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<div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Military career</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Military_career-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Military career subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Military_career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_service" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_service"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Early service</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_service-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_War_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>World War II</span> </div> </a> <ul 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id="toc-C-in-C_of_the_Indian_Army-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Personal life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-retirement_and_death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-retirement_and_death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Post-retirement and death</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-retirement_and_death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Personality</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Awards_and_decorations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Awards_and_decorations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Awards and decorations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Awards_and_decorations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dates_of_rank" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dates_of_rank"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Dates of rank</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dates_of_rank-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav 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id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">K. M. Cariappa</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 11 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-11" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">11 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE" title="কোদানদেরা মদপ্পা কারিয়াপ্পা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="কোদানদেরা মদপ্পা কারিয়াপ্পা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE" title="के एम करिअप्पा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="के एम करिअप्पा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/K._M._Cariappa" title="K. M. Cariappa – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="K. M. Cariappa" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%86.%E0%B2%8E%E0%B2%82.%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AA" title="ಕೆ.ಎಂ.ಕಾರಿಯಪ್ಪ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಕೆ.ಎಂ.ಕಾರಿಯಪ್ಪ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%86.%E0%B4%8E%E0%B4%82._%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA" title="കെ.എം. കരിയപ്പ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കെ.എം. കരിയപ്പ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87.%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%AE._%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE" title="के.एम. करिअप्पा – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="के.एम. करिअप्पा" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%87_%E0%A8%90%E0%A8%AE_%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%85%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%BE" title="ਕੇ ਐਮ ਕਰਿਅੱਪਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਕੇ ਐਮ ਕਰਿਅੱਪਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DB%92_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%85_%DA%A9%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%BE%D8%A7" title="کے ایم کریاپا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="کے ایم کریاپا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BF%D0%B0,_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BF%D0%B0" title="Кариаппа, Кодандера Мадаппа – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Кариаппа, Кодандера Мадаппа" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE" title="கரியப்பா – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கரியப்பா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E4%B8%B9%E5%BE%B7%E6%8B%89%C2%B7%E9%A9%AC%E8%BE%BE%E5%B8%95%C2%B7%E5%8D%A1%E9%87%8C%E4%BA%9A%E5%B8%95" title="科丹德拉·马达帕·卡里亚帕 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="科丹德拉·马达帕·卡里亚帕" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q3630913#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu 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Click here for more information."><img alt="This is a good article. Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Indian military officer (1899–1993)</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Field_Marshal_(India)" class="mw-redirect" title="Field Marshal (India)">Field Marshal</a></div><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">K. M. Cariappa</div><div class="honorific-suffix" style="font-weight: normal;"><span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:;"><span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Officer_of_the_Order_of_the_British_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Officer of the Order of the British Empire">OBE</a></span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:General_K._M._Cariappa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/General_K._M._Cariappa.jpg/220px-General_K._M._Cariappa.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="297" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fe/General_K._M._Cariappa.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="338" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Indian <a href="/wiki/High_commissioner_(Commonwealth)" title="High commissioner (Commonwealth)">High Commissioner</a> to <span class="avoidwrap" style="display:inline-block;">Australia and New Zealand</span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />1954–1956</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">M.S. Duleepsinghji</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">K. R. P. Singh</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">4th <a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Chiefs_of_Staff_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Chairman of the Chiefs of Staff Committee">Chairman of the Chiefs of Staff Committee</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />14 October 1951 – 14 January 1953</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Rajendra_Prasad" title="Rajendra Prasad">Rajendra Prasad</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Prime Minister</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Parry_(Royal_Navy_officer)" title="Edward Parry (Royal Navy officer)">Edward Parry</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mark_Pizey" title="Mark Pizey">Mark Pizey</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">2nd <a href="/wiki/Commander-in-Chief,_Indian_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Commander-in-Chief, Indian Army">Commander-in-Chief, Indian Army</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />15 January 1949 – 14 January 1953</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data">Rajendra Prasad (from 1950)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Prime Minister</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Jawaharlal Nehru</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_India" title="Governor-General of India">Governor-General</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/C._Rajagopalachari" title="C. Rajagopalachari">C. Rajagopalachari</a> (until 1950)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Roy_Bucher" title="Roy Bucher">F. R. Roy Bucher</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Rajendrasinhji_Jadeja" title="Rajendrasinhji Jadeja">Rajendrasinhji Jadeja</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1899-01-28</span>)</span>28 January 1899<br /><a href="/wiki/Shanivarsanthe" title="Shanivarsanthe">Shanivarsanthe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coorg_Province" title="Coorg Province">Coorg Province</a>, British India (now <a href="/wiki/Kodagu_district" title="Kodagu district">Kodagu district</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a>, India)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">15 May 1993<span style="display:none">(1993-05-15)</span> (aged 94)<br /><a href="/wiki/Bangalore" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangalore">Bangalore</a>, Karnataka, India</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-weight:bold;">Military career</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Nickname(s)</th><td class="infobox-data nickname">Kipper</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Allegiance</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/British_Raj_Red_Ensign.svg/23px-British_Raj_Red_Ensign.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/British_Raj_Red_Ensign.svg/35px-British_Raj_Red_Ensign.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/British_Raj_Red_Ensign.svg/46px-British_Raj_Red_Ensign.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British India</a><br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Service <wbr />/ branch</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Ensign_of_the_Royal_Indian_Army_Service_Corps.svg/23px-Ensign_of_the_Royal_Indian_Army_Service_Corps.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Ensign_of_the_Royal_Indian_Army_Service_Corps.svg/35px-Ensign_of_the_Royal_Indian_Army_Service_Corps.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Ensign_of_the_Royal_Indian_Army_Service_Corps.svg/46px-Ensign_of_the_Royal_Indian_Army_Service_Corps.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Army" title="British Indian Army">British Indian Army</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Flag_of_Indian_Army.svg/23px-Flag_of_Indian_Army.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Flag_of_Indian_Army.svg/35px-Flag_of_Indian_Army.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Flag_of_Indian_Army.svg/46px-Flag_of_Indian_Army.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="450" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Indian_Army" title="Indian Army">Indian Army</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Years of service</th><td class="infobox-data">1919–1953, 1986–1993<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Field_Marshal_of_the_Indian_Army.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Field_Marshal_of_the_Indian_Army.svg/23px-Field_Marshal_of_the_Indian_Army.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="59" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Field_Marshal_of_the_Indian_Army.svg/35px-Field_Marshal_of_the_Indian_Army.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Field_Marshal_of_the_Indian_Army.svg/46px-Field_Marshal_of_the_Indian_Army.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="75" data-file-height="191" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Field_marshal_(India)" title="Field marshal (India)">Field Marshal</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em"><a href="/wiki/Service_number" title="Service number">Service number</a></th><td class="infobox-data">IA-937<sup id="cite_ref-Gazette_1949_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gazette_1949-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Unit</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Rajput_Regiment" title="Rajput Regiment">Rajput Regiment</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Commands</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Western_Command_(India)" title="Western Command (India)">Western Army</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Command_(India)" title="Eastern Command (India)">Eastern Army</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Bannu_Brigade" title="Bannu Brigade">Bannu Brigade</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Rajput_Regiment" title="Rajput Regiment">17 Rajput</a><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Battles / wars</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_War_of_1947" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Pakistani War of 1947">Indo-Pakistani War of 1947</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Officer_of_the_Order_of_the_British_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Officer of the Order of the British Empire">Officer of the Order of the British Empire</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Mentioned_in_Despatches" class="mw-redirect" title="Mentioned in Despatches">Mentioned in Despatches</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Chief_Commander_of_the_Legion_of_Merit" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief Commander of the Legion of Merit">Chief Commander of the Legion of Merit</a> (United States)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Relations</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/K._C._Cariappa" title="K. C. Cariappa">K. C. Cariappa</a> (son)</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Kodandera Madappa Cariappa</b> (28 January 1899 – 15 May 1993) was an Indian military officer and diplomat who was the Indian <a href="/wiki/Chief_of_the_Army_Staff_(India)" title="Chief of the Army Staff (India)">Commander-in-Chief</a> (C-in-C) of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Army" title="Indian Army">Indian Army</a>. He led Indian forces on the Western Front during the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_War_of_1947" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Pakistani War of 1947">Indo-Pakistani War of 1947</a>. He was appointed Commander-in-Chief of the Indian Army in 1949. He is one of only two Indian Army officers to hold the <a href="/wiki/Five-star_rank" title="Five-star rank">five-star rank</a> of Field Marshal; the other being Field Marshal <a href="/wiki/Sam_Manekshaw" title="Sam Manekshaw">Sam Manekshaw</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Did_You_Know?_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Did_You_Know?-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>His distinguished military career spanned almost three decades. Born in <a href="/wiki/Madikeri" title="Madikeri">Madikeri</a>, Kodagu, Cariappa joined the <a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Army" title="British Indian Army">British Indian Army</a> shortly after the end of <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, and was commissioned as a temporary <a href="/wiki/First_lieutenant" title="First lieutenant">first lieutenant</a> into the <a href="/wiki/88th_Carnatic_Infantry" title="88th Carnatic Infantry">2/88 Carnatic Infantry</a>. He was transferred between multiple regiments early in his career before settling on <a href="/wiki/7th_Rajput_Regiment" class="mw-redirect" title="7th Rajput Regiment">1/7 Rajputs</a>, which became his permanent regiment. </p><p>He was the first Indian military officer to attend the Staff College, <a href="/wiki/Quetta" title="Quetta">Quetta</a>, the first Indian to command a <a href="/wiki/Battalion" title="Battalion">battalion</a>, and was also one of the first two Indians selected to undergo training at the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Defence_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Defence College">Imperial Defence College</a> in <a href="/wiki/Camberley" title="Camberley">Camberley</a>. He served in various staff capacities at various unit and command headquarters (HQ) and also at the General HQ, New Delhi. Before taking over as the C-in-C of the Indian Army, Cariappa served as the commander of the Indian Army's <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Command_(India)" title="Eastern Command (India)">Eastern</a> and <a href="/wiki/Western_Command_(India)" title="Western Command (India)">Western Commands</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_education">Early life and education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=K._M._Cariappa&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cariappa was born on 28 January 1899, in <a href="/wiki/Shanivarsanthe" title="Shanivarsanthe">Shanivarsanthe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coorg_Province" title="Coorg Province">Coorg Province</a> (present day <a href="/wiki/Kodagu_district" title="Kodagu district">Kodagu district</a>), <a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a> to a family of farmers belonging to the <a href="/wiki/Kodava_people" title="Kodava people">Kodava</a> clan. His father, Madappa, worked with the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Revenue_Service" title="Indian Revenue Service">revenue department</a>. Cariappa was the second child in a family of four sons and two daughters.