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Available in 35 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-35" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">35 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%85%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AC%D9%87%D8%A9" title="زاوية مواجهة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="زاوية مواجهة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%BCcum_buca%C4%9F%C4%B1" title="Hücum bucağı – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Hücum bucağı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB_%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%96" title="Вугал атакі – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Вугал атакі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angle_d%27atac" title="Angle d'atac – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Angle d'atac" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Ahel_n%C3%A1b%C4%9Bhu" title="Úhel náběhu – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Úhel náběhu" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indfaldsvinkel_(fly)" title="Indfaldsvinkel (fly) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Indfaldsvinkel (fly)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anstellwinkel" title="Anstellwinkel – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Anstellwinkel" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81ngulo_de_ataque" title="Ángulo de ataque – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ángulo de ataque" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%87_%D8%AD%D9%85%D9%84%D9%87" title="زاویه حمله – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زاویه حمله" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incidence_(a%C3%A9rodynamique)" title="Incidence (aérodynamique) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Incidence (aérodynamique)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B0%9B%EC%9D%8C%EA%B0%81" title="받음각 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="받음각" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napadni_kut_krila" title="Napadni kut krila – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Napadni kut krila" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudut_serang" title="Sudut serang – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Sudut serang" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angolo_di_incidenza_(fluidodinamica)" title="Angolo di incidenza (fluidodinamica) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Angolo di incidenza (fluidodinamica)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%96%D7%95%D7%95%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%AA%D7%A7%D7%A4%D7%94" title="זווית התקפה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="זווית התקפה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D2%9B%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%83_%D0%B1%D2%B1%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%88%D1%8B" title="Атқылау бұрышы – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Атқылау бұрышы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81ll%C3%A1ssz%C3%B6g" title="Állásszög – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Állásszög" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invalshoek_(aanstroming)" title="Invalshoek (aanstroming) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Invalshoek (aanstroming)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%BF%8E%E8%A7%92" title="迎角 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="迎角" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angrepsvinkel" title="Angrepsvinkel – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Angrepsvinkel" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hujum_burchagi" title="Hujum burchagi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Hujum burchagi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C4%85t_natarcia" title="Kąt natarcia – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kąt natarcia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%82ngulo_de_ataque" title="Ângulo de ataque – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ângulo de ataque" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB_%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Угол атаки – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Угол атаки" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%84%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%9A_%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%9D%E0%B6%AB%E0%B6%BA" title="ප්‍රහාරක කෝණය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ප්‍රහාරක කෝණය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angle_of_attack" title="Angle of attack – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Angle of attack" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vpadni_kot" title="Vpadni kot – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Vpadni kot" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kohtauskulma" title="Kohtauskulma – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kohtauskulma" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anfallsvinkel" title="Anfallsvinkel – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Anfallsvinkel" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%BA%D3%A9%D2%97%D2%AF%D0%BC_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%8B" title="Һөҗүм почмагы – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Һөҗүм почмагы" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B0" title="มุมปะทะ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="มุมปะทะ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%BCcum_a%C3%A7%C4%B1s%C4%B1" title="Hücum açısı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Hücum açısı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%82_%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Кут атаки – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Кут атаки" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B3c_t%E1%BA%A5n" title="Góc tấn – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Góc tấn" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%94%BB%E8%A7%92" title="攻角 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="攻角" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" 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<div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Angle between the chord of a wing and the undisturbed airflow</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Attack angle" redirects here. For rail technology, see <a href="/wiki/Attack_angle_(rail_technology)" title="Attack angle (rail technology)">Attack angle (rail technology)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Airfoil_angle_of_attack.