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</ul> </li> <li id="toc-30_January_1948" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#30_January_1948"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 30 January 1948 </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-30_January_1948-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle 30 January 1948 subsection </button> <ul id="toc-30_January_1948-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Manuben_Gandhi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Manuben_Gandhi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Manuben Gandhi </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Manuben_Gandhi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Herbert_Reiner" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Herbert_Reiner"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Herbert Reiner </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Herbert_Reiner-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_reports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_reports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Other reports </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_reports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Death </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Motives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Motives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Motives </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Motives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trial_and_judgments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trial_and_judgments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Trial and judgments </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Trial_and_judgments-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Trial and judgments subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Trial_and_judgments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Investigation_and_arrests" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Investigation_and_arrests"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Investigation and arrests </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Investigation_and_arrests-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arrested" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arrested"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Arrested </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arrested-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trial_and_sentencing:_Lower_Court" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trial_and_sentencing:_Lower_Court"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Trial and sentencing: Lower Court </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trial_and_sentencing:_Lower_Court-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Appeal:_High_Court" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Appeal:_High_Court"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Appeal: High Court </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Appeal:_High_Court-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Executions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Executions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Executions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Executions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Coverage_and_judge's_comments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coverage_and_judge's_comments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Coverage and judge's comments </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coverage_and_judge's_comments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tributes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tributes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Tributes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tributes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Previous_attempt_in_1934" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Previous_attempt_in_1934"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Previous attempt in 1934 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Previous_attempt_in_1934-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 Aftermath </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 In media </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 17 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 17.1 Footnotes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 17.2 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works_cited" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_cited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 18 Works cited </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_cited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 19 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 20 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Assassination of Mahatma Gandhi</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 27 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-27" aria-hidden="true" > 27 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%BA%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%A7_%D8%BA%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%8A" title="اغتيال المهاتما غاندي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="اغتيال المهاتما غاندي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A1%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%A9%D5%B4%D5%A1_%D4%BF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%BF%D5%AB%D5%AB_%D5%BD%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%AB%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Մահաթմա Կանտիի սպանութիւն – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Մահաթմա Կանտիի սպանութիւն" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A7%E0%A7%80%E0%A7%B0_%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A3%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1" title="মহাত্মা গান্ধীৰ হত্যাকাণ্ড – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="মহাত্মা গান্ধীৰ হত্যাকাণ্ড" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A7%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE" title="মহাত্মা গান্ধীর গুপ্তহত্যা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মহাত্মা গান্ধীর গুপ্তহত্যা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asesinato_de_Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Asesinato de Mahatma Gandhi – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Asesinato de Mahatma Gandhi" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B1_%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%A7_%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="ترور ماهاتما گاندی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ترور ماهاتما گاندی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assassinat_de_Mohandas_Karamchand_Gandhi" title="Assassinat de Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Assassinat de Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AE%E0%AA%B9%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%A4%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%AE%E0%AA%BE_%E0%AA%97%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%82%E0%AA%A7%E0%AB%80%E0%AA%A8%E0%AB%80_%E0%AA%B9%E0%AA%A4%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%AF%E0%AA%BE" title="મહાત્મા ગાંધીની હત્યા – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="મહાત્મા ગાંધીની હત્યા" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A1%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%A9%D5%B4%D5%A1_%D4%B3%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A4%D5%AB%D5%AB_%D5%BD%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Մահաթմա Գանդիի սպանություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մահաթմա Գանդիի սպանություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="महात्मा गांधी की हत्या – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="महात्मा गांधी की हत्या" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pembunuhan_Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Pembunuhan Mahatma Gandhi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pembunuhan Mahatma Gandhi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assassinio_del_Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Assassinio del Mahatma Gandhi – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Assassinio del Mahatma Gandhi" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%97%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A7%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%86_%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8A%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%82" title="മഹാത്മാഗാന്ധിയുടെ കൊലപാതകം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മഹാത്മാഗാന്ധിയുടെ കൊലപാതകം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="महात्मा गांधींची हत्या – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="महात्मा गांधींची हत्या" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%97%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A7%E0%AD%80_%E0%AC%A4%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%A7%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%A8" title="ଗାନ୍ଧୀ ତିରୋଧାନ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଗାନ୍ଧୀ ତିରୋଧାନ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BE_%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%A7%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%A6%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%B9%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%86" title="ਮਹਾਤਮਾ ਗਾਂਧੀ ਦੀ ਹੱਤਿਆ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਮਹਾਤਮਾ ਗਾਂਧੀ ਦੀ ਹੱਤਿਆ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%DB%81%D9%86_%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B3_%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%DA%BE%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D8%A7_%D9%82%D8%AA%D9%84" title="موہن داس گاندھی دا قتل – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="موہن داس گاندھی دا قتل" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%D9%85%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%A7_%DA%AB%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%8A_%D9%88%DA%98%D9%86%D9%87" title="د مهاتما ګاندي وژنه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د مهاتما ګاندي وژنه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assassinato_de_Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Assassinato de Mahatma Gandhi – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Assassinato de Mahatma Gandhi" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BC%D1%8B_%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Убийство Махатмы Ганди – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Убийство Махатмы Ганди" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assassination_of_Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Assassination of Mahatma Gandhi – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Assassination of Mahatma Gandhi" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88" title="மோகன்தாசு கரம்சந்த் காந்தியின் படுகொலை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மோகன்தாசு கரம்சந்த் காந்தியின் படுகொலை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a 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.geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Assassination_of_Mahatma_Gandhi&params=28_36_04.6_N_77_12_49.4_E_region:IN-DL_type:event_scale:1000">28°36′04.6″N 77°12′49.4″E / 28.601278°N 77.213722°E / 28.601278; 77.213722</a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">1948 murder in New Delhi, India</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Assassination of Gandhi" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Indira_Gandhi" title="Assassination of Indira Gandhi">Assassination of Indira Gandhi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Rajiv_Gandhi" title="Assassination of Rajiv Gandhi">Assassination of Rajiv Gandhi</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary" style="font-size:125%;">Assassination of Mahatma Gandhi</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Gandhi_Smriti_Delhi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Gandhi_Smriti_Delhi.jpg/220px-Gandhi_Smriti_Delhi.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Gandhi_Smriti_Delhi.jpg/330px-Gandhi_Smriti_Delhi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Gandhi_Smriti_Delhi.jpg/440px-Gandhi_Smriti_Delhi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">A memorial marks the spot in <a href="/wiki/Birla_House" class="mw-redirect" title="Birla House">Birla House</a> (now Gandhi Smriti), New Delhi, where Mahatma Gandhi was assassinated at 5:17 PM on 30 January 1948.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data location"><a href="/wiki/New_Delhi" title="New Delhi">New Delhi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_India" title="Dominion of India">India</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Date</th><td class="infobox-data">30 January 1948 17:17 (<a href="/wiki/Indian_Standard_Time" title="Indian Standard Time">IST</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Target</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Attack type</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Assassination" title="Assassination">Assassination</a>, <a href="/wiki/Murder" title="Murder">murder</a> by <a href="/wiki/Gun_violence" title="Gun violence">shooting</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Weapons</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Beretta_M_1934" class="mw-redirect" title="Beretta M 1934">Beretta M 1934</a> <a href="/wiki/Semi-automatic_pistol" title="Semi-automatic pistol">semi-automatic pistol</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Deaths</th><td class="infobox-data">1 (Gandhi)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Perpetrators</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Nathuram_Godse" title="Nathuram Godse">Nathuram Godse</a> <a href="/wiki/Narayan_Apte" title="Narayan Apte">Narayan Apte</a> Dattatraya Parchure Vishnu Karkare Madanlal Pahwa <a href="/wiki/Gopal_Godse" title="Gopal Godse">Gopal Godse</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Accused</th><td class="infobox-data">Digambar Badge (granted immunity) Shankar Kistaiya (acquitted on appeal) <a href="/wiki/Vinayak_Damodar_Savarkar" title="Vinayak Damodar Savarkar">Vinayak Damodar Savarkar</a> (acquitted)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Convictions</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Murder_in_Indian_law" title="Murder in Indian law">Murder</a><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Sentence</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left;">Godse and Apte: <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_India" title="Capital punishment in India">Death by hanging</a> Other conspirators: <a href="/wiki/Life_imprisonment" title="Life imprisonment">Life imprisonment</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a> was assassinated on 30 January 1948 at age 78 in the compound of The Birla House (now <a href="/wiki/Gandhi_Smriti" title="Gandhi Smriti">Gandhi Smriti</a>), a large mansion in central <a href="/wiki/New_Delhi" title="New Delhi">New Delhi</a>. His assassin was <a href="/wiki/Nathuram_Godse" title="Nathuram Godse">Nathuram Godse</a>, from <a href="/wiki/Pune" title="Pune">Pune</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maharashtra" title="Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Hindu_nationalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu nationalist">Hindu nationalist</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHardiman2003174–176-1">[1]</a> with a history of association with the <a href="/wiki/Rashtriya_Swayamsevak_Sangh" title="Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh">Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh</a> (RSS), a right-wing Hindu paramilitary organization<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENash198169-2">[2]</a> and of membership of the <a href="/wiki/Hindu_Mahasabha" title="Hindu Mahasabha">Hindu Mahasabha</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen1999249-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-CushRobinson2008-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarkovits200457-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMallot201275–76-6">[6]</a> Sometime after 5 PM, according to witnesses, Gandhi had reached the top of the steps leading to the raised lawn behind Birla House where he had been conducting multi-faith prayer meetings every evening. As Gandhi began to walk toward the dais, Godse stepped out from the crowd flanking Gandhi's path, and fired three bullets into Gandhi's chest and stomach at <a href="/wiki/Point-blank_range" title="Point-blank range">point-blank range</a>.<a href="#cite_note-guardian31011948-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStratton195040–42-8">[8]</a> Gandhi fell to the ground. He was carried back to his room in Birla House from which a representative emerged sometime later to announce his death.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStratton195040–42-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[A]</a> Godse was captured by members of the crowd—the most widely reported of whom was <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Reiner_Jr" class="mw-redirect" title="Herbert Reiner Jr">Herbert Reiner Jr</a>, a vice-consul at the American embassy in Delhi—and handed over to the police. The Gandhi murder trial opened in May 1948 in Delhi's historic Red Fort, with Godse the main defendant, and his collaborator <a href="/wiki/Narayan_Apte" title="Narayan Apte">Narayan Apte</a>, and six more, deemed co-defendants. The trial was rushed through, the haste sometimes attributed to the home minister <a href="/wiki/Vallabhbhai_Patel" title="Vallabhbhai Patel">Vallabhbhai Patel</a>'s desire "to avoid scrutiny for the failure to prevent the assassination."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarkovits200457–58-10">[9]</a> Godse and Apte were sentenced to death on 8 November 1949. Although pleas for <a href="/wiki/Commutation_(law)" title="Commutation (law)">commutation</a> were made by Gandhi's two sons, <a href="/wiki/Manilal_Gandhi" title="Manilal Gandhi">Manilal Gandhi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ramdas_Gandhi" title="Ramdas Gandhi">Ramdas Gandhi</a>, they were turned down by India's prime minister <a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a>, deputy prime minister Vallabhbhai Patel and the Governor-General <a href="/wiki/Chakravarti_Rajagopalachari" class="mw-redirect" title="Chakravarti Rajagopalachari">Chakravarti Rajagopalachari</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGandhi2006660-11">[10]</a> Godse and Apte were hanged in the <a href="/wiki/Ambala" title="Ambala">Ambala jail</a> on 15 November 1949.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBandyopadhyay2009146-12">[11]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Preparations">Preparations</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Assassination_of_Mahatma_Gandhi&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Preparations">edit</a>]</div> In May 1944, Nathuram Vinayak Godse attempted to assassinate Gandhi with a knife. He led a group of 15 to 20 young men who rushed at Gandhi during a prayer meeting at <a href="/wiki/Panchgani" title="Panchgani">Panchgani</a>. Godse and his group were prevented by the crowds from reaching Gandhi. He was released due to Gandhi's own policy of declining to press criminal charges.<a href="#cite_note-Newton-13">[12]</a> In September 1944, Godse again led another group to block Gandhi's passage from <a href="/wiki/Sevagram" title="Sevagram">Sevagram</a> to <a href="/wiki/Mumbai" title="Mumbai">Mumbai</a>. This time Godse was arrested with a dagger and he uttered threats to kill Gandhi. He was released again owing to Gandhi's policy of not pressing criminal charges.<a href="#cite_note-Newton-13">[12]</a> In early September 1947, Gandhi moved to Delhi to help stem the violent rioting there and in the neighboring province of <a href="/wiki/East_Punjab" title="East Punjab">East Punjab</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELelyveld2012332-14">[13]</a> The rioting had come in the wake of the <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">partition of the British Indian empire</a>, which had accompanied the creation of the new independent dominions of India and Pakistan, and involved large, chaotic transfers of population between them.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETalbotSingh20092-15">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[a]</a> Godse and his assassination accomplices were residents of the <a href="/wiki/Deccan_Plateau" title="Deccan Plateau">Deccan</a> region. Godse had previously led a civil disobedience movement against <a href="/wiki/Osman_Ali_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Osman Ali Khan">Osman Ali Khan</a>, the Muslim ruler of the princely Deccan region dominion of <a href="/wiki/Hyderabad_State" title="Hyderabad State">Hyderabad State</a> in <a href="/wiki/British_India" class="mw-redirect" title="British India">British India</a>. Godse joined a protest march in 1938 in Hyderabad,[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">failed verification</a>] <a href="#cite_note-17">[15]</a> He was arrested for political crimes and served a prison sentence. Once he was out of prison, Godse continued his civil disobedience and worked as a journalist reporting the sufferings of Hindu refugees escaping from Pakistan, and during the various religious riots that erupted in the 1940s.<a href="#cite_note-Naimp124-18">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[18]</a> Plans to assassinate Gandhi were initiated by Godse and his accomplices in January 1948, after India and Pakistan had already started <a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_War_of_1947" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Pakistani War of 1947">a war over Kashmir</a><a href="#cite_note-Guha2018-21">[19]</a> Nehru had held up a payment to the belligerent Pakistan as part of the post-Partition division of funds of British India. But Gandhi opposed the decision and went on a fast-unto-death on 13 January 1948 to pressure the Indian government to release the payment to Pakistan.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">further explanation needed</a>] The Indian government, yielding to Gandhi, reversed its decision. Godse and his colleagues interpreted this sequence of events to be a case of Mahatma Gandhi controlling power and hurting India.<a href="#cite_note-Sharma2013p26-22">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-Naimp124-18">[16]</a> On the day Gandhi went on hunger strike, Godse and his colleagues began planning how to assassinate Gandhi.<a href="#cite_note-Sharma2013p26-22">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-Jain76-23">[21]</a> <a href="/wiki/Nathuram_Vinayak_Godse" class="mw-redirect" title="Nathuram Vinayak Godse">Nathuram Vinayak Godse</a> and Narayan Apte purchased a <a href="/wiki/Beretta" title="Beretta">Beretta</a> <a href="/wiki/Beretta_M1934" title="Beretta M1934">M1934</a>. Along with purchasing the <a href="/wiki/Pistol" title="Pistol">pistol</a>, Godse and his accomplices shadowed Gandhi's movements. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Assassination_attempt_on_20_January_1948">Assassination attempt on 20 January 1948</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Assassination_of_Mahatma_Gandhi&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Assassination attempt on 20 January 1948">edit</a>]</div> Gandhi had initially been staying at the Balmiki Temple, near <a href="/wiki/Gole_Market" title="Gole Market">Gole Market</a> in the northern part of New Delhi, and was holding his prayer meetings there. When the temple was requisitioned for sheltering refugees of the partition he moved to <a href="/wiki/Birla_House" class="mw-redirect" title="Birla House">Birla House</a>, a large mansion on what was then <a href="/wiki/Albuquerque_Road" class="mw-redirect" title="Albuquerque Road">Albuquerque Road</a> in south-central New Delhi, not far from the diplomatic enclave.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStratton195040–42-8">[8]</a> Gandhi was living in two unpretentious rooms in the left wing of Birla House, and conducting prayer meetings on a raised lawn behind the mansion.