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<span>Description</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Description-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Habitat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Habitat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Habitat</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Habitat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anatomy_and_morphology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anatomy_and_morphology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Anatomy and morphology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anatomy_and_morphology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reproduction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reproduction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Reproduction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reproduction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ecology_and_life_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ecology_and_life_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Ecology and life history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ecology_and_life_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Physiology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Physiology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Physiology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Physiology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Physiology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Physiology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Survival_after_exposure_to_outer_space" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Survival_after_exposure_to_outer_space"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Survival after exposure to outer space</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Survival_after_exposure_to_outer_space-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Taxonomy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Taxonomy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Taxonomy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Taxonomy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Evolutionary_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Evolutionary_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Evolutionary history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Evolutionary_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Genomes_and_genome_sequencing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genomes_and_genome_sequencing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Genomes and genome sequencing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genomes_and_genome_sequencing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ecological_importance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ecological_importance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Ecological importance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ecological_importance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>In popular culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Tardigrade</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 91 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-91" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">91 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterbeertjie" title="Waterbeertjie – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Waterbeertjie" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A4rtierchen" title="Bärtierchen – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Bärtierchen" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%A8%E1%8B%8D%E1%88%83_%E1%8B%B5%E1%89%A5" title="የውሃ ድብ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="የውሃ ድብ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B7%D9%8A%D8%A1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D8%B7%D9%88" title="بطيء الخطو – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بطيء الخطو" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8D%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A1" title="টাৰডিগ্ৰেড – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="টাৰডিগ্ৰেড" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%8Frinc%C9%99klil%C9%99r" title="Ərincəklilər – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Ərincəklilər" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%87_%D8%A2%DB%8C%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="سۇ آییلاری – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="سۇ آییلاری" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A1" title="টারডিগ্রেড – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="টারডিগ্রেড" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D2%A1%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D0%B9%D3%A9%D1%80%D3%A9%D2%AF%D1%81%D3%A9%D0%BB%D3%99%D1%80" title="Аҡрын йөрөүсөләр – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Аҡрын йөрөүсөләр" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D1%96%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BA%D1%96" title="Ціхаходкі – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Ціхаходкі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D1%96%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BA%D1%96" title="Ціхаходкі – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Ціхаходкі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tardigrada" title="Tardigrada – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Tardigrada" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Бавноходки – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Бавноходки" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tardigrada" title="Tardigrada – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Tardigrada" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tard%C3%ADgrads" title="Tardígrads – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Tardígrads" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tardigrada" title="Tardigrada – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Tardigrada" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDelvu%C5%A1ky" title="Želvušky – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Želvušky" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arafsymudwr" title="Arafsymudwr – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Arafsymudwr" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bj%C3%B8rnedyr" title="Bjørnedyr – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Bjørnedyr" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A4rtierchen" title="Bärtierchen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Bärtierchen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ts%C4%AFdl%C3%A1%C3%A1dk%C3%A1%C3%A1%CA%BC_naat%CA%BCi%CA%BC%C3%AD" title="Tsįdláádkááʼ naatʼiʼí – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Tsįdláádkááʼ naatʼiʼí" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loimurid" title="Loimurid – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Loimurid" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%B4%CF%8D%CF%80%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%B1" title="Βραδύπορα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βραδύπορα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tardigrada" title="Tardigrada – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Tardigrada" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tardigradoj" title="Tardigradoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Tardigradoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tardigrada" title="Tardigrada – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Tardigrada" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%B1%D8%B3_%D8%A2%D8%A8%DB%8C" title="خرس آبی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="خرس آبی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tardigrada" title="Tardigrada – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Tardigrada" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A9ar_uisce" title="Béar uisce – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Béar uisce" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tard%C3%ADgrados" title="Tardígrados – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Tardígrados" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%99%84%EB%B3%B4%EB%8F%99%EB%AC%BC" title="완보동물 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="완보동물" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8B%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%BB" title="Ջրային արջ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ջրային արջ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A1" title="टार्डीग्रेड – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="टार्डीग्रेड" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dugo%C5%BEivci" title="Dugoživci – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Dugoživci" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tardigrado" title="Tardigrado – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Tardigrado" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tardigrada" title="Tardigrada – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Tardigrada" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iu mw-list-item"><a href="https://iu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%90%8A%E1%92%83%E1%94%AD%E1%91%AF%E1%93%97%E1%92%83" title="ᐊᒃᔭᑯᓗᒃ – Inuktitut" lang="iu" hreflang="iu" data-title="ᐊᒃᔭᑯᓗᒃ" data-language-autonym="ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut" data-language-local-name="Inuktitut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ik mw-list-item"><a href="https://ik.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ak%C5%82a%C4%A1ruk" title="Akłaġruk – Inupiaq" lang="ik" hreflang="ik" data-title="Akłaġruk" data-language-autonym="Iñupiatun" data-language-local-name="Inupiaq" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Iñupiatun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bessad%C3%BDr" title="Bessadýr – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Bessadýr" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tardigrada" title="Tardigrada – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Tardigrada" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%93%D7%95%D7%91%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99_%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%9D" title="דובוני מים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="דובוני מים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9F%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A1%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%A1%E0%B3%8D%E2%80%8C" title="ಟಾರ್ಡಿಗ್ರೇಡ್‌ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಟಾರ್ಡಿಗ್ರೇಡ್‌" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ნელამავალნი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ნელამავალნი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Жайбасар – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Жайбасар" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kidudu-dubu" title="Kidudu-dubu – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kidudu-dubu" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%8B%D0%B7%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%8B%D1%88%D1%8B%D0%B2%D0%BB%D3%93" title="Мызыргышывлӓ – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Мызыргышывлӓ" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кырык мары</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%95%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%B5%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%B2" title="ຕາກດີກະລາດາ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ຕາກດີກະລາດາ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tardigrada" title="Tardigrada – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Tardigrada" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gausk%C4%81ji" title="Gauskāji – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Gauskāji" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C4%97t%C5%ABnai" title="Lėtūnai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Lėtūnai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beerbieskes" title="Beerbieskes – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Beerbieskes" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tardigrado" title="Tardigrado – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Tardigrado" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medve%C3%A1llatk%C3%A1k" title="Medveállatkák – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Medveállatkák" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A1" title="ടാർഡിഗ്രാഡ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ടാർഡിഗ്രാഡ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A1%D8%A8%D9%8A" title="لءبي – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="لءبي" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tardigrada" title="Tardigrada – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Tardigrada" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beerdiertjes" title="Beerdiertjes – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Beerdiertjes" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B7%A9%E6%AD%A9%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9" title="緩歩動物 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="緩歩動物" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beerdiarten" title="Beerdiarten – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Beerdiarten" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bj%C3%B8rnedyr" title="Bjørnedyr – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Bjørnedyr" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bj%C3%B8rnedyr" title="Bjørnedyr – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Bjørnedyr" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tardigrada" title="Tardigrada – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Tardigrada" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qaranbullee_bisaani" title="Qaranbullee bisaani – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Qaranbullee bisaani" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tardigrada" title="Tardigrada – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Tardigrada" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%B1%DA%86%DA%BE" title="پانی رچھ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="پانی رچھ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterboren" title="Waterboren – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Waterboren" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niesporczaki" title="Niesporczaki – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Niesporczaki" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tardigrada" title="Tardigrada – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Tardigrada" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tardigrada" title="Tardigrada – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Tardigrada" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lat%27uthatki" title="Lat'uthatki – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Lat'uthatki" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Тихоходки – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Тихоходки" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tardigrade" title="Tardigrade – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Tardigrade" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tardigrade" title="Tardigrade – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Tardigrade" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomalky" title="Pomalky – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Pomalky" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Po%C4%8Dasniki" title="Počasniki – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Počasniki" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4" title="Водени медвед – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Водени медвед" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dugo%C5%BEivci" title="Dugoživci – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Dugoživci" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karhukaiset" title="Karhukaiset – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Karhukaiset" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%C3%B6gkrypare" title="Trögkrypare – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Trögkrypare" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tardigrada" title="Tardigrada – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Tardigrada" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF" title="நீர்க் கரடி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="நீர்க் கரடி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%98%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%B9%D3%A9%D1%80%D2%AF%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BB%D3%99%D1%80" title="Әкрен йөрүчеләр – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Әкрен йөрүчеләр" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B3" title="หมีน้ำ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="หมีน้ำ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tardigrada" title="Tardigrada – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Tardigrada" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Тихоходи – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Тихоходи" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%B9%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%88%DB%8C%DA%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%88" title="ٹارڈیگریڈ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ٹارڈیگریڈ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%E1%BA%A5u_n%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Bc" 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searchaux" style="display:none">Phylum of microscopic animals, also known as water bears</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Tardigrada" redirects here. For the suborder of mammals, see <a href="/wiki/Sloth" title="Sloth">sloth</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Moss Piglets" redirects here. For the <i>South Park</i> episode, see <a href="/wiki/Moss_Piglets_(South_Park)" title="Moss Piglets (South Park)">Moss Piglets (<i>South Park</i>)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <table class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)">Tardigrade<br /><div style="font-size: 85%;">Temporal range: <span class="noprint"><span style="display:inline-block;"></span><span style="display:inline-block;">Turonian–Recent</span> <span style="display:inline-block;"></span><div id="Timeline-row" style="margin: 4px auto 0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:18px; overflow:visible; white-space:nowrap; border:1px #666; border-style:solid none; position:relative; z-index:0; font-size:97%;"> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; left:0px; width:207.23076923077px; padding-left:5px; text-align:left; background-color:rgb(254,217,106); background-image: linear-gradient(to right, rgba(255,255,255,1), rgba(254,217,106,1) 15%, rgba(254,217,106,1));"><a href="/wiki/Precambrian" title="Precambrian">PreꞒ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,160,86); left:37.636923076923px; width:18.073846153846px;"><a href="/wiki/Cambrian" title="Cambrian">Ꞓ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(0,146,112); left:55.710769230769px; width:14.08px;"><a href="/wiki/Ordovician" title="Ordovician">O</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(179,225,182); left:69.790769230769px; width:8.3261538461539px;"><a href="/wiki/Silurian" title="Silurian">S</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(203,140,55); left:78.116923076923px; width:20.409230769231px;"><a href="/wiki/Devonian" title="Devonian">D</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(103,165,153); left:98.526153846154px; width:20.307692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous">C</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(240,64,40); left:118.83384615385px; width:15.907015384615px;"><a href="/wiki/Permian" title="Permian">P</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(129,43,146); left:134.74086153846px; width:17.092984615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Triassic" title="Triassic">T</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(52,178,201); left:151.83384615385px; width:19.089230769231px;"><a href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">J</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,198,78); left:170.92307692308px; width:26.738461538462px;"><a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">K</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(253,154,82); left:197.66153846154px; width:14.543692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/Paleogene" title="Paleogene">Pg</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(255,230,25); left:212.20523076923px; width:6.9215384615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Neogene" title="Neogene">N</a></div> <div id="end-border" style="position:absolute; height:100%; background-color:#666; width:1px; left:219px"></div><div style="margin:0 auto; line-height:0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:8px; overflow:visible; background-color:transparent; position:relative; top:-4px; z-index:100;"><div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:37.636923076923px; width:182.36307692308px; background-color:#360; opacity:0.42;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:188.21846153846px; width:31.781538461538px; background-color:#360; opacity:1;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:6px; top:1px; left:189.21846153846px; width:29.781538461538px; background-color:#6c3;"></div> </div> </div></span> <a href="/wiki/Cambrian" title="Cambrian">Middle Cambrian</a> stem-group fossils</div> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:SEM_image_of_Milnesium_tardigradum_in_active_state_-_journal.pone.0045682.g001-2_(white_background).