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[r]" accesskey="r"><span>Mabadiliko ya karibuni</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Maalum:UkurasawaBahati" title="Onyesha ukurasa wa bahati [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Ukurasa wa bahati</span></a></li><li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Help:Contents" title="Mahali pa kueleweshwa."><span>Msaada</span></a></li><li id="n-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Maalum:KurasaMaalum"><span>Kurasa maalumu</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Mwanzo" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="Kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-sw.svg" width="117" height="10" style="width: 7.3125em; 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[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Ingia</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Tovuti"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Yaliyomo" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Yaliyomo</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">hamishia kwenye mwambaa upande</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">ficha</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Mwanzo</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Utangulizi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Utangulizi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Utangulizi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Utangulizi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historia_ya_Kemia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historia_ya_Kemia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Historia ya Kemia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historia_ya_Kemia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Utabiri_wa_Kemikali" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Utabiri_wa_Kemikali"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Utabiri wa Kemikali</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Utabiri_wa_Kemikali-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Matawi_ya_Kemia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Matawi_ya_Kemia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Matawi ya Kemia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Matawi_ya_Kemia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kanuni_za_ujuzi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kanuni_za_ujuzi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Kanuni za ujuzi</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Kanuni_za_ujuzi-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Kanuni za ujuzi subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Kanuni_za_ujuzi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mifumo_ya_Kemia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mifumo_ya_Kemia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Mifumo ya Kemia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mifumo_ya_Kemia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Atomi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Atomi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Atomi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Atomi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kiini" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kiini"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Kiini</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kiini-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Viungo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Viungo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Viungo</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Viungo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Molekyuli" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Molekyuli"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Molekyuli</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Molekyuli-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ioni" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ioni"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6</span> <span>Ioni</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ioni-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kifaa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kifaa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.7</span> <span>Kifaa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kifaa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tazama_pia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tazama_pia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Tazama pia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tazama_pia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tanbihi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tanbihi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Tanbihi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tanbihi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Marejeo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marejeo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Marejeo</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marejeo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Marejeo_mengine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marejeo_mengine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Marejeo mengine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marejeo_mengine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Viungo_vya_nje" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Viungo_vya_nje"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Viungo vya nje</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Viungo_vya_nje-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Yaliyomo" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Yaliyomo" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Geuza uonekanaji wa yaliyomo" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Geuza uonekanaji wa yaliyomo</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Kemia</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Nenda kwenye makala kwa lugha nyingine. Lugha 238 zinapatikana" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-238" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Lugha 238</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemie" title="Chemie – Kiafrikana" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Chemie" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Kiafrikana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemie" title="Chemie – Kijerumani cha Uswisi" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Chemie" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Kijerumani cha Uswisi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%A8%E1%8C%A5%E1%8A%95%E1%89%B0_%E1%8A%95%E1%8C%A5%E1%88%AD_%E1%8C%A5%E1%8A%93%E1%89%B5" title="የጥንተ ንጥር ጥናት – Kiamhari" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="የጥንተ ንጥር ጥናት" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Kiamhari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quimica" title="Quimica – Kiaragoni" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Quimica" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Kiaragoni" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="रसायनशास्त्र – Kiangika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="रसायनशास्त्र" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Kiangika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%A1" title="كيمياء – Kiarabu" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كيمياء" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Kiarabu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%9F%DC%9D%DC%A1%DC%9D%DC%90" title="ܟܝܡܝܐ – Kiaramu" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܟܝܡܝܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Kiaramu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%8A" title="شيمي – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="شيمي" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="كيميا – Kiarabu cha Misri" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="كيميا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Kiarabu cha Misri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9E%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="ৰসায়ন বিজ্ঞান – Kiassam" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="ৰসায়ন বিজ্ঞান" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Kiassam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qu%C3%ADmica" title="Química – Kiasturia" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Química" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Kiasturia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Химия – Kiavari" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Химия" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Kiavari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Razopa" title="Razopa – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Razopa" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E2%80%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="रसायनशास्‍त्र – Kiawadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="रसायनशास्‍त्र" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Kiawadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimya" title="Kimya – Kiazerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Kimya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Kiazerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%DB%8C%D9%85%DB%8C" title="شیمی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="شیمی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Химия – Kibashkiri" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Химия" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Kibashkiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimia" title="Kimia – Kibali" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Kimia" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Kibali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemii" title="Kemii – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Kemii" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kem%C4%97j%C4%97" title="Kemėjė – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Kemėjė" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimika" title="Kimika – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Kimika" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%96%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Хімія – Kibelarusi" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Хімія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Kibelarusi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%96%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Хімія – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Хімія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Химия – Kibulgaria" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Химия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Kibulgaria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E2%80%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="रसायनशास्‍त्र – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="रसायनशास्‍त्र" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemistri" title="Kemistri – Kibislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Kemistri" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Kibislama" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bislama</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimia" title="Kimia – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Kimia" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%93%E1%80%AC%E1%80%90%E1%80%AF%E1%80%97%E1%80%B1%E1%80%92" title="ဓာတုဗေဒ – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="ဓာတုဗေဒ" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%A8" title="রসায়ন – Kibengali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="রসায়ন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Kibengali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A2%E0%BE%AB%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%82%E0%BE%B1%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%A2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%82%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%94%E0%BC%8D" title="རྫས་འགྱུར་རིག་པ། – Kitibeti" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="རྫས་འགྱུར་རིག་པ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Kitibeti" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimiezh" title="Kimiezh – Kibretoni" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Kimiezh" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Kibretoni" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemija" title="Hemija – Kibosnia" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Hemija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Kibosnia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimia" title="Kimia – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Kimia" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Mandailing</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8" title="Хими – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Хими" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qu%C3%ADmica" title="Química – Kikatalani" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Química" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Kikatalani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quimica" title="Quimica – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Quimica" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Chavacano de Zamboanga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hu%C3%A1-h%C5%8Fk" title="Huá-hŏk – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Huá-hŏk" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimika" title="Kimika – Kichebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Kimika" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Kichebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%A0%E1%8F%91%E1%8F%B0%E1%8F%97%E1%8F%A7%E1%8F%93%E1%8E%B4%E1%8E%B2%E1%8F%93%E1%8F%85%E1%8F%AC%E1%8F%98" title="ᎠᏑᏰᏗᏧᏓᎴᎲᏓᏅᏬᏘ – Kicherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎠᏑᏰᏗᏧᏓᎴᎲᏓᏅᏬᏘ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Kicherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="کیمیا – Kikurdi cha Sorani" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="کیمیا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Kikurdi cha Sorani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chimica" title="Chimica – Kikosikani" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Chimica" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Kikosikani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himiya" title="Himiya – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Himiya" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemie" title="Chemie – Kicheki" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Chemie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Kicheki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemij%C3%B4" title="Chemijô – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Chemijô" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8" title="Хими – Kichuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Хими" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Kichuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cemeg" title="Cemeg – Kiwelisi" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Cemeg" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Kiwelisi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemi" title="Kemi – Kidenmaki" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kemi" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Kidenmaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemie" title="Chemie – Kijerumani" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Chemie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Kijerumani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-din mw-list-item"><a href="https://din.