speakers were probably the majority.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:lightskyblue; color:black;"> </span> Intensely hellenised areas with a significant Greek-speaking minority.</div></figcaption></figure> <p>For centuries, the Greek language had existed in multiple dialects. As Greek culture under <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a> (356–323 BC) and his successors spread from <a href="/wiki/Asia_Minor" class="mw-redirect" title="Asia Minor">Asia Minor</a> to <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> and the border regions of <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> the Attic dialect became the basis of the Koiné (Κοινή; "common"). The language was also learned by the inhabitants of the regions that Alexander conquered, turning Greek into a world language. The Greek language continued to thrive after Alexander, during the <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellenistic civilization">Hellenistic</a> period (323 BC to 31 BC). During this period the <a href="/wiki/Septuagint" title="Septuagint">Septuagint</a>, a Greek translation of the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a>, appeared. </p><p>For many centuries Greek was the <a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">lingua franca</a> of the eastern half of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>. It was during Roman times that the Greek <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a> appeared, and Koiné Greek is also called "<a href="/wiki/New_Testament_Greek" class="mw-redirect" title="New Testament Greek">New Testament Greek</a>" after its most famous work of literature. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Medieval_Greek">Medieval Greek</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Greek&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Medieval Greek"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Greek" title="Medieval Greek">Medieval Greek</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Anatolian_Greek_dialects.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Anatolian_Greek_dialects.png/220px-Anatolian_Greek_dialects.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Anatolian_Greek_dialects.png/330px-Anatolian_Greek_dialects.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/96/Anatolian_Greek_dialects.png 2x" data-file-width="399" data-file-height="268" /></a><figcaption>Distribution of Greek dialects in Asia Minor after the fall of the Byzantine Empire. <a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek#Demotic" title="Modern Greek">Demotic</a> in yellow. <a href="/wiki/Pontic_Greek" title="Pontic Greek">Pontic</a> in orange. <a href="/wiki/Cappadocian_Greek" title="Cappadocian Greek">Cappadocian Greek</a> in green.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Medieval Greek</b>, also known as <b>Byzantine Greek</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is the stage of the <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek language</a> between the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> around 600 and the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople" title="Fall of Constantinople">Ottoman conquest of the city of Constantinople</a> in 1453. The latter date marked the end of the Middle Ages in Southeast <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>. From 620 onwards, Greek was the only language of administration and government in the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a>, due to the reforms of <a href="/wiki/Heraclius" title="Heraclius">Heraclius</a>. This stage of language is thus described as Byzantine Greek. The study of the Medieval Greek language and literature is a branch of Byzantine Studies, or <a href="/wiki/Byzantinology" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantinology">Byzantinology</a>, the study of the history and culture of the Byzantine Empire. </p><p>The beginning of Medieval Greek is occasionally dated back to as early as the 4th century, either to 330, when the political centre of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">monarchy</a> was moved to <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a>, or to 395, the division of the Empire. However, this approach is rather arbitrary as it is more an assumption of political as opposed to cultural and linguistic developments. It is only after the Eastern Roman-Byzantine culture was subjected to such massive change in the 7th century that a turning point in language development can be assumed. Medieval Greek is the link between the ancient and modern forms of the language because on the one hand, its literature is still strongly influenced by <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a>, while on the other hand, many linguistic features of <a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek" title="Modern Greek">Modern Greek</a> were already taking shape in the spoken language. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_Greek">Modern Greek</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Greek&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Modern Greek"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek" title="Modern Greek">Modern Greek</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Modern_Greek_dialects_en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Modern_Greek_dialects_en.svg/220px-Modern_Greek_dialects_en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Modern_Greek_dialects_en.svg/330px-Modern_Greek_dialects_en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Modern_Greek_dialects_en.svg/440px-Modern_Greek_dialects_en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="700" /></a><figcaption>The distribution of major modern Greek dialect areas</figcaption></figure> <p>The beginning of the "modern" period of the language is often symbolically assigned to the fall of the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a> in 1453, even though that date marks no clear linguistic boundary and many characteristic modern features of the language had already been present centuries earlier, from the 4th to the 15th century. During most of the period, the language existed in a situation of <a href="/wiki/Diglossia" title="Diglossia">diglossia</a>, with regional spoken dialects existing side by side with learned, archaic written forms. </p><p>After the establishment of Greece as an independent state in 1829, the <a href="/wiki/Katharevousa" title="Katharevousa">Katharévusa</a> (Καθαρεύουσα) form – Greek for "purified language" – was sanctioned as the official language of the state and the only acceptable form of Greek in <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a>. The whole attempt led to a linguistic war, along with the creation of literary factions: the <i>Dhimotikistés</i> (Δημοτικιστές), who supported the common (Demotic) dialect, and the <i>Lóyii</i> (Λόγιοι), or <i>Katharevusyáni</i> (Καθαρευουσιάνοι), who supported the "purified dialect". Up to that point, use of Dhimotikí in state affairs was generally frowned upon. Use of the Demotic dialect in state speech and paperwork was forbidden. </p><p>The fall of the Junta of 1974 and the end of the era of <a href="/wiki/Metapol%C3%ADtefsi" class="mw-redirect" title="Metapolítefsi">Metapolítefsi</a> 1974–1976 brought the acceptance of the Demotic dialect as both the de facto and <a href="/wiki/De_jure" title="De jure">de jure</a> forms of the language for use by the Greek government, though the Katharevousa movement has left marks in the language. </p><p>Today, standard modern Greek, based on Demotic, is the official language of both <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a>. Greek is spoken today by approximately 12–15 million people, mainly in Greece and Cyprus, but also by minority and immigrant communities in many other countries. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Greek&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Latin language">History of the Latin language</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Greek&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A comprehensive overview is in Oliver Dickinson's "The Coming of the Greeks and All That" (<a href="#CITEREFDickinson2016">Dickinson 2016</a>, pp. 3–21), J. T. Hooker's <i>Mycenaean Greece</i> (<a href="#CITEREFHooker1976">Hooker 1976</a>, Chapter 2: "Before the Mycenaean Age", pp. 11–33 and passim), and in Bryan Feuer's annotated bibliography (<a href="#CITEREFFeuer2004">Feuer 2004</a>); for a different hypothesis excluding massive migrations and favoring an autochthonous scenario, see Colin Renfrew's "Problems in the General Correlation of Archaeological and Linguistic Strata in Prehistoric Greece: The Model of Autochthonous Origin" (<a href="#CITEREFRenfrew1973">Renfrew 1973</a>, pp. 263–276, especially p. 267) in <i>Bronze Age Migrations</i> by R. A. Crossland and A. Birchall, eds. (1973).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEColeman2000104-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColeman2000104_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColeman2000104_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFColeman2000">Coleman 2000</a>, p. 104.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWest1997">West 1997</a>, p. 1: "[T]he majority view for the last twenty or thirty years has been that the arrival of the proto-Greek-speakers is signalled archaeologically by two waves of destruction which took place at various sites in central and southern Greece at the beginning and end of the Early Helladic III period. These waves seem now to be flattening out under critical scrutiny."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEColeman2000106–107-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColeman2000106–107_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFColeman2000">Coleman 2000</a>, pp. 106–107.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Parpola-Carpelan-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Parpola-Carpelan_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parpola-Carpelan_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFParpolaCarpelan2005">Parpola & Carpelan 2005</a>, p. 131.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHeggartyAndersonScarboroughKing2023">Heggarty et al. 2023</a>, "A DensiTree showing the probability distribution of tree topologies for the Indo-European language family."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Filos175-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Filos175_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Filos175_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFilos2014">Filos 2014</a>, p. 175.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDemand201249-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDemand201249_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDemand2012">Demand 2012</a>, p. 49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Anthony81-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Anthony81_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Anthony81_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAnthony2010">Anthony 2010</a>, p. 81.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnthony201082-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnthony201082_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnthony201082_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAnthony2010">Anthony 2010</a>, p. 82.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnthony201051,_369-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnthony201051,_369_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAnthony2010">Anthony 2010</a>, pp. 51, 369.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEColeman2000139ff-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColeman2000139ff_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFColeman2000">Coleman 2000</a>, p. 139ff.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKatona2000">Katona 2000</a>, p. 84: "The time of the departure of the Proto-Greeks <i>semel</i> is mid EH II (2400/2300 B.C.) (L and A available). Their route between Ukraine and Greece can be supposed to have led through Rumania and East Balkans towards the Hebros-valley (North-Eastern Greece). Here they turned to the West (A available)."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKatona2000">Katona 2000</a>, pp. 84–86: "Contacts must have existed, too, until 1900 B.C., when Western tribes lived in Epirus, Southwest Illyria and Western Macedonia, i.e. in the western neighborhood of the Ionians [...] The main body of the Proto-Greeks – as seen already in Sakellariou 1980 – had settled in southwest Illyria, Epirus, Western Macedonia, and northwestern Thessaly."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGamkrelidzeIvanov1995761–762-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGamkrelidzeIvanov1995761–762_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGamkrelidzeIvanov1995761–762_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGamkrelidzeIvanov1995">Gamkrelidze & Ivanov 1995</a>, pp. 761–762.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrews199445ff-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrews199445ff_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDrews1994">Drews 1994</a>, p. 45ff.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDickinson199997–107-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDickinson199997–107_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDickinson1999">Dickinson 1999</a>, pp. 97–107.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELittauerCrouwel1996299-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELittauerCrouwel1996299_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLittauerCrouwel1996">Littauer & Crouwel 1996</a>, p. 299.