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Airfoil_angle_of_attack.jpg/280px-Airfoil_angle_of_attack.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="86" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Airfoil_angle_of_attack.jpg/420px-Airfoil_angle_of_attack.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Airfoil_angle_of_attack.jpg/560px-Airfoil_angle_of_attack.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="246" /></a><figcaption>Angle of attack of an airfoil</figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Fluid_dynamics" title="Fluid dynamics">fluid dynamics</a>, <b>angle of attack</b> (<b>AOA</b>, <b>α</b>, or <b><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \alpha }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>α</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \alpha }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/b79333175c8b3f0840bfb4ec41b8072c83ea88d3" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.488ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \alpha }"></span></b>) is the <a href="/wiki/Angle" title="Angle">angle</a> between a <a href="/wiki/Airfoil#Airfoil_terminology" title="Airfoil">reference line</a> on a body (often the <a href="/wiki/Chord_(aircraft)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chord (aircraft)">chord line</a> of an <a href="/wiki/Airfoil" title="Airfoil">airfoil</a>) and the <a href="/wiki/Vector_(geometry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vector (geometry)">vector</a> representing the relative motion between the body and the fluid through which it is moving.<sup id="cite_ref-nasa_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nasa-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Angle of attack is the angle between the body's reference line and the oncoming flow. This article focuses on the most common application, the angle of attack of a wing or airfoil moving through air. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Aerodynamics" title="Aerodynamics">aerodynamics</a>, angle of attack specifies the angle between the chord line of the wing of a <a href="/wiki/Fixed-wing_aircraft" title="Fixed-wing aircraft">fixed-wing aircraft</a> and the vector representing the relative motion between the aircraft and the atmosphere. Since a wing can have twist, a chord line of the whole wing may not be definable, so an alternate reference line is simply defined. Often, the chord line of the <a href="/wiki/Wing_root" title="Wing root">root of the wing</a> is chosen as the reference line. Another choice is to use a horizontal line on the <a href="/wiki/Fuselage" title="Fuselage">fuselage</a> as the reference line (and also as the longitudinal axis).<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some authors<sup id="cite_ref-SHIF_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SHIF-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SnH_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SnH-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> do not use an arbitrary chord line but use the <a href="/wiki/Zero_lift_axis" class="mw-redirect" title="Zero lift axis">zero lift axis</a> where, by definition, zero angle of attack corresponds to zero <a href="/wiki/Lift_coefficient" title="Lift coefficient">coefficient of lift</a>. </p><p>Some British authors have used the term <a href="/wiki/Angle_of_incidence_(aerodynamics)" title="Angle of incidence (aerodynamics)">angle of incidence</a> instead of angle of attack.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, this can lead to confusion with the term <i>riggers' angle of incidence</i> meaning the angle between the chord of an airfoil and some fixed datum in the airplane.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Relation_between_angle_of_attack_and_lift_coefficient">Relation between angle of attack and lift coefficient</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Angle_of_attack&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Relation between angle of attack and lift coefficient"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MISB_ST_0601.8_-_Platform_Angle_of_Attack.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/MISB_ST_0601.8_-_Platform_Angle_of_Attack.png/350px-MISB_ST_0601.8_-_Platform_Angle_of_Attack.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/MISB_ST_0601.8_-_Platform_Angle_of_Attack.png/525px-MISB_ST_0601.8_-_Platform_Angle_of_Attack.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f5/MISB_ST_0601.8_-_Platform_Angle_of_Attack.png 2x" data-file-width="691" data-file-height="414" /></a><figcaption>Platform angle of attack</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coefficients_of_Drag_and_Lift_vs_AOA.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Coefficients_of_Drag_and_Lift_vs_AOA.jpg/300px-Coefficients_of_Drag_and_Lift_vs_AOA.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Coefficients_of_Drag_and_Lift_vs_AOA.jpg/450px-Coefficients_of_Drag_and_Lift_vs_AOA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Coefficients_of_Drag_and_Lift_vs_AOA.jpg/600px-Coefficients_of_Drag_and_Lift_vs_AOA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="920" data-file-height="580" /></a><figcaption>Coefficients of drag and lift versus angle of attack. Stall speed corresponds to the angle of attack at the maximum coefficient of lift (C<sub>L<small>MAX</small></sub>)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lift_curve.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Lift_curve.svg/300px-Lift_curve.