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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Battle_of_Pagoda_Hill" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battle_of_Pagoda_Hill"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.1 Battle of Pagoda Hill </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Battle_of_Pagoda_Hill-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-independence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-independence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Post-independence </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-independence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_officer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_officer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 General officer </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_officer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nathu_La_and_Cho_La_clashes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nathu_La_and_Cho_La_clashes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Nathu La and Cho La clashes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nathu_La_and_Cho_La_clashes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chief_of_army_staff" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chief_of_army_staff"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Chief of army staff </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chief_of_army_staff-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bangladesh_Liberation_War_1971" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bangladesh_Liberation_War_1971"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5.1 Bangladesh Liberation War 1971 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bangladesh_Liberation_War_1971-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Promotion_to_field_marshal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Promotion_to_field_marshal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6 Promotion to field marshal </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Promotion_to_field_marshal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Honours_and_post-retirement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Honours_and_post-retirement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Honours and post-retirement </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Honours_and_post-retirement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_life_and_death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_life_and_death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Personal life and death </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Personal_life_and_death-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Personal life and death subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Personal_life_and_death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Character" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Character"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Character </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Character-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy_and_assessment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy_and_assessment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Legacy and assessment </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legacy_and_assessment-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Legacy and assessment subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Legacy_and_assessment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Soldiers'_pay" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Soldiers'_pay"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Soldiers' pay </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Soldiers'_pay-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Strategy_and_doctrine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Strategy_and_doctrine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Strategy and doctrine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Strategy_and_doctrine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Procurement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Procurement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Procurement </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Procurement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Special_operations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Special_operations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Special operations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Special_operations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Counter_insurgency" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Counter_insurgency"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5 Counter insurgency </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Counter_insurgency-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Bibliography </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Bibliography subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Books" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Books"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Books </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Books-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-News_articles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#News_articles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2 News articles </div> </a> <ul id="toc-News_articles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Sam Manekshaw</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 23 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-23" aria-hidden="true" > 23 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%85_%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%83%D8%B4%D9%88" title="سام مانكشو – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سام مانكشو" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE_%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B6%E2%80%99" title="শ্যাম মানেকশ’ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="শ্যাম মানেকশ’" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%89" title="सैम मानेकशॉ – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="सैम मानेकशॉ" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Manekshaw" title="Sam Manekshaw – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Sam Manekshaw" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Manekshaw" title="Sam Manekshaw – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Sam Manekshaw" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%85_%D9%85%D9%86%DA%A9%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%88" title="سم منکشاو – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سم منکشاو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%9C%E0%AA%A8%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%B2_%E0%AA%B8%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%AE_%E0%AA%AE%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%A3%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%95%E0%AA%B6%E0%AA%BE" title="જનરલ સામ માણેકશા – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="જનરલ સામ માણેકશા" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%89" title="सैम मानेकशॉ – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="सैम मानेकशॉ" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Manekshaw" title="Sam Manekshaw – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Sam Manekshaw" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A3%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%B6%E0%B2%BE" title="ಸ್ಯಾಮ್ ಮಾಣಿಕ್ ಶಾ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಸ್ಯಾಮ್ ಮಾಣಿಕ್ ಶಾ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%94%E1%83%9B_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A8%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A3" title="სემ მანექშოუ – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სემ მანექშოუ" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%82_%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%B4%B7%E0%B4%BE" title="സാം മനേക്‌ഷാ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സാം മനേക്‌ഷാ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%85%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%89" title="सॅम माणेकशॉ – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="सॅम माणेकशॉ" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%85_%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%83%D8%B4%D9%88" title="سام مانكشو – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="سام مانكشو" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%AE_%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%95%E0%AD%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%AC%B6%E0%AC%BE" title="ସାମ ମାନେକ୍‌ଶା – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ସାମ ମାନେକ୍‌ଶା" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%AE_%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%85" title="ਸੈਮ ਮਾਨੇਕਸ਼ਾਅ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸੈਮ ਮਾਨੇਕਸ਼ਾਅ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%DB%8C%D9%84%DA%88_%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B4%D9%84_%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%A9_%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%A1" title="فیلڈ مارشل مانک شاء – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="فیلڈ مارشل مانک شاء" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%88%D0%BE%D1%83,_%D0%A1%D1%8D%D0%BC" title="Манекшоу, Сэм – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Манекшоу, Сэм" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Manekshaw" title="Sam Manekshaw – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Sam Manekshaw" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BE" title="சாம் மானேக்சா – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சாம் மானேக்சா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%B0%B7%E0%B0%BE" title="మానెక్‌షా – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="మానెక్‌షా" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%DB%8C%D9%84%DA%88_%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B4%D9%84_%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%A9_%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%A1" title="فیلڈ مارشل مانک شاء – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="فیلڈ مارشل مانک شاء" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%90%A8%E5%A7%86%C2%B7%E9%A9%AC%E5%86%85%E5%85%8B%E8%82%96" title="萨姆·马内克肖 – Chinese" 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Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Indian Army General and Field Marshal (1914–2008)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Sam Bahadur" redirects here. For the film of the same name, see <a href="/wiki/Sam_Bahadur_(film)" title="Sam Bahadur (film)">Sam Bahadur (film)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Field_marshal_(India)" title="Field marshal (India)">Field Marshal</a></div><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Sam Manekshaw</div><div class="honorific-suffix" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Military_Cross" title="Military Cross">MC</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Field_marshal_SHFJ_Manekshaw.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photograph of Manekshaw from the chest up wearing his army uniform, medals and cap" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Field_marshal_SHFJ_Manekshaw.jpg/220px-Field_marshal_SHFJ_Manekshaw.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="303" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/19/Field_marshal_SHFJ_Manekshaw.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="344" /></a><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Manekshaw pictured wearing his general's insignia</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">7th <a href="/wiki/Chief_of_Army_Staff_(India)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief of Army Staff (India)">Chief of the Army Staff, India</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 8 June 1969 (1969-06-08) – 15 January 1973 (1973-01-15)</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/V._V._Giri" title="V. V. Giri">V. V. Giri</a> <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Hidayatullah" title="Mohammad Hidayatullah">Mohammad Hidayatullah</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Prime Minister</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Indira_Gandhi" title="Indira Gandhi">Indira Gandhi</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/P._P._Kumaramangalam" class="mw-redirect" title="P. P. Kumaramangalam">General P. P. Kumaramangalam</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Gopal_Gurunath_Bewoor" title="Gopal Gurunath Bewoor">General Gopal Gurunath Bewoor</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">9th General Officer Commanding-in-Chief, <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Command_(India)" title="Eastern Command (India)">Eastern Command</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 16 November 1964 – 8 June 1969</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_general_(India)" title="Lieutenant general (India)">Lt Gen</a> <a href="/wiki/Paramasiva_Prabhakar_Kumaramangalam" title="Paramasiva Prabhakar Kumaramangalam">P P Kumaramangalam</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_general_(India)" title="Lieutenant general (India)">Lt Gen</a> <a href="/wiki/Jagjit_Singh_Aurora" title="Jagjit Singh Aurora">Jagjit Singh Aurora</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">9th General Officer Commanding-in-Chief, <a href="/wiki/Western_Command_(India)" title="Western Command (India)">Western Command</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 4 December 1963 – 15 November 1964</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_general_(India)" title="Lieutenant general (India)">Lt Gen</a> <a href="/wiki/Daulet_Singh" title="Daulet Singh">Daulet Singh</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_general_(India)" title="Lieutenant general (India)">Lt Gen</a> <a href="/wiki/Harbaksh_Singh" title="Harbaksh Singh">Harbaksh Singh</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">2nd <a href="/wiki/General_Officer_Commanding" class="mw-redirect" title="General Officer Commanding">General Officer Commanding</a>, <a href="/wiki/IV_Corps_(India)" title="IV Corps (India)">IV Corps</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 2 December 1962 – 4 December 1963</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_general_(India)" title="Lieutenant general (India)">Lt Gen</a> <a href="/wiki/Brij_Mohan_Kaul" title="Brij Mohan Kaul">Brij Mohan Kaul</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_general_(India)" title="Lieutenant general (India)">Lt Gen</a> Manmohan Khanna</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Sam Hormusji Framji Jamshedji Manekshaw</div> (1914-04-03)3 April 1914 <a href="/wiki/Amritsar" title="Amritsar">Amritsar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Punjab_Province_(British_India)" title="Punjab Province (British India)">Punjab Province</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British India</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">27 June 2008(2008-06-27) (aged 94) <a href="/wiki/Wellington,_Tamil_Nadu" title="Wellington, Tamil Nadu">Wellington</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data label">Parsi Zoroastrian Cemetery, <a href="/wiki/Ooty,_Tamil_Nadu" class="mw-redirect" title="Ooty, Tamil Nadu">Ooty</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data">Silloo Bode</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nickname</th><td class="infobox-data">"Sam Bahadur"<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Military service</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Allegiance</th><td class="infobox-data">British India India</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Branch/service</th><td class="infobox-data">British Indian Army Indian Army</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Years of service</th><td class="infobox-data">1934 – 2008<a href="#cite_note-3">[a]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Field_marshal_(India)" title="Field marshal (India)">Field Marshal</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Unit</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/12th_Frontier_Force_Regiment" title="12th Frontier Force Regiment">12th Frontier Force Regiment</a> <a href="/wiki/8th_Gorkha_Rifles" title="8th Gorkha Rifles">8th Gorkha Rifles</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Commands</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Command_(India)" title="Eastern Command (India)">Eastern Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Command_(India)" title="Western Command (India)">Western Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IV_Corps_(India)" title="IV Corps (India)">IV Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/26th_Indian_Infantry_Division" title="26th Indian Infantry Division">26th Infantry Division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defence_Services_Staff_College" title="Defence Services Staff College">Defence Services Staff College, Wellington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mhow#The_Infantry_School" title="Mhow">The Infantry School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/23rd_Indian_Infantry_Division#167_Infantry_Brigade" class="mw-redirect" title="23rd Indian Infantry Division">167 Infantry Brigade</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Battles/wars</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1116488514">.mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Treeview-grey-line.png")no-repeat 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px}</style><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burma_campaign" title="Burma campaign">Burma campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistan_War_of_1947" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Pakistan War of 1947">Indo-Pakistan War of 1947</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Indian_War" title="Sino-Indian War">Sino-Indian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistan_War_of_1965" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Pakistan War of 1965">Indo-Pakistan War of 1965</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathu_La_and_Cho_La_clashes" title="Nathu La and Cho La clashes">Second Sino-Indian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistan_War_of_1971" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Pakistan War of 1971">Indo-Pakistan War of 1971</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Padma_Vibhushan" title="Padma Vibhushan">Padma Vibhushan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padma_Bhushan" title="Padma Bhushan">Padma Bhushan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_Cross" title="Military Cross">Military Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Tri_Shakti_Patta" title="Order of Tri Shakti Patta">Order of Tri Shakti Patta</a> First Class</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Service_number" title="Service number">Service number</a></th><td class="infobox-data">IC-14</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <a href="/wiki/Field_marshal_(India)" title="Field marshal (India)">Field Marshal</a> Sam Hormusji Framji Jamshedji Manekshaw<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPandya2008-4">[3]</a> <a href="/wiki/Military_Cross" title="Military Cross">MC</a> (4 April 1914 – 27 June 2008), also known as Sam Bahadur ("Sam the Brave"), was an <a href="/wiki/Indian_Army" title="Indian Army">Indian Army</a> <a href="/wiki/General_officer" title="General officer">general officer</a> who was the <a href="/wiki/Chief_of_the_Army_Staff_(India)" title="Chief of the Army Staff (India)">chief of the army staff</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Liberation_War" title="Bangladesh Liberation War">Bangladesh Liberation War in 1971</a>, and the first Indian to be promoted to the rank of field marshal. His active military career spanned four decades, beginning with service in <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. Manekshaw joined the first intake of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Military_Academy" title="Indian Military Academy">Indian Military Academy</a> at <a href="/wiki/Dehradun" title="Dehradun">Dehradun</a> in 1932. He was commissioned into the 4th Battalion, <a href="/wiki/12th_Frontier_Force_Regiment" title="12th Frontier Force Regiment">12th Frontier Force Regiment</a>. In World War II, he was awarded the Military Cross for gallantry. Following the <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">Partition of India</a> in 1947, he was reassigned to the <a href="/wiki/8th_Gorkha_Rifles" title="8th Gorkha Rifles">8th Gorkha Rifles</a>. Manekshaw was <a href="/wiki/Secondment" title="Secondment">seconded</a> to a planning role during the <a href="/wiki/1947_Indo-Pakistani_War" class="mw-redirect" title="1947 Indo-Pakistani War">1947 Indo-Pakistani War</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Operation_Polo" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Polo">Hyderabad crisis</a>, and as a result, he never commanded an infantry battalion. He was promoted to the rank of <a href="/wiki/Brigadier" title="Brigadier">brigadier</a> while serving at the Military Operations Directorate. He became the commander of <a href="/wiki/23rd_Indian_Infantry_Division#167_Infantry_Brigade" class="mw-redirect" title="23rd Indian Infantry Division">167 Infantry Brigade</a> in 1952 and served in this position until 1954 when he took over as the director of military training at the Army Headquarters. After completing the higher command course at the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Defence_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Defence College">Imperial Defence College</a>, he was appointed the <a href="/wiki/General_Officer_Commanding" class="mw-redirect" title="General Officer Commanding">general officer commanding</a> of the <a href="/wiki/26th_Infantry_Division_(India)" class="mw-redirect" title="26th Infantry Division (India)">26th Infantry Division</a>. He also served as the <a href="/wiki/Commandant_of_the_Defence_Services_Staff_College" title="Commandant of the Defence Services Staff College">commandant of the Defence Services Staff College</a>. In 1962, he was accused in a politically motivated treason trial, he was eventually found innocent but thus could not serve in the <a href="/wiki/1962_war" class="mw-redirect" title="1962 war">1962 war</a>. In 1963, Manekshaw was promoted to the rank of army commander and took over <a href="/wiki/Western_Command_(India)" title="Western Command (India)">Western Command</a>, then was transferred in 1964 to <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Command_(India)" title="Eastern Command (India)">Eastern Command</a>. In this role, in 1967, he was involved in the first Indian victory against a Chinese offensive during the <a href="/wiki/Nathu_La_and_Cho_La_clashes" title="Nathu La and Cho La clashes">Nathu La and Cho La clashes</a>. Manekshaw was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Padma_Bhushan" title="Padma Bhushan">Padma Bhushan</a>, the third highest Indian civilian award, in 1968 for responding to the insurgencies in <a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Nagaland" class="mw-redirect" title="Insurgency in Nagaland">Nagaland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mizo_National_Front_uprising" title="Mizo National Front uprising">Mizoram</a>. Manekshaw became the seventh chief of army staff in 1969. Under his command, Indian forces providing them with arms and ammunitions to fight against the strong regular army of Pakistan in the Bangladesh-Pakistani War of 1971, which led to the <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Liberation_War" title="Bangladesh Liberation War">creation of Bangladesh</a> in December 1971. He was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Padma_Vibhushan" title="Padma Vibhushan">Padma Vibhushan</a>, the second highest civilian award of India, in 1972 for his services to the nation. Manekshaw was promoted to the rank of field marshal in January 1973, the first of only two Indian officers to be ever promoted to this rank. He retired on 15 January 1973, a date celebrated as <a href="/wiki/Army_Day_(India)" title="Army Day (India)">Army Day</a> in India. Manekshaw died on 27 June 2008 due to complications from <a href="/wiki/Pneumonia" title="Pneumonia">pneumonia</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_family">Early life and family</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sam_Manekshaw&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and family">edit</a>]</div> Sam Manekshaw was born on 3 April 1914 in <a href="/wiki/Amritsar" title="Amritsar">Amritsar</a> to Hormizd<a href="#cite_note-5">[b]</a> (1871–1964), a doctor, and Hilla, née Mehta (1885–1970). Both of his parents were <a href="/wiki/Parsi_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Parsi people">Parsis</a> who had moved to Amritsar from the city of <a href="/wiki/Valsad" title="Valsad">Valsad</a> in coastal <a href="/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat">Gujarat</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh2005183-6">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESharma200759-7">[5]</a> Manekshaw's parents had left <a href="/wiki/Mumbai" title="Mumbai">Mumbai</a> in 1903 for <a href="/wiki/Lahore" title="Lahore">Lahore</a>, where his father was going to start practising medicine. However, when their train halted at <a href="/wiki/Amritsar_railway_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Amritsar railway station">Amritsar station</a>, Hilla found it impossible to travel any further due to her advanced pregnancy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh2005184-8">[6]</a> After Hilla had recovered from child birth, the couple decided to stay in Amritsar, where Hormizd soon set up a clinic and pharmacy. The couple had four sons (Fali, Jan, Sam and Jami) and two daughters (Cilla and Sheru). Manekshaw was their fifth child and third son.<a href="#cite_note-9">[7]</a> During World War II, Hormizd had served in the <a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Army" title="British Indian Army">British Indian Army</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Captain_(rank)" class="mw-redirect" title="Captain (rank)">captain</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Medical_Service" title="Indian Medical Service">Indian Medical Service</a> (now the <a href="/wiki/Army_Medical_Corps_(India)" title="Army Medical Corps (India)">Army Medical Corps</a>).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh2005184-8">[6]</a> Manekshaw's elder brothers Fali and Jan became engineers, while his sisters Cilla and Sheru became teachers. Manekshaw's younger brother Jami became a doctor and served in the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Indian_Air_Force" title="Royal Indian Air Force">Royal Indian Air Force</a> as a medical officer. In 1948, Jami became the first Indian to be awarded air surgeon's wings from <a href="/wiki/Naval_Air_Station_Pensacola" title="Naval Air Station Pensacola">Naval Air Station Pensacola</a> in the United States, after completing a training course there. Jami joined his elder brother, Sam, in becoming a <a href="/wiki/Flag_officer" title="Flag officer">flag officer</a>, and retired as an <a href="/wiki/Air_vice_marshal_(India)" title="Air vice marshal (India)">air vice marshal</a> in the Indian Air Force.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh2005184-8">[6]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sam_Manekshaw&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Education">edit</a>]</div> Manekshaw completed his <a href="/wiki/Primary_school" title="Primary school">primary schooling</a> in Punjab, and then joined <a href="/wiki/Sherwood_College" title="Sherwood College">Sherwood College</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nainital" title="Nainital">Nainital</a>.<a href="#cite_note-10">[8]</a> In 1931, he passed his senior high school examinations with distinction. He then asked his father to send him to London to study medicine, but his father refused as he was not old enough. His father was already supporting Sam's elder brothers who were studying engineering in London.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh2005185-11">[9]</a> Manekshaw instead enrolled at the Hindu Sabha College (now the Hindu College, <a href="/wiki/Amritsar" title="Amritsar">Amritsar</a>) and graduated in April 1932.<a href="#cite_note-12">[10]</a> A formal notification for the entrance examination to enrol in the newly established <a href="/wiki/Indian_Military_Academy" title="Indian Military Academy">Indian Military Academy</a> (IMA) was issued in the early months of 1932. Examinations were scheduled for June or July.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh2005186-13">[11]</a> In an act of rebellion against his father's refusal to send him to London, Manekshaw applied for a place and sat for the entrance exams in Delhi. On 1 October 1932, he was one of the fifteen cadets to be selected through an open competition,<a href="#cite_note-14">[c]</a> and placed sixth in the order of merit.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh2005186-13">[11]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indian_Military_Academy">Indian Military Academy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sam_Manekshaw&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Indian Military Academy">edit</a>]</div> Manekshaw was part of the first batch of cadets at the IMA. Called "The Pioneers", this batch also included <a href="/wiki/Smith_Dun" title="Smith Dun">Smith Dun</a> and <a href="/wiki/Musa_Khan_(general)" class="mw-redirect" title="Musa Khan (general)">Muhammad Musa Khan</a>, the future commanders-in-chief of Burma and Pakistan, respectively. Although the academy was inaugurated on 10 December 1932, the cadets' military training commenced on 1 October 1932.