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/SEM_image_of_Milnesium_tardigradum_in_active_state_-_journal.pone.0045682.g001-2_%28white_background%29.png/220px-SEM_image_of_Milnesium_tardigradum_in_active_state_-_journal.pone.0045682.g001-2_%28white_background%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/SEM_image_of_Milnesium_tardigradum_in_active_state_-_journal.pone.0045682.g001-2_%28white_background%29.png/330px-SEM_image_of_Milnesium_tardigradum_in_active_state_-_journal.pone.0045682.g001-2_%28white_background%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/SEM_image_of_Milnesium_tardigradum_in_active_state_-_journal.pone.0045682.g001-2_%28white_background%29.png/440px-SEM_image_of_Milnesium_tardigradum_in_active_state_-_journal.pone.0045682.g001-2_%28white_background%29.png 2x" data-file-width="1379" data-file-height="1205" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%"><i><a href="/wiki/Milnesium_tardigradum" title="Milnesium tardigradum">Milnesium tardigradum</a></i>, a <a href="/wiki/Eutardigrade" title="Eutardigrade">eutardigrade</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Echiniscus_insularis_(10.3897-evolsyst.5.59997)_Figure_6_(white_background).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Echiniscus_insularis_%2810.3897-evolsyst.5.59997%29_Figure_6_%28white_background%29.jpg/220px-Echiniscus_insularis_%2810.3897-evolsyst.5.59997%29_Figure_6_%28white_background%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Echiniscus_insularis_%2810.3897-evolsyst.5.59997%29_Figure_6_%28white_background%29.jpg/330px-Echiniscus_insularis_%2810.3897-evolsyst.5.59997%29_Figure_6_%28white_background%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Echiniscus_insularis_%2810.3897-evolsyst.5.59997%29_Figure_6_%28white_background%29.jpg/440px-Echiniscus_insularis_%2810.3897-evolsyst.5.59997%29_Figure_6_%28white_background%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1946" data-file-height="1360" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%"><i><a href="/wiki/Echiniscus" title="Echiniscus">Echiniscus insularis</a></i>, a <a href="/wiki/Heterotardigrade" class="mw-redirect" title="Heterotardigrade">heterotardigrade</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <span class="plainlinks taxobox-edit-taxonomy skin-invert" style="font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Tardigrada" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Domain: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">Eukaryota</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kingdom: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Subkingdom: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eumetazoa" title="Eumetazoa">Eumetazoa</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/ParaHoxozoa" title="ParaHoxozoa">ParaHoxozoa</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bilateria" title="Bilateria">Bilateria</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nephrozoa" title="Nephrozoa">Nephrozoa</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>(unranked): </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Protostome" title="Protostome">Protostomia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Superphylum: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ecdysozoa" title="Ecdysozoa">Ecdysozoa</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>(unranked): </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Panarthropoda" title="Panarthropoda">Panarthropoda</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Phylum: </td> <td><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tardigrada</a><br /><small><a href="/wiki/Lazzaro_Spallanzani" title="Lazzaro Spallanzani">Spallanzani</a>, 1777</small> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)">Classes </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eutardigrada" class="mw-redirect" title="Eutardigrada">Eutardigrada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heterotardigrada" title="Heterotardigrada">Heterotardigrada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesotardigrada" title="Mesotardigrada">Mesotardigrada</a> (dubious)</li></ul> </td></tr> </tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238732961">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox{margin-top:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow td{padding:2px 10px}</style> <p><b>Tardigrades</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/ɑːr/: 'ar' in 'far'">ɑːr</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="/ɡ/: 'g' in 'guy'">ɡ</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/eɪ/: 'a' in 'face'">eɪ</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span><span title="'z' in 'zoom'">z</span></span>/</a></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/d\/d3\/En-us-Tardigrades.oga\/En-us-Tardigrades.oga.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"En-us-Tardigrades.oga"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d3/En-us-Tardigrades.oga/En-us-Tardigrades.oga.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:En-us-Tardigrades.oga" title="File:En-us-Tardigrades.oga">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span></span>),<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> known colloquially as <b>water bears</b> or <b>moss piglets</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-American_Scientist_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-American_Scientist-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-WRD-20140321_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WRD-20140321-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are a <a href="/wiki/Phylum" title="Phylum">phylum</a> of eight-legged <a href="/wiki/Segmentation_(biology)" title="Segmentation (biology)">segmented</a> <a href="/wiki/Micro-animal" class="mw-redirect" title="Micro-animal">micro-animals</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-American_Scientist_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-American_Scientist-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were first described by the German zoologist <a href="/wiki/Johann_August_Ephraim_Goeze" title="Johann August Ephraim Goeze">Johann August Ephraim Goeze</a> in 1773, who called them <b><span title="German-language text"><span lang="de" style="font-style: normal;">Kleiner Wasserbär</span></span></b> <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">little water bear</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1776, the Italian biologist <a href="/wiki/Lazzaro_Spallanzani" title="Lazzaro Spallanzani">Lazzaro Spallanzani</a> named them <b>Tardigrada</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/ɑːr/: 'ar' in 'far'">ɑːr</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="/ɡ/: 'g' in 'guy'">ɡ</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>/</a></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-2" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/c\/c9\/En-us-Tardigrada.oga\/En-us-Tardigrada.oga.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"En-us-Tardigrada.oga"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c9/En-us-Tardigrada.oga/En-us-Tardigrada.oga.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:En-us-Tardigrada.oga" title="File:En-us-Tardigrada.oga">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span></span>), which means 'slow steppers'.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bordenstein_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bordenstein-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>They have been found in diverse regions of Earth's <a href="/wiki/Biosphere" title="Biosphere">biosphere</a> – mountaintops, the <a href="/wiki/Deep_sea" title="Deep sea">deep sea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tropical_rainforest" title="Tropical rainforest">tropical rainforests</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Antarctic" title="Antarctic">Antarctic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bordenstein_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bordenstein-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tardigrades are among the most resilient animals known,<sup id="cite_ref-WP-20170714_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WP-20170714-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NAT-20170714_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NAT-20170714-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with individual species able to survive extreme conditions – such as exposure to extreme temperatures, extreme <a href="/wiki/Pressures" class="mw-redirect" title="Pressures">pressures</a> (both high and low), air deprivation, <a href="/wiki/Radiation" title="Radiation">radiation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dehydration" title="Dehydration">dehydration</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Starvation" title="Starvation">starvation</a> – that would quickly kill most other known forms of <a href="/wiki/Life" title="Life">life</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tardigrades have survived exposure to <a href="/wiki/Outer_space" title="Outer space">outer space</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are about 1,300 known species<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the <a href="/wiki/Phylum" title="Phylum">phylum</a> Tardigrada, a part of the superphylum <a href="/wiki/Ecdysozoa" title="Ecdysozoa">Ecdysozoa</a> consisting of animals that grow by <a href="/wiki/Ecdysis" title="Ecdysis">ecdysis</a> (shedding an <a href="/wiki/Exoskeleton" title="Exoskeleton">exoskeleton</a>) such as <a href="/wiki/Arthropod" title="Arthropod">arthropods</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nematode" title="Nematode">nematodes</a>. The earliest known true members of the group are known from <a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">Cretaceous</a> (145 to 66 million years ago) <a href="/wiki/Amber" title="Amber">amber</a>, found in North America, but are essentially modern forms. Their origin is therefore likely much earlier, as they diverged from their closest relatives in the <a href="/wiki/Cambrian" title="Cambrian">Cambrian</a> more than 500 million years ago. </p><p>Tardigrades are usually about 0.5 mm (0.020 in) long when fully grown.<sup id="cite_ref-American_Scientist_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-American_Scientist-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are short and plump, with four pairs of legs, each ending in claws (usually four to eight) or suction disks.<sup id="cite_ref-American_Scientist_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-American_Scientist-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Nelson-CurrentStatus_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nelson-CurrentStatus-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tardigrades are prevalent in <a href="/wiki/Moss" title="Moss">mosses</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lichen" title="Lichen">lichens</a> and feed on plant cells, algae, and small invertebrates. When collected, they may be viewed under a low-power <a href="/wiki/Microscope" title="Microscope">microscope</a>, making them accessible to students and amateur scientists.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Naming">Naming</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tardigrade&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Naming"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:First_Recorded_Image_of_Tardigrade.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/First_Recorded_Image_of_Tardigrade.jpg/220px-First_Recorded_Image_of_Tardigrade.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/First_Recorded_Image_of_Tardigrade.jpg/330px-First_Recorded_Image_of_Tardigrade.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/First_Recorded_Image_of_Tardigrade.jpg/440px-First_Recorded_Image_of_Tardigrade.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="950" /></a><figcaption>The first recorded image of a tardigrade, 1773</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Johann_August_Ephraim_Goeze1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Johann_August_Ephraim_Goeze1.jpg/220px-Johann_August_Ephraim_Goeze1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="285" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Johann_August_Ephraim_Goeze1.jpg/330px-Johann_August_Ephraim_Goeze1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Johann_August_Ephraim_Goeze1.jpg/440px-Johann_August_Ephraim_Goeze1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="463" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Johann_August_Ephraim_Goeze" title="Johann August Ephraim Goeze">Johann August Ephraim Goeze</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Johann_August_Ephraim_Goeze" title="Johann August Ephraim Goeze">Johann August Ephraim Goeze</a> originally named the tardigrade <i>Kleiner Wasserbär</i>, meaning 'little water-bear' in German (today, they are often referred to in German as <i>Bärtierchen</i> 'little bear-animal'). The name <i>water-bear</i> comes from the way they walk, reminiscent of a <a href="/wiki/Bear" title="Bear">bear</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Gait" title="Gait">gait</a>. The name <i>Tardigradum</i> means 'slow walker' and was given by <a href="/wiki/Lazzaro_Spallanzani" title="Lazzaro Spallanzani">Lazzaro Spallanzani</a> in 1777.<sup id="cite_ref-Bordenstein_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bordenstein-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tardigrade&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Waterbear.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Waterbear.jpg/220px-Waterbear.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/08/Waterbear.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="266" data-file-height="266" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Scanning_electron_microscope" title="Scanning electron microscope">SEM</a> image of <i><a href="/wiki/Hypsibius_dujardini" title="Hypsibius dujardini">Hypsibius dujardini</a></i></figcaption></figure> <p>The largest adults may reach a body length of 2.0 mm (0.079 in), the smallest below 0.1 mm (0.0039 in). Newly hatched tardigrades may be smaller than 0.05 mm (0.0020 in). For comparison, grass <a href="/wiki/Pollen" title="Pollen">pollen</a> is typically 0.025–0.04 mm (0.00098–0.00157 in). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Habitat">Habitat</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tardigrade&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Habitat"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tardigrades are often found on lichens and mosses<span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>— for example, by soaking a piece of moss in water.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other environments in which they are found include <a href="/wiki/Dune" title="Dune">dunes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Coast" title="Coast">coasts</a> generally, <a href="/wiki/Soil" title="Soil">soil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plant_litter" title="Plant litter">leaf litter</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ocean" title="Ocean">marine</a> or <a href="/wiki/Freshwater" class="mw-redirect" title="Freshwater">freshwater</a> sediments, where they may occur quite frequently, up to 25,000 animals per litre (95,000 animals per gallon). One tardigrade, <i>Echiniscoides wyethi</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-AP-20150929_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AP-20150929-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> may be found on <a href="/wiki/Barnacle" title="Barnacle">barnacles</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-PBSW_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PBSW-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With the exception of 62 known species that live exclusively in freshwater, all non-marine tardigrades are found in terrestrial environments. Because the majority of the marine species belongs to Heterotardigrada, the most ancestral class, it confirms the phylum's marine origin.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Anatomy_and_morphology">Anatomy and morphology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tardigrade&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Anatomy and morphology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tardigrades have barrel-shaped bodies with four pairs of stubby legs. Most range from 0.3 to 0.5 mm (0.012 to 0.020 in) in length, although the largest species may reach 1.2 mm (0.047 in).