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh200521_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh200521-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He was known as "Chimma" to his relatives. After completing his education in the Central High School at Madikeri in 1917, he attended <a href="/wiki/Presidency_College,_Chennai" title="Presidency College, Chennai">Presidency College, Chennai</a>, to pursue his education further.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh200521_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh200521-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During college, he learned that Indians were being recruited into the Army, and that they were to be trained in India. As he wished to serve as a soldier he applied for the training.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh200522_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh200522-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Of the 70 applicants, Cariappa was one of 42 who were finally granted admission into the <a href="/wiki/Daly_College" title="Daly College">Daly Cadet College</a>, Indore. He scored well in all the aspects of his training and graduated seventh in his class.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh200522_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh200522-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Military_career">Military career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=K._M._Cariappa&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Military career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_service">Early service</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=K._M._Cariappa&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Early service"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cariappa graduated on 1 December 1919, and was granted a temporary commission. Subsequently, a permanent commission was granted on 9 September 1922, with effect from 17 July 1920. This was done to make Cariappa's rank junior to the officers who <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/pass_out" class="extiw" title="wikt:pass out">passed out</a> (graduated) from <a href="/wiki/Royal_Military_College,_Sandhurst" title="Royal Military College, Sandhurst">Royal Military College, Sandhurst</a>, on 16 July 1920.<sup id="cite_ref-london-gazette2_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-london-gazette2-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh200522_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh200522-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was commissioned into the 2nd Battalion of the 88th Carnatic Infantry at Bombay (Mumbai) as a temporary second lieutenant.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh200523_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh200523-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was promoted to temporary lieutenant on 1 December 1920.<sup id="cite_ref-london-gazette1_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-london-gazette1-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later he was transferred to the <a href="/wiki/125th_Napier%27s_Rifles" title="125th Napier's Rifles">2/125 Napier Rifles</a> which moved to Mesopotamia (present-day Iraq) in May 1920. He was promoted to <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant" title="Lieutenant">lieutenant</a> on 17 July 1921.<sup id="cite_ref-london-gazette3_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-london-gazette3-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On his return to India, Cariappa was posted to the <a href="/wiki/37th_Dogras" title="37th Dogras">37th (Prince of Wales's Own) Dogras</a> in June 1922.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh200523_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh200523-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In June 1923, Cariappa was transferred to the <a href="/wiki/7th_Rajput_Regiment" class="mw-redirect" title="7th Rajput Regiment">1/7 Rajputs</a>, which became his permanent regimental home.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh200524_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh200524-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1925, Cariappa went on a world tour to Europe as well as the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Japan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">China</a>. He met a large number of soldiers and civilians in various nations. The tour proved to be educational for him. After this he was able to settle down. He was given the nickname "Kipper" by a British officer's wife, who found his name difficult to pronounce, while he was serving in Fatehgarh.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh200524_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh200524-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1927, Cariappa was promoted to <a href="/wiki/Captain_(land)" class="mw-redirect" title="Captain (land)">captain</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-london-gazette4_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-london-gazette4-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but the appointment was not officially <a href="/wiki/Gazetted" class="mw-redirect" title="Gazetted">gazetted</a> until 1931.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cariappa was appointed as the deputy assistant quarter master general (DAQMG) at HQ <a href="/wiki/Peshawar_District" title="Peshawar District">Peshawar District</a> in 1931. The experience he had gained at headquarters, his coaching at <a href="/wiki/Royal_United_Services_Institute" title="Royal United Services Institute">Royal United Services Institute</a> in 1932, and the courses he attended at <a href="/wiki/Small_Arms_School_Corps" title="Small Arms School Corps">Small Arms School</a> (SAS) and the <a href="/wiki/Royal_School_of_Artillery" title="Royal School of Artillery">Royal School of Artillery</a> (RSA) helped him to get through the Quetta Staff College's entrance examination. He was the first Indian military officer to attend the course.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh200525–26_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh200525–26-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though officers were generally given staff appointments after completion of the course, Cariappa was not given his staff appointment until two years later. Until then, he rendered regimental service with his parent unit on the <a href="/wiki/North-West_Frontier_Province_(1901%E2%80%9355)" class="mw-redirect" title="North-West Frontier Province (1901–55)">North-West Frontier</a>. In March 1936, he was appointed as staff captain of the <a href="/wiki/Deccan_Plateau" title="Deccan Plateau">Deccan</a> Area.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh200526_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh200526-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1938, Cariappa was promoted to <a href="/wiki/Major_(rank)" title="Major (rank)">major</a><sup id="cite_ref-london-gazette5_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-london-gazette5-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was appointed the deputy assistant adjutant and quarter master general (DAA & QMG).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh200526_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh200526-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_War_II">World War II</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=K._M._Cariappa&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: World War II"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1939, the Skeen Committee was set up to examine the options for the Indianisation of the Indian Army's officer ranks. As Cariappa was one of the most senior Indian officers with about 19 years of service, the committee held several discussions with him. He expressed his displeasure at the treatment of Indian officers in the Army. He stressed the discrimination shown toward Indian officers in terms of appointments, promotions, benefits and allowances to which European officers were entitled but Indian officers were not.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh200528–29_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh200528–29-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> began, Cariappa was posted as <a href="/wiki/Brigade_major" title="Brigade major">brigade major</a> to the <a href="/wiki/20th_Indian_Infantry_Brigade" title="20th Indian Infantry Brigade">20th Indian Brigade</a> stationed in <a href="/wiki/Derajat" title="Derajat">Derajat</a>. Later he was appointed as the DAQMG of <a href="/wiki/10th_Indian_Infantry_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="10th Indian Infantry Division">10th Indian Division</a> which was stationed in <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>. He earned a <a href="/wiki/Mentioned_in_Despatches" class="mw-redirect" title="Mentioned in Despatches">Mention in Despatches</a> as DAA and <a href="/wiki/Quartermaster_general" title="Quartermaster general">quartermaster general</a> of General (later Field Marshal) <a href="/wiki/William_Slim,_1st_Viscount_Slim" title="William Slim, 1st Viscount Slim">William Slim</a>'s 10th Division. He served in <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Iraqi_War" title="Anglo-Iraqi War">Iraq</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Soviet_invasion_of_Iran" title="Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran">Iran</a> and <a href="/wiki/Syria%E2%80%93Lebanon_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Syria–Lebanon Campaign">Syria</a> in 1941–1942 and then in <a href="/wiki/Burma_Campaign_1944%E2%80%9345" class="mw-redirect" title="Burma Campaign 1944–45">Burma</a> in 1943–1944. Back in India in March 1942, he was posted as <a href="/wiki/Second-in-command" title="Second-in-command">second-in-command</a> of the newly raised 7th Rajput Machine Gun Battalion at <a href="/wiki/Fatehgarh" title="Fatehgarh">Fatehgarh</a>. On 15 April 1942, he was promoted to acting <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_colonel" title="Lieutenant colonel">lieutenant colonel</a> and was appointed commanding officer of the same battalion, receiving an advancement to temporary lieutenant-colonel on 15 July.<sup id="cite_ref-Indian_Army_List_45_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Indian_Army_List_45-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With this appointment he became the first Indian to command a battalion<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the Indian Army.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh200529_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh200529-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cariappa was successful in stabilising the newly raised battalion in terms of administration, training, and the handling of arms. Later the unit was rechristened as the 52nd Rajput and put under <a href="/wiki/43rd_Armoured_Division_(India)" title="43rd Armoured Division (India)">43rd Indian Armoured Division</a>. Within a span of a few months, the unit observed two transformations and two moves. First, the battalion's machine guns were replaced with tanks in order to convert it into an armoured regiment. But soon the battalion was reverted to infantry and re-designated as 17/7 Rajputs. Subsequently, it was moved to <a href="/wiki/Secunderabad" title="Secunderabad">Secunderabad</a>. This move led to unrest among the unit's troops which was successfully handled by Cariappa.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh200530_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh200530-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 1 April 1943, he was appointed as the assistant quarter master general (AQMG) in the headquarters of <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Command_(India)" title="Eastern Command (India)">Eastern Command</a>. Though Cariappa wished to serve in combat, chance did not favour him. In August 1943, when the <a href="/wiki/South_East_Asia_Command" title="South East Asia Command">South East Asia Command</a> was formed, and the <a href="/wiki/Fourteenth_Army_(United_Kingdom)" title="Fourteenth Army (United Kingdom)">Fourteenth Army</a> was placed under it, Cariappa volunteered for active service in the war. But he was again posted as AQMG of the <a href="/wiki/26th_Indian_Infantry_Division" title="26th Indian Infantry Division">26th Indian Division</a> stationed at <a href="/wiki/Buthidaung" title="Buthidaung">Buthidaung</a> in Burma. The division played an important role in pushing the Japanese back from Arakan. For his services in the operation, Cariappa was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_British_Empire" title="Order of the British Empire">Order of the British Empire</a> (OBE) in June 1945.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh200530–31_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh200530–31-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 1 November 1944, Cariappa was promoted to the acting rank of <a href="/wiki/Brigadier" title="Brigadier">brigadier</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Indian_Army_List_45_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Indian_Army_List_45-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but was not given the command of a brigade as expected. Instead, he became a member of the Reorganisation Committee chaired by <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_General" class="mw-redirect" title="Lieutenant General">Lieutenant General</a> Sir <a href="/wiki/Henry_Willcox" title="Henry Willcox">Henry Willcox</a>. Though Cariappa was not happy with the appointment initially, and protested to the <a href="/wiki/Military_Secretary_(India)" title="Military Secretary (India)">Military Secretary</a>, the experience proved to helpful when he took over as the C-in-C four years later. The committee closely worked with the General HQ and Viceroy's Secretariat. This gave the British hierarchy a chance to assess Cariappa.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh200530–31_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh200530–31-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-war_career">Post-war career</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=K._M._Cariappa&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Post-war career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 1 May 1945, Cariappa was promoted to brigadier, becoming the first Indian officer to fully attain the rank.