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh2005186-13">[11]</a> As an IMA cadet, Manekshaw went on to achieve a number of distinctions: the only one to attain the rank of field marshal.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh2005186-13">[11]</a> The commandant of the Academy during this period was Brigadier <a href="/wiki/Lionel_Collins" title="Lionel Collins">Lionel Peter Collins</a>. Manekshaw was almost suspended from the Academy when he went to <a href="/wiki/Mussoorie" title="Mussoorie">Mussoorie</a> for a holiday with Kumar Jit Singh (the <a href="/wiki/Maharaja" title="Maharaja">Maharaja</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kapurthala_State" title="Kapurthala State">Kapurthala</a>) and Haji Iftikhar Ahmed, and did not return in time for the morning drills.<a href="#cite_note-15">[12]</a> Of the 40 cadets inducted into the IMA, only 22 completed the course; they were commissioned as <a href="/wiki/Second_lieutenant" title="Second lieutenant">second lieutenants</a> on 1 February 1935.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh2005188–189-16">[13]</a> Some of his batchmates were <a href="/wiki/Dewan_Ranjit_Rai" title="Dewan Ranjit Rai">Dewan Ranjit Rai</a>; <a href="/wiki/Mohan_Singh_(military_officer)" title="Mohan Singh (military officer)">Mohan Singh</a>, the founder of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Army" title="Indian National Army">Indian National Army</a>; <a href="/wiki/Melville_de_Mellow" title="Melville de Mellow">Melville de Mellow</a>, a famous radio presenter; and two generals of the Pakistani Army, <a href="/wiki/Mirza_Hamid_Hussain" title="Mirza Hamid Hussain">Mirza Hamid Hussain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Habibullah_Khan_Khattak" title="Habibullah Khan Khattak">Habibullah Khan Khattak</a>. Many of Manekshaw's batchmates were captured by Japan during World War II and would fight in the Indian National Army, which mostly drew its troops from Indian prisoners of war in <a href="/wiki/Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">Axis</a> camps.<a href="#cite_note-17">[14]</a> <a href="/wiki/Tikka_Khan" title="Tikka Khan">Tikka Khan</a>, who would later join the Pakistani Army during the Partition, was Manekshaw's junior at the IMA by five years and also his boxing partner.<a href="#cite_note-18">[15]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Military_career">Military career</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sam_Manekshaw&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Military career">edit</a>]</div> When Manekshaw was commissioned, it was standard practice for newly commissioned Indian officers to be initially assigned to a British regiment before being sent to an Indian unit. Manekshaw thus joined the 2nd Battalion, <a href="/wiki/Royal_Scots" title="Royal Scots">Royal Scots</a>, stationed at Lahore. He was later posted to the 4th Battalion, <a href="/wiki/12th_Frontier_Force_Regiment" title="12th Frontier Force Regiment">12th Frontier Force Regiment</a> (4/12 FF), stationed in <a href="/wiki/Burma" class="mw-redirect" title="Burma">Burma</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaighal2008-19">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-Saluting_Sam_Bahadur-20">[17]</a> On 1 May 1938, he was appointed <a href="/wiki/Quartermaster" title="Quartermaster">quartermaster</a> of his company.<a href="#cite_note-21">[18]</a> Already fluent in <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a>, <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> and his native language <a href="/wiki/Gujarati_language" title="Gujarati language">Gujarati</a>, in October 1938 Manekshaw qualified as a Higher Standard army interpreter in <a href="/wiki/Pashto" title="Pashto">Pashto</a>.<a href="#cite_note-22">[19]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_War_II">World War II</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sam_Manekshaw&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: World War II">edit</a>]</div> There was a shortage of qualified officers at the outbreak of the war, officers were thus promoted without having served for the minimum period required for a promotion. Therefore, for the first two years of the conflict, Manekshaw was temporarily appointed to the ranks of captain and major before being promoted to the <a href="/wiki/Substantive_rank" class="mw-redirect" title="Substantive rank">substantive rank</a> of captain on 4 February 1942.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIndian_Army1945198–199-23">[20]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Battle_of_Pagoda_Hill">Battle of Pagoda Hill</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sam_Manekshaw&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Battle of Pagoda Hill">edit</a>]</div> Manekshaw saw action in <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Burma</a> during the 1942 <a href="/wiki/Burma_campaign" title="Burma campaign">campaign</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sittang_Bridge" title="Battle of Sittang Bridge">Sittang River</a> with 4/12 FF,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh2005190-24">[21]</a> and was recognised for his bravery in the battle. During the fighting around Pagoda Hill, a key position on the left of the Sittang bridgehead, he led his company in a counter-attack against the invading <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army" title="Imperial Japanese Army">Imperial Japanese Army</a>. Despite suffering 30% casualties, the company managed to achieve its objective, partly because of the aid received from Captain <a href="/wiki/John_Niel_Randle" title="John Niel Randle">John Niel Randle</a>'s company.<a href="#cite_note-25">[22]</a> After capturing the hill, Manekshaw was hit by a burst of <a href="/wiki/Light_machine_gun" title="Light machine gun">light machine gun</a> fire, and was severely wounded in the stomach.<a href="#cite_note-Sam_Bahadur:_A_soldier's_general_-_TOI-26">[23]</a> While observing the battle, Major General <a href="/wiki/David_Tennent_Cowan" class="mw-redirect" title="David Tennent Cowan">David Cowan</a>, <a href="/wiki/General_officer_commanding" title="General officer commanding">general officer commanding</a> of the <a href="/wiki/17th_Infantry_Division_(India)" title="17th Infantry Division (India)">17th Infantry Division</a>, spotted the wounded Manekshaw and awarded him the Military Cross.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh2005191-27">[24]</a> This award was made official with the publication of the notification in a supplement to the <a href="/wiki/London_Gazette" class="mw-redirect" title="London Gazette">London Gazette</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Issue_35532_The_Gazette-28">[25]</a> The citation reads: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">This officer was in command of the 'A' Company of his battalion when ordered to counter-attack the Pagoda Hill position, the key hill on the left of the Sittang Bridgehead, which had been captured by the enemy. The counterattack was successful despite 30% casualties, and this was largely due to the excellent leadership and bearing of Captain Manekshaw. This officer was wounded after the position had been captured.<a href="#cite_note-29">[26]</a></blockquote> Manekshaw was evacuated from the battlefield by Sher Singh, his <a href="/wiki/Orderly_(military)" class="mw-redirect" title="Orderly (military)">orderly</a>, who took him to an <a href="/wiki/Australian_Army" title="Australian Army">Australian</a> surgeon. The surgeon initially declined to treat Manekshaw, saying that he had been too badly wounded. Manekshaw's chances of survival were low, but Sher Singh persuaded the doctor to treat him. Manekshaw regained consciousness, and when the surgeon asked what had happened to him, he replied that he had been "kicked by a mule". Impressed by Manekshaw's sense of humour, the surgeon treated him, removing the bullets from his lungs, liver, and kidneys. Most of his intestines were also removed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh2005191-27">[24]</a> Having recovered from his wounds, Manekshaw attended the eighth staff course at the <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Command_and_Staff_College" title="Pakistan Command and Staff College">Command and Staff College</a> in <a href="/wiki/Quetta" title="Quetta">Quetta</a> between 23 August and 22 December 1943. On completion, he was posted as the <a href="/wiki/Brigade_major" title="Brigade major">brigade major</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Razmak_Brigade" title="Razmak Brigade">Razmak Brigade</a>. He served in that post until 22 October 1944, after which he joined the 9th Battalion, 12th Frontier Force Regiment, part of the <a href="/wiki/British_Fourteenth_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="British Fourteenth Army">14th Army</a> commanded by General <a href="/wiki/William_Slim,_1st_Viscount_Slim" title="William Slim, 1st Viscount Slim">William Slim</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh2005191-27">[24]</a> On 30 October 1944, he received the <a href="/wiki/Temporary_rank" class="mw-redirect" title="Temporary rank">temporary rank</a> of lieutenant colonel.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIndian_Army1945198–199-23">[20]</a> By the end of the war, he was appointed as a <a href="/wiki/Staff_officer" class="mw-redirect" title="Staff officer">staff officer</a> to the <a href="/wiki/General_officer_commanding" title="General officer commanding">general officer commanding</a> of the <a href="/wiki/20th_Indian_Infantry_Division" title="20th Indian Infantry Division">20th Indian Infantry Division</a>, Major General <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Gracey" title="Douglas Gracey">Douglas Gracey</a>.<a href="#cite_note-30">[27]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Surrender_of_Japan" title="Surrender of Japan">Japanese surrender</a>, Manekshaw was appointed to supervise the disarmament of over 10,000 Japanese <a href="/wiki/Prisoners_of_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Prisoners of war">prisoners of war</a> (POWs). No cases of indiscipline or escape attempts were reported from the camp Manekshaw was in charge of.<a href="#cite_note-31">[28]</a> He was promoted to the <a href="/wiki/Acting_rank" title="Acting rank">acting rank</a> of <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_colonel" title="Lieutenant colonel">lieutenant colonel</a> on 5 May 1946, and completed a six-month lecture tour of <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIndian_Army1947198–199-32">[29]</a> From 1945 to 1946, Manekshaw and Yahya Khan were two of the staff officers of Field Marshal <a href="/wiki/Sir_Claude_Auchinleck" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Claude Auchinleck">Sir Claude Auchinleck</a>.<a href="#cite_note-33">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-34">[31]</a> Manekshaw was promoted to the substantive rank of major on 4 February 1947, and on his return from Australia was appointed a <a href="/wiki/Staff_(military)#British.2FCommonwealth_staff" title="Staff (military)">Grade 1 General Staff Officer</a> (GSO1) in the Military Operations (MO) Directorate.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIndian_Army1947198–199-32">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh2005192-35">[32]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-independence">Post-independence</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sam_Manekshaw&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Post-independence">edit</a>]</div> Due to the <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">Partition of India</a> in 1947, Manekshaw's unit, the 4th Battalion, 12th Frontier Force Regiment, became part of the <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Army" title="Pakistan Army">Pakistan Army</a>. Manekshaw was therefore reassigned to the <a href="/wiki/8th_Gorkha_Rifles" title="8th Gorkha Rifles">8th Gorkha Rifles</a>.<a href="#cite_note-36">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh2005192-35">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[34]</a> <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_Jinnah" title="Muhammad Ali Jinnah">Muhammad Ali Jinnah</a>, Pakistan's first Governor General, also considered the founder of that nation, had reportedly asked Manekshaw to join the Pakistani Army, but Manekshaw had refused.<a href="#cite_note-38">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[36]</a> In October 1947, Manekshaw was posted as the commanding officer of the 3rd Battalion, <a href="/wiki/5_Gorkha_Rifles_(Frontier_Force)" class="mw-redirect" title="5 Gorkha Rifles (Frontier Force)">5 Gorkha Rifles (Frontier Force)</a> (3/5 GR (FF)). Before he had moved on to his new appointment, on 22 October, Pakistani forces <a href="/wiki/First_Kashmir_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First Kashmir War">infiltrated</a> the <a href="/wiki/Kashmir" title="Kashmir">Kashmir</a> region, capturing Domel and <a href="/wiki/Muzaffarabad" title="Muzaffarabad">Muzaffarabad</a>. The following day, the ruler of the <a href="/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir_(princely_state)" title="Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)">princely state of Jammu and Kashmir</a>, Maharaja <a href="/wiki/Hari_Singh" title="Hari Singh">Hari Singh</a>, appealed to India for help. On 25 October, Manekshaw accompanied <a href="/wiki/V._P._Menon" title="V. P. Menon">V. P. Menon</a> to <a href="/wiki/Srinagar" title="Srinagar">Srinagar</a>, where he carried out an aerial survey of the situation in Kashmir. On the same day, they flew back to Delhi, where <a href="/wiki/Lord_Mountbatten" title="Lord Mountbatten">Lord Mountbatten</a> and Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a> were briefed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh2005192–193-40">[37]</a> On the morning of 27 October, Indian troops were sent to Kashmir to defend Srinagar from the Pakistani forces, who had reached the city's outskirts. Manekshaw's assignment as the commander of 3/5 GR (FF) was cancelled, and he was posted to the MO Directorate. As a consequence of the Kashmir dispute and the <a href="/wiki/Indian_annexation_of_Hyderabad" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian annexation of Hyderabad">annexation of Hyderabad</a> (whose events he briefed Sardar Patel on), Manekshaw never commanded a battalion. During his term at the MO Directorate, he was promoted to colonel, then brigadier. He was then appointed the director of military operations (DMO).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh2005193-41">[38]</a> Manekshaw was one of the three army officers who represented India at the 1949 Karachi Conference. The Conference resulted in the <a href="/wiki/Karachi_Agreement" title="Karachi Agreement">Karachi Agreement</a> and the Ceasefire Line (which evolved into the <a href="/wiki/Line_of_Control" title="Line of Control">Line of Control</a>). The other two army officers at the conference were Lt. Gen. <a href="/wiki/S._M._Shrinagesh" title="S. M. Shrinagesh">S. M. Shrinagesh</a> and Maj. Gen. <a href="/wiki/KS_Thimayya" class="mw-redirect" title="KS Thimayya">KS Thimayya</a>, while the two civilian officers were <a href="/wiki/Vishnu_Sahay" title="Vishnu Sahay">Vishnu Sahay</a> and <a href="/wiki/HM_Patel" class="mw-redirect" title="HM Patel">HM Patel</a>.<a href="#cite_note-42">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-43">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESinha1992131-44">[41]</a> Manekshaw was promoted to the rank of colonel on 4 February 1952,<a href="#cite_note-col-45">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-46">[d]</a> and in April was appointed the commander of <a href="/wiki/23rd_Indian_Infantry_Division#167_Infantry_Brigade" class="mw-redirect" title="23rd Indian Infantry Division">167 Infantry Brigade</a>, headquartered at <a href="/wiki/Firozpur" title="Firozpur">Firozpur</a>.<a href="#cite_note-col-45">[42]</a> On 9 April 1954, he was appointed the director of military training at Army Headquarters.<a href="#cite_note-DMT-47">[43]</a> He was appointed the commandant of the Infantry School at <a href="/wiki/Mhow" title="Mhow">Mhow</a> on 14 January 1955, and also became the colonel of both the 8th Gorkha Rifles and the <a href="/wiki/61st_Cavalry_(India)" title="61st Cavalry (India)">61st Cavalry</a>.<a href="#cite_note-inf_sch-48">[44]</a> During his tenure as the commandant of the Infantry School, he discovered that the training manuals were outdated, and was instrumental in revamping them to be consistent with the tactics employed by the Indian Army.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh2005195–196-49">[45]</a> He was promoted to the substantive rank of brigadier on 4 February 1957.<a href="#cite_note-subs_brig-50">[46]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General_officer">General officer</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sam_Manekshaw&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: General officer">edit</a>]</div> In 1957, he went to the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Defence_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Defence College">Imperial Defence College</a>, London, to attend a year long higher command course.<a href="#cite_note-51">[47]</a> On his return, he was appointed the <a href="/wiki/General_Officer_Commanding" class="mw-redirect" title="General Officer Commanding">general officer commanding</a> (GOC) <a href="/wiki/26th_Indian_Infantry_Division" title="26th Indian Infantry Division">26th Infantry Division</a> on 20 December 1957, with the acting rank of major general.<a href="#cite_note-actg_maj_gen-52">[48]</a> When he commanded the division, Gen. <a href="/wiki/K._S._Thimayya" class="mw-redirect" title="K. S. Thimayya">K. S. Thimayya</a> was the chief of the army staff (COAS), and <a href="/wiki/Krishna_Menon" class="mw-redirect" title="Krishna Menon">Krishna Menon</a> the <a href="/wiki/Defence_Minister_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Defence Minister of India">defence minister</a>. During a visit to Manekshaw's division, Menon asked him what he thought of Thimayya. Manekshaw replied that it was improper to evaluate his superior, and told Menon not to ask anybody again. This annoyed Menon, and he told Manekshaw that if he wanted to, he could sack Thimayya, to which Manekshaw replied, "You can get rid of him. But then I will get another."<a href="#cite_note-Krishna_Menon_wanted_to_sack_Manekshaw-53">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh2005193–197-54">[50]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Maj_Gen_Sam_Manekshaw.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A photograph of Manekshaw wearing the Commandant's uniform, the dates of his service in this role are displayed in a caption" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Maj_Gen_Sam_Manekshaw.jpg/220px-Maj_Gen_Sam_Manekshaw.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="313" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Maj_Gen_Sam_Manekshaw.jpg/330px-Maj_Gen_Sam_Manekshaw.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f4/Maj_Gen_Sam_Manekshaw.jpg 2x" data-file-width="373" data-file-height="530" /></a><figcaption>Manekshaw as the Commandant of the Defence Services Staff College</figcaption></figure> Manekshaw was promoted to substantive major general on 1 March 1959.<a href="#cite_note-maj_gen-55">[51]</a> On 1 October, he was appointed the <a href="/wiki/Commandant_of_the_Defence_Services_Staff_College" title="Commandant of the Defence Services Staff College">Commandant of the Defence Services Staff College</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wellington,_Tamil_Nadu" title="Wellington, Tamil Nadu">Wellington</a>,<a href="#cite_note-56">[52]</a> where he was caught up in a controversy that almost ended his career. In May 1961, Thimayya resigned as the COAS, and was succeeded by General <a href="/wiki/Pran_Nath_Thapar" title="Pran Nath Thapar">Pran Nath Thapar</a>. Earlier in the year, Major General <a href="/wiki/Brij_Mohan_Kaul" title="Brij Mohan Kaul">Brij Mohan Kaul</a> had been promoted to lieutenant general and appointed the <a href="/wiki/Quartermaster_general" title="Quartermaster general">Quarter Master General</a> by Menon. The appointment was made against the recommendation of Thimayya, who resigned as a result. Kaul was made the <a href="/wiki/Chief_of_the_General_Staff_(India)" title="Chief of the General Staff (India)">chief of general staff</a> (CGS), the second highest appointment at Army Headquarters after the COAS. Kaul cultivated a close relationship with Nehru and Menon and became even more powerful than the COAS. This was met with disapproval by senior army officials, including Manekshaw, who argued against the interference of the political leadership in the administration of the army. This led him to be marked as an <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/antinational" class="extiw" title="wikt:antinational">anti-national</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh2005193–197-54">[50]</a> Kaul sent informers to spy on Manekshaw<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESinha1992163–164-57">[53]</a> who, as a result of the information gathered, was charged with sedition, and subjected to a court of inquiry. The charges against him were that he was more loyal to the Queen and the Crown than to India, because he had not removed portraits of the Queen and British military and civilian officers from the College and his office.<a href="#cite_note-58">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-59">[55]</a> The court, presided over by the general officer commanding-in-chief (GOC-in-C) of <a href="/wiki/Western_Command_(India)" title="Western Command (India)">Western Command</a>, Lt. Gen. <a href="/wiki/Daulet_Singh" title="Daulet Singh">Daulet Singh</a>, exonerated Manekshaw as no evidence against him was found.<a href="#cite_note-60">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-61">[57]</a> Before a formal 'no case to answer' could be announced, the <a href="/wiki/Sino-Indian_War" title="Sino-Indian War">Sino-Indian War</a> broke out; Manekshaw was not able to participate because of the court proceedings. The Indian Army was defeated in the war, for which Kaul and Menon were held primarily responsible, both were sacked. In November 1962, Nehru asked Manekshaw to take over the command of <a href="/wiki/IV_Corps_(India)" title="IV Corps (India)">IV Corps</a>. Manekshaw told Nehru that the court action against him was a conspiracy, and that his promotion had been due for almost eighteen months; Nehru apologised.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh2005193–197-54">[50]</a> Shortly after, on 2 December 1962, Manekshaw was promoted to acting lieutenant general and appointed the GOC of IV Corps at <a href="/wiki/Tezpur" title="Tezpur">Tezpur</a>.<a href="#cite_note-actg_lt_gen-62">[58]</a> Soon after taking charge, Manekshaw reached the conclusion that poor leadership had been a significant factor in IV Corps' failure in the war with China. He felt the first course of action was to improve the morale of his soldiers. Manekshaw identified the root cause of the low morale to be panicked withdrawals, ordered without allowing the soldiers to fight back. He ordered there to be no more retreats without his written permission.<a href="#cite_note-63">[59]</a> The next task Manekshaw took up was to reorganise the troops in the <a href="/wiki/North-East_Frontier_Agency" title="North-East Frontier Agency">North-East Frontier Agency</a> (NEFA), where he alleviated the shortages of equipment, accommodation and clothing.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh2005199-64">[60]</a> Analyst <a href="/wiki/Srinath_Raghavan" title="Srinath Raghavan">Srinath Raghavan</a> noted that Corps Commander Manekshaw and COAS <a href="/wiki/Jayanto_Nath_Chaudhuri" title="Jayanto Nath Chaudhuri">Jayanto Nath Chaudhuri</a> had delayed moving into the NEFA region until the end of 1963, in order to avoid provoking a new Chinese offensive.<a href="#cite_note-65">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-66">[62]</a> Promoted to substantive lieutenant general on 20 July 1963, Manekshaw was appointed an army commander on 5 December, taking command of Western Command as the GOC-in-C.<a href="#cite_note-lt_gen-67">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[64]</a> Defence analyst <a href="/wiki/Ajai_Shukla" title="Ajai Shukla">Ajai Shukla</a>, citing Anit Mukherjee, states that Western Command troops were reported to be moving from Punjab to Delhi after Nehru's death. This movement was seen as the precursor to a coup by the civilian establishment, while the army said it was moving in troops to manage the large crowds expected at Nehru's funeral.<a href="#cite_note-69">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-70">[66]</a> As a result, on 16 November 1964, Manekshaw was transferred from Shimla to <a href="/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata">Calcutta</a> as the GOC-in-C <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Command_(India)" title="Eastern Command (India)">Eastern Command</a>.<a href="#cite_note-71">[67]</a> There he responded to the insurgencies in <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_conflict_in_Nagaland" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic conflict in Nagaland">Nagaland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mizo_National_Front_uprising" title="Mizo National Front uprising">Mizoram</a>, for which he was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Padma_Bhushan" title="Padma Bhushan">Padma Bhushan</a> in 1968.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESharma200760-72">[68]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lt._Gen._Manekshaw_as_Eastern_Commander.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Lieutenant General Manekshaw in his office at Eastern Command headquarters." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Lt._Gen._Manekshaw_as_Eastern_Commander.jpg/220px-Lt._Gen._Manekshaw_as_Eastern_Commander.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Lt._Gen._Manekshaw_as_Eastern_Commander.jpg/330px-Lt._Gen._Manekshaw_as_Eastern_Commander.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Lt._Gen._Manekshaw_as_Eastern_Commander.jpg/440px-Lt._Gen._Manekshaw_as_Eastern_Commander.jpg 2x" data-file-width="477" data-file-height="440" /></a><figcaption>Lt. Gen. Manekshaw as <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Command_(India)" title="Eastern Command (India)">Eastern Command</a>'s GOC-in-C</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nathu_La_and_Cho_La_clashes">Nathu La and Cho La clashes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sam_Manekshaw&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Nathu La and Cho La clashes">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Nathu_La_and_Cho_La_clashes" title="Nathu La and Cho La clashes">Nathu La and Cho La clashes</a></div> In 1967, five years after the <a href="/wiki/Sino-Indian_War" title="Sino-Indian War">War of 1962</a>, China decided to capture four critical posts in <a href="/wiki/Sikkim" title="Sikkim">Sikkim</a>: <a href="/wiki/Nathu_La" title="Nathu La">Nathu La</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jelep_La" title="Jelep La">Jelep La</a>, Sebu La and <a href="/wiki/Cho_La_(Sikkim,_India_and_Tibet,_China)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cho La (Sikkim, India and Tibet, China)">Cho La</a>. These posts were strategically valuable, as they oversaw the <a href="/wiki/Chicken%27s_Neck_(India)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chicken's Neck (India)">Chicken's Neck</a>, the small strip of land which provides access to Northeast India.<a href="#cite_note-73">[69]</a> Major General <a href="/wiki/Sagat_Singh" title="Sagat Singh">Sagat Singh</a> decided not to retreat following the Chinese attack.<a href="#cite_note-74">[70]</a> Manekshaw endorsed this initiative by Singh and remarked: "I am afraid they are enacting <a href="/wiki/Hamlet" title="Hamlet">Hamlet</a> without the <a href="/wiki/Prince_Hamlet" title="Prince Hamlet">Prince</a>. I will now tell you how I intend to deal with this."<a href="#cite_note-75">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-76">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-77">[73]</a> The conflict ended in Indian victory following the Chinese withdrawal from the area.<a href="#cite_note-c995-78">[74]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chief_of_army_staff">Chief of army staff</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sam_Manekshaw&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Chief of army staff">edit</a>]</div> Gen. <a href="/wiki/Paramasiva_Prabhakar_Kumaramangalam" title="Paramasiva Prabhakar Kumaramangalam">P. P. Kumaramangalam</a> retired as the chief of army staff (COAS) in June 1969. Manekshaw was appointed as the eighth chief of the army staff on 8 June 1969.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh2005201-79">[75]</a> During his tenure, he was instrumental in stopping a plan to reserve quotas in the army for <a href="/wiki/Scheduled_Castes_and_Scheduled_Tribes" title="Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes">Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes</a>. Though he was a Parsi, a minority in India, Manekshaw felt reservation would compromise the ethos of the army and believed all must be given an equal chance.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh2005213-80">[76]</a> In his capacity as the COAS, Manekshaw once visited a battalion of the 8 Gorkha Rifles in July 1969. He asked an orderly if he knew the name of his chief. The orderly replied that he did, and on being asked to name the chief, he said "Sam Bahadur" (lit. "Sam the Brave").