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class="mw-page-title-main">India Meteorological Department</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 18 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-18" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">18 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B1%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%A9_(%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF)" title="دائرة الأرصاد الجوية (الهند) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="دائرة الأرصاد الجوية (الهند)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8C%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AE_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9E%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%97" title="ভারতীয় মৌসুম বিজ্ঞান বিভাগ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ভারতীয় মৌসুম বিজ্ঞান বিভাগ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97" title="भारत मौसम विज्ञान विभाग – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="भारत मौसम विज्ञान विभाग" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Departament_Meteorol%C3%B2gic_de_l%27%C3%8Dndia" title="Departament Meteorològic de l'Índia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Departament Meteorològic de l'Índia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/India_Meteorological_Department" title="India Meteorological Department – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="India Meteorological Department" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Service_m%C3%A9t%C3%A9orologique_de_l%27Inde" title="Service météorologique de l'Inde – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Service météorologique de l'Inde" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97" title="भारत मौसम विज्ञान विभाग – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="भारत मौसम विज्ञान विभाग" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Departemen_Meteorologi_India" title="Departemen Meteorologi India – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Departemen Meteorologi India" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97" title="भारतीय मौसम विज्ञान विभाग – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="भारतीय मौसम विज्ञान विभाग" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E6%B0%97%E8%B1%A1%E5%B1%80" title="インド気象局 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="インド気象局" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AD%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A4%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%8C%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%AE_%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%A8_%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%AD%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%97" title="ਭਾਰਤੀ ਮੌਸਮ ਵਿਗਿਆਨ ਵਿਭਾਗ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਭਾਰਤੀ ਮੌਸਮ ਵਿਗਿਆਨ ਵਿਭਾਗ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Departamento_Meteorol%C3%B3gico_da_%C3%8Dndia" title="Departamento Meteorológico da Índia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Departamento Meteorológico da Índia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/India_Meteorological_Department" title="India Meteorological Department – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="India Meteorological Department" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intian_ilmatieteen_laitos" title="Intian ilmatieteen laitos – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Intian ilmatieteen laitos" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88_%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%88" title="இந்திய வானிலை ஆய்வுத் துறை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இந்திய வானிலை ஆய்வுத் துறை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AD%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%A4_%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%A3_%E0%B0%B6%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%96" title="భారత వాతావరణ శాఖ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="భారత వాతావరణ శాఖ" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82" title="Індійський метеорологічний департамент – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Індійський метеорологічний департамент" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E6%B0%94%E8%B1%A1%E5%B1%80" title="印度气象局 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="印度气象局" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Meteorological agency of the Government of India</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title" style="font-size: 125%;">India Meteorological Department</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:India_Meteorological_Department_(logo).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/India_Meteorological_Department_%28logo%29.png/200px-India_Meteorological_Department_%28logo%29.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="350" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/f/f2/India_Meteorological_Department_%28logo%29.png 1.5x" data-file-width="243" data-file-height="425" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef">Agency overview</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Formed</th><td class="infobox-data">15 January 1875<span class="noprint">; 149 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">15 January 1875</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Government_agency" title="Government agency">Government agency</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Jurisdiction</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_India" title="Government of India">Government of India</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data">Mausam Bhavan, <a href="/wiki/Lodhi_Road" title="Lodhi Road">Lodhi Road</a>, New Delhi</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Annual