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi%C3%B6c%C3%ABk%C3%A4ti%C9%94%C9%94p" title="Piöcëkätiɔɔp – Dinka" lang="din" hreflang="din" data-title="Piöcëkätiɔɔp" data-language-autonym="Thuɔŋjäŋ" data-language-local-name="Dinka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Thuɔŋjäŋ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimya" title="Kimya – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Kimya" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dtp mw-list-item"><a href="https://dtp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimia" title="Kimia – Central Dusun" lang="dtp" hreflang="dtp" data-title="Kimia" data-language-autonym="Kadazandusun" data-language-local-name="Central Dusun" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kadazandusun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%86%DE%A9%DE%89%DE%A8%DE%87%DE%A7%DE%87%DE%A9_%DE%87%DE%A8%DE%8D%DE%B0%DE%89%DE%AA" title="ކީމިއާއީ އިލްމު – Kidivehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ކީމިއާއީ އިލްމު" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Kidivehi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A7%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Χημεία – Kigiriki" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Χημεία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Kigiriki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A9mmica" title="Chémmica – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Chémmica" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemistry" title="Chemistry – Kiingereza" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Chemistry" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Kiingereza" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemio" title="Kemio – Kiesperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kemio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Kiesperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qu%C3%ADmica" title="Química – Kihispania" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Química" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Kihispania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keemia" title="Keemia – Kiestonia" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Keemia" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Kiestonia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimika" title="Kimika – Kibaski" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Kimika" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Kibaski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qu%C3%ADmica" title="Química – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Química" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%DB%8C%D9%85%DB%8C" title="شیمی – Kiajemi" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="شیمی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Kiajemi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemia" title="Kemia – Kifini" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kemia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Kifini" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keemi%C3%A4" title="Keemiä – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Keemiä" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemisitiri" title="Kemisitiri – Kifiji" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Kemisitiri" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Kifiji" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evnafr%C3%B8%C3%B0i" title="Evnafrøði – Kifaroe" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Evnafrøði" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Kifaroe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chimie" title="Chimie – Kifaransa" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Chimie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Kifaransa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C2%B7imie" title="Ch·imie – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Ch·imie" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemii" title="Chemii – Kifrisia cha Kaskazini" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Chemii" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Kifrisia cha Kaskazini" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chimiche" title="Chimiche – Kifriulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Chimiche" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Kifriulian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skiekunde" title="Skiekunde – Kifrisia cha Magharibi" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Skiekunde" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Kifrisia cha Magharibi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceimic" title="Ceimic – Kiayalandi" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Ceimic" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Kiayalandi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8" title="化學 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="化學" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chimi" title="Chimi – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Chimi" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceimigeachd" title="Ceimigeachd – Kigaeli cha Uskoti" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Ceimigeachd" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Kigaeli cha Uskoti" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qu%C3%ADmica" title="Química – Kigalisi" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Química" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Kigalisi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%ADmika" title="Kímika – Kiguarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Kímika" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Kiguarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gor mw-list-item"><a href="https://gor.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimia" title="Kimia – Kigorontalo" lang="gor" hreflang="gor" data-title="Kimia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Hulontalo" data-language-local-name="Kigorontalo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Hulontalo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%B8%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%AF%E0%AA%A3_%E0%AA%B6%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B8%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%A4%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0" title="રસાયણ શાસ્ત્ર – Kigujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="રસાયણ શાસ્ત્ર" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Kigujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-guc mw-list-item"><a href="https://guc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achajaya" title="Achajaya – Wayuu" lang="guc" hreflang="guc" data-title="Achajaya" data-language-autonym="Wayuunaiki" data-language-local-name="Wayuu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wayuunaiki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemmig" title="Kemmig – Kimanx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Kemmig" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Kimanx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimiyya" title="Kimiyya – Kihausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Kimiyya" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Kihausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fa-ho%CC%8Dk" title="Fa-ho̍k – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Fa-ho̍k" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemika" title="Kemika – Kihawai" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Kemika" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Kihawai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hawaiʻi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9B%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%94" title="כימיה – Kiebrania" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="כימיה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Kiebrania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="रसायन विज्ञान – Kihindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="रसायन विज्ञान" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Kihindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rasayan_vigyan" title="Rasayan vigyan – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Rasayan vigyan" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemija" title="Kemija – Kikorasia" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kemija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Kikorasia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chimi" title="Chimi – Kihaiti" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Chimi" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Kihaiti" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A9mia" title="Kémia – Kihungaria" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kémia" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Kihungaria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%94%D5%AB%D5%B4%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Քիմիա – Kiarmenia" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Քիմիա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Kiarmenia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8F%D5%A1%D6%80%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%A2%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%AB%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Տարրաբանութիւն – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Տարրաբանութիւն" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chimia" title="Chimia – Kiintalingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Chimia" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Kiintalingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimia" title="Kimia – Kiiban" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Kimia" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="Kiiban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jaku Iban</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimia" title="Kimia – Kiindonesia" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kimia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Kiindonesia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chimie" title="Chimie – lugha ya kisayansi" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Chimie" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="lugha ya kisayansi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%ADmika" title="Kímika – Kiilocano" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Kímika" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Kiilocano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8" title="Хими – Kiingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Хими" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Kiingush" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemio" title="Kemio – Kiido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Kemio" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Kiido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efnafr%C3%A6%C3%B0i" title="Efnafræði – Kiisilandi" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Efnafræði" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Kiisilandi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chimica" title="Chimica – Kiitaliano" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Chimica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Kiitaliano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6" title="化学 – Kijapani" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="化学" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Kijapani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimischri" title="Kimischri – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Kimischri" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/xumske" title="xumske – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="xumske" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimia" title="Kimia – Kijava" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Kimia" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Kijava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A5%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ქიმია – Kijojia" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ქიმია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Kijojia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ximiya" title="Ximiya – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Ximiya" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takrura" title="Takrura – Kikabylia" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Takrura" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kikabylia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siimii_l%C9%9B%C9%A3t%CA%8B" title="Siimii lɛɣtʋ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Siimii lɛɣtʋ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemu" title="Kemu – Kikikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Kemu" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="Kikikuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gĩkũyũ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Химия – Kikazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Химия" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kikazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%82%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%98%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%9C%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%91%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%99%E1%9E%B6" title="គីមីវិទ្យា – Kikambodia" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="គីមីវិទ្យា" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Kikambodia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%B6%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0" title="ರಸಾಯನಶಾಸ್ತ್ರ – Kikannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ರಸಾಯನಶಾಸ್ತ್ರ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kikannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-knc mw-list-item"><a href="https://knc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemistry" title="Chemistry – Central Kanuri" lang="knc" hreflang="knc" data-title="Chemistry" data-language-autonym="Yerwa Kanuri" data-language-local-name="Central Kanuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yerwa Kanuri</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%99%94%ED%95%99" title="화학 – Kikorea" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="화학" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Kikorea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%9A%D9%86" title="رسایٚن – Kikashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="رسایٚن" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kikashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%AEmya" title="Kîmya – Kikurdi" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Kîmya" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kikurdi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kymystry" title="Kymystry – Kikorni" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Kymystry" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Kikorni" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Химия – Kikyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Химия" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kikyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemia" title="Chemia – Kilatini" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Chemia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Kilatini" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemika" title="Kemika – Kiladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Kemika" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Kiladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chimie" title="Chimie – Kilasembagi" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Chimie" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Kilasembagi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Химия – Kilezighian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Химия" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Kilezighian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cimica" title="Cimica – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Cimica" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lg mw-list-item"><a href="https://lg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebyobuziba" title="Ebyobuziba – Kiganda" lang="lg" hreflang="lg" data-title="Ebyobuziba" data-language-autonym="Luganda" data-language-local-name="Kiganda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Luganda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemie" title="Chemie – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Chemie" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chimica" title="Chimica – Kiliguria" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Chimica" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Kiliguria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chimica" title="Chimica – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Chimica" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%ADmica" title="Chímica – Kilongobardi" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Chímica" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Kilongobardi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A9mi" title="Kémi – Kilingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Kémi" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Kilingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%84%E0%BA%A1%E0%BA%B5%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%94" title="ເຄມີສາດ – Kilaosi" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ເຄມີສາດ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Kilaosi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemija" title="Chemija – Kilithuania" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Chemija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Kilithuania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B6%C4%ABmija" title="Ķīmija – Kilatvia" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Ķīmija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Kilatvia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimia" title="Kimia – Kimadura" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Kimia" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="Kimadura" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Madhurâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E2%80%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="रसायनशास्‍त्र – Kimaithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="रसायनशास्‍त्र" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Kimaithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimia" title="Kimia – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Kimia" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Banyumasan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%81%D1%8C" title="Химиясь – Lugha ya Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Химиясь" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Lugha ya Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simia" title="Simia – Kimalagasi" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Simia" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Kimalagasi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Химий – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Химий" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%81tauranga_mat%C5%AB" title="Mātauranga matū – Kimaori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Mātauranga matū" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Kimaori" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Māori</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimia" title="Kimia – Kiminangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Kimia" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Kiminangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Хемија – Kimacedonia" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Хемија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Kimacedonia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%82" title="രസതന്ത്രം – Kimalayalamu" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="രസതന്ത്രം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Kimalayalamu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8" title="Хими – Kimongolia" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Хими" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Kimongolia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%84%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%A0%EA%AF%87%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%9F%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%9F" title="ꯄꯣꯠꯇꯤꯟꯂꯣꯟ – Kimanipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯄꯣꯠꯇꯤꯟꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Kimanipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="रसायनशास्त्र – Kimarathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="रसायनशास्त्र" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Kimarathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimia" title="Kimia – Kimalei" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kimia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Kimalei" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimika" title="Kimika – Kimalta" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Kimika" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Kimalta" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qu%C3%ADmica" title="Química – Kimirandi" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Química" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Kimirandi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%93%E1%80%AC%E1%80%90%E1%80%AF%E1%80%97%E1%80%B1%E1%80%92" title="ဓာတုဗေဒ – Kiburma" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဓာတုဗေဒ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Kiburma" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Химия – Kierzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Химия" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Kierzya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="کیمیا – Kimazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="کیمیا" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Kimazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemie" title="Chemie – Kisaksoni" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Chemie" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Kisaksoni" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scheikunde" title="Scheikunde – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Scheikunde" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="रसायनशास्त्र – Kinepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="रसायनशास्त्र" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Kinepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="रसायनशास्त्र – Kinewari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="रसायनशास्त्र" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Kinewari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scheikunde" title="Scheikunde – Kiholanzi" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Scheikunde" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Kiholanzi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kjemi" title="Kjemi – Kinorwe cha Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Kjemi" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Kinorwe cha Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kjemi" title="Kjemi – Kinorwe cha Bokmal" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kjemi" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Kinorwe cha Bokmal" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemie" title="Kemie – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Kemie" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chimie" title="Chimie – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Chimie" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khemistri" title="Khemistri – Kisotho cha Kaskazini" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="Khemistri" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="Kisotho cha Kaskazini" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sesotho sa Leboa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quimia" title="Quimia – Kiokitani" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Quimia" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Kiokitani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemistirii" title="Kemistirii – Kioromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Kemistirii" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Kioromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%BE%E0%AD%9F%E0%AC%A8_%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%9C%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%9E%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%A8" title="ରସାୟନ ବିଜ୍ଞାନ – Kioriya" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ରସାୟନ ବିଜ୍ଞାନ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Kioriya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8" title="Хими – Kiosetia" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Хими" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Kiosetia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%87%E0%A8%A3_%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%A8" title="ਰਸਾਇਣ ਵਿਗਿਆਨ – Kipunjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਰਸਾਇਣ ਵਿਗਿਆਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Kipunjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A9mie" title="Kémie – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Kémie" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemia" title="Chemia – Kipolandi" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Chemia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Kipolandi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%ACmica" title="Chìmica – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Chìmica" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%B9%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="کیمسٹری – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="کیمسٹری" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="کيميا – Kipashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="کيميا" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Kipashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qu%C3%ADmica" title="Química – Kireno" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Química" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Kireno" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaqllisinchi" title="Chaqllisinchi – Kikechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Chaqllisinchi" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Kikechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chimie" title="Chimie – Kiromania" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Chimie" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Kiromania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chimie" title="Chimie – Kiaromania" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Chimie" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Kiaromania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Химия – Kirusi" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Химия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Kirusi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Хемія – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Хемія" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D" title="रसतन्त्रम् – Kisanskriti" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="रसतन्त्रम्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Kisanskriti" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Химия – Kisakha" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Химия" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Kisakha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%ACmica" title="Chìmica – Kisardinia" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Chìmica" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Kisardinia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%ACmica" title="Chìmica – Kisicilia" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Chìmica" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Kisicilia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemistrie" title="Chemistrie – Kiskoti" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Chemistrie" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Kiskoti" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85_%DA%AA%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="علم ڪيميا – Kisindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="علم ڪيميا" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Kisindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemija" title="Hemija – Kiserbia-kroeshia" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Hemija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Kiserbia-kroeshia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takimit" title="Takimit – Kitachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Takimit" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Kitachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taclḥit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%BA%E0%B6%B1_%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80" title="රසායන විද්‍යාව – Kisinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="රසායන විද්‍යාව" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Kisinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemistry" title="Chemistry – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Chemistry" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A9mia" title="Chémia – Kislovakia" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Chémia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Kislovakia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%B9%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="کیمسٹری – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="کیمسٹری" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سرائیکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemija" title="Kemija – Kislovenia" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Kemija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Kislovenia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemisi" title="Kemisi – Kisamoa" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Kemisi" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Kisamoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagana Samoa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemishonga" title="Chemishonga – Kishona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Chemishonga" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Kishona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimisteri" title="Kimisteri – Kisomali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Kimisteri" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Kisomali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimia" title="Kimia – Kialbania" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Kimia" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Kialbania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Хемија – Kiserbia" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Хемија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Kiserbia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ss mw-list-item"><a href="https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikhemisi" title="Ikhemisi – Kiswati" lang="ss" hreflang="ss" data-title="Ikhemisi" data-language-autonym="SiSwati" data-language-local-name="Kiswati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>SiSwati</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemie" title="Chemie – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Chemie" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimia" title="Kimia – Kisunda" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Kimia" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Kisunda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemi" title="Kemi – Kiswidi" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kemi" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Kiswidi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chymij%C5%8F" title="Chymijŏ – Kisilesia" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Chymijŏ" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Kisilesia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="வேதியியல் – Kitamili" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="வேதியியல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Kitamili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AD%E0%B3%82_%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%9C%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9E%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A8" title="ಭೂ ವಿಜ್ಞಾನ – Tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ಭೂ ವಿಜ್ಞಾನ" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="Tulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ತುಳು</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%A8_%E0%B0%B6%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%82" title="రసాయన శాస్త్రం – Kitelugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="రసాయన శాస్త్రం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Kitelugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tet mw-list-item"><a href="https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%ADmika" title="Kímika – Kitetum" lang="tet" hreflang="tet" data-title="Kímika" data-language-autonym="Tetun" data-language-local-name="Kitetum" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tetun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%91" title="Кимиё – Kitajiki" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Кимиё" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Kitajiki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B5" title="เคมี – Kithai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เคมี" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Kithai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himi%C3%BDa" title="Himiýa – Kiturukimeni" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Himiýa" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Kiturukimeni" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimika" title="Kimika – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Kimika" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimj%C9%99" title="Kimjə – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Kimjə" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tolışi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-to mw-list-item"><a href="https://to.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemi" title="Kemi – Kitonga" lang="to" hreflang="to" data-title="Kemi" data-language-autonym="Lea faka-Tonga" data-language-local-name="Kitonga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lea faka-Tonga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemistri" title="Kemistri – Kitokpisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Kemistri" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Kitokpisin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tok Pisin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimya" title="Kimya – Kituruki" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kimya" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Kituruki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ntivo-Mirhi" title="Ntivo-Mirhi – Kitsonga" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="Ntivo-Mirhi" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="Kitsonga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Xitsonga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Химия – Kitatari" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Химия" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Kitatari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemistre" title="Kemistre – Kitumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Kemistre" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="Kitumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiTumbuka</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Химия – Kiudmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Химия" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Kiudmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Удмурт</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%96%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Хімія – Kiukraini" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Хімія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Kiukraini" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="کیمیا – Kiurdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="کیمیا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Kiurdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimyo" title="Kimyo – Kiuzbeki" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Kimyo" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Kiuzbeki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%ACmega" title="Chìmega – Kivenisi" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Chìmega" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Kivenisi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himii" title="Himii – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Himii" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B3a_h%E1%BB%8Dc" title="Hóa học – Kivietinamu" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Hóa học" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Kivietinamu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiemav" title="Kiemav – Kivolapuk" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Kiemav" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Kivolapuk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tchimeye" title="Tchimeye – Kiwaloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Tchimeye" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Kiwaloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%ADmika" title="Kímika – Kiwaray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Kímika" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Kiwaray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8" title="化學 – Kichina cha Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="化學" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Kichina cha Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/IKhemistri" title="IKhemistri – Kixhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="IKhemistri" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Kixhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiXhosa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A5%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ქიმია – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ქიმია" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9B%D7%A2%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%A2" title="כעמיע – Kiyiddi" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="כעמיע" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Kiyiddi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%E1%BA%B9%CC%81m%C3%ADstr%C3%AC" title="Kẹ́místrì – Kiyoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Kẹ́místrì" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Kiyoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vayoz" title="Vayoz – Kizhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Vayoz" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Kizhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scheikunde" title="Scheikunde – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Scheikunde" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zeêuws</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B5%9C%E2%B4%B0%E2%B4%BD%E2%B5%94%E2%B5%93%E2%B5%94%E2%B4%B0" title="ⵜⴰⴽⵔⵓⵔⴰ – Kiberber Sanifu cha Moroko" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⵜⴰⴽⵔⵓⵔⴰ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="Kiberber Sanifu cha Moroko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8" title="化學 – Kichina" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="化學" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Kichina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8" title="化學 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="化學" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B2a-ha%CC%8Dk" title="Hòa-ha̍k – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Hòa-ha̍k" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8" title="化學 – Kikantoni" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="化學" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Kikantoni" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umchazatho" title="Umchazatho – Kizulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Umchazatho" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Kizulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2329#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Hariri viungo vya lugha zingine" class="wbc-editpage">Hariri viungo</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Maeneo ya wiki"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Kemia" title="Onyesha kurasa zilizopo [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Makala</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Majadiliano:Kemia" rel="discussion" title="Mazungumzo kuhusu 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Help-translate.svg/120px-Help-translate.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Help-translate.svg/160px-Help-translate.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="256" data-file-height="144" /></span></span> </p><p><i>Makala hii ina dalili ya kutungwa kwa kutegemea programu ya kompyuta kama vile "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Translate" class="extiw" title="en:Google Translate">Google translation</a>" au "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:ContentTranslation" class="extiw" title="en:Special:ContentTranslation">wikimedia special:content translation</a>" bila masahihisho ya kutosha. Watumiaji wanaombwa kuchunguza tena lugha, viungo na muundo wake. Wakiridhika na hali yake wanaweza kuondoa kigezo hiki kinachoonekana kwenye dirisha la kuhariri juu ya matini ya makala kwa kutumia alama za <b>{{tafsiri kompyuta}} </b></i>. </p> </div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Faili:Lab_bench.