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="246" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Lift_curve.svg/450px-Lift_curve.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Lift_curve.svg/600px-Lift_curve.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="680" data-file-height="558" /></a><figcaption>A typical <a href="/wiki/Lift_coefficient" title="Lift coefficient">lift coefficient</a> curve for an <a href="/wiki/Airfoil" title="Airfoil">airfoil</a> at a given <a href="/wiki/Airspeed" title="Airspeed">airspeed</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Lift_coefficient" title="Lift coefficient">lift coefficient</a> of a <a href="/wiki/Fixed-wing_aircraft" title="Fixed-wing aircraft">fixed-wing aircraft</a> varies with angle of attack. Increasing angle of attack is associated with increasing lift coefficient up to the maximum lift coefficient, after which lift coefficient decreases.<sup id="cite_ref-nasa-lc_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nasa-lc-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As the angle of attack of a fixed-wing aircraft increases, <a href="/wiki/Flow_separation" title="Flow separation">separation</a> of the airflow from the upper surface of the wing becomes more pronounced, leading to a reduction in the rate of increase of the lift coefficient. The figure shows a typical curve for a <a href="/wiki/Camber_(aerodynamics)" title="Camber (aerodynamics)">cambered</a> straight wing. Cambered airfoils are curved such that they generate some lift at small negative angles of attack. A symmetrical wing has zero lift at 0 degrees angle of attack. The lift curve is also influenced by the wing shape, including its <a href="/wiki/Airfoil" title="Airfoil">airfoil</a> section and <a href="/wiki/Planform_(aeronautics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Planform (aeronautics)">wing planform</a>. A <a href="/wiki/Swept_wing" title="Swept wing">swept wing</a> has a lower, flatter curve with a higher critical angle. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Critical_angle_of_attack">Critical angle of attack</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Angle_of_attack&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Critical angle of attack"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <b>critical angle of attack</b> is the angle of attack which produces the maximum lift coefficient. This is also called the "<a href="/wiki/Stall_(fluid_dynamics)" title="Stall (fluid dynamics)">stall</a> angle of attack". Below the critical angle of attack, as the angle of attack decreases, the lift coefficient decreases. Conversely, above the critical angle of attack, as the angle of attack increases, the air begins to flow less smoothly over the upper surface of the <a href="/wiki/Airfoil" title="Airfoil">airfoil</a> and begins to separate from the upper surface. On most airfoil shapes, as the angle of attack increases, the upper surface separation point of the flow moves from the trailing edge towards the leading edge. At the critical angle of attack, upper surface flow is more separated and the airfoil or wing is producing its maximum lift coefficient. As the angle of attack increases further, the upper surface flow becomes more fully separated and the lift coefficient reduces further.<sup id="cite_ref-nasa-lc_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nasa-lc-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Above this critical angle of attack, the aircraft is said to be in a stall. A fixed-wing aircraft by definition is stalled at or above the critical angle of attack rather than at or below a particular <a href="/wiki/Airspeed" title="Airspeed">airspeed</a>. The airspeed at which the aircraft stalls varies with the weight of the aircraft, the <a href="/wiki/Load_factor_(aeronautics)" title="Load factor (aeronautics)">load factor</a>, the center of gravity of the aircraft and other factors. However, the aircraft normally stalls at the same critical angle of attack, unless <a href="/wiki/Icing_conditions" class="mw-redirect" title="Icing conditions">icing conditions</a> prevail. The critical or stalling angle of attack is typically around 15° - 18° for many airfoils. </p><p>Some aircraft are equipped with a built-in flight computer that automatically prevents the aircraft from increasing the angle of attack any further when a maximum angle of attack is reached, regardless of pilot input. This is called the 'angle of attack limiter' or 'alpha limiter'. Modern airliners that have fly-by-wire technology avoid the critical angle of attack by means of software in the computer systems that govern the flight control surfaces.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In takeoff and landing operations from short runways (<a href="/wiki/STOL" title="STOL">STOL</a>), such as Naval Aircraft Carrier operations and <a href="/wiki/STOL" title="STOL">STOL</a> backcountry flying, aircraft may be equipped with the angle of attack or <a href="/wiki/Airspeed_indicator#Angle_of_attack_and_Lift_Reserve_Indicators" title="Airspeed indicator">Lift Reserve Indicators</a>. These indicators measure the angle of attack (AOA) or the Potential of Wing Lift (POWL, or Lift Reserve) directly and help the pilot fly close to the stalling point with greater precision. STOL operations require the aircraft to be able to operate close to the critical angle of attack during landings and at the best angle of climb during takeoffs. Angle of attack indicators are used by pilots for maximum performance during these maneuvers, since airspeed information is only indirectly related to stall behavior. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Very_high_alpha">Very high alpha</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Angle_of_attack&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Very high alpha"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Su-35_(12509727094).