<sup id="cite_ref-brigadier_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brigadier-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Finally, in November, Cariappa was made the commander of the <a href="/wiki/Bannu_Brigade" title="Bannu Brigade">Bannu Frontier Brigade</a> in <a href="/wiki/Waziristan" title="Waziristan">Waziristan</a>. It was during this time that Colonel <a href="/wiki/Ayub_Khan_(Field_Marshal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayub Khan (Field Marshal)">Ayub Khan</a> – later <a href="/wiki/Field_marshal" title="Field marshal">field marshal</a> and <a href="/wiki/President_of_Pakistan" title="President of Pakistan">President of Pakistan</a> (1962–1969) – served under him. Unlike previous commanders who tried to keep the local tribes under control by force, Cariappa adopted an alternate approach by extending friendly relations to them- which proved a far more effective tactic. When Head of the Interim Government, <a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a>, visited Bannu he found it extremely peaceful and settled, compared to Razmak where another brigade was stationed. Nehru was impressed by Cariappa's way of dealing with the tribes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh200532_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh200532-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was also widely acclaimed for his treatment of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Army" title="Indian National Army">Indian National Army</a>'s (INA) prisoners. When Cariappa visited one of the camps that held INA prisoners, he was moved by the conditions in which they lived. He immediately wrote to the <a href="/wiki/Adjutant-General_(India)" title="Adjutant-General (India)">Adjutant General</a> recommending that their living conditions be improved and to pardon some of those who were not guilty. These included Colonel <a href="/wiki/Prem_Kumar_Sahgal" class="mw-redirect" title="Prem Kumar Sahgal">Prem Kumar Sahgal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gurbaksh_Singh_Dhillon" title="Gurbaksh Singh Dhillon">Gurbaksh Singh Dhillon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shah_Nawaz_Khan_(general)" title="Shah Nawaz Khan (general)">Shah Nawaz Khan</a>. Cariappa pointed out that these prisoners had considerable support from the Indian leaders, who would later rule the country. This led the British authorities to release most of the prisoners who were detained.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh200533_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh200533-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1947, Cariappa was the first of two Indians selected to undergo training at the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Defence_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Defence College">Imperial Defence College</a> at <a href="/wiki/Camberley" title="Camberley">Camberley</a> in the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, in order to attend the higher command courses.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh200533_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh200533-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the experience he had gained at the Imperial Defence College, Cariappa felt that dividing the Indian Army during the <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">partition</a> would have a devastating effect on both the Indians and Pakistanis. He explained to the hierarchy that without the assistance of British officers, there was a risk of inexperienced Indian officers taking over higher commands. Despite this, his concerns went unaddressed by the hierarchy. During partition, Cariappa handled the division of the Army and sharing of its assets between the two new nations as the officer in charge.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh200534_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh200534-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 30 July 1947, Cariappa was promoted to the rank of <a href="/wiki/Major_general_(India)" title="Major general (India)">major-general</a>, becoming one of the first Indians to be promoted to this rank in a combat arm of the Indian Army, along with brigadiers Muhammad Akbar Khan and Maharaj Shri <a href="/wiki/Rajendrasinhji_Jadeja" title="Rajendrasinhji Jadeja">Rajendrasinhji Jadeja</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-MG_appt_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MG_appt-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-Independence">Post-Independence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=K._M._Cariappa&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Post-Independence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Post-Independence, Cariappa was appointed as deputy <a href="/wiki/Chief_of_the_General_Staff_(India)" title="Chief of the General Staff (India)">chief of the general staff</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-MG_appt_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MG_appt-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh200534_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh200534-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In November 1947, on being promoted to the rank of lieutenant general, he was appointed as the Eastern Army commander. In January 1948, owing to the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_War_of_1947" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Pakistani War of 1947">worsening situation in Kashmir</a>, Cariappa was called back to the capital and appointed as the GOC-in-C Delhi and East Punjab Command. After taking over the command, he immediately renamed it the Western Command and moved its headquarters (HQ) to Jammu; he subsequently raised a corps HQ under Lt Gen <a href="/wiki/S.M._Shrinagesh" class="mw-redirect" title="S.M. Shrinagesh">S.M. Shrinagesh</a> at Udhampur. He appointed Lt Gen <a href="/wiki/Kodandera_Subayya_Thimayya" title="Kodandera Subayya Thimayya">Kodandera Subayya Thimayya</a> as the GOC Jammu and Kashmir Force (later 19th Division), and Atma Singh as the GOC Jammu Division (later 25th Division).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh200535_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh200535-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He launched three subsequent attacks—Operations <a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_War_of_1947#Operation_Vijay:_counterattack_to_Jhanger" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Pakistani War of 1947">Kipper</a>, <a href="/wiki/Operation_Easy" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Easy">Easy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Military_operations_in_Ladakh_(1948)" title="Military operations in Ladakh (1948)">Bison</a>—to capture the <a href="/wiki/Nowshera,_Jammu_and_Kashmir" title="Nowshera, Jammu and Kashmir">Naushera</a>, Jhangar, <a href="/wiki/Poonch_(town)" title="Poonch (town)">Poonch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zoji_La" title="Zoji La">Zoji La</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dras" title="Dras">Dras</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kargil" title="Kargil">Kargil</a> areas. Plans were laid to drive out the Pakistani forces from Kashmir completely, but they were stopped by the intervention of the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>. On 6 July 1948, the Army HQ issued strict instructions against conducting any major operations without its permission. Cariappa protested against this, stating that this policy would threaten Leh, Kargil, and ultimately the Kashmir Valley, which would put the country's security at stake. Though Cariappa asked for two brigades to continue offensive strikes, he was provided only one and permitted to advance to Kargil. He disobeyed orders and launched strikes in the Ladakh area allowing India to assert control over the region.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh200535_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh200535-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh200536_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh200536-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cariappa continued several operations and offensive strikes against the Pakistanis, which involved high risk. Failure of any of them might have threatened the Indian forces. He was subsequently appointed to the supreme post of commander-in-chief.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh200537_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh200537-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh200538_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh200538-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="C-in-C_of_the_Indian_Army">C-in-C of the Indian Army</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=K._M._Cariappa&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: C-in-C of the Indian Army"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When <a href="/wiki/Roy_Bucher" title="Roy Bucher">Lieutenant General Sir Roy Bucher</a>'s appointment as the C-in-C of the Indian Army was about to expire in January 1949, it was decided to replace him with an Indian. Cariappa, Shrinagesh, and Nathu Singh were the contenders for the post. Though Shrinagesh was six months older than Cariappa, he had not served as long as Cariappa had; Nathu Singh had served two-and-a-half years less. But the Interim Government's Defence Minister <a href="/wiki/Baldev_Singh" title="Baldev Singh">Baldev Singh</a> was not in favour of Cariappa. He contacted Shrinagesh and Nathu Singh asking for their opinion of being appointed as C-in-C. Since both declined the offer, Cariappa took over as the first native <a href="/wiki/Chief_of_the_Army_Staff_(India)" title="Chief of the Army Staff (India)">Commander-in-Chief</a> of the Indian Army.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh200538_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh200538-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The day Cariappa took over the reins of the Indian Army, 15 January 1949, was marked as official Army Day and celebrated annually. As the chief of the Army, Cariappa was instrumental in the formation of the <a href="/wiki/Territorial_Army_(India)" title="Territorial Army (India)">Territorial Army</a> in 1949. Though the <a href="/wiki/National_Cadet_Corps_(India)" title="National Cadet Corps (India)">National Cadet Corps</a> had been already formed in 1948, it was Cariappa who extended support during its formative years. These two complementary branches of the Army later proved to be very helpful in the wars India fought in later years.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh200539_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh200539-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Several measures taken by Cariappa, such as his refusal to induct former Indian National Army personnel into the Army, kept the organisation out of political affairs and maintained its autonomy despite being put under a lot of pressure by Nehru. Nehru only relented when he threatened to resign. However INA's slogan <i><a href="/wiki/Jai_Hind" title="Jai Hind">Jai Hind</a></i> which means "Victory to India", was adopted by Cariappa and later it became a formal phrase between personnel to greet each other. He also turned down the proposal to reserve vacancies in the Army for <a href="/wiki/Scheduled_Castes_and_Scheduled_Tribes" title="Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes">Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes</a> as had been done in other government services.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh200540_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh200540-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After four years of service as the C-in-C, Cariappa retired on 14 January 1953. Before he retired, he made a farewell visit to his parent regiment, the <a href="/wiki/Rajput_Regiment" title="Rajput Regiment">Rajput Regiment</a>, at the Rajput Regimental Centre accompanied by his son and daughter. <a href="/wiki/Rajendrasinhji_Jadeja" title="Rajendrasinhji Jadeja">Rajendrasinhji Jadeja</a> succeeded him as the C-in-C.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh200540_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh200540-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=K._M._Cariappa&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Personal life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kodandera_M_Cariappa_1995_stamp_of_India.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Kodandera_M_Cariappa_1995_stamp_of_India.jpg/220px-Kodandera_M_Cariappa_1995_stamp_of_India.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Kodandera_M_Cariappa_1995_stamp_of_India.jpg/330px-Kodandera_M_Cariappa_1995_stamp_of_India.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Kodandera_M_Cariappa_1995_stamp_of_India.jpg/440px-Kodandera_M_Cariappa_1995_stamp_of_India.jpg 2x" data-file-width="705" data-file-height="939" /></a><figcaption>Cariappa on a 1995 stamp of India</figcaption></figure> <p>Cariappa was married in March 1937, in <a href="/wiki/Secunderabad" title="Secunderabad">Secunderabad</a>, to Muthu Machia, a forest officer's daughter. Though their married life was happy initially, later, due to an age gap of almost 17 years, ideological differences, and Cariappa's professional commitments, their marriage broke down. In September 1945, the couple separated without any formal divorce. Three years later Muthu died in an accident.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh200527_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh200527-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cariappa and Muthu had a son and a daughter. Their son, <a href="/wiki/K._C._Cariappa" title="K. C. Cariappa">K.C. Cariappa</a>, was born on 4 January 1938, and daughter Nalini on 23 February 1948. Their son, called "Nanda", joined the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Air_Force" title="Indian Air Force">Indian Air Force</a> and rose to the rank of <a href="/wiki/Air_marshal_(India)" title="Air marshal (India)">Air Marshal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh200527_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh200527-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>His sister Bollava's son, <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_general_(India)" title="Lieutenant general (India)">Lieutenant general</a> <a href="/wiki/Biddanda_Chengappa_Nanda" title="Biddanda Chengappa Nanda">Biddanda Chengappa Nanda</a> also had a distinguished career in the Indian Army and retired as GOC-in-Chief <a href="/wiki/Northern_Command_(India)" title="Northern Command (India)">Northern Command</a>. </p><p>Cariappa was an ardent devotee of <a href="/wiki/Sathya_Sai_Baba" title="Sathya Sai Baba">Sathya Sai Baba</a> and regularly visited him to seek blessings. He also followed <a href="/wiki/Sivananda_Saraswati" title="Sivananda Saraswati">Sivananda Saraswati</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Post-retirement_and_death">Post-retirement and death</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=K._M._Cariappa&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Post-retirement and death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cariappa's alliance with the Indian Army was spread over a period of around three decades, during which he had broad experience of staff and command work. After his retirement in 1953, he served as the Indian <a href="/wiki/High_commissioner" title="High commissioner">high commissioner</a> to <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a> until 1956.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh200546_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh200546-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Previous_High_Commissioners_{{!}}_About_High_Commission_{{!}}_The_High_Commission_of_India_in_Australia_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Previous_High_Commissioners_{{!}}_About_High_Commission_{{!}}_The_High_Commission_of_India_in_Australia-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With a view toward ex-servicemen's welfare, Cariappa founded the Indian Ex-Servicemen's League (IESL) in 1964.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh200547_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh200547-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was also instrumental in setting up the Directorate of Resettlement<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh200548_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh200548-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (later Directorate General Resettlement), an inter-service organisation under the <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Ex-servicemen_Welfare" title="Department of Ex-servicemen Welfare">Department of Ex-servicemen Welfare</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_(India)" title="Ministry of Defence (India)">Ministry of Defence</a>, that looked after the various issues surrounding the resettlement of retired soldiers, especially those who retired young.