<sup id="cite_ref-Bordenstein_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bordenstein-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The body consists of a head, three body <a href="/wiki/Segment_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Segment (biology)">segments</a> each with a pair of legs, and a <a href="/wiki/Anatomical_terms_of_location#Anterior_and_posterior" title="Anatomical terms of location">caudal</a> segment with a fourth pair of legs. The legs are without <a href="/wiki/Joint_(anatomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Joint (anatomy)">joints</a>, while the feet have four to eight claws each. The <a href="/wiki/Cuticle" title="Cuticle">cuticle</a> contains <a href="/wiki/Chitin" title="Chitin">chitin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">protein</a> and is <a href="/wiki/Ecdysis" title="Ecdysis">moulted</a> periodically. The first three pairs of legs are directed downward along the sides and are the primary means of locomotion, while the fourth pair is directed backward on the last segment of the trunk and is used primarily for grasping the substrate.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tardigrades lack several <a href="/wiki/Hox_gene" title="Hox gene">Hox genes</a> and a large intermediate region of the body axis. In insects, this corresponds to the entire <a href="/wiki/Thorax_(arthropod_anatomy)" title="Thorax (arthropod anatomy)"> thorax</a> and the abdomen. Practically the whole body, except for the last pair of legs, is made up of just the segments that are homologous to the head region in arthropods.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>All adult tardigrades of the same species have the same number of cells (see <a href="/wiki/Eutely" title="Eutely">eutely</a>). Some species have as many as 40,000 cells in each adult, while others have far fewer.<sup id="cite_ref-Seki98_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Seki98-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The body cavity consists of a <a href="/wiki/Haemocoel" class="mw-redirect" title="Haemocoel">haemocoel</a>, but the only place where a true <a href="/wiki/Coelom" title="Coelom">coelom</a> can be found is around the <a href="/wiki/Gonad" title="Gonad">gonad</a>. No respiratory organs were found, with gas exchange able to occur across the entirety of the body. Some tardigrades have three tubular glands associated with the rectum; these may be excretory organs similar to the <a href="/wiki/Malpighian_tubule" class="mw-redirect" title="Malpighian tubule">Malpighian tubules</a> of <a href="/wiki/Arthropod" title="Arthropod">arthropods</a>, although the details remain unclear.<sup id="cite_ref-IZ_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IZ-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also, <a href="/wiki/Nephridium" title="Nephridium">nephridia</a> are absent.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The tubular mouth is armed with <a href="/wiki/Stylet_(anatomy)" title="Stylet (anatomy)">stylets</a>, which are used to pierce cells, <a href="/wiki/Algae" title="Algae">algae</a>, or small invertebrates on which the tardigrades feed, releasing the body fluids or cell contents. The mouth opens into a triradiate, muscular, sucking <a href="/wiki/Pharynx" title="Pharynx">pharynx</a>. The stylets are lost when the animal <a href="/wiki/Molting" class="mw-redirect" title="Molting">molts</a>, and a new pair is secreted from a pair of glands that lie on either side of the mouth. The pharynx connects to a short <a href="/wiki/Esophagus" title="Esophagus">esophagus</a>, and then to an intestine that occupies much of the length of the body, which is the main site of digestion. The intestine opens, via a short rectum, to an <a href="/wiki/Anus" title="Anus">anus</a> located at the terminal end of the body. Some species only defecate when they molt, leaving the feces behind with the shed cuticle.<sup id="cite_ref-IZ_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IZ-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The tardigrade nervous system consists primarily of the brain and four segmental ganglia associated with the four body segments.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid24152256_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid24152256-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The brain comprises about 1% of the total body volume.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid31110777_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid31110777-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The brain develops in a <a href="/wiki/Symmetry_in_biology#Bilateral_symmetry" title="Symmetry in biology">bilaterally symmetric</a> pattern.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid26052416_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid26052416-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tardigrades have a dorsal brain atop a paired ventral nervous system. The brain includes multiple lobes, mostly consisting of three bilaterally paired clusters of <a href="/wiki/Neuron" title="Neuron">neurons</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The brain is attached to a large <a href="/wiki/Ganglion" title="Ganglion">ganglion</a> below the esophagus, from which a double <a href="/wiki/Ventral_nervous_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Ventral nervous system">ventral nerve cord</a> runs the length of the body. The cord possesses one ganglion per segment, each of which produces lateral nerve fibres that run into the limbs. Many species possess a pair of <a href="/wiki/Ommatidium#rhabdomere" title="Ommatidium">rhabdomeric</a> pigment-cup eyes, and numerous sensory bristles are on the head and body.<sup id="cite_ref-Greven2007_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greven2007-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tardigrades all possess a buccopharyngeal apparatus (swallowing device made of muscles and spines that activates an inner jaw and begins digestion and movement along the throat and intestine<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) which, along with the claws, is used to differentiate species. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reproduction">Reproduction</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tardigrade&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Reproduction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TardigradeEggsInShedCuticle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/TardigradeEggsInShedCuticle.jpg/220px-TardigradeEggsInShedCuticle.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/TardigradeEggsInShedCuticle.jpg/330px-TardigradeEggsInShedCuticle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/TardigradeEggsInShedCuticle.jpg/440px-TardigradeEggsInShedCuticle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>Shed cuticle of female tardigrade, containing eggs</figcaption></figure> <p>Although some species are <a href="/wiki/Parthenogenesis" title="Parthenogenesis">parthenogenic</a>, both males and females are usually present, although females are frequently larger and more common. Both sexes have a single <a href="/wiki/Gonad" title="Gonad">gonad</a> located above the intestine. Two ducts run from the testes in males, opening through a single pore in front of the anus. In contrast, females have a single duct opening either just above the anus or directly into the rectum, which forms a <a href="/wiki/Cloaca" title="Cloaca">cloaca</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-IZ_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IZ-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tardigrades are <a href="/wiki/Oviparous" class="mw-redirect" title="Oviparous">oviparous</a>, and fertilization is usually external. Mating occurs during the molt with the eggs being laid inside the shed <a href="/wiki/Cuticle" title="Cuticle">cuticle</a> of the female and then covered with sperm. A few species have internal fertilization, with mating occurring before the female fully sheds her cuticle. In most cases, the eggs are left inside the shed cuticle to develop, but some species attach them to a nearby substrate.<sup id="cite_ref-IZ_27-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IZ-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The eggs hatch after no more than 14 days, with the young already possessing their full complement of adult <a href="/wiki/Cell_(biology)" title="Cell (biology)">cells</a>. Growth to adult size occurs by enlargement of the individual cells (<a href="/wiki/Hypertrophy" title="Hypertrophy">hypertrophy</a>), rather than by cell division. Tardigrades may molt up to 12 times.<sup id="cite_ref-IZ_27-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IZ-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tardigrades tend to court before mating. Courtship is an early step in mating and was first observed in tardigrades in 1895. Research shows that up to nine males aggregate around a female to mate.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ecology_and_life_history">Ecology and life history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tardigrade&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Ecology and life history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Tardigrade_in_real_time.ogv/220px--Tardigrade_in_real_time.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="165" data-durationhint="126" data-mwtitle="Tardigrade_in_real_time.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Tardigrade_in_real_time.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/9d/Tardigrade_in_real_time.ogv/Tardigrade_in_real_time.ogv.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9d/Tardigrade_in_real_time.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora"" data-width="800" data-height="600" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/9d/Tardigrade_in_real_time.ogv/Tardigrade_in_real_time.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/9d/Tardigrade_in_real_time.ogv/Tardigrade_in_real_time.ogv.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/9d/Tardigrade_in_real_time.ogv/Tardigrade_in_real_time.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>Video of tardigrade under the microscope</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_1" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BA%D0%B8%2C_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5_280%D1%85.webm/220px--%D0%A2%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BA%D0%B8%2C_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5_280%D1%85.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="165" data-durationhint="178" data-mwtitle="Тихоходки,_темное_поле_280х.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:%D0%A2%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BA%D0%B8,_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5_280%D1%85.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/79/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BA%D0%B8%2C_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5_280%D1%85.webm/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BA%D0%B8%2C_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5_280%D1%85.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/79/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BA%D0%B8%2C_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5_280%D1%85.webm/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BA%D0%B8%2C_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5_280%D1%85.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="960" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/79/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BA%D0%B8%2C_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5_280%D1%85.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9"" data-width="1440" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/79/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BA%D0%B8%2C_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5_280%D1%85.webm/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BA%D0%B8%2C_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5_280%D1%85.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1440" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/79/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BA%D0%B8%2C_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5_280%D1%85.webm/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BA%D0%B8%2C_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5_280%D1%85.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/79/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BA%D0%B8%2C_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5_280%D1%85.webm/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BA%D0%B8%2C_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5_280%D1%85.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/79/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BA%D0%B8%2C_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5_280%D1%85.webm/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BA%D0%B8%2C_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5_280%D1%85.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>Living tardigrades moving around</figcaption></figure> <p>Most tardigrades are <a href="/wiki/Phytophagous" class="mw-redirect" title="Phytophagous">phytophagous</a> (plant eaters) or <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/bacteriophagous" class="extiw" title="wikt:bacteriophagous">bacteriophagous</a> (bacteria eaters), but some are <a href="/wiki/Carnivore" title="Carnivore">carnivorous</a> to the extent that they eat smaller species of tardigrades (for example, <i><a href="/wiki/Milnesium_tardigradum" title="Milnesium tardigradum">Milnesium tardigradum</a></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, a few extant species, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Tetrakentron_synaptae" title="Tetrakentron synaptae">Tetrakentron synaptae</a></i>, alongside the undescribed Cambrian “Orsten” tardigrade, are parasitic.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tardigrades share morphological characteristics with many species that differ largely by class. Biologists have a difficult time finding verification among tardigrade species because of this relationship.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (May 2019)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> These animals are most closely related to the early evolution of <a href="/wiki/Arthropod" title="Arthropod">arthropods</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Brent_Nichols_2005_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brent_Nichols_2005-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tardigrade fossils go as far back as the <a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">Cretaceous</a> period in North America. Tardigrades are considered cosmopolitan and can be located in regions all over the world. The eggs and cysts of tardigrades are so durable that they can be carried great distances on the feet of other animals.<sup id="cite_ref-Nelson-CurrentStatus_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nelson-CurrentStatus-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tardigrades have survived all five recognized <a href="/wiki/Mass_extinction" class="mw-redirect" title="Mass extinction">mass extinctions</a> due to their plethora of survival characteristics, including the ability to survive conditions that would be fatal to almost all other animals (see the next section). </p><p>The lifespan of tardigrades ranges from three to four months for some species, up to two years for other species, not counting their time in dormant states.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Physiology">Physiology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tardigrade&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Physiology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hypsibiusdujardini.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Hypsibiusdujardini.jpg/220px-Hypsibiusdujardini.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Hypsibiusdujardini.jpg/330px-Hypsibiusdujardini.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Hypsibiusdujardini.jpg/440px-Hypsibiusdujardini.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="411" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Hypsibius_dujardini" title="Hypsibius dujardini">Hypsibius dujardini</a></i> imaged with a <a href="/wiki/Scanning_electron_microscope" title="Scanning electron microscope">scanning electron microscope</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tardigrade_(unknown_species).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Tardigrade_%28unknown_species%29.jpg/220px-Tardigrade_%28unknown_species%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Tardigrade_%28unknown_species%29.jpg/330px-Tardigrade_%28unknown_species%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Tardigrade_%28unknown_species%29.jpg/440px-Tardigrade_%28unknown_species%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="943" /></a><figcaption>Tardigrade (unknown species, ventral view) imaged using <a href="/wiki/Scanning_electron_microscope" title="Scanning electron microscope">scanning electron microscopy</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Scientists have reported tardigrades in <a href="/wiki/Hot_spring" title="Hot spring">hot springs</a>, in glacial <a href="/wiki/Cryoconite" title="Cryoconite">cryoconite</a> holes, on top of the <a href="/wiki/Himalayas" title="Himalayas">Himalayas</a><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (6,000 m; 20,000 ft, above sea level), and in the <a href="/wiki/Deep_sea" title="Deep sea">deep sea</a> (−4,000 m; −13,000 ft); from the <a href="/wiki/Polar_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Polar region">polar regions</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Equator" title="Equator">equator</a>, under layers of solid <a href="/wiki/Ice" title="Ice">ice</a>, and in ocean sediments. Many species can be found in milder environments such as lakes, ponds, and <a href="/wiki/Meadow" title="Meadow">meadows</a>, while others can be found in stone walls and roofs. Tardigrades are most common in moist environments but can stay active wherever they can retain at least some moisture. </p><p>Tardigrades are thought to be able to survive even complete global mass <a href="/wiki/Extinction_event" title="Extinction event">extinction events</a> caused by <a href="/wiki/Astrophysics" title="Astrophysics">astrophysical events</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Gamma-ray_bursts" class="mw-redirect" title="Gamma-ray bursts">gamma-ray bursts</a>, or large <a href="/wiki/Impact_event" title="Impact event">meteorite impacts</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-WP-20170714_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WP-20170714-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NAT-20170714_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NAT-20170714-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of them can withstand extremely cold temperatures down to 0.01 K (−460 °F; −273 °C) (close to <a href="/wiki/Absolute_zero" title="Absolute zero">absolute zero</a>), while others can withstand extremely hot temperatures up to 420 K (300 °F; 150 °C)<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for several minutes, pressures about six times greater than those found in the deepest ocean trenches, <a href="/wiki/Ionizing_radiation" title="Ionizing radiation">ionizing radiation</a> at doses hundreds of times higher than the lethal dose for a human, and the vacuum of outer space.