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id="toc-Digital_audio_laser-disc_prototypes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Digital_audio_laser-disc_prototypes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Digital audio laser-disc prototypes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Digital_audio_laser-disc_prototypes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Collaboration_and_standardization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Collaboration_and_standardization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Collaboration and standardization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Collaboration_and_standardization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Initial_launch_and_adoption" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Initial_launch_and_adoption"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Initial launch and adoption</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Initial_launch_and_adoption-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Further development</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Peak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Peak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Peak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Peak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Decline" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Decline"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Decline</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Decline-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Current_status" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Current_status"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>Current status</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Current_status-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Awards_and_accolades" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Awards_and_accolades"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8</span> <span>Awards and accolades</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Awards_and_accolades-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Physical_details" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Physical_details"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Physical details</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Physical_details-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Physical details subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Physical_details-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Integrity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Integrity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Integrity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Integrity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Disc_shapes_and_diameters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Disc_shapes_and_diameters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Disc shapes and diameters</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Disc_shapes_and_diameters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Logical_format" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Logical_format"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Logical format</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Logical_format-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Logical format subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Logical_format-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Audio_CD" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Audio_CD"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Audio CD</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Audio_CD-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Super_Audio_CD" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Super_Audio_CD"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Super Audio CD</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Super_Audio_CD-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-CD-MIDI" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#CD-MIDI"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>CD-MIDI</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-CD-MIDI-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-CD-ROM" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#CD-ROM"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>CD-ROM</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-CD-ROM-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Video_CD" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Video_CD"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Video CD</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Video_CD-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Super_Video_CD" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Super_Video_CD"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Super Video CD</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Super_Video_CD-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Photo_CD" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Photo_CD"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Photo CD</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Photo_CD-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-CD-i" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#CD-i"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.8</span> <span>CD-i</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-CD-i-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-CD-i_Ready" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#CD-i_Ready"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.9</span> <span>CD-i Ready</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-CD-i_Ready-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Enhanced_Music_CD_(CD+)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Enhanced_Music_CD_(CD+)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.10</span> <span>Enhanced Music CD (CD+)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Enhanced_Music_CD_(CD+)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-VinylDisc" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#VinylDisc"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.11</span> <span>VinylDisc</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-VinylDisc-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Manufacture,_cost,_and_pricing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Manufacture,_cost,_and_pricing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Manufacture, cost, and pricing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Manufacture,_cost,_and_pricing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Writable_compact_discs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Writable_compact_discs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Writable compact discs</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Writable_compact_discs-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Writable compact discs subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Writable_compact_discs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Recordable_CD" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recordable_CD"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Recordable CD</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recordable_CD-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-ReWritable_CD" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ReWritable_CD"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>ReWritable CD</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ReWritable_CD-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Copy_protection" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Copy_protection"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Copy protection</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Copy_protection-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Compact disc</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 103 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-103" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">103 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laserskyf" title="Laserskyf – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Laserskyf" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compact_Disc" title="Compact Disc – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Compact Disc" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%B2%E1%8B%B2" title="ሲዲ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ሲዲ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%B5_%D9%85%D8%B6%D8%BA%D9%88%D8%B7" title="قرص مضغوط – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="قرص مضغوط" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disco_compacto" title="Disco compacto – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Disco compacto" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%A9%DC%98%DC%AA%DC%A8%DC%90_%DC%9A%DC%A0%DC%9D%DC%A8%DC%90" title="ܩܘܪܨܐ ܚܠܝܨܐ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܩܘܪܨܐ ܚܠܝܨܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discu_compautu" title="Discu compautu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Discu compautu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD" title="CD – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="CD" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="سی‌دی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="سی‌دی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F_%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95" title="কমপ্যাক্ট ডিস্ক – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="কমপ্যাক্ট ডিস্ক" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD" title="CD – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="CD" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82-%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%BA" title="Кампакт-дыск – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Кампакт-дыск" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82-%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%BA" title="Кампакт-дыск – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Кампакт-дыск" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA" title="Компактдиск – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Компактдиск" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compact_Disc" title="Compact Disc – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Compact Disc" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compact_disc" title="Compact disc – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Compact disc" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disc_compacte" title="Disc compacte – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Disc compacte" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kompaktn%C3%AD_disk" title="Kompaktní disk – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kompaktní disk" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crynoddisg" title="Crynoddisg – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Crynoddisg" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cd" title="Cd – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Cd" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compact_Disc" title="Compact Disc – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Compact Disc" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD" title="CD – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="CD" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD" title="CD – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="CD" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disco_compacto" title="Disco compacto – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Disco compacto" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kompakta_disko" title="Kompakta disko – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kompakta disko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disko_trinko_(CD)" title="Disko trinko (CD) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Disko trinko (CD)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AD_%D9%81%D8%B4%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%87" title="لوح فشرده – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="لوح فشرده" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disque_compact" title="Disque compact – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Disque compact" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD" title="CD – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="CD" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dl%C3%BAthdhiosca" title="Dlúthdhiosca – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Dlúthdhiosca" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jysk_cumir" title="Jysk cumir – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Jysk cumir" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disco_compacto" title="Disco compacto – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Disco compacto" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%BD%A4%ED%8C%A9%ED%8A%B8_%EB%94%94%EC%8A%A4%ED%81%AC" title="콤팩트 디스크 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="콤팩트 디스크" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD" title="CD – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="CD" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%98%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%95" title="सघन चक – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="सघन चक" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD" title="CD – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="CD" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD" title="CD – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="CD" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cakram_padat" title="Cakram padat – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Cakram padat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disco_compacte" title="Disco compacte – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Disco compacte" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geisladiskur" title="Geisladiskur – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Geisladiskur" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compact_disc" title="Compact disc – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Compact disc" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%A7%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A8" title="תקליטור – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="תקליטור" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compact_Disc" title="Compact Disc – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Compact Disc" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD" title="CD – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="CD" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AB%D2%9B%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96" title="Ықшам дискі – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Ықшам дискі" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diski_Gandamize" title="Diski Gandamize – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Diski Gandamize" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA" title="Компакт диск – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Компакт диск" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compact_disc" title="Compact disc – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Compact disc" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discus_compactus" title="Discus compactus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Discus compactus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kompaktdisks" title="Kompaktdisks – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Kompaktdisks" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kompaktin%C4%97_plok%C5%A1tel%C4%97" title="Kompaktinė plokštelė – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kompaktinė plokštelė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD" title="CD – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="CD" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD" title="CD – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="CD" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA" title="Компактен диск – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Компактен