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStratton195040–42-8">[8]</a> The first attempt to assassinate Gandhi at Birla House occurred on 20 January 1948. According to Stanley Wolpert, <a href="/wiki/Nathuram_Godse" title="Nathuram Godse">Nathuram Godse</a> and his colleagues followed Gandhi to a park where he was speaking.<a href="#cite_note-Wolpert2001p254-24">[22]</a> One of them threw a grenade away from the crowd. The loud explosion scared the crowd, creating a chaotic stampede of people. Gandhi was left alone on the speakers' platform. The original assassination plan was to throw a second grenade, after the crowds had run away, at the isolated Gandhi.<a href="#cite_note-Wolpert2001p254-24">[22]</a> But the alleged accomplice Digambar Badge lost his courage, did not throw the second grenade and ran away with the crowd. All of the assassination plotters ran away, except Madanlal Pahwa who was a Punjabi refugee of the <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">Partition of India</a>. He was arrested.<a href="#cite_note-Wolpert2001p254-24">[22]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="30_January_1948">30 January 1948</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Assassination_of_Mahatma_Gandhi&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 30 January 1948">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Manuben_Gandhi">Manuben Gandhi</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Assassination_of_Mahatma_Gandhi&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Manuben Gandhi">edit</a>]</div> Manu (Mridula) Gandhi, called "Manuben" in Gujarati fashion, was Mahatma Gandhi's great niece (more precisely, a first cousin twice removed). She had come to join Gandhi's entourage during his <a href="/wiki/Noakhali_riots#Gandhi_peace_mission" title="Noakhali riots">peace mission</a> to <a href="/wiki/Noakhali" class="mw-redirect" title="Noakhali">Noakhali</a> in East Bengal, which had been gripped by communal violence. Abha Chatterjee (Abhaben Chatterjee) was a girl adopted by the Gandhis who would later marry Gandhi's nephew, <a href="/wiki/Kanu_Gandhi" title="Kanu Gandhi">Kanu Gandhi</a>. Both young women were walking with Gandhi when he was assassinated.<a href="#cite_note-25">[23]</a> According to Last Glimpses Of Bapu, a memoir by Manuben Gandhi published in 1962, Mahatma Gandhi (Bapu) started the day in Birla House by listening to a recitation of the <a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGandhi1962300-26">[24]</a> He then worked on a Congress constitution he wanted to publish in the Harijan, had his bath and massage at 8 a.m., and reprimanded Manuben to take care of herself since her health was not what it should be for an 18-year-old.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGandhi1962301–302-27">[25]</a> Gandhi, aged 78, was weighed after his bath and was 109.5 pounds (49.7 kg). He then ate lunch with Pyarelalji discussing <a href="/wiki/Noakhali_riots" title="Noakhali riots">Noakhali riots</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGandhi1962303-28">[26]</a> After lunch, states Manuben, Gandhi napped. After waking up, he had a meeting with Sardar Dada. Two Kathiawar leaders wanted to meet him, and when Manuben informed Gandhi that they wanted to meet him, Gandhi replied, "Tell them that, if I remain alive, they can talk to me after the prayer on my walk".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGandhi1962305–306-29">[27]</a> According to Manuben's memoir, the meeting between Vallabhbhai Patel and Gandhi went past the scheduled time and Gandhi was about ten minutes late to the prayer meeting.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGandhi1962306-30">[28]</a> He began his walk to the prayer location by walking with Manuben to his right and Abha to his left, holding onto them as walking sticks.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGandhi1962308-31">[29]</a> A stout young man in khaki dress, wrote Manuben, pushed his way through the crowd bent over and with his hands folded. Manuben thought that the man wanted to touch Gandhi's feet. She pushed the man aside, saying, "Bapu is already ten minutes late; why do you embarrass him?" Godse pushed her aside so forcibly that she lost her balance, and the rosary, notebook, and Gandhi's spittoon she was carrying fell out of her hands.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGandhi1962309-32">[30]</a> She recalled that as she bent to the ground to pick up the items, she heard four shots, resounding booms, and she saw smoke everywhere. Gandhi's hands were folded and he was saying, "Hey Ram...! Hey Ram...!". Abhaben, wrote Manuben, had also fallen down and she saw the assassinated Gandhi in Abhaben's lap.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGandhi1962308–309-33">[31]</a> The pistol shots had deafened her, wrote Manuben, the smoke was very thick, and the incident complete within 3 to 4 minutes. A crowd of people rushed towards them, according to Manuben.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGandhi1962309–310-34">[32]</a> The watch she was carrying showed 5:17 p.m. and blood was everywhere on their white clothes. Manuben estimated that it took about ten minutes to carry Gandhi back into the house, and no doctor was available in the meanwhile. They only had a first aid box, but there was no medicine in it for treating Gandhi's wounds.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGandhi1962309-32">[30]</a> According to Manuben: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">the first bullet from the assassin's seven-bore automatic hit the belly 3.5 inches to the right of the middle and 2.5 inches above the navel; the second hit the belly 1 inch away from middle, and the third 4 inches away to the right".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGandhi1962310–311-35">[33]</a></blockquote> Gandhi had suffered profuse blood loss. Everyone was crying loudly. In the house, Bhai Saheb had phoned the hospital many times, but was unable to reach any help. He then went to Willingdon Hospital in person, but came back disappointed. Manuben and others read the <a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a> as Gandhi's body lay in the room. Colonel Bhargava arrived, and he pronounced Gandhi dead.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGandhi1962310–311-35">[33]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Herbert_Reiner">Herbert Reiner</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Assassination_of_Mahatma_Gandhi&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Herbert Reiner">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Reiner_Jr." title="Herbert Reiner Jr.">Herbert Reiner Jr.</a></div> According to several reports, while the attending crowd was still in shock, Gandhi's assassin Godse was seized by <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Reiner_Jr" class="mw-redirect" title="Herbert Reiner Jr">Herbert Reiner Jr</a>, a 32-year-old, newly arrived vice-consul at the American embassy in <a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a>. According to an obituary for Reiner published in May 2000 by The Los Angeles Times, Reiner's role was reported on the front pages of newspapers around the world.<a href="#cite_note-AP_Reiner-36">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-LATimes-37">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStimson1948PronkoBowles2013343Tunzelmann2012320Trumbull1948BamzaiDamle2016Gauba1969150Kapoor2014Rajghatai2013-38">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-47">[B]</a> According to <a href="#CITEREFStratton1950">Stratton (1950)</a>, on January 30, 1948, Reiner had reached Birla House after work, arriving fifteen minutes before the scheduled start of the prayer meeting at 5 p.m., and finding himself in a relatively small crowd.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStratton195040–42-8">[8]</a> Although there were some armed guards present, Reiner felt that the security measures were inadequate, especially in view of an attempted bomb explosion at the same location ten days before.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStratton195040–42-8">[8]</a> By the time Gandhi and his small party reached the garden area a few minutes after five, the crowd had swelled to several hundred, which Reiner described as comprising "schoolboys, girls, sweepers, members of the armed services, businessmen, sadhus, holy men, and even vendors displaying pictures of 'Bapu'". At first, Reiner had been at some distance from the path leading to the dais, but he moved forward, explaining later, "An impulse to see more, and at a closer range, of this Indian leader impelled me to move away from the group in which I had been standing to the edge of the terrace steps".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStratton195040–42-8">[8]</a> As Gandhi walked briskly up the steps to the lawn, an unidentified man in the crowd spoke up, somewhat insolently in Reiner's recollection, "Gandhiji, you are late."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStratton195040–42-8">[8]</a> Gandhi slowed, turned towards the man, and gave him an annoyed look as he passed directly in front of Reiner.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStratton195040–42-8">[8]</a> But no sooner had Gandhi reached the top of the steps than another man, a stocky Indian man in his 30s and dressed in khaki clothes, stepped out from the crowd and into Gandhi's path. He soon fired several shots up close, at once felling Gandhi.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStimson1948-39">[37]</a> For a few seconds, no one could believe what had happened; everyone seemed dazed and numb. And then a young American who had come for prayers rushed forward and seized the shoulders of the man in the khaki coat. That broke the spell. ... Half a dozen people stooped to lift Gandhi. Others hurled themselves upon the attacker. ... He was overpowered and taken away."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPronkoBowles2013342–343-48">[45]</a> Others, as well, described how the crowd seemed paralyzed until Reiner's action.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESinger1953194-49">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[b]</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStratton195040–42,_Quote:_"[Godse]_stood_nearly_motionless_with_a_small_[[Beretta_M1934|Beretta]]_dangling_in_his_right_hand_and_to_my_knowledge_made_no_attempt_to_escape_or_to_take_his_own_fire._..._Moving_toward_Godse_I_[Reiner]_extended_my_right_arm_in_an_attempt_to_seize_his_gun_but_in_doing_so_grasped_his_right_shoulder_in_a_manner_that_spun_him_into_the_hands_of_[[Indian_Air_Force#First_years_of_independence_(1947–1950)|Royal_Indian_Air_Force]]_men,_also_spectators,_who_disarmed_him._I_then_fastened_a_firm_grasp_on_his_neck_and_shoulders_until_other_military_and_police_took_him_into_custody"._51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStratton195040–42,_Quote:_"[Godse]_stood_nearly_motionless_with_a_small_[[Beretta_M1934|Beretta]]_dangling_in_his_right_hand_and_to_my_knowledge_made_no_attempt_to_escape_or_to_take_his_own_fire._..._Moving_toward_Godse_I_[Reiner]_extended_my_right_arm_in_an_attempt_to_seize_his_gun_but_in_doing_so_grasped_his_right_shoulder_in_a_manner_that_spun_him_into_the_hands_of_[[Indian_Air_Force#First_years_of_independence_(1947–1950)|Royal_Indian_Air_Force]]_men,_also_spectators,_who_disarmed_him._I_then_fastened_a_firm_grasp_on_his_neck_and_shoulders_until_other_military_and_police_took_him_into_custody".-51">[47]</a> Robert Trumbull of The New York Times, who was an eyewitness, described Reiner's action in a front-page story on January 31, 1948: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">The assassin was seized by Tom Reiner of Lancaster, Mass., a vice consul attached to the American Embassy and a recent arrival in India. ... Mr. Reiner grasped the assailant by the shoulders and shoved him toward several police guards. Only then did the crowd begin to grasp what had happened and a forest of fists belabored the assassin ...<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrumbull1948-42">[40]</a></blockquote> Reiner too had noticed a man in khaki step into the path leading to the dais, but his further view was occluded by a party of associates following Gandhi. He soon heard sounds, though, which in his words were "not loud, not ringing, and not unlike the reports of damp firecrackers ..." and which for a moment made him wonder if some sort of celebration was underway.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStratton195040–42-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-52">[C]</a> The details and the role of Reiner in seizing Godse vary by the source. According to Frank Allston, Reiner stated that: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Godse stood nearly motionless with a small Beretta dangling in his right hand and to my knowledge made no attempt to escape or to take his own fire. ... Moving toward Godse I extended my right arm in an attempt to seize his gun but in doing so grasped his right shoulder in a manner that spun him into the hands of <a href="/wiki/Indian_Air_Force#First_years_of_independence_(1947–1950)" title="Indian Air Force">Royal Indian Air Force</a> men, also spectators, who disarmed him. I then fastened a firm grasp on his neck and shoulders until other military and police took him into custody.<a href="#cite_note-allston-53">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStratton195040–42-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-54">[D]</a></blockquote> According to Tunzelmann, Godse was seized and pummeled by Reiner.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETunzelmann2012320,_Quote:_"Immediately,_there_was_chaos._As_Gandhi_was_cradled_by_his_devotees_and_carried_back_to_the_house,_the_assassin_was_seized_and_pummelled_by_thirty-two-year-old_diplomatic_officer_Herbert_Reiner_of_Springdale,_Connecticut._55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETunzelmann2012320,_Quote:_"Immediately,_there_was_chaos._As_Gandhi_was_cradled_by_his_devotees_and_carried_back_to_the_house,_the_assassin_was_seized_and_pummelled_by_thirty-two-year-old_diplomatic_officer_Herbert_Reiner_of_Springdale,_Connecticut.-55">[49]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/K._L._Gauba" title="K. L. Gauba">K. L. Gauba</a>, Reiner was the "unsung hero" and had he not acted "Godse would probably have shot his way out".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGauba1969Quote:_"The_unsung_hero_of_the_day,_however,_who_wishes_to_remain_anonymous,_is_an_official_of_the_American_Embassy_at_Delhi,_who_is_the_first_to_realise_what_has_happened,_and_leaps_forward_and_grips_the_assassin_by_the_arm._If_this_young_American_had_not_done_what_he_did,_Nathuram_Godse_would_probably_have_shot_his_way_out_for_he_still_had_four_unspent_bullets_in_his_pistol"._56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGauba1969Quote:_"The_unsung_hero_of_the_day,_however,_who_wishes_to_remain_anonymous,_is_an_official_of_the_American_Embassy_at_Delhi,_who_is_the_first_to_realise_what_has_happened,_and_leaps_forward_and_grips_the_assassin_by_the_arm._If_this_young_American_had_not_done_what_he_did,_Nathuram_Godse_would_probably_have_shot_his_way_out_for_he_still_had_four_unspent_bullets_in_his_pistol".-56">[50]</a> Reiner was standing in the front row, states Pramod Kapoor, and he seized and held Godse until the police arrived, but his name only appeared in some American newspapers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKapoor2014Quote;_"In_the_melee,_no_one_had_really_noticed_the_man_who_had_fired_the_fatal_shots._One_man_who_did_was_Herbert_'Tom'_Reiner_Jr,_a_diplomat_who_had_just_joined_the_US_Foreign_Service._..._He_was_standing_in_the_front_row_when_Godse_brushed_past_him_and_fired_the_fatal_shots._Reiner_immediately_seized_Godse_and_held_him_till_the_police_arrived._..._Most_newspaper_and_wire_reports_on_the_assassination_merely_referred_to_'an_American_diplomat'_and_Reiner's_name_only_appeared_in_some_American_newspapers_at_the_time."_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKapoor2014Quote;_"In_the_melee,_no_one_had_really_noticed_the_man_who_had_fired_the_fatal_shots._One_man_who_did_was_Herbert_'Tom'_Reiner_Jr,_a_diplomat_who_had_just_joined_the_US_Foreign_Service._..._He_was_standing_in_the_front_row_when_Godse_brushed_past_him_and_fired_the_fatal_shots._Reiner_immediately_seized_Godse_and_held_him_till_the_police_arrived._..._Most_newspaper_and_wire_reports_on_the_assassination_merely_referred_to_'an_American_diplomat'_and_Reiner's_name_only_appeared_in_some_American_newspapers_at_the_time."-57">[51]</a> According to Bamzai and Damle, during the assassination trial, the government did not call to the stand American marine Herbert "Tom" Reiner who caught Godse or the nephew of then Congress minister Takthmal Jain of Madhya Bharat ministry (1948), as well as many others.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBamzaiDamle2016-43">[41]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_reports">Other reports</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Assassination_of_Mahatma_Gandhi&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Other reports">edit</a>]</div> According to some reports, Godse surrendered voluntarily and asked for the police.<a href="#cite_note-58">[52]</a> Yet other reports state he was rushed by the crowd, beaten, arrested, and taken to jail.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENash198169-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Chatfield1976-59">[53]</a> According to some eyewitnesses and court proceedings, Nathuram Godse was seized immediately by witnesses and an Indian Air Force officer dispossessed him of the pistol. The crowd beat him to a bloodied state. The police wrested him loose from the angry crowd, took him to jail.<a href="#cite_note-Chatfield1976-59">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENash198169-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhosla1965?-60">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-61">[55]</a> A <a href="/wiki/First_information_report" title="First information report">FIR</a> was filed by Nandlal Mehta at the Tughlak Road police station at Delhi. The 31 January 1948 issue of the Manchester Guardian, a British newspaper, described Gandhi as walking from the "Birla House to the lawn where his evening prayer meetings were held".<a href="#cite_note-guardian31011948-7">[7]</a> Gandhi was a bit late for the prayer, leaning on the shoulders of two grand-nieces. On his way, he was approached by a man [Godse] dressed in a khaki bush jacket and blue trousers. According to one version, stated the Guardian, Gandhi smiled back and spoke to Godse,<a href="#cite_note-guardian31011948-7">[7]</a> then the assailant pulled out a pistol and fired three times, at point-blank range, into Gandhi's chest, stomach and groin. Gandhi died at 5:40pm, about half an hour after he was shot.<a href="#cite_note-guardian31011948-7">[7]</a> According to the Guardian report, which did not mention Herbert Reiner Jr, Godse "fired a fourth shot, apparently in an effort to kill himself, but a Royal Indian Air Force sergeant standing alongside jolted his arm and wrenched the pistol away. The sergeant wanted to shoot the man but was stopped by the police. An infuriated crowd fell upon the man and beat him with sticks, but he was apprehended by the police and taken to a police station."<a href="#cite_note-guardian31011948-7">[7]</a> Godse was questioned by reporters, who in English replied that he was not sorry to have killed Gandhi and awaited his day in court to explain his reasons.<a href="#cite_note-guardian31011948-7">[7]</a> <a href="/wiki/Vincent_Sheean" title="Vincent Sheean">Vincent Sheean</a> was another eyewitness and an American reporter who had covered World War II events.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheean1949215–219-62">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParanjape201510–11-63">[57]</a> He went to India in 1947 and became a disciple of Gandhi. He was with the BBC reporter Bob Stimson in Birla House premises when Gandhi was assassinated. They stood next to each other by the corner of a wall. According to Sheean, Gandhi walked across the grass in their direction, leaning lightly "on two of the girls", and two or three others following them. Gandhi wrapped in a homespun shawl passed them by, states Sheean's eyewitness account, and climbed up four or five steps to the prayer ground.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheean1949216-64">[58]</a> As usual, according to Sheean, "there was a clump of people, some of whom were standing and some of whom had gone on their knees or bent low before him. Bob and I turned to watch-we were perhaps ten feet away from the steps-but the clump of people cut off our view of the Mahatma now: he was so small".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheean1949216-64">[58]</a> Then, states Sheean, he heard "four, dull, dark explosions". Sheean asked Stimson, "what's that?" Stimson replied, "I don't know".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheean1949215–216-65">[59]</a> It was a confusing place, people were weeping and many things happening, wrote Sheean. "A doctor was found, the police took charge; the body of the Mahatma was carried away; the crowd melted, perhaps urged to do so by the police; I saw none of this."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheean1949216–219-66">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParanjape201510–11-63">[57]</a> Stimson filed a BBC report, then he and Sheean walked up and down the flower bed for a while. Sheean reported that he later met a "young American from the Embassy" who had never been to a prayer meeting before. Sheean did not take in anything the young American said about the scene, but a week later learned that "it was this young man who had captured the assassin, held him for the Indian police" and after turning the assassin over, it was this young American who searched the crowd for a doctor. He experienced a tribal pride, states Sheean, that even though he was paralyzed and helpless on the day of Gandhi's assassination, "one of his breed had been useful".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheean1949215–219-62">[56]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Ashis_Nandy" title="Ashis Nandy">Ashis Nandy</a>, before firing the shots Godse "bowed down to Gandhi to show his respect for the services the Mahatma had rendered the country; he made no attempt to run away and himself shouted for the police".<a href="#cite_note-Nandy1998p92-67">[61]</a> According to Pramod Das, Godse after firing the shots raised his hand with the gun, surrendered and called for the police.<a href="#cite_note-68">[62]</a> According to George Fetherling, Godse did not try to flee, he "stood silently waiting to be arrested but was not approached at first because he was still armed; at last a member of the Indian air force grabbed him by the wrist, and Godse released his weapon". Police, states Fetherling, then "quickly surrounded Godse to prevent the crowd from lynching him".<a href="#cite_note-69">[63]</a> According to Matt Doeden and others, "Godse did not flee the scene, and he voluntarily surrendered himself to the police".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoeden20135-70">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcLain200770–71-71">[65]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death">Death</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Assassination_of_Mahatma_Gandhi&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Death">edit</a>]</div> According to some accounts, Gandhi died on the spot.<a href="#cite_note-72">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gandhi2007-73">[67]</a> In other accounts, such as one prepared by an eyewitness journalist, Gandhi was carried back into the Birla House, into a bedroom, where he died about 30 minutes later as one of Gandhi's family members read verses from Hindu scriptures.<a href="#cite_note-74">[68]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Motives">Motives</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Assassination_of_Mahatma_Gandhi&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Motives">edit</a>]</div> During the subsequent trial, and in various witness accounts and books written since, the motivation of Godse has been summarized, speculated about and debated.