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT-20150907_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-20150907-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tardigrades that live in harsh conditions undergo an annual process of <a href="/wiki/Cyclomorphosis" title="Cyclomorphosis">cyclomorphosis</a>, allowing for survival in subzero temperatures.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>They are not considered <a href="/wiki/Extremophilic" class="mw-redirect" title="Extremophilic">extremophilic</a> because they are not adapted to exploit these conditions, only to endure them. This means that their chances of dying increase the longer they are exposed to the extreme environments,<sup id="cite_ref-Bordenstein_10-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bordenstein-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> whereas true <a href="/wiki/Extremophile" title="Extremophile">extremophiles</a> thrive in a physically or <a href="/wiki/Geochemical" class="mw-redirect" title="Geochemical">geochemically</a> <a href="/wiki/Extreme_environment" title="Extreme environment">extreme environment</a> that would harm most other organisms.<sup id="cite_ref-WRD-20140321_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WRD-20140321-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tardigrades are one of the few groups of species that are capable of suspending their metabolism <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1033199720">.mw-parser-output div.crossreference{padding-left:0}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><span role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable crossreference">(see <a href="/wiki/Cryptobiosis" title="Cryptobiosis">Cryptobiosis</a>)</span>. While in this state, their metabolism lowers to less than 0.01% of normal and their water content can drop to 1% of normal,<sup id="cite_ref-NYT-20150907_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-20150907-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and they can go without food or water for more than 30 years, only to later rehydrate, forage, and reproduce.<sup id="cite_ref-WRD-20140321_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WRD-20140321-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Guidetti,_R._&_Jönsson,_K.I._2002_181–187_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guidetti,_R._&_Jönsson,_K.I._2002_181–187-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many species of tardigrade can survive in a dehydrated state up to five years, or longer in exceptional cases.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Depending on the environment, they may enter this state via <a href="/wiki/Anhydrobiosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Anhydrobiosis">anhydrobiosis</a>, allowing tardigrades, along with some other micro-metazoans (such as worms, rotifers, and crustaceans), protozoans and plants, the ability to survive in habitats that might otherwise be fatal. In addition to offering protection from desiccation and freezing under normal circumstances, anhydrobiosis also permits resistance to unnatural abiotic extremes such as subzero temperatures,<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Cryobiosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Cryobiosis">cryobiosis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Osmobiosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Osmobiosis">osmobiosis</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Anoxybiosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Anoxybiosis">anoxybiosis</a>. </p><p>Their ability to remain desiccated for such long periods of time was thought to be dependent on high levels of the nonreducing disaccharide <a href="/wiki/Trehalose" title="Trehalose">trehalose</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-hibshman_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hibshman-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which is commonly seen in other organisms that survive desiccation, and tardigrades have <a href="/wiki/Trehalase" title="Trehalase">trehalase</a> <a href="/wiki/Gene" title="Gene">genes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-kamilari_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kamilari-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, it has been seen that in both tardigrades and <a href="/wiki/Bdelloidea" title="Bdelloidea">bdelloid rotifers</a>, there is only a partial capability to synthesize trehalose in quantities that may contribute to desiccation tolerance.<sup id="cite_ref-hibshman_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hibshman-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In response to this finding, more research was done on how these animals survived such extreme conditions. It was found that <a href="/wiki/Intrinsically_disordered_proteins" title="Intrinsically disordered proteins">intrinsically disordered proteins</a> (IDPs) were highly expressed in response to desiccation in tardigrades. Additionally, three new IDPs were found to be specific to tardigrades and coined <a href="/wiki/Tardigrade_specific_proteins" title="Tardigrade specific proteins">tardigrade specific proteins</a> (TDPs). These TDPs may maintain the structure of membranes by associating with the polar heads of the <a href="/wiki/Lipid_bilayer" title="Lipid bilayer">phospholipids bilayers</a>, avoiding structural damage upon rehydration.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also, TDPs, being highly hydrophilic, are thought to be involved in a vitrification mechanism, where a glass-like matrix forms within cells to protect the cellular contents upon desiccation.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their <a href="/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a> is further protected from radiation by a protein called "<a href="/wiki/Dsup" title="Dsup">dsup</a>" (short for <i>damage suppressor</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hashimoto_et_al._2015_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hashimoto_et_al._2015-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this cryptobiotic state, the tardigrade is known as a "<b>tun</b>".<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mitochondria and muscle contraction due to mitochondria are essential for tardigrade to enter the "tun" state of anhydrobiosis.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid24391987_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid24391987-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tardigrades can survive in extreme environments that would kill almost any other animal.<sup id="cite_ref-kamilari_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kamilari-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Extremes at which tardigrades can survive include those of: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Temperature" title="Temperature">Temperature</a> – tardigrades can survive: <ul><li>A few minutes at 151 °C (304 °F)<sup id="cite_ref-survival_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-survival-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>30 years at −20 °C (−4 °F)<sup id="cite_ref-CB-201602_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CB-201602-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>A few days at −200 °C (−328 °F; 73 K)<sup id="cite_ref-survival_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-survival-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>A few minutes at −272 °C (−458 °F; 1 K)<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li></ul> <p>Research published in 2020 shows that tardigrades are sensitive to high temperatures. Researchers showed it takes 48 hours at 37.1 °C (98.8 °F) to kill half of active tardigrades that have not been acclimated to heat. Acclimation boosted the temperature needed to kill half of active tardigrades to 37.6 °C (99.7 °F). Tardigrades in the "tun" state fared a bit better, tolerating higher temperatures. It took heating to 82.7 °C (180.9 °F) to kill half of "tun"-state tardigrades within one hour. Longer exposure time decreased the temperature needed for lethality, though. For 24 hours of exposure, 63.1 °C (145.6 °F) was enough to kill half of the "tun"-state tardigrades.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2021 scientists reported they had cooled down a tardigrade of the species Ramazzottius varieornatus to 10 millikelvin above absolute zero, and put it under extremely low pressure of 0.000006 millibars. After 420 hours, the animal was brought back to life again.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pressure" title="Pressure">Pressure</a> – they can withstand the extremely low pressure of a <a href="/wiki/Vacuum" title="Vacuum">vacuum</a> and also very high pressures, more than 1,200 times <a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_pressure" title="Atmospheric pressure">atmospheric pressure</a>. Some species can also withstand pressures of 6,000 atmospheres, which is nearly six times the pressure of water in the deepest ocean trench, the <a href="/wiki/Mariana_Trench" title="Mariana Trench">Mariana Trench</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Seki98_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Seki98-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tardigrades can survive at altitudes of more than 19,600 feet (6,000 meters) and depths of more than 15,000 feet (4,600 m) below the surface.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_(mechanics)" title="Impact (mechanics)">Impacts</a> – tardigrades can survive impacts up to about 900 meters per second, and momentary shock pressures up to about 1.14 <a href="/wiki/Gigapascal" class="mw-redirect" title="Gigapascal">gigapascals</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Science-20210518_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Science-20210518-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehydration" title="Dehydration">Dehydration</a> – the longest that living tardigrades have been shown to survive in a dry state is nearly 10 years,<sup id="cite_ref-auto_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Guidetti,_R._&_Jönsson,_K.I._2002_181–187_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guidetti,_R._&_Jönsson,_K.I._2002_181–187-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although there is one report of leg movement, not generally considered "survival",<sup id="cite_ref-Jönsson,_K._Ingemar_&_R._Bertolani_2001_121–123_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jönsson,_K._Ingemar_&_R._Bertolani_2001_121–123-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in a 120-year-old specimen from dried moss.<sup id="cite_ref-Franceschi,_T._1948_47–49_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Franceschi,_T._1948_47–49-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When exposed to extremely low temperatures, their body composition goes from 85% water to only 3%. Because water expands upon freezing, dehydration ensures the tardigrades' tissues are not ruptured by the expansion of freezing ice.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiation" title="Radiation">Radiation</a> – tardigrades can withstand 1,000 times more radiation than other animals,<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> median lethal doses of 5,000 <a href="/wiki/Gray_(unit)" title="Gray (unit)">Gy</a> (of gamma rays) and 6,200 Gy (of heavy ions) in hydrated animals (5 to 10 Gy could be fatal to a human).<sup id="cite_ref-Horikawa_et_al._2006_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Horikawa_et_al._2006-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The only explanation found in earlier experiments for this ability was that their lowered water state provides fewer reactants for <a href="/wiki/Ionizing_radiation" title="Ionizing radiation">ionizing radiation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Horikawa_et_al._2006_77-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Horikawa_et_al._2006-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, subsequent research found that tardigrades, when hydrated, still remain highly resistant to shortwave <a href="/wiki/UV_radiation" class="mw-redirect" title="UV radiation">UV radiation</a> in comparison to other animals, and that one factor for this is their efficient ability to repair damage to their DNA resulting from that exposure.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <dl><dd>Irradiation of tardigrade eggs collected directly from a natural substrate (moss) showed a clear dose-related response, with a steep decline in hatchability at doses up to 4 kGy, above which no eggs hatched.<sup id="cite_ref-Jönsson_2013_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jönsson_2013-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The eggs were more tolerant to radiation late in development. No eggs irradiated at the early developmental stage hatched, and only one egg at middle stage hatched, while eggs irradiated in the late stage hatched at a rate indistinguishable from controls.<sup id="cite_ref-Jönsson_2013_79-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jönsson_2013-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Toxicant" title="Toxicant">Environmental toxins</a> – tardigrades are reported to undergo chemobiosis, a <a href="/wiki/Cryptobiosis" title="Cryptobiosis">cryptobiotic</a> response to high levels of environmental toxins. However, as of 2001, these laboratory results have yet to be verified.<sup id="cite_ref-Jönsson,_K._Ingemar_&_R._Bertolani_2001_121–123_73-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jönsson,_K._Ingemar_&_R._Bertolani_2001_121–123-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Franceschi,_T._1948_47–49_74-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Franceschi,_T._1948_47–49-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Survival_after_exposure_to_outer_space">Survival after exposure to outer space</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tardigrade&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Survival after exposure to outer space"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tardigrades are the first known animal to survive after exposure to outer space.<sup id="cite_ref-NS-20080908_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NS-20080908-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In September 2007, dehydrated tardigrades were taken into <a href="/wiki/Low_Earth_orbit" title="Low Earth orbit">low Earth orbit</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Foton-M" class="mw-redirect" title="Foton-M">FOTON-M3</a> mission carrying the <a href="/wiki/BIOPAN" title="BIOPAN">BIOPAN</a> astrobiology payload. For 10 days, groups of tardigrades, some of them previously dehydrated, some of them not, were exposed to the <a href="/wiki/Hard_vacuum" class="mw-redirect" title="Hard vacuum">hard vacuum</a> of outer space, or vacuum and solar <a href="/wiki/UV" class="mw-redirect" title="UV">UV</a> radiation.<sup id="cite_ref-low-earth-orbit_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-low-earth-orbit-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-WRD-20140321_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WRD-20140321-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Science-20080908_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Science-20080908-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MSNBC-20111222_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MSNBC-20111222-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Back on Earth, more than 68% of the subjects protected from solar UV radiation were reanimated within 30 minutes following rehydration; although subsequent mortality was high, many of these produced viable embryos.<sup id="cite_ref-low-earth-orbit_81-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-low-earth-orbit-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NS-20080908_80-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NS-20080908-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In contrast, hydrated samples exposed to the combined effect of vacuum and full solar UV radiation had significantly reduced survival, with only three subjects of <i><a href="/wiki/Milnesium_tardigradum" title="Milnesium tardigradum">Milnesium tardigradum</a></i> surviving.<sup id="cite_ref-low-earth-orbit_81-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-low-earth-orbit-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also, it was found that the space vacuum did not have a significant effect on egg-laying in either <i>R. coronifer</i> or <i>M. tardigradum</i>. However, <i>M. tardigradum</i> exposed to UV radiation had a lower egg laying rate.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In May 2011, Italian scientists sent tardigrades on board the International Space Station along with extremophiles on <a href="/wiki/STS-134" title="STS-134">STS-134</a>, the final flight of <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle" title="Space Shuttle">Space Shuttle</a></span> <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Endeavour" title="Space Shuttle Endeavour"><i>Endeavour</i></a>.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their conclusion was that microgravity and cosmic radiation "did not significantly affect survival of tardigrades in flight, and stated that tardigrades represent a useful animal for space research."<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In November 2011, they were among the organisms to be sent by the U.S.-based <a href="/wiki/Planetary_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Planetary Society">Planetary Society</a> on the Russian <a href="/wiki/Fobos-Grunt" title="Fobos-Grunt">Fobos-Grunt</a> mission's <a href="/wiki/Living_Interplanetary_Flight_Experiment" title="Living Interplanetary Flight Experiment">Living Interplanetary Flight Experiment</a> to <a href="/wiki/Phobos_(moon)" title="Phobos (moon)">Phobos</a>; however, the launch failed. In August 2019, scientists reported that a <a href="/wiki/Tardigrades_on_the_Moon" title="Tardigrades on the Moon">capsule containing tardigrades</a> in a <a href="/wiki/Cryptobiotic_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Cryptobiotic state">cryptobiotic state</a> may have survived for a while on the <a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">Moon</a> after the April 2019 crash landing of <i><a href="/wiki/Beresheet" title="Beresheet">Beresheet</a></i>, a failed Israeli <a href="/wiki/Lunar_lander" title="Lunar lander">lunar lander</a>, but in May 2021 it was reported that they were unlikely to have survived the impact.