диск" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D" title="കോംപാക്റ്റ് ഡിസ്ക് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കോംപാക്റ്റ് ഡിസ്ക്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cakera_padat" title="Cakera padat – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Cakera padat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD" title="CD – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="CD" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%85%E1%80%AE%E1%80%92%E1%80%AE%E1%80%93%E1%80%AC%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%80%95%E1%80%BC%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8" title="စီဒီဓာတ်ပြား – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="စီဒီဓာတ်ပြား" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compact_disc" title="Compact disc – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Compact disc" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95" title="कम्प्याक्ट डिस्क – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="कम्प्याक्ट डिस्क" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B3%E3%83%B3%E3%83%91%E3%82%AF%E3%83%88%E3%83%87%E3%82%A3%E3%82%B9%E3%82%AF" title="コンパクトディスク – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="コンパクトディスク" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD" title="CD – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="CD" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kompaktplate" title="Kompaktplate – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Kompaktplate" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82-%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA" title="Компакт-диск – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Компакт-диск" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kompakt-disk" title="Kompakt-disk – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Kompakt-disk" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%9F_%E0%A8%A1%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%95" title="ਕਮਪੈਕਟ ਡਿਸਕ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਕਮਪੈਕਟ ਡਿਸਕ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C_%DA%88%DB%8C" title="سی ڈی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="سی ڈی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%DB%90%DA%9A%D9%83%D9%84%D9%89_%D9%BC%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%84%D9%89_(CD)" title="كېښكلى ټيكلى (CD) – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="كېښكلى ټيكلى (CD)" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%9F%E1%9F%8A%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%8C%E1%9E%B8" title="ស៊ីឌី – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ស៊ីឌី" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compact_Disc" title="Compact Disc – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Compact Disc" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C5%82yta_kompaktowa" title="Płyta kompaktowa – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Płyta kompaktowa" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compact_disc" title="Compact disc – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Compact disc" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disc_compact" title="Disc compact – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Disc compact" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%91it%27isqa_phiruru" title="Ñit'isqa phiruru – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Ñit'isqa phiruru" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82-%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA" title="Компакт-диск – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Компакт-диск" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82-%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%8D" title="Компакт-диискэ – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Компакт-диискэ" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disku_kompakt" title="Disku kompakt – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Disku kompakt" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compact_Disc" title="Compact Disc – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Compact Disc" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%82%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AD_%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%90%E0%B6%A7%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA" title="සංයුක්ත තැටිය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="සංයුක්ත තැටිය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compact_disc" title="Compact disc – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Compact disc" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kompaktn%C3%BD_disk" title="Kompaktný disk – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Kompaktný disk" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zgo%C5%A1%C4%8Denka" title="Zgoščenka – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Zgoščenka" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD" title="CD – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="CD" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%95%D9%BE%DA%A9%DB%8C_%D9%BE%DB%95%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8E%D9%86%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%88" title="پەپکی پەستێنراو – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="پەپکی پەستێنراو" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82-%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA" title="Компакт-диск – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Компакт-диск" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kompaktni_disk" title="Kompaktni disk – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kompaktni disk" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD-levy" title="CD-levy – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="CD-levy" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD" title="CD – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="CD" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD" title="CD – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="CD" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81" title="குறுந்தகடு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="குறுந்தகடு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%A1%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D" title="కంపాక్ట్ డిస్క్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="కంపాక్ట్ డిస్క్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9C%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5" title="แผ่นซีดี – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="แผ่นซีดี" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD" title="CD – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="CD" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82-%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA" title="Компакт-диск – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Компакт-диск" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%85%D9%BE%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%B9_%DA%88%D8%B3%DA%A9" title="کمپیکٹ ڈسک – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="کمپیکٹ ڈسک" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD" title="CD – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="CD" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD" title="CD – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="CD" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD" title="CD – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="CD" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD" title="CD – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="CD" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%93%D7%99" title="סידי – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="סידי" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD" title="CD – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="CD" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg 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</div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" 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format</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"CD" and "CDs" redirect here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/CD_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="CD (disambiguation)">CD (disambiguation)</a> and <a href="/wiki/CDS_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="CDS (disambiguation)">CDS (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the 'audio CD' specifically or the chemical element with symbol Cd, see <a href="/wiki/Compact_Disc_Digital_Audio" title="Compact Disc Digital Audio">Compact Disc Digital Audio</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cadmium" title="Cadmium">Cadmium</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Compact disc</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size skin-invert" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Compact_Disc_wordmark.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Compact_Disc_wordmark.svg/130px-Compact_Disc_wordmark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="64" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Compact_Disc_wordmark.svg/195px-Compact_Disc_wordmark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Compact_Disc_wordmark.svg/260px-Compact_Disc_wordmark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="435" data-file-height="213" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:CD_autolev_crop_new.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/CD_autolev_crop_new.jpg/220px-CD_autolev_crop_new.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/CD_autolev_crop_new.jpg/330px-CD_autolev_crop_new.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/CD_autolev_crop_new.jpg/440px-CD_autolev_crop_new.jpg 2x" data-file-width="730" data-file-height="730" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">The readable surface of a compact disc includes a spiral track wound tightly enough to cause light to <a href="/wiki/Diffraction_grating" title="Diffraction grating">diffract</a> into a full <a href="/wiki/Visible_spectrum" title="Visible spectrum">visible spectrum</a>.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Media type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Optical_disc" title="Optical disc">Optical disc</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Content_format" title="Content format">Encoding</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Various</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capacity</th><td class="infobox-data">Typically up to 700 <a href="/wiki/MiB" class="mw-redirect" title="MiB">MiB</a> (up to 80 minutes audio), 800 <a href="/wiki/MiB" class="mw-redirect" title="MiB">MiB</a> (also up to 90 minutes audio), 870 <a href="/wiki/MiB" class="mw-redirect" title="MiB">MiB</a> (and up to 99 minutes audio)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Read<span class="nowrap"> </span>mechanism</th><td class="infobox-data">780 <a href="/wiki/Nanometre" title="Nanometre">nm</a> wavelength (<a href="/wiki/Infrared" title="Infrared">infrared</a>) semiconductor laser (early players used <a href="/wiki/Helium%E2%80%93neon_laser" title="Helium–neon laser">helium–neon lasers</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Write<span class="nowrap"> </span>mechanism</th><td class="infobox-data">780 nm wavelength (infrared) semiconductor laser in recordable formats <a href="/wiki/CD-R" title="CD-R">CD-R</a> and <a href="/wiki/CD-RW" title="CD-RW">CD-RW</a>, stamped in read-only formats</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/International_standard" title="International standard">Standard</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Rainbow_Books" title="Rainbow Books">Rainbow Books</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Developed<span class="nowrap"> </span>by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Philips" title="Philips">Philips</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sony" title="Sony">Sony</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Dimensions</th><td class="infobox-data">Diameter: 120 mm (4.7 in) <br /> Thickness: 1.2 mm (0.047 in)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Usage</th><td class="infobox-data">Audio and data storage</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Extended<span class="nowrap"> </span>from</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/LaserDisc" title="LaserDisc">LaserDisc</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Extended<span class="nowrap"> </span>to</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/CD-RW" title="CD-RW">CD-RW</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/DVD" title="DVD">DVD</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Super_Audio_CD" title="Super Audio CD">Super Audio CD</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Released</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>October 1982<span class="noprint">; 42 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1982-10</span>)</span> (Japan)</li><li>March 1983<span class="noprint">; 41 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1983-03</span>)</span> (Europe and North America)</li></ul></div><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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.sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Optical_disc" title="Optical disc">Optical discs</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:CD_icon_test.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/CD_icon_test.svg/128px-CD_icon_test.svg.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/CD_icon_test.svg/192px-CD_icon_test.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/CD_icon_test.svg/256px-CD_icon_test.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">General</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Optical_disc" title="Optical disc">Optical disc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_disc_drive" title="Optical disc drive">Optical disc drive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_disc_authoring" title="Optical disc authoring">Optical disc authoring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_disc_authoring#Software" title="Optical disc authoring">Authoring software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_disc_recording_technologies" title="Optical disc recording technologies">Recording technologies</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Optical_disc_recording_modes" title="Optical disc recording modes">Recording modes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Packet_writing" title="Packet writing">Packet writing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burst_cutting_area" title="Burst cutting area">Burst cutting area</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Optical media types</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li><b>Compact disc (<a class="mw-selflink selflink">CD</a>):</b> <a href="/wiki/Compact_Disc_Digital_Audio" title="Compact Disc Digital Audio">CD-DA</a>, <a href="/wiki/CD-ROM" title="CD-ROM">CD-ROM</a>, <a href="/wiki/CD-R" title="CD-R">CD-R</a>, <a href="/wiki/CD-RW" title="CD-RW">CD-RW</a>, <a href="/wiki/5.1_Music_Disc" class="mw-redirect" title="5.1 Music Disc">5.1 Music Disc</a>, Super Audio CD (<a href="/wiki/Super_Audio_CD" title="Super Audio CD">SACD</a>), <a href="/wiki/Photo_CD" title="Photo CD">Photo CD</a>, CD Video (<a href="/wiki/CD_Video" title="CD Video">CDV</a>), Video CD (<a href="/wiki/Video_CD" title="Video CD">VCD</a>), Super Video CD (<a href="/wiki/Super_Video_CD" title="Super Video CD">SVCD</a>), <a href="/wiki/CD%2BG" title="CD+G">CD+G</a>, <a href="/wiki/CD-Text" title="CD-Text">CD-Text</a>, <a href="/wiki/CD-ROM_XA" class="mw-redirect" title="CD-ROM XA">CD-ROM XA</a>, <a href="/wiki/CD-i" title="CD-i">CD-i</a>, <a href="/wiki/MIL-CD" class="mw-redirect" title="MIL-CD">MIL-CD</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mini_CD" title="Mini CD">Mini CD</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/DVD" title="DVD">DVD</a>:</b> <a href="/wiki/DVD-R" class="mw-redirect" title="DVD-R">DVD-R</a>, <a href="/wiki/DVD%2BR" class="mw-redirect" title="DVD+R">DVD+R</a>, <a href="/wiki/DVD-R_DL" title="DVD-R DL">DVD-R DL</a>, <a href="/wiki/DVD%2BR_DL" title="DVD+R DL">DVD+R DL</a>, <a href="/wiki/DVD-R_DS" title="DVD-R DS">DVD-R DS</a>, <a href="/wiki/DVD%2BR_DS" title="DVD+R DS">DVD+R DS</a>, <a href="/wiki/DVD-RW" class="mw-redirect" title="DVD-RW">DVD-RW</a>, <a href="/wiki/DVD%2BRW" class="mw-redirect" title="DVD+RW">DVD+RW</a>, <a