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Lab_bench.jpg/330px-Lab_bench.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Lab_bench.jpg/500px-Lab_bench.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Lab_bench.jpg/960px-Lab_bench.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Maabara" title="Maabara">Maabara</a> katika <a href="/wiki/Chuo" title="Chuo">chuo</a> cha <a href="/wiki/Biokemia" title="Biokemia">Biokemia</a>, chuo cha <a href="/wiki/Cologne" class="mw-redirect" title="Cologne">Cologne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ujerumani" title="Ujerumani">Ujerumani</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Faili:Chemicals_in_flasks.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Chemicals_in_flasks.jpg/250px-Chemicals_in_flasks.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Chemicals_in_flasks.jpg/330px-Chemicals_in_flasks.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Chemicals_in_flasks.jpg/500px-Chemicals_in_flasks.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1818" /></a><figcaption>Chupa zilizohifadhi kemikali, ambazo ni <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ammonium_hydroxide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ammonium hydroxide (bado haujaandikwa)">ammonium hydroxide</a> na <a href="/w/index.php?title=Asidi_ya_nitriki&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Asidi ya nitriki (bado haujaandikwa)">asidi ya nitriki</a>, katika rangi tofautitofauti.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Kemia</b> (labda <a href="/wiki/Jina" title="Jina">jina</a> limetokana na <a href="/wiki/Neno" title="Neno">neno</a> la <a href="/wiki/Kiarabu" title="Kiarabu">Kiarabu</a> al-kemia) ni <a href="/wiki/Sayansi" title="Sayansi">sayansi</a> ya <a href="/wiki/Mata" class="mw-redirect" title="Mata">mata</a> kwa kiwango cha <a href="/wiki/Atomi" class="mw-redirect" title="Atomi">atomi</a>. </p><p>Kemia yahusu <a href="/wiki/Tabia" title="Tabia">tabia</a> ya <a href="/wiki/Elementi" class="mw-redirect" title="Elementi">elementi</a> na viungo vya atomi, ni somo la kujua mabadiliko ya mata na uhusiano wa mata na mata ndogo tofauti, na pia huhusika wa <a href="/wiki/Nishati" title="Nishati">nishati</a>. </p><p>Kimsingi kemia ni somo la <a href="/wiki/Atomi" class="mw-redirect" title="Atomi">atomi</a> na mkusanyo wa atomi kwa <a href="/wiki/Molekyuli" class="mw-redirect" title="Molekyuli">molekyuli</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bilauri&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bilauri (bado haujaandikwa)">bilauri</a> ama <a href="/wiki/Madini" title="Madini">madini</a> ambavyo vinajenga mata za kawaida. Kulingana na kemia ya kisasa ni ujenzi wa mata kwa kiwango cha atomi. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Utangulizi">Utangulizi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kemia&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Hariri sehemu: Utangulizi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>hariri</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kemia&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Utangulizi"><span>hariri chanzo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kemia wakati mwingine yasemekana kuwa somo la sayansi la kati, kwa sababu inaunganisha sayansi nyingine, kama vile <a href="/wiki/Fizikia" title="Fizikia">fizikia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biolojia" title="Biolojia">biolojia</a> na <a href="/wiki/Jiologia" class="mw-redirect" title="Jiologia">jiologia</a>. </p><p>Kemia ina matawi mengi yaliyo maalumu kwa masomo na <a href="/w/index.php?title=Watalaamu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Watalaamu (bado haujaandikwa)">watalaamu</a> wa matawi hayo, mahususi wa kemia, kwa mfano waruhusu utengenezaji wa vitu vipya, uoteshaji au uendelezaji wa <a href="/wiki/Dawa" title="Dawa">madawa</a> ili kutibu <a href="/wiki/Magonjwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Magonjwa">magonjwa</a>, na kutambua <a href="/w/index.php?title=Umekanika&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Umekanika (bado haujaandikwa)">umekanika</a> wa harakati za maisha. </p><p>Moja ya majawabu kwa kemia ni ati radhi imehusika. Kwa kemia radhi yaweza kuhusika na radhi nyingine, ama, ihusike radhi na harakati za <a href="/wiki/Nishati" title="Nishati">nishati</a>. Uhusiano ambao unajulikana zaidi ni uhusiano wa <a href="/w/index.php?title=Viini_za_kemikali&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Viini za kemikali (bado haujaandikwa)">kiini</a> ama viini na viini vingine kwa <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jawabu_ya_kemikali&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jawabu ya kemikali (bado haujaandikwa)">jawabu ya kemikali</a> ambapo kiini kimoja au viini za penduliwa kwa ainanyingine. Hii yahusu <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mnururishi_wa_samaku&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mnururishi wa samaku (bado haujaandikwa)">mnururishi wa samaku</a> (kama kwa <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuru_ya_kemia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nuru ya kemia (bado haujaandikwa)">nuru ya kemia</a>) Ambapo <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jawabu_ya_kemikali&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jawabu ya kemikali (bado haujaandikwa)">jawabu ya kemikali</a> ya tokea kwa sababu ya papo ya nuru. Jawabu za kemikali ni masomo mengine ya tawi ya kemia mbapo ya stadi radhi kwa mifano mingine. Kemikali ya <a href="/w/index.php?title=Spektroskopi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Spektroskopi (bado haujaandikwa)">Kispektroskopi</a> kwa mfano wa stadi uhusiano wa nuru na radhi, bila jawabu lolote kutokea. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Wanasayansi" class="mw-redirect" title="Wanasayansi">Wanasayansi</a> ambao wanadumisha sayansi hii wanaitwa <a href="/wiki/Wanakemia" class="mw-redirect" title="Wanakemia">wanakemia</a>. Kulingana nao <a href="/w/index.php?title=Radhi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Radhi (bado haujaandikwa)">radhi</a> zote zina viungo vya <a href="/wiki/Atomi" class="mw-redirect" title="Atomi">atomi</a> ama radhi ndogo zaidi zinazounda atomi. Atomi zaweza kuungana na kutoa radhi kubwa kama <a href="/wiki/Ioni" title="Ioni">ioni</a>, <a href="/wiki/Molekyuli" class="mw-redirect" title="Molekyuli">molekyuli</a> ama <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bilauri&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bilauri (bado haujaandikwa)">bilauri</a>. </p><p>Mjengo wa Dunia ambao tumeuzoea na mitambo ya radhi tumezoea zahakikishwa na jawabu ya viini vya kemikali na uhusiano wa jawabu hizi. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Chuma_cha_pua" title="Chuma cha pua">Chuma cha pua</a> ni chuma ngumu kwa sababu atomi zake zimeshikana pamoja kwa <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mshono_wa_bilauri&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mshono wa bilauri (bado haujaandikwa)">mshono wa bilauri</a>. </p><p>Mbao huchomeka kwa sababu ya jawabu pesi ya <a href="/wiki/Oksijeni" title="Oksijeni">oksijeni</a> kwa <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jawabu_za_kemikali&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jawabu za kemikali (bado haujaandikwa)">jawabu za kemikali</a> kwa kiwango fulani cha <a href="/wiki/Joto" title="Joto">joto</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Maji" title="Maji">Maji</a> ni <a href="/wiki/Kiowevu" title="Kiowevu">kiowevu</a> kwa joto inayodumisha maisha kwa sababu, molekyuli za maji zasonga zaidi kuliko <a href="/wiki/Mango" title="Mango">mango</a> ya <a href="/wiki/Barafu" title="Barafu">barafu</a>, lakini kidogo kwa <a href="/wiki/Mvuke" title="Mvuke">mvuke</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Binadamu" title="Binadamu">Binadamu</a> au <a href="/wiki/Mnyama" title="Mnyama">mnyama</a> yeyote aweza kuona kwa sababu ya uhusiano wa nuru na molekyuli za <a href="/w/index.php?title=Unyama&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Unyama (bado haujaandikwa)">unyama</a> nyuma ya macho. </p><p>Kwa hili eneo kubwa la masomo, ni vigumu sana kuhekima kila stadi kwa kemia na kuhtasari stadi yote kwa jumla. Hata kwa wataalamu zaidi wa kemia, wengi ujuzi wao umetia maanani kwa stadi kadhaa walizotia maanani zaidi kwa masomo yao. Kemia ina matawi mengi sana, yanayoitwa tawi za kemia, ambazo wanakemia watia makini. Kemia ambao hufunzwa kwa <a href="/wiki/Shule_ya_upili" class="mw-redirect" title="Shule ya upili">shule ya upili</a> na miaka ya kwanza ya <a href="/wiki/Chuo_kikuu" class="mw-redirect" title="Chuo kikuu">chuo kikuu</a>, yenyewe huitwa <i>kemia ya msingi</i> ambayo huwapa wanafunzi masomo ya kemia kwa msingi ili kuimarisha masomo pana ya kemia, kulingana na tawi lolote la kemia mwanafunzi atakayofuata. Kwa kemia ya msingi, stadi yenyewe haimalizii kwa utaalamu lakini wataalam wengi hutumia masomo haya ya msingi wa kemia kueleza kazi yao kwa sababu jibu lenyewe ni ngumu zaidi kueleza kwa ujuzi ama jibu lenyewe ni laghai. </p><p>Sayansi ya Kemia ni maendeleo ya kisasa kulingana na <a href="/wiki/Historia" title="Historia">historia</a>, lakini mizizi yake ni kutokana na <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alkemia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alkemia (bado haujaandikwa)">alkemia</a> ambayo ilikuwa <a href="/wiki/Desturi" title="Desturi">desturi</a> kwa <a href="/wiki/Milenia" title="Milenia">milenia</a> katika dunia nzima. Jina la kemia ni kutoka alkemia; lakini, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Etimologia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Etimologia (bado haujaandikwa)">etimologia</a> ya alkemia haijavumbuka zaidi (ona <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alkemia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alkemia (bado haujaandikwa)">alkemia</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historia_ya_Kemia">Historia ya Kemia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kemia&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Hariri sehemu: Historia ya Kemia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>hariri</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kemia&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Historia ya Kemia"><span>hariri chanzo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Jina <i>al-kemia</i> yatoka katika <a href="/wiki/Kiarabu" title="Kiarabu">Kiarabu</a> <i>al-kīmiyaˀ</i> au <i>al-khīmiyaˀ</i> (الكيمياء or الخيمياء), kilichotanguliza <i>al-</i> kwa neno la <a href="/wiki/Kigiriki" title="Kigiriki">Kigiriki</a> χημεία, <i>khemeia</i>, ambalo linamaanisha "kuunganisha pamoja", "kumwaga pamoja", "kuchomelea", "aloi ya chuma", na kadhalika. </p><p>Msingi wa kemia waweza kutokana na <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kuchoma&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kuchoma (bado haujaandikwa)">kuchoma</a>. <a href="/wiki/Moto" title="Moto">Moto</a> ulikuwa nguvu ambayo iligeuza vitu kutoka ain amoja hadi nyingine, na hiyo ndiyo iliyoleta shauku ya binadamu. Ni moto ulioleta ufumbuzi wa <a href="/wiki/Chuma" title="Chuma">chuma</a> na <a href="/wiki/Glass" class="mw-redirect" title="Glass">glass</a>. Baada ya <a href="/wiki/Migodi" class="mw-redirect" title="Migodi">migodi</a> kugunduliwa na kuwa madini ya mali, watu wengi walitamani kugundua njia ya kupindua madini mengine kuwa migodi. </p><p>Hii ilileta <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sayansi_ya_kujaribu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sayansi ya kujaribu (bado haujaandikwa)">sayansi ya kujaribu</a> ambayo iliitwa <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alkemia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alkemia (bado haujaandikwa)">Alkemia</a>. Wanaalkemia waligundua taratibu aina nyingi za kemikali ambazo zilileta maendeleo ya Kemia ya kisasa. Kemia kama vile twaijua leo iligunduliwa na <a href="/wiki/Antoine_Lavoisier" title="Antoine Lavoisier">Antoine Lavoisier</a> ambaye alile sheria ya <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kuhifadhi_uzito&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kuhifadhi uzito (bado haujaandikwa)">kuhifadhi uzito</a> mwaka wa <a href="/wiki/1783" title="1783">1783</a>. </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ugunduzi_wa_radhi_za_Kemikali&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ugunduzi wa radhi za Kemikali (bado haujaandikwa)">Ugunduzi wa radhi za Kemikali</a> ina historia ndefu ya uedelezaji wa <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jedwali_za_kemikali&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jedwali za kemikali (bado haujaandikwa)">jedwali</a> iliopagwa kwa ufumbuzi wa <a href="/wiki/Dmitri_Mendeleev" class="mw-redirect" title="Dmitri Mendeleev">Dmitri Mendeleev</a>. <a href="/wiki/Tuzo_ya_Nobel_ya_Kemia" title="Tuzo ya Nobel ya Kemia">Tuzo ya Nobel ya Kemia</a> ilioanzwa mwaka wa <a href="/wiki/1901" title="1901">1901</a>, ina historia jema kuhusu uvumbuzi wa kemia miaka 100 iliopita. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Utabiri_wa_Kemikali">Utabiri wa Kemikali</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kemia&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Hariri sehemu: Utabiri wa Kemikali" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>hariri</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kemia&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Utabiri wa Kemikali"><span>hariri chanzo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Utabiri wa kemikali ni utabiri unaoweza kuelezwa na kemia na unahusu <a href="/w/index.php?title=Viungo_vya_kemikali&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Viungo vya kemikali (bado haujaandikwa)">viungo</a> na <a href="/wiki/Nishati" title="Nishati">nishati</a>. Utabiri wa kemikali unahusika na mapenduzi ya tabia ya viini panapotokea majawabu ya kemikali. <a href="/wiki/Moto" title="Moto">Moto</a> ni mojawapo ya utabiri uliowahi kushangaza zaidi. Wanakemia wao hujaribu kutabiri mambo yote kuhusu Tabiri za kemikali zinazojulikana, na kugundua tabiri ambazo hazijajulikana na kuziweka kwa kundi ya jedwali kulingana na tabia ya <a href="/w/index.php?title=Viini&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Viini (bado haujaandikwa)">viini</a> vya kemikali. Mfano, Viini ambavyo zaitikia jawabu ya <a href="/wiki/Oksijeni" title="Oksijeni">oksijeni</a>, ilikutoa majibu kwa aina ya viini vingine, husemekana kwamba zime <a href="/w/index.php?title=Oksijeniwa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oksijeniwa (bado haujaandikwa)">oksijeniwa</a>; hata hivyo kundi ya kemikali za <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kiuguza&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kiuguza (bado haujaandikwa)">kali</a> ama <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alkali&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alkali (bado haujaandikwa)">alkali</a> za weza jawabu na kutuliza athari, utabiri ambao wajulikana kama <a href="/w/index.php?title=Utulizaji_wa_athari_za_kemikali&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Utulizaji wa athari za kemikali (bado haujaandikwa)">utulizaji wa athari za kemikali</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kiini_cha_kemikali&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kiini cha kemikali (bado haujaandikwa)">Viini</a> vinaweza kua pia <a href="/w/index.php?title=Udhoofu_wa_kemikali&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Udhoofu wa kemikali (bado haujaandikwa)">dhoofu</a> ama ziendelee kujiunda kutoka viini vingine kwa njia ya jawabu aina nyingi. Jawabu za kemikali zinahusika na mapenduzi au uhifadhi wa bidii, utabiri huu wasomwa kwa stadi ya kemia inayoitwa, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kemikali_ya_SiyaraJoto&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kemikali ya SiyaraJoto (bado haujaandikwa)">Kemikali ya SiyaraJoto</a>/ <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kemia_ya_athari-joto&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kemia ya athari-joto (bado haujaandikwa)">kemia ya athari-joto</a>. Na pia, viini vingine hutoa nuru bila kuashwa moto, utabiri huu waitwa <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fosfati_nuru&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fosfati nuru (bado haujaandikwa)">fosfati nuru</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Matawi_ya_Kemia">Matawi ya Kemia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kemia&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Hariri sehemu: Matawi ya Kemia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>hariri</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kemia&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Matawi ya Kemia"><span>hariri chanzo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Faili:Pipetten.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Pipetten.JPG/250px-Pipetten.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Pipetten.JPG/330px-Pipetten.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Pipetten.JPG/500px-Pipetten.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>Maabara <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kikasha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kikasha (bado haujaandikwa)">kikasha</a> </figcaption></figure> <p>Kemia imegawiwa katika matawi makuu kadhaa. Kuna pia matawi mengine ya kitaalamu ambayo yanahusika na kemia. </p> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kemia_ya_Uchambuzi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kemia ya Uchambuzi (bado haujaandikwa)">Kemia ya Uchambuzi</a> ni <a href="/w/index.php?title=Uchambuzi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Uchambuzi (bado haujaandikwa)">Uchambuzi</a> wa vifaa, ili kuelewa <a href="/w/index.php?title=Viini_vya_kemikali&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Viini vya kemikali (bado haujaandikwa)">Viini vya kemikali</a> na <a href="/wiki/Ujenzi" title="Ujenzi">ujenzi</a>. Kemia ya Uchambuzi ya husu majaribio mbinu ilkanun za kemia. Hzi mbinu za weza kutumika kwa Kemia aina yeyote, lakini si kwa Kemia fasihi ya nadhari.</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biokemia" title="Biokemia">Biokemia</a> ni stadi ya <a href="/w/index.php?title=Viungo_vya_kemikali&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Viungo vya kemikali (bado haujaandikwa)">Kemikali</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jawabu_za_kemikali&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jawabu za kemikali (bado haujaandikwa)">jawabu za kemikali</a> na <a href="/w/index.php?title=Uhusiano&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Uhusiano (bado haujaandikwa)">uhusiano</a> unaofanyika kwa vitu vilivyo hai <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jumba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jumba (bado haujaandikwa)">vijumba</a>. Biokemia na <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kemia_ya_mahuluku&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kemia ya mahuluku (bado haujaandikwa)">kemia ya mahuluku</a> zi karibu na <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kemia_ya_madawa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kemia ya madawa (bado haujaandikwa)">Kemia ya madawa</a>.</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kemia_Si_Mahuluku&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kemia Si Mahuluku (bado haujaandikwa)">Kemia Si Mahuluku</a> ni stadi ya tabia na jawabu za viungo vya kemikali mbazo siyo mahuluku. Tafauti ya kemia mahuluku na si mahuluku haijategwa zaidi makusudi, bado kuna mlinganisho hapa napale hasa kwa tawi ya <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kemia_ya_mahuluku_madini&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kemia ya mahuluku madini (bado haujaandikwa)">Kemia ya mahuluku madini</a>.</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kemia_ya_mahuluku&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kemia ya mahuluku (bado haujaandikwa)">Kemia ya mahuluku</a> ni stadi ya muundo, tabia, <a href="/wiki/Viungo" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Viungo">viungo</a>, umekaniki, na <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jawabu_ya_kemikali&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jawabu ya kemikali (bado haujaandikwa)">jawabu</a> ya <a href="/w/index.php?title=Viungo_vya_mahuluki&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Viungo vya mahuluki (bado haujaandikwa)">Viungo vya mahuluki</a>. hasa, ni stadi ya viini vinavyo <a href="/w/index.php?title=Radhi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Radhi (bado haujaandikwa)">radhi</a> ya kaboni.</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kemia_ya_fizikia" title="Kemia ya fizikia">Kemia ya fizikia</a> ni stadi ya asili ya kemikali, taratibu na mifumo ya kemikali. Bidii na <a href="/w/index.php?title=Siyara&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siyara (bado haujaandikwa)">siyara</a> ya mifumo hii ya kemikali inavutia wana kemia ya fizikia. Eneo nyingine za stadi muhimu ni kama <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kemikali_ya_siyarajoto&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kemikali ya siyarajoto (bado haujaandikwa)">Kemikali ya siyarajoto</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kemikali_ya_mwendo_wa_bidii&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kemikali ya mwendo wa bidii (bado haujaandikwa)">Kemikali ya mwendo wa bidii</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kemia_ya_umeme&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kemia ya umeme (bado haujaandikwa)">kemia ya umeme</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Umekaniki_wa_statistiki&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Umekaniki wa statistiki (bado haujaandikwa)">Umekaniki wa statistiki</a>, na <a href="/w/index.php?title=Spektroskopi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Spektroskopi (bado haujaandikwa)">spektroskopi</a>. Kemia ya fizikia inahusika sana na <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fizikia_ya_molekyuli&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fizikia ya molekyuli (bado haujaandikwa)">Fizikia ya molekyuli</a>. Kemia ya fizikia inahusu matumizi ya <a href="/wiki/Hesabu" title="Hesabu">hesabu</a> za<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ukadiri&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ukadiri (bado haujaandikwa)">(kalikilasi)</a> kwa kuonyesha milingano.</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kemia_ya_nadhari&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kemia ya nadhari (bado haujaandikwa)">Kemia ya nadhari</a> ni ustadi wa kemia kwa kutumia fikira (hasa kwa kutumia <a href="/wiki/Hesabu" title="Hesabu">Hesabu</a> ama <a href="/wiki/Fizikia" title="Fizikia">fizikia</a>), ina fafanua tabia ya shenga au zikiwa chenga. Hasa kwa matumizi ya <a href="/wiki/Umakanika_kwanta" title="Umakanika kwanta">umakanika kwanta</a> na kwa kemia yaitwa <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kemia_kwanta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kemia kwanta (bado haujaandikwa)">kemia kwanta</a>. Kutoka mwisho wa <a href="/wiki/Vita_vya_pili_vya_Dunia" class="mw-redirect" title="Vita vya pili vya Dunia">vita vya pili vya Dunia</a>, uendelezaji wa <a href="/w/index.php?title=Compyuta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Compyuta (bado haujaandikwa)">compyuta</a> umeruhusu mfumo wa uendelezaji wa <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kemia_ya_uanga_na_compyuta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kemia ya uanga na compyuta (bado haujaandikwa)">Kemia ya uanga na compyuta</a>, ambayo ni usanifu wa kutengeneza na kutumia <a href="/wiki/Programu_ya_kompyuta" title="Programu ya kompyuta">miradi ya kompyuta</a> ili kutatua hesabu za kemicali. Kemia ya nadhari ya husika zaidi na <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fizikia_ya_molekyuli&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fizikia ya molekyuli (bado haujaandikwa)">fizikia ya molekyuli</a>.</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kemia_ya_Viini&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kemia ya Viini (bado haujaandikwa)">Kemia ya Nuklia</a> ni stadi ya vile viini vilivyo kwa atomi vinavyo jiunganisha pamoja na kujenga nuklia. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mageuzo_ya_radhi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mageuzo ya radhi (bado haujaandikwa)">Mageuzo ya radhi</a> ni mambo ya kisasa na ni masomo makubwa ya kemia ya kinuklia, na <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jedwali_la_vinuklia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jedwali la vinuklia (bado haujaandikwa)">jedwali la vinuklia</a> ni matokeo muhimu na kifaa cha elimu hii.</li></ul> <p>Elimu nyingine za Kemia ni kama <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kemia_ya_Sayari&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kemia ya Sayari (bado haujaandikwa)">Kemia ya Sayari</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kemia_ya_Anga&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kemia ya Anga (bado haujaandikwa)">Kemia ya Anga</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Uhandisi_wa_Kemikali&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Uhandisi wa Kemikali (bado haujaandikwa)">Uhandisi wa Kemikali</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kemia_ya_maarifa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kemia ya maarifa (bado haujaandikwa)">Kemia ya maarifa</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kemia_ya_umeme&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kemia ya umeme (bado haujaandikwa)">Kemia ya umeme</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kemia_ya_mazingira&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kemia ya mazingira (bado haujaandikwa)">Kemia ya mazingira</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kemia_ya_jeologia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kemia ya jeologia (bado haujaandikwa)">jeo-kemia</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kemia_ya_kuzuia_uwambukuzi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kemia ya kuzuia uwambukuzi (bado haujaandikwa)">Kemia ya kijani kibichi</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Historia_ya_Kemia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Historia ya Kemia (bado haujaandikwa)">Historia ya Kemia</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sayansi_ya_Vifaa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sayansi ya Vifaa (bado haujaandikwa)">Sayansi ya Vifaa</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kemia_ya_Dawa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kemia ya Dawa (bado haujaandikwa)">Kemia ya Dawa</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Biolojia_ya_molekyuli&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Biolojia ya molekyuli (bado haujaandikwa)">Biolojia ya molekyuli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jena" title="Jena">Molekyuli za Jenetika</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Technologia_ya_nukta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Technologia ya nukta (bado haujaandikwa)">Technologia ya nukta</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kemia_ya_mahulukulu_madini&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kemia ya mahulukulu madini (bado haujaandikwa)">Kemia ya mahulukulu madini</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Petrokemia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Petrokemia (bado haujaandikwa)">Petrokemia</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Famakolojia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Famakolojia (bado haujaandikwa)">Famakolojia</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Photochemistry&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Photochemistry (bado haujaandikwa)">Photochemistry</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kemia_ya_bidii_za_nuru_na_kemikali&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kemia ya bidii za nuru na kemikali (bado haujaandikwa)">Kemia ya bidii za nuru na kemikali</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kemia_ya_polima&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kemia ya polima (bado haujaandikwa)">Kemia ya polima</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kemia_ya_molekyuli_jitu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kemia ya molekyuli jitu (bado haujaandikwa)">Kemia ya molekyuli jitu</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kemia_ya_Wajihi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kemia ya Wajihi (bado haujaandikwa)">Kemia ya Wajihi</a>, na <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kemia_ya_athari-joto&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kemia ya athari-joto (bado haujaandikwa)">Kemia ya athari-joto</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kanuni_za_ujuzi">Kanuni za ujuzi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kemia&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Hariri sehemu: Kanuni za ujuzi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>hariri</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kemia&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Kanuni za ujuzi"><span>hariri chanzo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mifumo_ya_Kemia">Mifumo ya Kemia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kemia&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Hariri sehemu: Mifumo ya Kemia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>hariri</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kemia&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Mifumo ya Kemia"><span>hariri chanzo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mifumo ya kemia, ni taratibu zinazo husika kwa eneo hii kupea majina ya <a href="/w/index.php?title=Viungo_vya_kemikali&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Viungo vya kemikali (bado haujaandikwa)">viungo vya kemikali</a>. Kuna mifumo fumbuzi zaidi ya kupa majina kemikali zilizogudulika. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Viungo_mahuluku&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Viungo mahuluku (bado haujaandikwa)">Viungo mahuluku</a> zapewa majina kulingana na <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mifumo_ya_mahuluku&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mifumo ya mahuluku (bado haujaandikwa)">mifumo ya mahuluku</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Viungo_si_mahuluku&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Viungo si mahuluku (bado haujaandikwa)">viungo si mahuluku</a> za pewa majina kulingana na <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mifumo_ya_si_mahuluku&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mifumo ya si mahuluku (bado haujaandikwa)">mifumo ya si mahuluku</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Atomi"><a href="/wiki/Atomi" class="mw-redirect" title="Atomi">Atomi</a></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kemia&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Hariri sehemu: Atomi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>hariri</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kemia&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Atomi"><span>hariri chanzo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Atomi</i> ni muungano wa radhi ambazo zimepata sitima ya kuunga kwa kiini (kwa <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuklia_ya_atomi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nuklia ya atomi (bado haujaandikwa)">nuklia ya atomi</a>) ambayo ina <a href="/wiki/Protoni" title="Protoni">protoni</a> na <a href="/w/index.php?title=Niutroni&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Niutroni (bado haujaandikwa)">niutroni</a>, napia <a href="/wiki/Elektroni" title="Elektroni">elektroni</a> kadhaa ili kupima nguvu viini vilivyo na stima ya kuunga. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kiini">Kiini</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kemia&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Hariri sehemu: Kiini" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>hariri</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kemia&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: Kiini"><span>hariri chanzo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Kiini</i> ni atomi ambazo zina kiwango cha nambari za <a href="/wiki/Protoni" title="Protoni">protoni</a> na <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuklia_ya_atomi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nuklia ya atomi (bado haujaandikwa)">nuklia</a> sawa. Hii nambari yaitwa <a href="/w/index.php?title=Namba_ya_atomi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Namba ya atomi (bado haujaandikwa)">namba ya atomi</a> ya kiini. Kwa mfano, atomi zote zina 6 protoni kwa nuklia ni atomi za kiini cha kemikali <a href="/wiki/Caboni" class="mw-redirect" title="Caboni">caboni</a>, na atomika zote zina 92 protoni kwa nuklia ni atomi za kiini cha <a href="/wiki/Urani" title="Urani">urani</a>. </p><p>Maonyesho mazuri ya nambari za viini za kemikali ni <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jedwali_za_kemika&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jedwali za kemika (bado haujaandikwa)">jedwali</a>, ambayo huweka viini vya kemikali ambazo zina tabia sawa ya kemikali pamoja. Orodha ya viini <a href="/w/index.php?title=Orodha_ya_viini_kwa_jina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Orodha ya viini kwa jina (bado haujaandikwa)">kwa jina</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Orodha_ya_viini_kwa_ishara&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Orodha ya viini kwa ishara (bado haujaandikwa)">kwa ishara</a> na kwa <a href="/w/index.php?title=Orodha_ya_viini_kwa_nambari&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Orodha ya viini kwa nambari (bado haujaandikwa)">nambari ya atomi</a>, na pia kwa kuongezea kuna orodha ya <a href="/wiki/Aisotope" class="mw-redirect" title="Aisotope">aisotope</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Viungo">Viungo</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kemia&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Hariri sehemu: Viungo" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>hariri</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kemia&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section's source code: Viungo"><span>hariri chanzo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Kiungo</i> ni kifaa kilicho na hakiba tosha ya <a href="/w/index.php?title=Viini_vya_kemikali&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Viini vya kemikali (bado haujaandikwa)">viini vya kemikaliambazo</a> za zaleta viungo, an mpango wa kujiunganisha ambao unaleta tabia fulani ya kemikali. Mfano, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Maji_(molekyuli)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maji (molekyuli) (bado haujaandikwa)">maji</a> ni kiungo ambacho kina viini vya <a href="/wiki/Hidrojeni" title="Hidrojeni">hidrojeni</a> na <a href="/wiki/Oksijeni" title="Oksijeni">oksijeni</a> kwa uwiano wa mbili kwa moja, na oksijeni kati ya hidrojeni, na kwa pembe ya 104.5° kati. Viungo vi na tengenezwa na kubomolewa kwa <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jawabu_ya_kemikali&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jawabu ya kemikali (bado haujaandikwa)">Jawabu ya kemikali</a> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Molekyuli">Molekyuli</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kemia&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Hariri sehemu: Molekyuli" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>hariri</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kemia&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section's source code: Molekyuli"><span>hariri chanzo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Molekyuli</i> ni kiungo asili kidogo zaidi kwa <a href="/w/index.php?title=Viungo_vya_kemikali&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Viungo vya kemikali (bado haujaandikwa)">Viungo</a> au <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kiini_cha_kemikali&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kiini cha kemikali (bado haujaandikwa)">kiini</a>, ambacho hakiwezi kugauika mara nyingi, na kia tabia za kemikali. Molekyuli hasa yaweza kuwa na <a href="/wiki/Atomi" class="mw-redirect" title="Atomi">atomi</a> mbili ama zaidi, zinazo <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kujiunga_kwa_kemikali&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kujiunga kwa kemikali (bado haujaandikwa)">kujiunga</a> kikaza pamoja. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ioni">Ioni</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kemia&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Hariri sehemu: Ioni" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>hariri</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kemia&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section's source code: Ioni"><span>hariri chanzo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Ioni</i> ni kifaa kilicho na stima, ama atomi ama molekyuli ambayo imepoteza au kuongeza elektroni. Iliyoongeza yaitwa <a href="/wiki/Kationi" title="Kationi">kationi</a> (kama <a href="/wiki/Natiri" title="Natiri">natiri</a> kationi Na<sup>+</sup>) na iliyopoteza elektroni yaitwa <a href="/wiki/Anioni" title="Anioni">anioni</a> (kama <a href="/wiki/Klorini" title="Klorini">klorini</a> Cl<sup>-</sup>) ambazo zaweza kutulizana kama <a href="/wiki/Chumvi" class="mw-redirect" title="Chumvi">chumvi</a> kwa kemikali (ni <a href="/w/index.php?title=Natiri_ya_kloroni&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Natiri ya kloroni (bado haujaandikwa)">natiri ya kloroni</a> NaCl). Mfano wa <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ioni_za_poliatomi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ioni za poliatomi (bado haujaandikwa)">ioni za poliatomi</a> ambazo hazigawani wakati wa <a href="/w/index.php?title=Natharia_za_jawabu_ya_Kali-alkali&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Natharia za jawabu ya Kali-alkali (bado haujaandikwa)">Jawabu za kali-alkali</a> ni kama <a href="/w/index.php?title=Haidrojeni_oksijeni&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Haidrojeni oksijeni (bado haujaandikwa)">haidroksaidi</a> (OH<sup>-</sup>), ama <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fosfeti&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fosfeti (bado haujaandikwa)">fosfeti</a> (PO<sub>4</sub><sup>3-</sup>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kifaa">Kifaa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kemia&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Hariri sehemu: Kifaa" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>hariri</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kemia&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section's source code: Kifaa"><span>hariri chanzo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kifaa cha kemikali yaweza kuwa ni Kiini, Kiungo ama mchanganyiko wa Kiungo, Viini ama Viungo na viini. Radhi nyingi twaziona kilasiku kwa maisha yetu na mchanganyiko mwingine nikama <a href="/w/index.php?title=Anga_ya_dunia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anga ya dunia (bado haujaandikwa)">anga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aloi" title="Aloi">aloi</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Na_radhi_za_biolojia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Na radhi za biolojia (bado haujaandikwa)">na radhi za biolojia</a> na zaidi ya vitu vingine nyingi. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tazama_pia">Tazama pia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kemia&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Hariri sehemu: Tazama pia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>hariri</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kemia&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section's source code: Tazama pia"><span>hariri chanzo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orodha_ya_elementi" class="mw-redirect" title="Orodha ya elementi">Orodha ya elementi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mfumo_radidia" title="Mfumo radidia">Mfumo radidia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuzo_ya_Nobel_ya_Kemia" title="Tuzo ya Nobel ya Kemia">Tuzo ya Nobel ya Kemia</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tanbihi">Tanbihi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kemia&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Hariri sehemu: Tanbihi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>hariri</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kemia&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section's source code: Tanbihi"><span>hariri chanzo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist columns references-column-count references-column-count-2" style="-moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2; column-count: 2; list-style-type: decimal;"> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Marejeo">Marejeo</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kemia&veaction=edit&section=15" title="Hariri sehemu: Marejeo" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>hariri</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kemia&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section's source code: Marejeo"><span>hariri chanzo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1346650">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#2C882D;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911F}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{color:#f8a397}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{color:#f8a397}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911F}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAtkinsde_Paula2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_Atkins&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peter Atkins (bado haujaandikwa)">Atkins, Peter</a>; de Paula, Julio (2009) [1992]. <i>Elements of Physical Chemistry</i> (tol. la 5th). New York: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Oxford_University_Press&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oxford University Press (bado haujaandikwa)">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Maalum:ZuiaChanzo/978-0-19-922672-6" title="Maalum:ZuiaChanzo/978-0-19-922672-6"><bdi>978-0-19-922672-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Elements+of+Physical+Chemistry&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=5th&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-19-922672-6&rft.aulast=Atkins&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.au=de+Paula%2C+Julio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%3AKemia" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Kigezo:Cite_book" title="Kigezo:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Invalid <code class="cs1-code">|ref=harv</code> (<a href="/wiki/Msaada:CS1_errors#invalid_param_val" title="Msaada:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1346650" /><cite id="CITEREFBurrowsHolmanParsonsPilling2009" class="citation book cs1">Burrows, Andrew; Holman, John; Parsons, Andrew; Pilling, Gwen; Price, Gareth (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/chemistry3introd0000unse"><i>Chemistry<sup>3</sup></i></a>. Italy: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Oxford_University_Press&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oxford University Press (bado haujaandikwa)">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Maalum:ZuiaChanzo/978-0-19-927789-6" title="Maalum:ZuiaChanzo/978-0-19-927789-6"><bdi>978-0-19-927789-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chemistry%3Csup%3E3%3C%2Fsup%3E&rft.place=Italy&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-19-927789-6&rft.aulast=Burrows&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft.au=Holman%2C+John&rft.au=Parsons%2C+Andrew&rft.au=Pilling%2C+Gwen&rft.au=Price%2C+Gareth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fchemistry3introd0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%3AKemia" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Kigezo:Cite_book" title="Kigezo:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Invalid <code class="cs1-code">|ref=harv</code> (<a href="/wiki/Msaada:CS1_errors#invalid_param_val" title="Msaada:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1346650" /><cite id="CITEREFHousecroftSharpe2008" class="citation book cs1">Housecroft, Catherine E.; Sharpe, Alan G. (2008) [2001]. <i>Inorganic Chemistry</i> (tol. la 3rd). Harlow, Essex: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pearson_Education&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pearson Education (bado haujaandikwa)">Pearson Education</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Maalum:ZuiaChanzo/978-0-13-175553-6" title="Maalum:ZuiaChanzo/978-0-13-175553-6"><bdi>978-0-13-175553-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inorganic+Chemistry&rft.place=Harlow%2C+Essex&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Pearson+Education&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-13-175553-6&rft.aulast=Housecroft&rft.aufirst=Catherine+E.