<a href="#cite_note-81">[e]</a> This eventually became Manekshaw's nickname.<a href="#cite_note-82">[77]</a> During this period, there were suspicions that Manekshaw would lead a coup and impose <a href="/wiki/Martial_law" title="Martial law">martial law</a>. Indira Gandhi had asked him if he intended to coup, Manekshaw had denied.<a href="#cite_note-83">[78]</a> Once, an American diplomat, in the presence of <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Keating" title="Kenneth Keating">Kenneth Keating</a>, the US ambassador to India, had asked Manekshaw when he was going to stage a coup. Manekshaw reportedly said, "As soon as General <a href="/wiki/William_Westmoreland" title="William Westmoreland">Westmoreland</a> takes over your country".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh2005203-84">[79]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bangladesh_Liberation_War_1971">Bangladesh Liberation War 1971</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sam_Manekshaw&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Bangladesh Liberation War 1971">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_War_of_1971" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Pakistani War of 1971">Indo-Pakistani War of 1971</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1971_Instrument_of_Surrender.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="The signing of the instrument of surrender by Pakistani officers with Indian officers officiating" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/1971_Instrument_of_Surrender.jpg/220px-1971_Instrument_of_Surrender.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/1971_Instrument_of_Surrender.jpg/330px-1971_Instrument_of_Surrender.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/1971_Instrument_of_Surrender.jpg/440px-1971_Instrument_of_Surrender.jpg 2x" data-file-width="936" data-file-height="666" /></a><figcaption>The instrument of surrender being signed on 16 December 1971 (the signatory generals were <a href="/wiki/Jagjit_Singh_Aurora" title="Jagjit Singh Aurora">Jagjit Singh Aurora</a> and <a href="/wiki/Amir_Abdullah_Khan_Niazi" class="mw-redirect" title="Amir Abdullah Khan Niazi">Amir Abdullah Khan Niazi</a> from the Indian and Pakistani sides respectively)</figcaption></figure> The Indo-Pakistani War of 1971 was sparked by the <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Liberation_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangladesh Liberation war">Bangladesh Liberation war</a>, a conflict between the traditionally dominant <a href="/wiki/West_Pakistan" title="West Pakistan">West Pakistanis</a> and the <a href="/wiki/East_Pakistan" title="East Pakistan">East Pakistanis</a> who were a majority of the population but lacked representation. In 1970, East Pakistanis called for Bengali autonomy, but the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Pakistan" title="Government of Pakistan">Pakistani government</a> failed to meet these demands. In early 1971, opinion shifted towards secession in East Pakistan. In March, the <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Armed_Forces" title="Pakistan Armed Forces">Pakistan Armed Forces</a> launched a fierce campaign to curb the secessionists, whose members included soldiers and police from East Pakistan. Thousands of East Pakistanis died, and nearly ten million refugees fled to <a href="/wiki/West_Bengal" title="West Bengal">West Bengal</a>, an adjacent Indian state. In April, India decided to intervene militarily to create <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a>.<a href="#cite_note-85">[80]</a> During a cabinet meeting towards the end of April, Prime Minister Indira Gandhi asked Manekshaw if he was prepared to go to war with Pakistan. He replied that most of his armoured and infantry divisions were deployed elsewhere, only twelve of his tanks were combat-ready, and they would be competing for rail carriages with the grain harvest. He also pointed out that the Himalayan passes would soon open up with the forthcoming monsoon, which would result in heavy flooding.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThe_Economist2008-86">[81]</a> After the cabinet had left the room, Manekshaw offered to resign; Gandhi declined and instead sought his advice. He said he could guarantee victory if she would allow him to handle the conflict on his own terms, and set a date for its initiation; Gandhi agreed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh2005204–205-87">[82]</a> Following the strategy planned by Manekshaw, the army launched several preparatory operations in East Pakistan, including training and equipping the <a href="/wiki/Mukti_Bahini" title="Mukti Bahini">Mukti Bahini</a>, a local militia group of Bengali nationalists. About three brigades of regular Bangladeshi troops were trained, and 75,000 guerrillas were trained and equipped with arms and ammunition. These forces were used to harass the <a href="/wiki/Pakistani_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistani Army">Pakistani Army</a> forces stationed in East Pakistan in the lead-up to the war.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh2005206-88">[83]</a> The war started officially on 3 December 1971, when Pakistani aircraft bombed <a href="/wiki/Indian_Air_Force" title="Indian Air Force">Indian Air Force</a> bases in western India. The Army Headquarters under Manekshaw's leadership formulated the following strategy: <a href="/wiki/II_Corps_(India)" title="II Corps (India)">II Corps</a> commanded by Lt. Gen. <a href="/wiki/Tapishwar_Narain_Raina" title="Tapishwar Narain Raina">Tapishwar Narain Raina</a> would enter from the west; IV Corps commanded by Lt. Gen. <a href="/wiki/Sagat_Singh" title="Sagat Singh">Sagat Singh</a> would enter from the east; <a href="/wiki/XXXIII_Corps_(India)" title="XXXIII Corps (India)">XXXIII Corps</a> commanded by Lt. Gen. Mohan L. Thapan would enter from the north; and the 101 Communication Zone Area commanded by Maj. Gen. Gurbax Singh would provide support from the northeast. This strategy was to be executed by Eastern Command under Lt. Gen. <a href="/wiki/Jagjit_Singh_Aurora" title="Jagjit Singh Aurora">Jagjit Singh Aurora</a>. Manekshaw instructed Lt. Gen. <a href="/wiki/J.F.R._Jacob" class="mw-redirect" title="J.F.R. Jacob">J.F.R. Jacob</a>, chief of staff, Eastern Command, to inform the Indian prime minister that orders were being issued for the movement of troops from Eastern Command. The following day, the Indian Navy and Air Force also initiated full-scale operations on both the eastern and western fronts.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh2005207-89">[84]</a> As the war progressed, India captured most of the strategic positions and isolated the Pakistani forces, who started to surrender or withdraw.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh2005208-90">[85]</a> The <a href="/wiki/UN_Security_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="UN Security Council">UN Security Council</a> assembled on 4 December 1971 to discuss the situation. After lengthy discussions on 7 December, the United States put forward a resolution for an "immediate cease-fire and withdrawal of troops". While supported by the majority, the USSR vetoed it twice, and because of Pakistani atrocities in Bengal, the United Kingdom and France abstained.<a href="#cite_note-The_World:_India_and_Pakistan:_Over_the_Edge_-_Time-91">[86]</a> On 8 December, a <a href="/wiki/C141" class="mw-redirect" title="C141">C141</a> American cargo plane was seen unloading arms & other equipment at Karachi. Manekshaw prevented any further supplies by summoning the military attache at the US embassy in India and asking him to stop the drops which were in contravention of US public policy.<a href="#cite_note-92">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-93">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-94">[89]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Indian forces have surrounded you. Your Air Force is destroyed. You have no hope of any help from them. Chittagong, Chalna and Mangla ports are blocked. Nobody can reach you from the sea. Your fate is sealed. The Mukti Bahini and the people are all prepared to take revenge for the atrocities and cruelties you have committed...Why waste lives? Don't you want to go home and be with your children? Do not lose time; there is no disgrace in laying down your arms to a soldier. We will give you the treatment befitting a soldier[.]<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Manekshaw's first radio message to the Pakistani troops on 9 December 1971<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh2005209-95">[90]</a></cite></div></blockquote> Manekshaw addressed the Pakistani troops by radio broadcast on 9, 11 and 15 December, assuring them that they would receive honourable treatment from the Indian troops if they surrendered. The last two broadcasts were delivered as replies to messages from the Pakistani commanders Maj. Gen. <a href="/wiki/Rao_Farman_Ali" title="Rao Farman Ali">Rao Farman Ali</a> and Lt. Gen. <a href="/wiki/Amir_Abdullah_Khan_Niazi" class="mw-redirect" title="Amir Abdullah Khan Niazi">Amir Abdullah Khan Niazi</a> to their troops. These broadcasts had a demoralising effect; they convinced the Pakistani troops of the futility of further resistance and led to their decision to surrender.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh2005208-90">[85]</a> On 11 December, Ali messaged the United Nations requesting a ceasefire, but it was not authorised by <a href="/wiki/President_of_Pakistan" title="President of Pakistan">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Yahya_Khan" title="Yahya Khan">Yahya Khan</a>, and the fighting continued. Following several discussions and consultations, and subsequent attacks by the Indian forces, Khan decided to stop the war in order to avoid any additional Pakistani casualties.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh2005208-90">[85]</a> The actual decision to surrender was taken by Niazi on 15 December and was conveyed to Manekshaw through the United States Consul General in <a href="/wiki/Dhaka" title="Dhaka">Dhaka</a> via Washington.<a href="#cite_note-96">[91]</a> Manekshaw replied that he would stop the war only if the Pakistani troops surrendered to their Indian counterparts by 9 AM on 16 December. The deadline was extended to 3 PM on the same day at Niazi's request, and the <a href="/wiki/Pakistani_Instrument_of_Surrender" title="Pakistani Instrument of Surrender">instrument of surrender</a> was formally signed on 16 December 1971 by Lt. Gen. <a href="/wiki/Amir_Abdullah_Khan_Niazi" class="mw-redirect" title="Amir Abdullah Khan Niazi">Amir Abdullah Khan Niazi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh2005209-95">[90]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PM_with_the_three_Chiefs,_1971.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="The Prime Minister of India, Indira Gandhi, congratulates the Chiefs of the three services, namely General Manekshaw, Admiral SM Nanda and Air Chief PC Lal." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/PM_with_the_three_Chiefs%2C_1971.jpg/220px-PM_with_the_three_Chiefs%2C_1971.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/PM_with_the_three_Chiefs%2C_1971.jpg/330px-PM_with_the_three_Chiefs%2C_1971.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/PM_with_the_three_Chiefs%2C_1971.jpg/440px-PM_with_the_three_Chiefs%2C_1971.jpg 2x" data-file-width="988" data-file-height="576" /></a><figcaption>The Prime Minister of India, Indira Gandhi, congratulating the Chiefs of the three services, General Sam Manekshaw, <a href="/wiki/Admiral_(India)" title="Admiral (India)">Admiral</a> <a href="/wiki/Sardarilal_Mathradas_Nanda" title="Sardarilal Mathradas Nanda">SM Nanda</a> and <a href="/wiki/Air_Chief_Marshal_(India)" class="mw-redirect" title="Air Chief Marshal (India)">Air Chief Marshal</a> <a href="/wiki/Pratap_Chandra_Lal" title="Pratap Chandra Lal">PC Lal</a>.</figcaption></figure> When the prime minister asked Manekshaw to go to Dhaka and accept the surrender of Pakistani forces, he declined, saying that the honour should go to the GOC-in-C Eastern Command, Lt. Gen. Jagjit Singh Aurora.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaighal2008-19">[16]</a> Concerned about maintaining discipline in the aftermath of the conflict, Manekshaw issued strict instructions forbidding looting and rape and stressed the need to respect and stay away from women. As a result, according to Singh, cases of looting and rape were negligible.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh2005210-97">[92]</a> While addressing his troops on the matter, Manekshaw was quoted as saying: "When you see a Begum (Muslim woman), keep your hands in your pockets, and think of Sam."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh2005210-97">[92]</a> The war lasted 12 days and saw 93,000 Pakistani soldiers taken prisoner. It ended with the unconditional surrender of East Pakistan and resulted in the creation of Bangladesh.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh2005210–211-98">[93]</a> In addition to the prisoners of war (POWs), Pakistan suffered 6,000 casualties against India's 2,000.<a href="#cite_note-Three_Indian_Blunders_in_the_1971_War-99">[94]</a> After the war, Manekshaw ensured good conditions for the POWs, but was criticised for treating them like "sons in law" by the <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Cabinet of India">cabinet</a>.<a href="#cite_note-100">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-101">[96]</a> Singh recounts that in some cases he addressed them personally and talked to them privately, with just his <a href="/wiki/Aide-de-camp" title="Aide-de-camp">aide-de-camp</a> for company, while they shared a cup of tea. He made provisions for the prisoners to be supplied with the copies of the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a>, and allowed them to celebrate festivals and receive letters and parcels from their loved ones.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh2005210–211-98">[93]</a> However, he did not want them to be returned to Pakistan until a peace agreement was concluded, as the POWs numbered about four divisions of soldiers and could be deployed for another war.<a href="#cite_note-102">[97]</a> The Pakistani POWs remained in captivity for several years,<a href="#cite_note-103">[98]</a> used as leverage for Pakistan officially recognizing Bangladesh.<a href="#cite_note-104">[99]</a> Manekshaw was India's official representative for the negotiations held on 28 November 1972 to demarcate the <a href="/wiki/Line_of_Control" title="Line of Control">Line of Control</a> in Kashmir after the war. Pakistan's representative was General Tikka Khan. The talks broke down due to disagreements on control over parts of Thako Chak and Kaiyan (located in Pakistan's <a href="/wiki/Chicken%27s_Neck_(Pakistan)" title="Chicken's Neck (Pakistan)">Chicken's Neck</a>), <a href="/wiki/Chhamb" class="mw-redirect" title="Chhamb">Chhamb</a> and Tortuk.<a href="#cite_note-105">[100]</a> The second round of talks held from 5 to 7 December managed to resolve these issues.<a href="#cite_note-106">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-107">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-108">[103]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FM_Manekshaw_-_Rashtrapathi_Bhavan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Manekshaw receives the field marshal's rank from the President of India, VV Giri, at the Rashtrapathi Bhavan, the President's residence." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/FM_Manekshaw_-_Rashtrapathi_Bhavan.jpg/220px-FM_Manekshaw_-_Rashtrapathi_Bhavan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/FM_Manekshaw_-_Rashtrapathi_Bhavan.jpg/330px-FM_Manekshaw_-_Rashtrapathi_Bhavan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/FM_Manekshaw_-_Rashtrapathi_Bhavan.jpg/440px-FM_Manekshaw_-_Rashtrapathi_Bhavan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3600" data-file-height="2700" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/President_of_India" title="President of India">President of India</a>, <a href="/wiki/V._V._Giri" title="V. V. Giri">V. V. Giri</a>, conferring the rank of Field Marshal on COAS Sam Manekshaw at <a href="/wiki/Rashtrapathi_Bhavan" class="mw-redirect" title="Rashtrapathi Bhavan">Rashtrapathi Bhavan</a> in January 1973.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Promotion_to_field_marshal">Promotion to field marshal</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sam_Manekshaw&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Promotion to field marshal">edit</a>]</div> After the war, Indira Gandhi decided to promote Manekshaw to the rank of field marshal and appoint him as the <a href="/wiki/Chief_of_Defence_Staff_(India)" title="Chief of Defence Staff (India)">chief of defence staff</a> (CDS). However, after several objections from the commanders of the navy and the air force, the appointment was dropped. Because Manekshaw was from the army, there were concerns that the comparatively smaller forces of the navy and air force would be neglected. Moreover, the bureaucrats felt that the appointment might reduce their influence over defence issues.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh2005214–215-109">[104]</a> Though Manekshaw was to retire in June 1972, his term was extended by a period of six months, and "in recognition of outstanding services to the Armed Forces and the nation," he was promoted to the rank of field marshal on 1 January 1973.<a href="#cite_note-field_marshal-110">[105]</a> The first Indian Army officer to be so promoted, he was formally conferred with the rank in a ceremony held at the <a href="/wiki/Rashtrapati_Bhavan" title="Rashtrapati Bhavan">Rashtrapati Bhavan</a> (President's Residence) on 3 January.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh2005215-111">[106]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Honours_and_post-retirement">Honours and post-retirement</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sam_Manekshaw&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Honours and post-retirement">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sam_Manekshaw_2008_stamp_of_India.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Manekshaw on a 2008 Indian stamp" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Sam_Manekshaw_2008_stamp_of_India.jpg/220px-Sam_Manekshaw_2008_stamp_of_India.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="296" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Sam_Manekshaw_2008_stamp_of_India.jpg/330px-Sam_Manekshaw_2008_stamp_of_India.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Sam_Manekshaw_2008_stamp_of_India.jpg/440px-Sam_Manekshaw_2008_stamp_of_India.jpg 2x" data-file-width="689" data-file-height="926" /></a><figcaption>Manekshaw on a 2008 stamp of India</figcaption></figure> For his service to India, the <a href="/wiki/President_of_India" title="President of India">President of India</a>, <a href="/wiki/V._V._Giri" title="V. V. Giri">VV Giri</a>, awarded Manekshaw the <a href="/wiki/Padma_Vibhushan" title="Padma Vibhushan">Padma Vibhushan</a> in 1972. Manekshaw retired from active service on 15 January 1973 (celebrated as <a href="/wiki/Army_Day_(India)" title="Army Day (India)">Army Day</a> in India) after a career of nearly four decades. He moved with his family to <a href="/wiki/Coonoor" title="Coonoor">Coonoor</a>, the civilian town next to <a href="/wiki/Wellington_Cantonment" title="Wellington Cantonment">Wellington Cantonment</a>, where he had served as commandant of the Defence Services Staff College early on in his career. Popular with <a href="/wiki/Gorkha" class="mw-redirect" title="Gorkha">Gorkha</a> soldiers, Nepal fêted Manekshaw as an honorary general of the <a href="/wiki/Nepalese_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Nepalese Army">Nepalese Army</a> in 1972.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMehta2003-2">[2]</a> In 1977, he was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Tri_Shakti_Patta" title="Order of Tri Shakti Patta">Order of Tri Shakti Patta</a> First Class, an order of knighthood of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Nepal" title="Kingdom of Nepal">Kingdom of Nepal</a> by <a href="/wiki/King_of_Nepal" title="King of Nepal">King</a> <a href="/wiki/Birendra_of_Nepal" title="Birendra of Nepal">Birendra</a>.<a href="#cite_note-112">[107]</a> Following his service in the Indian Army, Manekshaw served as an independent director on the board and, in a few cases, as the chairman of several companies, like <a href="/wiki/Bombay_Burmah_Trading_Corporation" title="Bombay Burmah Trading Corporation">Bombay Burmah Trading Corporation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Britannia_Industries" title="Britannia Industries">Britannia Industries</a> and <a href="/wiki/Escorts_Limited" class="mw-redirect" title="Escorts Limited">Escorts Limited</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMehta2003-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-113">[108]</a> In May 2007, <a href="/wiki/Gohar_Ayub" class="mw-redirect" title="Gohar Ayub">Gohar Ayub</a>, the son of the Pakistani Field Marshal <a href="/wiki/Ayub_Khan_(Field_Marshal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayub Khan (Field Marshal)">Ayub Khan</a>, claimed that Manekshaw had sold Indian Army secrets to Pakistan during the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965 for 20,000 rupees, but his accusations were dismissed by the Indian defence establishment.<a href="#cite_note-114">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-115">[110]</a> Although Manekshaw was conferred the rank of field marshal in 1973, it was reported that he was not given the complete allowances he was entitled to. He did not receive these until 2007, when President <a href="/wiki/A._P._J._Abdul_Kalam" title="A. P. J. Abdul Kalam">A. P. J. Abdul Kalam</a> met him in Wellington, and presented him with a cheque for ₹1.3 crore (equivalent to ₹3.9 crore or US$470,000 in 2023)—his arrears of pay for over 30 years.<a href="#cite_note-The_Making_of_a_Field_Marshal-116">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-Remembering_Sam_Manekshaw,_India's_Greatest_General,_on_his_Birth_Centenary-117">[112]</a> Manekshaw was critical of politicians and civilian bureaucrats, and frequently mocked them, asking for example, "whether those of our political masters who have been put in charge of the defence of the country can distinguish a mortar from a motor; a gun from a howitzer; a guerrilla from a gorilla – although a great many in the past have resembled the latter.”<a href="#cite_note-118">[113]</a> Manekshaw visited hospitalised soldiers during the <a href="/wiki/Kargil_War" title="Kargil War">Kargil War</a> and was cited by COAS <a href="/wiki/Ved_Prakash_Malik" title="Ved Prakash Malik">Ved Prakash Malik</a>, the commander during the war, as his icon.<a href="#cite_note-119">[114]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life_and_death">Personal life and death</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sam_Manekshaw&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Personal life and death">edit</a>]</div> Manekshaw married Silloo Bode on 22 April 1939 in <a href="/wiki/Bombay" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombay">Bombay</a>. The couple had two daughters, Sherry and Maya (later Maja), born in 1940 and 1945 respectively. Manekshaw died of complications from pneumonia at the Military Hospital in <a href="/wiki/Wellington,_Tamil_Nadu" title="Wellington, Tamil Nadu">Wellington, Tamil Nadu</a>, at 12:30 a.m. on 27 June 2008 at the age of 94.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPandya2008-4">[3]</a> Reportedly, his last words were "I'm okay!"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThe_Economist2008-86">[81]</a> He was buried at the <a href="/wiki/Parsi" class="mw-redirect" title="Parsi">Parsi</a> cemetery in <a href="/wiki/Udhagamandalam" class="mw-redirect" title="Udhagamandalam">Udhagamandalam</a> (Ooty), Tamil Nadu, with military honours, adjacent to his wife's grave.<a href="#cite_note-120">[115]</a> His funeral lacked governmental representation, which the media argued was a result of the civilian establishment's apathy towards the military, who feared that the military would stage a coup if it became too popular with the citizenry.<a href="#cite_note-121">[116]</a> A national day of mourning was not declared. While this was not a breach of protocol, such commemoration is customary for a leader of national importance.<a href="#cite_note-122">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-NRIs-123">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-124">[119]</a> Bangladesh, however, did pay tribute to Manekshaw on his death.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThe_Economist2008-86">[81]</a> He was survived by two daughters and three grandchildren.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh2005189-125">[120]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Character">Character</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sam_Manekshaw&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Character">edit</a>]</div> Manekshaw was charismatic and known to be capable of charm.<a href="#cite_note-126">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-127">[122]</a> He was often described as a gentleman.<a href="#cite_note-128">[123]</a> Like others of his generation, his background in the British army gave him a fondness for some English habits, such as drinking whiskey and wearing his <a href="/wiki/Handlebar_moustache" title="Handlebar moustache">handlebar moustache</a>.<a href="#cite_note-129">[124]</a> His background as a Parsi is sometimes attributed as a factor in his ambition and success.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThe_Economist2008-86">[81]</a> He commanded great loyalty from his troops, particularly the Gorkhas, due to his reputation for personal bravery, fairness and his avoidance of punishments.<a href="#cite_note-130">[125]</a> He came into conflict with politicians, however, because he stood up to their often unreasonable or unethical demands. They also disliked his popularity as they feared the possibility of a military coup. He dealt with politicians' demands through sarcasm, which however was recognised by figures such as Indira Gandhi.<a href="#cite_note-131">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPandya2008-4">[3]</a> Manekshaw also did not hesitate from advocating for better strategies than those developed by the civilian establishment, a trait rarely found in the military brass today, according to Admiral <a href="/wiki/Arun_Prakash" title="Arun Prakash">Arun Prakash</a>.<a href="#cite_note-132">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-133">[128]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy_and_assessment">Legacy and assessment</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sam_Manekshaw&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Legacy and assessment">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti 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.trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:492px;max-width:492px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:277px;max-width:277px"><div class="thumbimage" style="border:none;;height:209px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Chief_of_Army_Staff,_General_Bikram_Singh_unveiling_the_statue_of_Field_Marshal_Sam_Manekshaw,_in_New_Delhi_on_April_03,_2014.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="The Indian Chief of Army Staff inaugurates Manekshaw's statue at the centre names after him." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/The_Chief_of_Army_Staff%2C_General_Bikram_Singh_unveiling_the_statue_of_Field_Marshal_Sam_Manekshaw%2C_in_New_Delhi_on_April_03%2C_2014.jpg/275px-The_Chief_of_Army_Staff%2C_General_Bikram_Singh_unveiling_the_statue_of_Field_Marshal_Sam_Manekshaw%2C_in_New_Delhi_on_April_03%2C_2014.jpg" decoding="async" width="275" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/The_Chief_of_Army_Staff%2C_General_Bikram_Singh_unveiling_the_statue_of_Field_Marshal_Sam_Manekshaw%2C_in_New_Delhi_on_April_03%2C_2014.jpg/413px-The_Chief_of_Army_Staff%2C_General_Bikram_Singh_unveiling_the_statue_of_Field_Marshal_Sam_Manekshaw%2C_in_New_Delhi_on_April_03%2C_2014.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/The_Chief_of_Army_Staff%2C_General_Bikram_Singh_unveiling_the_statue_of_Field_Marshal_Sam_Manekshaw%2C_in_New_Delhi_on_April_03%2C_2014.jpg/550px-The_Chief_of_Army_Staff%2C_General_Bikram_Singh_unveiling_the_statue_of_Field_Marshal_Sam_Manekshaw%2C_in_New_Delhi_on_April_03%2C_2014.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2200" data-file-height="1672" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:211px;max-width:211px"><div class="thumbimage" style="border:none;;height:209px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Sam_Manekshaw%27s_statue_in_Pune_Cantonment.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Manekshaw's statue at the Pune Cantonment." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Sam_Manekshaw%27s_statue_in_Pune_Cantonment.jpg/209px-Sam_Manekshaw%27s_statue_in_Pune_Cantonment.jpg" decoding="async" width="209" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Sam_Manekshaw%27s_statue_in_Pune_Cantonment.jpg/314px-Sam_Manekshaw%27s_statue_in_Pune_Cantonment.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Sam_Manekshaw%27s_statue_in_Pune_Cantonment.jpg/418px-Sam_Manekshaw%27s_statue_in_Pune_Cantonment.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="2304" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">(left) <a href="/wiki/Chief_of_the_Army_Staff_(India)" title="Chief of the Army Staff (India)">COAS</a> <a href="/wiki/General_(India)" title="General (India)">Gen.</a> <a href="/wiki/Bikram_Singh_(general)" title="Bikram Singh (general)">Bikram Singh</a> unveiling the Field Marshal's statue at the Manekshaw Centre. (right) Manekshaw's statue at the <a href="/wiki/Pune_Cantonment" class="mw-redirect" title="Pune Cantonment">Pune Cantonment</a>.