href="/wiki/DVD-RAM" title="DVD-RAM">DVD-RAM</a>, <a href="/wiki/DVD-D" title="DVD-D">DVD-D</a>, <a href="/wiki/DVD-Audio" title="DVD-Audio">DVD-A</a>, <a href="/wiki/DVD-Video" title="DVD-Video">DVD-Video</a>, <a href="/wiki/High-Definition_Versatile_Disc" title="High-Definition Versatile Disc">HVD</a>, <a href="/wiki/EcoDisc" title="EcoDisc">EcoDisc</a>, <a href="/wiki/MiniDVD" title="MiniDVD">MiniDVD</a></li> <li><b>Blu-ray Disc (<a href="/wiki/Blu-ray" title="Blu-ray">BD</a>):</b> <a href="/wiki/Blu-ray_Disc_recordable" title="Blu-ray Disc recordable">BD-R & BD-RE</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blu-ray_3D" class="mw-redirect" title="Blu-ray 3D">Blu-ray 3D</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blu-ray#Mini_Blu-ray_Disc" title="Blu-ray">Mini Blu-ray Disc</a>, 4K Blu-ray (<a href="/wiki/Ultra_HD_Blu-ray" title="Ultra HD Blu-ray">Ultra HD Blu-ray</a>)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/M-DISC" title="M-DISC">M-DISC</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Universal_Media_Disc" title="Universal Media Disc">Universal Media Disc (UMD)</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Enhanced_Versatile_Disc" title="Enhanced Versatile Disc">Enhanced Versatile Disc (EVD)</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Forward_Versatile_Disc" title="Forward Versatile Disc">Forward Versatile Disc (FVD)</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Holographic_Versatile_Disc" title="Holographic Versatile Disc">Holographic Versatile Disc (HVD)</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/China_Blue_High-definition_Disc" title="China Blue High-definition Disc">China Blue High-definition Disc (CBHD)</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/HD_DVD" title="HD DVD">HD DVD</a>:</b> <a href="/wiki/HD_DVD-R" class="mw-redirect" title="HD DVD-R">HD DVD-R</a>, <a href="/wiki/HD_DVD-RW" class="mw-redirect" title="HD DVD-RW">HD DVD-RW</a>, <a href="/wiki/HD_DVD-RAM" class="mw-redirect" title="HD DVD-RAM">HD DVD-RAM</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/High-Definition_Versatile_Multilayer_Disc" class="mw-redirect" title="High-Definition Versatile Multilayer Disc">High-Definition Versatile Multilayer Disc (HD VMD)</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/VCDHD" title="VCDHD">VCDHD</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/GD-ROM" title="GD-ROM">GD-ROM</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Personal_Video_Disc" class="mw-redirect" title="Personal Video Disc">Personal Video Disc (PVD)</a></b></li> <li><b>MiniDisc (<a href="/wiki/MiniDisc" title="MiniDisc">MD</a>):</b> <a href="/wiki/MD_Data" title="MD Data">MD Data, MD Data2</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Hi-MD" title="Hi-MD">Hi-MD</a></b></li> <li><b>LaserDisc (<a href="/wiki/LaserDisc" title="LaserDisc">LD</a>):</b> <a href="/wiki/LD-ROM" class="mw-redirect" title="LD-ROM">LD-ROM</a>, <a href="/wiki/LV-ROM" title="LV-ROM">LV-ROM</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Video_Single_Disc" title="Video Single Disc">Video Single Disc (VSD)</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Magneto-optical_drive" title="Magneto-optical drive">Magneto-optical discs</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ultra_Density_Optical" title="Ultra Density Optical">Ultra Density Optical (UDO)</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/3D_optical_data_storage" title="3D optical data storage">3D optical data storage</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Stacked_Volumetric_Optical_Disc" title="Stacked Volumetric Optical Disc">Stacked Volumetric Optical Disk (SVOD)</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Fluorescent_Multilayer_Disc" class="mw-redirect" title="Fluorescent Multilayer Disc">Fluorescent Multilayer Disc</a> </b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Hyper_CD-ROM" title="Hyper CD-ROM">Hyper CD-ROM</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Nintendo_optical_discs" title="Nintendo optical discs">Nintendo optical disc (NOD)</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Archival_Disc" title="Archival Disc">Archival Disc</a> (AD)</b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Professional_Disc" title="Professional Disc">Professional Disc</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/DataPlay" title="DataPlay">DataPlay</a></b></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Standards</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Small_Form_Factor_Committee" title="Small Form Factor Committee">SFF</a> <a href="/wiki/ATA_Packet_Interface" class="mw-redirect" title="ATA Packet Interface">ATAPI</a>/<a href="/wiki/SCSI_Multimedia_Commands" title="SCSI Multimedia Commands">MMC</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Rainier_(packet_writing)" title="Mount Rainier (packet writing)">Mount Rainier</a> (packet writing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Layer_Jump_Recording" title="Layer Jump Recording">Mount Fuji</a> (layer jump recording)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainbow_Books" title="Rainbow Books">Rainbow Books</a></li> <li>File systems <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISO_9660" title="ISO 9660">ISO 9660</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joliet_(file_system)" class="mw-redirect" title="Joliet (file system)">Joliet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romeo_file_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Romeo file system">Romeo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_Ridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Rock Ridge">Rock Ridge</a> / SUSP</li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Torito_(CD-ROM_standard)" class="mw-redirect" title="El Torito (CD-ROM standard)">El Torito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_ISO_9660_Extensions" class="mw-redirect" title="Apple ISO 9660 Extensions">Apple ISO 9660 Extensions</a></li></ul></li> <li>Universal Disk Format (<a href="/wiki/Universal_Disk_Format" title="Universal Disk Format">UDF</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_13490" title="ISO 13490">ISO 13490</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">See also</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_optical_storage_media" class="mw-redirect" title="History of optical storage media">History of optical storage media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-definition_optical_disc_format_war" title="High-definition optical disc format war">High-definition optical disc format war</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Optical_disc" title="Template:Optical disc"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Optical_disc" title="Template talk:Optical disc"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Optical_disc" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Optical disc"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>compact disc</b> (<b>CD</b>) is a <a href="/wiki/Digital_media" title="Digital media">digital</a> <a href="/wiki/Optical_disc" title="Optical disc">optical disc</a> <a href="/wiki/Data_storage" title="Data storage">data storage</a> format that was co-developed by <a href="/wiki/Philips" title="Philips">Philips</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sony" title="Sony">Sony</a> to store and play <a href="/wiki/Digital_audio" title="Digital audio">digital audio</a> recordings. It uses the <a href="/wiki/Compact_Disc_Digital_Audio" title="Compact Disc Digital Audio">Compact Disc Digital Audio</a> format which typically provides 74 minutes of audio on a disc. In later years, the compact disc was adapted for non-audio <a href="/wiki/Computer_data_storage" title="Computer data storage">computer data storage</a> purposes as <a href="/wiki/CD-ROM" title="CD-ROM">CD-ROM</a> and its derivatives. First released in <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> in October 1982, the CD was the second optical disc technology to be invented, after the much larger <a href="/wiki/LaserDisc" title="LaserDisc">LaserDisc</a> (LD). By 2007, 200 billion CDs (including audio CDs, CD-ROMs and CD-Rs) had been sold worldwide. </p><p>Standard CDs have a diameter of 120 mm (4.7 in), and are designed to hold up to 74 minutes of uncompressed <a href="/wiki/Stereo" class="mw-redirect" title="Stereo">stereo</a> digital audio or about <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7002650000000000000♠"></span>650</span> <a href="/wiki/Mebibyte" class="mw-redirect" title="Mebibyte">MiB</a> (<span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7008681574400000000♠"></span>681,574,400</span> bytes) of data. Capacity is routinely extended to 80 minutes and <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7002700000000000000♠"></span>700</span> MiB (<span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7008734003200000000♠"></span>734,003,200</span> bytes), 90 minutes <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7002800000000000000♠"></span>800</span> MiB (<span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7008838860800000000♠"></span>838,860,800</span> bytes), or 99 minutes <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7002870000000000000♠"></span>870</span> MiB (<span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7008912261120000000♠"></span>912,261,120</span> bytes) by arranging data more closely on the same-sized disc. The <a href="/wiki/Mini_CD" title="Mini CD">Mini CD</a> has various diameters ranging from 60 to 80 millimetres (2.4 to 3.1 in); they have been used for <a href="/wiki/CD_single" title="CD single">CD singles</a> or delivering <a href="/wiki/Device_driver" title="Device driver">device drivers</a>. </p><p>The CD gained rapid popularity in the 1990s, quickly outselling all other <a href="/wiki/Audio_formats" class="mw-redirect" title="Audio formats">audio formats</a> in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> by 1991, ending the <a href="/wiki/Market_dominance" class="mw-redirect" title="Market dominance">market dominance</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Phonograph_record" title="Phonograph record">phonograph record</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Cassette_tape" title="Cassette tape">cassette tape</a>. By 2000, the CD accounted for 92.3% of the entire <a href="/wiki/Market_share" title="Market share">market share</a> in regard to US <a href="/wiki/Music_sales" class="mw-redirect" title="Music sales">music sales</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The CD is considered the last dominant audio format of the <a href="/wiki/Album_era" title="Album era">album era</a>, as the rise of <a href="/wiki/MP3" title="MP3">MP3</a>, <a href="/wiki/ITunes" title="ITunes">iTunes</a>, cellular <a href="/wiki/Ringtones" class="mw-redirect" title="Ringtones">ringtones</a>, and other <a href="/wiki/Music_download" title="Music download">downloadable</a> music formats in the mid-2000s ended the decade-long dominance of the CD.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The format was later adapted (as <a href="/wiki/CD-ROM" title="CD-ROM">CD-ROM</a>) for general purpose data storage and initially could hold much more data than a <a href="/wiki/Personal_computer" title="Personal computer">personal computer</a> <a href="/wiki/Hard_disk_drive" title="Hard disk drive">hard disk drive</a>. Several other formats were further derived, both pre-pressed and blank user writable, including write-once audio and data storage (<a href="/wiki/CD-R" title="CD-R">CD-R</a>), rewritable media (<a href="/wiki/CD-RW" title="CD-RW">CD-RW</a>), <a href="/wiki/Video_CD" title="Video CD">Video CD</a> (VCD), <a href="/wiki/Super_Video_CD" title="Super Video CD">Super Video CD</a> (SVCD), <a href="/wiki/Photo_CD" title="Photo CD">Photo CD</a>, <a href="/wiki/Picture_CD" title="Picture CD">Picture CD</a>, Compact Disc-Interactive (<a href="/wiki/CD-i" title="CD-i">CD-i</a>), <a href="/wiki/Enhanced_Music_CD" class="mw-redirect" title="Enhanced Music CD">Enhanced Music CD</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Super_Audio_CD" title="Super Audio CD">Super Audio CD</a> (SACD) which may have a <a href="/wiki/CD-DA" class="mw-redirect" title="CD-DA">CD-DA</a> layer. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Compact_disc&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Compact_Disc_Digital_Audio#History" title="Compact Disc Digital Audio">Compact Disc Digital Audio § History</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Compact_Disc_Digital_Audio&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Optophone" title="Optophone">optophone</a>, first presented in 1931, was an early device that used light for both recording and playback of sound signals on a <a href="/wiki/Negative_(photography)" title="Negative (photography)">transparent photograph</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More than thirty years later, American inventor <a href="/wiki/James_Russell_(inventor)" title="James Russell (inventor)">James T. Russell</a> has been credited with inventing the first system to record digital media on a photosensitive plate. Russell's patent application was filed in 1966, and he was granted a patent in 1970.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following litigation, <a href="/wiki/Sony" title="Sony">Sony</a> and <a href="/wiki/Philips" title="Philips">Philips</a> licensed Russell's patents for recording in 1988.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is debatable whether Russell's concepts, patents, and prototypes instigated and in some measure influenced the compact disc's design.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The compact disc is an evolution of <a href="/wiki/LaserDisc" title="LaserDisc">LaserDisc</a> technology,<sup id="cite_ref-Immink_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Immink-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where a focused <a href="/wiki/Laser" title="Laser">laser</a> beam is used that enables the high information density required for high-quality digital audio signals. Unlike the prior art by Optophonie and James Russell, the information on the disc is read from a reflective layer using a laser as a light source through a protective substrate. Prototypes were developed by Philips and Sony independently in the late 1970s.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although originally dismissed by <a href="/wiki/Philips_Research" class="mw-redirect" title="Philips Research">Philips Research</a> management as a trivial pursuit,<sup id="cite_ref-Compact_Disc_Digital_Audio_Immink2_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Compact_Disc_Digital_Audio_Immink2-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the CD became the primary focus for Philips as the <a href="/wiki/LaserDisc" title="LaserDisc">LaserDisc</a> format struggled.<sup id="cite_ref-Compact_Disc_Digital_Audio_AndItsEnd_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Compact_Disc_Digital_Audio_AndItsEnd-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1979, Sony and Philips set up a joint task force of engineers to design a new digital audio disc. After a year of experimentation and discussion, the <i><a href="/wiki/Rainbow_Books" title="Rainbow Books">Red Book</a></i> CD-DA standard was published in 1980. After their commercial release in 1982, compact discs and their players were extremely popular. Despite costing up to $1,000, over 400,000 CD players were sold in the United States between 1983 and 1984.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1988, CD sales in the United States surpassed those of vinyl LPs, and, by 1992, CD sales surpassed those of prerecorded music-cassette tapes.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The success of the compact disc has been credited to the cooperation between Philips and Sony, which together agreed upon and developed compatible hardware. The unified design of the compact disc allowed consumers to purchase any disc or player from any company and allowed the CD to dominate the at-home music market unchallenged.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Digital_audio_laser-disc_prototypes">Digital audio laser-disc prototypes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Excerpt&action=edit&section=T-1" title="Edit section: Digital audio laser-disc prototypes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1974, Lou Ottens, director of the audio division of Philips, started a small group to develop an analog optical audio disc with a diameter of 20 cm (7.9 in) and a sound quality superior to that of the vinyl record.