budget</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap"><span style="white-space: nowrap">₹</span>514.03 crore</span> (US$62 million) (2022)<sup id="cite_ref-oi-budget2022_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oi-budget2022-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Ministers responsible</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li style="text-indent: -1em; padding-left: 1em;"><a href="/wiki/Jitendra_Singh_(BJP_politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jitendra Singh (BJP politician)">Dr. Jitendra Singh</a>, Union Minister of Earth Sciences</li><li style="text-indent: -1em; padding-left: 1em;">M Ravichandran, Secretary, Ministry of Earth Sciences</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Agency executive</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li style="text-indent: -1em; padding-left: 1em;">Mrutyunjay Mohapatra, Director General of Meteorology</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parent department</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Earth_Sciences" title="Ministry of Earth Sciences">Ministry of Earth Sciences</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mausam.imd.gov.in">mausam<wbr />.imd<wbr />.gov<wbr />.in</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>India Meteorological Department</b> (<b>IMD</b>) is an agency of the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Earth_Sciences" title="Ministry of Earth Sciences">Ministry of Earth Sciences</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_India" title="Government of India">Government of India</a>. It is the principal agency responsible for <a href="/wiki/Meteorological" class="mw-redirect" title="Meteorological">meteorological</a> observations, <a href="/wiki/Weather_forecasting" title="Weather forecasting">weather forecasting</a> and <a href="/wiki/Seismology" title="Seismology">seismology</a>. IMD is headquartered in <a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a> and operates hundreds of observation stations across India and Antarctica. Regional offices are at <a href="/wiki/Chennai" title="Chennai">Chennai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mumbai" title="Mumbai">Mumbai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata">Kolkata</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nagpur" title="Nagpur">Nagpur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guwahati" title="Guwahati">Guwahati</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Delhi" title="New Delhi">New Delhi</a>. </p><p>IMD is also one of the six <a href="/wiki/Regional_Specialised_Meteorological_Centre" class="mw-redirect" title="Regional Specialised Meteorological Centre">Regional Specialised Meteorological Centres</a> of the <a href="/wiki/World_Meteorological_Organization" title="World Meteorological Organization">World Meteorological Organisation</a>. It has the responsibility for forecasting, naming and distribution of warnings for <a href="/wiki/Tropical_cyclone" title="Tropical cyclone">tropical cyclones</a> in the Northern Indian Ocean region, including the <a href="/wiki/Malacca_Straits" class="mw-redirect" title="Malacca Straits">Malacca Straits</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Bengal" title="Bay of Bengal">Bay of Bengal</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Sea" title="Arabian Sea">Arabian Sea</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=India_Meteorological_Department&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1686, <a href="/wiki/Edmond_Halley" title="Edmond Halley">Edmond Halley</a> published his treatise on the Indian summer <a href="/wiki/Monsoon" title="Monsoon">monsoon</a>, which he attributed to a seasonal reversal of winds due to the differential heating of the Asian landmass and the Indian Ocean. The first meteorological observatories were established in India by the <a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">British East India Company</a>. These included the Calcutta Observatory in 1785, the <a href="/wiki/Madras_Observatory" title="Madras Observatory">Madras Observatory</a> in 1796 and the <a href="/wiki/Colaba_Observatory" title="Colaba Observatory">Colaba Observatory</a> in 1826. Several other observatories were established in India during the first half of the 19th century by various provincial governments. </p><p><a href="/wiki/The_Asiatic_Society" title="The Asiatic Society">The Asiatic Society</a>, founded in <a href="/wiki/Calcutta" class="mw-redirect" title="Calcutta">Calcutta</a> in 1784 and in <a href="/wiki/Bombay" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombay">Bombay</a> in 1804, promoted the study of meteorology in India. <a href="/wiki/Henry_Piddington" title="Henry Piddington">Henry Piddington</a> published almost 40 papers dealing with <a href="/wiki/Tropical_storms" class="mw-redirect" title="Tropical storms">tropical storms</a> from Calcutta between 1835 and 1855 in <i>The Journal of the Asiatic Society</i>. He also coined the term <i><a href="/wiki/Cyclone" title="Cyclone">cyclone</a></i>, meaning the coil of a snake. In 1842, he published his landmark thesis, <i>Laws of the Storms</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-imd-mm_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-imd-mm-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After a <a href="/wiki/Tropical_cyclone" title="Tropical cyclone">tropical cyclone</a> hit <a href="/wiki/Calcutta" class="mw-redirect" title="Calcutta">Calcutta</a> <a href="/wiki/1864_Calcutta_cyclone" title="1864 Calcutta cyclone">in 1864</a>, and the subsequent <a href="/wiki/Famines" class="mw-redirect" title="Famines">famines</a> in <a href="/wiki/Orissa_famine_of_1866" title="Orissa famine of 1866">1866</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bihar_famine_of_1873-1874" class="mw-redirect" title="Bihar famine of 1873-1874">1873</a> due to the failure of the monsoons, it was decided to organise the collection and analysis of meteorological observations under one roof. As a result, the India Meteorology Department was established on 15 January 1875.