<sup id="cite_ref-Directorate_General_Resettlement,_Ministry_of_Defence_Home_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Directorate_General_Resettlement,_Ministry_of_Defence_Home-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cariappa took part in the re-organisation of the armed forces in many foreign countries. He was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Legion_of_Merit" title="Legion of Merit">Legion of Merit</a> in the degree of Chief Commander by the American President <a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-General_K.M_Cariappa_Biography_-_General_K.M_Cariappa_Profile,_Childhood,_Life,_Timeline_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-General_K.M_Cariappa_Biography_-_General_K.M_Cariappa_Profile,_Childhood,_Life,_Timeline-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:President_Giani_Zail_Singh_presenting_the_Rank_of_Field_Marshal_to_K.M._Cariappa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/President_Giani_Zail_Singh_presenting_the_Rank_of_Field_Marshal_to_K.M._Cariappa.jpg/220px-President_Giani_Zail_Singh_presenting_the_Rank_of_Field_Marshal_to_K.M._Cariappa.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/President_Giani_Zail_Singh_presenting_the_Rank_of_Field_Marshal_to_K.M._Cariappa.jpg/330px-President_Giani_Zail_Singh_presenting_the_Rank_of_Field_Marshal_to_K.M._Cariappa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/President_Giani_Zail_Singh_presenting_the_Rank_of_Field_Marshal_to_K.M._Cariappa.jpg/440px-President_Giani_Zail_Singh_presenting_the_Rank_of_Field_Marshal_to_K.M._Cariappa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="1854" /></a><figcaption>President <a href="/wiki/Zail_Singh" title="Zail Singh">Giani Zail Singh</a> presenting the rank of Field Marshal to Cariappa</figcaption></figure> <p>Cariappa also tried his luck in politics after a lot of persuasion from his friends and admirers. He contested 1971 Lok Sabha poll from <a href="/wiki/Mumbai_North_East_(Lok_Sabha_constituency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mumbai North East (Lok Sabha constituency)">Mumbai North East (Lok Sabha constituency)</a> but came third. Erroneous claims about him contesting against Krishna Menon appear in some books but they are not supported by any evidence on any Indian govt site. </p><p>As a mark of recognition for the commendable service rendered by him to the nation, the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_India" title="Government of India">Government of India</a> conferred the rank of field marshal on Cariappa on 28 April 1986, at a special investiture ceremony held at <a href="/wiki/Rashtrapati_Bhavan" title="Rashtrapati Bhavan">Rashtrapati Bhavan</a>, the official home of the president of India.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh200549_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh200549-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cariappa's health began to deteriorate in 1991; he suffered from arthritis and heart problems. He died in his sleep on 15 May 1993, at the Bangalore <a href="/wiki/Command_Hospital" title="Command Hospital">Command Hospital</a> where he had been receiving treatment for a few years. His remains were cremated in Madikeri two days later. The cremation was attended by the three service chiefs along with Field Marshal <a href="/wiki/Sam_Manekshaw" title="Sam Manekshaw">Sam Manekshaw</a>. Cariappa's son, Nanda, lit the pyre while the Honour Guard reversed arms.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh200549_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh200549-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personality">Personality</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=K._M._Cariappa&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Personality"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Chief_of_Army_Staff,_General_Dalbir_Singh_paying_tributes_at_the_Field_Marshal_Cariappa_Memorial,_at_Madikeri,_in_Kodagu,_Karnataka_on_August_06,_2016.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/The_Chief_of_Army_Staff%2C_General_Dalbir_Singh_paying_tributes_at_the_Field_Marshal_Cariappa_Memorial%2C_at_Madikeri%2C_in_Kodagu%2C_Karnataka_on_August_06%2C_2016.jpg/300px-The_Chief_of_Army_Staff%2C_General_Dalbir_Singh_paying_tributes_at_the_Field_Marshal_Cariappa_Memorial%2C_at_Madikeri%2C_in_Kodagu%2C_Karnataka_on_August_06%2C_2016.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/The_Chief_of_Army_Staff%2C_General_Dalbir_Singh_paying_tributes_at_the_Field_Marshal_Cariappa_Memorial%2C_at_Madikeri%2C_in_Kodagu%2C_Karnataka_on_August_06%2C_2016.jpg/450px-The_Chief_of_Army_Staff%2C_General_Dalbir_Singh_paying_tributes_at_the_Field_Marshal_Cariappa_Memorial%2C_at_Madikeri%2C_in_Kodagu%2C_Karnataka_on_August_06%2C_2016.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/The_Chief_of_Army_Staff%2C_General_Dalbir_Singh_paying_tributes_at_the_Field_Marshal_Cariappa_Memorial%2C_at_Madikeri%2C_in_Kodagu%2C_Karnataka_on_August_06%2C_2016.jpg/600px-The_Chief_of_Army_Staff%2C_General_Dalbir_Singh_paying_tributes_at_the_Field_Marshal_Cariappa_Memorial%2C_at_Madikeri%2C_in_Kodagu%2C_Karnataka_on_August_06%2C_2016.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1956" data-file-height="1314" /></a><figcaption>COAS <a href="/wiki/General_(India)" title="General (India)">Gen</a> <a href="/wiki/Dalbir_Singh_Suhag" title="Dalbir Singh Suhag">Dalbir Singh Suhag</a> paying tributes at the FM Cariappa Memorial at Madikeri, Coorg</figcaption></figure> <p>According to biographer Vijay Singh, it was unheard of for Cariappa to use his power and status for personal purposes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh200541_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh200541-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One example Singh cites occurred when Cariappa went to the Rajput Regimental Centre to pay farewell before he retired. He brought his son and daughter with him, and both of them stayed at the commandant's house till the next day. According to the rules, children were forbidden to attend the officers' mess. As chief, Cariappa could have taken them to the mess, but he did not.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh200540_35-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh200540-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After he was the C-in-C, he wanted Major (later Lieutenant General) <a href="/wiki/Srinivas_Kumar_Sinha" title="Srinivas Kumar Sinha">Srinivas Kumar Sinha</a> to be his military assistant (MA). The military secretary noted that a military assistant must hold the rank of lieutenant colonel which required a minimum of six-and-a-half years of service. Sinha was only a major with five years of service. On learning this, Cariappa backed off the idea not wanting to break the rules.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh200541_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh200541-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_War_of_1965" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Pakistani War of 1965">1965 war</a>, his son, Nanda, was shot down over Pakistan. He was captured and held as a <a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_war" title="Prisoner of war">prisoner of war</a> (POW). On realizing the identity of the wounded soldier at Kargil, <a href="/wiki/Radio_Pakistan" title="Radio Pakistan">Radio Pakistan</a> immediately announced the capture of the younger Cariappa. General Ayub Khan himself contacted General Cariappa, who was living a retired life at Mercara, his hometown, with information about his son's safety. When Ayub Khan offered to release his son immediately, Cariappa is reported to have scoffed at the idea and told him to give his son no better treatment than any other POW. Singh recounts that Cariappa replied, "He is my son no longer. He is the child of this country, a soldier fighting for his motherland like a true patriot. My many thanks for your kind gesture, but I request you to release all or release none. Give him no special treatment."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh200545_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh200545-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bust_of_Field_Marshal_K_M_Cariappa,_National_Military_Memorial,_Bengaluru,_Karnataka,_India_(Ank_Kumar,_Infosys_Limited).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Bust_of_Field_Marshal_K_M_Cariappa%2C_National_Military_Memorial%2C_Bengaluru%2C_Karnataka%2C_India_%28Ank_Kumar%2C_Infosys_Limited%29.jpg/220px-Bust_of_Field_Marshal_K_M_Cariappa%2C_National_Military_Memorial%2C_Bengaluru%2C_Karnataka%2C_India_%28Ank_Kumar%2C_Infosys_Limited%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Bust_of_Field_Marshal_K_M_Cariappa%2C_National_Military_Memorial%2C_Bengaluru%2C_Karnataka%2C_India_%28Ank_Kumar%2C_Infosys_Limited%29.jpg/330px-Bust_of_Field_Marshal_K_M_Cariappa%2C_National_Military_Memorial%2C_Bengaluru%2C_Karnataka%2C_India_%28Ank_Kumar%2C_Infosys_Limited%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Bust_of_Field_Marshal_K_M_Cariappa%2C_National_Military_Memorial%2C_Bengaluru%2C_Karnataka%2C_India_%28Ank_Kumar%2C_Infosys_Limited%29.jpg/440px-Bust_of_Field_Marshal_K_M_Cariappa%2C_National_Military_Memorial%2C_Bengaluru%2C_Karnataka%2C_India_%28Ank_Kumar%2C_Infosys_Limited%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2517" data-file-height="3356" /></a><figcaption>Bust of Cariappa at the <a href="/wiki/National_Military_Memorial" title="National Military Memorial">National Military Memorial</a> in Bengaluru.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Awards_and_decorations">Awards and decorations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=K._M._Cariappa&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Awards and decorations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table style="margin:1em auto; text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="4"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:India_General_Service_Medal_1947.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/India_General_Service_Medal_1947.svg/106px-India_General_Service_Medal_1947.svg.png" decoding="async" width="106" height="29" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/India_General_Service_Medal_1947.svg/159px-India_General_Service_Medal_1947.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/India_General_Service_Medal_1947.svg/212px-India_General_Service_Medal_1947.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Indian_Independence_medal_1947.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Indian_Independence_medal_1947.svg/106px-Indian_Independence_medal_1947.svg.png" decoding="async" width="106" height="29" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Indian_Independence_medal_1947.svg/159px-Indian_Independence_medal_1947.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Indian_Independence_medal_1947.svg/212px-Indian_Independence_medal_1947.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Order_of_the_British_Empire_(Military).png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Order_of_the_British_Empire_%28Military%29.png/106px-Order_of_the_British_Empire_%28Military%29.png" decoding="async" width="106" height="29" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Order_of_the_British_Empire_%28Military%29.png/159px-Order_of_the_British_Empire_%28Military%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Order_of_the_British_Empire_%28Military%29.png/212px-Order_of_the_British_Empire_%28Military%29.png 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="705" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:1939%E2%80%931945_Star.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/1939%E2%80%931945_Star.png/106px-1939%E2%80%931945_Star.png" decoding="async" width="106" height="29" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/1939%E2%80%931945_Star.png/159px-1939%E2%80%931945_Star.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/1939%E2%80%931945_Star.png/212px-1939%E2%80%931945_Star.png 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="705" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Burma_Star_BAR.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Burma_Star_BAR.svg/106px-Burma_Star_BAR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="106" height="29" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Burma_Star_BAR.svg/159px-Burma_Star_BAR.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Burma_Star_BAR.svg/212px-Burma_Star_BAR.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ribbon_-_War_Medal.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Ribbon_-_War_Medal.png/106px-Ribbon_-_War_Medal.png" decoding="async" width="106" height="29" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Ribbon_-_War_Medal.png/159px-Ribbon_-_War_Medal.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Ribbon_-_War_Medal.png/212px-Ribbon_-_War_Medal.png 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="705" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ribbon_India_Service_Medal.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Ribbon_India_Service_Medal.png/106px-Ribbon_India_Service_Medal.png" decoding="async" width="106" height="33" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Ribbon_India_Service_Medal.png/159px-Ribbon_India_Service_Medal.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Ribbon_India_Service_Medal.png/212px-Ribbon_India_Service_Medal.png 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="786" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:US_Legion_of_Merit_Chief_Commander_ribbon.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/US_Legion_of_Merit_Chief_Commander_ribbon.png/106px-US_Legion_of_Merit_Chief_Commander_ribbon.png" decoding="async" width="106" height="29" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/US_Legion_of_Merit_Chief_Commander_ribbon.png/159px-US_Legion_of_Merit_Chief_Commander_ribbon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/US_Legion_of_Merit_Chief_Commander_ribbon.png/212px-US_Legion_of_Merit_Chief_Commander_ribbon.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="123" /></a></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; margin: 1em auto"> <tbody><tr> <td><a href="/wiki/General_Service_Medal_1947" class="mw-redirect" title="General Service Medal 1947">General Service Medal 1947</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Indian_Independence_Medal" title="Indian Independence Medal">Indian Independence Medal</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_British_Empire" title="Order of the British Empire">Order of the British Empire</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/1939%E2%80%931945_Star" title="1939–1945 Star">1939–1945 Star</a> </td> <td rowspan="2"><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharma200744–45_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESharma200744–45-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Burma_Star" title="Burma Star">Burma Star</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/War_Medal_1939%E2%80%931945" title="War Medal 1939–1945">War Medal 1939–1945</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/India_Service_Medal" title="India Service Medal">India Service Medal</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Legion_of_Merit" title="Legion of Merit">Legion of Merit</a><br />(Chief Commander) </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dates_of_rank">Dates of rank</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=K._M._Cariappa&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Dates of rank"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="background:white"> <tbody><tr> <th>Insignia</th> <th>Rank</th> <th>Component</th> <th>Date of rank </th></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:British_Army_(1920%E2%80%931953)_OF-1a.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/British_Army_%281920%E2%80%931953%29_OF-1a.svg/35px-British_Army_%281920%E2%80%931953%29_OF-1a.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/British_Army_%281920%E2%80%931953%29_OF-1a.svg/53px-British_Army_%281920%E2%80%931953%29_OF-1a.