<sup id="cite_ref-WRD-20190805_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WRD-20190805-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-VOX-20190806_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VOX-20190806-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Science-20210518_72-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Science-20210518-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In recent years, there has also been increased speculation regarding tardigrades' ability to survive on Mars without any life support systems,<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but it would still "need stuff to eat" to survive.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Taxonomy">Taxonomy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tardigrade&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Taxonomy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_bilaterial_animal_orders" class="mw-redirect" title="List of bilaterial animal orders">List of bilaterial animal orders</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:184px;max-width:184px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:182px;max-width:182px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Echiniscus_sp.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Echiniscus_sp.jpg/180px-Echiniscus_sp.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Echiniscus_sp.jpg/270px-Echiniscus_sp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Echiniscus_sp.jpg/360px-Echiniscus_sp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="528" data-file-height="649" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Illustration of <i><a href="/wiki/Echiniscus" title="Echiniscus">Echiniscus</a></i> sp. from 1861</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:182px;max-width:182px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Echiniscus_testudo_Doyere_1840_Pl_12_Fig_1.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Echiniscus_testudo_Doyere_1840_Pl_12_Fig_1.png/180px-Echiniscus_testudo_Doyere_1840_Pl_12_Fig_1.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Echiniscus_testudo_Doyere_1840_Pl_12_Fig_1.png/270px-Echiniscus_testudo_Doyere_1840_Pl_12_Fig_1.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Echiniscus_testudo_Doyere_1840_Pl_12_Fig_1.png/360px-Echiniscus_testudo_Doyere_1840_Pl_12_Fig_1.png 2x" data-file-width="1924" data-file-height="2066" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Drawing of <i>Echiniscus testudo</i> on a grain of sand</div></div></div></div></div> <p>Scientists have conducted <a href="/wiki/Morphology_(biology)" title="Morphology (biology)">morphological</a> and molecular studies to understand how tardigrades relate to other lineages of ecdysozoan animals. Two plausible placements have been proposed: tardigrades are either most closely related to <a href="/wiki/Arthropoda" class="mw-redirect" title="Arthropoda">Arthropoda</a> and <a href="/wiki/Onychophora" title="Onychophora">Onychophora</a>, or to <a href="/wiki/Nematodes" class="mw-redirect" title="Nematodes">nematodes</a>. Evidence for the former is a common result of <a href="/wiki/Morphology_(biology)" title="Morphology (biology)">morphological studies</a>; evidence for the latter is found in genomic analysis.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="clade"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1258728058">body.skin-vector-2022 .mw-parser-output div.clade,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade{overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade p{font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade{border-spacing:0;margin:0;font-size:100%;line-height:100%;border-collapse:separate;width:auto}.mw-parser-output table.clade table.clade{width:100%;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label{min-width:0.2em;width:0.2em;padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:bottom;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label::before,.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel::before{content:"\2060 "}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width{overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.first{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel{padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:top;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.last{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar{vertical-align:middle;text-align:left;padding:0 0.5em;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar.reverse{text-align:right;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf{border:0;padding:0;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leafR{border:0;padding:0;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf.reverse{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkA{background-color:yellow}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkB{background-color:green}</style> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Panarthropoda" title="Panarthropoda">Panarthropoda</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><span class="nowrap"><b>Water bears</b> (<b>Tardigrada</b>)</span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:SEM_image_of_Milnesium_tardigradum_in_active_state_-_journal.pone.0045682.g001-2_(white_background).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/SEM_image_of_Milnesium_tardigradum_in_active_state_-_journal.pone.0045682.g001-2_%28white_background%29.png/60px-SEM_image_of_Milnesium_tardigradum_in_active_state_-_journal.pone.0045682.g001-2_%28white_background%29.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="52" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/SEM_image_of_Milnesium_tardigradum_in_active_state_-_journal.pone.0045682.g001-2_%28white_background%29.png/90px-SEM_image_of_Milnesium_tardigradum_in_active_state_-_journal.pone.0045682.g001-2_%28white_background%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/SEM_image_of_Milnesium_tardigradum_in_active_state_-_journal.pone.0045682.g001-2_%28white_background%29.png/120px-SEM_image_of_Milnesium_tardigradum_in_active_state_-_journal.pone.0045682.g001-2_%28white_background%29.png 2x" data-file-width="1379" data-file-height="1205" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Antennopoda" title="Antennopoda">Antennopoda</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>Velvet worms (<a href="/wiki/Onychophora" title="Onychophora">Onychophora</a>) <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Velvet_worm.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Velvet_worm.png/80px-Velvet_worm.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="38" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Velvet_worm.png/120px-Velvet_worm.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Velvet_worm.png/160px-Velvet_worm.png 2x" data-file-width="2799" data-file-height="1340" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>Arthropods (<a href="/wiki/Arthropoda" class="mw-redirect" title="Arthropoda">Arthropoda</a>) <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Aptostichus_simus_Monterey_County.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Aptostichus_simus_Monterey_County.jpg/70px-Aptostichus_simus_Monterey_County.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Aptostichus_simus_Monterey_County.jpg/105px-Aptostichus_simus_Monterey_County.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Aptostichus_simus_Monterey_County.jpg/140px-Aptostichus_simus_Monterey_County.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1512" data-file-height="1082" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p>The minute sizes of tardigrades and their membranous integuments make their <a href="/wiki/Fossil" title="Fossil">fossilization</a> both difficult to detect and highly unusual. The only known fossil specimens are those from mid-<a href="/wiki/Cambrian" title="Cambrian">Cambrian</a> deposits in <a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Orsten_fauna" class="mw-redirect" title="Orsten fauna">Orsten fauna</a>) and a few rare specimens from <a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">Cretaceous</a> and <a href="/wiki/Neogene" title="Neogene">Neogene</a> <a href="/wiki/Amber" title="Amber">amber</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EotI_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EotI-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mapalo2021_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mapalo2021-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Siberian tardigrade fossils differ from living tardigrades in several ways. They have three pairs of legs rather than four, they have a simplified head morphology, and they have no posterior head appendages, but they share with modern tardigrades their columnar cuticle construction.<sup id="cite_ref-Budd2001_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Budd2001-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scientists think they represent a stem group of living tardigrades.<sup id="cite_ref-EotI_95-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EotI-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Evolutionary_history">Evolutionary history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tardigrade&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Evolutionary history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:20210000_Luolishaniids_Luolishaniidae_Luolishaniida.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Schematic reconstruction of four luolishaniids, possibly the closest known fossil relatives of modern tardigrades"><img alt="Schematic reconstruction of four luolishaniids, possibly the closest known fossil relatives of modern tardigrades" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/20210000_Luolishaniids_Luolishaniidae_Luolishaniida.png/200px-20210000_Luolishaniids_Luolishaniidae_Luolishaniida.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/20210000_Luolishaniids_Luolishaniidae_Luolishaniida.png/300px-20210000_Luolishaniids_Luolishaniidae_Luolishaniida.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/20210000_Luolishaniids_Luolishaniidae_Luolishaniida.png/400px-20210000_Luolishaniids_Luolishaniidae_Luolishaniida.png 2x" data-file-width="1760" data-file-height="840" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Schematic reconstruction of four <a href="/wiki/Luolishaniidae" title="Luolishaniidae">luolishaniids</a>, possibly the closest known fossil relatives of modern tardigrades</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:OrstenTardigrade.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Reconstruction of the unnamed "Orsten" tardigrade, from the Cambrian Kuonamka Formation"><img alt="Reconstruction of the unnamed "Orsten" tardigrade, from the Cambrian Kuonamka Formation" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/OrstenTardigrade.jpg/200px-OrstenTardigrade.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/OrstenTardigrade.jpg/300px-OrstenTardigrade.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/OrstenTardigrade.jpg/400px-OrstenTardigrade.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3675" data-file-height="2200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Reconstruction of the unnamed "<a href="/wiki/Orsten" title="Orsten">Orsten</a>" tardigrade, from the Cambrian Kuonamka Formation</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fossil_Tardigrade_Dominican_Amber.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Reconstruction of Paradoryphoribius, a miocene tardigrade"><img alt="Reconstruction of Paradoryphoribius, a miocene tardigrade" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Fossil_Tardigrade_Dominican_Amber.png/200px-Fossil_Tardigrade_Dominican_Amber.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Fossil_Tardigrade_Dominican_Amber.png/300px-Fossil_Tardigrade_Dominican_Amber.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Fossil_Tardigrade_Dominican_Amber.png/400px-Fossil_Tardigrade_Dominican_Amber.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="344" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Reconstruction of <i><a href="/wiki/Paradoryphoribius" title="Paradoryphoribius">Paradoryphoribius</a></i>, a miocene tardigrade</div> </li> </ul> <p>There are multiple lines of evidence that tardigrades are secondarily miniaturized from a larger ancestor,<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> probably a <a href="/wiki/Lobopodian" class="mw-redirect" title="Lobopodian">lobopodian</a> and perhaps resembling <i><a href="/wiki/Aysheaia" title="Aysheaia">Aysheaia</a></i>, which many analyses place close to the divergence of the tardigrade lineage.<sup id="cite_ref-ArtRels_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ArtRels-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Smith2014_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith2014-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An alternative hypothesis derives <a href="/wiki/Tactopoda" title="Tactopoda">tactopoda</a> from a clade encompassing dinocaridids and <i><a href="/wiki/Opabinia" title="Opabinia">Opabinia</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Budd1996_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Budd1996-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2023 analysis concluded, on the basis of numerous morphological similarities, that <a href="/wiki/Luolishaniidae" title="Luolishaniidae">luolishaniids</a>, a group of Cambrian lobopodians, might be the closest known relatives of Tardigrada.<sup id="cite_ref-Kihm2023_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kihm2023-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The oldest remains of modern tardigrades are those of <i><a href="/wiki/Milnesium_swolenskyi" title="Milnesium swolenskyi">Milnesium swolenskyi</a>,</i> belonging to the living genus <i><a href="/wiki/Milnesium" title="Milnesium">Milnesium</a></i> known from a <a href="/wiki/Late_Cretaceous" title="Late Cretaceous">Late Cretaceous</a> (<a href="/wiki/Turonian" title="Turonian">Turonian</a>) aged specimen of <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey_amber" title="New Jersey amber">New Jersey amber</a>, around 90 million years old. Another fossil species, <i><a href="/wiki/Beorn_(tardigrade)" title="Beorn (tardigrade)">Beorn leggi</a></i>, is known from a Late <a href="/wiki/Campanian" title="Campanian">Campanian</a> (~72 million years old) specimen of Canadian amber, belonging to the family <a href="/wiki/Hypsibiidae" title="Hypsibiidae">Hypsibiidae</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The related hypsibioidean <i><a href="/wiki/Aerobius_dactylus" class="mw-redirect" title="Aerobius dactylus">Aerobius dactylus</a></i> was found in the same amber piece.<sup id="cite_ref-Aerobius_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aerobius-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The youngest known fossil tadigrade genus, <i><a href="/wiki/Paradoryphoribius" title="Paradoryphoribius">Paradoryphoribius</a></i>, was discovered in amber dated to about 16 <a href="/wiki/Million_years_ago" title="Million years ago">Ma</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Mapalo2021_96-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mapalo2021-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The enigmatic <a href="/wiki/Panarthropoda" title="Panarthropoda">panarthropod</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Sialomorpha" title="Sialomorpha">Sialomorpha</a></i> found in 30-million year old <a href="/wiki/Dominican_amber" title="Dominican amber">Dominican amber</a>, while not classifiable as a tardigrade, shows some apparent affinities.<sup id="cite_ref-Poinar2019_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Poinar2019-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-GIZMODO2019_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GIZMODO2019-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Genomes_and_genome_sequencing">Genomes and genome sequencing</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tardigrade&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Genomes and genome sequencing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tardigrade <a href="/wiki/Genome" title="Genome">genomes</a> vary in size, from about 75 to 800 mega<a href="/wiki/Base_pair" title="Base pair">base pairs</a> of DNA.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Hypsibius_exemplaris" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypsibius exemplaris">Hypsibius exemplaris</a></i> (formerly <i>Hypsibius dujardini</i>) has a compact genome of 100 megabase pairs<sup id="cite_ref-:0_94-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a generation time of about two weeks; it can be cultured indefinitely and cryopreserved.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The genome of <i>Ramazzottius varieornatus</i>, one of the most stress-tolerant species of tardigrades, was sequenced by a team of researchers from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Tokyo" title="University of Tokyo">University of Tokyo</a> in 2015. While previous research had claimed that around one-sixth of the genome had been acquired from other organisms,<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it is now known that less than 1.2% of its genes were the result of <a href="/wiki/Horizontal_gene_transfer" title="Horizontal gene transfer">horizontal gene transfer</a>. They also found evidence of a loss of gene pathways that are known to promote damage due to stress. This study also found a high expression of novel tardigrade-unique proteins, including <a href="/wiki/Dsup" title="Dsup">Damage suppressor (Dsup)</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-NYT-20240412_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-20240412-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which was shown to protect against DNA damage from <a href="/wiki/X-ray" title="X-ray">X-ray</a> radiation. The same team applied the Dsup protein to human cultured cells and found that it suppressed X-ray damage to the human cells by around 40%.<sup id="cite_ref-Hashimoto_et_al._2015_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hashimoto_et_al._2015-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the exact mechanism of DNA protection is largely unknown, the results from an August 2020 study suggest that strong electrostatic attractions along with high protein flexibility help form a molecular aggregate, which allows Dsup to shield DNA.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Dsup" title="Dsup">Dsup</a> proteins of tardigrades <i>Ramazzottius varieornatus</i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Hypsibius_exemplaris" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypsibius exemplaris">Hypsibius exemplaris</a></i> promote survival by binding to <a href="/wiki/Nucleosome" title="Nucleosome">nucleosomes</a> and protecting <a href="/wiki/Chromosome" title="Chromosome">chromosomal</a> <a href="/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a> from <a href="/wiki/Hydroxyl_radical" title="Hydroxyl radical">hydroxyl radicals</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Dsup protein of <i>R. varieornatus</i> also confers resistance to <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet#Subtypes" title="Ultraviolet">ultraviolet-C</a> by upregulating <a href="/wiki/DNA_repair" title="DNA repair">DNA repair</a> genes that protect the genomic DNA from the damages introduced by UV irradiation.