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Su-35_%2812509727094%29.jpg/220px-Su-35_%2812509727094%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Su-35_%2812509727094%29.jpg/330px-Su-35_%2812509727094%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Su-35_%2812509727094%29.jpg/440px-Su-35_%2812509727094%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="870" /></a><figcaption>Su-27M / <a href="/wiki/Su-35" class="mw-redirect" title="Su-35">Su-35</a> at high angle of attack</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/High_Alpha_Research_Vehicle" title="High Alpha Research Vehicle">High Alpha Research Vehicle</a></div> <p>Some military aircraft are able to achieve controlled flight at very high angles of attack, but at the cost of massive <a href="/wiki/Induced_drag" class="mw-redirect" title="Induced drag">induced drag</a>. This provides the aircraft with great agility. A famous example is <a href="/wiki/Pugachev%27s_Cobra" class="mw-redirect" title="Pugachev's Cobra">Pugachev's Cobra</a>. Although the aircraft experiences high angles of attack throughout the maneuver, the aircraft is not capable of either aerodynamic directional control or maintaining level flight until the maneuver ends. The Cobra is an example of <a href="/wiki/Supermaneuverability" title="Supermaneuverability">supermaneuvering</a><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as the aircraft's wings are well beyond the critical angle of attack for most of the maneuver. </p><p>Additional aerodynamic surfaces known as "high-lift devices" including <a href="/wiki/Leading_edge_extension#Leading_edge_root_extensions" class="mw-redirect" title="Leading edge extension">leading edge wing root extensions</a> allow <a href="/wiki/Fighter_aircraft" title="Fighter aircraft">fighter aircraft</a> much greater flyable 'true' alpha, up to over 45°, compared to about 20° for aircraft without these devices. This can be helpful at high altitudes where even slight maneuvering may require high angles of attack due to the low density of air in the upper atmosphere as well as at low speed at low altitude where the margin between level flight AoA and stall AoA is reduced. The high AoA capability of the aircraft provides a buffer for the pilot that makes stalling the airplane (which occurs when critical AoA is exceeded) more difficult. However, military aircraft usually do not obtain such high alpha in combat, as it robs the aircraft of speed very quickly due to induced drag, and, in extreme cases, increased frontal area and parasitic drag. Not only do such maneuvers slow the aircraft down, but they cause significant structural stress at high speed. Modern flight control systems tend to limit a fighter's angle of attack to well below its maximum aerodynamic limit.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sailing">Sailing</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Angle_of_attack&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Sailing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Sailing" title="Sailing">sailing</a>, the physical principles involved are the same as for aircraft—a sail is an airfoil.<sup id="cite_ref-MIT_-_How_Sails_Work_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MIT_-_How_Sails_Work-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A sail's <b>angle of attack</b> is the angle between the sail's chord line and the direction of the relative wind. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Angle_of_attack&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_data_boom" title="Air data boom">Air data boom</a>, measures angle of attack</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advance_ratio" title="Advance ratio">Advance ratio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_principal_axes" title="Aircraft principal axes">Aircraft principal axes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angle_of_sideslip" class="mw-redirect" title="Angle of sideslip">Angle of sideslip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernoulli%27s_principle" title="Bernoulli's principle">Bernoulli's principle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drag_equation" title="Drag equation">Drag equation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%BCssner_effect" title="Küssner effect">Küssner effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lift_(force)" title="Lift (force)">Lift (force)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Angle_of_attack&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-nasa-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nasa_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www1.grc.nasa.gov/beginners-guide-to-aeronautics/foilinc">"Inclination Effects on Lift"</a>. <i>National Aeronautics and Space Administration</i>. 2018-04-05.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Aeronautics+and+Space+Administration&rft.atitle=Inclination+Effects+on+Lift&rft.date=2018-04-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww1.grc.nasa.gov%2Fbeginners-guide-to-aeronautics%2Ffoilinc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAngle+of+attack" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGracey1958" class="citation journal cs1">Gracey, William (1958). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/19930085167/downloads/19930085167.pdf">"Summary of Methods of Measuring Angle of Attack on Aircraft"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>NACA Technical Note</i> (NACA-TN-4351). 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Denker, <i>See How It Flies</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.av8n.com/how/htm/aoa.html#sec-def-aoa">http://www.av8n.com/how/htm/aoa.html#sec-def-aoa</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SnH-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SnH_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wolfgang Langewiesche, <i>Stick and Rudder: An Explanation of the Art of Flying</i>, McGraw-Hill Professional, first edition (September 1, 1990), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-07-036240-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-07-036240-8">0-07-036240-8</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wolfgang Langewiesche, <i>Stick and Rudder: An Explanation of the Art of Flying</i>, p. 7</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kermode, A.C. 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