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/British_Army_%281920%E2%80%931953%29_OF-1a.svg/70px-British_Army_%281920%E2%80%931953%29_OF-1a.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="80" data-file-height="204" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Second_lieutenant#United_Kingdom_&_other_Commonwealth_countries" title="Second lieutenant">Second Lieutenant</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Army" title="British Indian Army">British Indian Army</a></td> <td>1 December 1919 (temporary)<sup id="cite_ref-Indian_Army_List_43_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Indian_Army_List_43-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />17 July 1920 (substantive)<sup id="cite_ref-london-gazette2_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-london-gazette2-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:British_Army_(1920%E2%80%931953)_OF-1b.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/British_Army_%281920%E2%80%931953%29_OF-1b.svg/35px-British_Army_%281920%E2%80%931953%29_OF-1b.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/British_Army_%281920%E2%80%931953%29_OF-1b.svg/53px-British_Army_%281920%E2%80%931953%29_OF-1b.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/British_Army_%281920%E2%80%931953%29_OF-1b.svg/70px-British_Army_%281920%E2%80%931953%29_OF-1b.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="80" data-file-height="204" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_(British_Army_and_Royal_Marines)" title="Lieutenant (British Army and Royal Marines)">Lieutenant</a></td> <td>British Indian Army</td> <td>1 December 1920 (temporary)<sup id="cite_ref-london-gazette1_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-london-gazette1-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />17 July 1921 (substantive)<sup id="cite_ref-london-gazette3_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-london-gazette3-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:British_Army_(1920%E2%80%931953)_OF-2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/British_Army_%281920%E2%80%931953%29_OF-2.svg/35px-British_Army_%281920%E2%80%931953%29_OF-2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/British_Army_%281920%E2%80%931953%29_OF-2.svg/53px-British_Army_%281920%E2%80%931953%29_OF-2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/British_Army_%281920%E2%80%931953%29_OF-2.svg/70px-British_Army_%281920%E2%80%931953%29_OF-2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="80" data-file-height="204" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Captain_(British_Army_and_Royal_Marines)" title="Captain (British Army and Royal Marines)">Captain</a></td> <td>British Indian Army</td> <td>17 July 1927<sup id="cite_ref-london-gazette4_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-london-gazette4-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:British_Army_(1920%E2%80%931953)_OF-3.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/British_Army_%281920%E2%80%931953%29_OF-3.svg/35px-British_Army_%281920%E2%80%931953%29_OF-3.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/British_Army_%281920%E2%80%931953%29_OF-3.svg/53px-British_Army_%281920%E2%80%931953%29_OF-3.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/British_Army_%281920%E2%80%931953%29_OF-3.svg/70px-British_Army_%281920%E2%80%931953%29_OF-3.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="80" data-file-height="204" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Major_(United_Kingdom)" title="Major (United Kingdom)">Major</a></td> <td>British Indian Army</td> <td>17 July 1938<sup id="cite_ref-london-gazette5_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-london-gazette5-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:British_Army_(1920%E2%80%931953)_OF-4.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/British_Army_%281920%E2%80%931953%29_OF-4.svg/35px-British_Army_%281920%E2%80%931953%29_OF-4.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/British_Army_%281920%E2%80%931953%29_OF-4.svg/53px-British_Army_%281920%E2%80%931953%29_OF-4.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/British_Army_%281920%E2%80%931953%29_OF-4.svg/70px-British_Army_%281920%E2%80%931953%29_OF-4.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="80" data-file-height="204" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_colonel_(United_Kingdom)" title="Lieutenant colonel (United Kingdom)">Lieutenant-Colonel</a></td> <td>British Indian Army</td> <td>July 1942 (acting)<br />15 July 1942 (temporary)<sup id="cite_ref-Indian_Army_List_43_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Indian_Army_List_43-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />17 July 1946 (substantive)<sup id="cite_ref-london-gazette6_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-london-gazette6-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:British_Army_(1920%E2%80%931953)_OF-5.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/British_Army_%281920%E2%80%931953%29_OF-5.svg/35px-British_Army_%281920%E2%80%931953%29_OF-5.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/British_Army_%281920%E2%80%931953%29_OF-5.svg/53px-British_Army_%281920%E2%80%931953%29_OF-5.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/British_Army_%281920%E2%80%931953%29_OF-5.svg/70px-British_Army_%281920%E2%80%931953%29_OF-5.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="80" data-file-height="204" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Colonel_(United_Kingdom)" title="Colonel (United Kingdom)">Colonel</a></td> <td>British Indian Army</td> <td>1 November 1944 (acting)<sup id="cite_ref-Indian_Army_List_45APR_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Indian_Army_List_45APR-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />1 May 1945 (temporary)<sup id="cite_ref-Quarterly_Army_List_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Quarterly_Army_List-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:British_Army_(1928%E2%80%931953)_OF-6.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/British_Army_%281928%E2%80%931953%29_OF-6.svg/35px-British_Army_%281928%E2%80%931953%29_OF-6.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/British_Army_%281928%E2%80%931953%29_OF-6.svg/53px-British_Army_%281928%E2%80%931953%29_OF-6.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/British_Army_%281928%E2%80%931953%29_OF-6.svg/70px-British_Army_%281928%E2%80%931953%29_OF-6.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="80" data-file-height="204" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Brigadier_(United_Kingdom)" title="Brigadier (United Kingdom)">Brigadier</a></td> <td>British Indian Army</td> <td>1 November 1944 (acting)<sup id="cite_ref-Indian_Army_List_45APR_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Indian_Army_List_45APR-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />1 May 1945 (temporary)<sup id="cite_ref-brigadier_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brigadier-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MG_appt_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MG_appt-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:British_Army_(1920%E2%80%931953)_OF-7.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/British_Army_%281920%E2%80%931953%29_OF-7.svg/35px-British_Army_%281920%E2%80%931953%29_OF-7.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/British_Army_%281920%E2%80%931953%29_OF-7.svg/53px-British_Army_%281920%E2%80%931953%29_OF-7.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/British_Army_%281920%E2%80%931953%29_OF-7.svg/70px-British_Army_%281920%E2%80%931953%29_OF-7.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="80" data-file-height="204" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Major-general_(United_Kingdom)" class="mw-redirect" title="Major-general (United Kingdom)">Major-General</a></td> <td>British Indian Army</td> <td>30 July 1947<sup id="cite_ref-MG_appt_29-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MG_appt-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:British_Army_(1920%E2%80%931953)_OF-7.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/British_Army_%281920%E2%80%931953%29_OF-7.svg/35px-British_Army_%281920%E2%80%931953%29_OF-7.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/British_Army_%281920%E2%80%931953%29_OF-7.svg/53px-British_Army_%281920%E2%80%931953%29_OF-7.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/British_Army_%281920%E2%80%931953%29_OF-7.svg/70px-British_Army_%281920%E2%80%931953%29_OF-7.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="80" data-file-height="204" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Major_general_(India)" title="Major general (India)">Major-General</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Indian_Army" title="Indian Army">Indian Army</a></td> <td>15 August 1947<sup id="cite_ref-insignia_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-insignia-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-insignia_designs_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-insignia_designs-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:British_Army_(1920%E2%80%931953)_OF-8.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/British_Army_%281920%E2%80%931953%29_OF-8.svg/35px-British_Army_%281920%E2%80%931953%29_OF-8.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/British_Army_%281920%E2%80%931953%29_OF-8.svg/53px-British_Army_%281920%E2%80%931953%29_OF-8.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/British_Army_%281920%E2%80%931953%29_OF-8.svg/70px-British_Army_%281920%E2%80%931953%29_OF-8.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="80" data-file-height="204" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_general_(United_Kingdom)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lieutenant general (United Kingdom)">Lieutenant-General</a></td> <td>Indian Army</td> <td>21 November 1947 (acting)<sup id="cite_ref-insignia_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-insignia-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:British_Army_(1920%E2%80%931953)_OF-9.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/British_Army_%281920%E2%80%931953%29_OF-9.svg/35px-British_Army_%281920%E2%80%931953%29_OF-9.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/British_Army_%281920%E2%80%931953%29_OF-9.svg/53px-British_Army_%281920%E2%80%931953%29_OF-9.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/British_Army_%281920%E2%80%931953%29_OF-9.svg/70px-British_Army_%281920%E2%80%931953%29_OF-9.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="80" data-file-height="204" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/General_(United_Kingdom)" title="General (United Kingdom)">General</a><br />(C-in-C, IA)</td> <td>Indian Army</td> <td>15 January 1949 (acting)<sup id="cite_ref-insignia_52-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-insignia-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gazette_1949_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gazette_1949-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:General_of_the_Indian_Army.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/General_of_the_Indian_Army.svg/35px-General_of_the_Indian_Army.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/General_of_the_Indian_Army.svg/53px-General_of_the_Indian_Army.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/General_of_the_Indian_Army.svg/70px-General_of_the_Indian_Army.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="80" data-file-height="203" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/General_(India)" title="General (India)">General</a><br />(C-in-C, IA)</td> <td>Indian Army</td> <td>26 January 1950 (recommissioning and change in insignia)<sup id="cite_ref-insignia_designs_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-insignia_designs-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Field_Marshal_of_the_Indian_Army.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Field_Marshal_of_the_Indian_Army.svg/35px-Field_Marshal_of_the_Indian_Army.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Field_Marshal_of_the_Indian_Army.svg/53px-Field_Marshal_of_the_Indian_Army.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Field_Marshal_of_the_Indian_Army.svg/70px-Field_Marshal_of_the_Indian_Army.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="75" data-file-height="191" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Field_Marshal_(India)" class="mw-redirect" title="Field Marshal (India)">Field Marshal</a></td> <td>Indian Army</td> <td>15 January 1986<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=K._M._Cariappa&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-insignia-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-insignia_52-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-insignia_52-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-insignia_52-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Upon independence in 1947, India became a <a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_India" title="Dominion of India">Dominion</a> within the British <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth of Nations</a>. As a result, the rank insignia of the <a href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">British Army</a>, incorporating the <a href="/wiki/Tudor_Crown" title="Tudor Crown">Tudor Crown</a> and four-pointed <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Bath" title="Order of the Bath">Bath Star</a> ("pip"), was retained, as <a href="/wiki/George_VI_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="George VI of the United Kingdom">George VI</a> remained Commander-in-Chief of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Armed_Forces" title="Indian Armed Forces">Indian Armed Forces</a>. After 26 January 1950, when India became a <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of India">republic</a>, the <a href="/wiki/President_of_India" title="President of India">President of India</a> became Commander-in-Chief, and the <a href="/wiki/Lion_Capital_of_Asoka" class="mw-redirect" title="Lion Capital of Asoka">Ashoka Lion</a> replaced the crown, with a five-pointed star being substituted for the "pip."</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=K._M._Cariappa&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Field_marshal_(India)" title="Field marshal (India)">Field Marshal</a> <a href="/wiki/Sam_Manekshaw" title="Sam Manekshaw">Sam Manekshaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshal_of_the_Indian_Air_Force" title="Marshal of the Indian Air Force">Marshal of the Indian Air Force</a> <a href="/wiki/Arjan_Singh" title="Arjan Singh">Arjan Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Admiral_(India)" title="Admiral (India)">Admiral</a> <a href="/wiki/Ram_Dass_Katari" title="Ram Dass Katari">Ram Dass Katari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_Marshal_(India)" class="mw-redirect" title="Air Marshal (India)">Air Marshal</a> <a href="/wiki/Subroto_Mukerjee" title="Subroto Mukerjee">Subroto Mukerjee</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes_2">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=K._M._Cariappa&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Footnotes</b> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Indian military officers of <a href="/wiki/Five-star_rank" title="Five-star rank">five-star rank</a> hold their rank for life, and are considered to be serving officers until their deaths, like some U.S. officers holding the rank of <a href="/wiki/General_of_the_Army_(United_States)" title="General of the Army (United States)">General of the Army</a> or <a href="/wiki/Fleet_Admiral_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fleet Admiral (United States)">Fleet Admiral</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Did_You_Know?_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Did_You_Know?-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Previously 7th Rajput Machine Gun Battalion.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A battalion comprises four rifle companies. A rifle company comprises three platoons. A platoon comprises three sections each of which has 10 men.