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ecological_importance">Ecological importance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tardigrade&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Ecological importance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many organisms that live in aquatic environments feed on species such as nematodes, tardigrades, bacteria, algae, mites, and <a href="/wiki/Collembolan" class="mw-redirect" title="Collembolan">collembolans</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tardigrades work as <a href="/wiki/Pioneer_species" title="Pioneer species">pioneer species</a> by inhabiting new developing environments. This movement attracts other invertebrates to populate that space, while also attracting predators.<sup id="cite_ref-Brent_Nichols_2005_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brent_Nichols_2005-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They contribute to ecosystems by being predators of plant parasitic nematodes, which helps decrease biomass within the soil. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tardigrade&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: In popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The short-story "Bathybia" by <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Mawson" title="Douglas Mawson">Douglas Mawson</a>, published in the book <i><a href="/wiki/Aurora_Australis_(book)" title="Aurora Australis (book)">Aurora Australis</a></i> in 1909, deals with an expedition to the South Pole where the team encounters giant mushrooms and arthropods, and a four-foot-long tardigrade waking from hibernation; this scares the narrator from his sleep, and he realizes it was all a dream.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>When the characters in the <a href="/wiki/Marvel_Cinematic_Universe" title="Marvel Cinematic Universe">superhero films</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Ant-Man_(film)" title="Ant-Man (film)">Ant-Man</a></i> (2015) and <i><a href="/wiki/Ant-Man_and_the_Wasp" title="Ant-Man and the Wasp">Ant-Man and the Wasp</a></i> (2018) shrink themselves to enter the "<a href="/wiki/Quantum_Realm" class="mw-redirect" title="Quantum Realm">Quantum Realm</a>", they encounter tardigrades.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In the 2015 sci-fi horror film <i><a href="/wiki/Harbinger_Down" title="Harbinger Down">Harbinger Down</a></i>, the characters have to deal with deadly mutated tardigrades.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The second arc of the comic book <i><a href="/wiki/Paper_Girls" title="Paper Girls">Paper Girls</a></i> (2015) features a pair of tardigrades that have been enlarged to a massive size as a side effect of time travel.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Musician <a href="/wiki/Cosmo_Sheldrake" title="Cosmo Sheldrake">Cosmo Sheldrake</a> imagines himself a tardigrade in his 2015 "Tardigrade Song".<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In <i><a href="/wiki/Star_Trek:_Discovery" title="Star Trek: Discovery">Star Trek: Discovery</a></i> (2017), the alien "Ripper" creature who is used to "navigate" through a galactic <a href="/wiki/Mycelium" title="Mycelium">mycelium</a> network and instantly move the ship from one location in the galaxy to another is referred to as a "giant space tardigrade" and said to be a cousin of the tardigrade.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The 2017 <i><a href="/wiki/South_Park" title="South Park">South Park</a></i> episode "<a href="/wiki/Moss_Piglets_(South_Park)" title="Moss Piglets (South Park)">Moss Piglets</a>" involves a science experiment in which tardigrades learn to dance to the music of <a href="/wiki/Taylor_Swift" title="Taylor Swift">Taylor Swift</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The 2018 <i><a href="/wiki/Family_Guy" title="Family Guy">Family Guy</a></i> episode "<a href="/wiki/Big_Trouble_in_Little_Quahog" class="mw-redirect" title="Big Trouble in Little Quahog">Big Trouble in Little Quahog</a>" features <a href="/wiki/Stewie_Griffin" title="Stewie Griffin">Stewie</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brian_Griffin" title="Brian Griffin">Brian</a> being shrunk to a microscopic level, during which they meet a group of friendly tardigrades or "water bears" who help them.<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The plot in the 2021 <i><a href="/wiki/Sam_%26_Max#Video_games" title="Sam & Max">Sam & Max: This Time It's Virtual</a></i> video game includes an abandoned tardigrade amusement park, "Cap'N Aquabear's Funtime Park".<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In the animated children’s show, <a href="/wiki/The_Cat_in_the_Hat_Knows_a_Lot_About_That!" title="The Cat in the Hat Knows a Lot About That!">The Cat in the Hat Knows a Lot About That!</a>, the episode “Tough Enough” featured a tardigrade named Wally.</li> <li>In the animated <a href="/wiki/Sci-fi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sci-fi">sci-fi</a> series <a href="/wiki/WondLa" class="mw-redirect" title="WondLa">WondLa</a>, one of the main characters is a giant tardigrade named Otto.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Scooby-Doo_and_Guess_Who%3F" title="Scooby-Doo and Guess Who?">Scooby-Doo and Guess Who?</a>, the episode “Space Station Scooby” featured the titular villains disguising as a genetically altered monster tardigrade.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tardigrade&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tardigrades_of_South_Africa" title="List of tardigrades of South Africa">List of tardigrades of South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_microorganisms_tested_in_outer_space" title="List of microorganisms tested in outer space">List of microorganisms tested in outer space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Living_Interplanetary_Flight_Experiment" title="Living Interplanetary Flight Experiment">Living Interplanetary Flight Experiment</a>, study of selected microorganisms in outer space</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panspermia" title="Panspermia">Panspermia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tardigrade_specific_proteins" title="Tardigrade specific proteins">Tardigrade specific proteins</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tardigrade&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 September</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Forbes&rft.atitle=New+%27Star+Trek%27+Series+Makes+Massive+Science+Blunder&rft.aulast=Salzberg&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2Fsites%2Fstevensalzberg%2F2017%2F10%2F30%2Fnew-star-trek-series-makes-massive-science-blunder%2F%2347c2d5631b37&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATardigrade" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlacido" class="citation web cs1">Placido, Dani Di. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/danidiplacido/2017/11/16/south-park-review-cartman-creates-a-monster-in-moss-piglets/#4bec978e3dca">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'South Park' Review: Cartman Creates A Monster In 'Moss Piglets'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Forbes" title="Forbes">Forbes</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Forbes&rft.atitle=%27South+Park%27+Review%3A+Cartman+Creates+A+Monster+In+%27Moss+Piglets%27&rft.aulast=Placido&rft.aufirst=Dani+Di&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2Fsites%2Fdanidiplacido%2F2017%2F11%2F16%2Fsouth-park-review-cartman-creates-a-monster-in-moss-piglets%2F%234bec978e3dca&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATardigrade" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibtimes.com.au/south-park-season-21-episode-8-live-stream-moss-piglets-1561712">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'South Park' season 21 episode 8 live stream: 'Moss Piglets'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. 15 November 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%27South+Park%27+season+21+episode+8+live+stream%3A+%27Moss+Piglets%27&rft.date=2017-11-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibtimes.com.au%2Fsouth-park-season-21-episode-8-live-stream-moss-piglets-1561712&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATardigrade" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNicole_Yang2018" class="citation web cs1">Nicole Yang (22 October 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.boston.com/sports/boston-celtics/2018/10/22/kyrie-irving-family-guy">"Kyrie Irving got a credit in the most recent episode of 'Family Guy'. Meet "Vernon The Water Bear."<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. Boston Globe Media Partners, LLC<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 October</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kyrie+Irving+got+a+credit+in+the+most+recent+episode+of+%27Family+Guy%27.+Meet+%22Vernon+The+Water+Bear.%22&rft.pub=Boston+Globe+Media+Partners%2C+LLC&rft.date=2018-10-22&rft.au=Nicole+Yang&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.boston.com%2Fsports%2Fboston-celtics%2F2018%2F10%2F22%2Fkyrie-irving-family-guy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATardigrade" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarcus_Stewart2021" class="citation magazine cs1">Marcus Stewart (21 March 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210331121803/https://www.gameinformer.com/exclusive/2021/03/31/how-sam-max-this-time-its-virtual-brings-the-comedic-crime-fighting-duo-to-vr">"How Sam & Max: This Time It's Virtual! Brings The Comedic Crime-Fighting Duo To VR"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Game_Informer" title="Game Informer">Game Informer</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gameinformer.com/exclusive/2021/03/31/how-sam-max-this-time-its-virtual-brings-the-comedic-crime-fighting-duo-to-vr">the original</a> on March 31, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Game+Informer&rft.atitle=How+Sam+%26+Max%3A+This+Time+It%27s+Virtual%21+Brings+The+Comedic+Crime-Fighting+Duo+To+VR&rft.date=2021-03-21&rft.au=Marcus+Stewart&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gameinformer.com%2Fexclusive%2F2021%2F03%2F31%2Fhow-sam-max-this-time-its-virtual-brings-the-comedic-crime-fighting-duo-to-vr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATardigrade" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tardigrade&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output 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width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Tardigrada" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Tardigrada">Tardigrada</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tardigrada.net/">Tardigrada Register</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150320234913/http://www.tardigrada.net/">Archived</a> 2015-03-20 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap130306.html">NASA Astronomy Picture of the Day: Tardigrade in Moss (6 March 2013)</a></li></ul> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output 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portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Drinking_water.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Drinking_water.jpg/12px-Drinking_water.jpg" decoding="async" width="12" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Drinking_water.jpg/19px-Drinking_water.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Drinking_water.jpg/25px-Drinking_water.jpg 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="450" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Water" title="Portal:Water">Water</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Issoria_lathonia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Issoria_lathonia.jpg/21px-Issoria_lathonia.jpg" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Issoria_lathonia.jpg/32px-Issoria_lathonia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Issoria_lathonia.jpg/42px-Issoria_lathonia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="629" data-file-height="445" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Biology" title="Portal:Biology">Biology</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/SF_From_Marin_Highlands3.jpg/21px-SF_From_Marin_Highlands3.jpg" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/SF_From_Marin_Highlands3.jpg/32px-SF_From_Marin_Highlands3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/SF_From_Marin_Highlands3.jpg/42px-SF_From_Marin_Highlands3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2672" data-file-height="1885" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:San_Francisco_Bay_Area" title="Portal:San Francisco Bay Area">San Francisco Bay Area</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cercophonius_squama.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Cercophonius_squama.jpg/21px-Cercophonius_squama.jpg" decoding="async" width="21" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Cercophonius_squama.jpg/32px-Cercophonius_squama.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Cercophonius_squama.jpg/42px-Cercophonius_squama.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1974" data-file-height="1606" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Arthropods" title="Portal:Arthropods">Arthropods</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/19px-Terra.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/29px-Terra.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/38px-Terra.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Geography" title="Portal:Geography">Geography</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Allosaurus_Jardin_des_Plantes.png/19px-Allosaurus_Jardin_des_Plantes.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Allosaurus_Jardin_des_Plantes.png/29px-Allosaurus_Jardin_des_Plantes.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Allosaurus_Jardin_des_Plantes.png/38px-Allosaurus_Jardin_des_Plantes.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Paleontology" title="Portal:Paleontology">Paleontology</a></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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.navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Animalia" title="Template:Animalia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Animalia" title="Template talk:Animalia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Animalia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Animalia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Extant_animal_phyla" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Extant <a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">animal</a> <a href="/wiki/Phylum" title="Phylum">phyla</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:rgb(235,235,210)"><div><div class="hlist"> <dl><dt><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Domain_(biology)" title="Domain (biology)">Domain</a></span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Archaea_classification" title="Template:Archaea classification">Archaea</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Bacteria_classification" title="Template:Bacteria classification">Bacteria</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Eukaryota" title="Template:Eukaryota">Eukaryota</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">(major groups</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Excavata" title="Template:Excavata">Excavata</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Diaphoretickes" title="Diaphoretickes">Diaphoretickes</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Hacrobia" title="Template:Hacrobia">Hacrobia</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Cryptista" title="Template:Cryptista">Cryptista</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Rhizaria" title="Template:Rhizaria">Rhizaria</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Alveolata" title="Template:Alveolata">Alveolata</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Stramenopile" title="Template:Stramenopile">Stramenopiles</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Plant_classification" title="Template:Plant classification">Plants</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Amorphea" title="Amorphea">Amorphea</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Amoebozoa" title="Template:Amoebozoa">Amoebozoa</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Opisthokont_protists" title="Template:Opisthokont protists">Opisthokonta</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Animalia" title="Template:Animalia">Animals</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Fungi_classification" title="Template:Fungi classification">Fungi</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Mesomycetozoea" title="Template:Mesomycetozoea">Mesomycetozoea</a>)</dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl> </div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Animalia" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:rgb(245,245,232);width:1%;background:rgb(235,235,210)"><span style="margin: -25px; display: inline-block; -webkit-transform: rotate(270deg); -moz-transform: rotate(270deg); -ms-transform: rotate(270deg); -o-transform: rotate(270deg); transform: rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sponge" title="Sponge"><b>Porifera (sponges)</b></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ctenophora" title="Ctenophora">Ctenophora (comb jellies)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/ParaHoxozoa" title="ParaHoxozoa">ParaHoxozoa</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Planulozoa" title="Planulozoa">Planulozoa</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Placozoa" title="Placozoa">Placozoa (<i>Trichoplax</i> and relatives)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cnidaria" title="Cnidaria"><b>Cnidaria (jellyfish and relatives)</b></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Bilateria" title="Bilateria">Bilateria</a> (Triploblasts)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>(see below↓)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:rgb(245,245,232)"><div> <dl><dt><span class="nobold">The <a href="/wiki/Phylogenetic_tree" title="Phylogenetic tree">phylogeny</a> of the animal root <a href="/wiki/Animal#Internal_phylogeny" title="Animal">is disputed</a>; see also</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Eumetazoa" title="Eumetazoa">Eumetazoa</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Benthozoa" title="Benthozoa">Benthozoa</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:rgb(235,235,210)"><div id="Bilateria" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Bilateria" title="Bilateria">Bilateria</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Bilateria" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:rgb(245,245,232);width:1%;background:rgb(235,235,210)"><span style="margin: -24px; display: inline-block; -webkit-transform: rotate(270deg); -moz-transform: rotate(270deg); -ms-transform: rotate(270deg); -o-transform: rotate(270deg); transform: rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Bilateria" title="Bilateria">Bilateria</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xenacoelomorpha" title="Xenacoelomorpha">Xenacoelomorpha (acoels and relatives)</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Chordate" title="Chordate">Chordata (chordates)</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Ambulacraria" title="Ambulacraria">Ambulacraria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Echinoderm" title="Echinoderm"><b>Echinodermata (starfish and relatives)</b></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemichordate" title="Hemichordate">Hemichordata (acorn worms and relatives)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Protostomia" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(235,235,210)"><span style="margin: -35px; display: inline-block; -webkit-transform: rotate(270deg); -moz-transform: rotate(270deg); -ms-transform: rotate(270deg); -o-transform: rotate(270deg); transform: rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Protostome" title="Protostome">Protostomia</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(235,235,210)"><span style="margin: -30px; display: inline-block; -webkit-transform: rotate(270deg); -moz-transform: rotate(270deg); -ms-transform: rotate(270deg); -o-transform: rotate(270deg); transform: rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Ecdysozoa" title="Ecdysozoa">Ecdysozoa</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Scalidophora" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Scalidophora" title="Scalidophora">Scalidophora</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kinorhyncha" title="Kinorhyncha">Kinorhyncha (mud dragons)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priapulida" title="Priapulida">Priapulida (penis worms)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(235,235,210)">N+L+P</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Nematoida" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Nematoida" title="Nematoida">Nematoida</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nematode" title="Nematode"><b>Nematoda (roundworms)</b></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nematomorpha" title="Nematomorpha">Nematomorpha (horsehair worms)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="L+P" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(235,235,210)">L+P</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Loricifera" title="Loricifera">Loricifera (corset animals)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Panarthropoda" title="Panarthropoda">Panarthropoda</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Onychophora" title="Onychophora">Onychophora (velvet worms)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthropod" title="Arthropod"><b>Arthropoda (arthropods)</b></a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><b>Tardigrada (waterbears)</b></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(235,235,210)"><span style="margin: -20px; display: inline-block; -webkit-transform: rotate(270deg); -moz-transform: rotate(270deg); -ms-transform: rotate(270deg); -o-transform: rotate(270deg); transform: rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Spiralia" title="Spiralia">Spiralia</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Gnathifera" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Gnathifera_(Spiralia)" title="Gnathifera (Spiralia)">Gnathifera</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chaetognatha" title="Chaetognatha">Chaetognatha (arrow worms)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnathostomulid" title="Gnathostomulid">Gnathostomulida (jaw worms)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(235,235,210)">M+S</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Limnognathia" title="Limnognathia">Micrognathozoa <i>(Limnognathia)</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syndermata" title="Syndermata">Syndermata</a> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Rotifer" title="Rotifer">Rotifera (wheel animals)</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Acanthocephala" title="Acanthocephala">Acanthocephala (thorny-headed worms)</a></b></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(235,235,210)"><span style="margin: -41px; display: inline-block; -webkit-transform: rotate(270deg); -moz-transform: rotate(270deg); -ms-transform: rotate(270deg); -o-transform: rotate(270deg); transform: rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Platytrochozoa" title="Platytrochozoa">Platytrochozoa</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="R+M" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(235,235,210)">R+M</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Rouphozoa" class="mw-redirect" title="Rouphozoa">Rouphozoa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flatworm" title="Flatworm"><b>Platyhelminthes (flatworms)</b></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gastrotrich" title="Gastrotrich">Gastrotricha (hairybacks)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Mesozoa" title="Mesozoa">Mesozoa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orthonectida" title="Orthonectida">Orthonectida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dicyemida" title="Dicyemida">Dicyemida or Rhombozoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salinella" title="Salinella">Monoblastozoa (<i>Salinella</i>)</a>†</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(235,235,210)"><span style="margin: -44px; display: inline-block; -webkit-transform: rotate(270deg); -moz-transform: rotate(270deg); -ms-transform: rotate(270deg); -o-transform: rotate(270deg); transform: rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Lophotrochozoa" title="Lophotrochozoa">Lophotrochozoa</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Symbion" title="Symbion">Cycliophora (<i>Symbion</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annelid" title="Annelid"><b>Annelida (segmented worms)</b></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(235,235,210)">M+K</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mollusca" title="Mollusca"><b>Mollusca (molluscs)</b></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Kryptotrochozoa" title="Kryptotrochozoa">Kryptotrochozoa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nemertea" title="Nemertea"><b>Nemertea (ribbon worms)</b></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Lophophorata" title="Lophophorata">Lophophorata</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Bryozoa" title="Bryozoa">Bryozoa s.l.</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Entoprocta" title="Entoprocta">Entoprocta or Kamptozoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bryozoa" title="Bryozoa"><b>Ectoprocta (moss animals)</b></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Brachiozoa" title="Brachiozoa">Brachiozoa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brachiopod" title="Brachiopod">Brachiopoda (lamp shells)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoronid" title="Phoronid">Phoronida (horseshoe worms)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:rgb(245,245,232)"><div> <dl><dt><span class="nobold">The <a href="/wiki/Phylogenetic_tree" title="Phylogenetic tree">phylogeny</a> of Bilateria <a href="/wiki/Bilateria#Phylogeny" title="Bilateria">is disputed</a>; see also</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Nephrozoa" title="Nephrozoa">Nephrozoa</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Deuterostome" title="Deuterostome">Deuterostomia</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Xenambulacraria" title="Xenambulacraria">Xenambulacraria</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Centroneuralia" title="Centroneuralia">Centroneuralia</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><hr /></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Major_groupswithin_phyla" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #f0f0f0;">Major groups<br />within phyla</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Sponge" title="Sponge">Sponges</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demosponge" title="Demosponge">Demosponges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hexactinellid" title="Hexactinellid">Glass sponges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcareous_sponge" title="Calcareous sponge">Calcareous sponges</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Cnidaria" title="Cnidaria">Cnidarians</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthozoa" title="Anthozoa">Anthozoans inc. corals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medusozoa" title="Medusozoa">Medusozoans inc. jellyfish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myxozoa" title="Myxozoa">Myxozoans</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Chordate" title="Chordate">Chordates</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cephalochordate" class="mw-redirect" title="Cephalochordate">Lancelets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunicate" title="Tunicate">Tunicates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertebrate" title="Vertebrate">Vertebrates</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Echinoderm" title="Echinoderm">Echinoderms</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crinozoa" title="Crinozoa">Sea lilies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asterozoa" title="Asterozoa">Asterozoans inc. starfish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Echinozoa" title="Echinozoa">Echinozoans inc. sea urchins</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Hemichordate" title="Hemichordate">Hemichordates</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acorn_worm" title="Acorn worm">Acorn worms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pterobranchia" title="Pterobranchia">Pterobranchs</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Nematode" title="Nematode">Nematodes</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chromadorea" title="Chromadorea">Chromadorea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enoplea" title="Enoplea">Enoplea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secernentea" title="Secernentea">Secernentea</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Arthropod" title="Arthropod">Arthropods</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chelicerata" title="Chelicerata">Chelicerates inc. arachnids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myriapoda" title="Myriapoda">Myriapods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crustacean" title="Crustacean">Crustaceans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hexapoda" title="Hexapoda">Hexapods inc. insects</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Flatworm" title="Flatworm">Platyhelminths</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turbellaria" title="Turbellaria">Turbellaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trematoda" title="Trematoda">Trematoda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monogenea" title="Monogenea">Monogenea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cestoda" title="Cestoda">Cestoda</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Bryozoa" title="Bryozoa">Ectoproctans</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phylactolaemata" title="Phylactolaemata">Phylactolaemata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stenolaemata" title="Stenolaemata">Stenolaemata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gymnolaemata" title="Gymnolaemata">Gymnolaemata</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Annelid" title="Annelid">Annelids</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polychaete" title="Polychaete">Polychaetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clitellata" title="Clitellata">Clitellata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sipuncula" title="Sipuncula">Sipuncula</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Mollusca" title="Mollusca">Molluscs</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gastropoda" title="Gastropoda">Gastropods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cephalopod" title="Cephalopod">Cephalopods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bivalvia" title="Bivalvia">Bivalves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiton" title="Chiton">Chitons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tusk_shell" title="Tusk shell">Tusk shells</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:rgb(235,235,210)"><div> <dl><dd>Phyla with ≥1000 extant species <b>bolded</b></dd> <dd>Potentially <a href="/wiki/Dubious_species" class="mw-redirect" title="Dubious species">dubious phyla</a> †</dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Extremophiles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Extremophiles" title="Template:Extremophiles"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Extremophiles" title="Template talk:Extremophiles"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Extremophiles" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Extremophiles"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Extremophiles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Extremophile" title="Extremophile">Extremophiles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;line-height:1.2em;">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acidophile" title="Acidophile">Acidophile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alkaliphile" title="Alkaliphile">Alkaliphile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capnophile" title="Capnophile">Capnophile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endolith" title="Endolith">Endolith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halophile" title="Halophile">Halophile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypolith" title="Hypolith">Hypolith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lipophilic_bacteria" title="Lipophilic bacteria">Lipophile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithoautotroph" title="Lithoautotroph">Lithoautotroph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithophile" title="Lithophile">Lithophile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methanogen" title="Methanogen">Methanogen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metallotolerant" title="Metallotolerant">Metallotolerant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oligotroph" title="Oligotroph">Oligotroph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osmophile" title="Osmophile">Osmophile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piezophile" title="Piezophile">Piezophile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyextremophile" class="mw-redirect" title="Polyextremophile">Polyextremophile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psammophile" title="Psammophile">Psammophile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychrophile" title="Psychrophile">Psychrophile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radioresistance" title="Radioresistance">Radioresistant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermophile" title="Thermophile">Thermophile</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hyperthermophile" title="Hyperthermophile">Hyperthermophile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermoacidophile" title="Thermoacidophile">Thermoacidophile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xerophile" title="Xerophile">Xerophile</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;line-height:1.2em;">Notable<br />extremophiles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">Bacteria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Chloroflexus_aurantiacus" title="Chloroflexus aurantiacus">Chloroflexus aurantiacus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Deinococcus_radiodurans" title="Deinococcus radiodurans">Deinococcus radiodurans</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deinococcota" title="Deinococcota">Deinococcota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snottite" title="Snottite">Snottite</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thermus_aquaticus" title="Thermus aquaticus">Thermus aquaticus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thermus_thermophilus" title="Thermus thermophilus">Thermus thermophilus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Spirochaeta_americana" title="Spirochaeta americana">Spirochaeta americana</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GFAJ-1" title="GFAJ-1">GFAJ-1</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Archaea" title="Archaea">Archaea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Pyrococcus_furiosus" title="Pyrococcus furiosus">Pyrococcus furiosus</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strain_121" title="Strain 121">Strain 121</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pyrolobus_fumarii" title="Pyrolobus fumarii">Pyrolobus fumarii</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thermococcus_gammatolerans" title="Thermococcus gammatolerans">Thermococcus gammatolerans</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eukaryota" class="mw-redirect" title="Eukaryota">Eukaryota</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Cyanidioschyzon_merolae" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyanidioschyzon merolae">Cyanidioschyzon merolae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Galdieria_sulphuraria" title="Galdieria sulphuraria">Galdieria sulphuraria</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Paralvinella_sulfincola" title="Paralvinella sulfincola">Paralvinella sulfincola</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Halicephalobus_mephisto" title="Halicephalobus mephisto">Halicephalobus mephisto</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alvinella_pompejana" title="Alvinella pompejana">Pompeii worm</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;line-height:1.2em;">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abiogenic_petroleum_origin" title="Abiogenic petroleum origin">Abiogenic petroleum origin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acidithiobacillales" title="Acidithiobacillales">Acidithiobacillales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acidobacteriota" title="Acidobacteriota">Acidobacteriota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acidophiles_in_acid_mine_drainage" title="Acidophiles in acid mine drainage">Acidophiles in acid mine drainage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeoglobaceae" title="Archaeoglobaceae">Archaeoglobaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berkeley_Pit" title="Berkeley Pit">Berkeley Pit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_Falls" title="Blood Falls">Blood Falls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermoproteota" title="Thermoproteota">Thermoproteota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grylloblattidae" title="Grylloblattidae">Grylloblattidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halobacteria" class="mw-redirect" title="Halobacteria">Halobacteria</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Halobacterium" title="Halobacterium">Halobacterium</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Helaeomyia_petrolei" title="Helaeomyia petrolei">Helaeomyia petrolei</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrothermal_vent" title="Hydrothermal vent">Hydrothermal vent</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Methanopyrus" title="Methanopyrus">Methanopyrus</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movile_Cave" title="Movile