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, due to the unsatisfactory performance of the analog format, two Philips research engineers recommended a digital format in March 1974. In 1977, Philips then established a laboratory with the mission of creating a digital audio disc. The diameter of Philips's prototype compact disc was set at 11.5 cm (4.5 in), the diagonal of an audio cassette.<sup id="cite_ref-Immink_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Immink-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-peek_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-peek-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Heitaro_Nakajima" title="Heitaro Nakajima">Heitaro Nakajima</a>, who developed an early digital audio recorder within Japan's national public broadcasting organization, <a href="/wiki/NHK" title="NHK">NHK</a>, in 1970, became general manager of Sony's audio department in 1971. In 1973, his team developed a digital <a href="/wiki/PCM_adaptor" title="PCM adaptor">PCM adaptor</a> that made audio recordings using a <a href="/wiki/Betamax" title="Betamax">Betamax</a> video recorder. After this, in 1974 the leap to storing digital audio on an optical disc was easily made.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sony first publicly demonstrated an optical digital audio disc in September 1976. A year later, in September 1977, Sony showed the press a 30 cm (12 in) disc that could play an hour of digital audio (44,100 Hz sampling rate and 16-bit resolution) using <a href="/wiki/Modified_frequency_modulation" title="Modified frequency modulation">modified frequency modulation</a> encoding.<sup id="cite_ref-Compact_Disc_Digital_Audio_SonyHistorical_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Compact_Disc_Digital_Audio_SonyHistorical-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In September 1978, the company demonstrated an optical digital audio disc with a 150-minute playing time, 44,056 Hz sampling rate, 16-bit linear resolution, and <a href="/wiki/Cross-interleaved_Reed-Solomon_coding" class="mw-redirect" title="Cross-interleaved Reed-Solomon coding">cross-interleaved Reed-Solomon coding</a> (CIRC) <a href="/wiki/Error_correction_code" title="Error correction code">error correction code</a>—specifications similar to those later settled upon for the standard compact disc format in 1980. Technical details of Sony's digital audio disc were presented during the 62nd <a href="/wiki/Audio_Engineering_Society" title="Audio Engineering Society">AES</a> Convention, held on 13–16 March 1979, in <a href="/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-SonyHistorical_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SonyHistorical-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sony's AES technical paper was published on 1 March 1979. A week later, on 8 March, Philips publicly demonstrated a prototype of an optical digital audio disc at a press conference called "Philips Introduce Compact Disc"<sup id="cite_ref-BBC6950933_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC6950933-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in <a href="/wiki/Eindhoven" title="Eindhoven">Eindhoven</a>, Netherlands.<sup id="cite_ref-Compact_Disc_Digital_Audio_PhilipsHistorical_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Compact_Disc_Digital_Audio_PhilipsHistorical-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sony executive <a href="/wiki/Norio_Ohga" title="Norio Ohga">Norio Ohga</a>, later CEO and chairman of Sony, and <a href="/wiki/Heitaro_Nakajima" title="Heitaro Nakajima">Heitaro Nakajima</a> were convinced of the format's commercial potential and pushed further development despite widespread skepticism.<sup id="cite_ref-Compact_Disc_Digital_Audio_Ohgaobituary_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Compact_Disc_Digital_Audio_Ohgaobituary-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Collaboration_and_standardization">Collaboration and standardization</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Excerpt&action=edit&section=T-2" title="Edit section: Collaboration and standardization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Schouhamerimmink.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Schouhamerimmink.jpg/170px-Schouhamerimmink.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="259" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Schouhamerimmink.jpg/255px-Schouhamerimmink.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Schouhamerimmink.jpg/340px-Schouhamerimmink.jpg 2x" data-file-width="498" data-file-height="760" /></a><figcaption>Dutch inventor and Philips chief engineer <a href="/wiki/Kees_Schouhamer_Immink" title="Kees Schouhamer Immink">Kees Schouhamer Immink</a> was part of the team that produced the standard compact disc in 1980</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1979, Sony and Philips set up a joint task force of engineers to design a new digital audio disc. Led by engineers <a href="/wiki/Kees_Schouhamer_Immink" title="Kees Schouhamer Immink">Kees Schouhamer Immink</a> and <a href="/wiki/Toshitada_Doi" title="Toshitada Doi">Toshitada Doi</a>, the research pushed forward <a href="/wiki/Laser" title="Laser">laser</a> and <a href="/wiki/Optical_disc" title="Optical disc">optical disc</a> technology.<sup id="cite_ref-Compact_Disc_Digital_Audio_BBC6950933_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Compact_Disc_Digital_Audio_BBC6950933-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After a year of experimentation and discussion, the task force produced the <i>Red Book</i> CD-DA standard. First published in 1980, the standard was formally adopted by the <a href="/wiki/IEC" class="mw-redirect" title="IEC">IEC</a> as an international standard in 1987, with various amendments becoming part of the standard in 1996.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Philips coined the term <i>compact disc</i> in line with another audio product, the <a href="/wiki/Compact_Cassette" class="mw-redirect" title="Compact Cassette">Compact Cassette</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Compact_Disc_Digital_Audio_peek_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Compact_Disc_Digital_Audio_peek-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and contributed the general manufacturing <a href="/wiki/Industrial_process" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrial process">process</a>, based on video LaserDisc technology. Philips also contributed <a href="/wiki/Eight-to-fourteen_modulation" title="Eight-to-fourteen modulation">eight-to-fourteen modulation</a> (EFM), while Sony contributed the <a href="/wiki/Error-correction" class="mw-redirect" title="Error-correction">error-correction</a> method, CIRC, which offers resilience to defects such as scratches and fingerprints. </p><p><i>The Compact Disc Story</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-Compact_Disc_Digital_Audio_Immink_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Compact_Disc_Digital_Audio_Immink-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> told by a former member of the task force, gives background information on the many technical decisions made, including the choice of the sampling frequency, playing time, and disc diameter. The task force consisted of around 6 persons,<sup id="cite_ref-Compact_Disc_Digital_Audio_Immink2_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Compact_Disc_Digital_Audio_Immink2-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Compact_Disc_Digital_Audio_Knopper_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Compact_Disc_Digital_Audio_Knopper-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though according to Philips, the compact disc was "invented collectively by a large group of people working as a team".<sup id="cite_ref-Compact_Disc_Digital_Audio_PhilDoss_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Compact_Disc_Digital_Audio_PhilDoss-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Initial_launch_and_adoption">Initial launch and adoption</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Excerpt&action=edit&section=T-3" title="Edit section: Initial launch and adoption"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Early milestones in the launch and adoption of the format included: </p> <ul><li>The first <i>test pressing</i> was of a recording of <a href="/wiki/Richard_Strauss" title="Richard Strauss">Richard Strauss</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/An_Alpine_Symphony" title="An Alpine Symphony">An Alpine Symphony</a></i>, recorded December 1–3, 1980 and played by the <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Philharmonic" title="Berlin Philharmonic">Berlin Philharmonic</a> and conducted by <a href="/wiki/Herbert_von_Karajan" title="Herbert von Karajan">Herbert von Karajan</a>, who had been enlisted as an ambassador for the format in 1979.<sup id="cite_ref-Compact_Disc_Digital_Audio_Karajan_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Compact_Disc_Digital_Audio_Karajan-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The world presentation took place during the <a href="/wiki/Salzburg_Easter_Festival" title="Salzburg Easter Festival">Salzburg Easter Festival</a> on 15 April 1981, at a press conference of <a href="/wiki/Akio_Morita" title="Akio Morita">Akio Morita</a> and Norio Ohga (Sony), Joop van Tilburg (Philips), and Richard Busch (PolyGram), in the presence of Karajan who praised the new format.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The first <i>public demonstration</i> was on the <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> television programme <i><a href="/wiki/Tomorrow%27s_World" title="Tomorrow's World">Tomorrow's World</a></i> in 1981, when the <a href="/wiki/Bee_Gees" title="Bee Gees">Bee Gees</a>' album <i><a href="/wiki/Living_Eyes_(Bee_Gees_album)" title="Living Eyes (Bee Gees album)">Living Eyes</a></i> (1981) was played.<sup id="cite_ref-Compact_Disc_Digital_Audio_AutoMR-4_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Compact_Disc_Digital_Audio_AutoMR-4-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The first <i>commercial</i> compact disc was produced on 17 August 1982, a 1979 recording of <a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Chopin" title="Frédéric Chopin">Chopin</a> waltzes performed by <a href="/wiki/Claudio_Arrau" title="Claudio Arrau">Claudio Arrau</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The first 50 titles were <i>released</i> in Japan on 1 October 1982,<sup id="cite_ref-Compact_Disc_Digital_Audio_AutoMR-6_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Compact_Disc_Digital_Audio_AutoMR-6-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the first of which was a re-release of the <a href="/wiki/Billy_Joel" title="Billy Joel">Billy Joel</a> album <i><a href="/wiki/52nd_Street_(album)" title="52nd Street (album)">52nd Street</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The first CD played on BBC Radio was in October 1982.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>The Japanese launch was followed on 14 March 1983 by the introduction of CD players and discs to Europe<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and North America where CBS Records released sixteen titles.<sup id="cite_ref-Compact_Disc_Digital_Audio_G&M_1983-03-05_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Compact_Disc_Digital_Audio_G&M_1983-03-05-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>The first artist to sell a million copies on CD was <a href="/wiki/Dire_Straits" title="Dire Straits">Dire Straits</a>, with their 1985 album <i><a href="/wiki/Brothers_in_Arms_(album)" title="Brothers in Arms (album)">Brothers in Arms</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Compact_Disc_Digital_Audio_AutoMR-7_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Compact_Disc_Digital_Audio_AutoMR-7-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the first CD markets was devoted to reissuing popular music whose commercial potential was already proven. The first major artist to have their entire catalog converted to CD was <a href="/wiki/David_Bowie" title="David Bowie">David Bowie</a>, whose first fourteen studio albums (up to <a href="/wiki/Scary_Monsters_(and_Super_Creeps)" title="Scary Monsters (and Super Creeps)">Scary Monsters (and Super Creeps)</a>) of (then) sixteen were made available by <a href="/wiki/RCA_Records" title="RCA Records">RCA Records</a> in February 1985, along with four greatest hits albums; his fifteenth and sixteenth albums (<a href="/wiki/Let%27s_Dance_(David_Bowie_album)" title="Let's Dance (David Bowie album)">Let's Dance</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tonight_(David_Bowie_album)" title="Tonight (David Bowie album)">Tonight</a>, respectively) had already been issued on CD by <a href="/wiki/EMI_Records" title="EMI Records">EMI Records</a> in 1983 and 1984, respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-Compact_Disc_Digital_Audio_AutoMR-8_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Compact_Disc_Digital_Audio_AutoMR-8-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 26 February 1987, the first four UK albums by <a href="/wiki/The_Beatles" title="The Beatles">the Beatles</a> were released in mono on compact disc.<sup id="cite_ref-Compact_Disc_Digital_Audio_BeatlesCD_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Compact_Disc_Digital_Audio_BeatlesCD-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The growing acceptance of the CD in 1983 marks the beginning of the popular digital audio revolution.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was enthusiastically received, especially in the early-adopting <a href="/wiki/Classical_music" title="Classical music">classical music</a> and <a href="/wiki/Audiophile" title="Audiophile">audiophile</a> communities, and its handling quality received particular praise. As the price of players gradually came down, and with the introduction of the portable <a href="/wiki/Discman" title="Discman">Discman</a>, the CD began to gain popularity in the larger popular and rock music markets. With the rise in CD sales, pre-recorded <a href="/wiki/Cassette_tape" title="Cassette tape">cassette tape</a> sales began to decline in the late 1980s; CD sales overtook cassette sales in the early 1990s.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1988, 400 million CDs were manufactured by 50 pressing plants around the world.<sup id="cite_ref-Compact_Disc_Digital_Audio_AutoMR-9_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Compact_Disc_Digital_Audio_AutoMR-9-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Further_development">Further development</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Excerpt&action=edit&section=T-4" title="Edit section: Further development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sony-Discman-D-E307CK.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Sony-Discman-D-E307CK.jpg/220px-Sony-Discman-D-E307CK.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Sony-Discman-D-E307CK.jpg/330px-Sony-Discman-D-E307CK.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Sony-Discman-D-E307CK.jpg/440px-Sony-Discman-D-E307CK.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Sony <a href="/wiki/Discman" title="Discman">Discman</a> D-E307CK portable CD player with 1-bit DAC</figcaption></figure> <p>Early CD players employed binary-weighted <a href="/wiki/Digital-to-analog_converter" title="Digital-to-analog converter">digital-to-analog converters</a> (DAC), which contained individual electrical components for each bit of the DAC.<sup id="cite_ref-Compact_Disc_Digital_Audio_stereophile-19890501-Willenswaard_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Compact_Disc_Digital_Audio_stereophile-19890501-Willenswaard-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even when using high-precision components, this approach was prone to decoding errors.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (December 2021)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-Compact_Disc_Digital_Audio_stereophile-19890501-Willenswaard_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Compact_Disc_Digital_Audio_stereophile-19890501-Willenswaard-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another issue was <a href="/wiki/Jitter" title="Jitter">jitter</a>, a time-related defect. Confronted with the instability of DACs, manufacturers initially turned to increasing the number of bits in the DAC and using several DACs per audio channel, averaging their output.