<sup id="cite_ref-STRUCTURE_of_Indian_Army_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-STRUCTURE_of_Indian_Army-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <p><b>Citations</b> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Did_You_Know?-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Did_You_Know?_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Did_You_Know?_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAnwesha_Madhukalya2016" class="citation web cs1">Anwesha Madhukalya (24 February 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scoopwhoop.com/Highest-ranks-in-Indian-Armed-Forces/">"Did You Know That Only 3 People Have Been Given The Highest Ranks in the Indian Armed Forces?"</a>. <i>Scoop Whoop</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 August</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Scoop+Whoop&rft.atitle=Did+You+Know+That+Only+3+People+Have+Been+Given+The+Highest+Ranks+in+the+Indian+Armed+Forces%3F&rft.date=2016-02-24&rft.au=Anwesha+Madhukalya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scoopwhoop.com%2FHighest-ranks-in-Indian-Armed-Forces%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AK.+M.+Cariappa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gazette_1949-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gazette_1949_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gazette_1949_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://egazette.gov.in/WriteReadData/1949/E-2348-1949-0000-108857.pdf">"The Gazette of India (Extraordinary): Ministry of Defence"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/The_Gazette_of_India" title="The Gazette of India">The Gazette of India</a>. 15 January 1949. p. 41.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Gazette+of+India+%28Extraordinary%29%3A+Ministry+of+Defence&rft.pages=41&rft.date=1949-01-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fegazette.gov.in%2FWriteReadData%2F1949%2FE-2348-1949-0000-108857.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AK.+M.+Cariappa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh200521-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh200521_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh200521_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSingh2005">Singh 2005</a>, p. 21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh200522-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh200522_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh200522_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh200522_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSingh2005">Singh 2005</a>, p. 22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-london-gazette2-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-london-gazette2_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-london-gazette2_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGazette32775" class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/32775/page/8723">"No. 32775"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_London_Gazette" title="The London Gazette">The London Gazette</a></i>. 8 December 1922. p. 8723.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+London+Gazette&rft.atitle=No.+32775&rft.pages=8723&rft.date=1922-12-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F32775%2Fpage%2F8723&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AK.+M.+Cariappa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh200523-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh200523_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh200523_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSingh2005">Singh 2005</a>, p. 23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-london-gazette1-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-london-gazette1_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-london-gazette1_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGazette32380" class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/32380/page/5359">"No. 32380"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_London_Gazette" title="The London Gazette">The London Gazette</a></i>. 5 July 1921. p. 5359.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+London+Gazette&rft.atitle=No.+32380&rft.pages=5359&rft.date=1921-07-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F32380%2Fpage%2F5359&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AK.+M.+Cariappa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-london-gazette3-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-london-gazette3_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-london-gazette3_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGazette32878" class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/32878/page/7663">"No. 32878"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_London_Gazette" title="The London Gazette">The London Gazette</a></i>. 9 November 1923. p. 7663.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+London+Gazette&rft.atitle=No.+32878&rft.pages=7663&rft.date=1923-11-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F32878%2Fpage%2F7663&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AK.+M.+Cariappa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh200524-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh200524_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh200524_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSingh2005">Singh 2005</a>, p. 24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-london-gazette4-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-london-gazette4_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-london-gazette4_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.london-gazette.co.uk/issues/33310/pages/5805">"Viewing Page 5805 of Issue 33310"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_London_Gazette" title="The London Gazette">The London Gazette</a></i>. 9 September 1927<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 March</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+London+Gazette&rft.atitle=Viewing+Page+5805+of+Issue+33310&rft.date=1927-09-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.london-gazette.co.uk%2Fissues%2F33310%2Fpages%2F5805&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AK.+M.+Cariappa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.london-gazette.co.uk/issues/33718/pages/3324">"Viewing Page 3324 of Issue 33718"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_London_Gazette" title="The London Gazette">The London Gazette</a></i>. 22 May 1931<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 March</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+London+Gazette&rft.atitle=Viewing+Page+3324+of+Issue+33718&rft.date=1931-05-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.london-gazette.co.uk%2Fissues%2F33718%2Fpages%2F3324&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AK.+M.+Cariappa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh200525–26-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh200525–26_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSingh2005">Singh 2005</a>, p. 25–26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh200526-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh200526_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh200526_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSingh2005">Singh 2005</a>, p. 26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-london-gazette5-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-london-gazette5_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-london-gazette5_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGazette34541" class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/34541/page/5189">"No. 34541"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_London_Gazette" title="The London Gazette">The London Gazette</a></i>. 12 August 1938. p. 5189.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+London+Gazette&rft.atitle=No.+34541&rft.pages=5189&rft.date=1938-08-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F34541%2Fpage%2F5189&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AK.+M.+Cariappa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh200528–29-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh200528–29_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSingh2005">Singh 2005</a>, pp. 28–29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Indian_Army_List_45-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Indian_Army_List_45_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Indian_Army_List_45_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Indian Army List for October 1945 (Part I)</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 August</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Indian+Army&rft.atitle=Structure&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Findianarmy.nic.in%2FSite%2FFormTemplete%2FfrmTempSimple.aspx%3FMnId%3D1KRe3PlAUEofJY1khsmQiw%3D%3D%26ParentID%3D3MNO2EnY8feZhYb%2Bf0sRuw%3D%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AK.+M.+Cariappa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh200529-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh200529_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSingh2005">Singh 2005</a>, p. 29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh200530-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh200530_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSingh2005">Singh 2005</a>, p. 30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh200530–31-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh200530–31_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh200530–31_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSingh2005">Singh 2005</a>, pp. 30–31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGazette37151" class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/37151/supplement/3373">"No. 37151"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_London_Gazette" title="The London Gazette">The London Gazette</a></i> (Supplement). 26 June 1945. p. 3373.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+London+Gazette&rft.atitle=No.+37151&rft.pages=3373&rft.date=1945-06-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F37151%2Fsupplement%2F3373&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AK.+M.+Cariappa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-brigadier-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-brigadier_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-brigadier_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>The Quarterly Army List: December 1946 (Part I)</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 August</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+High+Commission+of+India+in+Australia&rft.atitle=Previous+High+Commissioners&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hcindia-au.org%2Fprevious-high-commissioners.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AK.+M.+Cariappa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh200547-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh200547_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSingh2005">Singh 2005</a>, p. 47.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh200548-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh200548_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSingh2005">Singh 2005</a>, p. 48.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Directorate_General_Resettlement,_Ministry_of_Defence_Home-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Directorate_General_Resettlement,_Ministry_of_Defence_Home_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160814032337/http://www.dgrindia.com/index.html">"About Directorate General Resettlement, Ministry of Defence"</a>. <i>Directorate General Resettlement</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 August</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Directorate+General+Resettlement&rft.atitle=About+Directorate+General+Resettlement%2C+Ministry+of+Defence&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dgrindia.com%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AK.+M.+Cariappa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-General_K.M_Cariappa_Biography_-_General_K.M_Cariappa_Profile,_Childhood,_Life,_Timeline-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-General_K.M_Cariappa_Biography_-_General_K.M_Cariappa_Profile,_Childhood,_Life,_Timeline_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iloveindia.com/indian-heroes/general-km-cariappa.html">"General K.M Cariappa Biography – General K.M Cariappa Profile, Childhood, Life, Timeline"</a>. <i>I Love India</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 August</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=I+Love+India&rft.atitle=General+K.M+Cariappa+Biography+%E2%80%93+General+K.M+Cariappa+Profile%2C+Childhood%2C+Life%2C+Timeline&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iloveindia.com%2Findian-heroes%2Fgeneral-km-cariappa.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AK.+M.+Cariappa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh200549-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh200549_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh200549_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSingh2005">Singh 2005</a>, p. 49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh200541-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh200541_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh200541_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSingh2005">Singh 2005</a>, p. 41.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh200545-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh200545_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSingh2005">Singh 2005</a>, p. 45.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESharma200744–45-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharma200744–45_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSharma2007">Sharma 2007</a>, p. 44–45.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Indian_Army_List_43-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Indian_Army_List_43_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Indian_Army_List_43_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Indian Army List for October 1943 (Part I)</i>. Government of India Press. 1943. p. 125.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indian+Army+List+for+October+1943+%28Part+I%29&rft.pages=125&rft.pub=Government+of+India+Press&rft.date=1943&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AK.+M.+Cariappa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-london-gazette6-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-london-gazette6_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGazette37747" class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/37747/page/4946">"No. 37747"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_London_Gazette" title="The London Gazette">The London Gazette</a></i>. 4 October 1946. p. 4946.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+London+Gazette&rft.atitle=No.+37747&rft.pages=4946&rft.date=1946-10-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F37747%2Fpage%2F4946&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AK.+M.+Cariappa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Indian_Army_List_45APR-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Indian_Army_List_45APR_50-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Indian_Army_List_45APR_50-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Indian Army List for April 1945 (Part I)</i>. Government of India Press. 1945. pp. 46–O.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indian+Army+List+for+April+1945+%28Part+I%29&rft.pages=46-O&rft.pub=Government+of+India+Press&rft.date=1945&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AK.+M.+Cariappa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Quarterly_Army_List-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Quarterly_Army_List_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>The Quarterly Army List: December 1946 (Part I)</i>. HM Stationery Office. 