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Henry_Francis_Blanford" title="Henry Francis Blanford">Henry Francis Blanford</a> was appointed the first Meteorological Reporter of the IMD. In May 1889, <a href="/wiki/John_Eliot_(meteorologist)" title="John Eliot (meteorologist)">Sir John Eliot</a> was appointed the first <i>Director General of Observatories</i> in the erstwhile capital, Calcutta. The IMD headquarters were later shifted to <a href="/wiki/Shimla" title="Shimla">Shimla</a> in 1905, then to <a href="/wiki/Pune" title="Pune">Pune</a> in 1928 and finally to <a href="/wiki/New_Delhi" title="New Delhi">New Delhi</a> in 1944.<sup id="cite_ref-imd-establishment_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-imd-establishment-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>IMD became a member of the World Meteorological Organisation after <a href="/wiki/Independence_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Independence of India">independence</a> on 27 April 1949.<sup id="cite_ref-wmo-members_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wmo-members-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The agency has gained in prominence due to the significance of the monsoon rains on <a href="/wiki/Indian_agriculture" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian agriculture">Indian agriculture</a>. It plays a vital role in preparing the annual monsoon forecast, as well as in tracking the progress of the monsoon across India every season.<sup id="cite_ref-bs-imd_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bs-imd-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Organisation">Organisation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=India_Meteorological_Department&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Organisation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The IMD is headed by the <i>Director General of Meteorology</i>, currently Mrutyunjay Mohapatra.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> IMD has six <i>Regional Meteorological Centre</i>s, each under a Deputy Director General. These are located in <a href="/wiki/Regional_Meteorological_Centre,_Chennai" title="Regional Meteorological Centre, Chennai">Chennai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guwahati" title="Guwahati">Guwahati</a>, Kolkata, Mumbai, Nagpur and New Delhi. There is also a Meteorological Centre in each state capital. Other IMD units such as Forecasting Offices, Agrometeorological Advisory Service Centers, Hydro-meteorological Office, Flood Meteorological Offices, Area Cyclone Warning Centers and Cyclone Warning Centers are usually co-located with various observatories or meteorological center.<sup id="cite_ref-imd-org_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-imd-org-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>IMD operates a network of hundreds of surface and glacial observatories, Upper Air (high altitude) stations, <a href="/wiki/Ozone_layer" title="Ozone layer">ozone</a> and radiation observatories and <a href="/wiki/Meteorological_radar" class="mw-redirect" title="Meteorological radar">meteorological radar</a> stations. Additional data is received from India's constellation of satellites, such as <a href="/wiki/Kalpana-1" title="Kalpana-1">Kalpana-1</a>, <a href="/wiki/Megha-Tropiques" title="Megha-Tropiques">Megha-Tropiques</a> and instruments on board the <a href="/wiki/IRS_series" class="mw-redirect" title="IRS series">IRS series</a> and the <a href="/wiki/INSAT" class="mw-redirect" title="INSAT">INSAT</a> series of satellites.<sup id="cite_ref-imd-satellites_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-imd-satellites-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Data and observations are also reported into the IMD network from meteorological instruments on board Indian merchant navy and <a href="/wiki/Indian_Navy" title="Indian Navy">Indian Navy</a> ships. IMD was the first organisation in India to deploy a message switching computer for supporting its global data exchange. </p><p>IMD collaborates with other agencies such as the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Institute_of_Tropical_Meteorology" title="Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology">Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Centre_for_Medium_Range_Weather_Forecasting" title="National Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasting">National Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasting</a> and the <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Ocean_Technology" title="National Institute of Ocean Technology">National Institute of Ocean Technology</a>. </p><p>IMD also operates seismic monitoring centres at key locations for earthquake monitoring and measurements. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tasks">Tasks</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=India_Meteorological_Department&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Tasks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>IMD undertakes observations, communications, forecasting and weather services. In collaboration with the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Space_Research_Organisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Space Research Organisation">Indian Space Research Organisation</a>, the IMD also uses the <a href="/wiki/IRS_series" class="mw-redirect" title="IRS series">IRS series</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Satellite_System" title="Indian National Satellite System">Indian National Satellite System</a> (INSAT) for weather monitoring of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a>. IMD was first weather bureau of a developing country to develop and maintain its own satellite system. </p><p>IMD is one of