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Georgiev156-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Georgiev156_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Georgiev156_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGeorgiev1981">Georgiev 1981</a>, p. 156: "The Proto-Greek region included Epirus, approximately up to Αὐλών in the north including Paravaia, Tymphaia, Athamania, Dolopia, Amphilochia, and Acarnania), west and north Thessaly (Hestiaiotis, Perrhaibia, Tripolis, and Pieria), i. e. more or less the territory of contemporary northwestern Greece)."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGeorgiev1981">Georgiev 1981</a>, p. 192: "<i>Late Neolithic Period</i>: in northwestern Greece the Proto-Greek language had already been formed: this is the original home of the Greeks."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFColeman2000">Coleman 2000</a>, pp. 101–153.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMallory2003101-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMallory2003101_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMallory2003">Mallory 2003</a>, p. 101.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGeorgiev1973">Georgiev 1973</a>, p. 248: "Thus in the region defined just above, roughly northern and north-western Greece, one finds only archaic Greek place-names. Consequently, this is the proto-Hellenic area, the early homeland of the Greeks where they lived before they invaded central and southern Greece."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hajnal-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hajnal_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHajnal2007">Hajnal 2007</a>, p. 136.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall1997160-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall1997160_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHall1997">Hall 1997</a>, p. 160.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoodard200852-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoodard200852_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWoodard2008">Woodard 2008</a>, p. 52.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorrocks201019–20-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHorrocks201019–20_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHorrocks2010">Horrocks 2010</a>, pp. 19–20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEParker2008443–444-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParker2008443–444_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFParker2008">Parker 2008</a>, pp. 443–444.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDawkinsHalliday1916">Dawkins & Halliday 1916</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sil.org/ISO639-3/chg_detail.asp?id=2006-084&lang=gkm">"There is a pending petition for an ISO639-3 code of Medieval Greek: gkm"</a>. Sil.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=There+is+a+pending+petition+for+an+ISO639-3+code+of+Medieval+Greek%3A+gkm&rft.pub=Sil.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sil.org%2FISO639-3%2Fchg_detail.asp%3Fid%3D2006-084%26lang%3Dgkm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Greek" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Greek&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnthony2010" class="citation book cs1">Anthony, David (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0FDqf415wqgC"><i>The Horse, the Wheel, and Language: How Bronze-Age Riders from the Eurasian Steppes Shaped the Modern World</i></a>. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1400831104" title="Special:BookSources/978-1400831104"><bdi>978-1400831104</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Horse%2C+the+Wheel%2C+and+Language%3A+How+Bronze-Age+Riders+from+the+Eurasian+Steppes+Shaped+the+Modern+World&rft.place=Princeton%2C+NJ&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1400831104&rft.aulast=Anthony&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0FDqf415wqgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Greek" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuck1933" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Carl_Darling_Buck" title="Carl Darling Buck">Buck, Carl Darling</a> (1933). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EHtfAAAAMAAJ"><i>Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin</i></a>. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Comparative+Grammar+of+Greek+and+Latin&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1933&rft.aulast=Buck&rft.aufirst=Carl+Darling&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEHtfAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Greek" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClackson1995" class="citation book cs1">Clackson, James (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nnStQgAACAAJ"><i>The Linguistic Relationship Between Armenian and Greek</i></a>. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780631191971" title="Special:BookSources/9780631191971"><bdi>9780631191971</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Linguistic+Relationship+Between+Armenian+and+Greek&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=9780631191971&rft.aulast=Clackson&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnnStQgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Greek" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColeman2000" class="citation journal cs1">Coleman, John E. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/4908240">"An Archaeological Scenario for the "Coming of the Greeks" ca. 3200 B.C."</a> <i>The Journal of Indo-European Studies</i>. <b>28</b> (1–2): 101–153.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Indo-European+Studies&rft.atitle=An+Archaeological+Scenario+for+the+%22Coming+of+the+Greeks%22+ca.+3200+B.C.&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.pages=101-153&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Coleman&rft.aufirst=John+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F4908240&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Greek" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDawkinsHalliday1916" class="citation book cs1">Dawkins, Richard McGillivray; Halliday, William Reginald (1916). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/moderngreekinas00hallgoog"><i>Modern Greek in Asia Minor: A Study of Dialect of Silly, Cappadocia and Pharasa with Grammar, Texts, Translations and Glossary</i></a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+Greek+in+Asia+Minor%3A+A+Study+of+Dialect+of+Silly%2C+Cappadocia+and+Pharasa+with+Grammar%2C+Texts%2C+Translations+and+Glossary&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1916&rft.aulast=Dawkins&rft.aufirst=Richard+McGillivray&rft.au=Halliday%2C+William+Reginald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmoderngreekinas00hallgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Greek" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDemand2012" class="citation book cs1">Demand, Nancy (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Z6rsLG3NbSgC"><i>The Mediterranean Context of Early Greek History</i></a>. Chicester: Wiley-Blackwell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781405155519" title="Special:BookSources/9781405155519"><bdi>9781405155519</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mediterranean+Context+of+Early+Greek+History&rft.place=Chicester&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9781405155519&rft.aulast=Demand&rft.aufirst=Nancy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZ6rsLG3NbSgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Greek" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDrews1994" class="citation book cs1">Drews, Robert (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fcVIcaJxgdUC"><i>The Coming of the Greeks: Indo-European Conquests in the Aegean and the Near East</i></a>. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0691029512" title="Special:BookSources/0691029512"><bdi>0691029512</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Coming+of+the+Greeks%3A+Indo-European+Conquests+in+the+Aegean+and+the+Near+East&rft.place=Princeton%2C+NJ&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0691029512&rft.aulast=Drews&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfcVIcaJxgdUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Greek" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDickinson2016" class="citation book cs1">Dickinson, Oliver (2016). "The Coming of the Greeks and All That". In Bintliff, John; Rutter, N. Keith (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/31061039/The_Coming_of_the_Greeks_and_All_That"><i>The Archaeology of Greece and Rome: Studies in Honor of Anthony Snodgrass</i></a>. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Coming+of+the+Greeks+and+All+That&rft.btitle=The+Archaeology+of+Greece+and+Rome%3A+Studies+in+Honor+of+Anthony+Snodgrass&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Dickinson&rft.aufirst=Oliver&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F31061039%2FThe_Coming_of_the_Greeks_and_All_That&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Greek" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDickinson1999" class="citation journal cs1">Dickinson, Oliver (December 1999). "Invasion, Migration and the Shaft Graves". <i>Bulletin of the Institute of Classical Studies</i>. <b>43</b> (1): 97–107. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.2041-5370.1999.tb00480.x">10.1111/j.2041-5370.1999.tb00480.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+Institute+of+Classical+Studies&rft.atitle=Invasion%2C+Migration+and+the+Shaft+Graves&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=97-107&rft.date=1999-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.2041-5370.1999.tb00480.x&rft.aulast=Dickinson&rft.aufirst=Oliver&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Greek" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFeuer2004" class="citation book cs1">Feuer, Bryan (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3SQTBQAAQBAJ"><i>Mycenaean Civilization: An Annotated Bibliography through 2002, Revised Edition</i></a>. 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London and New York: Routledge. pp. 93–121. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1134828772" title="Special:BookSources/1134828772"><bdi>1134828772</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Homeland+of+the+Indo-Europeans&rft.btitle=Archaeology+and+Language+I%3A+Theoretical+and+Methodological+Orientations&rft.place=London+and+New+York&rft.pages=93-121&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=1134828772&rft.aulast=Mallory&rft.aufirst=J.+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DH9qJAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Greek" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParker2008" class="citation journal cs1">Parker, Holt N. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40205757">"The Linguistic Case for the Aiolian Migration Reconsidered"</a>. <i>Hesperia: The Journal of the American School of Classical Studies at Athens</i>. <b>77</b> (3). <a href="/wiki/American_School_of_Classical_Studies_at_Athens" title="American School of Classical Studies at Athens">American School of Classical Studies at Athens</a>: 443–444. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2972%2Fhesp.77.3.431">10.2972/hesp.77.3.431</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0018-098X">0018-098X</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40205757">40205757</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:161497388">161497388</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hesperia%3A+The+Journal+of+the+American+School+of+Classical+Studies+at+Athens&rft.atitle=The+Linguistic+Case+for+the+Aiolian+Migration+Reconsidered&rft.volume=77&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=443-444&rft.date=2008&rft.issn=0018-098X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A161497388%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40205757%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2972%2Fhesp.77.3.431&rft.aulast=Parker&rft.aufirst=Holt+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40205757&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Greek" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParpolaCarpelan2005" class="citation book cs1">Parpola, Asko; Carpelan, Christian (2005). "The Cultural Counterparts to Proto-Indo-European, Proto-Uralic and Proto-Aryan: Matching the Dispersal and Contact Patterns in the Linguistic and Archaeological Record". In Bryant, Edwin; Patton, Laurie L. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fHYnGde4BS4C"><i>The Indo-Aryan Controversy: Evidence and Inference in Indian History</i></a>. New York, NY: Routledge. pp. 107–141. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780700714636" title="Special:BookSources/9780700714636"><bdi>9780700714636</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Cultural+Counterparts+to+Proto-Indo-European%2C+Proto-Uralic+and+Proto-Aryan%3A+Matching+the+Dispersal+and+Contact+Patterns+in+the+Linguistic+and+Archaeological+Record&rft.btitle=The+Indo-Aryan+Controversy%3A+Evidence+and+Inference+in+Indian+History&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pages=107-141&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9780700714636&rft.aulast=Parpola&rft.aufirst=Asko&rft.au=Carpelan%2C+Christian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfHYnGde4BS4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Greek" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamón2017" class="citation book cs1">Ramón, José Luis García (2017). "41. The Morphology of Greek". In Klein, Jared; Joseph, Brian; Fritz, Matthias (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9783110261288/html"><i>Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics: Volume 1</i></a>. Mouton: De Gruyter. pp. 654–681. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9783110261288">10.1515/9783110261288</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783110261288" title="Special:BookSources/9783110261288"><bdi>9783110261288</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=41.+The+Morphology+of+Greek&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Comparative+and+Historical+Indo-European+Linguistics%3A+Volume+1&rft.place=Mouton&rft.pages=654-681&rft.pub=De+Gruyter&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2F9783110261288&rft.isbn=9783110261288&rft.aulast=Ram%C3%B3n&rft.aufirst=Jos%C3%A9+Luis+Garc%C3%ADa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.degruyter.com%2Fdocument%2Fdoi%2F10.1515%2F9783110261288%2Fhtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Greek" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRenfrew1973" class="citation book cs1">Renfrew, Colin (1973). "Problems in the General Correlation of Archaeological and Linguistic Strata in Prehistoric Greece: The Model of Autochthonous Origin". In Crossland, R. A.; Birchall, Ann (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MUkbAAAAYAAJ"><i>Bronze Age Migrations in the Aegean; Archaeological and Linguistic Problems in Greek Prehistory: Proceedings of the first International Colloquium on Aegean Prehistory, Sheffield</i></a>. London: Gerald Duckworth and Company Limited. pp. 263–276. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7156-0580-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-7156-0580-1"><bdi>0-7156-0580-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Problems+in+the+General+Correlation+of+Archaeological+and+Linguistic+Strata+in+Prehistoric+Greece%3A+The+Model+of+Autochthonous+Origin&rft.btitle=Bronze+Age+Migrations+in+the+Aegean%3B+Archaeological+and+Linguistic+Problems+in+Greek+Prehistory%3A+Proceedings+of+the+first+International+Colloquium+on+Aegean+Prehistory%2C+Sheffield&rft.place=London&rft.pages=263-276&rft.pub=Gerald+Duckworth+and+Company+Limited&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=0-7156-0580-1&rft.aulast=Renfrew&rft.aufirst=Colin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMUkbAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Greek" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRenfrew2003" class="citation book cs1">Renfrew, Colin (2003). "Time Depth, Convergence Theory, and Innovation in Proto-Indo-European: 'Old Europe' as a PIE Linguistic Area". In Bammesberger, Alfred; Vennemann, Theo (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_VxiAAAAMAAJ"><i>Languages in Prehistoric Europe</i></a>. Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter GmBH. pp. 17–48. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-82-531449-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-82-531449-1"><bdi>978-3-82-531449-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Time+Depth%2C+Convergence+Theory%2C+and+Innovation+in+Proto-Indo-European%3A+%27Old+Europe%27+as+a+PIE+Linguistic+Area&rft.btitle=Languages+in+Prehistoric+Europe&rft.place=Heidelberg&rft.pages=17-48&rft.pub=Universit%C3%A4tsverlag+Winter+GmBH&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-3-82-531449-1&rft.aulast=Renfrew&rft.aufirst=Colin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_VxiAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Greek" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchwyzer1939" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Schwyzer, Eduard (1939). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=di_nAAAAMAAJ"><i>Griechische Grammatik: auf der Grundlage von Karl Brugmanns Griechischer Grammatik</i></a> (in German). Munich: C.H. Beck. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783406033971" title="Special:BookSources/9783406033971"><bdi>9783406033971</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Griechische+Grammatik%3A+auf+der+Grundlage+von+Karl+Brugmanns+Griechischer+Grammatik&rft.place=Munich&rft.pub=C.H.+Beck&rft.date=1939&rft.isbn=9783406033971&rft.aulast=Schwyzer&rft.aufirst=Eduard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Ddi_nAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Greek" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTeodorsson1979" class="citation journal cs1">Teodorsson, Sven-Tage (1979). "On the Pronunciation of Ancient Greek Zeta". <i>Lingua</i>. <b>47</b>: 323–332.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Lingua&rft.atitle=On+the+Pronunciation+of+Ancient+Greek+Zeta&rft.volume=47&rft.pages=323-332&rft.date=1979&rft.aulast=Teodorsson&rft.aufirst=Sven-Tage&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Greek" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWest1997" class="citation book cs1">West, M. L. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fIp0RYIjazQC"><i>The East Face of Helicon: West Asiatic Elements in Greek Poetry and Myth</i></a>. Oxford: Clarendon Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780191591044" title="Special:BookSources/9780191591044"><bdi>9780191591044</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+East+Face+of+Helicon%3A+West+Asiatic+Elements+in+Greek+Poetry+and+Myth&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=9780191591044&rft.aulast=West&rft.aufirst=M.+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfIp0RYIjazQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Greek" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoodard2008" class="citation book cs1">Woodard, Roger D. (2008). "Chapter 3: Greek dialects". In Woodard, Roger D. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aPEENAEp938C"><i>The Ancient Languages of Europe</i></a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 50–72. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-46932-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-46932-6"><bdi>978-1-139-46932-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+3%3A+Greek+dialects&rft.btitle=The+Ancient+Languages+of+Europe&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=50-72&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-139-46932-6&rft.aulast=Woodard&rft.aufirst=Roger+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaPEENAEp938C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Greek" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Greek&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSihler1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_L._Sihler" class="mw-redirect" title="Andrew L. Sihler">Sihler, Andrew L.