1946. pp. 220l–m.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Quarterly+Army+List%3A+December+1946+%28Part+I%29&rft.pages=220l-m&rft.pub=HM+Stationery+Office&rft.date=1946&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AK.+M.+Cariappa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-insignia_designs-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-insignia_designs_53-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-insignia_designs_53-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pib.nic.in/archive/docs/DVD_38/ACC%20NO%20807-BR/HOM-1950-01-06_484.pdf">"New Designs of Crests and Badges in the Services"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Press Information Bureau of India – Archive</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170808193914/http://pib.nic.in/archive/docs/DVD_38/ACC%20NO%20807-BR/HOM-1950-01-06_484.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 8 August 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Press+Information+Bureau+of+India+%E2%80%93+Archive&rft.atitle=New+Designs+of+Crests+and+Badges+in+the+Services&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpib.nic.in%2Farchive%2Fdocs%2FDVD_38%2FACC%2520NO%2520807-BR%2FHOM-1950-01-06_484.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AK.+M.+Cariappa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pibarchive.nic.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1947-JULY-DEC-MIN-OF-DEFENCE/PDF/DEF-1947-11-21_427.pdf">"General Cariappa Becomes Eastern Army Commander"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Press Information Bureau of India – Archive</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Press+Information+Bureau+of+India+%E2%80%93+Archive&rft.atitle=General+Cariappa+Becomes+Eastern+Army+Commander&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpibarchive.nic.in%2Farchive%2FArchiveSecondPhase%2FDEFENCE%2F1947-JULY-DEC-MIN-OF-DEFENCE%2FPDF%2FDEF-1947-11-21_427.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AK.+M.+Cariappa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1">"Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch)". The Gazette of India. 11 February 1950. p. 227.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Part+I-Section+4%3A+Ministry+of+Defence+%28Army+Branch%29&rft.pages=227&rft.date=1950-02-11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AK.+M.+Cariappa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1986-JAN-JULY-MIN-OF-DEFENCE/PDF/DEF-1986-01-14_020.pdf">"Cariappa made Field Marshal"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cariappa+made+Field+Marshal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.pib.gov.in%2Farchive%2FArchiveSecondPhase%2FDEFENCE%2F1986-JAN-JULY-MIN-OF-DEFENCE%2FPDF%2FDEF-1986-01-14_020.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AK.+M.+Cariappa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=K._M._Cariappa&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSingh2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/V._K._Singh" title="V. K. Singh">Singh, Vijay Kumar</a> (2005). <i>Leadership in the Indian Army: Biographies of Twelve Soldiers</i>. SAGE. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7619-3322-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7619-3322-9"><bdi>978-0-7619-3322-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Leadership+in+the+Indian+Army%3A+Biographies+of+Twelve+Soldiers&rft.pub=SAGE&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-7619-3322-9&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Vijay+Kumar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AK.+M.+Cariappa" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSharma2007" class="citation book cs1">Sharma, Satinder (2007). <i>Services Chiefs of India</i>. Northern Book Centre. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7211-162-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7211-162-5"><bdi>978-81-7211-162-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Services+Chiefs+of+India&rft.pub=Northern+Book+Centre&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-81-7211-162-5&rft.aulast=Sharma&rft.aufirst=Satinder&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AK.+M.+Cariappa" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=K._M._Cariappa&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCariappa2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/K._C._Cariappa" title="K. C. Cariappa">Cariappa, K.C.</a> (2007). Chaudhuri, Dipa (ed.). <i>Field Marshal K.M. Cariappa</i> (2nd ed.). New Delhi: Niyogi Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-89738-26-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-89738-26-6"><bdi>978-81-89738-26-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Field+Marshal+K.M.+Cariappa&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Niyogi+Books&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-81-89738-26-6&rft.aulast=Cariappa&rft.aufirst=K.C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AK.+M.+Cariappa" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKhanduri1995" class="citation book cs1">Khanduri, C.B. (1995). <i>Field Marshal K M Cariappa: His Life And Times</i>. New Delhi: Lancer Publishers & Distributors. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-897829-75-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-897829-75-2"><bdi>978-1-897829-75-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Field+Marshal+K+M+Cariappa%3A+His+Life+And+Times&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pub=Lancer+Publishers+%26+Distributors&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-1-897829-75-2&rft.aulast=Khanduri&rft.aufirst=C.B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AK.+M.+Cariappa" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKhanduri2002" class="citation book cs1">Khanduri, C.B. (2002). <i>Field Marshal K M Cariappa: A Biographical Sketch</i>. New Delhi: Dev Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-87577-02-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-87577-02-7"><bdi>978-81-87577-02-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Field+Marshal+K+M+Cariappa%3A+A+Biographical+Sketch&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pub=Dev+Publications&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-81-87577-02-7&rft.aulast=Khanduri&rft.aufirst=C.B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AK.+M.+Cariappa" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMuthanna1964" class="citation book cs1">Muthanna, I.M. (1964). <i>General Cariappa</i>. Mysore: Usha Press. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/21885326">21885326</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=General+Cariappa&rft.place=Mysore&rft.pub=Usha+Press&rft.date=1964&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F21885326&rft.aulast=Muthanna&rft.aufirst=I.M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AK.+M.+Cariappa" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSeshagiri_Rao2001" class="citation book cs1">Seshagiri Rao, L.S. (2001). <i>Field Marshal KM Cariappa – Immortal Lights</i>. Bangalore: Sapna Book House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-2801-755-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-2801-755-1"><bdi>978-81-2801-755-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Field+Marshal+KM+Cariappa+%E2%80%93+Immortal+Lights&rft.place=Bangalore&rft.pub=Sapna+Book+House&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-81-2801-755-1&rft.aulast=Seshagiri+Rao&rft.aufirst=L.S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AK.+M.+Cariappa" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWeis2002" class="citation book cs1">Weis, Edel (2002). <i>Field Marshal Cariappa: The Man Who Touched the Sky</i>. New Delhi: Roopa & Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7167-944-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7167-944-7"><bdi>978-81-7167-944-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Field+Marshal+Cariappa%3A+The+Man+Who+Touched+the+Sky&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pub=Roopa+%26+Co&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-81-7167-944-7&rft.aulast=Weis&rft.aufirst=Edel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AK.+M.+Cariappa" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=K._M._Cariappa&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Kodandera_M._Cariappa" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Kodandera M. Cariappa">Kodandera M. Cariappa</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://indianarmy.nic.in/Site/FormTemplete/frmTemp1PTC2C.aspx?MnId=Qofq8o630PNbNPgw+7GS3A==&ParentID=Cj9ARBsMxPEkqMd1Q03cgw==">Profile on Indian Army official website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/ARMY/personnel/chiefs/98-km-cariappa.html">Profile on Bharat Rakshak</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161229055919/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/ARMY/personnel/chiefs/98-km-cariappa.html">Archived</a> 29 December 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Profile on <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theindianhawk.com/2020/05/field-marshal-kariappa-who-was-also-saluted-by-pakistani-soldiers.html">The Indian Hawk</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #CF9C65;">Military offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Smith_(British_Army_officer)" title="Arthur Smith (British Army officer)">Arthur Smith</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Chief_of_the_General_Staff_(India)" title="Chief of the General Staff (India)">Chief of the General Staff</a> </b><br />1947-1947 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/P._N._Thapar" class="mw-redirect" title="P. N. Thapar">P. N. Thapar</a> <i>(officiating)</i></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Roy_Bucher" title="Roy Bucher">Roy Bucher</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/General_Officer_Commanding-in-Chief_Eastern_Command" class="mw-redirect" title="General Officer Commanding-in-Chief Eastern Command">General Officer Commanding-in-Chief Eastern Command</a> </b><br />1947–1948 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Rajendrasinhji_Jadeja" title="Rajendrasinhji Jadeja">Rajendrasinhji Jadeja</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Dudley_Russell" title="Dudley Russell">Dudley Russell</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/General_Officer_Commanding-in-Chief_Western_Command" class="mw-redirect" title="General Officer Commanding-in-Chief Western Command">General Officer Commanding-in-Chief Western Command</a> </b><br />1948–1949 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/S._M._Shrinagesh" title="S. M. Shrinagesh">S. M. Shrinagesh</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Roy_Bucher" title="Roy Bucher">Roy Bucher</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Commander-in-Chief,_Indian_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Commander-in-Chief, Indian Army">Commander-in-Chief, Indian Army</a> </b><br />1949–1953 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Rajendrasinhji_Jadeja" title="Rajendrasinhji Jadeja">Rajendrasinhji Jadeja</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Parry_(Royal_Navy_officer)" title="Edward Parry (Royal Navy officer)">Edward Parry</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Chairman_Chiefs_of_Staff_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Chairman Chiefs of Staff Committee">Chairman Chiefs of Staff Committee</a> </b><br />1949–1953 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Mark_Pizey" title="Mark Pizey">Mark Pizey</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FACEFF;">Diplomatic posts </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold">M. S. Duleepsinghji</div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> High Commissioner of India to Australia and New Zealand </b><br />1954–1956 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold">K. R. P. Singh</div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Chief_of_Defence_Staff_of_the_Indian_Armed_Forces2296" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_Defence_Staff_(India)" title="Chief of Defence Staff (India)">Chief of Defence Staff</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Armed_Forces" title="Indian Armed Forces">Indian Armed Forces</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Chairman of the Chiefs of Staff Committee <br /> (1947–2019)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rob_Lockhart" title="Rob Lockhart">Sir Rob Lockhart</a>**</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Elmhirst" title="Thomas Elmhirst">Sir Thomas Elmhirst</a>**</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Parry_(Royal_Navy_officer)" title="Edward Parry (Royal Navy officer)">Sir Edward Parry</a>**</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">K. M. Cariappa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Pizey" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Pizey">Sir Charles Pizey</a>**</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subroto_Mukerjee" title="Subroto Mukerjee">Subroto Mukerjee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kodandera_Subayya_Thimayya" title="Kodandera Subayya Thimayya">Kodandera Subayya Thimayya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_Dass_Katari" title="Ram Dass Katari">Ram Dass Katari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aspy_Engineer" title="Aspy Engineer">Aspy Engineer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhaskar_Sadashiv_Soman" title="Bhaskar Sadashiv Soman">Bhaskar Sadashiv Soman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jayanto_Nath_Chaudhuri" title="Jayanto Nath Chaudhuri">Jayanto Nath Chaudhuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arjan_Singh" title="Arjan Singh">Arjan Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adhar_Kumar_Chatterji" title="Adhar Kumar Chatterji">Adhar Kumar Chatterji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Manekshaw" title="Sam Manekshaw">Sam Manekshaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gopal_Gurunath_Bewoor" title="Gopal Gurunath Bewoor">Gopal Gurunath Bewoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Om_Prakash_Mehra" title="Om Prakash Mehra">Om Prakash Mehra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sourendra_Nath_Kohli" title="Sourendra Nath Kohli">Sourendra Nath Kohli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapishwar_Narain_Raina" title="Tapishwar Narain Raina">Tapishwar Narain Raina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hrushikesh_Moolgavkar" title="Hrushikesh Moolgavkar">Hrushikesh Moolgavkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jal_Cursetji" title="Jal Cursetji">Jal Cursetji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Om_Prakash_Malhotra" title="Om Prakash Malhotra">Om Prakash Malhotra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idris_Hasan_Latif" title="Idris Hasan Latif">Idris Hasan Latif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Lynsdale_Pereira" title="Ronald Lynsdale Pereira">Ronald Lynsdale Pereira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._V._Krishna_Rao" title="K. V. Krishna Rao">K. V. Krishna Rao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dilbagh_Singh" title="Dilbagh Singh">Dilbagh Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Stanley_Dawson" title="Oscar Stanley Dawson">Oscar Stanley Dawson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arun_Shridhar_Vaidya" title="Arun Shridhar Vaidya">Arun Shridhar Vaidya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radhakrishna_Hariram_Tahiliani" title="Radhakrishna Hariram Tahiliani">Radhakrishna Hariram Tahiliani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denis_La_Fontaine" title="Denis La Fontaine">Denis La Fontaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jayant_Ganpat_Nadkarni" title="Jayant Ganpat Nadkarni">Jayant Ganpat Nadkarni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surinder_Mehra" title="Surinder Mehra">Surinder Mehra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunith_Francis_Rodrigues" title="Sunith Francis Rodrigues">Sunith