the six worldwide <a href="/wiki/Regional_Specialised_Meteorological_Centre" class="mw-redirect" title="Regional Specialised Meteorological Centre">Regional Specialised Meteorological Centres</a> of the Tropical Cyclone Programme of the World Weather Watch of the <a href="/wiki/World_Meteorological_Organization" title="World Meteorological Organization">World Meteorological Organization</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-wmo-rsmc_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wmo-rsmc-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is regional nodal agency for forecasting, naming and disseminating warnings about <a href="/wiki/Tropical_cyclone" title="Tropical cyclone">tropical cyclone</a> in the Indian Ocean north of the <a href="/wiki/Equator" title="Equator">Equator</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="New_initiatives">New initiatives</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=India_Meteorological_Department&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: New initiatives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The IMD launched System of Aerosol Monitoring and Research (SAMAR) in January 2016 to study the concentration of <a href="/wiki/Black_carbon" title="Black carbon">Black carbon</a>, radiative properties of <a href="/wiki/Aerosol" title="Aerosol">aerosols</a>, environmental visibility and their climatological impacts. It would contain a network of 16 <a href="/wiki/Aethalometer" title="Aethalometer">aethalometers</a>, 12 sky radiometers and 12 <a href="/wiki/Nephelometer" title="Nephelometer">nephelometers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=India_Meteorological_Department&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSikka1999" class="citation book cs1">Sikka, D. R. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lrx3wLz4itkC&pg=PA413">"The Role of the India Meteorological Department, 1875-1947"</a>. In Debi Prasad Chattopadhyaya (ed.). <i>History of Science, Philosophy and Culture in Indian Civilization: pt. 1. Science, technology, imperialism and war</i>. Pearson Education India. pp. 381–429. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-317-2818-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-317-2818-5"><bdi>978-81-317-2818-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Role+of+the+India+Meteorological+Department%2C+1875-1947&rft.btitle=History+of+Science%2C+Philosophy+and+Culture+in+Indian+Civilization%3A+pt.+1.+Science%2C+technology%2C+imperialism+and+war&rft.pages=381-429&rft.pub=Pearson+Education+India&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-81-317-2818-5&rft.aulast=Sikka&rft.aufirst=D.+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dlrx3wLz4itkC%26pg%3DPA413&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndia+Meteorological+Department" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=India_Meteorological_Department&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-oi-budget2022-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-oi-budget2022_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://indianexpress.com/article/india/big-financial-push-for-deep-ocean-mission-in-budget-7754071/lite/">"Budget 2022: For the upcoming financial year, the MoES will receive a total of Rs 2,653.51 crore, with a hike in budgets mainly for the India Meteorological Department (IMD) and the multi-crore and ambitious Deep Ocean Mission"</a>. <i>The Indian Express</i>. 3 February 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Indian+Express&rft.atitle=Budget+2022%3A+For+the+upcoming+financial+year%2C+the+MoES+will+receive+a+total+of+Rs+2%2C653.51+crore%2C+with+a+hike+in+budgets+mainly+for+the+India+Meteorological+Department+%28IMD%29+and+the+multi-crore+and+ambitious+Deep+Ocean+Mission.&rft.date=2022-02-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Findianexpress.com%2Farticle%2Findia%2Fbig-financial-push-for-deep-ocean-mission-in-budget-7754071%2Flite%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndia+Meteorological+Department" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-imd-mm-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-imd-mm_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mausam.gov.in/WEBIMD/modern_meteorology.jsp">"Modern Meteorology"</a>. Indian Meteorological Department<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Modern+Meteorology&rft.pub=Indian+Meteorological+Department&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mausam.gov.in%2FWEBIMD%2Fmodern_meteorology.jsp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndia+Meteorological+Department" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged November 2017">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://currentaffairs.adda247.com/india-meteorological-department-celebrated-145th-foundation-day-on-15-january/">"India Meteorological Department celebrates 145th foundation day on 15 January"</a>. 15 January 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=India+Meteorological+Department+celebrates+145th+foundation+day+on+15+January&rft.date=2020-01-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcurrentaffairs.adda247.com%2Findia-meteorological-department-celebrated-145th-foundation-day-on-15-january%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndia+Meteorological+Department" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-imd-establishment-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-imd-establishment_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mausam.gov.in/WEBIMD/establishment.jsp">"Establishment of the IMD"</a>. Indian Meteorological Department<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Establishment+of+the+IMD&rft.pub=Indian+Meteorological+Department&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mausam.gov.in%2FWEBIMD%2Festablishment.jsp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndia+Meteorological+Department" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged November 2017">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wmo-members-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wmo-members_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111010091557/http://www.wmo.int/pages/members/membership/index_en.html">"Members"</a>. World Meteorological Organization. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wmo.int/pages/members/membership/index_en.html">the original</a> on 10 October 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Members&rft.pub=World+Meteorological+Organization&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wmo.int%2Fpages%2Fmembers%2Fmembership%2Findex_en.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndia+Meteorological+Department" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bs-imd-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bs-imd_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120131214604/http://www.imd.gov.in/doc/IMD_recent.pdf">"Indian Meteorological Department (IMD)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Indian Meteorological Department. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.imd.gov.in/doc/IMD_recent.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 31 January 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Indian+Meteorological+Department+%28IMD%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.imd.gov.in%2Fdoc%2FIMD_recent.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndia+Meteorological+Department" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.imd.gov.in/pages/about_dgm.php">"IMD – DGM"</a>. <i>imd.gov.in</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=imd.gov.in&rft.atitle=IMD+%E2%80%93+DGM&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.imd.gov.in%2Fpages%2Fabout_dgm.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndia+Meteorological+Department" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.imd.gov.in/pages/about_dgm.php">"IMD – Secretary MoES"</a>. <i>imd.gov.in</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 August</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=imd.gov.in&rft.atitle=IMD+%E2%80%93+Secretary+MoES&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.imd.gov.in%2Fpages%2Fabout_dgm.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndia+Meteorological+Department" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-imd-org-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-imd-org_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110721181131/http://www.mausam.gov.in/WEBIMD/organisation.jsp">"Organisation"</a>. Indian Meteorological Department. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mausam.gov.in/WEBIMD/organisation.jsp">the original</a> on 21 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Organisation&rft.pub=Indian+Meteorological+Department&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mausam.gov.in%2FWEBIMD%2Forganisation.jsp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndia+Meteorological+Department" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-imd-satellites-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-imd-satellites_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111031235439/http://mausam.gov.in/WEBIMD/satellitemainpage.jsp">"Satellite Images & Products"</a>. Indian Meteorological Department. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mausam.gov.in/WEBIMD/satellitemainpage.jsp">the original</a> on 31 October 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Satellite+Images+%26+Products&rft.pub=Indian+Meteorological+Department&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mausam.gov.in%2FWEBIMD%2Fsatellitemainpage.jsp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndia+Meteorological+Department" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wmo-rsmc-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wmo-rsmc_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/www/tcp/RSMC-TCWC.html">"RSMCs and TCWCs"</a>. World Meteorological Organization<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=RSMCs+and+TCWCs&rft.pub=World+Meteorological+Organization&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wmo.int%2Fpages%2Fprog%2Fwww%2Ftcp%2FRSMC-TCWC.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndia+Meteorological+Department" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pib.nic.in/newsite/printrelease.aspx?relid=134521">"Dr. Harsh vardhan dedicates system of aerosol monitoring and research and user-friendly website of India meteorological department"</a>. <i>Press Information Bureau</i>. 15 January 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Press+Information+Bureau&rft.atitle=Dr.+Harsh+vardhan+dedicates+system+of+aerosol+monitoring+and+research+and+user-friendly+website+of+India+meteorological+department&rft.date=2016-01-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpib.nic.in%2Fnewsite%2Fprintrelease.aspx%3Frelid%3D134521&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndia+Meteorological+Department" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=India_Meteorological_Department&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:India_Meteorological_Department" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:India Meteorological Department">India Meteorological Department</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output 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.navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:National_meteorological_organizations" title="Template:National meteorological organizations"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:National_meteorological_organizations" title="Template talk:National meteorological organizations"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:National_meteorological_organizations" title="Special:EditPage/Template:National meteorological