</a> (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PLNfAAAAMAAJ"><i>New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin</i></a>. New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-508345-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-508345-8"><bdi>0-19-508345-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+Comparative+Grammar+of+Greek+and+Latin&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-19-508345-8&rft.aulast=Sihler&rft.aufirst=Andrew+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPLNfAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Greek" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Greek&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060427043420/http://greek-language.com/historyofgreek/">A Brief History of the Greek Language</a> (archived)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Histories_of_the_world&#039;s_languages" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_histories" title="Template:Language histories"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Language_histories" title="Template talk:Language histories"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Language_histories" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Language histories"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Histories_of_the_world&#039;s_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Historical_linguistics" title="Historical linguistics">Histories</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Lists_of_languages" title="Lists of languages">world's languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indo-European</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Germanic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Afrikaans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Afrikaans">Afrikaans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Danish" title="History of Danish">Danish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Dutch_language" title="History of the Dutch language">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_English" title="History of English">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_German" title="History of German">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Icelandic" title="History of Icelandic">Icelandic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Norwegian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Norwegian language">Norwegian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Scots_language" title="History of the Scots language">Scots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Swedish" title="History of Swedish">Swedish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish_language#History" class="mw-redirect" title="Yiddish language">Yiddish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Celtic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Irish_language" title="History of the Irish language">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Welsh_language" title="History of the Welsh language">Welsh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Italic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Catalan" title="History of Catalan">Catalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_French" title="History of French">French</a> (<a href="/wiki/History_of_Quebec_French" title="History of Quebec French">Quebec</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Galician_language" title="History of the Galician language">Galician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Italian" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Italian">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Latin" title="History of Latin">Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Portuguese" title="History of Portuguese">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Romanian_language" title="History of the Romanian language">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Spanish_language" title="History of the Spanish language">Spanish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Baltic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Latvian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Latvian language">Latvian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Lithuanian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Lithuanian language">Lithuanian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Slavic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_language#History" title="Belarusian language">Belarusian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Bosnian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Bosnian language">Bosnian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Bulgarian_language" title="History of the Bulgarian language">Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Czech_language" title="History of the Czech language">Czech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Macedonian_language" title="History of the Macedonian language">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Polish_language" title="History of Polish language">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Russian_language" title="History of the Russian language">Russian</a> (<a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Russian_language_in_Ukraine" title="History of the Russian language in Ukraine">in Ukraine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Slovak_language" title="History of the Slovak language">Slovak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovene_language#History" title="Slovene language">Slovene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language#History" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indo-Iranian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hindustani" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Hindustani">Hindustani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Nepali_language" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Nepali language">Nepali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Persian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Persian language">Persian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Albanian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Albanian language">Albanian</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Greek</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Uralic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Estonian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Estonian language">Estonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Finnish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Finnish language">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Hungarian_language" title="History of the Hungarian language">Hungarian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other European</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Basque_language" title="History of the Basque language">Basque</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Afroasiatic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Arabic language">Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Aramaic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Aramaic language">Aramaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hebrew" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Hebrew">Hebrew</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dravidian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kannada" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Kannada">Kannada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayalam#History" title="Malayalam">Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Tamil" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Tamil">Tamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Telugu_language" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Telugu