Francis Rodrigues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laxminarayan_Ramdas" title="Laxminarayan Ramdas">Laxminarayan Ramdas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bipin_Chandra_Joshi" title="Bipin Chandra Joshi">Bipin Chandra Joshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S._K._Kaul" title="S. K. Kaul">S. K. Kaul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijai_Singh_Shekhawat" title="Vijai Singh Shekhawat">Vijai Singh Shekhawat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shankar_Roychowdhury" title="Shankar Roychowdhury">Shankar Roychowdhury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satish_Sareen" title="Satish Sareen">Satish Sareen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ved_Prakash_Malik" title="Ved Prakash Malik">Ved Prakash Malik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sushil_Kumar_(admiral)" title="Sushil Kumar (admiral)">Sushil Kumar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundararajan_Padmanabhan" title="Sundararajan Padmanabhan">Sundararajan Padmanabhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhvendra_Singh" title="Madhvendra Singh">Madhvendra Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srinivasapuram_Krishnaswamy" title="Srinivasapuram Krishnaswamy">Srinivasapuram Krishnaswamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirmal_Chander_Vij" title="Nirmal Chander Vij">Nirmal Chander Vij</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arun_Prakash" title="Arun Prakash">Arun Prakash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shashindra_Pal_Tyagi" title="Shashindra Pal Tyagi">Shashindra Pal Tyagi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joginder_Jaswant_Singh" title="Joginder Jaswant Singh">Joginder Jaswant Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sureesh_Mehta" title="Sureesh Mehta">Sureesh Mehta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deepak_Kapoor" title="Deepak Kapoor">Deepak Kapoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pradeep_Vasant_Naik" title="Pradeep Vasant Naik">Pradeep Vasant Naik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirmal_Kumar_Verma" title="Nirmal Kumar Verma">Nirmal Kumar Verma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Anil_Kumar_Browne" title="Norman Anil Kumar Browne">Norman Anil Kumar Browne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bikram_Singh_(general)" title="Bikram Singh (general)">Bikram Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arup_Raha" title="Arup Raha">Arup Raha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunil_Lanba" title="Sunil Lanba">Sunil Lanba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birender_Singh_Dhanoa" title="Birender Singh Dhanoa">Birender Singh Dhanoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bipin_Rawat" title="Bipin Rawat">Bipin Rawat</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Chief_of_Defence_Staff_(India).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Flag_of_Chief_of_Defence_Staff_%28India%29.svg/100px-Flag_of_Chief_of_Defence_Staff_%28India%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Flag_of_Chief_of_Defence_Staff_%28India%29.svg/150px-Flag_of_Chief_of_Defence_Staff_%28India%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Flag_of_Chief_of_Defence_Staff_%28India%29.svg/200px-Flag_of_Chief_of_Defence_Staff_%28India%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="450" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Chief of Defence Staff and Chairman, Chiefs of Staff Committee <br /> (2020–2021)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Bipin_Rawat" title="Bipin Rawat">Bipin Rawat</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Chairman, Chiefs of Staff Committee <br /> (2021–2022)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Manoj_Mukund_Naravane" title="Manoj Mukund Naravane">M. M. Naravane</a> <i>(acting)</i></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Chief of Defence Staff and Chairman, Chiefs of Staff Committee <br /> (2022–)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anil_Chauhan" title="Anil Chauhan">Anil Chauhan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div>(**<i>Seconded from the <a href="/wiki/British_Armed_Forces" title="British Armed Forces">British Armed Forces</a></i>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Chief_of_the_Army_Staff_of_the_Indian_Army1529" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Chief_of_the_Army_Staff_(India)" title="Template:Chief of the Army Staff (India)"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Chief_of_the_Army_Staff_(India)" title="Template talk:Chief of the Army Staff (India)"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Chief_of_the_Army_Staff_(India)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Chief of the Army Staff (India)"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Chief_of_the_Army_Staff_of_the_Indian_Army1529" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_the_Army_Staff_(India)" title="Chief of the Army Staff (India)">Chief of the Army Staff</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Army" title="Indian Army">Indian Army</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Commander-in-Chief, <br />Indian Army (1947–1948)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rob_Lockhart" title="Rob Lockhart">Sir Rob Lockhart</a>**</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Bucher" title="Roy Bucher">Sir Roy Butcher</a>**</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_COAS.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Flag_COAS.svg/200px-Flag_COAS.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Flag_COAS.svg/300px-Flag_COAS.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Flag_COAS.svg/400px-Flag_COAS.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="675" data-file-height="450" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Chief of the Army Staff and <br />Commander-in-Chief, <br />Indian Army (1948–1955)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Bucher" title="Roy Bucher">Sir Roy Butcher</a>**</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kodandera_M._Cariappa" class="mw-redirect" title="Kodandera M. Cariappa">Kodandera M. Cariappa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajendrasinhji_Jadeja" title="Rajendrasinhji Jadeja">Rajendrasinhji Jadeja</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Chief of the Army Staff <br />(1955–present)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rajendrasinhji_Jadeja" title="Rajendrasinhji Jadeja">Rajendrasinhji Jadeja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S._M._Shrinagesh" title="S. M. Shrinagesh">S. M. Shrinagesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kodandera_Subayya_Thimayya" title="Kodandera Subayya Thimayya">Kodandera Subayya Thimayya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pran_Nath_Thapar" title="Pran Nath Thapar">Pran Nath Thapar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jayanto_Nath_Chaudhuri" title="Jayanto Nath Chaudhuri">Jayanto Nath Chaudhuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramasiva_Prabhakar_Kumaramangalam" title="Paramasiva Prabhakar Kumaramangalam">Paramasiva Prabhakar Kumaramangalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Manekshaw" title="Sam Manekshaw">Sam Manekshaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gopal_Gurunath_Bewoor" title="Gopal Gurunath Bewoor">Gopal Gurunath Bewoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapishwar_Narain_Raina" title="Tapishwar Narain Raina">Tapishwar Narain Raina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Om_Prakash_Malhotra" title="Om Prakash Malhotra">Om Prakash Malhotra </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._V._Krishna_Rao" title="K. V. Krishna Rao">K. V. Krishna Rao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arun_Shridhar_Vaidya" title="Arun Shridhar Vaidya">Arun Shridhar Vaidya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishnaswamy_Sundarji" title="Krishnaswamy Sundarji">Krishnaswamy Sundarji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishwa_Nath_Sharma" title="Vishwa Nath Sharma">Vishwa Nath Sharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunith_Francis_Rodrigues" title="Sunith Francis Rodrigues">Sunith Francis Rodrigues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bipin_Chandra_Joshi" title="Bipin Chandra Joshi">Bipin Chandra Joshi </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shankar_Roychowdhury" title="Shankar Roychowdhury">Shankar Roychowdhury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ved_Prakash_Malik" title="Ved Prakash Malik">Ved Prakash Malik </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundararajan_Padmanabhan" title="Sundararajan Padmanabhan">Sundararajan Padmanabhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirmal_Chander_Vij" title="Nirmal Chander Vij">Nirmal Chander Vij</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joginder_Jaswant_Singh" title="Joginder Jaswant Singh">Joginder Jaswant Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deepak_Kapoor" title="Deepak Kapoor">Deepak Kapoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V._K._Singh" title="V. K. Singh">Vijay Kumar Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bikram_Singh_(general)" title="Bikram Singh (general)">Bikram Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalbir_Singh" class="mw-redirect" title="Dalbir Singh">Dalbir Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bipin_Rawat" title="Bipin Rawat">Bipin Rawat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manoj_Mukund_Naravane" title="Manoj Mukund Naravane">Manoj Mukund Naravane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manoj_Pande" title="Manoj Pande">Manoj Pande</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upendra_Dwivedi" title="Upendra Dwivedi">Upendra Dwivedi</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(incumbent)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div>(**<i>Seconded from the <a href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">British Army</a></i>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Kodagu_district_topics116" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Kodagu_district_topics" title="Template:Kodagu district topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Kodagu_district_topics" title="Template talk:Kodagu district topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Kodagu_district_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Kodagu district topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Kodagu_district_topics116" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Kodagu_district" title="Kodagu district">Kodagu district</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geography</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taluks_of_Kodagu" class="mw-redirect" title="Taluks of Kodagu">Taluks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Villages_in_Kodagu_district" title="Category:Villages in Kodagu district">Villages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayalu_Seeme" title="Bayalu Seeme">Bayaluseeme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malenadu" title="Malenadu">Malenadu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Ghats" title="Western Ghats">Western Ghats</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beary" title="Beary">Beary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bunt_(community)" title="Bunt (community)">Bunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kannada_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Kannada people">Kannada people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kodava_people" title="Kodava people">Kodava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amma_Kodava" class="mw-redirect" title="Amma Kodava">Amma Kodava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kodava_Maaple" title="Kodava Maaple">Kodava Muslim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konkani_people" title="Konkani people">Konkani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kudiya_language" title="Kudiya language">Kudiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuruba" title="Kuruba">Kuruba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lingayatism" class="mw-redirect" title="Lingayatism">Lingayatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayali" class="mw-redirect" title="Malayali">Malayali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulu_people" title="Tulu people">Tulu people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vokkaliga" title="Vokkaliga">Vokkaliga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravula_language" title="Ravula language">Yerava</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Towns</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Madikeri" title="Madikeri">Madikeri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virajpet" title="Virajpet">Virajpet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somwarpet" title="Somwarpet">Somwarpet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kushalanagar" title="Kushalanagar">Kushalanagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ponnampet" title="Ponnampet">Ponnampet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonikoppal" title="Gonikoppal">Gonikoppal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanivarsanthe" title="Shanivarsanthe">Shanivarsanthe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suntikoppa" title="Suntikoppa">Suntikoppa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagamandala" title="Bhagamandala">Bhagamandala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kutta" title="Kutta">Kutta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoklu" title="Napoklu">Napoklu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tourism</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abbey_Falls" title="Abbey Falls">Abbey Falls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagamandala" title="Bhagamandala">Bhagamandala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dubare" title="Dubare">Dubare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honnamana_Kere" title="Honnamana Kere">Honnamana Kere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irupu_Falls" title="Irupu Falls">Irupu Falls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mallalli_Falls" title="Mallalli Falls">Mallalli Falls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagarhole_National_Park" title="Nagarhole National Park">Nagarhole National Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisargadhama" title="Nisargadhama">Nisargadhama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pushpagiri_Wildlife_Sanctuary" title="Pushpagiri Wildlife Sanctuary">Pushpagiri Wildlife Sanctuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talakaveri" title="Talakaveri">Talakaveri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harangi_Reservoir" class="mw-redirect" title="Harangi Reservoir">Harangi Reservoir</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Karnataka_Legislative_Assembly" title="Karnataka Legislative Assembly">Vidhan Sabha</a> constituencies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Madikeri_Assembly_constituency" title="Madikeri Assembly constituency">Madikeri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virajpet_Assembly_constituency" title="Virajpet Assembly constituency">Virajpet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3630913#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata836" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3630913#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata836" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a 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style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000024269865">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/267157659">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1427937/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJdrJWrWF7bMHCrthmJ4bd">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/119444178">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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