</div></div></div></div> <a href="/wiki/Vijay_Diwas_(India)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vijay Diwas (India)">Vijay Diwas</a> (lit. Victory Day) is celebrated on 16 December every year in honor of the victory achieved under Manekshaw's leadership in 1971. On 16 December 2008, a postage stamp depicting Manekshaw in his field marshal's uniform was released by then President <a href="/wiki/Pratibha_Patil" title="Pratibha Patil">Pratibha Patil</a>.<a href="#cite_note-134">[129]</a> The Manekshaw Centre in the <a href="/wiki/Delhi_Cantonment" title="Delhi Cantonment">Delhi Cantonment</a> is named for the field marshal. The centre was inaugurated by the <a href="/wiki/President_of_India" title="President of India">President of India</a> on 21 October 2010.<a href="#cite_note-135">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-136">[131]</a> The biannual Army Commanders' conference takes place at the centre.<a href="#cite_note-137">[132]</a> The Manekshaw parade ground in <a href="/wiki/Bengaluru" title="Bengaluru">Bengaluru</a> is also named after him. The <a href="/wiki/Republic_Day_(India)" title="Republic Day (India)">Republic Day</a> celebrations in Karnataka are held at this ground every year.<a href="#cite_note-138">[133]</a> A flyover bridge in Ahmedabad's Shivranjeeni area was named after him in 2008 by the then Chief Minister of Gujarat, <a href="/wiki/Narendra_Modi" title="Narendra Modi">Narendra Modi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Modi’s_choice:Flyover_in_[[Ahmedabad]]_to_be_named_after_Sam_Manekshaw-139">[134]</a> In 2014, a granite statue was erected in his honour at <a href="/wiki/Wellington,_Tamil_Nadu" title="Wellington, Tamil Nadu">Wellington</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Nilgiris_district" title="Nilgiris district">Nilgiris district</a>, close to the <a href="/wiki/Black_Bridge_(The_Nilgiris)" title="Black Bridge (The Nilgiris)">Manekshaw Bridge</a> on the Ooty–Coonoor road, which had been named after him in 2009.<a href="#cite_note-statue-140">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-141">[136]</a> His statue is also on the Maneckji Mehta Road in <a href="/wiki/Pune_Cantonment" class="mw-redirect" title="Pune Cantonment">Pune Cantonment</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Centre_for_Land_Warfare_Studies" title="Centre for Land Warfare Studies">Centre for Land Warfare Studies</a>, an Indian military <a href="/wiki/Think_tank" title="Think tank">think tank</a>, publishes its research papers in a collection called the Manekshaw Papers as a tribute to the field marshal.<a href="#cite_note-142">[137]</a> Manekshaw has been portrayed in film and fiction. <a href="/wiki/Vicky_Kaushal" title="Vicky Kaushal">Vicky Kaushal</a> played the role of Manekshaw in the 2023 biopic <a href="/wiki/Sam_Bahadur_(film)" title="Sam Bahadur (film)">Sam Bahadur</a>.<a href="#cite_note-143">[138]</a> He is also featured conversing with his Pakistani adversary and former Burma war colleague Tiger Niazi in <a href="/wiki/Salman_Rushdie" title="Salman Rushdie">Salman Rushdie</a>'s novel <a href="/wiki/Midnight%27s_Children" title="Midnight's Children">Midnight's Children</a>, in the chapter entitled "Sam and the Tiger".<a href="#cite_note-144">[139]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Soldiers'_pay">Soldiers' pay</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sam_Manekshaw&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Soldiers' pay">edit</a>]</div> In 1970, the Armed Forces and the Army in particular had the opportunity for the first time to get their pay determined by the <a href="/wiki/Pay_Commission" title="Pay Commission">Pay Commission</a>, which set the pay levels for all other government employees. Armed Forces personnel had not been considered for the 1st and 2nd Pay Commissions but were to be considered for the 3rd Pay Commission.<a href="#cite_note-145">[140]</a> Manekshaw convinced the government to apply the 3rd Pay Commission's recommendations for military personnel and set pay scales for them proportionate to their service conditions (termed <a href="/wiki/Hazard_pay" title="Hazard pay">hazard pay</a>), a practice which continues to this day.<a href="#cite_note-146">[141]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Strategy_and_doctrine">Strategy and doctrine</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sam_Manekshaw&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Strategy and doctrine">edit</a>]</div> Manekshaw's strategies during the 1971 war have been considered by analysts to be the precursor to the Indian <a href="/wiki/Cold_Start_(military_doctrine)" title="Cold Start (military doctrine)">Cold Start military doctrine</a>, which calls for integrated offensive attacks.<a href="#cite_note-147">[142]</a> Formulated along with his deputies Aurora and Singh, Manekshaw's <a href="/wiki/Shock_and_awe" title="Shock and awe">shock and awe</a> tactic of deploying IV Corps, which was geographically disadvantaged, contributed significantly to the military victory.<a href="#cite_note-148">[143]</a> Analysts consider Manekshaw and Aurora to have created a <a href="/wiki/Blitzkrieg" title="Blitzkrieg">Blitzkrieg</a> style of warfare which was even more rapid.<a href="#cite_note-149">[144]</a><a href="#cite_note-150">[145]</a><a href="#cite_note-151">[146]</a> Defence analyst <a href="/wiki/Robert_M._Citino" title="Robert M. Citino">Robert M. Citino</a> noted that the speed of the 1971 campaign had been impressive, but it had taken too much time to mobilise the units involved; its logistics had been rather crude; and it could have run into problems if there had been an air force in East Pakistan. Manekshaw said the following about the campaign: "To say that it was something like what <a href="/wiki/Erwin_Rommel" title="Erwin Rommel">Rommel</a> did would be ridiculous".<a href="#cite_note-152">[147]</a> General <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Beaufre" title="André Beaufre">André Beaufre</a>, a French military theorist, had been invited by Manekshaw to analyse the 1971 war. Beaufre had previously observed the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chumb" title="Battle of Chumb">Battles of Chumb</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Basantar" title="Battle of Basantar">Basantar</a> from the Pakistani side.<a href="#cite_note-153">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-154">[149]</a> Beaufre concluded that the Indian operations on the Eastern Front were <a href="/wiki/Maneuver_warfare" title="Maneuver warfare">maneuver warfare</a> but the operations in and around the <a href="/wiki/Shakargarh" title="Shakargarh">Shakargarh</a> <a href="/wiki/Salient_(military)" title="Salient (military)">bulge</a> had been too slow.<a href="#cite_note-155">[150]</a><a href="#cite_note-156">[151]</a><a href="#cite_note-157">[152]</a> On 12 October 1966, while on a flight from Delhi to <a href="/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata">Kolkata</a>, Manekshaw was a co passenger with William K. Hitchcock, the <a href="/wiki/Consul_General" class="mw-redirect" title="Consul General">Consul General</a> of the USA in Kolkata. On the flight, Manekshaw talked to Hitchcock about the need for more military involvement in Kashmir and criticized COAS Chaudhuri's decision to not deploy the 300,000 Indian soldiers of Eastern Command in the <a href="/wiki/1965_War" class="mw-redirect" title="1965 War">1965 War</a> due to fear of a Chinese offensive. Maneksaw also expressed his worries over India's dependence on Soviet defence equipment, and said he would have advocated for India taking a more American friendly stance on the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a> if he had had more power.<a href="#cite_note-158">[153]</a><a href="#cite_note-159">[154]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Procurement">Procurement</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sam_Manekshaw&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Procurement">edit</a>]</div> Manekshaw was an advocate for a strong domestic <a href="/wiki/Defense_industrial_base" title="Defense industrial base">defence industrial base</a> and <a href="/wiki/Military_procurement" class="mw-redirect" title="Military procurement">procurement</a> reforms, which he believed could shorten the long order and delivery cycles of the Indian Armed Forces. He was also a critic of defence equipment imports and over reliance on the Soviet Union and its successor state, Russia.<a href="#cite_note-160">[155]</a> During the 1971 War, Manekshaw managed to urgently procure equipment to achieve numerical superiority and raise new divisions.<a href="#cite_note-161">[156]</a><a href="#cite_note-162">[157]</a> However, he could not make any lasting reforms to the procurement process.<a href="#cite_note-163">[158]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Special_operations">Special operations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sam_Manekshaw&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Special operations">edit</a>]</div> After being convinced by Brigadier <a href="/wiki/Bhawani_Singh" title="Bhawani Singh">Bhawani Singh</a> on the need for <a href="/wiki/Special_operations" title="Special operations">special operations</a>, Manekshaw approved the plans for the <a href="/wiki/Chachro_Raid" title="Chachro Raid">Chachro Raid</a>, which the brigadier had drawn up himself.<a href="#cite_note-164">[159]</a> The raid resulted in the capture of 13,000 square kilometres (5,000 sq mi) of Pakistani territory up to <a href="/wiki/Umerkot" title="Umerkot">Umerkot</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sindh" title="Sindh">Sindh</a> province, and is considered by analysts to be the most successful operation by an Indian special operations unit.<a href="#cite_note-165">[160]</a><a href="#cite_note-166">[161]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Counter_insurgency">Counter insurgency</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sam_Manekshaw&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Counter insurgency">edit</a>]</div> While responding to the insurgency in Mizoram in 1966, Manekshaw implemented the policy of merging small villages (termed <a href="/wiki/Spatialization" title="Spatialization">spatialisation</a>) as a counter insurgency tool. The intended effect was to prevent insurgents from hiding in sparsely populated villages, and to enable safer civilian and military operations. By forcing insurgents to operate out of uninhabited areas, they were denied access to food and supplies; the army also had to patrol a smaller area and did not have to engage in high casualty <a href="/wiki/Urban_warfare" title="Urban warfare">urban warfare</a> as a result of the policy.<a href="#cite_note-167">[162]</a><a href="#cite_note-168">[163]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sam_Manekshaw&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/41px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/55px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/32px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/48px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/64px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:India" title="Portal:India">India portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kodandera_M._Cariappa" class="mw-redirect" title="Kodandera M. Cariappa">Field Marshal K.M. Cariappa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshal_of_the_Indian_Air_Force" title="Marshal of the Indian Air Force">Marshal of the Indian Air Force</a> <a href="/wiki/Arjan_Singh" title="Arjan Singh">Arjan Singh</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sam_Manekshaw&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> Manekshaw retired from active service in 1973,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMehta2003-2">[2]</a> however, like U.S. officers, Indian military <a href="/wiki/Five-star_rank" title="Five-star rank">five-star rank</a> officers hold their rank for life, and are considered to be serving officers until their deaths. </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> Hormizd was his Iranian name, for communicating with Indians and Britishers he used the name Hormusji. </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> There were 40 vacancies, of which 15 were filled through an open competition, 15 from the ranks of the army and the remaining 10 from the princely state forces.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh2005186-13">[11]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> In the decade after Independence, due to shortages of qualified officers in the senior ranks, it was common for officers to be promoted before they had completed the usual requisite years of service to advance in rank. Manekshaw received a further 4 year extension in his substantive rank of colonel in 1956 as a result. </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/bahadur" class="extiw" title="wikt:bahadur">Bahadur</a> was an honorific title bestowed upon princes and victorious military commanders by Mughal emperors, and later by their British successors. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sam_Manekshaw&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/sam-manekshaw-105th-birth-anniversary-leaders-pay-tribute-to-india-first-field-marshal-2017093">"Sam Manekshaw: Leaders Pay Tribute To India's Greatest General"</a>. <a href="/wiki/NDTV" title="NDTV">NDTV</a>. 3 April 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190812044924/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/sam-manekshaw-105th-birth-anniversary-leaders-pay-tribute-to-india-first-field-marshal-2017093">Archived</a> from the original on 12 August 2019. Retrieved 17 December 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NDTV&rft.atitle=Sam+Manekshaw%3A+Leaders+Pay+Tribute+To+India%27s+Greatest+General&rft.date=2019-04-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ndtv.com%2Findia-news%2Fsam-manekshaw-105th-birth-anniversary-leaders-pay-tribute-to-india-first-field-marshal-2017093&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASam+Manekshaw" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMehta2003-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMehta2003_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMehta2003_2-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMehta2003_2-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFMehta2003">Mehta 2003</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPandya2008-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPandya2008_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPandya2008_4-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPandya2008_4-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFPandya2008">Pandya 2008</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh2005183-6"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh2005183_6-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSingh2005">Singh 2005</a>, p. 183. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESharma200759-7"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharma200759_7-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSharma2007">Sharma 2007</a>, p. 59. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh2005184-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh2005184_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh2005184_8-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh2005184_8-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFSingh2005">Singh 2005</a>, p. 184. </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSood2021" class="citation book cs1">Sood, Maj Gen Shubhi (1 January 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zFfWDQAAQBAJ">Field Marshal Sam Manekshaw</a>. <a href="/wiki/Prabhat_Prakashan" title="Prabhat Prakashan">Prabhat Prakashan</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Field+Marshal+Sam+Manekshaw&rft.pub=Prabhat+Prakashan&rft.date=2021-01-01&rft.aulast=Sood&rft.aufirst=Maj+Gen+Shubhi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzFfWDQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASam+Manekshaw" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHasnain2023" class="citation web cs1">Hasnain, Lieutenant General Syed Ata (retd.) (3 December 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rediff.com/movies/column/a-general-reviews-sam-bahadur/20231203.htm">"Sam Bahadur Is A Delight To Watch"</a>. Rediff. Retrieved 26 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Rediff&rft.atitle=Sam+Bahadur+Is+A+Delight+To+Watch&rft.date=2023-12-03&rft.aulast=Hasnain&rft.aufirst=Lieutenant+General+Syed+Ata+%28retd.%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rediff.com%2Fmovies%2Fcolumn%2Fa-general-reviews-sam-bahadur%2F20231203.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASam+Manekshaw" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh2005185-11"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh2005185_11-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSingh2005">Singh 2005</a>, p. 185. </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSharma2018" class="citation web cs1">Sharma, Anil (13 August 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/amritsar-s-hindu-college-common-to-manekshaw-ex-pm-manmohan-singh/story-NVSGuDmM785wyuEIZvrHhM.html">"Amritsar's Hindu College common to Manekshaw, ex-PM Manmohan Singh"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hindustan_Times" title="Hindustan Times">Hindustan Times</a>. Retrieved 26 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hindustan+Times&rft.atitle=Amritsar%27s+Hindu+College+common+to+Manekshaw%2C+ex-PM+Manmohan+Singh&rft.date=2018-08-13&rft.aulast=Sharma&rft.aufirst=Anil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindustantimes.com%2Fpunjab%2Famritsar-s-hindu-college-common-to-manekshaw-ex-pm-manmohan-singh%2Fstory-NVSGuDmM785wyuEIZvrHhM.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASam+Manekshaw" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh2005186-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh2005186_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh2005186_13-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh2005186_13-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh2005186_13-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh2005186_13-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFSingh2005">Singh 2005</a>, p. 186. </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChatterjee2005" class="citation news cs1">Chatterjee, Raj (16 November 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/edit-page/salaam-sam/articleshow/1296318.cms?from=mdr">"Salaam Sam"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Times_of_India" title="The Times of India">The Times of India</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0971-8257">0971-8257</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240106204236/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/edit-page/salaam-sam/articleshow/1296318.cms?from=mdr">Archived</a> from the original on 6 January 2024. Retrieved 6 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Salaam+Sam&rft.date=2005-11-16&rft.issn=0971-8257&rft.aulast=Chatterjee&rft.aufirst=Raj&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fedit-page%2Fsalaam-sam%2Farticleshow%2F1296318.cms%3Ffrom%3Dmdr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASam+Manekshaw" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh2005188–189-16"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh2005188–189_16-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSingh2005">Singh 2005</a>, pp. 188–189. </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChhina2022" class="citation web cs1">Chhina, Man Aman Singh (17 October 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/ima-dehradun-turns-90-a-dive-into-history-8212921/">"IMA Dehradun Turns 90: A Dive into History"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Indian_Express" title="The Indian Express">The Indian Express</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240106204236/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/ima-dehradun-turns-90-a-dive-into-history-8212921/">Archived</a> from the original on 6 January 2024. Retrieved 6 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Indian+Express&rft.atitle=IMA+Dehradun+Turns+90%3A+A+Dive+into+History&rft.date=2022-10-17&rft.aulast=Chhina&rft.aufirst=Man+Aman+Singh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Findianexpress.com%2Farticle%2Fcities%2Fchandigarh%2Fima-dehradun-turns-90-a-dive-into-history-8212921%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASam+Manekshaw" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrig._Behram_Panthaki_(Retd.)Zenobia_Panthaki2021" class="citation web cs1">Brig. Behram Panthaki (Retd.); Zenobia Panthaki (15 November 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://seniorstoday.in/history/sam-manekshaw-the-legend-lives-on">"Sam Manekshaw: The Legend Lives on"</a>. Seniors Today. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240106204236/https://seniorstoday.in/history/sam-manekshaw-the-legend-lives-on">Archived</a> from the original on 6 January 2024. Retrieved 6 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Seniors+Today&rft.atitle=Sam+Manekshaw%3A+The+Legend+Lives+on&rft.date=2021-11-15&rft.au=Brig.+Behram+Panthaki+%28Retd.%29&rft.au=Zenobia+Panthaki&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fseniorstoday.in%2Fhistory%2Fsam-manekshaw-the-legend-lives-on&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASam+Manekshaw" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESaighal2008-19">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaighal2008_19-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaighal2008_19-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSaighal2008">Saighal 2008</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Saluting_Sam_Bahadur-20"><a href="#cite_ref-Saluting_Sam_Bahadur_20-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTarun,_Vijay2008" class="citation web cs1">Tarun, Vijay (30 June 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Opinion/Columnists/Tarun_Vijay/The_Right_View/Saluting_Sam_Bahadur/articleshow/msid-3179920,curpg-1.cms">"Saluting Sam Bahadur"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Times_of_India" title="The Times of India">The Times of India</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121022003919/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Opinion/Columnists/Tarun_Vijay/The_Right_View/Saluting_Sam_Bahadur/articleshow/msid-3179920,curpg-1.cms">Archived</a> from the original on 22 October 2012. Retrieved 8 July 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Saluting+Sam+Bahadur&rft.date=2008-06-30&rft.au=Tarun%2C+Vijay&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2FOpinion%2FColumnists%2FTarun_Vijay%2FThe_Right_View%2FSaluting_Sam_Bahadur%2Farticleshow%2Fmsid-3179920%2Ccurpg-1.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASam+Manekshaw" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIndian_Army1938" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Indian_Army" title="Indian Army">Indian Army</a> (1938). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.285024">List for October 1938</a>. <a href="/wiki/Government_of_India" title="Government of India">Government of India</a>. p. 510.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=List+for+October+1938&rft.pages=510&rft.pub=Government+of+India&rft.date=1938&rft.au=Indian+Army&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.285024&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASam+Manekshaw" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIndian_Army1939" class="citation book cs1">Indian Army (1939). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.285025">List for October 1939</a>. Government of India. p. 753.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=List+for+October+1939&rft.pages=753&rft.pub=Government+of+India&rft.date=1939&rft.au=Indian+Army&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.285025&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASam+Manekshaw" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIndian_Army1945198–199-23">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIndian_Army1945198–199_23-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIndian_Army1945198–199_23-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFIndian_Army1945">Indian Army 1945</a>, pp. 198–199. sfn error: no target: CITEREFIndian_Army1945 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh2005190-24"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh2005190_24-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSingh2005">Singh 2005</a>, p. 190. </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThompson2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Julian_Thompson_(Royal_Marines_officer)" title="Julian Thompson (Royal Marines officer)">Thompson, Julian</a> (30 September 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZHlyCowJOuIC&dq=manekshaw+john+randle&pg=PA16">Forgotten Voices of Burma: The Second World War's Forgotten Conflict</a>. Random House. p. 16. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4481-4874-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4481-4874-5"><bdi>978-1-4481-4874-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Forgotten+Voices+of+Burma%3A+The+Second+World+War%27s+Forgotten+Conflict&rft.pages=16&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2012-09-30&rft.isbn=978-1-4481-4874-5&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.aufirst=Julian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZHlyCowJOuIC%26dq%3Dmanekshaw%2Bjohn%2Brandle%26pg%3DPA16&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASam+Manekshaw" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sam_Bahadur:_A_soldier's_general_-_TOI-26"><a href="#cite_ref-Sam_Bahadur:_A_soldier's_general_-_TOI_26-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Sam-Bahadur-A-soldiers-general/articleshow/3170360.cms?referral=PM">"Sam Bahadur: A Soldier's General"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Times_of_India" title="The Times of India">The Times of India</a>. 27 June 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171224194925/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Sam-Bahadur-A-soldiers-general/articleshow/3170360.cms?referral=PM">Archived</a> from the original on 24 December 2017. Retrieved 24 December 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Sam+Bahadur%3A+A+Soldier%27s+General&rft.date=2008-06-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Findia%2FSam-Bahadur-A-soldiers-general%2Farticleshow%2F3170360.cms%3Freferral%3DPM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASam+Manekshaw" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh2005191-27">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh2005191_27-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh2005191_27-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh2005191_27-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFSingh2005">Singh 2005</a>, p. 191. </li> <li id="cite_note-Issue_35532_The_Gazette-28"><a href="#cite_ref-Issue_35532_The_Gazette_28-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.london-gazette.co.uk/issues/35532/pages/1797">"Issue 35532"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_London_Gazette" title="The London Gazette">The London Gazette</a>. 21 April 1942. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130724020428/http://www.london-gazette.co.uk/issues/35532/pages/1797">Archived</a> from the original on 24 July 2013. Retrieved 24 December 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Issue+35532&rft.pub=The+London+Gazette&rft.date=1942-04-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.london-gazette.co.uk%2Fissues%2F35532%2Fpages%2F1797&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASam+Manekshaw" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/D7363867">"Recommendation for Award for Manekshaw, Sam Hormuzji Franji Jamshadji"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_National_Archives_(United_Kingdom)" title="The National Archives (United Kingdom)">The National Archives (United Kingdom)</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220128141336/https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/D7363867">Archived</a> from the original on 28 January 2022. Retrieved 28 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+National+Archives+%28United+Kingdom%29&rft.atitle=Recommendation+for+Award+for+Manekshaw%2C+Sam+Hormuzji+Franji+Jamshadji&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdiscovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk%2Fdetails%2Fr%2FD7363867&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASam+Manekshaw" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1964-JULY-DEC-MIN-OF-DEFENCE/PDF/DEF-1964-11-16_252.pdf">"Lt. Gen. Manekshaw Takes Over Charge of Eastern Command"</a> (PDF). Press Information Bureau Archive. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231216040504/https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1964-JULY-DEC-MIN-OF-DEFENCE/PDF/DEF-1964-11-16_252.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 16 December 2023. Retrieved 16 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Press+Information+Bureau+Archive&rft.atitle=Lt.+Gen.+Manekshaw+Takes+Over+Charge+of+Eastern+Command&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.pib.gov.in%2Farchive%2FArchiveSecondPhase%2FDEFENCE%2F1964-JULY-DEC-MIN-OF-DEFENCE%2FPDF%2FDEF-1964-11-16_252.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASam+Manekshaw" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDirectorate_General_of_Infantry2000" class="citation book cs1">Directorate General of Infantry (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rQwzogFr1NgC&pg=PA56">Infantry, a Glint of the Bayonet</a>. Lancer Publishers. p. 56. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8-1706-2284-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-8-1706-2284-0"><bdi>978-8-1706-2284-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Infantry%2C+a+Glint+of+the+Bayonet&rft.pages=56&rft.pub=Lancer+Publishers&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-8-1706-2284-0&rft.au=Directorate+General+of+Infantry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrQwzogFr1NgC%26pg%3DPA56&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASam+Manekshaw" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIndian_Army1947198–199-32">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIndian_Army1947198–199_32-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIndian_Army1947198–199_32-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFIndian_Army1947">Indian Army 1947</a>, pp. 198–199. sfn error: no target: CITEREFIndian_Army1947 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wVoZAAAAIAAJ&q=sam+manekshaw+%22auchinleck%22">Book University Journal</a>. Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan. 1975. Retrieved 21 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Book+University+Journal&rft.pub=Bharatiya+Vidya+Bhavan.&rft.date=1975&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwVoZAAAAIAAJ%26q%3Dsam%2Bmanekshaw%2B%2522auchinleck%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASam+Manekshaw" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLt._Gen._BNBM_Prasad2023" class="citation web cs1">Lt. Gen. BNBM Prasad (3 April 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.news18.com/opinion/opinion-a-tribute-to-field-marshal-sam-manekshaw-on-his-birth-anniversary-7453687.html">"'Soldiers' General': A Tribute to Field Marshal Sam Manekshaw on His Birth Anniversary"</a>. News18. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240106204236/https://www.news18.com/opinion/opinion-a-tribute-to-field-marshal-sam-manekshaw-on-his-birth-anniversary-7453687.html">Archived</a> from the original on 6 January 2024. 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Manohar Publishers & Distributors. p. 52. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8-1730-4189-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-8-1730-4189-1"><bdi>978-8-1730-4189-1</bdi></a>. Retrieved 21 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Surrender+at+Dacca%3A+Birth+of+a+Nation&rft.pages=52&rft.pub=Manohar+Publishers+%26+Distributors&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-8-1730-4189-1&rft.aulast=Jacob&rft.aufirst=J.+F.+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dz-1tAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASam+Manekshaw" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPalit1991" class="citation book cs1">Palit, Maj. Gen. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/1964/O-1799-1964-0051-82054.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 9 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Part+I-Section+4%3A+Ministry+of+Defence+%28Army+Branch%29&rft.pages=509&rft.date=1964-12-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fegazette.nic.in%2FWriteReadData%2F1964%2FO-1799-1964-0051-82054.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASam+Manekshaw" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESharma200760-72"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharma200760_72-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSharma2007">Sharma 2007</a>, p. 60. </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSubramaniam2021" class="citation book cs1">Subramaniam, Arjun (9 June 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=32DDEAAAQBAJ&dq=manekshaw+cho+la&pg=PA129">A Military History of India since 1972: Full Spectrum Operations and the Changing Contours of Modern Conflict</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_Press_of_Kansas" title="University Press of Kansas">University Press of Kansas</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7006-3198-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7006-3198-8"><bdi>978-0-7006-3198-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Military+History+of+India+since+1972%3A+Full+Spectrum+Operations+and+the+Changing+Contours+of+Modern+Conflict&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kansas&rft.date=2021-06-09&rft.isbn=978-0-7006-3198-8&rft.aulast=Subramaniam&rft.aufirst=Arjun&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D32DDEAAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dmanekshaw%2Bcho%2Bla%26pg%3DPA129&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASam+Manekshaw" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingh2017" class="citation web cs1">Singh, Sushant (13 September 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230302090623/https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/50-years-before-doklam-there-was-nathu-la-recalling-a-very-different-standoff-4840703/">"50 years before Doklam, there was Nathu La: Recalling a very different standoff"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Indian_Express" title="The Indian Express">The Indian Express</a>. 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Lancer Publishers. p. 48. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-9355-0160-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-9355-0160-2"><bdi>978-1-9355-0160-2</bdi></a>. 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Citino">Citino, Robert M.</a> (25 May 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wGClEAAAQBAJ&dq=manekshaw+depth&pg=PA194">Blitzkrieg to Desert Storm: The Evolution of Operational Warfare</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_Press_of_Kansas" title="University Press of Kansas">University Press of Kansas</a>. p. 194. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7006-3401-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7006-3401-9"><bdi>978-0-7006-3401-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Blitzkrieg+to+Desert+Storm%3A+The+Evolution+of+Operational+Warfare&rft.pages=194&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kansas&rft.date=2022-05-25&rft.isbn=978-0-7006-3401-9&rft.aulast=Citino&rft.aufirst=Robert+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwGClEAAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dmanekshaw%2Bdepth%26pg%3DPA194&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASam+Manekshaw" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRajagopalan2014" class="citation book cs1">Rajagopalan, Swarna (21 March 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MP4jAwAAQBAJ">Security and South Asia: Ideas, Institutions and Initiatives</a>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. pp. 95–96. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-3178-0948-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-3178-0948-7"><bdi>978-1-3178-0948-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Security+and+South+Asia%3A+Ideas%2C+Institutions+and+Initiatives&rft.pages=95-96&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014-03-21&rft.isbn=978-1-3178-0948-7&rft.aulast=Rajagopalan&rft.aufirst=Swarna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMP4jAwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASam+Manekshaw" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBakshi1988" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/G._D._Bakshi" title="G. D. Bakshi">Bakshi, Major General GD</a> (1 January 1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cqFQEAAAQBAJ&dq=sam+manekshaw+doctrines&pg=PA76">Indian Defence Review Jan-Jun 1988 (Vol 3.1)</a>. Lancer Publishers. p. 76. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8-1706-2342-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-8-1706-2342-7"><bdi>978-8-1706-2342-7</bdi></a>. 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Retrieved 17 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Institute+of+Peace+and+Conflict+Studies&rft.atitle=Sam+Manekshaw+in+the+1971+War&rft.pages=7&rft.aulast=Chari&rft.aufirst=PR&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.files.ethz.ch%2Fisn%2F93349%2FIPCS-Special-Report-56.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASam+Manekshaw" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingh1981" class="citation book cs1">Singh, Major General Sukhwant (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.129969">Defence of the Western Border Volume Two</a>. Vikas Publishing House. pp. 178–180. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7069-1277-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-7069-1277-2"><bdi>0-7069-1277-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Defence+of+the+Western+Border+Volume+Two&rft.pages=178-180&rft.pub=Vikas+Publishing+House&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=0-7069-1277-2&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Major+General+Sukhwant&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.129969&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASam+Manekshaw" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNoorani2003" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/A._G._Noorani" title="A. G. Noorani">Noorani, A. G.</a> (27 February 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://frontline.thehindu.com/books/article30215704.ece">"Our Secrets in British Archives"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Frontline_(magazine)" title="Frontline (magazine)">Frontline</a>. Retrieved 24 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Frontline&rft.atitle=Our+Secrets+in+British+Archives&rft.date=2003-02-27&rft.aulast=Noorani&rft.aufirst=A.+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffrontline.thehindu.com%2Fbooks%2Farticle30215704.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASam+Manekshaw" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://frontline.thehindu.com/the-nation/article30181392.ece">"Frankly Speaking"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Frontline_(magazine)" title="Frontline (magazine)">Frontline</a>. 12 August 2010. Retrieved 24 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Frontline&rft.atitle=Frankly+Speaking&rft.date=2010-08-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffrontline.thehindu.com%2Fthe-nation%2Farticle30181392.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASam+Manekshaw" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMajor_General_Partap_Narain1994" class="citation book cs1">Major General Partap Narain (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/indianarmsbazaar0000nara">Indian Arms Bazaar</a>. Shipra Publications. pp. V–VII. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8-1854-0235-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-8-1854-0235-2"><bdi>978-8-1854-0235-2</bdi></a>. Retrieved 21 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indian+Arms+Bazaar&rft.pages=V-VII&rft.pub=Shipra+Publications&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-8-1854-0235-2&rft.au=Major+General+Partap+Narain&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Findianarmsbazaar0000nara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASam+Manekshaw" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingh1993" class="citation book cs1">Singh, Jogindar (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=toheLRVgjLsC&dq=manekshaw+projection&pg=PA199">Behind the Scenes: An Analysis of India's Military Operations, 1947–1971</a>. Lancer Publishers. p. 199. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-8978-2920-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-8978-2920-2"><bdi>978-1-8978-2920-2</bdi></a>. Retrieved 21 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Behind+the+Scenes%3A+An+Analysis+of+India%27s+Military+Operations%2C+1947%E2%80%931971&rft.pages=199&rft.pub=Lancer+Publishers&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-1-8978-2920-2&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Jogindar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtoheLRVgjLsC%26dq%3Dmanekshaw%2Bprojection%26pg%3DPA199&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASam+Manekshaw" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarua2005" class="citation book cs1">Barua, Pradeep (1 January 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FIIQhuAOGaIC&dq=sam+manekshaw+doctrines&pg=PA197">The State at War in South Asia</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Nebraska_Press" title="University of Nebraska Press">University of Nebraska Press</a>. p. 198. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-1344-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-1344-9"><bdi>978-0-8032-1344-9</bdi></a>. Retrieved 21 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+State+at+War+in+South+Asia&rft.pages=198&rft.pub=University+of+Nebraska+Press&rft.date=2005-01-01&rft.isbn=978-0-8032-1344-9&rft.aulast=Barua&rft.aufirst=Pradeep&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFIIQhuAOGaIC%26dq%3Dsam%2Bmanekshaw%2Bdoctrines%26pg%3DPA197&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASam+Manekshaw" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNair2009" class="citation journal cs1">Nair, Pavan (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25663913">"An Evaluation of India's Defence Expenditure"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Economic_and_Political_Weekly" title="Economic and Political Weekly">Economic and Political Weekly</a>. 44 (51): 40–46. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0012-9976">0012-9976</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25663913">25663913</a>. Retrieved 15 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Economic+and+Political+Weekly&rft.atitle=An+Evaluation+of+India%27s+Defence+Expenditure&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=51&rft.pages=40-46&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25663913%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0012-9976&rft.aulast=Nair&rft.aufirst=Pavan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25663913&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASam+Manekshaw" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLt._Gen._Vinod_Bhatia2021" class="citation web cs1">Lt. Gen. Vinod Bhatia (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idsa.in/system/files/jds/15_04_Vinod%2520Bhatia.pdf">"Planning and Impact of Special Operations During the 1971 Indo-Pakistan War"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Defence_Studies_and_Analyses" class="mw-redirect" title="Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses">Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0976-1004">0976-1004</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220526195400/https://idsa.in/system/files/jds/15_04_Vinod%20Bhatia.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 26 May 2022. Retrieved 15 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Institute+for+Defence+Studies+and+Analyses&rft.atitle=Planning+and+Impact+of+Special+Operations+During+the+1971+Indo-Pakistan+War&rft.date=2021&rft.issn=0976-1004&rft.au=Lt.+Gen.+Vinod+Bhatia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.idsa.in%2Fsystem%2Ffiles%2Fjds%2F15_04_Vinod%252520Bhatia.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASam+Manekshaw" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacksonInternational_Institute_for_Strategic_Studies1978" class="citation book cs1">Jackson, Robert; <a href="/wiki/International_Institute_for_Strategic_Studies" title="International Institute for Strategic Studies">International Institute for Strategic Studies</a> (17 June 1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tb6vCwAAQBAJ&dq=chachro+raid&pg=PA121">South Asian Crisis: India—Pakistan—Bangla Desh</a>. <a href="/wiki/Chatto_%26_Windus" title="Chatto & Windus">Chatto & Windus</a>. p. 121. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-3490-4163-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-3490-4163-3"><bdi>978-1-3490-4163-3</bdi></a>. Retrieved 21 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=South+Asian+Crisis%3A+India%E2%80%94Pakistan%E2%80%94Bangla+Desh&rft.pages=121&rft.pub=Chatto+%26+Windus&rft.date=1978-06-17&rft.isbn=978-1-3490-4163-3&rft.aulast=Jackson&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft.au=International+Institute+for+Strategic+Studies&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dtb6vCwAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dchachro%2Braid%26pg%3DPA121&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASam+Manekshaw" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConboy2012" class="citation book cs1">Conboy, Kenneth (20 May 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nJ6jCwAAQBAJ&dq=chachro+raid&pg=PA13">Elite Forces of India and Pakistan</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bloomsbury_Publishing" title="Bloomsbury Publishing">Bloomsbury Publishing</a>. p. 13. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-7809-6825-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-7809-6825-4"><bdi>978-1-7809-6825-4</bdi></a>. Retrieved 21 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Elite+Forces+of+India+and+Pakistan&rft.pages=13&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2012-05-20&rft.isbn=978-1-7809-6825-4&rft.aulast=Conboy&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnJ6jCwAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dchachro%2Braid%26pg%3DPA13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASam+Manekshaw" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchendel2015" class="citation journal cs1">Schendel, Willem Van (20 October 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/modern-asian-studies/article/abs/war-within-a-war-mizo-rebels-and-the-bangladesh-liberation-struggle/6DA9383CA96555DDE2397C77D720C938">"A War Within a War: Mizo Rebels and the Bangladesh Liberation Struggle"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Modern_Asian_Studies" title="Modern Asian Studies">Modern Asian Studies</a>. 50 (1): 75–117. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0026749X15000104">10.1017/S0026749X15000104</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0026-749X">0026-749X</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:146614327">146614327</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Modern+Asian+Studies&rft.atitle=A+War+Within+a+War%3A+Mizo+Rebels+and+the+Bangladesh+Liberation+Struggle&rft.volume=50&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=75-117&rft.date=2015-10-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A146614327%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0026-749X&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0026749X15000104&rft.aulast=Schendel&rft.aufirst=Willem+Van&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fjournals%2Fmodern-asian-studies%2Farticle%2Fabs%2Fwar-within-a-war-mizo-rebels-and-the-bangladesh-liberation-struggle%2F6DA9383CA96555DDE2397C77D720C938&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASam+Manekshaw" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNag2012" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sajal_Nag" title="Sajal Nag">Nag, Sajal</a> (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240214133051/https://mcrg.in/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/PP46.pdf">"A Gigantic Panopticon: Counter-Insurgency and Modes of Disciplining and Punishment in Northeast India"</a> (PDF). 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mcrg.in/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/PP46.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 14 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Logistics+and+Governance%3A+Fourth+Critical+Studies&rft.atitle=A+Gigantic+Panopticon%3A+Counter-Insurgency+and+Modes+of+Disciplining+and+Punishment+in+Northeast+India&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Nag&rft.aufirst=Sajal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmcrg.in%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2022%2F02%2FPP46.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASam+Manekshaw" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sam_Manekshaw&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Bibliography">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Books">Books</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sam_Manekshaw&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Books">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.278926">List for October 1945 (Part I)</a>. Indian Army, Government of India. 1945.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=List+for+October+1945+%28Part+I%29&rft.pub=Indian+Army%2C+Government+of+India&rft.date=1945&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.278926&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASam+Manekshaw" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.72303">List Special Edition for August 1947</a>. Indian Army, Government of India. 1947.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=List+Special+Edition+for+August+1947&rft.pub=Indian+Army%2C+Government+of+India&rft.date=1947&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.72303&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASam+Manekshaw" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSharma2007" class="citation book cs1">Sharma, Satinder (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=k35_SlDMyUsC">Services Chiefs of India</a>. Northern Book Centre. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8-1721-1162-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-8-1721-1162-5"><bdi>978-8-1721-1162-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Services+Chiefs+of+India&rft.pub=Northern+Book+Centre&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-8-1721-1162-5&rft.aulast=Sharma&rft.aufirst=Satinder&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dk35_SlDMyUsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASam+Manekshaw" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingh2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/V._K._Singh" title="V. K. Singh">Singh, Vijay Kumar</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cJDsk_g6tXUC&q=9780761933229&pg=PA193">Leadership in the Indian Army: Biographies of Twelve Soldiers</a>. <a href="/wiki/SAGE_Publications" class="mw-redirect" title="SAGE Publications">SAGE Publications</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7619-3322-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7619-3322-9"><bdi>978-0-7619-3322-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Leadership+in+the+Indian+Army%3A+Biographies+of+Twelve+Soldiers&rft.pub=SAGE+Publications&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-7619-3322-9&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Vijay+Kumar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcJDsk_g6tXUC%26q%3D9780761933229%26pg%3DPA193&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASam+Manekshaw" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSinha1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Srinivas_Kumar_Sinha" title="Srinivas Kumar Sinha">Sinha, Srinivas Kumar</a> (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yBUxEAAAQBAJ">A Soldier Recalls</a>. Lancer Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8-1706-2161-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-8-1706-2161-4"><bdi>978-8-1706-2161-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Soldier+Recalls&rft.pub=Lancer+Publishers&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-8-1706-2161-4&rft.aulast=Sinha&rft.aufirst=Srinivas+Kumar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyBUxEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASam+Manekshaw" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="News_articles">News articles</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sam_Manekshaw&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: News articles">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThe_Economist2008" class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.economist.com/obituary/displayStory.cfm?story_id=11661408">"Obituary: Sam Manekshaw"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a>. No. 5 (July 2008). 3 July 2008. p. 107. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080706181525/http://www.economist.com/obituary/displaystory.cfm?story_id=11661408">Archived</a> from the original on 6 July 2008. Retrieved 7 July 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=Obituary%3A+Sam+Manekshaw&rft.issue=5+%28July+2008%29&rft.pages=107&rft.date=2008-07-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fobituary%2FdisplayStory.cfm%3Fstory_id%3D11661408&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASam+Manekshaw" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMehta2003" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ashok_K._Mehta" title="Ashok K. Mehta">Mehta, Ashok K.</a> (27 January 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120819124047/http://outlookindia.com/article.aspx?218683">"Play It Again, Sam: A Tribute to the Man Whose Wit Was as Astounding as His Military Skill"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Outlook_(Indian_magazine)" title="Outlook (Indian magazine)">Outlook</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?218683">the original</a> on 19 August 2012. Retrieved 15 August 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Outlook&rft.atitle=Play+It+Again%2C+Sam%3A+A+Tribute+to+the+Man+Whose+Wit+Was+as+Astounding+as+His+Military+Skill&rft.date=2003-01-27&rft.aulast=Mehta&rft.aufirst=Ashok+K.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.outlookindia.com%2Farticle.aspx%3F218683&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASam+Manekshaw" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPandya2008" class="citation news cs1">Pandya, Haresh (30 June 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2008/06/30/world/asia/30manekshaw.html">"Sam H.F.J. Manekshaw Dies at 94; Key to India's Victory in 1971 War"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231212162351/https://www.nytimes.com/2008/06/30/world/asia/30manekshaw.html">Archived</a> from the original on 12 December 2023. Retrieved 17 December 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Sam+H.F.J.+Manekshaw+Dies+at+94%3B+Key+to+India%27s+Victory+in+1971+War&rft.date=2008-06-30&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Pandya&rft.aufirst=Haresh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2008%2F06%2F30%2Fworld%2Fasia%2F30manekshaw.