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Papal income tax - Wikipedia
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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Innozenz3.jpg/220px-Innozenz3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="277" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Innozenz3.jpg/330px-Innozenz3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Innozenz3.jpg/440px-Innozenz3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="538" data-file-height="677" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_III" title="Pope Innocent III">Pope Innocent III</a> was the first pope to impose an income tax.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Papal <a href="/wiki/Income_tax" title="Income tax">income tax</a></b> was first levied in 1199 by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_III" title="Pope Innocent III">Pope Innocent III</a>, originally requiring all Catholic clergy to pay one-fortieth of their ecclesiastical income annually in support of the <a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-l71_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-l71-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The second income tax was not levied until the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Lateran_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Fourth Lateran Council">Fourth Lateran Council</a> in 1215, and constituted only a triennial twentieth.<sup id="cite_ref-l72_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-l72-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This precedent was frequently continued by the successors of Innocent III, enforced by ecclesiastical censure, by <a href="/wiki/Sequestration_(law)" title="Sequestration (law)">sequestration</a>, and frequently by the use of force.<sup id="cite_ref-l72_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-l72-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first time the tax was imposed, contributors were promised that a quarter of the penances would be rebated if payments were made willingly and honestly; the second time, non-compliance was simply threatened with <a href="/wiki/Excommunication" title="Excommunication">excommunication</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-l73_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-l73-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On a few occasions popes convoked a general council before imposing an income tax, but more often imposed the tax solely on their own authority.<sup id="cite_ref-l72_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-l72-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The power was later used for Crusades outside of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Land" title="Holy Land">Holy Land</a>. For example, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_IX" title="Pope Gregory IX">Pope Gregory IX</a> in 1228 levied a one-tenth income tax to fund his war against <a href="/wiki/Frederick_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor">Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-l72_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-l72-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1253, the phrase "ecclesiastical revenues and receipts" was defined more carefully, and interpreted to include <a href="/wiki/Temporality_(ecclesiastical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Temporality (ecclesiastical)">temporalities</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Spirituality_(Roman_Catholic_Church)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spirituality (Roman Catholic Church)">spiritualities</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-l73_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-l73-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1274, the lessons from the past taxes were aggregated and compiled into a set of instructions for the collectors in France under the direction of <a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_X" title="Pope Gregory X">Gregory X</a>, in the tear that the <a href="/wiki/Second_Council_of_Lyon" title="Second Council of Lyon">Second Council of Lyon</a> ordered a sexennial tenth.<sup id="cite_ref-l73_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-l73-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Pope_Boniface_VIII" title="Pope Boniface VIII">Pope Boniface VIII</a> included the tax code in <a href="/wiki/Canon_law" title="Canon law">canon law</a> in 1301.<sup id="cite_ref-l73_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-l73-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Fourteenth and fifteenth century popes leveled similar taxes for personal uses as well as for wars against the Ottoman Turks and others.<sup id="cite_ref-l72_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-l72-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Taxes could be imposed either on the universal church, the clergy of a single country, or even on a group of provinces.<sup id="cite_ref-l75_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-l75-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Whereas the first crusading taxes were paid directly to crusaders, by the middle of the thirteenth century it became customary to pay the tax directly to kings, princes, or nobles who promised to join the crusade; if the crusade never took place, the money was to be returned to the <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Camera" title="Apostolic Camera">Apostolic Camera</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-l76_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-l76-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nonpayment of papal taxes was rampant, and secular rulers of even modest power could usually succeed in placing restrictions on papal taxes collected within their realm, if not in obtaining a portion for themselves, or even persuading the papacy to merely act as an intermediary in levying their own taxes (with or without the pretext of the crusade).<sup id="cite_ref-l76_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-l76-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, <a href="/wiki/Edward_I_of_England" title="Edward I of England">Edward I</a> and <a href="/wiki/Edward_II_of_England" title="Edward II of England">Edward II</a> succeeded in obtaining more than half of the customary tenth for themselves, as did the French kings during the <a href="/wiki/Avignon_Papacy" title="Avignon Papacy">Avignon Papacy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-l77_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-l77-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Papal_income_tax&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-l71-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-l71_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lunt, 1950, pp. 71-72.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-l72-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-l72_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-l72_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-l72_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-l72_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-l72_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Lunt, 1950, p. 72.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-l73-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-l73_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-l73_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-l73_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-l73_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Lunt, 1950, p. 73.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-l75-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-l75_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lunt, 1950, p. 75.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-l76-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-l76_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-l76_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Lunt, 1950, p. 76.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-l77-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-l77_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lunt, 1950, p. 77.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Papal_income_tax&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Lunt, William E. 1950. <i>Papal Revenues in the Middle Ages</i>. 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