<sup id="cite_ref-Compact_Disc_Digital_Audio_stereophile-19890501-Willenswaard_45-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Compact_Disc_Digital_Audio_stereophile-19890501-Willenswaard-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This increased the cost of CD players but did not solve the core problem. </p><p>A breakthrough in the late 1980s culminated in development of the <a href="/wiki/Delta-sigma_modulation#Digital-to-analog_conversion" title="Delta-sigma modulation">1-bit DAC</a>, which converts high-resolution low-frequency digital input signal into a lower-resolution high-frequency signal that is mapped to voltages and then smoothed with an analog filter. The temporary use of a lower-resolution signal simplified circuit design and improved efficiency, which is why it became dominant in CD players starting from the early 1990s. Philips used a variation of this technique called <a href="/wiki/Pulse-density_modulation" title="Pulse-density modulation">pulse-density modulation</a> (PDM),<sup id="cite_ref-Compact_Disc_Digital_Audio_stereophile-198906-Atkinson_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Compact_Disc_Digital_Audio_stereophile-198906-Atkinson-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while Matsushita (now <a href="/wiki/Panasonic" title="Panasonic">Panasonic</a>) chose <a href="/wiki/Pulse-width_modulation" title="Pulse-width modulation">pulse-width modulation</a> (PWM), advertising it as MASH, which is an acronym derived from their patented Multi-stAge noiSe-sHaping PWM topology.<sup id="cite_ref-Compact_Disc_Digital_Audio_stereophile-19890501-Willenswaard_45-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Compact_Disc_Digital_Audio_stereophile-19890501-Willenswaard-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The CD was primarily planned as the successor to the <a href="/wiki/Vinyl_record" class="mw-redirect" title="Vinyl record">vinyl record</a> for playing music, rather than as a data storage medium. However, CDs have grown to encompass other applications. In 1983, following the CD's introduction, Immink and <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Braat" title="Joseph Braat">Joseph Braat</a> presented the first experiments with erasable compact discs during the 73rd <a href="/wiki/AES_Convention" class="mw-redirect" title="AES Convention">AES Convention</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In June 1985, the computer-readable <a href="/wiki/CD-ROM" title="CD-ROM">CD-ROM</a> (read-only memory) and, in 1990, recordable <a href="/wiki/CD-R" title="CD-R">CD-R</a> discs were introduced.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Recordable CDs became an alternative to tape for recording and distributing music and could be duplicated without degradation in sound quality. </p><p>Other newer video formats such as <a href="/wiki/DVD" title="DVD">DVD</a> and <a href="/wiki/Blu-ray" title="Blu-ray">Blu-ray</a> use the same physical geometry as CD, and most DVD and Blu-ray players are <a href="/wiki/Backward_compatible" class="mw-redirect" title="Backward compatible">backward compatible</a> with audio CDs. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Peak">Peak</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Excerpt&action=edit&section=T-5" title="Edit section: Peak"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>CD sales in the United States peaked by 2000.<sup id="cite_ref-Compact_Disc_Digital_Audio_statista_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Compact_Disc_Digital_Audio_statista-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the early 2000s, the CD player had largely replaced the <a href="/wiki/Audio_cassette" class="mw-redirect" title="Audio cassette">audio cassette</a> player as standard equipment in new automobiles, with 2010 being the final model year for any car in the United States to have a factory-equipped cassette player.<sup id="cite_ref-Compact_Disc_Digital_Audio_nyt20120718_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Compact_Disc_Digital_Audio_nyt20120718-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Two new formats were marketed in the 2000s designed as successors to the CD: the <a href="/wiki/Super_Audio_CD" title="Super Audio CD">Super Audio CD</a> (SACD) and <a href="/wiki/DVD-Audio" title="DVD-Audio">DVD-Audio</a>. However neither of these were adopted partly due to increased relevance of digital (virtual) music and the apparent lack of audible improvements in audio quality to most human ears.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These effectively extended the CD's longevity in the music market.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Decline">Decline</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Excerpt&action=edit&section=T-6" title="Edit section: Decline"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>With the advent and popularity of <a href="/wiki/Digital_distribution" title="Digital distribution">Internet-based distribution</a> of files in <a href="/wiki/Lossy_compression" title="Lossy compression">lossy-compressed</a> <a href="/wiki/Audio_format" class="mw-redirect" title="Audio format">audio formats</a> such as <a href="/wiki/MP3" title="MP3">MP3</a>, sales of CDs began to decline in the 2000s. For example, between 2000 and 2008, despite overall growth in music sales and one anomalous year of increase, major-label CD sales declined overall by 20%.<sup id="cite_ref-Compact_Disc_Digital_Audio_AutoMR-11_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Compact_Disc_Digital_Audio_AutoMR-11-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite rapidly declining sales year-over-year, the pervasiveness of the technology lingered for a time, with companies placing CDs in pharmacies, supermarkets, and filling station convenience stores to target buyers less likely to be able to use Internet-based distribution.<sup id="cite_ref-Compact_Disc_Digital_Audio_AndItsEnd_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Compact_Disc_Digital_Audio_AndItsEnd-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2012, CDs and DVDs made up only 34% of music sales in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 2015, only 24% of music in the United States was purchased on physical media, two thirds of this consisting of CDs;<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> however, in the same year in Japan, over 80% of music was bought on CDs and other physical formats.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2018, U.S. CD sales were 52 million units—less than 6% of the peak sales volume in 2000.<sup id="cite_ref-Compact_Disc_Digital_Audio_statista_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Compact_Disc_Digital_Audio_statista-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the UK, 32 million units were sold, almost 100 million fewer than in 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2018, <a href="/wiki/Best_Buy" title="Best Buy">Best Buy</a> announced plans to decrease their focus on CD sales, however, while continuing to sell records, sales of which are growing during the <a href="/wiki/Vinyl_revival" title="Vinyl revival">vinyl revival</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Compact_Disc_Digital_Audio_bestverge_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Compact_Disc_Digital_Audio_bestverge-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the 2010s, the increasing popularity of solid-state media and music streaming services caused automakers to remove automotive CD players in favor of <a href="/wiki/Minijack" class="mw-redirect" title="Minijack">minijack</a> auxiliary inputs, wired connections to USB devices and wireless <a href="/wiki/Bluetooth" title="Bluetooth">Bluetooth</a> connections.<sup id="cite_ref-Compact_Disc_Digital_Audio_Biersdorfer_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Compact_Disc_Digital_Audio_Biersdorfer-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Automakers viewed CD players as using up valuable space and taking up weight which could be reallocated to more popular features, like large touchscreens.<sup id="cite_ref-Compact_Disc_Digital_Audio_Ramey_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Compact_Disc_Digital_Audio_Ramey-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 2021, only <a href="/wiki/Lexus" title="Lexus">Lexus</a> and <a href="/wiki/General_Motors" title="General Motors">General Motors</a> were still including CD players as standard equipment with certain vehicles.<sup id="cite_ref-Compact_Disc_Digital_Audio_Ramey_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Compact_Disc_Digital_Audio_Ramey-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Current_status">Current status</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Excerpt&action=edit&section=T-7" title="Edit section: Current status"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>CDs continued to be strong in some markets such as Japan where 132 million units were produced in 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The decline in CD sales has slowed in recent years; in 2021, CD sales increased in the US for the first time since 2004,<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with <a href="/wiki/Axios_(website)" title="Axios (website)">Axios</a> citing its rise to "young people who are finding they like hard copies of music in the digital age".<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It came at the same time as both vinyl and cassette reached sales levels not seen in 30 years.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The RIAA reported that CD revenue made a dip in 2022, before increasing again in 2023 and overtook downloading for the first time in over a decade.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the US, 33.4 million CD albums were sold in the year 2022.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> in 2023, 10.5 million CDs were sold, almost double that of vinyl, but both of them represented generated 12% each of the French music industry revenues.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Awards_and_accolades">Awards and accolades</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Excerpt&action=edit&section=T-8" title="Edit section: Awards and accolades"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sony and Philips received praise for the development of the compact disc from professional organizations. These awards include: </p> <ul><li>Technical <a href="/wiki/Grammy_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Grammy Award">Grammy Award</a> for Sony and Philips, 1998.<sup id="cite_ref-Compact_Disc_Digital_Audio_grammy_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Compact_Disc_Digital_Audio_grammy-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE">IEEE</a> Milestone award, 2009, for Philips alone with the citation: "On 8 March 1979, N.V. Philips' Gloeilampenfabrieken demonstrated for the international press a Compact Disc Audio Player. The demonstration showed that it is possible by using digital optical recording and playback to reproduce audio signals with superb stereo quality. This research at Philips established the technical standard for digital optical recording systems."<sup id="cite_ref-Compact_Disc_Digital_Audio_IEEE_CD_Milestone_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Compact_Disc_Digital_Audio_IEEE_CD_Milestone-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Physical_details">Physical details</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Compact_disc&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Physical details"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Relevant discussion may be found on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Compact_disc#Numbers_in_the_Physical_Details_section" title="Talk:Compact disc">talk page</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Compact_disc" title="Special:EditPage/Compact disc">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2016</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Shaped_compact_disc" title="Shaped compact disc">Shaped compact disc</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CD_layers.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/CD_layers.svg/220px-CD_layers.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/CD_layers.svg/330px-CD_layers.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/CD_layers.svg/440px-CD_layers.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>Diagram of CD layers <div><ol style="list-style-type:upper-alpha"><li>A polycarbonate disc layer has the data encoded by using bumps.</li><li>A shiny layer reflects the laser.</li><li>A layer of lacquer protects the shiny layer.</li><li>Artwork is <a href="/wiki/Screen_printing" title="Screen printing">screen printed</a> on the top of the disc.</li><li>A laser beam is reflected off the CD to a sensor, which converts it into electronic data.</li></ol></div></figcaption></figure> <p>A CD is made from 1.2-millimetre (0.047 in) thick, <a href="/wiki/Polycarbonate" title="Polycarbonate">polycarbonate</a> plastic, and weighs 14–33 grams.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From the center outward, components are: the center spindle hole (15 mm), the first-transition area (clamping ring), the clamping area (stacking ring), the second-transition area (mirror band), the program (data) area, and the rim. The inner program area occupies a radius from 25 to 58 mm. </p><p>A thin layer of <a href="/wiki/Aluminum" class="mw-redirect" title="Aluminum">aluminum</a> or, more rarely, <a href="/wiki/Gold_compact_disc" title="Gold compact disc">gold</a> is applied to the surface, making it reflective. The metal is protected by a film of lacquer normally <a href="/wiki/Spin_coated" class="mw-redirect" title="Spin coated">spin coated</a> directly on the reflective layer. The label is printed on the lacquer layer, usually by <a href="/wiki/Screen_printing" title="Screen printing">screen printing</a> or <a href="/wiki/Offset_printing" title="Offset printing">offset printing</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Compactdiscar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Compactdiscar.jpg/220px-Compactdiscar.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Compactdiscar.jpg/330px-Compactdiscar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Compactdiscar.jpg/440px-Compactdiscar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="565" data-file-height="511" /></a><figcaption><i>Pits</i> and <i>lands</i> of a compact disc under a <a href="/wiki/Microscope" title="Microscope">microscope</a> </figcaption></figure><p>CD data is represented as tiny indentations known as <i>pits</i>, encoded in a spiral track molded into the top of the polycarbonate layer. The areas between pits are known as <i>lands</i>. Each pit is approximately 100 <a href="/wiki/Nanometre" title="Nanometre">nm</a> deep by 500 nm wide, and varies from 850 nm to 3.5 <a href="/wiki/%CE%9Cm" class="mw-redirect" title="Μm">μm</a> in length.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The distance between the windings (the <i>pitch</i>) is 1.6 μm (measured center-to-center, not between the edges).<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-IEC908_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IEC908-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-IEC10149_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IEC10149-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When playing an audio CD, a motor within the CD player spins the disc to a scanning velocity of 1.2–1.4 m/s (<a href="/wiki/Constant_linear_velocity" title="Constant linear velocity">constant linear velocity</a>, CLV)—equivalent to approximately 500 RPM at the inside of the disc, and approximately 200 RPM at the outside edge.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The track on the CD begins at the inside and spirals outward so a disc played from beginning to end slows its rotation rate during playback. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Comparison_CD_DVD_HDDVD_BD.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Comparison_CD_DVD_HDDVD_BD.svg/300px-Comparison_CD_DVD_HDDVD_BD.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Comparison_CD_DVD_HDDVD_BD.svg/450px-Comparison_CD_DVD_HDDVD_BD.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Comparison_CD_DVD_HDDVD_BD.svg/600px-Comparison_CD_DVD_HDDVD_BD.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="256" /></a><figcaption>Comparison of various optical storage media</figcaption></figure> <p>The program area is 86.05 cm<sup>2</sup> and the length of the recordable spiral is <span class="nowrap">86.05 cm<sup>2</sup> / 1.6 μm =</span> <span class="nowrap">5.38 km.