language">Telugu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Austroasiatic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Vietnamese_language" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Vietnamese language">Vietnamese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Austronesian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tagalog_language#History" title="Tagalog language">Tagalog</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_language#History" title="Filipino language">Filipino</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Malay_language" title="History of the Malay language">Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sundanese_language" title="History of Sundanese language">Sundanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Cebuano" title="Classical Cebuano">Cebuano</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sino–Tibetan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Chinese_language" title="History of the Chinese language">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Gan_Chinese" title="History of Gan Chinese">Gan Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Standard_Chinese" title="History of Standard Chinese">Standard Chinese</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Japonic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Japanese_language" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Japanese language">Japanese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Koreanic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Korean" title="History of Korean">Korean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Iroquoian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Cherokee_language" title="History of the Cherokee language">Cherokee</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Turkic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Azerbaijani_language" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Azerbaijani language">Azeri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Turkish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Turkish language">Turkish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">constructed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Esperanto" title="History of Esperanto">Esperanto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Interlingua" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Interlingua">Interlingua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Interlingue" title="History of Interlingue">Interlingue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ido#History" title="Ido">Ido</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Greek_language" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Greek_language" title="Template:Greek language"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Greek_language" title="Template talk:Greek language"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Greek_language" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Greek language"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Greek_language" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek language</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Origin and genealogy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Graeco-Aryan" title="Graeco-Aryan">Graeco-Aryan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graeco-Armenian" title="Graeco-Armenian">Graeco-Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Greek_substrate" title="Pre-Greek substrate">Pre-Greek substrate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graeco-Phrygian" title="Graeco-Phrygian">Graeco-Phrygian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenic_languages" title="Hellenic languages">Hellenic languages</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Periods</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Greek_language" title="Proto-Greek language">Proto-Greek</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 2900</span>–1600 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greek" title="Mycenaean Greek">Mycenaean Greek</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1600</span>–1100 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 800</span>–300 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek" title="Koine Greek">Koine Greek</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 300 BC</span>–AD 330)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Greek" title="Medieval Greek">Medieval Greek</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 330</span>–1453)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek" title="Modern Greek">Modern Greek</a> (since 1453)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Varieties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_dialects" title="Ancient Greek dialects">Ancient</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Central <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aeolic_Greek" title="Aeolic Greek">Aeolic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greek" title="Mycenaean Greek">Mycenaean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arcadocypriot_Greek" title="Arcadocypriot Greek">Arcadocypriot</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>East <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attic_Greek" title="Attic Greek">Attic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionic_Greek" title="Ionic Greek">Ionic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Homeric_Greek" title="Homeric Greek">Homeric</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>West <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Doric_Greek" title="Doric Greek">Doric</a></li> <li>Northwest <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achaean_Doric_Greek" title="Achaean Doric Greek">Achaean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epirote_Greek" title="Epirote Greek">Epirote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locrian_Greek" title="Locrian Greek">Locrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Macedonian_language" title="Ancient Macedonian language">Macedonian</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pamphylian_Greek" title="Pamphylian Greek">Pamphylian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek" title="Koine Greek">Koine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek" title="Koine Greek">Hellenistic Koine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Koine_Greek" title="Jewish Koine Greek">Jewish Koine Greek</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Varieties_of_Modern_Greek" title="Varieties of Modern Greek">Modern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Demotic_Greek" title="Demotic