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarkovits200457–59-75">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-76">[70]</a> Godse did not deny killing Gandhi, and made a long statement explaining his motivations for the assassination of Gandhi.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGodse1948-77">[71]</a> Some of these motivations were:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGodse1948-77">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-Naim1995p126-78">[72]</a> <ul><li>Godse felt that the massacre and suffering caused during, and due to, the <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">partition</a> could have been avoided if Gandhi and the Indian government had acted to stop the killing of the minorities (<a href="/wiki/Hindus" title="Hindus">Hindus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sikhs" title="Sikhs">Sikhs</a>) in <a href="/wiki/West_Pakistan" title="West Pakistan">West</a> and <a href="/wiki/East_Pakistan" title="East Pakistan">East</a> Pakistan. He stated Gandhi had not protested against these atrocities being suffered by <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Pakistan" title="Hinduism in Pakistan">Hindus in Pakistan</a> and had instead resorted to fasts.<a href="#cite_note-79">[73]</a> In his court deposition, Godse said, "I thought to myself and foresaw I shall be totally ruined, and the only thing I could expect from the people would be nothing but hatred ... if I were to kill Gandhiji. But at the same time I felt that the Indian politics in the absence of Gandhiji would surely be proved practical, able to retaliate, and would be powerful with armed forces. No doubt, my own future would be totally ruined, but the nation would be saved from the inroads of Pakistan.'"<a href="#cite_note-80">[74]</a></li> <li>Godse claimed that Gandhi's fast to pressure the <a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_India" title="Dominion of India">Indian government</a> to release the final payment to <a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_Pakistan" title="Dominion of Pakistan">Pakistan</a> that it had previously frozen because of the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_War_of_1947" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Pakistani War of 1947">war in Kashmir</a>, and the Indian government's subsequent policy reversal, was proof that the Indian government reversed its decision to suit the feelings of Gandhi for appeasement of Pakistan. To Godse, India was not being run by the force of public opinion, but by Gandhi's whims. Godse added that he admired Gandhi for his lofty character, ceaseless work and asceticism, and Gandhi's formidable character meant that his influence outside of the due process would continue while he was alive. Gandhi had to be removed from the political stage, so that India can begin looking after its own interests as a nation, according to Godse.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGodse1948-77">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELelyveld2012339-81">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-82">[76]</a></li> <li>Godse stated he did not oppose Gandhian <a href="/wiki/Nonviolence" title="Nonviolence">ahimsa</a> teachings, but added that Gandhi's talk of <a href="/wiki/Religious_tolerance" title="Religious tolerance">religious tolerance</a> and nonviolence had already caused India to cede Pakistan to Muslims, uprooted millions of people from their home, caused immense violent loss of life and broken families. He believed that if Gandhi was not checked he would bring destruction and more massacres to Hindus. In Godse's opinion, the only answer to violent aggression was violent self-defense. Godse stated that Gandhi had betrayed his Hindu religion and culture by supporting Muslims at the expense of Hindus because his lectures of ahimsa (non-violence) were directed at and accepted by the Hindu community only. Godse said, "I sat brooding intensely on the atrocities perpetrated on Hinduism and its dark and deadly future if left to face Islam (Pakistan) outside and Gandhi inside, and... I decided all of a sudden to take the extreme step against Gandhi. I did not hate Gandhi, I revered him because we both venerated much in Hindu religion, Hindu history and Hindu culture, we both were against superstitious aspects and the wrongs in Hinduism. Therefore, I bowed before Gandhi when I met him, said Godse, then performed my moral duty and killed Gandhi."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGodse1948-77">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-mehta174-83">[77]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Trial_and_judgments">Trial and judgments</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Assassination_of_Mahatma_Gandhi&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Trial and judgments">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Trial_of_persons_accused_of_participation_and_complicity_in_Gandhi%27s_assassination_in_the_Special_Court_in_Red_Fort_Delhi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Trial_of_persons_accused_of_participation_and_complicity_in_Gandhi%27s_assassination_in_the_Special_Court_in_Red_Fort_Delhi.jpg/220px-Trial_of_persons_accused_of_participation_and_complicity_in_Gandhi%27s_assassination_in_the_Special_Court_in_Red_Fort_Delhi.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Trial_of_persons_accused_of_participation_and_complicity_in_Gandhi%27s_assassination_in_the_Special_Court_in_Red_Fort_Delhi.jpg/330px-Trial_of_persons_accused_of_participation_and_complicity_in_Gandhi%27s_assassination_in_the_Special_Court_in_Red_Fort_Delhi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Trial_of_persons_accused_of_participation_and_complicity_in_Gandhi%27s_assassination_in_the_Special_Court_in_Red_Fort_Delhi.jpg/440px-Trial_of_persons_accused_of_participation_and_complicity_in_Gandhi%27s_assassination_in_the_Special_Court_in_Red_Fort_Delhi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="649" /></a><figcaption>The trial of persons accused of participation and complicity in the assassination at the Special Court in Red Fort Delhi on 27 May 1948. Front row, left to right: <a href="/wiki/Nathuram_Godse" title="Nathuram Godse">Nathuram Godse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Narayan_Apte" title="Narayan Apte">Narayan Apte</a>, and Vishnu Ramkrishna Karkare. Seated behind, left to right: Digambar Badge, Shankar Kistaiya, <a href="/wiki/Vinayak_Damodar_Savarkar" title="Vinayak Damodar Savarkar">Vinayak Damodar Savarkar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gopal_Godse" title="Gopal Godse">Gopal Godse</a>, and Dattatraya Sadashiv Parachure.</figcaption></figure> The assassination was investigated, and many additional people were arrested, charged and tried in a lower court. The case and its appeal attracted considerable media attention, but Godse's statement in his defense to the court was banned immediately by the Indian government. Those convicted were either executed or served their complete sentences. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Investigation_and_arrests">Investigation and arrests</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Assassination_of_Mahatma_Gandhi&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Investigation and arrests">edit</a>]</div> Along with <a href="/wiki/Nathuram_Godse" title="Nathuram Godse">Nathuram Godse</a> many other accomplices were arrested. They were all identified as prominent members of the <a href="/wiki/Hindu_Mahasabha" title="Hindu Mahasabha">Hindu Mahasabha</a> – a nationalist organization.<a href="#cite_note-84">[78]</a> Along with Godse and accomplices, police arrested the 65-year-old <a href="/wiki/Vinayak_Damodar_Savarkar" title="Vinayak Damodar Savarkar">Vinayak Damodar Savarkar</a>, who they accused of being the mastermind behind the plot.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhosla196515–29-85">[79]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Arrested">Arrested</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Assassination_of_Mahatma_Gandhi&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Arrested">edit</a>]</div> The accused, their place of residence and occupational background were as follows:<a href="#cite_note-Jain76-23">[21]</a> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Nathuram_Godse" title="Nathuram Godse">Nathuram Vinayak Godse</a> (Pune, Maharashtra; a former member of <a href="/wiki/Rashtriya_Swayamsevak_Sangh" title="Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh">Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh</a>, editor, journalist)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhosla196514-86">[80]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narayan_Apte" title="Narayan Apte">Narayan Apte</a> (Pune, Maharashtra; formerly: British military service, teacher, newspaper manager)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhosla196515,_24-87">[81]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinayak_Damodar_Savarkar" title="Vinayak Damodar Savarkar">Vinayak Damodar Savarkar</a> (Mumbai, Maharashtra; author, lawyer, politician and former president of <a href="/wiki/Akhil_Bharatiya_Hindu_Mahasabha" class="mw-redirect" title="Akhil Bharatiya Hindu Mahasabha">Akhil Bharatiya Hindu Mahasabha</a>)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhosla196515,_40-88">[82]</a></li> <li>Shankar Kistayya (Pune, Maharashtra; <a href="/wiki/Rickshaw" title="Rickshaw">rickshaw</a> puller, domestic worker employed by Digambar Badge)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhosla196515,_25–27-89">[83]</a></li> <li>Dattatraya Parchure (Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh; medical service, care giver)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhosla196515,_25-90">[84]</a></li> <li>Vishnu Karkare (Ahmednagar, Maharashtra; orphan; odd jobs in hotels, musician in a traveling troupe, volunteer in relief efforts to religious riots (Noakhali), later restaurant owner)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhosla196515,_24–25-91">[85]</a></li> <li>Madanlal Pahwa (Ahmednagar refugee camp, Maharashtra; former British Indian army soldier, unemployed, Punjabi refugee who had migrated to India from Pakistan during the Partition.)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhosla196515,_25-90">[84]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gopal_Godse" title="Gopal Godse">Gopal Godse</a> (Pune, Maharashtra; brother of Nathuram Godse; storekeeper, merchant)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhosla196515-92">[86]</a></li></ol> Digambar Badge was alleged to be one of the conspirators and an active participant in the murder plan. After his arrest, he made a statement admitting his own guilt and incriminating his accomplices. He expressed his willingness to appear before a magistrate and repeat his statement; so, he was tendered a conditional pardon and thus he became King's evidence.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhosla196515/16-93">[87]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Trial_and_sentencing:_Lower_Court">Trial and sentencing: Lower Court</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Assassination_of_Mahatma_Gandhi&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Trial and sentencing: Lower Court">edit</a>]</div> The trial began on 27 May 1948 and ran for eight months before Justice Atma Charan passed his final order on 10 February 1949. The prosecution called 149 witnesses, the defense none.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhosla196515–29-85">[79]</a> The court found all of the defendants except one guilty as charged. Eight men were convicted for the murder conspiracy, and others convicted for violation of the Explosive Substances Act. Savarkar was acquitted and set free. Nathuram Godse and Narayan Apte were sentenced to death by <a href="/wiki/Hanging" title="Hanging">hanging</a><a href="#cite_note-94">[88]</a> and the remaining six (including Godse's brother, Gopal) were sentenced to <a href="/wiki/Life_in_prison" class="mw-redirect" title="Life in prison">life imprisonment</a>. Pahwa, Gopal Godse, and Karkare were all released from prison in October 1964.<a href="#cite_note-95">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-96">[90]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Appeal:_High_Court">Appeal: High Court</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Assassination_of_Mahatma_Gandhi&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Appeal: High Court">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Nathuram_Godse#Trial" title="Nathuram Godse">Nathuram Godse § Trial</a></div> Of those found guilty, all except Godse appealed their conviction and sentence. Godse accepted his death sentence, but appealed the lower court ruling that found him guilty of conspiracy. Godse argued, in his limited appeal to the High Court, that there was no conspiracy, he alone was solely responsible for the assassination, witnesses saw only him kill Gandhi, that all co-accused were innocent and should be released.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhosla196515–17-97">[91]</a> According to Markovitz, Godse's declarations and expressed motivations during the appeal have been analyzed in contrasting ways. For example, "while Robert Payne, in his detailed account of the trial, dwells on the irrational nature of his statement, <a href="/wiki/Ashis_Nandy" title="Ashis Nandy">Ashis Nandy</a> underlines the deeply rational character of Godse's action, which, in his view, reflected the well-founded fears among upper-caste Hindus of Gandhi's message and its impact on Hindu society."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarkovits200457-5">[5]</a> The appeal by the convicted men was heard from 2 May 1949, at <a href="/wiki/Peterhoff,_Shimla" title="Peterhoff, Shimla">Peterhoff, Shimla</a> (Himachal Pradesh) which then housed the Punjab High Court.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhosla196517–19-98">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-99">[93]</a> The High Court confirmed the findings and sentences of the lower court except in the cases of Dattatraya Parchure and Shankar Kistayya who were acquitted of all charges. Professor Claude Markovits, a Senior Research Fellow at the <a href="/wiki/French_National_Centre_for_Scientific_Research" title="French National Centre for Scientific Research">French National Centre for Scientific Research</a>,<a href="#cite_note-100">[94]</a> wrote a 2004 book (The UnGandhian Gandhi: The Life and Afterlife of the Mahatma) that the trial and execution was rushed, attributing the haste to <a href="/wiki/Vallabhbhai_Patel" title="Vallabhbhai Patel">Vallabhbhai Patel</a>'s efforts "to avoid scrutiny for the failure to prevent the assassination."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarkovits200457–58-10">[9]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Executions">Executions</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Assassination_of_Mahatma_Gandhi&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Executions">edit</a>]</div> Godse and Apte were sentenced to death on 8 November 1949.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBandyopadhyay2009146-12">[11]</a> Pleas for commutation were made by Gandhi's two sons, <a href="/wiki/Manilal_Gandhi" title="Manilal Gandhi">Manilal Gandhi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ramdas_Gandhi" title="Ramdas Gandhi">Ramdas Gandhi</a>, but these pleas were turned down by India's prime minister <a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a>, deputy prime minister <a href="/wiki/Vallabhbhai_Patel" title="Vallabhbhai Patel">Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel</a> and the Governor-General <a href="/wiki/Chakravarti_Rajagopalachari" class="mw-redirect" title="Chakravarti Rajagopalachari">Chakravarti Rajagopalachari</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGandhi2006660-11">[10]</a> Godse and Apte were hanged in <a href="/wiki/Ambala" title="Ambala">Ambala Gaol</a> on 15 November 1949.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBandyopadhyay2009146-12">[11]</a> According to the Almanac of World Crime, at the hanging Apte's neck broke and he died instantly,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENash198169,_160-101">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-102">[96]</a> but "Godse died slowly by the rope"; instead of having his neck snap he choked "to death for fifteen minutes".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENash198169-2">[2]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Coverage_and_judge's_comments">Coverage and judge's comments</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Assassination_of_Mahatma_Gandhi&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Coverage and judge's comments">edit</a>]</div> The Government of India made the assassination trial public. According to Claude Markovits: <blockquote>Godse ... tried to use the courtroom as a political forum by reading a long declaration in which he tried to justify his crime. He accused Gandhi of complacency towards Muslims, blamed him for the sufferings of Partition and generally criticized his subjectivism and pretension to a monopoly of the truth. Although his attacks were met with some echo in high-caste Hindu circles traditionally hostile to Gandhi, he could not create a groundswell of opinion in his favour.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarkovits200457-5">[5]</a></blockquote> Godse later appealed the death sentence verdict in the Appeals Court in Simla, then in Punjab.<a href="#cite_note-allo-corrected-url-103">[97]</a> He made a plea of poverty and requested that he be allowed to appear and defend himself in person.<a href="#cite_note-allo-corrected-url-103">[97]</a> As the request was allowed, Godse became the only accused to appear in person at the appeal.<a href="#cite_note-allo-corrected-url-103">[97]</a> G.D. Khosla, one of the three judges who heard the appeal, later wrote of the Godse statement:<a href="#cite_note-allo-corrected-url-103">[97]</a> <blockquote>The audience was visibly and audibly moved. There was a deep silence when he ceased speaking. Many women were in tears and men were coughing and searching for their handkerchiefs. The silence was accentuated and made deeper by the sound of a[n] occasional subdued sniff or a muffled cough. It seemed to me that I was taking part in some kind of melodrama or a scene out of a Hollywood feature film. ... the audience most certainly thought Godse's performance was the only worth-while part of the lengthy proceedings ... I have no doubt that had the audience of that day been constituted into a jury and entrusted with the task of deciding Godse's appeal, they would have brought in a verdict of 'not guilty' by an overwhelming majority<a href="#cite_note-allo-corrected-url-103">[97]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tributes">Tributes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Assassination_of_Mahatma_Gandhi&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Tributes">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gandhi_funeral.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Gandhi_funeral.jpg/210px-Gandhi_funeral.jpg" decoding="async" width="210" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Gandhi_funeral.jpg/315px-Gandhi_funeral.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Gandhi_funeral.jpg/420px-Gandhi_funeral.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3324" data-file-height="2302" /></a><figcaption>Funeral procession of Gandhi, passing the <a href="/wiki/India_Gate" title="India Gate">India Gate</a>, Delhi</figcaption></figure> After the assassination, Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru addressed the nation by radio:<a href="#cite_note-MaybinMercer2020-104">[98]</a><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Friends and comrades, the light has gone out of our lives, and there is darkness everywhere, and I do not quite know what to tell you or how to say it. Our beloved leader, Bapu as we called him, the father of the nation, is no more. Perhaps I am wrong to say that; nevertheless, we will not see him again, as we have seen him for these many years, we will not run to him for advice or seek solace from him, and that is a terrible blow, not only for me, but for millions and millions in this country.<a href="#cite_note-MaybinMercer2020-104">[98]</a></blockquote><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_Jinnah" title="Muhammad Ali Jinnah">Muhammad Ali Jinnah</a>, Governor general and founder of Pakistan, on the day of Gandhi's assassination, said: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">I am shocked to learn of the most dastardly attack on the life of Mr. Gandhi, resulting in his death. Whatever our political differences, he was one of the greatest men produced by the Hindu community, and a leader who commanded their universal confidence and respect. I wish to express my deep sorrow, and sincerely sympathize with the great Hindu community and his family in their bereavement at this momentous, historical and critical juncture so soon after the birth of freedom for Hindustan and Pakistan. The loss of dominion of India is irreparable, and it will be very difficult to fill the vacuum created by the passing way of such a great man at this moment.<a href="#cite_note-105">[99]</a></blockquote> Gandhi's death was mourned around the world. Field Marshal <a href="/wiki/Jan_Smuts" title="Jan Smuts">Jan Smuts</a>, former prime minister of South Africa, and once Gandhi's adversary, said:<a href="#cite_note-Steyn2018-106">[100]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Gandhi was one of the great men of my time and my acquaintance with him over a period of more than 30 years has only deepened my high respect for him however much we differed in our views and methods. A prince among men has passed away and we grieve with India in her irreparable loss.<a href="#cite_note-Guha2018-21">[19]</a></blockquote> The British prime minister <a href="/wiki/Clement_Attlee" title="Clement Attlee">Clement Attlee</a> said in a radio address to the nation on the night of January 30, 1948:<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"> Everyone will have learnt with profound horror of the brutal murder of Mr Gandhi and I know that I am expressing the views of the British people in offering to his fellow-countrymen our deep sympathy in the loss of their greatest citizen. Mahatma Gandhi, as he was known in India, was one of the outstanding figures in the world today, ... For a quarter of a century this one man has been the major factor in every consideration of the Indian problem.<a href="#cite_note-attlee-gandhi_cbc_archives-107">[101]</a></blockquote> <a href="/wiki/Leo_Amery" title="Leo Amery">Leo Amery</a>, the British secretary of state during the war said: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">It can be said that no one contributed more to the particular way in which the charter of British rule in India has ended than Mahatma Gandhi himself. His death comes at the close of a great chapter in world history. In the mind of India, at least, he will always be identified with the opening of the new chapter which, however troubled at the outset, we should all hope, will develop in peace, concord and prosperity for India.<a href="#cite_note-Division_Amery-108">[102]</a></blockquote> <a href="/wiki/Lord_Pethick-Lawrence" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Pethick-Lawrence">Lord Pethick-Lawrence</a>, the British secretary of state in 1948 said: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">What was the secret of his power over the hearts and minds of men and women? In my opinion it was the fact that he voluntarily stripped himself of every vestige of the privilege that he could have enjoyed on account of his birth, means, personality and intellectual pre-eminence and took on himself the status and infirmities of the ordinary man. When he was in South Africa as a young man and opposed the treatment of his fellow-countrymen in that land, he courted for himself the humiliation of the humblest Indian that he might in his own person face the punishment meted out for disobedience. When he called for non-cooperation with the British in India he himself disobeyed the law and insisted that he must be among the first to go to prison. ... He never claimed to be any other than an ordinary man. He acknowledged his liability to error and admitted that he had frequently-learnt by his mistakes. He was the universal brother, lover and friend of poor, weak, erring, suffering humanity.