organizations"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="National_meteorological_organizations" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">National <a href="/wiki/List_of_meteorology_institutions" title="List of meteorology institutions">meteorological organizations</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Meteorological_Office" title="National Meteorological Office">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghana_Meteorological_Agency" title="Ghana Meteorological Agency">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambique_National_Institute_of_Meteorology" title="Mozambique National Institute of Meteorology">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Weather_Service" title="South African Weather Service">South Africa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Servicio_Meteorol%C3%B3gico_Nacional_(Argentina)" title="Servicio Meteorológico Nacional (Argentina)">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bermuda_Weather_Service" title="Bermuda Weather Service">Bermuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Meteorology" title="National Institute of Meteorology">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meteorological_Service_of_Canada" title="Meteorological Service of Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Meteorological_Directorate_of_Chile&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Meteorological Directorate of Chile (page does not exist)">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Hydrology,_Meteorology_and_Environmental_Studies_(Colombia)" title="Institute of Hydrology, Meteorology and Environmental Studies (Colombia)">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instituto_Meteorol%C3%B3gico_Nacional" title="Instituto Meteorológico Nacional">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Meteorology_(Cuba)" class="mw-redirect" title="Institute of Meteorology (Cuba)">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instituto_Nacional_de_Meteorolog%C3%ADa_e_Hidrolog%C3%ADa_(Ecuador)" title="Instituto Nacional de Meteorología e Hidrología (Ecuador)">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instituto_Nacional_de_Sismolog%C3%ADa,_Vulcanolog%C3%ADa,_Meteorolog%C3%ADa_e_Hidrolog%C3%ADa" title="Instituto Nacional de Sismología, Vulcanología, Meteorología e Hidrología">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Servicio_Meteorol%C3%B3gico_Nacional_(Mexico)" title="Servicio Meteorológico Nacional (Mexico)">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Weather_Service" title="National Weather Service">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruguayan_Institute_of_Meteorology" title="Uruguayan Institute of Meteorology">Uruguay</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan_Meteorological_Authority" title="Afghanistan Meteorological Authority">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Meteorological_Department" title="Bangladesh Meteorological Department">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Hydrology_and_Meteorology" title="National Center for Hydrology and Meteorology">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Meteorological_Administration" title="China Meteorological Administration">China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Observatory" title="Hong Kong Observatory">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meteorological_and_Geophysical_Bureau" title="Meteorological and Geophysical Bureau">Macau</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meteorology,_Climatology,_and_Geophysical_Agency" title="Meteorology, Climatology, and Geophysical Agency">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_Meteorological_Organization" title="Iran Meteorological Organization">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel_Meteorological_Service" title="Israel Meteorological Service">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan_Meteorological_Agency" title="Japan Meteorological Agency">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Hydro-Meteorological_Administration" title="State Hydro-Meteorological Administration">Korea (DPRK)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korea_Meteorological_Administration" title="Korea Meteorological Administration">Korea (ROK)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Meteorological_Department" title="Malaysian Meteorological Department">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Meteorological_Department" title="Pakistan Meteorological Department">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Meteorological_Department" title="Palestinian Meteorological Department">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PAGASA" title="PAGASA">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Service_for_Hydrometeorology_and_Environmental_Monitoring_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Service for Hydrometeorology and Environmental Monitoring of Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Meteorology_(Saudi_Arabia)" title="National Center for Meteorology (Saudi Arabia)">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meteorological_Service_Singapore" title="Meteorological Service Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Weather_Administration" title="Central Weather Administration">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_Meteorological_Department" title="Thai Meteorological Department">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_State_Meteorological_Service" title="Turkish State Meteorological Service">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Institute_of_Seismology_and_Atmospheric_Physics_of_the_Academy_of_Sciences_of_Turkmenistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Institute of Seismology and Atmospheric Physics of the Academy of Sciences of Turkmenistan (page does not exist)">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Meteorology_(United_Arab_Emirates)" title="National