Cave">Movile Cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiotrophic_fungus" title="Radiotrophic fungus">Radiotrophic fungus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rio_Tinto_(river)" title="Rio Tinto (river)">Rio Tinto</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tardigrade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taq_polymerase" title="Taq polymerase"><i>Taq</i> polymerase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermostability" title="Thermostability">Thermostability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermotogota" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermotogota">Thermotogota</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Extant_life_phyla/divisions_by_domain" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Life_on_Earth" title="Template:Life on Earth"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Life_on_Earth" title="Template talk:Life on Earth"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Life_on_Earth" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Life on Earth"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Extant_life_phyla/divisions_by_domain" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Extant <a href="/wiki/Life" title="Life">life</a> phyla/divisions by domain</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Bacteria" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">Bacteria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acidobacteriota" title="Acidobacteriota">Acidobacteriota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Actinomycetota" title="Actinomycetota">Actinomycetota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquificota" title="Aquificota">Aquificota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armatimonadota" title="Armatimonadota">Armatimonadota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atribacterota" title="Atribacterota">Atribacterota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bacillota" title="Bacillota">Bacillota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bacteroidota" title="Bacteroidota">Bacteroidota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balneolota" class="mw-redirect" title="Balneolota">Balneolota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bdellovibrionota" title="Bdellovibrionota">Bdellovibrionota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caldisericota" class="mw-redirect" title="Caldisericota">Caldisericota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calditrichota" class="mw-redirect" title="Calditrichota">Calditrichota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campylobacterota" title="Campylobacterota">Campylobacterota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlamydiota" title="Chlamydiota">Chlamydiota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_sulfur_bacteria" title="Green sulfur bacteria">Chlorobiota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chloroflexota" title="Chloroflexota">Chloroflexota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chrysiogenota" class="mw-redirect" title="Chrysiogenota">Chrysiogenota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coprothermobacterota" title="Coprothermobacterota">Coprothermobacterota</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Cyanobacteria" title="Cyanobacteria">Cyanobacteria</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deferribacteraceae" title="Deferribacteraceae">Deferribacterota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deinococcota" title="Deinococcota">Deinococcota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dictyoglomus_thermophilum" title="Dictyoglomus thermophilum">Dictyoglomota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elusimicrobiota" title="Elusimicrobiota">Elusimicrobiota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fibrobacterota" title="Fibrobacterota">Fibrobacterota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fusobacteriota" title="Fusobacteriota">Fusobacteriota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemmatimonadota" title="Gemmatimonadota">Gemmatimonadota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignavibacteriota" class="mw-redirect" title="Ignavibacteriota">Ignavibacteriota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiritimatiellota" title="Kiritimatiellota">Kiritimatiellota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lentisphaerota" title="Lentisphaerota">Lentisphaerota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycoplasmatota" title="Mycoplasmatota">Mycoplasmatota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myxococcota" title="Myxococcota">Myxococcota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrospinota" title="Nitrospinota">Nitrospinota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrospirota" title="Nitrospirota">Nitrospirota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planctomycetota" title="Planctomycetota">Planctomycetota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudomonadota" title="Pseudomonadota">Pseudomonadota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhodothermota" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhodothermota">Rhodothermota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirochaetota" class="mw-redirect" title="Spirochaetota">Spirochaetota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synergistota" title="Synergistota">Synergistota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermodesulfobacteriota" title="Thermodesulfobacteriota">Thermodesulfobacteriota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermomicrobiota" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermomicrobiota">Thermomicrobiota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermotogota" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermotogota">Thermotogota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verrucomicrobiota" title="Verrucomicrobiota">Verrucomicrobiota</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Archaea" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Archaea" title="Archaea">Archaea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Euryarchaeota" title="Euryarchaeota">Euryarchaeota</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Korarchaeota" title="Korarchaeota">Korarchaeota</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Nanoarchaeota" title="Nanoarchaeota">Nanoarchaeota</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrososphaerota" title="Nitrososphaerota">Nitrososphaerota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermoproteota" title="Thermoproteota">Thermoproteota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeal_Richmond_Mine_acidophilic_nanoorganisms" title="Archaeal Richmond Mine acidophilic nanoorganisms">Archaeal Richmond Mine acidophilic nanoorganisms</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">Eukaryote</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">"<a href="/wiki/Protist" title="Protist">Protist</a>"</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alveolata" class="mw-redirect" title="Alveolata">Alveolata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amoebozoa" title="Amoebozoa">Amoebozoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancyromonadida" title="Ancyromonadida">Ancyromonadida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apusomonadida" class="mw-redirect" title="Apusomonadida">Apusomonadida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breviatea" title="Breviatea">Breviatea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CRuMs" title="CRuMs">CRuMs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryptista" title="Cryptista">Cryptista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ciliate" title="Ciliate">Ciliophora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cercozoa" title="Cercozoa">Cercozoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discoba" class="mw-redirect" title="Discoba">Discoba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euglenozoa" title="Euglenozoa">Euglenozoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jakobea" class="mw-redirect" title="Jakobea">Jakobea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haptista" title="Haptista">Haptista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemimastigophora" title="Hemimastigophora">Hemimastigophora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malawimonada" class="mw-redirect" title="Malawimonada">Malawimonada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metamonada" class="mw-redirect" title="Metamonada">Metamonada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provora" title="Provora">Provora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhizaria" title="Rhizaria">Rhizaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stramenopiles" class="mw-redirect" title="Stramenopiles">Stramenopiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telonemia" title="Telonemia">Telonemia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fungus" title="Fungus">Fungi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chytridiomycota" title="Chytridiomycota">Chytridiomycota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blastocladiomycota" title="Blastocladiomycota">Blastocladiomycota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neocallimastigomycota" title="Neocallimastigomycota">Neocallimastigomycota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glomeromycota" title="Glomeromycota">Glomeromycota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zygomycota" title="Zygomycota">Zygomycota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ascomycota" title="Ascomycota">Ascomycota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basidiomycota" title="Basidiomycota">Basidiomycota</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">Plant</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glaucophyta" class="mw-redirect" title="Glaucophyta">Glaucophyta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhodophyta" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhodophyta">Rhodophyta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorophyta" title="Chlorophyta">Chlorophyta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charophyta" title="Charophyta">Charophyta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marchantiophyta" title="Marchantiophyta">Marchantiophyta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthocerotophyta" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthocerotophyta">Anthocerotophyta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moss" title="Moss">Moss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lycopodiophyta" class="mw-redirect" title="Lycopodiophyta">Lycopodiophyta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pteridophyta" class="mw-redirect" title="Pteridophyta">Pteridophyta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cycadophyta" class="mw-redirect" title="Cycadophyta">Cycadophyta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ginkgophyta" class="mw-redirect" title="Ginkgophyta">Ginkgophyta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinophyta" class="mw-redirect" title="Pinophyta">Pinophyta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnetophyta" title="Gnetophyta">Gnetophyta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flowering_plant" title="Flowering plant">Flowering plant</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sponge" title="Sponge">Sponge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ctenophora" title="Ctenophora">Ctenophora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Placozoa" title="Placozoa">Placozoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cnidaria" title="Cnidaria">Cnidaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenacoelomorpha" title="Xenacoelomorpha">Xenacoelomorpha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chordate" title="Chordate">Chordate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemichordate" title="Hemichordate">Hemichordate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Echinoderm" title="Echinoderm">Echinoderm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaetognatha" title="Chaetognatha">Chaetognatha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinorhyncha" title="Kinorhyncha">Kinorhyncha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loricifera" title="Loricifera">Loricifera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priapulida" title="Priapulida">Priapulida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nematode" title="Nematode">Nematoda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nematomorpha" title="Nematomorpha">Nematomorpha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onychophora" title="Onychophora">Onychophora</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tardigrada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthropod" title="Arthropod">Arthropoda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flatworm" title="Flatworm">Flatworm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gastrotricha" class="mw-redirect" title="Gastrotricha">Gastrotricha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthonectida" title="Orthonectida">Orthonectida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dicyemida" title="Dicyemida">Dicyemida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotifera" class="mw-redirect" title="Rotifera">Rotifera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acanthocephala" title="Acanthocephala">Acanthocephala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnathostomulida" class="mw-redirect" title="Gnathostomulida">Gnathostomulida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micrognathozoa" class="mw-redirect" title="Micrognathozoa">Micrognathozoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cycliophora" class="mw-redirect" title="Cycliophora">Cycliophora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemertea" title="Nemertea">Nemertea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoronid" title="Phoronid">Phoronid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bryozoa" title="Bryozoa">Bryozoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entoprocta" title="Entoprocta">Entoprocta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brachiopoda" class="mw-redirect" title="Brachiopoda">Brachiopoda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mollusca" title="Mollusca">Mollusca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annelid" title="Annelid">Annelida</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><i><a href="/wiki/Incertae_sedis" title="Incertae sedis">Incertae sedis</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><i><a href="/wiki/Parakaryon" title="Parakaryon">Parakaryon</a></i></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taxon_identifiers" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Taxon_identifiers" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers" title="Help:Taxon identifiers">Taxon identifiers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><i>Tardigrada</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5194" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q5194">Q5194</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Tardigrada" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Tardigrada">Tardigrada</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Animal_Diversity_Web" title="Animal Diversity Web">ADW</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Tardigrada/">Tardigrada</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Australian_Faunal_Directory" title="Australian Faunal Directory">AFD</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://biodiversity.org.au/afd/taxa/Tardigrada">Tardigrada</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">BioLib: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biolib.cz/en/taxon/id14953">14953</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Barcode_of_Life_Data_System" title="Barcode of Life Data System">BOLD</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.boldsystems.org/index.php/TaxBrowser_TaxonPage?taxid=26033">26033</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">EoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eol.org/pages/3204">3204</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Fauna_Europaea" title="Fauna Europaea">Fauna Europaea</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eu-nomen.eu/portal/taxon.php?GUID=urn:lsid:faunaeur.org:taxname:12674">12674</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Fauna_Europaea" title="Fauna Europaea">Fauna Europaea (new)</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fauna-eu.org/cdm_dataportal/taxon/8c150ca8-bdea-4a13-b407-1d8f87842525">8c150ca8-bdea-4a13-b407-1d8f87842525</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/14">14</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/INaturalist" title="INaturalist">iNaturalist</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inaturalist.org/taxa/124337">124337</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera" title="Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera">IRMNG</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=204">204</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">ITIS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=155166">155166</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=42241">42241</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">NZOR: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nzor.org.nz/names/29477c0f-12f9-443a-9589-1127f5f4bbda">29477c0f-12f9-443a-9589-1127f5f4bbda</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Open_Tree_of_Life" title="Open Tree of Life">Open Tree of Life</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=111438">111438</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Paleobiology_Database" title="Paleobiology Database">Paleobiology Database</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=57074">57074</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Paleobiology_Database" title="Paleobiology Database">Paleobiology Database</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=272408">272408</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">uBio: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ubio.org/browser/details.php?namebankID=230453">230453</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/World_Register_of_Marine_Species" title="World Register of Marine Species">WoRMS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=1276">1276</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5194#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4143904-1">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85132477">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Tardigrades"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb122470458">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Tardigrades"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb122470458">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00564919">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="želvušky"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph448247&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" 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