<a href="#cite_note-Division_Pethick_Lawrence-109">[103]</a></blockquote> <a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einstein</a> wrote: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"> He died as the victim of his own principles, the principle of non-violence. He died because in time of disorder and general irritation in his country, he refused armed protection for himself. It was his unshakable belief that the use of force is an evil in itself, that therefore it must be avoided by those who are striving for supreme justice to his belief. With his belief in his heart and mind, he has led a great nation on to its liberation. He has demonstrated that a powerful human following can be assembled not only through the cunning game of the usual political manoeuvres and trickery but through the cogent example of a morally superior conduct of life. The admiration for Mahatma Gandhi in all countries of the world rests on that recognition.<a href="#cite_note-Mehta2013_Einstein-110">[104]</a></blockquote> <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a> in its editorial wrote: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">It is Gandhi the saint who will be remembered, not only on the plains and in the hills of India, but all over the world. He strove for perfection as other men strive for power and possessions. He pitied those to whom wrong was done: the East Indian laborers in South Africa, the untouchable 'Children of God' of the lowest caste of India, but he schooled himself not to hate the wrongdoer. The power of his benignity grew stronger as his potential influence ebbed. He tried in the mood of the New Testament to love his enemies. Now he belongs to the ages.<a href="#cite_note-Snyder1951-111">[105]</a></blockquote> Over two million people joined the five-mile-long funeral procession that took over five hours to reach Raj Ghat from Birla House, where he had been assassinated. Gandhi was <a href="/wiki/Cremation" title="Cremation">cremated</a> in a funeral <a href="/wiki/Pyre" title="Pyre">pyre</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CanberraTimes1948-112">[106]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Previous_attempt_in_1934">Previous attempt in 1934</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Assassination_of_Mahatma_Gandhi&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Previous attempt in 1934">edit</a>]</div> A prior, unsuccessful attempt, to assassinate Gandhi occurred on 25 June 1934 at Pune.<a href="#cite_note-previous-113">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-114">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-115">[109]</a> Gandhi was in Pune along with his wife, <a href="/wiki/Kasturba_Gandhi" title="Kasturba Gandhi">Kasturba Gandhi</a>, to deliver a speech at Corporation Auditorium. They were travelling in a motorcade of two cars. The car in which the couple was travelling was delayed and the first car reached the auditorium. Just when the first car arrived at the auditorium, a <a href="/wiki/Bomb" title="Bomb">bomb</a> was thrown, which exploded near the car. This caused grievous injury to the Chief Officer of the Pune Municipal Corporation, two policemen and seven others. Nevertheless, no account or records of the investigation nor arrests made can be found. Gandhi's secretary, <a href="/wiki/Pyarelal_Nayyar" title="Pyarelal Nayyar">Pyarelal Nayyar</a>, believed that the attempt failed due to lack of planning and co-ordination.<a href="#cite_note-116">[110]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Assassination_of_Mahatma_Gandhi&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Aftermath">edit</a>]</div> In the newly formed <a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_India" title="Dominion of India">Dominion of India</a>, the carnage that had been set off by the <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">Partition of India</a> ended with the shock of Gandhi's assassination.<a href="#cite_note-Khan2011-117">[111]</a> The RSS, the Hindu paramilitary volunteer organisation, whose activities had been hidden from public view, and whose member Nathuram Godse had once been, was banned on 4 February 1948. The ban lasted one year.<a href="#cite_note-kapila-rss-ban-118">[112]</a> A few weeks before, Vallabhai Patel had invited the RSS and its more overtly political sister organization, the <a href="/wiki/Hindu_Mahasabha" title="Hindu Mahasabha">Hindu Mahasabha</a>, to join the Congress and to build the new nation. He had warned the Hindu nationalists that they were not the only defenders of Hinduism, which was more tolerant than the variety whose ideals they upheld; he had also cautioned his colleagues in the Congress, that members of these Hindu nationalist organizations were not criminals but misguided patriots, who might prove hard to root out.<a href="#cite_note-kapila-rss-ban-118">[112]</a> Nehru argued against this viewpoint, emphasizing that the RSS has a history of easily succumbing to violent solutions, and needed to be punished and dissolved. With Gandhi's assassination, Patel's approach took the back seat.<a href="#cite_note-kapila-rss-ban-118">[112]</a> <a href="/wiki/Yasmin_Khan" title="Yasmin Khan">Yasmin Khan</a> argued that Gandhi's death and funeral helped consolidate the authority of the new Indian state under Nehru and Patel. The Congress tightly controlled the epic public displays of grief over a two-week period—the funeral, mortuary rituals and distribution of the martyr's ashes with millions participating in different events.<a href="#cite_note-119">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-120">[114]</a> Gandhi's death indirectly gave Nehru more power.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpear1990239-121">[115]</a> According to historian Percival Spear, "The government was really a <a href="/wiki/Duumvirate" class="mw-redirect" title="Duumvirate">duumvirate</a> between him (Nehru), who represented the idealism and left-wing tendencies of the party, and Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, the realist and party boss from Gujarat who leaned to authoritarianism, orthodoxy, and big business."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpear1990239-121">[115]</a> But Gandhi's assassination had affected Patel as deeply as it did Nehru, and Patel busied himself on the <a href="/wiki/Political_integration_of_India" title="Political integration of India">integration of the princely states</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpear1990240-122">[116]</a> After the violence of the <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">Partition of India</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Hindu_nationalism" title="Hindu nationalism">Hindu Right</a> and its supporters within the <a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">Indian National Congress</a> had asked if as a counterpoint to Pakistan's founding as a state for Muslims, India should not be publicly identified as a state for Hindus.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarkovits200458-123">[117]</a> But after Gandhi's assassination, the implication of the Hindu Right in it, and the revulsion felt by many for Hindu extremism as a result, secular values were reestablished in India.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarkovits200458-123">[117]</a> According to Thomas Hansen:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen199996-124">[118]</a><blockquote>Although Nathuram Godse's inspiration came from Savarkar rather than Golwalkar, the RSS was banned and 20,000 swayamsevaks were arrested during the next few months, while the Hindu Mahasabha remained legal but effectively stigmatized, especially in Maharashtra. The Chitpavan brahmins (Godse's community) were attacked in a collective retaliation against a community whose Hindu nationalist leanings were well known, and whose claims to past glory and historical dominance in the area were a contentious issue in Maharashtra.</blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_media">In media</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Assassination_of_Mahatma_Gandhi&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: In media">edit</a>]</div> Several books, plays and movies have been produced about the event: <ul><li>I, Nathuram Godse speaking is a play composed by Pradeep Dalvi based on the assassination trial. Locally produced as <a href="/wiki/Me_Nathuram_Godse_Boltoy" title="Me Nathuram Godse Boltoy">Me Nathuram Godse Boltoy</a>, after seven sold-out shows it was banned in the State of Maharashtra in 1999 on directions from the then BJP-led coalition government in Delhi.<a href="#cite_note-125">[119]</a></li> <li>Gandhi vs. Gandhi is a Marathi play that has been translated into several languages. Its primary plot is the relationship between Gandhi and his estranged son but it also deals briefly with the assassination.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nine_Hours_to_Rama" title="Nine Hours to Rama">Nine Hours to Rama</a> is a 1963 British movie based on <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Wolpert" title="Stanley Wolpert">Stanley Wolpert</a>'s novel of the same name, which is a fictional account of the final nine hours leading up to Gandhi's assassination.</li> <li>May It Please Your Honor was published in 1977, containing Nathuram Godse's statement to the court, after the Indian Congress party lost power for the first time since Indian independence, and the new government lifted the censorship imposed since 1948 after gaining power in national <a href="/wiki/1977_Indian_general_election" title="1977 Indian general election">elections</a>. The text was republished in 1993 as Why I Assassinated Mahatma Gandhi?.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarkovits200434–35_with_footnotes-126">[120]</a></li> <li>The 1982 film <a href="/wiki/Gandhi_(film)" title="Gandhi (film)">Gandhi</a> is bookended by the assassination; Godse is portrayed by actor <a href="/wiki/Harsh_Nayyar" title="Harsh Nayyar">Harsh Nayyar</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hey_Ram" title="Hey Ram">Hey Ram</a> (2000) is a <a href="/wiki/Tamil_cinema" title="Tamil cinema">Tamil</a>-<a href="/wiki/Hindi_cinema" title="Hindi cinema">Hindi</a> bilingual film by <a href="/wiki/Kamal_Haasan" title="Kamal Haasan">Kamal Haasan</a> about a fictitious plot to kill Gandhi by a man devastated by the <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">partition riots</a> and his change of heart even as the real-life plot succeeds.</li> <li>Gandhi and the Unspeakable: His Final Experiment with Truth (2012) by James Douglass is a non-fiction book that seeks to understand not only the facts of the murder but its importance in the larger struggle between non-violence and violence.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhi_Godse_%E2%80%93_Ek_Yudh" title="Gandhi Godse – Ek Yudh">Gandhi Godse – Ek Yudh</a> (2023) is a fictional movie that reimagines the assassination with the survival of Gandhi.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Assassination_of_Mahatma_Gandhi&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kapur_Commission" title="Kapur Commission">Kapur Commission</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Assassination_of_Mahatma_Gandhi&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Assassination_of_Mahatma_Gandhi&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Footnotes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-upper-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> Quote: "Mr. Gandhi was picked up by attendants and carried rapidly back to the unpretentious bedroom where he had passed most of his working and sleeping hours. As he was taken through the door Hindu onlookers who could see him began to wail and beat their breasts. Less than half an hour later a member of Mr. Gandhi's entourage came out of the room and said to those about the door: "Bapu (father) is finished." But it was not until Mr. Gandhi's death was announced by All India Radio, at 6 pm that the words spread widely."<a href="#CITEREFTrumbull1948">Trumbull (1948)</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> Quote 1: "As he got to the top of the steps and approached the crowd, he took his arms from the shoulders of his friends and raised his hands in salutation. He was still smiling. A thick-set man, in his 30s I should say and dressed in khaki, was in the forefront of the crowd. He moved a step toward Mr. Gandhi, took out a revolver and fired several shots at almost point-blank range. It did not sound like a revolver but like a Chinese cracker a child might have let off. Mr. Gandhi fell. For a few seconds no one could believe what had happened; every one seemed dazed and numb, and then a young American who had come for prayers rushed forward and seized the shoulders of the man in the khaki coat. That broke the spell.".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStimson1948-39">[37]</a>  • Quote 2: In Empirical Foundation of Psychology, the authors, N. H. Pronko and J. W. Bowles introduce Robert Stimson's BBC report about Reiner as a case study, and make the observation: "The preoccupation of the audience with Gandhi's attire and actions as he entered the garden, the disrupting stimulus of Gandhi being shot, the no-response period, the new stimulus in the form of the American, and the frenzied reaction of the crowd combine to trace the sequence in a typical emotional reaction.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPronkoBowles2013343-40">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStimson1948-39">[37]</a>  • Quote 3: "Immediately, there was chaos. As Gandhi was cradled by his devotees and carried back to the house, the assassin was seized and pummeled by thirty-two-year-old diplomatic officer Herbert Reiner of Springdale, Connecticut. A doctor was found within minutes, but he was of no use. Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi was dead."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETunzelmann2012320-41">[39]</a> Robert Trumbull of The New York Times, who was an eyewitness to the shooting, wrote in his front-page story the next day:"A crowd of about 500, according to witnesses, was stunned. There was no outcry or excitement for a second or two. Then the onlookers began to push the assassin more as if in bewilderment than in anger. The assassin was seized by Tom Reiner of Lancaster, Mass., a vice consul attached to the American Embassy and a recent arrival in India. He was attending Mr. Gandhi's prayer meeting out of curiosity, as most visitors to New Delhi do at least once. Mr. Reiner grasped the assailant by the shoulders and shoved him toward several police guards. Only then did the crowd begin to grasp what had happened and a forest of fists belabored the assassin as he was dragged toward the pergola where Mr. Gandhi was to have prayed. He left a trail of blood.".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrumbull1948-42">[40]</a>  • Quote 4: ...the court had authority under Code 540 of the 1898 law to examine Kasar/Damle, which was not done. The government also did not call American Marine Herbert "Tom" Reiner who caught Godse, or the nephew of then Congress Minister Takthmal Jain of Madhya Bharat ministry (1948), who claimed to have heard four shots, or the person who sold the pistol to Godse at Gwalior."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBamzaiDamle2016-43">[41]</a>  • Quote 5: "The unsung hero of the day, however, who wishes to remain anonymous, is an official of the American Embassy at Delhi, who is the first to realize what has happened, and leaps forward and grips the assassin by the arm. If this young American had not done what he did, Nathuram Godse would probably have shot his way out for he still had four unspent bullets in his pistol".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGauba1969150-44">[42]</a>  • Quote 6: In the melee, no one had really noticed the man who had fired the fatal shots. One man who did was Herbert 'Tom' Reiner Jr, a diplomat who had just joined the US Foreign Service. ... He was standing in the front row when Godse brushed past him and fired the fatal shots. Reiner immediately seized Godse and held him till the police arrived. ... Most newspaper and wire reports on the assassination merely referred to 'an American diplomat' and Reiner's name only appeared in some American newspapers at the time.";<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKapoor2014-45">[43]</a>  • Quote 7: ""Bob tells me that an American Embassy official was the unsung hero of the occasion. He was the first to realize what had happened and to leap forward and grip the assassin by the arms."<a href="#cite_note-Campbell-Johnson1985-46">[44]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> Quote 1: "I withdrew somewhat relieved for I had been anticipating a misdirected blow or even a bullet from the angered mob to take vengeance on the culprit. It was some time before the bulk of the people realized what had happened to the side and behind them. Rumors ran rampant. One was to the effect that all shots had gone astray, another that Ava had shielded Gandhi and had herself received mortal wounds, and still another that the Mahatma while wounded was not seriously so. These were the reports that spread through the assemblage as the fatally injured Gandhi was quickly borne to his quarters. There was a reluctance to believe that the worst had really occurred, yet there was a tenseness in the air as groups related to one another their respective accounts of the assassination and made their guesses as to the communal background of the assailant. It was more than a half hour before any statement reached those outside and then it was only the terse statement in English by one of the ashram as he emerged through the porch door—"Gandhiji is finished'. The simple prayer ceremony which was to have been conducted that afternoon with its recitations from the Bhagavada Gita, the Koran, and Christian hymns never took place." Herbert Reiner Jr. in <a href="#CITEREFStratton1950">Stratton (1950)</a>.  • Quote 2: "Mr. Gandhi was picked up by attendants and carried rapidly back to the unpretentious bedroom where he had passed most of his working and sleeping hours. As he was taken through the door Hindu onlookers who could see him began to wail and beat their breasts. Less than half an hour later a member of Mr. Gandhi's entourage came out of the room and said to those about the door: "Bapu (father) is finished." But it was not until Mr. Gandhi's death was announced by All India Radio, at 6 P. M. that the words spread widely."<a href="#CITEREFTrumbull1948">Trumbull (1948)</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> "Reiner recalled, "People were standing as though paralyzed. I moved around them, grasped his shoulder and spun him around, then took a firmer grip on his shoulders"<a href="#cite_note-LATimes-37">[35]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> "Communal massacres sparked a chaotic two-way flight of Hindus and Sikhs from Pakistan and Muslims from India. In all an estimated 15 million people were displaced in what became the largest forced migration in the twentieth century".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETalbotSingh20092-15">[14]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> "The crowd was paralyzed as the two grandchildren lifted the frail Gandhi and carried him into his room in Birla House. Tom Reiner, the United States vice-consul, a newcomer to India, who had attended the prayer meeting, seized the assassin ..."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESinger1953194-49">[46]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Assassination_of_Mahatma_Gandhi&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Citations">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHardiman2003174–176-1"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHardiman2003174–176_1-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHardiman2003">Hardiman 2003</a>, pp. 174–176. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENash198169-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENash198169_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENash198169_2-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENash198169_2-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENash198169_2-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFNash1981">Nash 1981</a>, p. 69. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen1999249-3"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHansen1999249_3-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHansen1999">Hansen 1999</a>, p. 249. </li> <li id="cite_note-CushRobinson2008-4"><a href="#cite_ref-CushRobinson2008_4-0">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFCushRobinsonYork2008" class="citation book cs1">Cush, Denise; Robinson, Catherine; York, Michael (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=i_T0HeWE-EAC&pg=PA544">Encyclopedia of Hinduism</a>. Taylor & Francis. p. 544. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7007-1267-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7007-1267-0"><bdi>978-0-7007-1267-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131012221104/http://books.google.com/books?id=i_T0HeWE-EAC&pg=PA544">Archived</a> from the original on 12 October 2013. Retrieved 31 August 2013. <q>The apotheosis of this contrast is the assassination of Gandhi in 1948 by a militant Nathuram Godse, on the basis of his 'weak' accommodationist approach towards the new state of Pakistan.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Hinduism&rft.pages=544&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-7007-1267-0&rft.aulast=Cush&rft.aufirst=Denise&rft.au=Robinson%2C+Catherine&rft.au=York%2C+Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Di_T0HeWE-EAC%26pg%3DPA544&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssassination+of+Mahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarkovits200457-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarkovits200457_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarkovits200457_5-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarkovits200457_5-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFMarkovits2004">Markovits 2004</a>, p. 57. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMallot201275–76-6"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMallot201275–76_6-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMallot2012">Mallot 2012</a>, pp. 75–76. </li> <li id="cite_note-guardian31011948-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-guardian31011948_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-guardian31011948_7-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-guardian31011948_7-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-guardian31011948_7-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-guardian31011948_7-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-guardian31011948_7-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/1948/jan/31/india.fromthearchive">"Assassination of Mr Gandhi"</a>. The Guardian. 31 January 1948. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077">0261-3077</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171122164118/https://www.theguardian.com/world/1948/jan/31/india.fromthearchive">Archived</a> from the original on 22 November 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Assassination+of+Mr+Gandhi&rft.date=1948-01-31&rft.issn=0261-3077&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F1948%2Fjan%2F31%2Findia.fromthearchive&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssassination+of+Mahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStratton195040–42-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStratton195040–42_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStratton195040–42_8-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStratton195040–42_8-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStratton195040–42_8-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStratton195040–42_8-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStratton195040–42_8-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStratton195040–42_8-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStratton195040–42_8-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStratton195040–42_8-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStratton195040–42_8-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStratton195040–42_8-10">k</a> <a href="#CITEREFStratton1950">Stratton 1950</a>, pp. 40–42. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarkovits200457–58-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarkovits200457–58_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarkovits200457–58_10-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMarkovits2004">Markovits 2004</a>, pp. 57–58. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGandhi2006660-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGandhi2006660_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGandhi2006660_11-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFGandhi2006">Gandhi 2006</a>, p. 660. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBandyopadhyay2009146-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBandyopadhyay2009146_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBandyopadhyay2009146_12-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBandyopadhyay2009146_12-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFBandyopadhyay2009">Bandyopadhyay 2009</a>, p. 146. </li> <li id="cite_note-Newton-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Newton_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Newton_13-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNewton2014" class="citation book cs1">Newton, M. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=F4-dAwAAQBAJ">Famous Assassinations in World History: An Encyclopedia [2 volumes]</a>. ABC-CLIO. p. 167. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61069-286-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61069-286-1"><bdi>978-1-61069-286-1</bdi></a>. Retrieved 30 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Famous+Assassinations+in+World+History%3A+An+Encyclopedia+%5B2+volumes%5D&rft.pages=167&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-61069-286-1&rft.aulast=Newton&rft.aufirst=M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DF4-dAwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssassination+of+Mahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELelyveld2012332-14"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELelyveld2012332_14-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLelyveld2012">Lelyveld 2012</a>, p. 332. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETalbotSingh20092-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETalbotSingh20092_15-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETalbotSingh20092_15-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFTalbotSingh2009">Talbot & Singh 2009</a>, p. 2. </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFetherling2011" class="citation book cs1">Fetherling, George (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Yv2tU3yD00gC">The Book of Assassins</a>. Random House. pp. 164–165. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-307-36909-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-307-36909-3"><bdi>978-0-307-36909-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Book+of+Assassins&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E164-%3C%2Fspan%3E165&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-307-36909-3&rft.aulast=Fetherling&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYv2tU3yD00gC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssassination+of+Mahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Naimp124-18">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Naimp124_18-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Naimp124_18-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFernhout1995" class="citation book cs1">Fernhout, Rein (1995). ʻAbd Allāh Aḥmad Naʻim; et al. 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Yale University Press. pp. 27–28, 97, 150–152. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-18596-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-18596-6"><bdi>978-0-300-18596-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gandhi%3A+A+Spiritual+Biography&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E27-%3C%2Fspan%3E28%2C+97%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E150-%3C%2Fspan%3E152&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-300-18596-6&rft.aulast=Sharma&rft.aufirst=Arvind&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_YQH-LS1JtAC%26pg%3DPA54&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssassination+of+Mahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jain76-23">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jain76_23-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jain76_23-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJain1987" class="citation book cs1">Jain, Jagdish Chandra (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NurqxSttqjoC&pg=PA76">Gandhi, the Forgotten Mahatma</a>. Mittal Publications. pp. 76–77. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7099-037-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7099-037-6"><bdi>978-81-7099-037-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gandhi%2C+the+Forgotten+Mahatma&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E76-%3C%2Fspan%3E77&rft.pub=Mittal+Publications&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-81-7099-037-6&rft.aulast=Jain&rft.aufirst=Jagdish+Chandra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNurqxSttqjoC%26pg%3DPA76&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssassination+of+Mahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wolpert2001p254-24">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wolpert2001p254_24-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wolpert2001p254_24-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wolpert2001p254_24-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolpert2001" class="citation book cs1">Wolpert, Stanley (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ih1VCqkUr4gC">Gandhi's Passion: The Life and Legacy of Mahatma Gandhi</a>. Oxford University Press. pp. 254–256. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-972872-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-972872-5"><bdi>978-0-19-972872-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gandhi%27s+Passion%3A+The+Life+and+Legacy+of+Mahatma+Gandhi&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E254-%3C%2Fspan%3E256&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-972872-5&rft.aulast=Wolpert&rft.aufirst=Stanley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dih1VCqkUr4gC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssassination+of+Mahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/features/thrill-of-the-chaste-the-truth-about-gandhi-s-sex-life-b1912595.html">"The truth about Gandhi's sex life"</a>. The Independent. 2 January 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130603033106/http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/features/thrill-of-the-chaste-the-truth-about-gandhis-sex-life-1937411.html">Archived</a> from the original on 3 June 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=The+truth+about+Gandhi%27s+sex+life&rft.date=2012-01-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Farts-entertainment%2Fbooks%2Ffeatures%2Fthrill-of-the-chaste-the-truth-about-gandhi-s-sex-life-b1912595.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssassination+of+Mahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGandhi1962300-26"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGandhi1962300_26-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGandhi1962">Gandhi 1962</a>, p. 300. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGandhi1962301–302-27"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGandhi1962301–302_27-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGandhi1962">Gandhi 1962</a>, pp. 301–302. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGandhi1962303-28"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGandhi1962303_28-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGandhi1962">Gandhi 1962</a>, p. 303. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGandhi1962305–306-29"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGandhi1962305–306_29-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGandhi1962">Gandhi 1962</a>, pp. 305–306. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGandhi1962306-30"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGandhi1962306_30-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGandhi1962">Gandhi 1962</a>, p. 306. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGandhi1962308-31"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGandhi1962308_31-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGandhi1962">Gandhi 1962</a>, p. 308. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGandhi1962309-32">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGandhi1962309_32-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGandhi1962309_32-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFGandhi1962">Gandhi 1962</a>, p. 309. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGandhi1962308–309-33"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGandhi1962308–309_33-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGandhi1962">Gandhi 1962</a>, pp. 308–309. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGandhi1962309–310-34"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGandhi1962309–310_34-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGandhi1962">Gandhi 1962</a>, pp. 309–310. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGandhi1962310–311-35">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGandhi1962310–311_35-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGandhi1962310–311_35-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFGandhi1962">Gandhi 1962</a>, pp. 310–311. </li> <li id="cite_note-AP_Reiner-36"><a href="#cite_ref-AP_Reiner_36-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1948/02/01/96415235.html?pageNumber=42">"American who held killer 'Wanted to see Gandhi'"</a>, The New York Times, The Associated Press, 1 February 1948, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240910073833/https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1948/02/01/96415235.html?pageNumber=42">archived</a> from the original on 10 September 2024, retrieved 22 July 2017</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=American+who+held+killer+%27Wanted+to+see+Gandhi%27&rft.date=1948-02-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesmachine.nytimes.com%2Ftimesmachine%2F1948%2F02%2F01%2F96415235.html%3FpageNumber%3D42&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssassination+of+Mahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-LATimes-37">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LATimes_37-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LATimes_37-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2000-may-26-me-34297-story.html">"Herbert Reiner Jr.; Captured Gandhi's killer"</a>. Obituary. Los Angeles Times. 26 May 2000. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170731093809/http://articles.latimes.com/2000/may/26/local/me-34297">Archived</a> from the original on 31 July 2017. Retrieved 27 January 2017. <q>On Jan. 30, 1948, he went to a prayer meeting to catch a glimpse of Gandhi. It was to be Gandhi's last meeting. Nathuram Godse, a Hindu nationalist enraged by Gandhi's overtures to Muslims, brushed past his aide and fired three shots at the great moral leader. Reiner seized him and swung him into the hands of the Indian police, an action captured on the front pages of newspapers around the world.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Herbert+Reiner+Jr.%3B+Captured+Gandhi%27s+killer&rft.date=2000-05-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Farchives%2Fla-xpm-2000-may-26-me-34297-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssassination+of+Mahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStimson1948PronkoBowles2013343Tunzelmann2012320Trumbull1948BamzaiDamle2016Gauba1969150Kapoor2014Rajghatai2013-38"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStimson1948PronkoBowles2013343Tunzelmann2012320Trumbull1948BamzaiDamle2016Gauba1969150Kapoor2014Rajghatai2013_38-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStimson1948">Stimson 1948</a>; <a href="#CITEREFPronkoBowles2013">Pronko & Bowles 2013</a>, p. 343; <a href="#CITEREFTunzelmann2012">Tunzelmann 2012</a>, p. 320; <a href="#CITEREFTrumbull1948">Trumbull 1948</a>; <a href="#CITEREFBamzaiDamle2016">Bamzai & Damle 2016</a>; <a href="#CITEREFGauba1969">Gauba 1969</a>, p. 150; <a href="#CITEREFKapoor2014">Kapoor 2014</a>; <a href="#CITEREFRajghatai2013">Rajghatai 2013</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStimson1948-39">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStimson1948_39-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStimson1948_39-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStimson1948_39-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFStimson1948">Stimson 1948</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPronkoBowles2013343-40"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPronkoBowles2013343_40-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPronkoBowles2013">Pronko & Bowles 2013</a>, p. 343. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETunzelmann2012320-41"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETunzelmann2012320_41-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTunzelmann2012">Tunzelmann 2012</a>, p. 320. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETrumbull1948-42">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrumbull1948_42-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrumbull1948_42-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFTrumbull1948">Trumbull 1948</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBamzaiDamle2016-43">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBamzaiDamle2016_43-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBamzaiDamle2016_43-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBamzaiDamle2016">Bamzai & Damle 2016</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGauba1969150-44"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGauba1969150_44-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGauba1969">Gauba 1969</a>, p. 150. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKapoor2014-45"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKapoor2014_45-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKapoor2014">Kapoor 2014</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Campbell-Johnson1985-46"><a href="#cite_ref-Campbell-Johnson1985_46-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampbell-Johnson1985" class="citation cs2">Campbell-Johnson, Alan (1985), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SbJWAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA280">Mission with Mountbatten</a>, Atheneum, p. 280, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780689706974" title="Special:BookSources/9780689706974"><bdi>9780689706974</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mission+with+Mountbatten&rft.pages=280&rft.pub=Atheneum&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=9780689706974&rft.aulast=Campbell-Johnson&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSbJWAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA280&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssassination+of+Mahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPronkoBowles2013342–343-48"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPronkoBowles2013342–343_48-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPronkoBowles2013">Pronko & Bowles 2013</a>, pp. 342–343. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESinger1953194-49">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESinger1953194_49-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESinger1953194_49-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSinger1953">Singer 1953</a>, p. 194. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStratton195040–42,_Quote:_"[Godse]_stood_nearly_motionless_with_a_small_[[Beretta_M1934|Beretta]]_dangling_in_his_right_hand_and_to_my_knowledge_made_no_attempt_to_escape_or_to_take_his_own_fire._..._Moving_toward_Godse_I_[Reiner]_extended_my_right_arm_in_an_attempt_to_seize_his_gun_but_in_doing_so_grasped_his_right_shoulder_in_a_manner_that_spun_him_into_the_hands_of_[[Indian_Air_Force#First_years_of_independence_(1947–1950)|Royal_Indian_Air_Force]]_men,_also_spectators,_who_disarmed_him._I_then_fastened_a_firm_grasp_on_his_neck_and_shoulders_until_other_military_and_police_took_him_into_custody".-51"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStratton195040–42,_Quote:_"[Godse]_stood_nearly_motionless_with_a_small_[[Beretta_M1934|Beretta]]_dangling_in_his_right_hand_and_to_my_knowledge_made_no_attempt_to_escape_or_to_take_his_own_fire._..._Moving_toward_Godse_I_[Reiner]_extended_my_right_arm_in_an_attempt_to_seize_his_gun_but_in_doing_so_grasped_his_right_shoulder_in_a_manner_that_spun_him_into_the_hands_of_[[Indian_Air_Force#First_years_of_independence_(1947–1950)|Royal_Indian_Air_Force]]_men,_also_spectators,_who_disarmed_him._I_then_fastened_a_firm_grasp_on_his_neck_and_shoulders_until_other_military_and_police_took_him_into_custody"._51-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStratton1950">Stratton 1950</a>, pp. 40–42, Quote: "[Godse] stood nearly motionless with a small <a href="/wiki/Beretta_M1934" title="Beretta M1934">Beretta</a> dangling in his right hand and to my knowledge made no attempt to escape or to take his own fire. ... Moving toward Godse I [Reiner] extended my right arm in an attempt to seize his gun but in doing so grasped his right shoulder in a manner that spun him into the hands of <a href="/wiki/Indian_Air_Force#First_years_of_independence_(1947–1950)" title="Indian Air Force">Royal Indian Air Force</a> men, also spectators, who disarmed him. I then fastened a firm grasp on his neck and shoulders until other military and police took him into custody".. </li> <li id="cite_note-allston-53"><a href="#cite_ref-allston_53-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllston1995" class="citation cs2">Allston, Frank J. (1995), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TabfAAAAMAAJ">Ready for Sea: The Bicentennial History of the U.S. Navy Supply Corps</a>, Naval Institute Press, pp. 341–342, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55750-033-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55750-033-5"><bdi>978-1-55750-033-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ready+for+Sea%3A+The+Bicentennial+History+of+the+U.S.+Navy+Supply+Corps&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E341-%3C%2Fspan%3E342&rft.pub=Naval+Institute+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-1-55750-033-5&rft.aulast=Allston&rft.aufirst=Frank+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTabfAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssassination+of+Mahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988">; Quote: "Reiner attempted to seize the man's gun hand, but hit his shoulder instead, spinning the culprit into the hands of members of the Royal Indian Air Force. When he ascertained the assassin could not escape, Reiner withdrew." </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETunzelmann2012320,_Quote:_"Immediately,_there_was_chaos._As_Gandhi_was_cradled_by_his_devotees_and_carried_back_to_the_house,_the_assassin_was_seized_and_pummelled_by_thirty-two-year-old_diplomatic_officer_Herbert_Reiner_of_Springdale,_Connecticut.-55"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETunzelmann2012320,_Quote:_"Immediately,_there_was_chaos._As_Gandhi_was_cradled_by_his_devotees_and_carried_back_to_the_house,_the_assassin_was_seized_and_pummelled_by_thirty-two-year-old_diplomatic_officer_Herbert_Reiner_of_Springdale,_Connecticut._55-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTunzelmann2012">Tunzelmann 2012</a>, p. 320, Quote: "Immediately, there was chaos. As Gandhi was cradled by his devotees and carried back to the house, the assassin was seized and pummelled by thirty-two-year-old diplomatic officer Herbert Reiner of Springdale, Connecticut.. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGauba1969Quote:_"The_unsung_hero_of_the_day,_however,_who_wishes_to_remain_anonymous,_is_an_official_of_the_American_Embassy_at_Delhi,_who_is_the_first_to_realise_what_has_happened,_and_leaps_forward_and_grips_the_assassin_by_the_arm._If_this_young_American_had_not_done_what_he_did,_Nathuram_Godse_would_probably_have_shot_his_way_out_for_he_still_had_four_unspent_bullets_in_his_pistol".-56"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGauba1969Quote:_"The_unsung_hero_of_the_day,_however,_who_wishes_to_remain_anonymous,_is_an_official_of_the_American_Embassy_at_Delhi,_who_is_the_first_to_realise_what_has_happened,_and_leaps_forward_and_grips_the_assassin_by_the_arm._If_this_young_American_had_not_done_what_he_did,_Nathuram_Godse_would_probably_have_shot_his_way_out_for_he_still_had_four_unspent_bullets_in_his_pistol"._56-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGauba1969">Gauba 1969</a>, p. Quote: "The unsung hero of the day, however, who wishes to remain anonymous, is an official of the American Embassy at Delhi, who is the first to realise what has happened, and leaps forward and grips the assassin by the arm. If this young American had not done what he did, Nathuram Godse would probably have shot his way out for he still had four unspent bullets in his pistol".. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKapoor2014Quote;_"In_the_melee,_no_one_had_really_noticed_the_man_who_had_fired_the_fatal_shots._One_man_who_did_was_Herbert_'Tom'_Reiner_Jr,_a_diplomat_who_had_just_joined_the_US_Foreign_Service._..._He_was_standing_in_the_front_row_when_Godse_brushed_past_him_and_fired_the_fatal_shots._Reiner_immediately_seized_Godse_and_held_him_till_the_police_arrived._..._Most_newspaper_and_wire_reports_on_the_assassination_merely_referred_to_'an_American_diplomat'_and_Reiner's_name_only_appeared_in_some_American_newspapers_at_the_time."-57"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKapoor2014Quote;_"In_the_melee,_no_one_had_really_noticed_the_man_who_had_fired_the_fatal_shots._One_man_who_did_was_Herbert_'Tom'_Reiner_Jr,_a_diplomat_who_had_just_joined_the_US_Foreign_Service._..._He_was_standing_in_the_front_row_when_Godse_brushed_past_him_and_fired_the_fatal_shots._Reiner_immediately_seized_Godse_and_held_him_till_the_police_arrived._..._Most_newspaper_and_wire_reports_on_the_assassination_merely_referred_to_'an_American_diplomat'_and_Reiner's_name_only_appeared_in_some_American_newspapers_at_the_time."_57-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKapoor2014">Kapoor 2014</a>, p. Quote; "In the melee, no one had really noticed the man who had fired the fatal shots. One man who did was Herbert 'Tom' Reiner Jr, a diplomat who had just joined the US Foreign Service. ... He was standing in the front row when Godse brushed past him and fired the fatal shots. Reiner immediately seized Godse and held him till the police arrived. ... Most newspaper and wire reports on the assassination merely referred to 'an American diplomat' and Reiner's name only appeared in some American newspapers at the time.". </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> [a] <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAshis_Nandy1998" class="citation book cs1">Ashis Nandy (1998). "Final Encounter: The Politics of the Assassination of Gandhi". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SBVuAAAAMAAJ">Exiled at Home: Comprising, At the Edge of Psychology, The Intimate Enemy, Creating a Nationality</a>. Oxford University Press. p. 92. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-564177-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-564177-6"><bdi>978-0-19-564177-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Final+Encounter%3A+The+Politics+of+the+Assassination+of+Gandhi&rft.btitle=Exiled+at+Home%3A+Comprising%2C+At+the+Edge+of+Psychology%2C+The+Intimate+Enemy%2C+Creating+a+Nationality&rft.pages=92&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-19-564177-6&rft.au=Ashis+Nandy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSBVuAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssassination+of+Mahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988">, Quote: "he [Godse] made no attempt to run away and himself shouted for the police"; [b] <a href="#CITEREFMcLain2007">McLain 2007</a>, p. ?. Quote: "Godse then calmly called for the police and turned himself in"; [c] <a href="#CITEREFDoeden2013">Doeden 2013</a>, p. 5. Quote: "Godse did not flee the scene, and he voluntarily surrendered himself to the police"; [d] <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPramod_Kumar_Das2007" class="citation book cs1">Pramod Kumar Das (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oB2op90KFmYC&pg=PA19">Famous Murder Trials: Covering More Than 75 Murder Cases in India</a>. Universal Law. pp. 19–20. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7534-605-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7534-605-5"><bdi>978-81-7534-605-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Famous+Murder+Trials%3A+Covering+More+Than+75+Murder+Cases+in+India&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E19-%3C%2Fspan%3E20&rft.pub=Universal+Law&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-81-7534-605-5&rft.au=Pramod+Kumar+Das&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoB2op90KFmYC%26pg%3DPA19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssassination+of+Mahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988">; [e] <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeorge_Fetherling2011" class="citation book cs1">George Fetherling (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Yv2tU3yD00gC">The Book of Assassins</a>. Random House. pp. 163–165. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-307-36909-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-307-36909-3"><bdi>978-0-307-36909-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Book+of+Assassins&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E163-%3C%2Fspan%3E165&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-307-36909-3&rft.au=George+Fetherling&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYv2tU3yD00gC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssassination+of+Mahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chatfield1976-59">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Chatfield1976_59-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chatfield1976_59-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChatfield1976" class="citation book cs1">Chatfield, Charles (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=og9uAAAAMAAJ">The Americanization of Gandhi: images of the Mahatma</a>. Garland. pp. 554–561. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0824004460" title="Special:BookSources/978-0824004460"><bdi>978-0824004460</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Americanization+of+Gandhi%3A+images+of+the+Mahatma&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E554-%3C%2Fspan%3E561&rft.pub=Garland&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=978-0824004460&rft.aulast=Chatfield&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dog9uAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssassination+of+Mahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhosla1965?-60"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhosla1965?_60-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKhosla1965">Khosla 1965</a>, p. ?. </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaucella1998" class="citation book cs1">Laucella, Linda (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MYbaAAAAMAAJ">Assassination: The Politics of Murder</a>. Lowell. p. 177. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56565-628-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56565-628-4"><bdi>978-1-56565-628-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Assassination%3A+The+Politics+of+Murder&rft.pages=177&rft.pub=Lowell&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-1-56565-628-4&rft.aulast=Laucella&rft.aufirst=Linda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMYbaAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssassination+of+Mahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESheean1949215–219-62">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheean1949215–219_62-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheean1949215–219_62-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSheean1949">Sheean 1949</a>, pp. 215–219. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEParanjape201510–11-63">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParanjape201510–11_63-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParanjape201510–11_63-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFParanjape2015">Paranjape 2015</a>, pp. 10–11. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESheean1949216-64">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheean1949216_64-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheean1949216_64-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSheean1949">Sheean 1949</a>, pp. 216. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESheean1949215–216-65"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheean1949215–216_65-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSheean1949">Sheean 1949</a>, pp. 215–216. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESheean1949216–219-66"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheean1949216–219_66-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSheean1949">Sheean 1949</a>, pp. 216–219. </li> <li id="cite_note-Nandy1998p92-67"><a href="#cite_ref-Nandy1998p92_67-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNandy1998" class="citation book cs1">Nandy, Ashis (1998). "Final Encounter: The Politics of the Assassination of Gandhi". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SBVuAAAAMAAJ">Exiled at Home: Comprising, At the Edge of Psychology, The Intimate Enemy, Creating a Nationality</a>. Oxford University Press. p. 92. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-564177-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-564177-6"><bdi>978-0-19-564177-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Final+Encounter%3A+The+Politics+of+the+Assassination+of+Gandhi&rft.btitle=Exiled+at+Home%3A+Comprising%2C+At+the+Edge+of+Psychology%2C+The+Intimate+Enemy%2C+Creating+a+Nationality&rft.pages=92&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-19-564177-6&rft.aulast=Nandy&rft.aufirst=Ashis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSBVuAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssassination+of+Mahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDas2007" class="citation book cs1">Das, Pramod Kumar (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oB2op90KFmYC&pg=PA19">Famous Murder Trials: Covering More Than 75 Murder Cases in India</a>. Universal Law Publishing. pp. 19–20. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7534-605-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7534-605-5"><bdi>978-81-7534-605-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Famous+Murder+Trials%3A+Covering+More+Than+75+Murder+Cases+in+India&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E19-%3C%2Fspan%3E20&rft.pub=Universal+Law+Publishing&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-81-7534-605-5&rft.aulast=Das&rft.aufirst=Pramod+Kumar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoB2op90KFmYC%26pg%3DPA19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssassination+of+Mahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFetherling2011" class="citation book cs1">Fetherling, George (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Yv2tU3yD00gC">The Book of Assassins</a>. Random House. pp. 163–165. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-307-36909-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-307-36909-3"><bdi>978-0-307-36909-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Book+of+Assassins&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E163-%3C%2Fspan%3E165&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-307-36909-3&rft.aulast=Fetherling&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYv2tU3yD00gC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssassination+of+Mahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoeden20135-70"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDoeden20135_70-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDoeden2013">Doeden 2013</a>, p. 5. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcLain200770–71-71"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcLain200770–71_71-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcLain2007">McLain 2007</a>, pp. 70–71. </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGandhi2000" class="citation book cs1">Gandhi, Mahatma (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=USxWAAAAYAAJ">The Collected Works of Mahatma Gandhi</a>. Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India. p. 130. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-230-0154-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-230-0154-8"><bdi>978-81-230-0154-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Collected+Works+of+Mahatma+Gandhi&rft.pages=130&rft.pub=Publications+Division%2C+Ministry+of+Information+and+Broadcasting%2C+Government+of+India&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-81-230-0154-8&rft.aulast=Gandhi&rft.aufirst=Mahatma&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUSxWAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssassination+of+Mahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gandhi2007-73"><a href="#cite_ref-Gandhi2007_73-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGandhi2007" class="citation book cs1">Gandhi, Tushar A. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=x-dsbNz7syQC&pg=PT12">"Let's Kill Gandhi !": A Chronicle of His Last Days, the Conspiracy, Murder, Investigation, and Trial</a>. Rupa & Company. p. 12. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-291-1094-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-291-1094-7"><bdi>978-81-291-1094-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240329133632/https://books.google.com/books?id=x-dsbNz7syQC&pg=PT12">Archived</a> from the original on 29 March 2024. Retrieved 7 June 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%22Let%27s+Kill+Gandhi+%21%22%3A+A+Chronicle+of+His+Last+Days%2C+the+Conspiracy%2C+Murder%2C+Investigation%2C+and+Trial&rft.pages=12&rft.pub=Rupa+%26+Company&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-81-291-1094-7&rft.aulast=Gandhi&rft.aufirst=Tushar+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dx-dsbNz7syQC%26pg%3DPT12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssassination+of+Mahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPronko2013" class="citation book cs1">Pronko, Nicholas Henry (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0VOBAAAAQBAJ">Empirical Foundations Of Psychology</a>. Routledge. pp. 342–343. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-32701-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-32701-8"><bdi>978-1-136-32701-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Empirical+Foundations+Of+Psychology&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E342-%3C%2Fspan%3E343&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-136-32701-8&rft.aulast=Pronko&rft.aufirst=Nicholas+Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0VOBAAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssassination+of+Mahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarkovits200457–59-75"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarkovits200457–59_75-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMarkovits2004">Markovits 2004</a>, pp. 57–59. </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGandhi2012" class="citation book cs1">Gandhi, Tushar (2012). Lets Kill Gandhi. Mumbai: Rupa Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8129128942" title="Special:BookSources/978-8129128942"><bdi>978-8129128942</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lets+Kill+Gandhi&rft.place=Mumbai&rft.pub=Rupa+Publications&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-8129128942&rft.aulast=Gandhi&rft.aufirst=Tushar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssassination+of+Mahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGodse1948-77">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGodse1948_77-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGodse1948_77-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGodse1948_77-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGodse1948_77-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFGodse1948">Godse 1948</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Naim1995p126-78"><a href="#cite_ref-Naim1995p126_78-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFernhout1995" class="citation book cs1">Fernhout, Rein (1995). ʻAbd Allāh Aḥmad Naʻim, Jerald Gort and Henry Jansen (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=plEEQnaDGYYC&pg=PA126">Human Rights and Religious Values: An Uneasy Relationship?</a>. Rodopi. pp. 126–131. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9051837773" title="Special:BookSources/978-9051837773"><bdi>978-9051837773</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Human+Rights+and+Religious+Values%3A+An+Uneasy+Relationship%3F&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E126-%3C%2Fspan%3E131&rft.pub=Rodopi&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-9051837773&rft.aulast=Fernhout&rft.aufirst=Rein&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DplEEQnaDGYYC%26pg%3DPA126&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssassination+of+Mahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://janasangh.com/jsart.aspx?stid=85">"Excerpts From Nathuram Godse's Deposition Before Justice Atma Charan of the Special Court"</a>. No. January 2006. Janasangh Today. January 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150207024343/http://janasangh.com/jsart.aspx?stid=85">Archived</a> from the original on 7 February 2015. Retrieved 18 June 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Excerpts+From+Nathuram+Godse%27s+Deposition+Before+Justice+Atma+Charan+of+the+Special+Court&rft.issue=January+2006&rft.date=2006-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjanasangh.com%2Fjsart.aspx%3Fstid%3D85&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssassination+of+Mahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOverdof2009" class="citation news cs1">Overdof, Jason (5 February 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/india/090203/analysis-the-man-who-killed-gandhi">"Analysis: The man who killed Gandhi"</a>. Global Post. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140730193522/http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/india/090203/analysis-the-man-who-killed-gandhi">Archived</a> from the original on 30 July 2014. Retrieved 18 June 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Analysis%3A+The+man+who+killed+Gandhi&rft.date=2009-02-05&rft.aulast=Overdof&rft.aufirst=Jason&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.globalpost.com%2Fdispatch%2Findia%2F090203%2Fanalysis-the-man-who-killed-gandhi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssassination+of+Mahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELelyveld2012339-81"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELelyveld2012339_81-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLelyveld2012">Lelyveld 2012</a>, p. 339. </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJain1987" class="citation book cs1">Jain, Jagdish Chandra (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NurqxSttqjoC">Gandhi, the Forgotten Mahatma</a>. Mittal. pp. 76–92. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7099-037-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7099-037-6"><bdi>978-81-7099-037-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gandhi%2C+the+Forgotten+Mahatma&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E76-%3C%2Fspan%3E92&rft.pub=Mittal&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-81-7099-037-6&rft.aulast=Jain&rft.aufirst=Jagdish+Chandra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNurqxSttqjoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssassination+of+Mahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-mehta174-83"><a href="#cite_ref-mehta174_83-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMehta1993" class="citation book cs1">Mehta, Ved (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ar1gpGRf--0C">Mahatma Gandhi and His Apostles</a>. Yale University Press. pp. 174–176. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-05539-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-300-05539-0"><bdi>0-300-05539-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mahatma+Gandhi+and+His+Apostles&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E174-%3C%2Fspan%3E176&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-300-05539-0&rft.aulast=Mehta&rft.aufirst=Ved&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dar1gpGRf--0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssassination+of+Mahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrasad1972" class="citation book cs1">Prasad, S.N. (1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/001253681">Operation Polo: the police action against Hyderabad, 1948</a>. Armed Forces of the Indian Union. Government of India. pp. 62–77, 91–102. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171019210314/https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/001253681">Archived</a> from the original on 19 October 2017. 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The Hindu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201108131952/https://www.thehindu.com/books/books-reviews/preserving-the-truth-behind-gandhis-murder/article7337138.ece">Archived</a> from the original on 8 November 2020. Retrieved 4 July 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Preserving+the+truth+behind+Gandhi%27s+murder&rft.date=2015-06-20&rft.aulast=Narayan&rft.aufirst=Hari&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fbooks%2Fbooks-reviews%2Fpreserving-the-truth-behind-gandhis-murder%2Farticle7337138.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssassination+of+Mahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPuniyani" class="citation book cs1">Puniyani, Ram. The second assassination of Gandhi?. 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Taylor & Francis. pp. 546–548. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57958-320-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57958-320-0"><bdi>978-1-57958-320-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Political+Censorship&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E546-%3C%2Fspan%3E548&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-57958-320-0&rft.aulast=Dugger&rft.aufirst=Celia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DS0TmIfyCwDAC%26pg%3DPA546&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssassination+of+Mahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarkovits200434–35_with_footnotes-126"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarkovits200434–35_with_footnotes_126-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMarkovits2004">Markovits 2004</a>, pp. 34–35 with footnotes. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Assassination_of_Mahatma_Gandhi&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Works cited">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 40em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllo2016" class="citation cs2">Allo, Awol (2016), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=n4u1CwAAQBAJ&pg=PT357">The Courtroom as a Space of Resistance: Reflections on the Legacy of the Rivonia Trial</a>, Routledge, pp. 357–, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-03711-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-03711-8"><bdi>978-1-317-03711-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Courtroom+as+a+Space+of+Resistance%3A+Reflections+on+the+Legacy+of+the+Rivonia+Trial&rft.pages=357-&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-317-03711-8&rft.aulast=Allo&rft.aufirst=Awol&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dn4u1CwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT357&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssassination+of+Mahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllston1995" class="citation cs2">Allston, Frank J. 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class="citation cs2">Arnold, David (2014), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FGrXAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA225">Gandhi</a>, Routledge, pp. 225–, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-88235-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-88235-0"><bdi>978-1-317-88235-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gandhi&rft.pages=225-&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-317-88235-0&rft.aulast=Arnold&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFGrXAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA225&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssassination+of+Mahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBamzaiDamle2016" class="citation cs2">Bamzai, Kaveree; Damle, Shridhar (2016), <a 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<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGandhi1962" class="citation cs2">Gandhi, Manuben (1962), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.147713/page/n349">Last Glimpses of Bapu</a>, Ahmedabad: Nuvajivan, Delhi: Agarwala, <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/255372054">255372054</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Last+Glimpses+of+Bapu&rft.pub=Ahmedabad%3A+Nuvajivan%2C+Delhi%3A+Agarwala&rft.date=1962&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F255372054&rft.aulast=Gandhi&rft.aufirst=Manuben&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.147713%2Fpage%2Fn349&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssassination+of+Mahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> (Foreword by: <a href="/wiki/Sarvepalli_Radhakrishnan" title="Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan">Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGandhi2006" class="citation cs2">Gandhi, Rajmohan (2006), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FauJL7LKXmkC&pg=PA660">Gandhi: The Man, His People, and the Empire</a>, University of California Press, p. 660, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-25570-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-25570-8"><bdi>978-0-520-25570-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gandhi%3A+The+Man%2C+His+People%2C+and+the+Empire&rft.pages=660&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-520-25570-8&rft.aulast=Gandhi&rft.aufirst=Rajmohan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFauJL7LKXmkC%26pg%3DPA660&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssassination+of+Mahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGodse1948" class="citation cs2">Godse, N.V. 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Edward (2012), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=P90F8YgSzUwC&pg=PA75">Memory, Nationalism, and Narrative in Contemporary South Asia</a>, Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 75–, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-137-00705-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-137-00705-6"><bdi>978-1-137-00705-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Memory%2C+Nationalism%2C+and+Narrative+in+Contemporary+South+Asia&rft.pages=75-&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-137-00705-6&rft.aulast=Mallot&rft.aufirst=J.+Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DP90F8YgSzUwC%26pg%3DPA75&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssassination+of+Mahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍]</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarkovits2004" class="citation cs2">Markovits, Claude (2004), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SpDvZO8xNNgC&pg=PA57">The UnGandhian Gandhi: The Life and Afterlife of the Mahatma</a>, Anthem Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84331-127-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84331-127-0"><bdi>978-1-84331-127-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+UnGandhian+Gandhi%3A+The+Life+and+Afterlife+of+the+Mahatma&rft.pub=Anthem+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-84331-127-0&rft.aulast=Markovits&rft.aufirst=Claude&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSpDvZO8xNNgC%26pg%3DPA57&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssassination+of+Mahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNash1981" class="citation cs2">Nash, Jay Robert (1981), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9aQlCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA69">Almanac of World Crime</a>, New York: Rowman & Littlefield, p. 69, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4617-4768-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4617-4768-0"><bdi>978-1-4617-4768-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Almanac+of+World+Crime&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=69&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-1-4617-4768-0&rft.aulast=Nash&rft.aufirst=Jay+Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9aQlCgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA69&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssassination+of+Mahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFObituary,_May_212000" class="citation cs2">Obituary, May 21 (21 May 2000), "Herbert Reiner Jr., Diplomat, 83; Captured Gandhi's killer in 1948", The Boston Globe</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Boston+Globe&rft.atitle=Herbert+Reiner+Jr.%2C+Diplomat%2C+83%3B+Captured+Gandhi%27s+killer+in+1948&rft.date=2000-05-21&rft.au=Obituary%2C+May+21&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssassination+of+Mahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Citation" title="Template:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParanjape2015" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Makarand_Paranjape" title="Makarand Paranjape">Paranjape, Makarand R.</a> (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GLBrBgAAQBAJ">The Death and Afterlife of Mahatma Gandhi</a>. Random House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-8400-683-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-8400-683-4"><bdi>978-81-8400-683-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Death+and+Afterlife+of+Mahatma+Gandhi&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-81-8400-683-4&rft.aulast=Paranjape&rft.aufirst=Makarand+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGLBrBgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssassination+of+Mahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPronkoBowles2013" class="citation cs2">Pronko, N. H.; Bowles, J. W. 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(1953), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LV0eAAAAMAAJ">The Men in the Trojan Horse</a>, Beacon Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Men+in+the+Trojan+Horse&rft.pub=Beacon+Press&rft.date=1953&rft.aulast=Singer&rft.aufirst=Kurt+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLV0eAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssassination+of+Mahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpear1990" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Percival_Spear" title="Percival Spear">Spear, Percival</a> (1990) [1978], <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=K2H_v0t5jTkC">History of India, Volume 2: From the sixteenth century to the twentieth century</a>, Penguin, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-140-13836-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-140-13836-8"><bdi>978-0-140-13836-8</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230703063636/https://books.google.com/books?id=K2H_v0t5jTkC">archived</a> from the original on 3 July 2023, retrieved 22 November 2022</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+India%2C+Volume+2%3A+From+the+sixteenth+century+to+the+twentieth+century&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-140-13836-8&rft.aulast=Spear&rft.aufirst=Percival&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DK2H_v0t5jTkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssassination+of+Mahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStimson1948" class="citation cs2">Stimson, Robert, BBC (30 January 1948), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbc.ca/archives/entry/india-the-assassination-of-mahatma-gandhi">"India: The Assassination of Mahatma Gandhi (audio starts at 3:06, ends at 5:36)"</a>, Canadian Broadcasting Corporation News Roundup, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220309141500/https://www.cbc.ca/archives/entry/india-the-assassination-of-mahatma-gandhi">archived</a> from the original on 9 March 2022, retrieved 27 January 2017</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Canadian+Broadcasting+Corporation+News+Roundup&rft.atitle=India%3A+The+Assassination+of+Mahatma+Gandhi+%28audio+starts+at+3%3A06%2C+ends+at+5%3A36%29&rft.date=1948-01-30&rft.aulast=Stimson&rft.aufirst=Robert%2C+BBC&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Farchives%2Fentry%2Findia-the-assassination-of-mahatma-gandhi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssassination+of+Mahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Citation" title="Template:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStratton1950" class="citation cs2">Stratton, Roy Olin (1950), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oTFNAQAAMAAJ">SACO, the Rice Paddy Navy</a>, C. S. Palmer Publishing Company</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=SACO%2C+the+Rice+Paddy+Navy&rft.pub=C.+S.+Palmer+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1950&rft.aulast=Stratton&rft.aufirst=Roy+Olin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoTFNAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssassination+of+Mahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTalbotSingh2009" class="citation cs2">Talbot, Ian; Singh, Gurharpal (2009), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=utKmPQAACAAJ">The Partition of India</a>, Cambridge University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-85661-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-85661-4"><bdi>978-0-521-85661-4</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240329121607/https://books.google.com/books?id=utKmPQAACAAJ">archived</a> from the original on 29 March 2024, retrieved 19 July 2017</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Partition+of+India&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-521-85661-4&rft.aulast=Talbot&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft.au=Singh%2C+Gurharpal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DutKmPQAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssassination+of+Mahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrumbull1948" class="citation cs2">Trumbull, Robert (31 January 1948), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/big/0130.html">"Gandhi is killed by a Hindu; India shaken; World mourns; 15 die in rioting in Bombay"</a>, The New York Times, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170207115225/http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/big/0130.html">archived</a> from the original on 7 February 2017, retrieved 11 July 2017</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Gandhi+is+killed+by+a+Hindu%3B+India+shaken%3B+World+mourns%3B+15+die+in+rioting+in+Bombay&rft.date=1948-01-31&rft.aulast=Trumbull&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2Flearning%2Fgeneral%2Fonthisday%2Fbig%2F0130.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssassination+of+Mahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTunzelmann2012" class="citation cs2">Tunzelmann, Alex von (2012), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tHmPrSPzu3MC&pg=PA320">Indian Summer: The Secret History of the End of an Empire</a>, Simon and Schuster, p. 320, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4711-1476-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4711-1476-2"><bdi>978-1-4711-1476-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indian+Summer%3A+The+Secret+History+of+the+End+of+an+Empire&rft.pages=320&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-4711-1476-2&rft.aulast=Tunzelmann&rft.aufirst=Alex+von&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtHmPrSPzu3MC%26pg%3DPA320&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssassination+of+Mahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Assassination_of_Mahatma_Gandhi&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> Assassination-related literature and the variance in its coverage: <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDebs2013" class="citation journal cs1">Debs, Mira (2013). "Using cultural trauma: Gandhi's assassination, partition and secular nationalism in post-independence India". Nations and Nationalism. 19 (4). Wiley-Blackwell: 635–653. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fnana.12038">10.1111/nana.12038</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nations+and+Nationalism&rft.atitle=Using+cultural+trauma%3A+Gandhi%27s+assassination%2C+partition+and+secular+nationalism+in+post-independence+India&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E635-%3C%2Fspan%3E653&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fnana.12038&rft.aulast=Debs&rft.aufirst=Mira&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssassination+of+Mahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Elst, Koenraad (2016). The man who killed Mahatma Gandhi: Understanding the mind of a murderer. <a href="/wiki/Lewiston,_New_York" title="Lewiston, New York">Lewiston, New York</a>: <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Mellen_Press" title="Edwin Mellen Press">Edwin Mellen Press</a>, [2016] (In French: Elst, K., & Frumer, B. (2007). "Pourquoi j'ai tué Gandhi": Examen et critique de la défense de Nathuram Godse. Paris: Les Belles lettres.)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Gauba, Khalid Latif (1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=g5Q9AAAAMAAJ">The Assassination of Mahatma Gandhi</a>. Jaico Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780882531403" title="Special:BookSources/9780882531403"><bdi>9780882531403</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Assassination+of+Mahatma+Gandhi&rft.pub=Jaico+Publishing&rft.date=1969&rft.isbn=9780882531403&rft.aulast=Gauba&rft.aufirst=Khalid+Latif&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dg5Q9AAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssassination+of+Mahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Markovits, Claude (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SpDvZO8xNNgC">The UnGandhian Gandhi: The Life and Afterlife of the Mahatma</a>. Anthem Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84331-127-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84331-127-0"><bdi>978-1-84331-127-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+UnGandhian+Gandhi%3A+The+Life+and+Afterlife+of+the+Mahatma&rft.pub=Anthem+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-84331-127-0&rft.aulast=Markovits&rft.aufirst=Claude&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSpDvZO8xNNgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssassination+of+Mahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"></li></ul> Funeral, post funeral-rites and memorialization after Gandhi's assassination: <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhan2011" class="citation journal cs1">Khan, Yasmin (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0026749x10000223">"Performing Peace: Gandhi's assassination as a critical moment in the consolidation of the Nehruvian state"</a>. Modern Asian Studies. 45 (1). Cambridge University Press: 57–80. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0026749x10000223">10.1017/s0026749x10000223</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144894540">144894540</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Modern+Asian+Studies&rft.atitle=Performing+Peace%3A+Gandhi%27s+assassination+as+a+critical+moment+in+the+consolidation+of+the+Nehruvian+state&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E57-%3C%2Fspan%3E80&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs0026749x10000223&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144894540%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Khan&rft.aufirst=Yasmin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1017%252Fs0026749x10000223&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssassination+of+Mahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Assassination_of_Mahatma_Gandhi&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>First Information Report on Gandhi's Murder <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kiranbedi.com/gandhifir1.htm">in Urdu</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130212043809/http://www.kiranbedi.com/gandhifir1.htm">Archived</a> 12 February 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kiranbedi.com/gandhifireng.htm">translated to English</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130111165817/http://www.kiranbedi.com/gandhifireng.htm">Archived</a> 11 January 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Mahatma Gandhi <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gandhiheritageportal.org/assaults-and-assassination">Assaults & Assassination</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140224141217/https://www.gandhiheritageportal.org/assaults-and-assassination">Archived</a> 24 February 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Template:Mahatma Gandhi"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Template talk:Mahatma Gandhi"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Mahatma Gandhi"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Mahatma_Gandhi218" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Life events and movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ambulance_Corps" title="Indian Ambulance Corps">Indian Ambulance Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolstoy_Farm" title="Tolstoy Farm">Tolstoy Farm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bardoli_Satyagraha" title="Bardoli Satyagraha">Bardoli Satyagraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champaran_Satyagraha" title="Champaran Satyagraha">Champaran Satyagraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kheda_Satyagraha_of_1918" title="Kheda Satyagraha of 1918">Kheda Satyagraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_independence_movement#Gandhi_arrives_in_India" title="Indian independence movement">Indian independence movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-cooperation_movement_(1919%E2%80%931922)" title="Non-cooperation movement (1919–1922)">Non-cooperation movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chauri_Chaura_incident" title="Chauri Chaura incident">Chauri Chaura incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purna_Swaraj" title="Purna Swaraj">Purna Swaraj</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_India" title="Flag of India">flag</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt_March" title="Salt March">Salt March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharasana_Satyagraha" title="Dharasana Satyagraha">Dharasana Satyagraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaikom_Satyagraha" title="Vaikom Satyagraha">Vaikom Satyagraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aundh_Experiment" title="Aundh Experiment">Aundh Experiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhi%E2%80%93Irwin_Pact" title="Gandhi–Irwin Pact">Gandhi–Irwin Pact</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Round_Table_Conferences_(India)#Second_Round_Table_Conference_(September_–_December_1931)" title="Round Table Conferences (India)">Second Round Table Conference</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padayatra" title="Padayatra">Padayatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poona_Pact" title="Poona Pact">Poona Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natal_Indian_Congress" title="Natal Indian Congress">Natal Indian Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quit_India_Movement" title="Quit India Movement">Quit India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quit_India_speech" title="Quit India speech">speech</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujarat_Vidyapith" title="Gujarat Vidyapith">Gujarat Vidyapith University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harijan_Sevak_Sangh" title="Harijan Sevak Sangh">Harijan Sevak Sangh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kochrab_Ashram" title="Kochrab Ashram">India ashrams (Kochrab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabarmati_Ashram" title="Sabarmati Ashram">Sabarmati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhi_Memorial_Asram" title="Gandhi Memorial Asram">Sodepur Khadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sevagram" title="Sevagram">Sevagram)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fasts_undertaken_by_Mahatma_Gandhi" title="List of fasts undertaken by Mahatma Gandhi">List of fasts</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Assassination</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Philosophy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Practices_and_beliefs_of_Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Practices and beliefs of Mahatma Gandhi">Practices and beliefs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Composite_nationalism" title="Composite nationalism">Composite nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhism" title="Gandhism">Gandhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhian_economics" title="Gandhian economics">Economics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trusteeship_(Gandhism)" title="Trusteeship (Gandhism)">trusteeship</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nai_Talim" title="Nai Talim">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarvodaya" title="Sarvodaya">Sarvodaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyagraha" title="Satyagraha">Satyagraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swadeshi_movement" title="Swadeshi movement">Swadeshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swaraj" title="Swaraj">Swaraj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleven_vows" title="Eleven vows">Eleven vows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhi_cap" title="Gandhi cap">Gandhi cap</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gandhi_Heritage_Portal" title="Gandhi Heritage Portal">Publications</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harijan_(magazine)" title="Harijan (magazine)">Harijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hind_Swaraj_or_Indian_Home_Rule" title="Hind Swaraj or Indian Home Rule">Hind Swaraj (Indian Home Rule)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Opinion" title="Indian Opinion">Indian Opinion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Story_of_My_Experiments_with_Truth" title="The Story of My Experiments with Truth">The Story of My Experiments with Truth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangal_Prabhat" title="Mangal Prabhat">Mangal Prabhat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_India" title="Young India">Young India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Social_Sins" title="Seven Social Sins">Seven Social Sins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navajivan_Trust" title="Navajivan Trust">Navajivan Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhi_Heritage_Portal" title="Gandhi Heritage Portal">Gandhi Heritage Portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Influences</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/A_Letter_to_a_Hindu" title="A Letter to a Hindu">A Letter to a Hindu</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahimsa" title="Ahimsa">Ahimsa</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nonviolence" title="Nonviolence">nonviolence</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Henry David Thoreau</a> (<a href="/wiki/Civil_Disobedience_(Thoreau)" title="Civil Disobedience (Thoreau)">Civil Disobedience (essay)</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_disobedience" title="Civil disobedience">Civil disobedience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fasting" title="Fasting">Fasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khadi" title="Khadi">Khadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ruskin" title="John Ruskin">John Ruskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parsee_Rustomjee" title="Parsee Rustomjee">Parsee Rustomjee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Tolstoy" title="Leo Tolstoy">Leo Tolstoy</a> (<a href="/wiki/The_Kingdom_of_God_Is_Within_You" title="The Kingdom of God Is Within You">The Kingdom of God Is Within You</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Masque_of_Anarchy" title="The Masque of Anarchy">The Masque of Anarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narmad" title="Narmad">Narmad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacifism" title="Pacifism">Pacifism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sermon_on_the_Mount" title="Sermon on the Mount">Sermon on the Mount</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shravana_Kumara" title="Shravana Kumara">Shravan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrimad_Rajchandra" title="Shrimad Rajchandra">Shrimad Rajchandra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Stephens_Salt" title="Henry Stephens Salt">Henry Stephens Salt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirukku%E1%B9%9Ba%E1%B8%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="Tirukkuṛaḷ">Tirukkuṛaḷ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unto_This_Last" title="Unto This Last">Unto This Last</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sarvodaya" title="Sarvodaya">Gandhi's translation</a></li></ul></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Raghupati_Raghava_Raja_Ram" title="Raghupati Raghava Raja Ram">Raghupati Raghava Raja Ram</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Ekla_Chalo_Re" title="Ekla Chalo Re">Ekla Chalo Re</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Hari_Tuma_Haro" title="Hari Tuma Haro">Hari Tuma Haro</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Vaishnava_Jana_To" title="Vaishnava Jana To">Vaishnava Jana To</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarianism" title="Vegetarianism">Vegetarianism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Associates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Anand" title="Swami Anand">Swami Anand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Freer_Andrews" title="Charles Freer Andrews">C. F. Andrews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamnalal_Bajaj" title="Jamnalal Bajaj">Jamnalal Bajaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shankarlal_Banker" title="Shankarlal Banker">Shankarlal Banker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarla_Behn" title="Sarla Behn">Sarla Behn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinoba_Bhave" title="Vinoba Bhave">Vinoba Bhave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brij_Krishna_Chandiwala" title="Brij Krishna Chandiwala">Brij Krishna Chandiwala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudhakar_Chaturvedi" title="Sudhakar Chaturvedi">Sudhakar Chaturvedi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jugatram_Dave" title="Jugatram Dave">Jugatram Dave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahadev_Desai" title="Mahadev Desai">Mahadev Desai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dada_Dharmadhikari" title="Dada Dharmadhikari">Dada Dharmadhikari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanu_Gandhi" title="Kanu Gandhi">Kanu Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiv_Prasad_Gupta" title="Shiv Prasad Gupta">Shiv Prasad Gupta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umar_Hajee_Ahmed_Jhaveri" title="Umar Hajee Ahmed Jhaveri">Umar Hajee Ahmed Jhaveri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._C._Kumarappa" title="J. C. Kumarappa">J. C. Kumarappa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Kallenbach" title="Hermann Kallenbach">Hermann Kallenbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Ghaffar_Khan" title="Abdul