Center for Meteorology (United Arab Emirates)">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Hydro-Meteorological_Forecasting" title="National Center for Hydro-Meteorological Forecasting">Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Institution_for_Meteorology_and_Geodynamics" title="Central Institution for Meteorology and Geodynamics">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Meteorological_Institute" title="Royal Meteorological Institute">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_Meteorological_and_Hydrological_Service" title="Croatian Meteorological and Hydrological Service">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Hydrometeorological_Institute" title="Czech Hydrometeorological Institute">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_Meteorological_Institute" title="Danish Meteorological Institute">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_Weather_Service" title="Estonian Weather Service">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_Meteorological_Institute" title="Finnish Meteorological Institute">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9t%C3%A9o-France" title="Météo-France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deutscher_Wetterdienst" title="Deutscher Wetterdienst">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenic_National_Meteorological_Service" title="Hellenic National Meteorological Service">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_Meteorological_Office" title="Icelandic Meteorological Office">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Met_%C3%89ireann" title="Met Éireann">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Servizio_Meteorologico" title="Servizio Meteorologico">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_Environment,_Geology_and_Meteorology_Centre" title="Latvian Environment, Geology and Meteorology Centre">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Hydrometeorological_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Lithuanian Hydrometeorological Service">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrometeorological_Institute_of_Montenegro" title="Hydrometeorological Institute of Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Netherlands_Meteorological_Institute" title="Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Meteorological_Institute" title="Norwegian Meteorological Institute">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instituto_Portugu%C3%AAs_do_Mar_e_da_Atmosfera" title="Instituto Português do Mar e da Atmosfera">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Administra%C8%9Bia_Na%C8%9Bional%C4%83_de_Meteorologie" title="Administrația Națională de Meteorologie">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Service_for_Hydrometeorology_and_Environmental_Monitoring_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Service for Hydrometeorology and Environmental Monitoring of Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_Hydrometeorological_Institute_of_Serbia" title="Republic Hydrometeorological Institute of Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenian_Environment_Agency" title="Slovenian Environment Agency">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Meteorological_Agency" title="State Meteorological Agency">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Meteorological_and_Hydrological_Institute" title="Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MeteoSwiss" title="MeteoSwiss">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_State_Meteorological_Service" title="Turkish State Meteorological Service">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Met_Office" title="Met Office">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ukrainian_Hydrometeorological_Center&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ukrainian Hydrometeorological Center (page does not exist)">Ukraine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Meteorology" title="Bureau of Meteorology">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiji_Meteorological_Service" title="Fiji Meteorological Service">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MetService" title="MetService">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonga_Meteorological_Service" title="Tonga Meteorological Service">Tonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuvalu_Meteorological_Service" title="Tuvalu Meteorological Service">Tuvalu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>Regional: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Institute_for_Meteorology_and_Hydrology" title="Caribbean Institute for Meteorology and Hydrology">Caribbean Institute for Meteorology and Hydrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Centre_for_Medium-Range_Weather_Forecasts" title="European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts">European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Severe_Storms_Laboratory" title="European Severe Storms Laboratory">European Severe Storms Laboratory</a></li></ul></li> <li>Global: <a href="/wiki/World_Meteorological_Organization" title="World Meteorological Organization">World Meteorological Organization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q923628#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q923628#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q923628#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000404981600">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/157617560">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/1001840-2">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50054245">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35219849">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/13007858">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007291523005171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span 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