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASam+Manekshaw" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaighal2008" class="citation web cs1">Saighal, Vinod (30 June 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/jun/30/india">"Field Marshal Sam Manekshaw"</a>. [The Guardian]]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160923150853/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/jun/30/india">Archived</a> from the original on 23 September 2016. Retrieved 27 November 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%5BThe+Guardian%5D%5D&rft.atitle=Field+Marshal+Sam+Manekshaw&rft.date=2008-06-30&rft.aulast=Saighal&rft.aufirst=Vinod&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2008%2Fjun%2F30%2Findia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASam+Manekshaw" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sam_Manekshaw&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Sam_Manekshaw" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Sam Manekshaw">Sam Manekshaw</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Sam_Manekshaw" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Sam Manekshaw">Sam Manekshaw</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://indianarmy.nic.in/Site/FormTemplete/frmTemp1PTC2C.aspx?MnId=+pFZjV8mz9fc6cOfg7px1g==&ParentID=rLdGLIGh/NUCC0Neg3IFSQ==">Sam Manekshaw</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Army" title="Indian Army">Indian Army's website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.indiandefencereview.com/spotlights/sam-manekshaw-on-leadership-and-discipline/">Lecture and Q&A by Sam Manekshaw at the DSSC</a>, hosted by the Indian Defence Review</li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #CF9C65;">Military offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="2">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Paramasiva_Prabhakar_Kumaramangalam" title="Paramasiva Prabhakar Kumaramangalam">P. P. Kumaramangalam</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/General_Officer_Commanding" class="mw-redirect" title="General Officer Commanding">General Officer Commanding</a> 26th Infantry Division 1957–1959 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Kashmir_Singh_Katoch" title="Kashmir Singh Katoch">Kashmir Singh Katoch</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Commandant_of_the_Defence_Services_Staff_College" title="Commandant of the Defence Services Staff College">Commandant of the Defence Services Staff College</a> 1959–1962 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold">D. Som Dutt</div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Brij_Mohan_Kaul" title="Brij Mohan Kaul">Brij Mohan Kaul</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/General_Officer_Commanding" class="mw-redirect" title="General Officer Commanding">General Officer Commanding</a> <a href="/wiki/IV_Corps_(India)" title="IV Corps (India)">IV Corps</a> 1962–1963 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold">Manmohan Khanna</div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Daulet_Singh" title="Daulet Singh">Daulet Singh</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/General_Officer_Commanding-in-Chief_Western_Command" class="mw-redirect" title="General Officer Commanding-in-Chief Western Command">General Officer Commanding-in-Chief Western Command</a> 1963–1964 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Harbaksh_Singh" title="Harbaksh Singh">Harbaksh Singh</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="2">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Paramasiva_Prabhakar_Kumaramangalam" title="Paramasiva Prabhakar Kumaramangalam">P. P. Kumaramangalam</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/General_Officer_Commanding-in-Chief_Eastern_Command" class="mw-redirect" title="General Officer Commanding-in-Chief Eastern Command">General Officer Commanding-in-Chief Eastern Command</a> 1964–1969 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Jagjit_Singh_Aurora" title="Jagjit Singh Aurora">Jagjit Singh Aurora</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Chief_of_Army_Staff_of_the_Indian_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief of Army Staff of the Indian Army">Chief of the Army Staff</a> 1964–1969 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="2">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Gopal_Gurunath_Bewoor" title="Gopal Gurunath Bewoor">Gopal Gurunath Bewoor</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Adhar_Kumar_Chatterji" title="Adhar Kumar Chatterji">Adhar Kumar Chatterji</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Chiefs_of_Staff_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Chairman of the Chiefs of Staff Committee">Chairman of the Chiefs of Staff Committee</a> 1970–1973 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Chief_of_Defence_Staff_of_the_Indian_Armed_Forces" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Chief_of_Defence_Staff_(India)" title="Template:Chief of Defence Staff (India)"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Chief_of_Defence_Staff_(India)" title="Template talk:Chief of Defence Staff (India)"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Chief_of_Defence_Staff_(India)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Chief of Defence Staff (India)"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Chief_of_Defence_Staff_of_the_Indian_Armed_Forces" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_Defence_Staff_(India)" title="Chief of Defence Staff (India)">Chief of Defence Staff</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Armed_Forces" title="Indian Armed Forces">Indian Armed Forces</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Chairman of the Chiefs of Staff Committee (1947–2019)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rob_Lockhart" title="Rob Lockhart">Sir Rob Lockhart</a>**</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Elmhirst" title="Thomas Elmhirst">Sir Thomas Elmhirst</a>**</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Parry_(Royal_Navy_officer)" title="Edward Parry (Royal Navy officer)">Sir Edward Parry</a>**</li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._M._Cariappa" title="K. M. Cariappa">K. M. Cariappa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Pizey" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Pizey">Sir Charles Pizey</a>**</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subroto_Mukerjee" title="Subroto Mukerjee">Subroto Mukerjee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kodandera_Subayya_Thimayya" title="Kodandera Subayya Thimayya">Kodandera Subayya Thimayya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_Dass_Katari" title="Ram Dass Katari">Ram Dass Katari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aspy_Engineer" title="Aspy Engineer">Aspy Engineer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhaskar_Sadashiv_Soman" title="Bhaskar Sadashiv Soman">Bhaskar Sadashiv Soman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jayanto_Nath_Chaudhuri" title="Jayanto Nath Chaudhuri">Jayanto Nath Chaudhuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arjan_Singh" title="Arjan Singh">Arjan Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adhar_Kumar_Chatterji" title="Adhar Kumar Chatterji">Adhar Kumar Chatterji</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sam Manekshaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gopal_Gurunath_Bewoor" title="Gopal Gurunath Bewoor">Gopal Gurunath Bewoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Om_Prakash_Mehra" title="Om Prakash Mehra">Om Prakash Mehra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sourendra_Nath_Kohli" title="Sourendra Nath Kohli">Sourendra Nath Kohli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapishwar_Narain_Raina" title="Tapishwar Narain Raina">Tapishwar Narain Raina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hrushikesh_Moolgavkar" title="Hrushikesh Moolgavkar">Hrushikesh Moolgavkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jal_Cursetji" title="Jal Cursetji">Jal Cursetji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Om_Prakash_Malhotra" title="Om Prakash Malhotra">Om Prakash Malhotra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idris_Hasan_Latif" title="Idris Hasan Latif">Idris Hasan Latif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Lynsdale_Pereira" title="Ronald Lynsdale Pereira">Ronald Lynsdale Pereira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._V._Krishna_Rao" title="K. V. Krishna Rao">K. V. Krishna Rao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dilbagh_Singh" title="Dilbagh Singh">Dilbagh Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Stanley_Dawson" title="Oscar Stanley Dawson">Oscar Stanley Dawson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arun_Shridhar_Vaidya" title="Arun Shridhar Vaidya">Arun Shridhar Vaidya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radhakrishna_Hariram_Tahiliani" title="Radhakrishna Hariram Tahiliani">Radhakrishna Hariram Tahiliani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denis_La_Fontaine" title="Denis La Fontaine">Denis La Fontaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jayant_Ganpat_Nadkarni" title="Jayant Ganpat Nadkarni">Jayant Ganpat Nadkarni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surinder_Mehra" title="Surinder Mehra">Surinder Mehra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunith_Francis_Rodrigues" title="Sunith Francis Rodrigues">Sunith Francis Rodrigues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laxminarayan_Ramdas" title="Laxminarayan Ramdas">Laxminarayan Ramdas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bipin_Chandra_Joshi" title="Bipin Chandra Joshi">Bipin Chandra Joshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S._K._Kaul" title="S. K. Kaul">S. K. Kaul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijai_Singh_Shekhawat" title="Vijai Singh Shekhawat">Vijai Singh Shekhawat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shankar_Roychowdhury" title="Shankar Roychowdhury">Shankar Roychowdhury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satish_Sareen" title="Satish Sareen">Satish Sareen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ved_Prakash_Malik" title="Ved Prakash Malik">Ved Prakash Malik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sushil_Kumar_(admiral)" title="Sushil Kumar (admiral)">Sushil Kumar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundararajan_Padmanabhan" title="Sundararajan Padmanabhan">Sundararajan Padmanabhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhvendra_Singh" title="Madhvendra Singh">Madhvendra Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srinivasapuram_Krishnaswamy" title="Srinivasapuram Krishnaswamy">Srinivasapuram Krishnaswamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirmal_Chander_Vij" title="Nirmal Chander Vij">Nirmal Chander Vij</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arun_Prakash" title="Arun Prakash">Arun Prakash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shashindra_Pal_Tyagi" title="Shashindra Pal Tyagi">Shashindra Pal Tyagi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joginder_Jaswant_Singh" class="mw-redirect" title="Joginder Jaswant Singh">Joginder Jaswant Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sureesh_Mehta" title="Sureesh Mehta">Sureesh Mehta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deepak_Kapoor" title="Deepak Kapoor">Deepak Kapoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pradeep_Vasant_Naik" title="Pradeep Vasant Naik">Pradeep Vasant Naik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirmal_Kumar_Verma" title="Nirmal Kumar Verma">Nirmal Kumar Verma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Anil_Kumar_Browne" title="Norman Anil Kumar Browne">Norman Anil Kumar Browne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bikram_Singh_(general)" title="Bikram Singh (general)">Bikram Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arup_Raha" title="Arup Raha">Arup Raha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunil_Lanba" title="Sunil Lanba">Sunil Lanba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birender_Singh_Dhanoa" title="Birender Singh Dhanoa">Birender Singh Dhanoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bipin_Rawat" title="Bipin Rawat">Bipin Rawat</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Chief_of_Defence_Staff_(India).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Flag_of_Chief_of_Defence_Staff_%28India%29.svg/100px-Flag_of_Chief_of_Defence_Staff_%28India%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Flag_of_Chief_of_Defence_Staff_%28India%29.svg/150px-Flag_of_Chief_of_Defence_Staff_%28India%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Flag_of_Chief_of_Defence_Staff_%28India%29.svg/200px-Flag_of_Chief_of_Defence_Staff_%28India%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="450" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Chief of Defence Staff and Chairman, Chiefs of Staff Committee (2020–2021)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Bipin_Rawat" title="Bipin Rawat">Bipin Rawat</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Chairman, Chiefs of Staff Committee (2021–2022)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Manoj_Mukund_Naravane" title="Manoj Mukund Naravane">M. M. Naravane</a> (acting)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Chief of Defence Staff and Chairman, Chiefs of Staff Committee (2022–)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anil_Chauhan" title="Anil Chauhan">Anil Chauhan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div>(**Seconded from the <a href="/wiki/British_Armed_Forces" title="British Armed Forces">British Armed Forces</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Chief_of_the_Army_Staff_of_the_Indian_Army" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Chief_of_the_Army_Staff_(India)" title="Template:Chief of the Army Staff (India)"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Chief_of_the_Army_Staff_(India)" title="Template talk:Chief of the Army Staff (India)"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Chief_of_the_Army_Staff_(India)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Chief of the Army Staff (India)"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Chief_of_the_Army_Staff_of_the_Indian_Army" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_the_Army_Staff_(India)" title="Chief of the Army Staff (India)">Chief of the Army Staff</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Army" title="Indian Army">Indian Army</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Commander-in-Chief, Indian Army (1947–1948)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rob_Lockhart" title="Rob Lockhart">Sir Rob Lockhart</a>**</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Bucher" title="Roy Bucher">Sir Roy Butcher</a>**</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_COAS.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Flag_COAS.svg/200px-Flag_COAS.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Flag_COAS.svg/300px-Flag_COAS.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Flag_COAS.svg/400px-Flag_COAS.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="675" data-file-height="450" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Chief of the Army Staff and Commander-in-Chief, Indian Army (1948–1955)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Bucher" title="Roy Bucher">Sir Roy Butcher</a>**</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kodandera_M._Cariappa" class="mw-redirect" title="Kodandera M. Cariappa">Kodandera M. Cariappa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajendrasinhji_Jadeja" title="Rajendrasinhji Jadeja">Rajendrasinhji Jadeja</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Chief of the Army Staff (1955–present)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rajendrasinhji_Jadeja" title="Rajendrasinhji Jadeja">Rajendrasinhji Jadeja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S._M._Shrinagesh" title="S. M. Shrinagesh">S. M. Shrinagesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kodandera_Subayya_Thimayya" title="Kodandera Subayya Thimayya">Kodandera Subayya Thimayya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pran_Nath_Thapar" title="Pran Nath Thapar">Pran Nath Thapar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jayanto_Nath_Chaudhuri" title="Jayanto Nath Chaudhuri">Jayanto Nath Chaudhuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramasiva_Prabhakar_Kumaramangalam" title="Paramasiva Prabhakar Kumaramangalam">Paramasiva Prabhakar Kumaramangalam</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sam Manekshaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gopal_Gurunath_Bewoor" title="Gopal Gurunath Bewoor">Gopal Gurunath Bewoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapishwar_Narain_Raina" title="Tapishwar Narain Raina">Tapishwar Narain Raina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Om_Prakash_Malhotra" title="Om Prakash Malhotra">Om Prakash Malhotra </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._V._Krishna_Rao" title="K. V. Krishna Rao">K. V. Krishna Rao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arun_Shridhar_Vaidya" title="Arun Shridhar Vaidya">Arun Shridhar Vaidya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishnaswamy_Sundarji" title="Krishnaswamy Sundarji">Krishnaswamy Sundarji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishwa_Nath_Sharma" title="Vishwa Nath Sharma">Vishwa Nath Sharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunith_Francis_Rodrigues" title="Sunith Francis Rodrigues">Sunith Francis Rodrigues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bipin_Chandra_Joshi" title="Bipin Chandra Joshi">Bipin Chandra Joshi </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shankar_Roychowdhury" title="Shankar Roychowdhury">Shankar Roychowdhury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ved_Prakash_Malik" title="Ved Prakash Malik">Ved Prakash Malik </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundararajan_Padmanabhan" title="Sundararajan Padmanabhan">Sundararajan Padmanabhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirmal_Chander_Vij" title="Nirmal Chander Vij">Nirmal Chander Vij</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joginder_Jaswant_Singh" class="mw-redirect" title="Joginder Jaswant Singh">Joginder Jaswant Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deepak_Kapoor" title="Deepak Kapoor">Deepak Kapoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V._K._Singh" title="V. K. Singh">Vijay Kumar Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bikram_Singh_(general)" title="Bikram Singh (general)">Bikram Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalbir_Singh" class="mw-redirect" title="Dalbir Singh">Dalbir Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bipin_Rawat" title="Bipin Rawat">Bipin Rawat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manoj_Mukund_Naravane" title="Manoj Mukund Naravane">Manoj Mukund Naravane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manoj_Pande" title="Manoj Pande">Manoj Pande</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upendra_Dwivedi" title="Upendra Dwivedi">Upendra Dwivedi</a> (incumbent)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div>(**Seconded from the <a href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">British Army</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Indo-Pakistani_war_of_1971" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Indo-Pakistani_War_of_1971" title="Template:Indo-Pakistani War of 1971"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Indo-Pakistani_War_of_1971" title="Template talk:Indo-Pakistani War of 1971"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Indo-Pakistani_War_of_1971" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Indo-Pakistani War of 1971"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Indo-Pakistani_war_of_1971" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_war_of_1971" title="Indo-Pakistani war of 1971">Indo-Pakistani war of 1971</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">Partition of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Pakistan" title="History of Pakistan">History of Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_wars_and_conflicts" title="Indo-Pakistani wars and conflicts">Indo-Pakistani wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_War_of_1947%E2%80%931948" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Pakistani War of 1947–1948">War of 1947–1948</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_War_of_1965" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Pakistani War of 1965">War of 1965</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Searchlight" title="Operation Searchlight">Operation Searchlight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_Bangladesh_genocide" class="mw-redirect" title="1971 Bangladesh genocide">1971 Bangladesh genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mukti_Bahini" title="Mukti Bahini">Mukti Bahini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Research_and_Analysis_Wing" title="Research and Analysis Wing">Research and Analysis Wing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Jackpot#Indian_Army_IV_corps_operation_(21_November_1971_–_16_December_1971)" title="Operation Jackpot">Operation Jackpot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Soviet_Treaty_of_Friendship_and_Cooperation" title="Indo-Soviet Treaty of Friendship and Cooperation">Indo-Soviet Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Razakar_(Pakistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Razakar (Pakistan)">Razakars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitro_Bahini_order_of_battle" title="Mitro Bahini order of battle">Mitro Bahini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_Instrument_of_Surrender" title="Pakistani Instrument of Surrender">Surrender of Pakistan Eastern Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simla_Agreement" title="Simla Agreement">Simla Agreement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Conflict</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dhalai" title="Battle of Dhalai">Battle of Dhalai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Atgram" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Atgram">Battle of Atgram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Garibpur" title="Battle of Garibpur">Battle of Garibpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Boyra" title="Battle of Boyra">Boyra incidence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Chengiz_Khan" title="Operation Chengiz Khan">Operation Chengiz Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Longewala" title="Battle of Longewala">Battle of Longewala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hilli" title="Battle of Hilli">Battle of Hilli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meghna_Heli_Bridge" title="Meghna Heli Bridge">Meghna Heli Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangail_Airdrop" title="Tangail Airdrop">Tangail Airdrop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Basantar" title="Battle of Basantar">Battle of Basantar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PNS_Ghazi" title="PNS Ghazi">PNS Ghazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Trident_(1971)" title="Operation Trident (1971)">Operation Trident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Pakistan_Air_Operations,_1971" class="mw-redirect" title="East Pakistan Air Operations, 1971">Air Operations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_Naval_War_of_1971" title="Indo-Pakistani Naval War of 1971">Naval Operations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/INS_Khukri_(F149)" title="INS Khukri (F149)">INS Khukri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Task_Force_74" title="Task Force 74">US Taskforce 74</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Indo-Pakistani_war_of_1971" title="Category:Indo-Pakistani war of 1971">more</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Pakistani peace proposals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Cable 1971</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six_point_movement" title="Six point movement">Six-points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Admiral_Ahsan_Mission" title="Admiral Ahsan Mission">Ahsan–Yaqub Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rodionov_message" class="mw-redirect" title="Rodionov message">Rodionov message</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamoodur_Rahman_Commission" title="Hamoodur Rahman Commission">War Enquiry Commission</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">India</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/V._V._Giri" title="V. V. Giri">V. V. Giri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indira_Gandhi" title="Indira Gandhi">Indira Gandhi</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sam Manekshaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardarilal_Mathradas_Nanda" title="Sardarilal Mathradas Nanda">S. M. Nanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratap_Chandra_Lal" title="Pratap Chandra Lal">P. C. Lal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagjit_Singh_Aurora" title="Jagjit Singh Aurora">Jagjit Singh Aurora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunhiraman_Palat_Candeth" title="Kunhiraman Palat Candeth">K. P. Candeth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gopal_Gurunath_Bewoor" title="Gopal Gurunath Bewoor">Gopal Gurunath Bewoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sourendra_Nath_Kohli" title="Sourendra Nath Kohli">Sourendra Nath Kohli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nilakanta_Krishnan" title="Nilakanta Krishnan">Nilakanta Krishnan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minoo_Merwan_Engineer" title="Minoo Merwan Engineer">Minoo Merwan Engineer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hari_Chand_Dewan" title="Hari Chand Dewan">Hari Chand Dewan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sagat_Singh" title="Sagat Singh">Sagat Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapishwar_Narain_Raina" title="Tapishwar Narain Raina">T. N. Raina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khem_Karan_Singh" title="Khem Karan Singh">Khem Karan Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sartaj_Singh_(general)" title="Sartaj Singh (general)">Sartaj Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inderjit_Singh_Gill" title="Inderjit Singh Gill">Inderjit Singh Gill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._F._R._Jacob" title="J. F. R. Jacob">J. F. R. Jacob</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elenjikal_Chandy_Kuruvila" title="Elenjikal Chandy Kuruvila">E. C. Kuruvila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S._H._Sarma" title="S. H. Sarma">S. H. Sarma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Pakistan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yahya_Khan" title="Yahya Khan">Yahya Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nurul_Amin" title="Nurul Amin">Nurul Amin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zulfikar_Ali_Bhutto" title="Zulfikar Ali Bhutto">Zulfikar Ali Bhutto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Hamid_Khan_(general)" title="Abdul Hamid Khan (general)">Abdul Hamid Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._A._K._Niazi" title="A. A. K. Niazi">A. A. K. Niazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Shariff" title="Mohammad Shariff">Mohammad Sharif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mujeeb_Ahmad_Khan_Lodhi" title="Mujeeb Ahmad Khan Lodhi">M. A. K. Lodhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leslie_Mungavin" title="Leslie Mungavin">Leslie Mungavin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gul_Hassan_Khan" title="Gul Hassan Khan">Gul Hassan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Ali_Malik" title="Abdul Ali Malik">Abdul Ali Malik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashid_Ahmed" title="Rashid Ahmed">Rashid Ahmed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Rahim_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdul Rahim Khan">A. Rahim Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tikka_Khan" title="Tikka Khan">Tikka Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muzaffar_Hassan" title="Muzaffar Hassan">Muzaffar Hassan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Desmond_Callaghan" title="Patrick Desmond Callaghan">Patrick Callaghan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Bangladesh</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sheikh_Mujibur_Rahman" title="Sheikh Mujibur Rahman">Sheikh Mujibur Rahman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajuddin_Ahmad" title="Tajuddin Ahmad">Tajuddin Ahmed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Mansur_Ali" title="Muhammad Mansur Ali">Muhammad Mansur Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._H._M._Qamaruzzaman" class="mw-redirect" title="A. H. M. Qamaruzzaman">A. H. M. Qamaruzzaman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._A._G._Osmani" title="M. A. G. Osmani">M. A. G. Osmani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziaur_Rahman" title="Ziaur Rahman">Ziaur Rahman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khaled_Mosharraf" title="Khaled Mosharraf">Khaled Mosharraf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Taher" title="Abu Taher">Abu Taher</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Highest awards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Param_Vir_Chakra" title="Param Vir Chakra">Param Vir Chakra</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Ekka" title="Albert Ekka">L/Nk. Albert Ekka</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirmal_Jit_Singh_Sekhon" title="Nirmal Jit Singh Sekhon">Fl. Off. N. J. S. Sekhon</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arun_Khetarpal" title="Arun Khetarpal">2nd Lt. Arun Khetarpal</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoshiar_Singh" class="mw-redirect" title="Hoshiar Singh">Maj. Hoshiar Singh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Nishan-e-Haider" title="Nishan-e-Haider">Nishan-E-Haider</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Akram" title="Muhammad Akram">Maj. Muhammad Akram</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashid_Minhas" title="Rashid Minhas">Plt. Off. Rashid Minhas</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shabbir_Sharif" title="Shabbir Sharif">Maj. Shabbir Sharif</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Hussain_Janjua" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Hussain Janjua">J/Swr. Muhammad Hussain</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Mahfuz" title="Muhammad Mahfuz">L/Nk. Muhammad Mahfuz</a>†</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Bir_Sreshtho" title="Bir Sreshtho">Bir Sreshtho</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matiur_Rahman_(military_pilot)" title="Matiur Rahman (military pilot)">Flt. Lt. Matiur Rahman</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamidur_Rahman" title="Hamidur Rahman">Sepahi Hamidur Rahman</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mostafa_Kamal_(Bir_Sreshtho)" title="Mostafa Kamal (Bir Sreshtho)">Sepahi Mostafa Kamal</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Ruhul_Amin" title="Mohammad Ruhul Amin">Engine Room Artificer Mohammad Ruhul Amin</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munshi_Abdur_Rouf" title="Munshi Abdur Rouf">Lance Naik Munshi Abdur Rouf</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohiuddin_Jahangir" title="Mohiuddin Jahangir">Captain Mohiuddin Jahangir</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nur_Mohammad_Sheikh" title="Nur Mohammad Sheikh">Lance Naik Noor Mohammad</a>†</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Recipients_of_Padma_Vibhushan" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Padma_Vibhushan_Awards" title="Template:Padma Vibhushan Awards"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Padma_Vibhushan_Awards" title="Template talk:Padma Vibhushan Awards"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Padma_Vibhushan_Awards" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Padma Vibhushan Awards"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Recipients_of_Padma_Vibhushan" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Padma_Vibhushan_award_recipients" title="List of Padma Vibhushan award recipients">Recipients</a> of <a href="/wiki/Padma_Vibhushan" title="Padma Vibhushan">Padma Vibhushan</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;font-weight:normal;">Arts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="padding:0;line-height:1.3em; white-space:normal;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ebrahim_Alkazi" title="Ebrahim Alkazi">Ebrahim Alkazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kishori_Amonkar" title="Kishori Amonkar">Kishori Amonkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prabha_Atre" title="Prabha Atre">Prabha Atre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amitabh_Bachchan" title="Amitabh Bachchan">Amitabh Bachchan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teejan_Bai" title="Teejan Bai">Teejan Bai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._Balamuralikrishna" title="M. Balamuralikrishna">M. Balamuralikrishna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balasaraswati" title="Balasaraswati">T. Balasaraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S._P._Balasubrahmanyam" title="S. P. Balasubrahmanyam">S. P. Balasubrahmanyam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asha_Bhosle" title="Asha