Greek">Demotic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Katharevousa" title="Katharevousa">Katharevousa</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cappadocian_Greek" title="Cappadocian Greek">Cappadocian</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Misthi,_Cappadocia#Misthiotica_dialect" title="Misthi, Cappadocia">Misthiotika</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cretan_Greek" title="Cretan Greek">Cretan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_Greek" title="Cypriot Greek">Cypriot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himariote_dialect" title="Himariote dialect">Himariote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istanbul_Greek_dialect" title="Istanbul Greek dialect">Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italiot_Greek" title="Italiot Greek">Italiot</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calabrian_Greek" title="Calabrian Greek">Greco/Calabrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Griko_language" title="Griko language">Griko/Apulian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maniots#Maniot_dialect" title="Maniots">Maniot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariupol_Greek" title="Mariupol Greek">Mariupolitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontic_Greek" title="Pontic Greek">Pontic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romano-Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Romano-Greek language">Romano-Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsakonian_language" title="Tsakonian language">Tsakonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yevanic_language" title="Yevanic language">Yevanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Australian_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Greco-Australian dialect">Greco-Australian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Phonology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_phonology" title="Ancient Greek phonology">Ancient</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_accent" title="Ancient Greek accent">accent</a>/<a href="/wiki/Pronunciation_of_Ancient_Greek_in_teaching" title="Pronunciation of Ancient Greek in teaching">teaching</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek_phonology" title="Koine Greek phonology">Koine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek_phonology" title="Modern Greek phonology">Standard Modern</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Grammar</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_grammar" title="Ancient Greek grammar">Ancient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek_grammar" title="Koine Greek grammar">Koine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek_grammar" title="Modern Greek grammar">Standard Modern</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Writing systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_syllabary" title="Cypriot syllabary">Cypriot syllabary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_B" title="Linear B">Linear B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek alphabet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Greek_alphabet" title="History of the Greek alphabet">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaic_Greek_alphabets" title="Archaic Greek alphabets">Archaic forms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attic_numerals" title="Attic numerals">Attic numerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_numerals" title="Greek numerals">Greek numerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_orthography" title="Greek orthography">Orthography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_diacritics" title="Greek diacritics">Diacritics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Braille" title="Greek Braille">Braille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrillization_of_Greek" title="Cyrillization of Greek">Cyrillization</a> and <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Greek" title="Romanization of Greek">Romanization</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greeklish" title="Greeklish">Greeklish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Greek_literature" title="Greek literature">Literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_literature" title="Ancient Greek literature">Ancient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_literature" title="Byzantine literature">Byzantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek_literature" title="Modern Greek literature">Modern</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Promotion and study</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hellenic_Foundation_for_Culture" title="Hellenic Foundation for Culture">Hellenic Foundation for Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_the_Greek_Language" title="Center for the Greek Language">Center for the Greek Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Language_and_Speech_Processing" title="Institute for Language and Speech Processing">Institute for Language and Speech Processing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eteocretan_language" title="Eteocretan language">Eteocretan language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eteocypriot_language" title="Eteocypriot language">Eteocypriot language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_language_question" title="Greek language question">Greek language question</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_exonyms" title="Greek exonyms">Exonyms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Greek_morphemes_used_in_English" title="List of Greek morphemes used in English">Morphemes in English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_words_for_love" title="Greek words for love">Terms of endearment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Greek_place_names" title="List of Greek place names">Place names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Greek_phrases" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Greek phrases">Proverbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minoan_language" title="Minoan language">Minoan language</a></li> <li><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%B1%CE%B3%CE%BA%CF%8C%CF%83%CE%BC%CE%B9%CE%B1_%CE%97%CE%BC%CE%AD%CF%81%CE%B1_%CE%95%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%B7%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE%CF%82_%CE%93%CE%BB%CF%8E%CF%83%CF%83%CE%B1%CF%82" class="extiw" title="el:Παγκόσμια Ημέρα Ελληνικής Γλώσσας">Greek Language Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trojan_language" title="Trojan language">Trojan language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_Ancient_Greek_dictionaries" title="Comparison of Ancient Greek dictionaries">Comparison of Ancient Greek dictionaries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: 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