</span> With a scanning speed of 1.2 m/s, the playing time is 74 minutes or 650 MiB of data on a CD-ROM. A disc with data packed slightly more densely is tolerated by most players (though some old ones fail). Using a linear velocity of 1.2 m/s and a narrower track pitch of 1.5 μm increases the playing time to 80 minutes, and data capacity to 700 MiB. Even denser tracks are possible, with semi-standard 90 minute/800 MiB discs having 1.33 μm, and 99 minute/870 MiB having 1.26 μm,<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but compatibility suffers as density increases. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CD_Pits_at_6.25x_Magnification.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="This is a photomicrograph of the pits at the inner edge of a CD-ROM; 2-second exposure under visible fluorescent light." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/CD_Pits_at_6.25x_Magnification.jpg/220px-CD_Pits_at_6.25x_Magnification.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/CD_Pits_at_6.25x_Magnification.jpg/330px-CD_Pits_at_6.25x_Magnification.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/CD_Pits_at_6.25x_Magnification.jpg/440px-CD_Pits_at_6.25x_Magnification.jpg 2x" data-file-width="898" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>The pits in a CD are 500 <a href="/wiki/Nanometre" title="Nanometre">nm</a> wide, between 830 nm and 3,000 nm long and 150 nm deep.</figcaption></figure> <p>A CD is read by focusing a 780 nm <a href="/wiki/Wavelength" title="Wavelength">wavelength</a> (<a href="/wiki/Near_infrared" class="mw-redirect" title="Near infrared">near infrared</a>) <a href="/wiki/Semiconductor_laser" class="mw-redirect" title="Semiconductor laser">semiconductor laser</a> through the bottom of the polycarbonate layer. The change in height between pits and lands results in a difference in the way the light is reflected. Because the pits are indented into the top layer of the disc and are read through the transparent polycarbonate base, the pits form bumps when read.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The laser hits the disc, casting a circle of light wider than the modulated spiral track reflecting partially from the lands and partially from the top of any bumps where they are present. As the laser passes over a pit (bump), its height means that the round trip path of the light reflected from its peak is 1/2 wavelength out of phase with the light reflected from the land around it. This is because the height of a bump is around 1/4 of the wavelength of the light used, so the light falls 1/4 out of phase before reflection and another 1/4 wavelength out of phase after reflection. This causes partial <a href="/wiki/Wave_interference" title="Wave interference">cancellation</a> of the laser's reflection from the surface. By measuring the reflected intensity change with a <a href="/wiki/Photodiode" title="Photodiode">photodiode</a>, a modulated signal is read back from the disc.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_77-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To accommodate the spiral pattern of data, the laser is placed on a mobile mechanism within the disc tray of any CD player. This mechanism typically takes the form of a sled that moves along a rail. The sled can be driven by a <a href="/wiki/Worm_gear" class="mw-redirect" title="Worm gear">worm gear</a> or <a href="/wiki/Linear_motor" title="Linear motor">linear motor</a>. Where a worm gear is used, a second shorter-throw linear motor, in the form of a coil and magnet, makes fine position adjustments to track eccentricities in the disk at high speed. Some CD drives (particularly those manufactured by Philips during the 1980s and early 1990s) use a swing arm similar to that seen on a gramophone. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CDM210_cd_laufwerk.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/CDM210_cd_laufwerk.jpg/220px-CDM210_cd_laufwerk.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/CDM210_cd_laufwerk.jpg/330px-CDM210_cd_laufwerk.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/79/CDM210_cd_laufwerk.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption>Philips CDM210 CD Drive</figcaption></figure> <p>The pits and lands do <i>not</i> directly represent the 0s and 1s of <a href="/wiki/Binary_data" title="Binary data">binary data</a>. Instead, <a href="/wiki/Non-return-to-zero,_inverted" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-return-to-zero, inverted">non-return-to-zero, inverted</a> encoding is used: a change from either pit to land or land to pit indicates a 1, while no change indicates a series of 0s. There must be at least two, and no more than ten 0s between each 1, which is defined by the length of the pit. This, in turn, is decoded by reversing the <a href="/wiki/Eight-to-fourteen_modulation" title="Eight-to-fourteen modulation">eight-to-fourteen modulation</a> used in mastering the disc, and then reversing the <a href="/wiki/Cross-interleaved_Reed%E2%80%93Solomon_coding" title="Cross-interleaved Reed–Solomon coding">cross-interleaved Reed–Solomon coding</a>, finally revealing the raw data stored on the disc. These encoding techniques (defined in the <i><a href="/wiki/Compact_Disc_Digital_Audio#Data_encoding" title="Compact Disc Digital Audio">Red Book</a></i>) were originally designed for <a href="/wiki/CD_Digital_Audio" class="mw-redirect" title="CD Digital Audio">CD Digital Audio</a>, but they later became a standard for almost all CD formats (such as <a href="/wiki/CD-ROM" title="CD-ROM">CD-ROM</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Integrity">Integrity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Compact_disc&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Integrity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>CDs are susceptible to damage during handling and from environmental exposure. Pits are much closer to the label side of a disc, enabling defects and contaminants on the clear side to be out of focus during playback. Consequently, CDs are more likely to suffer damage on the label side of the disc. Scratches on the clear side can be repaired by refilling them with similar refractive plastic or by careful polishing. The edges of CDs are sometimes incompletely sealed, allowing gases and liquids to enter the CD and corrode the metal reflective layer and/or interfere with the focus of the laser on the pits, a condition known as <a href="/wiki/Disc_rot" title="Disc rot">disc rot</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-clir_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-clir-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fungus <i><a href="/wiki/Geotrichum_candidum" title="Geotrichum candidum">Geotrichum candidum</a></i> has been found—under conditions of high heat and humidity—to consume the polycarbonate plastic and aluminium found in CDs.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Data_integrity" title="Data integrity">data integrity</a> of compact discs can be measured using <a href="/wiki/Optical_Disc#Surface_error_scanning" class="mw-redirect" title="Optical Disc">surface error scanning</a>, which can measure the rates of different types of data errors, known as <i>C1</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/C2_error" title="C2 error">C2</a></i>, <i>CU</i> and extended (finer-grain) error measurements known as <i>E11</i>, <i>E12</i>, <i>E21</i>, <i>E22</i>, <i>E31</i> and <i>E32</i>, of which higher rates indicate a possibly damaged or unclean data surface, low media quality, <a href="/wiki/Disc_rot" title="Disc rot">deteriorating media</a> and <a href="/wiki/CD-R" title="CD-R">recordable media</a> written to by a malfunctioning <a href="/wiki/CD_writer" class="mw-redirect" title="CD writer">CD writer</a>. </p><p>Error scanning can reliably predict data losses caused by media deterioration. Support of error scanning differs between vendors and models of <a href="/wiki/Optical_disc_drive#Appliances" title="Optical disc drive">optical disc drives</a>, and <i>extended</i> error scanning (known as <i>"advanced error scanning"</i> in <a href="/wiki/Nero_DiscSpeed" class="mw-redirect" title="Nero DiscSpeed">Nero DiscSpeed</a>) has only been available on <a href="/wiki/Plextor#Optical_drives" title="Plextor">Plextor</a> and some <a href="/wiki/BenQ" title="BenQ">BenQ</a> optical drives so far, as of 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-gleitz_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gleitz-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-qpx-g_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-qpx-g-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Disc_shapes_and_diameters">Disc shapes and diameters</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Compact_disc&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Disc shapes and diameters"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Comparison_disk_storage.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Comparison_disk_storage.svg/300px-Comparison_disk_storage.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Comparison_disk_storage.svg/450px-Comparison_disk_storage.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Comparison_disk_storage.svg/600px-Comparison_disk_storage.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a><figcaption>Comparison of several forms of disk storage showing tracks (not to scale); green denotes start and red denotes end.<br />* Some CD-R(W) and DVD-R(W)/DVD+R(W) recorders operate in ZCLV, CAA or CAV modes.</figcaption></figure> <p>The digital data on a CD begins at the center of the disc and proceeds toward the edge, which allows adaptation to the different sizes available. Standard CDs are available in two sizes. By far, the most common is 120 millimetres (4.7 in) in diameter, with a 74-, 80, 90, or 99-minute audio capacity and a 650, 700, 800, or 870 MiB (737,280,000-byte) data capacity. Discs are 1.2 millimetres (0.047 in) thick, with a 15 millimetres (0.59 in) center hole. The size of the hole was chosen by Joop Sinjou and based on a Dutch 10-cent coin: a <a href="/wiki/Dubbeltje" title="Dubbeltje">dubbeltje</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Philips/Sony patented the physical dimensions.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The official Philips history says the capacity was specified by Sony executive <a href="/wiki/Norio_Ohga" title="Norio Ohga">Norio Ohga</a> to be able to contain the entirety of <a href="/wiki/Beethoven%27s_Ninth_Symphony" class="mw-redirect" title="Beethoven's Ninth Symphony">Beethoven's Ninth Symphony</a> on one disc.<sup id="cite_ref-Ohgaobituary_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ohgaobituary-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is a myth<sup id="cite_ref-Imminknature_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Imminknature-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> according to <a href="/wiki/Kees_Immink" class="mw-redirect" title="Kees Immink">Kees Immink</a>, as the <a href="/wiki/Eight-to-fourteen_modulation" title="Eight-to-fourteen modulation">EFM</a> code format had not yet been decided in December 1979, when the 120 mm size was adopted. The adoption of EFM in June 1980 allowed 30 percent more playing time that would have resulted in 97 minutes for 120 mm diameter or 74 minutes for a disc as small as 100 millimetres (3.9 in). Instead, the information density was lowered by 30 percent to keep the playing time at 74 minutes.<sup id="cite_ref-Immink2_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Immink2-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 120 mm diameter has been adopted by subsequent formats, including <a href="/wiki/Super_Audio_CD" title="Super Audio CD">Super Audio CD</a>, <a href="/wiki/DVD" title="DVD">DVD</a>, <a href="/wiki/HD_DVD" title="HD DVD">HD DVD</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Blu-ray" title="Blu-ray">Blu-ray</a> Disc. The 80-millimetre (3.1 in) diameter discs ("<a href="/wiki/Mini_CD" title="Mini CD">Mini CDs</a>") can hold up to 24 minutes of music or 210 MiB. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Physical size </th> <th>Audio capacity </th> <th>CD-ROM data capacity </th> <th>Definition </th></tr> <tr> <td>120 mm</td> <td>74–80 min</td> <td>650–700 <a href="/wiki/Megabyte" title="Megabyte">MB</a></td> <td>Standard size </td></tr> <tr> <td>80 mm</td> <td>21–24 min</td> <td>185–210 MB</td> <td>Mini-CD size </td></tr> <tr> <td>80×54 mm – 80×64 mm</td> <td>~6 min</td> <td>10–65 MB</td> <td>"Business card" size </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Logical_format">Logical format</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Compact_disc&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Logical format"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Compact_disc" title="Special:EditPage/Compact disc">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2018</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Audio_CD">Audio CD</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Compact_disc&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Audio CD"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CDP101a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/CDP101a.jpg/220px-CDP101a.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/CDP101a.jpg/330px-CDP101a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/CDP101a.jpg/440px-CDP101a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="951" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sony_CDP-101" title="Sony CDP-101">Sony CDP-101</a> from 1982, the first commercially released <a href="/wiki/CD" class="mw-redirect" title="CD">CD</a> player for <a href="/wiki/Consumer" title="Consumer">consumers</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CD_player.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/CD_player.jpg/220px-CD_player.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/CD_player.jpg/330px-CD_player.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/CD_player.jpg/440px-CD_player.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="682" /></a><figcaption>Philips CD100 from 1983, the first commercially released CD player in the US and Europe</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Compact_Disc_Digital_Audio" title="Compact Disc Digital Audio">Compact Disc Digital Audio</a></div> <p>The logical format of an audio CD (officially Compact Disc Digital Audio or CD-DA) is described in a document produced in 1980 by the format's joint creators, Sony and Philips.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The document is known colloquially as the <i>Red Book</i> <a href="/wiki/CD-DA" class="mw-redirect" title="CD-DA">CD-DA</a> after the color of its cover. The format is a two-channel 16-bit <a href="/wiki/PCM" class="mw-redirect" title="PCM">PCM</a> encoding at a <a href="/wiki/44.1_kHz" class="mw-redirect" title="44.1 kHz">44.1 kHz</a> <a href="/wiki/Sampling_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="Sampling rate">sampling rate</a> per channel. <a href="/wiki/Four-channel_Compact_Disc_Digital_Audio" class="mw-redirect" title="Four-channel Compact Disc Digital Audio">Four-channel sound</a> was to be an allowable option within the <i>Red Book</i> format, but has never been implemented. <a href="/wiki/Monaural" class="mw-redirect" title="Monaural">Monaural</a> audio has no existing standard on a <i>Red Book</i> CD; thus, the mono source material is usually presented as two identical channels in a standard <i>Red Book</i> stereo track (i.e., <a href="/wiki/Mono_sound#Mirrored_mono" class="mw-redirect" title="Mono sound">mirrored mono</a>); an <a href="/wiki/MP3_CD" class="mw-redirect" title="MP3 CD">MP3 CD</a>, can have audio file formats with mono sound. </p><p><a href="/wiki/CD-Text" title="CD-Text">CD-Text</a> is an extension of the <i>Red Book</i> specification for an audio CD that allows for the storage of additional text information (e.g., album name, song name, artist) on a standards-compliant audio CD. The information is stored either in the <a href="/wiki/Optical_disc_authoring" title="Optical disc authoring">lead-in area</a> of the CD, where there are roughly five kilobytes of space available or in the <a href="/wiki/Subcode" class="mw-redirect" title="Subcode">subcode</a> channels R to W on the disc, which can store about 31 megabytes. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Compact_Disc_%2B_Graphics" class="mw-redirect" title="Compact Disc + Graphics">Compact Disc + Graphics</a> is a special audio compact disc that contains graphics data in addition to the audio data on the disc. The disc can be played on a regular audio CD player, but when played on a special CD+G player, it can output a graphics signal (typically, the CD+G player is hooked up to a television set or a computer monitor); these graphics are almost exclusively used to display lyrics on a television set for <a href="/wiki/Karaoke" title="Karaoke">karaoke</a> performers to sing along with. The CD+G format takes advantage of the channels R through W. These six bits store the graphics information. </p><p><a href="/wiki/CD_%2B_Extended_Graphics" class="mw-redirect" title="CD + Extended Graphics">CD + Extended Graphics</a> (CD+EG, also known as CD+XG) is an improved variant of the <a href="#CD_+_Graphics">Compact Disc + Graphics</a> (CD+G) format. Like CD+G, CD+EG uses basic CD-ROM features to display text and video information in addition to the music being played. This extra data is stored in subcode channels R-W. Very few CD+EG discs have been published. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Super_Audio_CD">Super Audio CD</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Compact_disc&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Super Audio CD"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Super_Audio_CD" title="Super Audio CD">Super Audio CD</a></div> <p>Super Audio CD (SACD) is a high-resolution, read-only <a href="/wiki/Optical_disc" title="Optical disc">optical</a> <a href="/wiki/Audio_storage" class="mw-redirect" title="Audio storage">audio disc</a> format that was designed to provide <a href="/wiki/High_fidelity" title="High fidelity">higher-fidelity</a> digital audio reproduction than the <i>Red Book</i>. Introduced in 1999, it was developed by Sony and Philips, the same companies that created the <i>Red Book</i>. SACD was in a <a href="/wiki/Format_war" title="Format war">format war</a> with <a href="/wiki/DVD-Audio" title="DVD-Audio">DVD-Audio</a>, but neither has replaced audio CDs. The SACD standard is referred to as the <i>Scarlet Book</i> standard. </p><p>Titles in the SACD format can be issued as hybrid discs; these discs contain the SACD audio stream as well as a standard audio CD layer which is playable in standard CD players, thus making them backward compatible. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="CD-MIDI">CD-MIDI</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Compact_disc&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: CD-MIDI"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>CD-<a href="/wiki/MIDI" title="MIDI">MIDI</a> is a format used to store music-performance data, which upon playback is performed by electronic instruments that synthesize the audio. Hence, unlike the original <i>Red Book</i> CD-DA, these recordings are not digitally sampled audio recordings. The CD-MIDI format is defined as an extension of the original <i>Red Book</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="CD-ROM">CD-ROM</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Compact_disc&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: CD-ROM"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/CD-ROM" title="CD-ROM">CD-ROM</a></div> <p>For the first few years of its existence, the CD was a medium used purely for audio. In 1988, the <i>Yellow Book</i> <a href="/wiki/CD-ROM" title="CD-ROM">CD-ROM</a> standard was established by Sony and Philips, which defined a non-volatile optical data <a href="/wiki/Computer_data_storage" title="Computer data storage">computer data storage</a> medium using the same physical format as audio compact discs, readable by a computer with a CD-ROM drive. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Video_CD">Video CD</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Compact_disc&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Video CD"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Video_CD" title="Video CD">Video CD</a></div> <p>Video CD (VCD, View CD, and Compact Disc digital video) is a standard digital format for storing video media on a CD. VCDs are playable in dedicated VCD players, most modern <a href="/wiki/DVD-Video" title="DVD-Video">DVD-Video</a> players, personal computers, and some video game consoles. The VCD standard was created in 1993 by Sony, Philips, <a href="/wiki/Panasonic" title="Panasonic">Matsushita</a>, and <a href="/wiki/JVC" title="JVC">JVC</a> and is referred to as the <i>White Book</i> standard. </p><p>Overall picture quality is intended to be comparable to <a href="/wiki/VHS" title="VHS">VHS</a> video. Poorly compressed VCD video can sometimes be of lower quality than VHS video, but VCD exhibits block artifacts rather than analog noise and does not deteriorate further with each use. 352×240 (or <a href="/wiki/Source_Input_Format" title="Source Input Format">SIF</a>) resolution was chosen because it is half the vertical and half the horizontal resolution of the NTSC video. 352×288 is a similarly one-quarter PAL/SECAM resolution. This approximates the (overall) resolution of an analog VHS tape, which, although it has double the number of (vertical) scan lines, has a much lower horizontal resolution. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Super_Video_CD">Super Video CD</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Compact_disc&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Super Video CD"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Super_Video_CD" title="Super Video CD">Super Video CD</a></div> <p>Super Video CD (Super Video Compact Disc or SVCD) is a format used for storing video media on standard compact discs. SVCD was intended as a successor to VCD and an alternative to DVD-Video and falls somewhere between both in terms of technical capability and picture quality. </p><p>SVCD has two-thirds the <a href="/wiki/Display_resolution" title="Display resolution">resolution</a> of DVD, and over 2.7 times the resolution of VCD. One CD-R disc can hold up to 60 minutes of standard-quality SVCD-format video. While no specific limit on SVCD video length is mandated by the specification, one must lower the video bit rate, and therefore quality, to accommodate very long videos. It is usually difficult to fit much more than 100 minutes of video onto one SVCD without incurring a significant quality loss, and many hardware players are unable to play a video with an instantaneous bit rate lower than 300 to 600 <a href="/wiki/Kilobit" class="mw-redirect" title="Kilobit">kilobits</a> per second. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Photo_CD">Photo CD</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Compact_disc&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Photo CD"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Photo_CD" title="Photo CD">Photo CD</a></div> <p>Photo CD is a system designed by <a href="/wiki/Kodak" title="Kodak">Kodak</a> for digitizing and storing photos on a CD. Launched in 1992, the discs were designed to hold nearly 100 high-quality images, scanned prints, and slides using special proprietary encoding. Photo CDs are defined in the <i>Beige Book</i> and conform to the <a href="/wiki/CD-ROM_XA" class="mw-redirect" title="CD-ROM XA">CD-ROM XA</a> and CD-i Bridge specifications as well. They are intended to play on CD-i players, Photo CD players, and any computer with suitable software (irrespective of <a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">operating system</a>). The images can also be printed out on photographic paper with a special Kodak machine. This format is not to be confused with Kodak <a href="/wiki/Picture_CD" title="Picture CD">Picture CD</a>, which is a consumer product in CD-ROM format. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="CD-i">CD-i</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Compact_disc&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: CD-i"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Philips_CD-i" class="mw-redirect" title="Philips CD-i">Philips CD-i</a></div> <p>The Philips <i><a href="/wiki/Green_Book_(CD_standard)" class="mw-redirect" title="Green Book (CD standard)">Green Book</a></i> specifies a standard for interactive multimedia compact discs designed for <a href="/wiki/CD-i" title="CD-i">CD-i</a> players (1993). CD-i discs can contain audio tracks that can be played on regular <a href="/wiki/CD_player" title="CD player">CD players</a>, but CD-i discs are not compatible with most <a href="/wiki/CD-ROM" title="CD-ROM">CD-ROM</a> drives and software. The <a href="/wiki/CD-i_Ready" title="CD-i Ready">CD-i Ready</a> specification was later created to improve compatibility with audio CD players, and the <a href="/wiki/CD-i_Bridge" class="mw-redirect" title="CD-i Bridge">CD-i Bridge</a> specification was added to create CD-i-compatible discs that can be accessed by regular CD-ROM drives. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="CD-i_Ready">CD-i Ready</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Compact_disc&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: CD-i Ready"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/CD-i_Ready" title="CD-i Ready">CD-i Ready</a></div> <p>Philips defined a format similar to CD-i called <a href="/wiki/CD-i_Ready" title="CD-i Ready">CD-i Ready</a>, which puts CD-i software and data into the <a href="/wiki/Pregap#Computer_data_in_pregap" title="Pregap">pregap</a> of track 1. This format was supposed to be more compatible with older audio CD players. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Enhanced_Music_CD_(CD+)"><span id="Enhanced_Music_CD_.28CD.2B.29"></span>Enhanced Music CD (CD+)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Compact_disc&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Enhanced Music CD (CD+)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Blue_Book_(CD_standard)" title="Blue Book (CD standard)">Blue Book (CD standard)</a></div> <p>Enhanced Music CD, also known as CD Extra or CD Plus, is a format that combines <a href="/wiki/CD-DA" class="mw-redirect" title="CD-DA">audio tracks</a> and <a href="/wiki/CD-ROM" title="CD-ROM">data tracks</a> on the same disc by putting audio tracks in a first <a href="/wiki/Session_(CD)" class="mw-redirect" title="Session (CD)">session</a> and data in a second session. It was developed by Philips and Sony, and it is defined in the <i><a href="/wiki/Blue_Book_(CD_standard)" title="Blue Book (CD standard)">Blue Book</a></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="VinylDisc">VinylDisc</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Compact_disc&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: VinylDisc"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/VinylDisc" title="VinylDisc">VinylDisc</a></div> <p>VinylDisc is the hybrid of a standard audio CD and the <a href="/wiki/Gramophone_record" class="mw-redirect" title="Gramophone record">vinyl record</a>. The vinyl layer on the disc's label side can hold approximately three minutes of music. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Manufacture,_cost,_and_pricing"><span id="Manufacture.2C_cost.2C_and_pricing"></span>Manufacture, cost, and pricing</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Compact_disc&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Manufacture, cost, and pricing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Compact_Disc_manufacturing" class="mw-redirect" title="Compact Disc manufacturing">Compact Disc manufacturing</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Compact_disk_data_layer_2d_3d.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Compact_disk_data_layer_2d_3d.PNG/220px-Compact_disk_data_layer_2d_3d.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="411" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2c/Compact_disk_data_layer_2d_3d.PNG 1.5x" data-file-width="327" data-file-height="611" /></a><figcaption>Individual pits are visible on the micrometer scale.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1995, material costs were 30 cents for the jewel case and 10 to 15 cents for the CD. The wholesale cost of CDs was $0.75 to $1.15, while the typical retail price of a prerecorded music CD was $16.98.<sup id="cite_ref-cd_costs_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cd_costs-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On average, the store received 35 percent of the retail price, the record company 27 percent, the artist 16 percent, the manufacturer 13 percent, and the distributor 9 percent.<sup id="cite_ref-cd_costs_92-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cd_costs-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When <a href="/wiki/8-track_cartridges" class="mw-redirect" title="8-track cartridges">8-track cartridges</a>, <a href="/wiki/Compact_cassette" class="mw-redirect" title="Compact cassette">compact cassettes</a>, and CDs were introduced, each was marketed at a higher price than the format they succeeded, even though the cost to produce the media was reduced. This was done because the perceived value increased. This continued from <a href="/wiki/Phonograph_record" title="Phonograph record">phonograph records</a> to CDs, but was broken when <a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple</a> marketed MP3s for $0.99, and albums for $9.99. The incremental cost, though, to produce an MP3 is negligible.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Writable_compact_discs">Writable compact discs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Compact_disc&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Writable compact discs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Recordable_CD">Recordable CD</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Compact_disc&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Recordable CD"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Maxell_CD-R_700MB_40x_20040321.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Maxell_CD-R_700MB_40x_20040321.jpg/220px-Maxell_CD-R_700MB_40x_20040321.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Maxell_CD-R_700MB_40x_20040321.jpg/330px-Maxell_CD-R_700MB_40x_20040321.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Maxell_CD-R_700MB_40x_20040321.jpg/440px-Maxell_CD-R_700MB_40x_20040321.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="570" /></a><figcaption>700 <a href="/wiki/MiB" class="mw-redirect" title="MiB">MiB</a> CD-R next to a <a href="/wiki/Mechanical_pencil" title="Mechanical pencil">mechanical pencil</a> for scale</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/CD-R" title="CD-R">CD-R</a></div> <p>Recordable Compact Discs, <a href="/wiki/CD-R" title="CD-R">CD-Rs</a>, are injection-molded with a "blank" data spiral. A photosensitive dye is then applied, after which the discs are metalized and lacquer-coated. The write laser of the <a href="/wiki/CD_recorder" class="mw-redirect" title="CD recorder">CD recorder</a> changes the color of the dye to allow the read laser of a standard <a href="/wiki/CD_player" title="CD player">CD player</a> to see the data, just as it would with a standard stamped disc. The resulting discs can be read by most CD-ROM drives and played in most audio CD players. CD-Rs follow the <i>Orange Book</i> standard. </p><p>CD-R recordings are designed to be permanent. Over time, the dye's physical characteristics may change causing read errors and data loss until the reading device cannot recover with error correction methods. Errors can be predicted using <a href="/wiki/Optical_disc#Surface_error_scanning" title="Optical disc">surface error scanning</a>. The design life is from 20 to 100 years, depending on the quality of the discs, the quality of the writing drive, and storage conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Testing has demonstrated such degradation of some discs in as little as 18 months under normal storage conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-AutoMR-14_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AutoMR-14-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AutoMR-15_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AutoMR-15-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This failure is known as <a href="/wiki/Disc_rot" title="Disc rot">disc rot</a>, for which there are several, mostly environmental, reasons.