Bhosle">Asha Bhosle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nandalal_Bose" title="Nandalal Bose">Nandalal Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hariprasad_Chaurasia" title="Hariprasad Chaurasia">Hariprasad Chaurasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiranjeevi" title="Chiranjeevi">Chiranjeevi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girija_Devi" title="Girija Devi">Girija Devi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumar_Gandharva" title="Kumar Gandharva">Kumar Gandharva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adoor_Gopalakrishnan" title="Adoor Gopalakrishnan">Adoor Gopalakrishnan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satish_Gujral" title="Satish Gujral">Satish Gujral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gangubai_Hangal" title="Gangubai Hangal">Gangubai Hangal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhupen_Hazarika" title="Bhupen Hazarika">Bhupen Hazarika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._F._Husain" title="M. F. Husain">M. F. Husain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zakir_Hussain_(musician)" title="Zakir Hussain (musician)">Zakir Hussain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilaiyaraaja" title="Ilaiyaraaja">Ilaiyaraaja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semmangudi_Srinivasa_Iyer" title="Semmangudi Srinivasa Iyer">Semmangudi Srinivasa Iyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhimsen_Joshi" title="Bhimsen Joshi">Bhimsen Joshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Akbar_Khan" title="Ali Akbar Khan">Ali Akbar Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amjad_Ali_Khan" title="Amjad Ali Khan">Amjad Ali Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allauddin_Khan" title="Allauddin Khan">Allauddin Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bismillah_Khan" title="Bismillah Khan">Bismillah Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghulam_Mustafa_Khan_(singer)" title="Ghulam Mustafa Khan (singer)">Ghulam Mustafa Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamini_Krishnamurthy" title="Yamini Krishnamurthy">Yamini Krishnamurthy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dilip_Kumar" title="Dilip Kumar">Dilip Kumar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._K._Laxman" title="R. K. Laxman">R. K. Laxman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birju_Maharaj" title="Birju Maharaj">Birju Maharaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kishan_Maharaj" title="Kishan Maharaj">Kishan Maharaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lata_Mangeshkar" title="Lata Mangeshkar">Lata Mangeshkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonal_Mansingh" title="Sonal Mansingh">Sonal Mansingh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mallikarjun_Mansur" title="Mallikarjun Mansur">Mallikarjun Mansur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zubin_Mehta" title="Zubin Mehta">Zubin Mehta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mario_Miranda" title="Mario Miranda">Mario Miranda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhannulal_Mishra" title="Chhannulal Mishra">Chhannulal Mishra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelucharan_Mohapatra" title="Kelucharan Mohapatra">Kelucharan Mohapatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raghunath_Mohapatra" title="Raghunath Mohapatra">Raghunath Mohapatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jasraj" title="Jasraj">Jasraj Motiram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benode_Behari_Mukherjee" title="Benode Behari Mukherjee">Benode Behari Mukherjee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hrishikesh_Mukherjee" title="Hrishikesh Mukherjee">Hrishikesh Mukherjee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajinikanth" title="Rajinikanth">Rajinikanth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_Narayan" title="Ram Narayan">Ram Narayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D._K._Pattammal" title="D. K. Pattammal">D. K. Pattammal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._Shankar_Pillai" title="K. Shankar Pillai">K. Shankar Pillai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balwant_Moreshwar_Purandare" class="mw-redirect" title="Balwant Moreshwar Purandare">Balwant Moreshwar Purandare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akkineni_Nageswara_Rao" title="Akkineni Nageswara Rao">Akkineni Nageswara Rao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaloji_Narayana_Rao" title="Kaloji Narayana Rao">Kaloji Narayana Rao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyajit_Ray" title="Satyajit Ray">Satyajit Ray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S._H._Raza" title="S. H. Raza">S. H. Raza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zohra_Sehgal" title="Zohra Sehgal">Zohra Sehgal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uday_Shankar" title="Uday Shankar">Uday Shankar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravi_Shankar" title="Ravi Shankar">Ravi Shankar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V._Shantaram" title="V. Shantaram">V. Shantaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shivkumar_Sharma" title="Shivkumar Sharma">Shivkumar Sharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umayalpuram_K._Sivaraman" title="Umayalpuram K. Sivaraman">Umayalpuram K. Sivaraman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._S._Subbulakshmi" title="M. S. Subbulakshmi">M. S. Subbulakshmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._G._Subramanyan" title="K. G. Subramanyan">K. G. Subramanyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapila_Vatsyayan" title="Kapila Vatsyayan">Kapila Vatsyayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homai_Vyarawalla" title="Homai Vyarawalla">Homai Vyarawalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._J._Yesudas" title="K. J. Yesudas">K. J. Yesudas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;font-weight:normal;">Civil service</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="padding:0;line-height:1.3em; white-space:normal;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bimala_Prasad_Chaliha" title="Bimala Prasad Chaliha">Bimala Prasad Chaliha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naresh_Chandra" title="Naresh Chandra">Naresh Chandra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._N._Chaturvedi" title="T. N. Chaturvedi">T. N. Chaturvedi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jayanto_Nath_Chaudhuri" title="Jayanto Nath Chaudhuri">Jayanto Nath Chaudhuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suranjan_Das" title="Suranjan Das">Suranjan Das</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajeshwar_Dayal" title="Rajeshwar Dayal">Rajeshwar Dayal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basanti_Devi" title="Basanti Devi">Basanti Devi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._N._Dhar" title="P. N. Dhar">P. N. Dhar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jyotindra_Nath_Dixit" title="Jyotindra Nath Dixit">Jyotindra Nath Dixit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._S._Gill" title="M. S. Gill">M. S. Gill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hafiz_Mohamad_Ibrahim" title="Hafiz Mohamad Ibrahim">Hafiz Mohamad Ibrahim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._V._R._Iyengar" class="mw-redirect" title="H. V. R. Iyengar">H. V. R. Iyengar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhola_Nath_Jha" title="Bhola Nath Jha">Bhola Nath Jha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D._S._Joshi" title="D. S. Joshi">Dattatraya Shridhar Joshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajudhiya_Nath_Khosla" title="Ajudhiya Nath Khosla">Ajudhiya Nath Khosla</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anand_Krishna&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anand Krishna (page does not exist)">Rai Krishnadasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V._Krishnamurthy" title="V. Krishnamurthy">V. Krishnamurthy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramasiva_Prabhakar_Kumaramangalam" title="Paramasiva Prabhakar Kumaramangalam">P. Prabhakar Kumaramangalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratap_Chandra_Lal" title="Pratap Chandra Lal">Pratap Chandra Lal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._B._Lall" title="K. B. Lall">K. B. Lall</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sam Manekshaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Om_Prakash_Mehra" title="Om Prakash Mehra">Om Prakash Mehra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohan_Sinha_Mehta" title="Mohan Sinha Mehta">Mohan Sinha Mehta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._G._K._Menon" title="M. G. K. Menon">M. G. K. Menon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brajesh_Mishra" title="Brajesh Mishra">Brajesh Mishra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumati_Morarjee" title="Sumati Morarjee">Sumati Morarjee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arcot_Ramasamy_Mudaliar" title="Arcot Ramasamy Mudaliar">A. Ramasamy Mudaliar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardarilal_Mathradas_Nanda" title="Sardarilal Mathradas Nanda">Sardarilal Mathradas Nanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakravarthi_V._Narasimhan" title="Chakravarthi V. Narasimhan">Chakravarthi V. Narasimhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Braj_Kumar_Nehru" title="Braj Kumar Nehru">Braj Kumar Nehru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._D._Pande" title="B. D. Pande">Bhairab Dutt Pande</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghananand_Pande" title="Ghananand Pande">Ghananand Pande</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijaya_Lakshmi_Pandit" title="Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit">Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._V._Rajeswar" title="T. V. Rajeswar">T. V. Rajeswar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._R._Krishnaswamy_Rao" class="mw-redirect" title="C. R. Krishnaswamy Rao">C. R. Krishnaswamy Rao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._V._R._Rao" title="P. V. R. Rao">Pattadakal Venkanna R. Rao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V._K._R._Varadaraja_Rao" class="mw-redirect" title="V. K. R. Varadaraja Rao">V. K. R. V. Rao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bipin_Rawat" title="Bipin Rawat">Bipin Rawat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khusro_Faramurz_Rustamji" title="Khusro Faramurz Rustamji">Khusro Faramurz Rustamji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harish_Chandra_Sarin" title="Harish Chandra Sarin">Harish Chandra Sarin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binay_Ranjan_Sen" title="Binay Ranjan Sen">Binay Ranjan Sen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homi_Sethna" title="Homi Sethna">Homi Sethna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arjan_Singh" title="Arjan Singh">Arjan Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harbaksh_Singh" title="Harbaksh Singh">Harbaksh Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sant_Kirpal_Singh_Ji_Maharaj" class="mw-redirect" title="Sant Kirpal Singh Ji Maharaj">Kirpal Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manmohan_Singh" title="Manmohan Singh">Manmohan Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarlok_Singh_(economist)" title="Tarlok Singh (economist)">Tarlok Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lallan_Prasad_Singh" title="Lallan Prasad Singh">Lallan Prasad Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._Sivaraman" title="B. Sivaraman">Balaram Sivaraman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandrika_Prasad_Srivastava" title="Chandrika Prasad Srivastava">Chandrika Prasad Srivastava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._Swaminathan" title="T. Swaminathan">T. Swaminathan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arun_Shridhar_Vaidya" title="Arun Shridhar Vaidya">Arun Shridhar Vaidya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma_Vira" title="Dharma Vira">Dharma Vira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narinder_Nath_Vohra" title="Narinder Nath Vohra">Narinder Nath Vohra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;font-weight:normal;">Literature and education</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="padding:0;line-height:1.3em; white-space:normal;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/V._S._R._Arunachalam" title="V. S. R. Arunachalam">V. S. R. Arunachalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagdish_Bhagwati" title="Jagdish Bhagwati">Jagdish Bhagwati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyendra_Nath_Bose" title="Satyendra Nath Bose">Satyendra Nath Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tara_Chand_(archaeologist)" title="Tara Chand (archaeologist)">Tara Chand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suniti_Kumar_Chatterji" title="Suniti Kumar Chatterji">Suniti Kumar Chatterji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D._P._Chattopadhyaya" title="D. P. Chattopadhyaya">D. P. Chattopadhyaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhabatosh_Datta" title="Bhabatosh Datta">Bhabatosh Datta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avinash_Dixit" title="Avinash Dixit">Avinash Dixit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahasweta_Devi" title="Mahasweta Devi">Mahasweta Devi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Kenneth_Galbraith" title="John Kenneth Galbraith">John Kenneth Galbraith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarvepalli_Gopal" title="Sarvepalli Gopal">Sarvepalli Gopal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakshman_Shastri_Joshi" title="Lakshman Shastri Joshi">Lakshman Shastri Joshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaka_Kalelkar" title="Kaka Kalelkar">Kaka Kalelkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhondo_Keshav_Karve" title="Dhondo Keshav Karve">Dhondo Keshav Karve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gopinath_Kaviraj" title="Gopinath Kaviraj">Gopinath Kaviraj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radheshyam_Khemka" title="Radheshyam Khemka">Radheshyam Khemka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuvempu" title="Kuvempu">Kuvempu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O._N._V._Kurup" title="O. N. V. Kurup">O. N. V. Kurup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prasanta_Chandra_Mahalanobis" title="Prasanta Chandra Mahalanobis">Prasanta Chandra Mahalanobis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitakant_Mahapatra" title="Sitakant Mahapatra">Sitakant Mahapatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Mathai" class="mw-redirect" title="John Mathai">John Mathai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kotha_Satchidananda_Murthy" class="mw-redirect" title="Kotha Satchidananda Murthy">Kotha Satchidananda Murthy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giani_Gurmukh_Singh_Musafir" class="mw-redirect" title="Giani Gurmukh Singh Musafir">Giani Gurmukh Singh Musafir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basanti_Dulal_Nagchaudhuri" title="Basanti Dulal Nagchaudhuri">Basanti Dulal Nagchaudhuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bal_Ram_Nanda" title="Bal Ram Nanda">Bal Ram Nanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._K._Narayan" title="R. K. Narayan">R. K. Narayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._Parameswaran" title="P. Parameswaran">P. Parameswaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amrita_Pritam" title="Amrita Pritam">Amrita Pritam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._N._Raj" title="K. N. Raj">K. N. Raj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._Rangarajan" title="C. Rangarajan">C. Rangarajan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raja_Rao" title="Raja Rao">Raja Rao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramoji_Rao" title="Ramoji Rao">Ramoji Rao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hormasji_Maneckji_Seervai" title="Hormasji Maneckji Seervai">Hormasji Maneckji Seervai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajaram_Shastri" title="Rajaram Shastri">Rajaram Shastri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._L._Shrimali" title="K. L. Shrimali">Kalu Lal Shrimali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Govindbhai_Shroff" title="Govindbhai Shroff">Govindbhai Shroff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khushwant_Singh" title="Khushwant Singh">Khushwant Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandeshwar_Prasad_Narayan_Singh" title="Chandeshwar Prasad Narayan Singh">Chandeshwar Prasad Narayan Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Premlila_Vithaldas_Thackersey" title="Premlila Vithaldas Thackersey">Premlila Vithaldas Thackersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahadevi_Varma" title="Mahadevi Varma">Mahadevi Varma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bashir_Hussain_Zaidi" title="Bashir Hussain Zaidi">Bashir Hussain Zaidi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;font-weight:normal;">Medicine</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="padding:0;line-height:1.3em; white-space:normal;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jasbir_Singh_Bajaj" title="Jasbir Singh Bajaj">Jasbir Singh Bajaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._K._Goyal" title="B. K. Goyal">B. K. Goyal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purshotam_Lal" title="Purshotam Lal">Purshotam Lal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._Lakshmanaswami_Mudaliar" title="A. Lakshmanaswami Mudaliar">A. Lakshmanaswami Mudaliar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S._I._Padmavati" title="S. I. Padmavati">S. I. Padmavati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autar_Singh_Paintal" title="Autar Singh Paintal">Autar Singh Paintal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kantilal_Hastimal_Sancheti" title="Kantilal Hastimal Sancheti">Kantilal Hastimal Sancheti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balu_Sankaran" title="Balu Sankaran">Balu Sankaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V._Shanta" title="V. Shanta">V. Shanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vithal_Nagesh_Shirodkar" title="Vithal Nagesh Shirodkar">Vithal Nagesh Shirodkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prakash_Narain_Tandon" title="Prakash Narain Tandon">Prakash Narain Tandon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brihaspati_Dev_Triguna" title="Brihaspati Dev Triguna">Brihaspati Dev Triguna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._S._Valiathan" title="M. S. Valiathan">M. S. Valiathan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dilip_Mahalanabis" title="Dilip Mahalanabis">Dilip Mahalanabis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="padding:0;line-height:1.3em; white-space:normal;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sunderlal_Bahuguna" title="Sunderlal Bahuguna">Sunderlal Bahuguna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._K._S._Iyengar" title="B. K. S. Iyengar">B. K. S. Iyengar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rambhadracharya" title="Rambhadracharya">Rambhadracharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravi_Shankar_(spiritual_leader)" title="Ravi Shankar (spiritual leader)">Ravi Shankar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishwesha_Teertha" class="mw-redirect" title="Vishwesha Teertha">Vishwesha Teertha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaggi_Vasudev" class="mw-redirect" title="Jaggi Vasudev">Jaggi Vasudev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._V._Doshi" title="B. V. Doshi">B. V. Doshi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;font-weight:normal;">Public affairs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="padding:0;line-height:1.3em; white-space:normal;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/L._K._Advani" title="L. K. Advani">L. K. Advani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montek_Singh_Ahluwalia" title="Montek Singh Ahluwalia">Montek Singh Ahluwalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aruna_Asaf_Ali" title="Aruna Asaf Ali">Aruna Asaf Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fazal_Ali" class="mw-redirect" title="Fazal Ali">Fazal Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adarsh_Sein_Anand" title="Adarsh Sein Anand">Adarsh Sein Anand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhav_Shrihari_Aney" title="Madhav Shrihari Aney">Madhav Shrihari Aney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parkash_Singh_Badal" title="Parkash Singh Badal">Parkash Singh Badal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikander_Bakht" title="Sikander Bakht">Sikander Bakht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milon_K._Banerji" title="Milon K. Banerji">Milon K. Banerji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirza_Hameedullah_Beg" title="Mirza Hameedullah Beg">Mirza Hameedullah Beg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._N._Bhagwati" title="P. N. Bhagwati">P. N. Bhagwati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raja_Chelliah" title="Raja Chelliah">Raja Chelliah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._K._Daphtary" title="C. K. Daphtary">Chandra Kisan Daphtary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niren_De" title="Niren De">Niren De</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._D._Deshmukh" title="C. D. Deshmukh">C. D. Deshmukh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Lancelot_Dias" title="Anthony Lancelot Dias">Anthony Lancelot Dias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uma_Shankar_Dikshit" title="Uma Shankar Dikshit">Uma Shankar Dikshit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazi_Lhendup_Dorjee" title="Kazi Lhendup Dorjee">Kazi Lhendup Dorjee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Fernandes" title="George Fernandes">George Fernandes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._B._Gajendragadkar" title="P. B. Gajendragadkar">P. B. Gajendragadkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Gilman" title="Benjamin Gilman">Benjamin Gilman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isma%C3%AFl_Omar_Guelleh" title="Ismaïl Omar Guelleh">Ismaïl Omar Guelleh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zakir_Husain_(politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zakir Husain (politician)">Zakir Husain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V._R._Krishna_Iyer" title="V. R. Krishna Iyer">V. R. Krishna Iyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagmohan" title="Jagmohan">Jagmohan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakshmi_Chand_Jain" title="Lakshmi Chand Jain">Lakshmi Chand Jain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arun_Jaitley" title="Arun Jaitley">Arun Jaitley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aditya_Nath_Jha" title="Aditya Nath Jha">Aditya Nath Jha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murli_Manohar_Joshi" title="Murli Manohar Joshi">Murli Manohar Joshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anerood_Jugnauth" title="Anerood Jugnauth">Anerood Jugnauth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehdi_Nawaz_Jung" title="Mehdi Nawaz Jung">Mehdi Nawaz Jung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Yavar_Jung" title="Ali Yavar Jung">Ali Yavar Jung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijay_Kelkar" title="Vijay Kelkar">Vijay Kelkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Raj_Khanna" title="Hans Raj Khanna">Hans Raj Khanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V._N._Khare" title="V. N. Khare">V. N. Khare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._G._Kher" title="B. G. Kher">Balasaheb Gangadhar Kher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akhlaqur_Rahman_Kidwai" title="Akhlaqur Rahman Kidwai">Akhlaqur Rahman Kidwai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jivraj_Narayan_Mehta" title="Jivraj Narayan Mehta">Jivraj Narayan Mehta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V._K._Krishna_Menon" title="V. K. Krishna Menon">V. K. Krishna Menon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hirendranath_Mukherjee" title="Hirendranath Mukherjee">Hirendranath Mukherjee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajoy_Mukherjee" title="Ajoy Mukherjee">Ajoy Mukherjee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pranab_Mukherjee" title="Pranab Mukherjee">Pranab Mukherjee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padmaja_Naidu" title="Padmaja Naidu">Padmaja Naidu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venkaiah_Naidu" title="Venkaiah Naidu">Venkaiah Naidu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulzarilal_Nanda" title="Gulzarilal Nanda">Gulzarilal Nanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Govind_Narain" title="Govind Narain">Govind Narain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fali_Sam_Nariman" title="Fali Sam Nariman">Fali Sam Nariman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hosei_Norota" title="Hosei Norota">Hosei Norota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanabhoy_Palkhivala" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanabhoy Palkhivala">Nanabhoy Palkhivala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._Parasaran" title="K. Parasaran">K. Parasaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hari_Vinayak_Pataskar" title="Hari Vinayak Pataskar">Hari Vinayak Pataskar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunder_Lal_Patwa" title="Sunder Lal Patwa">Sunder Lal Patwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharad_Pawar" title="Sharad Pawar">Sharad Pawar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N._R._Pillai" title="N. R. Pillai">Naryana Raghvan Pillai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Prakasa" title="Sri Prakasa">Sri Prakasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N._G._Ranga" title="N. G. Ranga">N. G. Ranga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravi_Narayana_Reddy" title="Ravi Narayana Reddy">Ravi Narayana Reddy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y._Venugopal_Reddy" class="mw-redirect" title="Y. Venugopal Reddy">Y. Venugopal Reddy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghulam_Mohammed_Sadiq" title="Ghulam Mohammed Sadiq">Ghulam Mohammed Sadiq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakshmi_Sahgal" title="Lakshmi Sahgal">Lakshmi Sahgal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._A._Sangma" title="P. A. Sangma">P. A. Sangma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._C._Setalvad" title="M. C. Setalvad">M. C. Setalvad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalyan_Singh" title="Kalyan Singh">Kalyan Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karan_Singh" title="Karan Singh">Karan Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagendra_Singh" title="Nagendra Singh">Nagendra Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swaran_Singh" title="Swaran Singh">Swaran Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Sisulu" title="Walter Sisulu">Walter Sisulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soli_Sorabjee" title="Soli Sorabjee">Soli Sorabjee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalyan_Sundaram" title="Kalyan Sundaram">Kalyan Sundaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sushma_Swaraj" title="Sushma Swaraj">Sushma Swaraj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandulal_Madhavlal_Trivedi" title="Chandulal Madhavlal Trivedi">Chandulal Madhavlal Trivedi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atal_Bihari_Vajpayee" title="Atal Bihari Vajpayee">Atal Bihari Vajpayee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._N._Venkatachaliah" title="M. N. Venkatachaliah">M. N. Venkatachaliah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._K._Venugopal" title="K. K. Venugopal">Kottayan Katankot Venugopal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jigme_Dorji_Wangchuck" title="Jigme Dorji Wangchuck">Jigme Dorji Wangchuck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S._M._Krishna" title="S. M. Krishna">S. M. Krishna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mulayam_Singh_Yadav" title="Mulayam Singh Yadav">Mulayam Singh Yadav</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;font-weight:normal;">Science and engineering</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="padding:0;line-height:1.3em; white-space:normal;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/V._K._Aatre" title="V. K. Aatre">V. K. Aatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salim_Ali" title="Salim Ali">Salim Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Borlaug" title="Norman Borlaug">Norman Borlaug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subrahmanyan_Chandrasekhar" title="Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar">Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajagopala_Chidambaram" title="Rajagopala Chidambaram">Rajagopala Chidambaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Correa" title="Charles Correa">Charles Correa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satish_Dhawan" title="Satish Dhawan">Satish Dhawan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anil_Kakodkar" title="Anil Kakodkar">Anil Kakodkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._P._J._Abdul_Kalam" title="A. P. J. Abdul Kalam">A. P. J. Abdul Kalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishnaswamy_Kasturirangan" title="Krishnaswamy Kasturirangan">Krishnaswamy Kasturirangan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Har_Gobind_Khorana" title="Har Gobind Khorana">Har Gobind