&rft.au=Sharpe%2C+Alan+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%3AKemia" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Kigezo:Cite_book" title="Kigezo:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Invalid <code class="cs1-code">|ref=harv</code> (<a href="/wiki/Msaada:CS1_errors#invalid_param_val" title="Msaada:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Marejeo_mengine">Marejeo mengine</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kemia&veaction=edit&section=16" title="Hariri sehemu: Marejeo mengine" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>hariri</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kemia&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section's source code: Marejeo mengine"><span>hariri chanzo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>Kwa umati</dt></dl> <ul><li>Atkins, P.W. <i>Galileo's Finger</i> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Oxford_University_Press&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oxford University Press (bado haujaandikwa)">Oxford University Press</a>) <a href="/wiki/Maalum:ZuiaChanzo/0198609418" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-19-860941-8</a></li> <li>Atkins, P.W. <i>Atkins' Molecules</i> (Cambridge University Press) <a href="/wiki/Maalum:ZuiaChanzo/0521823978" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-521-82397-8</a></li> <li>Kean, Sam. <i>The Disappearing Spoon - and other true tales from the Periodic Table </i>(Black Swan) London, 2010 <a href="/wiki/Maalum:ZuiaChanzo/9780552777506" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-552-77750-6</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Primo_Levi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Primo Levi (bado haujaandikwa)">Levi, Primo</a> <i>The Periodic Table</i> (Penguin Books) [1975] translated from the Italian by Raymond Rosenthal (1984) <a href="/wiki/Maalum:ZuiaChanzo/9780141399447" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-14-139944-7</a></li> <li>Stwertka, A. <i>A Guide to the Elements</i> (Oxford University Press) <a href="/wiki/Maalum:ZuiaChanzo/0195150279" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-19-515027-9</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1346650" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080310214753/http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/cgi-local/DHI/dhi.cgi?id=dv1-04">"Dictionary of the History of Ideas"</a>. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/cgi-local/DHI/dhi.cgi?id=dv1-04">chanzo</a> mnamo Machi 10, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+the+History+of+Ideas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fetext.lib.virginia.edu%2Fcgi-local%2FDHI%2Fdhi.cgi%3Fid%3Ddv1-04&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%3AKemia" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Kigezo:Cite_web" title="Kigezo:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Unknown parameter <code class="cs1-code">|deadurl=</code> ignored (<code class="cs1-code">|url-status=</code> suggested) (<a href="/wiki/Msaada:CS1_errors#parameter_ignored_suggest" title="Msaada:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment">CS1 maint: date auto-translated (<a href="/wiki/Jamii:CS1_maint:_date_auto-translated" title="Jamii:CS1 maint: date auto-translated">link</a>)</span></li></ul> <dl><dt>Kwa wasomi wa wastani</dt></dl> <ul><li>Atkins, P.W., Overton, T., Rourke, J., Weller, M. and Armstrong, F. <i>Shriver and Atkins inorganic chemistry</i> (4th edition) 2006 (Oxford University Press) <a href="/wiki/Maalum:ZuiaChanzo/0199264635" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-19-926463-5</a></li> <li>Chang, Raymond. <i>Chemistry</i> 6th ed. Boston: James M. Smith, 1998. <a href="/wiki/Maalum:ZuiaChanzo/0071152210" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-07-115221-0</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1346650" /><cite id="CITEREFClaydenGreevesWarrenWothers2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jonathan_Clayden&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jonathan Clayden (bado haujaandikwa)">Clayden, Jonathan</a>; Greeves, Nick; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Stuart_Warren&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stuart Warren (bado haujaandikwa)">Warren, Stuart</a>; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_Wothers&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peter Wothers (bado haujaandikwa)">Wothers, Peter</a> (2001). <i>Organic Chemistry</i> (tol. la 1st). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Maalum:ZuiaChanzo/978-0-19-850346-0" title="Maalum:ZuiaChanzo/978-0-19-850346-0"><bdi>978-0-19-850346-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Organic+Chemistry&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-850346-0&rft.aulast=Clayden&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft.au=Greeves%2C+Nick&rft.au=Warren%2C+Stuart&rft.au=Wothers%2C+Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%3AKemia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Voet and Voet <i>Biochemistry</i> (Wiley) <a href="/wiki/Maalum:ZuiaChanzo/047158651X" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-471-58651-X</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Kwa wasomi wa juu</dt></dl> <ul><li>Atkins, P.W. <i>Physical Chemistry</i> (Oxford University Press) <a href="/wiki/Maalum:ZuiaChanzo/0198792859" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-19-879285-9</a></li> <li>Atkins, P.W. et al. <i>Molecular Quantum Mechanics</i> (Oxford University Press)</li> <li>McWeeny, R. <i>Coulson's Valence</i> (Oxford Science Publications) <a href="/wiki/Maalum:ZuiaChanzo/0198551444" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-19-855144-4</a></li> <li>Pauling, L. <i>The Nature of the chemical bond</i> (Cornell University Press) <a href="/wiki/Maalum:ZuiaChanzo/0801403332" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-8014-0333-2</a></li> <li>Pauling, L., and Wilson, E. B. <i>Introduction to Quantum Mechanics with Applications to Chemistry</i> (Dover Publications) <a href="/wiki/Maalum:ZuiaChanzo/0486648710" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-486-64871-0</a></li> <li>Smart and Moore <i>Solid State Chemistry: An Introduction</i> (Chapman and Hall) <a href="/wiki/Maalum:ZuiaChanzo/0412400405" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-412-40040-5</a></li> <li>Stephenson, G. <i>Mathematical Methods for Science Students</i> (Longman) <a href="/wiki/Maalum:ZuiaChanzo/0582444160" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-582-44416-0</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Viungo_vya_nje">Viungo vya nje</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kemia&veaction=edit&section=17" title="Hariri sehemu: Viungo vya nje" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>hariri</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kemia&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section's source code: Viungo vya nje"><span>hariri chanzo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="noprint" style="clear: right; border: solid var(--border-color-base, #a2a9b1) 1px; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; font-size: 90%; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle, #f8f9fa); color:inherit; width: 250px; padding: 4px; spacing: 0px; text-align: left; float: right;"> <div style="float: left;"><figure class="mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Faili:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="WikiMedia Commons"><img alt="WikiMedia Commons" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/60px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/120px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a><figcaption>WikiMedia Commons</figcaption></figure></div> <div style="margin-left: 60px;"><a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons" title="Wikimedia Commons">Wikimedia Commons</a> ina media kuhusu: <div style="margin-left: 10px;"><i><b><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Chemistry?uselang=sw">Chemistry</a></b></i></div> </div> </div> <ul><li>Jedwali la Elementi kwa Kiswahili kutoka <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yale.edu/swahili">Kamusi Hai</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/20060820152345/http://www.yale.edu/swahili">Ilihifadhiwa</a> 20 Agosti 2006 kwenye <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. na <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://research.yale.edu/swahili/serve_pages/elementi.htm">kubwa</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/20060911084522/http://research.yale.edu/swahili/serve_pages/elementi.htm">Ilihifadhiwa</a> 11 Septemba 2006 kwenye <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ocw.mit.edu/OcwWeb/Chemistry/index.htm">MIT mafunzo wazi | kemia</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/20100505005511/http://ocw.mit.edu/OcwWeb/Chemistry/index.htm">Ilihifadhiwa</a> 5 Mei 2010 kwenye <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wikid.chem.yale.edu/">Wikidchem, hakiba ya kemia mbayo nibure</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/20100728140045/http://wikid.chem.yale.edu/">Ilihifadhiwa</a> 28 Julai 2010 kwenye <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.allchemicals.info/">Chemical Glossary</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chem.sis.nlm.nih.gov/chemidplus/">Chemistry Information Database</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chemicalforums.com/">Chemistry Forum</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chem.qmw.ac.uk/iupac/">IUPAC Nomenclature Home Page</a>, see especially the "Gold Book" containing definitions of standard chemical terms</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cci.ethz.ch/index.html">Experiments</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/20051123082538/http://www.cci.ethz.ch/index.html">Ilihifadhiwa</a> 23 Novemba 2005 kwenye <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. videos and photos of the techniques and results</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://81.207.88.128/science/">More experiments</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/20060309223352/http://81.207.88.128/science/">Ilihifadhiwa</a> 9 Machi 2006 kwenye <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. - lots of information about the elements too.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://physchem.ox.ac.uk/MSDS/">Material safety data sheets for a variety of chemicals</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/20071016164904/http://physchem.ox.ac.uk/MSDS/">Ilihifadhiwa</a> 16 Oktoba 2007 kwenye <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.flinnsci.com/search_MSDS.asp">Material Safety Data Sheets</a></li></ul> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Sayansi" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Kigezo:Sayansi" title="Kigezo:Sayansi"><span title="Onyesha kizego" style=";;background:none transparent;color:inherit;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;;">v</span></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Majadiliano_ya_kigezo:Sayansi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Majadiliano ya kigezo:Sayansi (bado haujaandikwa)"><span title="Majadiliano ya kigezo" style=";;background:none transparent;color:inherit;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;;">d</span></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kigezo:Sayansi&action=edit"><span title="Hariri kigezo" style=";;background:none transparent;color:inherit;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;;">e</span></a></li></ul></div><div id="Sayansi" 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dunia">Upimaji dunia</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <table style="font-size:90%; width: 65%; padding: 3px; margin: 0 auto;" class="toccolours"> <tbody><tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Faili:Science-symbol-2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Science-symbol-2.svg/40px-Science-symbol-2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Science-symbol-2.svg/60px-Science-symbol-2.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="87" data-file-height="87" /></a></span> </td> <td>Makala hii kuhusu mambo ya <a href="/wiki/Sayansi" title="Sayansi">sayansi</a> bado ni <b>mbegu</b>. <br /> Je, unajua kitu kuhusu <b>Kemia</b> kama historia yake au mahusiano yake na mada nyingine? <br />Labda unaona habari katika Wikipedia ya Kiingereza au lugha nyingine zinazofaa kutafsiriwa? <br />Basi unaweza kuisaidia Wikipedia kwa <a class="external text" 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