Ghaffar Khan">Abdul Ghaffar Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._B._Kripalani" title="J. B. Kripalani">Acharya Kripalani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirabehn" title="Mirabehn">Mirabehn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohanlal_Pandya" title="Mohanlal Pandya">Mohanlal Pandya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vallabhbhai_Patel" title="Vallabhbhai Patel">Vallabhbhai Patel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narhari_Parikh" title="Narhari Parikh">Narhari Parikh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mithuben_Petit" title="Mithuben Petit">Mithuben Petit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._Rajagopalachari" title="C. Rajagopalachari">Chakravarti Rajagopalachari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibi_Amtus_Salam" title="Bibi Amtus Salam">Bibi Amtus Salam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonja_Schlesin" title="Sonja Schlesin">Sonja Schlesin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anugrah_Narayan_Sinha" title="Anugrah Narayan Sinha">Anugrah Narayan Sinha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Krishna_Sinha" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri Krishna Sinha">Sri Krishna Sinha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rettamalai_Srinivasan" title="Rettamalai Srinivasan">Rettamalai Srinivasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V._A._Sundaram" title="V. A. Sundaram">V. A. Sundaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbas_Tyabji" title="Abbas Tyabji">Abbas Tyabji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravishankar_Vyas" title="Ravishankar Vyas">Ravishankar Vyas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kishorlal_Mashruwala" title="Kishorlal Mashruwala">Kishorlal Mashruwala</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_artistic_depictions_of_Mahatma_Gandhi" title="List of artistic depictions of Mahatma Gandhi">Artistic depictions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhigiri" title="Gandhigiri">Gandhigiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhi_Peace_Award" title="Gandhi Peace Award">Gandhi Peace Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhi_Peace_Foundation" title="Gandhi Peace Foundation">Gandhi Peace Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhi_Peace_Prize" title="Gandhi Peace Prize">Gandhi Peace Prize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi_Kashi_Vidyapith" title="Mahatma Gandhi Kashi Vidyapith">Mahatma Gandhi Kashi Vidyapith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi_Series" title="Mahatma Gandhi Series">Indian currency (Gandhi Series,</a> <a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi_New_Series" title="Mahatma Gandhi New Series">Gandhi New Series,</a> <a href="/wiki/Indian_rupee" title="Indian rupee">Indian rupee</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_10_Rupee_Mahatma_Gandhi_postage_stamp" title="Indian 10 Rupee Mahatma Gandhi postage stamp">Indian 10 Rupee postage stamp</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Family_of_Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Family of Mahatma Gandhi">Family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karamchand_Uttamchand_Gandhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Karamchand Uttamchand Gandhi">Karamchand Gandhi (father)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasturba_Gandhi" title="Kasturba Gandhi">Kasturba (wife)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harilal_Gandhi" title="Harilal Gandhi">Harilal (son)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manilal_Gandhi" title="Manilal Gandhi">Manilal (son)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramdas_Gandhi" title="Ramdas Gandhi">Ramdas (son)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devdas_Gandhi" title="Devdas Gandhi">Devdas (son)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maganlal_Gandhi" title="Maganlal Gandhi">Maganlal (cousin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaldas_Gandhi" title="Samaldas Gandhi">Samaldas (nephew)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arun_Manilal_Gandhi" title="Arun Manilal Gandhi">Arun (grandson)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ela_Gandhi" title="Ela Gandhi">Ela (granddaughter)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajmohan_Gandhi" title="Rajmohan Gandhi">Rajmohan (grandson)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gopalkrishna_Gandhi" title="Gopalkrishna Gandhi">Gopalkrishna (grandson)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramchandra_Gandhi" title="Ramchandra Gandhi">Ramchandra (grandson)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanu_Gandhi_(scientist)" title="Kanu Gandhi (scientist)">Kanu (grandson)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanu_Gandhi" title="Kanu Gandhi">Kanu (grandnephew)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tushar_Gandhi" title="Tushar Gandhi">Tushar (great-grandson)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leela_Gandhi" title="Leela Gandhi">Leela (great-granddaughter)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Influenced</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/14th_Dalai_Lama" title="14th Dalai Lama">14th Dalai Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aung_San_Suu_Kyi" title="Aung San Suu Kyi">Aung San Suu Kyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abhay_and_Rani_Bang" title="Abhay and Rani Bang">Abhay Bang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Ghaffar_Khan" title="Abdul Ghaffar Khan">Abdul Ghaffar Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brajkishore_Prasad" title="Brajkishore Prasad">Brajkishore Prasad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._Rajagopalachari" title="C. Rajagopalachari">C. Rajagopalachari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eknath_Easwaran" title="Eknath Easwaran">Eknath Easwaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Draupadi_Murmu" class="mw-redirect" title="Draupadi Murmu">Draupadi Murmu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Bayrou" title="François Bayrou">François Bayrou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gopaldas_Ambaidas_Desai" title="Gopaldas Ambaidas Desai">Gopaldas Ambaidas Desai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Govind_Vallabh_Pant" class="mw-redirect" title="Govind Vallabh Pant">Govind Vallabh Pant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh" title="Ho Chi Minh">Ho Chi Minh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Bevel" title="James Bevel">James Bevel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Lawson_(activist)" title="James Lawson (activist)">James Lawson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_Bondurant" title="Joan Bondurant">Joan Bondurant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lal_Bahadur_Shastri" title="Lal Bahadur Shastri">Lal Bahadur Shastri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lanza_del_Vasto" title="Lanza del Vasto">Lanza del Vasto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maulana_Azad" title="Maulana Azad">Maulana Azad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">Martin Luther King Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Lacerda_de_Moura" title="Maria Lacerda de Moura">Maria Lacerda de Moura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehdi_Bazargan" title="Mehdi Bazargan">Mehdi Bazargan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morarji_Desai" title="Morarji Desai">Morarji Desai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narendra_Modi" title="Narendra Modi">Narendra Modi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela">Nelson Mandela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajendra_Prasad" title="Rajendra Prasad">Rajendra Prasad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramjee_Singh" title="Ramjee Singh">Ramjee Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Biko" title="Steve Biko">Steve Biko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandurang_Sadashiv_Sane" title="Pandurang Sadashiv Sane">Sane Guruji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinoba_Bhave" title="Vinoba Bhave">Vinoba Bhave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vallabhbhai_Patel" title="Vallabhbhai Patel">Vallabhbhai Patel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Memorials_to_Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Category:Memorials to Mahatma Gandhi">Memorials</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Statues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Mahatma_Gandhi,_Accra" title="Statue of Mahatma Gandhi, Accra">Ghana</a></li> <li>India <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Mahatma_Gandhi,_Gandhi_Maidan" title="Statue of Mahatma Gandhi, Gandhi Maidan">Patna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Salt_Satyagraha_Memorial" title="National Salt Satyagraha Memorial">National Salt Satyagraha Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Mahatma_Gandhi,_Parliament_of_India" title="Statue of Mahatma Gandhi, Parliament of India">New Delhi</a></li></ul></li> <li>South Africa <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Mahatma_Gandhi,_Johannesburg" title="Statue of Mahatma Gandhi, Johannesburg">Johannesburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Mahatma_Gandhi,_Pietermaritzburg" title="Statue of Mahatma Gandhi, Pietermaritzburg">Pietermaritzburg</a></li></ul></li> <li>UK <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Mahatma_Gandhi,_Parliament_Square" title="Statue of Mahatma Gandhi, Parliament Square">Parliament Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Mahatma_Gandhi,_Tavistock_Square" title="Statue of Mahatma Gandhi, Tavistock Square">Tavistock Square</a></li></ul></li> <li>U.S. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Mahatma_Gandhi_(Davis,_California)" title="Statue of Mahatma Gandhi (Davis, California)">Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Martin_Luther_King_Jr._(Denver)" title="Statue of Martin Luther King Jr. (Denver)">Denver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Mahatma_Gandhi_(Houston)" title="Statue of Mahatma Gandhi (Houston)">Houston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi_Memorial_(Milwaukee)" title="Mahatma Gandhi Memorial (Milwaukee)">Milwaukee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Mahatma_Gandhi_(New_York_City)" title="Statue of Mahatma Gandhi (New York City)">New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Mahatma_Gandhi_(San_Francisco)" title="Statue of Mahatma Gandhi (San Francisco)">San Francisco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arch_of_Dignity,_Equality,_and_Justice" title="Arch of Dignity, Equality, and Justice">San Jose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi_Memorial_(Washington,_D.C.)" title="Mahatma Gandhi Memorial (Washington, D.C.)">Washington, D.C.</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Observances</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gandhi_Jayanti" title="Gandhi Jayanti">Gandhi Jayanti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Day_of_Non-Violence" title="International Day of Non-Violence">International Day of Non-Violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs%27_Day_(India)" title="Martyrs' Day (India)">Martyrs' Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Season_for_Nonviolence" title="Season for Nonviolence">Season for Nonviolence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aga_Khan_Palace" title="Aga Khan Palace">Aga Khan Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhi_Bhawan,_Chandigarh" title="Gandhi Bhawan, Chandigarh">Gandhi Bhawan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhi_Mandapam_(Chennai)" title="Gandhi Mandapam (Chennai)">Gandhi Mandapam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhi_Market" title="Gandhi Market">Gandhi Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhi_(bookstore)" title="Gandhi (bookstore)">Bookstores</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhi_Promenade" class="mw-redirect" title="Gandhi Promenade">Gandhi Promenade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhi_Smriti" title="Gandhi Smriti">Gandhi Smriti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanyakumari#Tourist_sites" title="Kanyakumari">Gandhi Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhi_Memorial_Museum,_Madurai" title="Gandhi Memorial Museum, Madurai">Gandhi Memorial Museum, Madurai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhi_Smarak_Sangrahalaya" title="Gandhi Smarak Sangrahalaya">Gandhi Smarak Sangrahalaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhi_Teerth" title="Gandhi Teerth">Gandhi Teerth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhi_Temple,_Bhatara" title="Gandhi Temple, Bhatara">Gandhi Temple, Bhatara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaba_Gandhi_No_Delo" title="Kaba Gandhi No Delo">Kaba Gandhi No Delo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirti_Mandir,_Porbandar" title="Kirti Mandir, Porbandar">Kirti Mandir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi_College" title="Mahatma Gandhi College">Mahatma Gandhi College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi_Marine_National_Park" title="Mahatma Gandhi Marine National Park">Mahatma Gandhi Marine National Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi_Memorial_Centre,_Matale" title="Mahatma Gandhi Memorial Centre, Matale">Mahatma Gandhi Memorial Centre, Matale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mani_Bhavan" title="Mani Bhavan">Mani Bhavan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_High_School_(Rajkot)" class="mw-redirect" title="Alfred High School (Rajkot)">Mohandas Gandhi High School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Gandhi_Museum" title="National Gandhi Museum">National Gandhi Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raj_Ghat_and_associated_memorials" title="Raj Ghat and associated memorials">Raj Ghat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_roads_named_after_Mahatma_Gandhi" title="List of roads named after Mahatma Gandhi">Roads named after Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabarmati_Ashram" title="Sabarmati Ashram">Sabarmati Ashram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyagraha_House" title="Satyagraha House">Satyagraha House</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Hindu_nationalism80" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#FFC569;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hindu_nationalism" title="Template:Hindu nationalism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hindu_nationalism" title="Template talk:Hindu nationalism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hindu_nationalism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hindu nationalism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Hindu_nationalism80" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_nationalism" title="Hindu nationalism">Hindu nationalism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">General ideology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_nationalism" title="Hindu nationalism">Hindu nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindutva" title="Hindutva">Hindutva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saffronisation" title="Saffronisation">Saffronisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integral_humanism_(India)" title="Integral humanism (India)">Integral Humanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">India</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rashtriya_Swayamsevak_Sangh" title="Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh">Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangh_Parivar" title="Sangh Parivar">Sangh Parivar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arya_Samaj" title="Arya Samaj">Arya Samaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Janata_Party" title="Bharatiya Janata Party">Bharatiya Janata Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiv_Sena_(2022%E2%80%93present)" title="Shiv Sena (2022–present)">Shiv Sena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishva_Hindu_Parishad" title="Vishva Hindu Parishad">Vishva Hindu Parishad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abhinav_Bharat" title="Abhinav Bharat">Abhinav Bharat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akhil_Bharatiya_Akhara_Parishad" title="Akhil Bharatiya Akhara Parishad">Akhil Bharatiya Akhara Parishad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharath_Dharma_Jana_Sena" title="Bharath Dharma Jana Sena">Bharath Dharma Jana Sena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_Mahasabha" title="Hindu Mahasabha">Hindu Mahasabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karni_Sena" title="Karni Sena">Karni Sena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bajrang_Dal" title="Bajrang Dal">Bajrang Dal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Gau_Raksha_Dal" class="mw-redirect" title="Bharatiya Gau Raksha Dal">Bharatiya Gau Raksha Dal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Janshakti_Party" title="Bharatiya Janshakti Party">Bharatiya Janshakti Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_Jagran_Manch" title="Hindu Jagran Manch">Hindu Jagran Manch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_Janajagruti_Samiti" title="Hindu Janajagruti Samiti">Hindu Janajagruti Samiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_Munnani" title="Hindu Munnani">Hindu Munnani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_Sena" title="Hindu Sena">Hindu Sena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Ram_Sena" title="Sri Ram Sena">Sri Ram Sena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maharashtrawadi_Gomantak_Party" title="Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party">Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panun_Kashmir" title="Panun Kashmir">Panun Kashmir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanatan_Sanstha" title="Sanatan Sanstha">Sanatan Sanstha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virat_Hindustan_Sangam" title="Virat Hindustan Sangam">Virat Hindustan Sangam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">Nepal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GFP_Ramdir_Sena" title="GFP Ramdir Sena">GFP Ramdir Sena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_Prajatantrik_Party" title="Hindu Prajatantrik Party">Hindu Prajatantrik Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rastriya_Prajatantra_Party" title="Rastriya Prajatantra Party">Rastriya Prajatantra Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanti_Party_Nepal" title="Shanti Party Nepal">Shanti Party Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shivsena_Nepal" title="Shivsena Nepal">Shivsena Nepal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">Overseas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangabhumi#Banga_Sena" title="Bangabhumi">Banga Sena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_Swayamsevak_Sangh" title="Hindu Swayamsevak Sangh">Hindu Swayamsevak Sangh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siva_Senai" title="Siva Senai">Siva Senai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HINDRAF" title="HINDRAF">HINDRAF</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">Defunct</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akhil_Bharatiya_Ram_Rajya_Parishad" title="Akhil Bharatiya Ram Rajya Parishad">Akhil Bharatiya Ram Rajya Parishad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharat_Dharma_Mahamandala" title="Bharat Dharma Mahamandala">Bharat Dharma Mahamandala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Jan_Sangh" class="mw-redirect" title="Bharatiya Jan Sangh">Bharatiya Jan Sangh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jammu_Praja_Parishad" title="Jammu Praja Parishad">Jammu Praja Parishad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rastriya_Prajatantra_Party_Nepal" title="Rastriya Prajatantra Party Nepal">Rastriya Prajatantra Party Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_Maha_Sabha_(Fiji)" title="Hindu Maha Sabha (Fiji)">Hindu Maha Sabha (Fiji)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_Yuva_Vahini" title="Hindu Yuva Vahini">Hindu Yuva Vahini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiv_Sena_(1966%E2%80%932022)" class="mw-redirect" title="Shiv Sena (1966–2022)">Shiv Sena (1966–2022)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dattopant_Thengadi" title="Dattopant Thengadi">Dattopant Thengadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syama_Prasad_Mukherjee" title="Syama Prasad Mukherjee">Syama Prasad Mukherjee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deendayal_Upadhyaya" title="Deendayal Upadhyaya">Deendayal Upadhyaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subramanian_Swamy" title="Subramanian Swamy">Subramanian Swamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanaji_Deshmukh" title="Nanaji Deshmukh">Nanaji Deshmukh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kailashpati_Mishra" title="Kailashpati Mishra">Kailashpati Mishra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L._K._Advani" title="L. K. Advani">L. K. Advani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murli_Manohar_Joshi" title="Murli Manohar Joshi">Murli Manohar Joshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhukar_Dattatraya_Deoras" title="Madhukar Dattatraya Deoras">Madhukar Dattatraya Deoras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kushabhau_Thakre" title="Kushabhau Thakre">Kushabhau Thakre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohan_Bhagwat" title="Mohan Bhagwat">Mohan Bhagwat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathuram_Godse" title="Nathuram Godse">Nathuram Godse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pravin_Togadia" title="Pravin Togadia">Pravin Togadia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koenraad_Elst" title="Koenraad Elst">Koenraad Elst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Gautier" title="François Gautier">François Gautier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamal_Thapa" title="Kamal Thapa">Kamal Thapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajendra_Prasad_Lingden" title="Rajendra Prasad Lingden">Rajendra Prasad Lingden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_Madhav" title="Ram Madhav">Ram Madhav</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amit_Shah" title="Amit Shah">Amit Shah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digvijay_Nath" class="mw-redirect" title="Digvijay Nath">Digvijay Nath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._S._Sudarshan" title="K. S. Sudarshan">K. S. Sudarshan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._S._Moonje" title="B. S. Moonje">B. S. Moonje</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uma_Bharti" title="Uma Bharti">Uma Bharti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogi_Adityanath" title="Yogi Adityanath">Yogi Adityanath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narendra_Modi" title="Narendra Modi">Narendra Modi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">Events and controversies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Assassination of Mahatma Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demolition_of_the_Babri_Masjid" title="Demolition of the Babri Masjid">Demolition of the Babri Masjid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1970_Bhiwandi_riots" title="1970 Bhiwandi riots">1970 Bhiwandi riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindutva_boycott_of_Hindi_cinema" title="Hindutva boycott of Hindi cinema">Boycott of Hindi cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haridwar_hate_speeches" class="mw-redirect" title="Haridwar hate speeches">Haridwar hate speeches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_terrorism" title="Hindu terrorism">Hindu terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindutva_pop" title="Hindutva pop">Hindutva pop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindutva_pseudohistory" title="Hindutva pseudohistory">Hindutva pseudohistory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cow_vigilante_violence_in_India" title="Cow vigilante violence in India">Cow vigilante violence in India</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" 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