Khorana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daulat_Singh_Kothari" title="Daulat Singh Kothari">Daulat Singh Kothari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verghese_Kurien" title="Verghese Kurien">Verghese Kurien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raghunath_Anant_Mashelkar" title="Raghunath Anant Mashelkar">Raghunath Anant Mashelkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._Madhavan_Nair" title="G. Madhavan Nair">G. Madhavan Nair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roddam_Narasimha" title="Roddam Narasimha">Roddam Narasimha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jayant_Narlikar" title="Jayant Narlikar">Jayant Narlikar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajendra_K._Pachauri" title="Rajendra K. Pachauri">Rajendra K. Pachauri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Peary_Pal" title="Benjamin Peary Pal">Benjamin Peary Pal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yash_Pal" title="Yash Pal">Yash Pal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I._G._Patel" title="I. G. Patel">I. G. Patel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venkatraman_Ramakrishnan" class="mw-redirect" title="Venkatraman Ramakrishnan">Venkatraman Ramakrishnan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._R._Ramanathan" title="K. R. Ramanathan">K. R. Ramanathan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raja_Ramanna" title="Raja Ramanna">Raja Ramanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._R._Rao" title="C. R. Rao">C. R. Rao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._N._R._Rao" title="C. N. R. Rao">C. N. R. Rao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palle_Rama_Rao" title="Palle Rama Rao">Palle Rama Rao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udupi_Ramachandra_Rao" title="Udupi Ramachandra Rao">Udupi Ramachandra Rao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vikram_Sarabhai" title="Vikram Sarabhai">Vikram Sarabhai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Man_Mohan_Sharma" title="Man Mohan Sharma">Man Mohan Sharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obaid_Siddiqi" title="Obaid Siddiqi">Obaid Siddiqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._Sreedharan" title="E. Sreedharan">E. Sreedharan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._R._Srinivasan" title="M. R. Srinivasan">M. R. Srinivasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._C._George_Sudarshan" title="E. C. George Sudarshan">George Sudarshan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._S._Swaminathan" title="M. S. Swaminathan">M. S. Swaminathan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narinder_Singh_Kapany" title="Narinder Singh Kapany">Narinder Singh Kapany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S._R._Srinivasa_Varadhan" title="S. R. Srinivasa Varadhan">S. R. Srinivasa Varadhan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;font-weight:normal;">Social work</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="padding:0;line-height:1.3em; white-space:normal;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baba_Amte" title="Baba Amte">Baba Amte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandurang_Shastri_Athavale" title="Pandurang Shastri Athavale">Pandurang Shastri Athavale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janaki_Devi_Bajaj" title="Janaki Devi Bajaj">Janaki Devi Bajaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirabehn" title="Mirabehn">Mirabehn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamaladevi_Chattopadhyay" title="Kamaladevi Chattopadhyay">Kamaladevi Chattopadhyay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durgabai_Deshmukh" title="Durgabai Deshmukh">Durgabai Deshmukh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanaji_Deshmukh" title="Nanaji Deshmukh">Nanaji Deshmukh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirmala_Deshpande" title="Nirmala Deshpande">Nirmala Deshpande</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohan_Dharia" title="Mohan Dharia">Mohan Dharia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U._N._Dhebar" title="U. N. Dhebar">U. N. Dhebar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valerian_Gracias" title="Valerian Gracias">Valerian Gracias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veerendra_Heggade" title="Veerendra Heggade">Veerendra Heggade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Clubwala_Jadhav" title="Mary Clubwala Jadhav">Mary Clubwala Jadhav</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaganvihari_Lallubhai_Mehta" title="Gaganvihari Lallubhai Mehta">Gaganvihari Lallubhai Mehta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usha_Mehta" title="Usha Mehta">Usha Mehta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirmala_Joshi" title="Nirmala Joshi">Sister Nirmala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nellie_Sengupta" title="Nellie Sengupta">Nellie Sengupta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;font-weight:normal;">Sports</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="padding:0;line-height:1.3em; white-space:normal;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Viswanathan_Anand" title="Viswanathan Anand">Viswanathan Anand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Hillary" title="Edmund Hillary">Edmund Hillary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Kom" title="Mary Kom">Mary Kom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sachin_Tendulkar" title="Sachin Tendulkar">Sachin Tendulkar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;font-weight:normal;">Trade and industry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="padding:0;line-height:1.3em; white-space:normal;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dhirubhai_Ambani" title="Dhirubhai Ambani">Dhirubhai Ambani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._D._Birla" title="G. D. Birla">Ghanshyam Das Birla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashok_Sekhar_Ganguly" title="Ashok Sekhar Ganguly">Ashok Sekhar Ganguly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aga_Khan_IV" title="Aga Khan IV">Karim Al Hussaini Aga Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakshmi_Mittal" title="Lakshmi Mittal">Lakshmi Mittal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anil_Manibhai_Naik" class="mw-redirect" title="Anil Manibhai Naik">Anil Manibhai Naik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N._R._Narayana_Murthy" title="N. R. Narayana Murthy">N. R. Narayana Murthy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._Narasimham" title="M. Narasimham">M. Narasimham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prithvi_Raj_Singh_Oberoi" title="Prithvi Raj Singh Oberoi">Prithvi Raj Singh Oberoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azim_Premji" title="Azim Premji">Azim Premji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prathap_C._Reddy" title="Prathap C. Reddy">Prathap C. Reddy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._R._D._Tata" title="J. R. D. Tata">J. R. D. Tata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratan_Tata" title="Ratan Tata">Ratan Tata</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:India" title="Portal:India">Portal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Indian_awards_templates" title="Category:Indian awards templates">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_India" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject India">WikiProject</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Padma_Bhushan_award_recipients_(1960–1969)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Padma_Bhushan_Award_Recipients_1960%E2%80%931969" title="Template:Padma Bhushan Award Recipients 1960–1969"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Padma_Bhushan_Award_Recipients_1960%E2%80%931969" title="Template talk:Padma Bhushan Award Recipients 1960–1969"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Padma_Bhushan_Award_Recipients_1960%E2%80%931969" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Padma Bhushan Award Recipients 1960–1969"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Padma_Bhushan_award_recipients_(1960–1969)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Padma_Bhushan" title="Padma Bhushan">Padma Bhushan</a> award recipients (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Padma_Bhushan_award_recipients_(1960%E2%80%931969)" title="List of Padma Bhushan award recipients (1960–1969)">1960–1969</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1960</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haridas_Siddhanta_Bagish" title="Haridas Siddhanta Bagish">Haridas Siddhanta Bagish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabindra_Nath_Chaudhuri" title="Rabindra Nath Chaudhuri">Rabindra Nath Chaudhuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nilakantha_Das" title="Nilakantha Das">Nilakantha Das</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajeshwar_Shastri_Dravid" title="Rajeshwar Shastri Dravid">Rajeshwar Shastri Dravid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazi_Nazrul_Islam" title="Kazi Nazrul Islam">Kazi Nazrul Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hafiz_Ali_Khan" title="Hafiz Ali Khan">Hafiz Ali Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bal_Krishna_Sharma_Naveen" title="Bal Krishna Sharma Naveen">Bal Krishna Sharma Naveen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayyadevara_Kaleswara_Rao" title="Ayyadevara Kaleswara Rao">Ayyadevara Kaleswara Rao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acharya_Shivpujan_Sahay" title="Acharya Shivpujan Sahay">Acharya Shivpujan Sahay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vithal_Nagesh_Shirodkar" title="Vithal Nagesh Shirodkar">Vithal Nagesh Shirodkar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1961</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rustomji_Bomanji_Billimoria" title="Rustomji Bomanji Billimoria">Rustomji Bomanji Billimoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seth_Govind_Das" title="Seth Govind Das">Seth Govind Das</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verrier_Elwin" title="Verrier Elwin">Verrier Elwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niranjan_Das_Gulhati" title="Niranjan Das Gulhati">Niranjan Das Gulhati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L._Venkatakrishna_Iyer" title="L. Venkatakrishna Iyer">L. Venkatakrishna Iyer</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anand_Krishna&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anand Krishna (page does not exist)">Rai Krishnadas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumitranandan_Pant" title="Sumitranandan Pant">Sumitranandan Pant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svetoslav_Roerich" title="Svetoslav Roerich">Svetoslav Roerich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagwan_Sahay" title="Bhagwan Sahay">Bhagwan Sahay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bindeshwari_Prasad_Verma" title="Bindeshwari Prasad Verma">Bindeshwari Prasad Verma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishnasami_Venkataraman" title="Krishnasami Venkataraman">Krishnasami Venkataraman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ardeshir_Ruttonji_Wadia" title="Ardeshir Ruttonji Wadia">Ardeshir Ruttonji Wadia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1962</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ramchandra_Narayan_Dandekar" title="Ramchandra Narayan Dandekar">Ramchandra Narayan Dandekar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prem_Chandra_Dhanda" title="Prem Chandra Dhanda">Prem Chandra Dhanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asaf_Ali_Asghar_Fyzee" title="Asaf Ali Asghar Fyzee">Asaf Ali Asghar Fyzee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bade_Ghulam_Ali_Khan" title="Bade Ghulam Ali Khan">Bade Ghulam Ali Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daulat_Singh_Kothari" title="Daulat Singh Kothari">Daulat Singh Kothari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mithan_Jamshed_Lam" title="Mithan Jamshed Lam">Mithan Jamshed Lam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudhansu_Sobhan_Maitra" title="Sudhansu Sobhan Maitra">Sudhansu Sobhan Maitra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sisir_Kumar_Mitra" title="Sisir Kumar Mitra">Sisir Kumar Mitra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarabai_Modak" title="Tarabai Modak">Tarabai Modak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niaz_Fatehpuri" title="Niaz Fatehpuri">Niaz Fatehpuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jal_R._Patel" title="Jal R. Patel">Jal Ratanji Patel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narayan_Sitaram_Phadke" title="Narayan Sitaram Phadke">Narayan Sitaram Phadke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V._Raghavan" title="V. Raghavan">V. Raghavan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dukhan_Ram" title="Dukhan Ram">Dukhan Ram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._S._Soundram" class="mw-redirect" title="T. S. Soundram">T. S. Soundram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahankali_Seetharama_Rao" title="Mahankali Seetharama Rao">Mahankali Seetharama Rao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moturi_Satyanarayana" title="Moturi Satyanarayana">Moturi Satyanarayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitaram_Seksaria" title="Sitaram Seksaria">Sitaram Seksaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santosh_Kumar_Sen" title="Santosh Kumar Sen">Santosh Kumar Sen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarlok_Singh_(economist)" title="Tarlok Singh (economist)">Tarlok Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raja_Radhika_Raman_Sinha" title="Raja Radhika Raman Sinha">Raja Radhika Raman Sinha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1963</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Makhanlal_Chaturvedi" title="Makhanlal Chaturvedi">Makhanlal Chaturvedi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omeo_Kumar_Das" title="Omeo Kumar Das">Omeo Kumar Das</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitish_Chandra_Laharry" title="Nitish Chandra Laharry">Nitish Chandra Laharry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badri_Nath_Prasad" title="Badri Nath Prasad">Badri Nath Prasad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanuri_Lakshmana_Rao" title="Kanuri Lakshmana Rao">Kanuri Lakshmana Rao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rahul_Sankrityayan" title="Rahul Sankrityayan">Rahul Sankrityayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramanlal_Gokaldas_Saraiya" title="Ramanlal Gokaldas Saraiya">Ramanlal Gokaldas Saraiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._R._Seshadri" title="T. R. Seshadri">T. R. Seshadri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardar_Harnarain_Singh" title="Sardar Harnarain Singh">Sardar Harnarain Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramkumar_Verma" title="Ramkumar Verma">Ramkumar Verma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1964</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sheikh_Abdullah_(educationalist)" title="Sheikh Abdullah (educationalist)">Sheikh Abdullah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuruddin_Ahmed" title="Nuruddin Ahmed">Nuruddin Ahmed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rafiuddin_Ahmed_(dentist)" title="Rafiuddin Ahmed (dentist)">Rafiuddin Ahmed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Chandy" title="Jacob Chandy">Jacob Chandy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunji_Lal_Dubey" title="Kunji Lal Dubey">Kunji Lal Dubey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tushar_Kanti_Ghosh" title="Tushar Kanti Ghosh">Tushar Kanti Ghosh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dara_Nusserwanji_Khurody" title="Dara Nusserwanji Khurody">Dara Nusserwanji Khurody</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anukul_Chandra_Mukherjee" title="Anukul Chandra Mukherjee">Anukul Chandra Mukherjee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jnanendra_Nath_Mukherjee" title="Jnanendra Nath Mukherjee">Jnanendra Nath Mukherjee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhola_Nath_Mullik" title="Bhola Nath Mullik">Bhola Nath Mullik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._K._Narayan" title="R. K. Narayan">R. K. Narayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chintaman_Govind_Pandit" title="Chintaman Govind Pandit">Chintaman Govind Pandit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribhuvandas_Kishibhai_Patel" title="Tribhuvandas Kishibhai Patel">Tribhuvandas Kishibhai Patel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bal_Gandharva" title="Bal Gandharva">Bal Gandharva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._N._Ramachandran" title="T. N. Ramachandran">T. N. Ramachandran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khushwant_Lal_Wig" title="Khushwant Lal Wig">Khushwant Lal Wig</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1965</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joginder_Singh_Dhillon" title="Joginder Singh Dhillon">Joginder Singh Dhillon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhalchandra_Babaji_Dikshit" title="Bhalchandra Babaji Dikshit">Bhalchandra Babaji Dikshit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narasinh_Narayan_Godbole" title="Narasinh Narayan Godbole">Narasinh Narayan Godbole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nawang_Gombu_Sherpa" title="Nawang Gombu Sherpa">Nawang Gombu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonam_Gyatso_(mountaineer)" title="Sonam Gyatso (mountaineer)">Sonam Gyatso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akbar_Ali_Khan_(politician)" title="Akbar Ali Khan (politician)">Akbar Ali Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S._L._Kirloskar" title="S. L. Kirloskar">S. L. Kirloskar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohan_Singh_Kohli" title="Mohan Singh Kohli">Mohan Singh Kohli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harbaksh_Singh" title="Harbaksh Singh">Harbaksh Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Dunn_(Indian_Army_general)" class="mw-redirect" title="Patrick Dunn (Indian Army general)">P. O. Dunn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmir_Singh_Katoch" title="Kashmir Singh Katoch">Kashmir Singh Katoch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratap_Chandra_Lal" title="Pratap Chandra Lal">Pratap Chandra Lal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramaswamy_Rajaram" title="Ramaswamy Rajaram">Ramaswamy Rajaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Mujeeb" title="Mohammad Mujeeb">Mohammad Mujeeb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jayant_Narlikar" title="Jayant Narlikar">Jayant Narlikar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._R._Ramanathan" title="K. R. Ramanathan">K. R. Ramanathan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyajit_Ray" title="Satyajit Ray">Satyajit Ray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triguna_Sen" title="Triguna Sen">Triguna Sen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vrindavan_Lal_Verma" title="Vrindavan Lal Verma">Vrindavan Lal Verma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manikya_Lal_Verma" title="Manikya Lal Verma">Manikya Lal Verma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1966</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Babubhai_Maneklal_Chinai" title="Babubhai Maneklal Chinai">Babubhai Maneklal Chinai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puliyur_Krishnaswamy_Duraiswami" title="Puliyur Krishnaswamy Duraiswami">Puliyur Krishnaswamy Duraiswami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verghese_Kurien" title="Verghese Kurien">Verghese Kurien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zubin_Mehta" title="Zubin Mehta">Zubin Mehta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._P._Kesava_Menon" title="K. P. Kesava Menon">K. P. Kesava Menon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mannathu_Padmanabha_Pillai" title="Mannathu Padmanabha Pillai">Mannathu Padmanabha Pillai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._Shankar_Pillai" title="K. Shankar Pillai">K. Shankar Pillai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vikram_Sarabhai" title="Vikram Sarabhai">Vikram Sarabhai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinayak_Sitaram_Sarwate" title="Vinayak Sitaram Sarwate">Vinayak Sitaram Sarwate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homi_Sethna" title="Homi Sethna">Homi Sethna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jodh_Singh" title="Jodh Singh">Jodh Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haribhau_Upadhyaya" title="Haribhau Upadhyaya">Haribhau Upadhyaya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1967</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mulk_Raj_Anand" title="Mulk Raj Anand">Mulk Raj Anand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tara_Cherian" title="Tara Cherian">Tara Cherian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishna_Kanta_Handique" title="Krishna Kanta Handique">Krishna Kanta Handique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akshay_Kumar_Jain" title="Akshay Kumar Jain">Akshay Kumar Jain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pupul_Jayakar" title="Pupul Jayakar">Pupul Jayakar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Akbar_Khan" title="Ali Akbar Khan">Ali Akbar Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D._P._Kohli" title="D. P. Kohli">D. P. Kohli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramanathan_Krishnan" title="Ramanathan Krishnan">Ramanathan Krishnan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheruvari_Lakshmanan" title="Cheruvari Lakshmanan">Cheruvari Lakshmanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S._I._Padmavati" title="S. I. Padmavati">S. I. Padmavati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D._C._Pavate" title="D. C. Pavate">D. C. Pavate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Datto_Vaman_Potdar" title="Datto Vaman Potdar">Datto Vaman Potdar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._Shiva_Rao" title="B. Shiva Rao">B. Shiva Rao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khwaja_Ghulam_Saiyidain" title="Khwaja Ghulam Saiyidain">Khwaja Ghulam Saiyidain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mihir_Sen" title="Mihir Sen">Mihir Sen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravi_Shankar" title="Ravi Shankar">Ravi Shankar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._L._Vasanthakumari" title="M. L. Vasanthakumari">M. L. Vasanthakumari</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1968</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acharya_Vishva_Bandhu" title="Acharya Vishva Bandhu">Acharya Vishva Bandhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prabhu_Lal_Bhatnagar" title="Prabhu Lal Bhatnagar">Prabhu Lal Bhatnagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Clubwala_Jadhav" title="Mary Clubwala Jadhav">Mary Clubwala Jadhav</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shivaram_Karanth" title="Shivaram Karanth">K. Shivaram Karanth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bismillah_Khan" title="Bismillah Khan">Bismillah Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishnu_Sakharam_Khandekar" title="Vishnu Sakharam Khandekar">Vishnu Sakharam Khandekar</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sam Manekshaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mansukhlal_Atmaram_Master" title="Mansukhlal Atmaram Master">Mansukhlal Atmaram Master</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._G._K._Menon" title="M. G. K. Menon">M. G. K. Menon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waman_Bapuji_Metre" title="Waman Bapuji Metre">Waman Bapuji Metre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujarmal_Modi" title="Gujarmal Modi">Gujarmal Modi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murugappa_Channaveerappa_Modi" title="Murugappa Channaveerappa Modi">Murugappa Channaveerappa Modi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Peary_Pal" title="Benjamin Peary Pal">Benjamin Peary Pal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahm_Prakash" title="Brahm Prakash">Brahm Prakash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manikonda_Chalapathi_Rau" class="mw-redirect" title="Manikonda Chalapathi Rau">Manikonda Chalapathi Rau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._R._Rao" title="C. R. Rao">C. R. Rao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radhanath_Rath" title="Radhanath Rath">Radhanath Rath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariadas_Ruthnaswamy" title="Mariadas Ruthnaswamy">Mariadas Ruthnaswamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firaq_Gorakhpuri" title="Firaq Gorakhpuri">Firaq Gorakhpuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shripad_Damodar_Satwalekar" title="Shripad Damodar Satwalekar">Shripad Damodar Satwalekar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._Sankara_Kurup" title="G. Sankara Kurup">G. Sankara Kurup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periyasaamy_Thooran" title="Periyasaamy Thooran">Periyasaamy Thooran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamidipudi_Venkatarangayya" title="Mamidipudi Venkatarangayya">Mamidipudi Venkatarangayya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1969</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tarasankar_Bandyopadhyay" title="Tarasankar Bandyopadhyay">Tarasankar Bandyopadhyay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rahim-ud-in_Khan_Dagar" title="Rahim-ud-in Khan Dagar">Rahim-ud-in Khan Dagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohanlal_Lallubhai_Dantwala" title="Mohanlal Lallubhai Dantwala">Mohanlal Lallubhai Dantwala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keshavrao_Krishnarao_Datey" title="Keshavrao Krishnarao Datey">Keshavrao Krishnarao Datey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keshav_Prasad_Goenka" title="Keshav Prasad Goenka">Keshav Prasad Goenka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semmangudi_Srinivasa_Iyer" title="Semmangudi Srinivasa Iyer">Semmangudi Srinivasa Iyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vithalbhai_Jhaveri" title="Vithalbhai Jhaveri">Vithalbhai Jhaveri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prithviraj_Kapoor" title="Prithviraj Kapoor">Prithviraj Kapoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kesarbai_Kerkar" title="Kesarbai Kerkar">Kesarbai Kerkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishna_Kripalani" title="Krishna Kripalani">Krishna Kripalani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adinath_Lahiri" title="Adinath Lahiri">Adinath Lahiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gobind_Behari_Lal" title="Gobind Behari Lal">Gobind Behari Lal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasturbhai_Lalbhai" title="Kasturbhai Lalbhai">Kasturbhai Lalbhai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lata_Mangeshkar" title="Lata Mangeshkar">Lata Mangeshkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V._K._Narayana_Menon" title="V. K. Narayana Menon">V. K. Narayana Menon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saghar_Nizami" title="Saghar Nizami">Saghar Nizami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanasaheb_Parulekar" title="Nanasaheb Parulekar">Nanasaheb Parulekar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yashwant_Dinkar_Pendharkar" title="Yashwant Dinkar Pendharkar">Yashwant Dinkar Pendharkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitthal_Laxman_Phadke" title="Vitthal Laxman Phadke">Vitthal Laxman Phadke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raja_Rao" title="Raja Rao">Raja Rao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niharranjan_Ray" title="Niharranjan Ray">Niharranjan Ray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prafulla_Kumar_Sen" title="Prafulla Kumar Sen">Prafulla Kumar Sen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haroon_Khan_Sherwani" title="Haroon Khan Sherwani">Haroon Khan Sherwani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_Tata" title="Naval Tata">Naval Tata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S._S._Vasan" title="S. S. Vasan">S. S. Vasan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div># Posthumous conferral <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Padma_Bhushan_award_recipients_(1954%E2%80%931959)" title="List of Padma Bhushan award recipients (1954–1959)">1954–1959</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Padma_Bhushan_award_recipients_(1960%E2%80%931969)" title="List of Padma Bhushan award recipients (1960–1969)">1960–1969</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Padma_Bhushan_award_recipients_(1970%E2%80%931979)" title="List of Padma Bhushan award recipients (1970–1979)">1970–1979</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Padma_Bhushan_award_recipients_(1980%E2%80%931989)" title="List of Padma Bhushan award recipients (1980–1989)">1980–1989</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Padma_Bhushan_award_recipients_(1990%E2%80%931999)" title="List of Padma Bhushan award recipients (1990–1999)">1990–1999</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Padma_Bhushan_award_recipients_(2000%E2%80%932009)" title="List of Padma Bhushan award recipients (2000–2009)">2000–2009</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Padma_Bhushan_award_recipients_(2010%E2%80%932019)" title="List of Padma Bhushan award recipients (2010–2019)">2010–2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Padma_Bhushan_award_recipients_(2020%E2%80%932029)" title="List of Padma Bhushan award recipients (2020–2029)">2020–2029</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q558194#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" 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