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The recordable audio CD is designed to be used in a consumer audio CD recorder. These consumer audio CD recorders use SCMS (<a href="/wiki/Serial_Copy_Management_System" title="Serial Copy Management System">Serial Copy Management System</a>), an early form of <a href="/wiki/Digital_rights_management" title="Digital rights management">digital rights management</a> (DRM), to conform to the AHRA (<a href="/wiki/Audio_Home_Recording_Act" title="Audio Home Recording Act">Audio Home Recording Act</a>). The Recordable Audio CD is typically somewhat more expensive than CD-R due to lower production volume and a 3 percent <a href="/wiki/Audio_Home_Recording_Act#AHRA_royalties" title="Audio Home Recording Act">AHRA royalty</a> used to compensate the music industry for the making of a copy.<sup id="cite_ref-McFadden_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McFadden-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>High-capacity recordable CD is a higher-density recording format that can hold 20% more data than conventional discs.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The higher capacity is incompatible with some recorders and recording software.<sup id="cite_ref-cdrfaq_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cdrfaq-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="ReWritable_CD">ReWritable CD</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Compact_disc&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: ReWritable CD"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/CD-RW" title="CD-RW">CD-RW</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/CD-RW" title="CD-RW">CD-RW</a> is a re-recordable medium that uses a metallic alloy instead of a dye. The write laser, in this case, is used to heat and alter the properties (amorphous vs. crystalline) of the alloy, and hence change its reflectivity. A CD-RW does not have as great a difference in reflectivity as a pressed CD or a CD-R, and so many earlier CD audio players cannot read CD-RW discs, although most later CD audio players and stand-alone <a href="/wiki/DVD" title="DVD">DVD</a> players can. CD-RWs follow the <i>Orange Book</i> standard. </p><p>The ReWritable Audio CD is designed to be used in a consumer audio CD recorder, which will not (without modification) accept standard CD-RW discs. These consumer audio CD recorders use the <a href="/wiki/Serial_Copy_Management_System" title="Serial Copy Management System">Serial Copy Management System</a> (SCMS), an early form of <a href="/wiki/Digital_rights_management" title="Digital rights management">digital rights management</a> (DRM), to conform to the United States' <a href="/wiki/Audio_Home_Recording_Act" title="Audio Home Recording Act">Audio Home Recording Act</a> (AHRA). The ReWritable Audio CD is typically somewhat more expensive than CD-R due to (a) lower volume and (b) a 3 percent <a href="/wiki/Audio_Home_Recording_Act#AHRA_royalties" title="Audio Home Recording Act">AHRA royalty</a> used to compensate the music industry for the making of a copy.<sup id="cite_ref-McFadden_98-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McFadden-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Copy_protection">Copy protection</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Compact_disc&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Copy protection"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Compact_Disc_and_DVD_copy_protection" title="Compact Disc and DVD copy protection">Compact Disc and DVD copy protection</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Sony_BMG_copy_protection_rootkit_scandal" title="Sony BMG copy protection rootkit scandal">Sony BMG copy protection rootkit scandal</a></div> <p>The <i>Red Book</i> audio specification, except for a simple "anti-copy" statement in the subcode, does not include any <a href="/wiki/Copy_protection" title="Copy protection">copy protection</a> mechanism. Known at least as early as 2001,<sup id="cite_ref-BadCDs_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BadCDs-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> attempts were made by record companies to market "copy-protected" non-standard compact discs, which cannot be <a href="/wiki/Ripping" title="Ripping">ripped</a>, or copied, to hard drives or easily converted to other formats (like <a href="/wiki/FLAC" title="FLAC">FLAC</a>, <a href="/wiki/MP3" title="MP3">MP3</a> or <a href="/wiki/Vorbis" title="Vorbis">Vorbis</a>). One major drawback to these copy-protected discs is that most will not play on either computer CD-ROM drives or some standalone CD players that use CD-ROM mechanisms. Philips has stated that such discs are not permitted to bear the trademarked <i>Compact Disc Digital Audio</i> logo because they violate the <i>Red Book</i> specifications. Numerous copy-protection systems have been countered by readily available, often free, software, or even by simply turning off automatic <a href="/wiki/AutoPlay" title="AutoPlay">AutoPlay</a> to prevent the running of the DRM <a href="/wiki/Executable" title="Executable">executable</a> program. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Compact_disc&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_popular_optical_data-storage_systems" title="Comparison of popular optical data-storage systems">Comparison of popular optical data-storage systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_disc_packaging" title="Optical disc packaging">Optical disc packaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extended_Resolution_Compact_Disc" title="Extended Resolution Compact Disc">Extended Resolution Compact Disc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Definition_Compatible_Digital" title="High Definition Compatible Digital">High Definition Compatible Digital</a> – Proprietary backward-compatible CD audio format</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compact_disc_bronzing" title="Compact disc bronzing">Compact disc bronzing</a> – Type of compact disc corrosion</li> <li><a href="/wiki/DualDisc" title="DualDisc">DualDisc</a> – Double-sided optical disc</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hidden_track" title="Hidden track">Hidden track</a> – Music not detectable by casual listeners</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SPARS_code" title="SPARS code">SPARS code</a> – Classification system for commercial compact disc releases</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_optical_disc_manufacturers" title="List of optical disc manufacturers">List of optical disc manufacturers</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Compact_disc&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFTräger2012" class="citation book cs1">Träger, Frank (5 May 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ad5G1HWtDRgC&q=cd+player+hene&pg=PA824"><i>Springer Handbook of Lasers and Optics</i></a>. Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783642194092" title="Special:BookSources/9783642194092"><bdi>9783642194092</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Springer+Handbook+of+Lasers+and+Optics&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2012-05-05&rft.isbn=9783642194092&rft.aulast=Tr%C3%A4ger&rft.aufirst=Frank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAd5G1HWtDRgC%26q%3Dcd%2Bplayer%2Bhene%26pg%3DPA824&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACompact+disc" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://historyofinformation.com/detail.php?entryid=1189#:~:text=Visitors%20by%20ABBA-,.,United%20States%20and%20other%20markets.">"The Compact Disc (CD) is Developed"</a>. <i>historyofinformation.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 September</span> 2012</span>. <q>The first test CD was Richard Strauss's <i>Eine Alpensinfonie</i>, and the first CD actually pressed at a factory was ABBA's <i><a href="/wiki/The_Visitors_(ABBA_album)" title="The Visitors (ABBA album)">The Visitors</a></i>, but that disc wasn't released commercially until later.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rock+on%21+The+compact+disc+turns+30&rft.pub=CNN&rft.date=2012-09-29&rft.aulast=Kelly&rft.aufirst=Heather&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2012%2F09%2F28%2Ftech%2Finnovation%2Fcompact-disc-turns-30&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACompact+disc" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://salzburg-geschichte-kultur.at/weltpraesentation-des-compact-disc-digital-audio-system-audio-cd/">"Weltpräsentation des "Compact Disc Digital Audio System" (Audio-CD)"</a>. <i>Salzburg. 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Retrieved 6 October 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Compact_Disc_Digital_Audio_G&M_1983-03-05-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Compact_Disc_Digital_Audio_G&M_1983-03-05_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaptainis1983" class="citation news cs1">Kaptainis, Arthur (5 March 1983). "Sampling the latest sound: should last a lifetime". <i>The Globe and Mail</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Officialcharts.com&rft.atitle=Vinyl+and+cassette+UK+sales+continue+to+surge+to+30+year+high&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.officialcharts.com%2Fchart-news%2Fvinyl-and-cassette-uk-sales-continue-to-surge-to-30-year-high-as-cd-sales-decline-slows__34839%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACompact+disc" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.riaa.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/2023-Year-End-Revenue-Statistics.pdf">https://www.riaa.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/2023-Year-End-Revenue-Statistics.pdf</a> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.statista.com/statistics/186772/album-shipments-in-the-us-music-industry-since-1999/">"Physical album shipments in the U.S. 2022"</a>. <i>Statista</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 November</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Technical+Grammy+Award&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.grammy.org%2Frecording-academy%2Fproducers-and-engineers%2Fawards&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACompact+disc" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Compact_Disc_Digital_Audio_IEEE_CD_Milestone-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Compact_Disc_Digital_Audio_IEEE_CD_Milestone_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ieeeghn.org/wiki/index.php/Milestones:Compact_Disc_Audio_Player,_1979">"IEEE CD Milestone"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 May</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+CD+and+CD-ROM&rft.pub=Deluxe+Global+Media+Services+Ltd&rft.date=2003-07&rft.aulast=Sharpless&rft.aufirst=Graham&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.multimediadirector.com%2Fhelp%2Ftechnology%2Fdownloads%2Ftech_docs%2Fcdintroduction.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACompact+disc" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IEC908-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-IEC908_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://webstore.iec.ch/publication/3885">"IEC 60908 Audio recording - Compact disc digital audio system"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160506194944/https://webstore.iec.ch/publication/3885">Archived</a> from the original on 6 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=IEC+60908+Audio+recording+-+Compact+disc+digital+audio+system&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwebstore.iec.ch%2Fpublication%2F3885&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACompact+disc" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IEC10149-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-IEC10149_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://webstore.iec.ch/publication/9362">"ISO/IEC 10149 Information technology -- Data interchange on read-only 120 mm optical data disks (CD-ROM)"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160506194949/https://webstore.iec.ch/publication/9362">Archived</a> from the original on 6 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ISO%2FIEC+10149+Information+technology+--+Data+interchange+on+read-only+120+mm+optical+data+disks+%28CD-ROM%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwebstore.iec.ch%2Fpublication%2F9362&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACompact+disc" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_77-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_77-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/technology/compact-disc">"Compact disc (CD) | Definition & Facts | Britannica"</a>. <i>www.britannica.com</i>. 7 March 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.britannica.com&rft.atitle=Compact+disc+%28CD%29+%7C+Definition+%26+Facts+%7C+Britannica&rft.date=2024-03-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftechnology%2Fcompact-disc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACompact+disc" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPenchevaGyochMashkov2010" class="citation conference cs1">Pencheva, Tamara; Gyoch, Berkant; Mashkov, Petko (1 May 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/figure/for-CD-R-74-min-are-obtained-as-follows_tbl1_261263539">"Optical measurements upon compact discs in education in optoelectronics"</a>. <i>Electronics Technology (ISSE), 2010 33rd International Spring Seminar on Electronics Technology</i>. pp. 531–535. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4244-7849-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4244-7849-1"><bdi>978-1-4244-7849-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.atitle=Optical+measurements+upon+compact+discs+in+education+in+optoelectronics&rft.btitle=Electronics+Technology+%28ISSE%29%2C+2010+33rd+International+Spring+Seminar+on+Electronics+Technology&rft.pages=531-535&rft.date=2010-05-01&rft.isbn=978-1-4244-7849-1&rft.aulast=Pencheva&rft.aufirst=Tamara&rft.au=Gyoch%2C+Berkant&rft.au=Mashkov%2C+Petko&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Ffigure%2Ffor-CD-R-74-min-are-obtained-as-follows_tbl1_261263539&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACompact+disc" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">An Introduction to Digital Audio, John Watkinson, 1994</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-clir-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-clir_80-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Council on Library and Information Resources: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.clir.org/pubs/reports/pub121/sec5.html">Conditions that Affect CDs and DVDs</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160915012213/https://www.clir.org/pubs/reports/pub121/sec5.html">Archived</a> 15 September 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBosch2001" class="citation journal cs1">Bosch, Xavier (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nature.com/news/1998/010628/full/news010628-11.html">"Fungus eats CD"</a>. <i>Nature</i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnews010628-11">10.1038/news010628-11</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0028-0836">0028-0836</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131212044729/http://www.nature.com/news/1998/010628/full/news010628-11.html">Archived</a> from the original on 12 December 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Fungus+eats+CD&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnews010628-11&rft.issn=0028-0836&rft.aulast=Bosch&rft.aufirst=Xavier&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Fnews%2F1998%2F010628%2Ffull%2Fnews010628-11.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACompact+disc" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/1402533.stm">"Fungus 'eats' CDs"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 July</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Understanding+CD-R+%26+CD-RW&rft.pub=Osta.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.osta.org%2Ftechnology%2Fcdqa7.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACompact+disc" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cdrfaq-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cdrfaq_100-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cdrfaq.org/faq03.html">"CD-Recordable FAQ – Section 3"</a>. 9 January 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131118040105/http://www.cdrfaq.org/faq03.html">Archived</a> from the original on 18 November 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 November</span> 2013</span>. <q>Small quantities of 90-minute and 99-minute blanks have appeared [...] Indications are that many recorders and some software don't work with the longer discs.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CD-Recordable+FAQ+%E2%80%93+Section+3&rft.date=2010-01-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdrfaq.org%2Ffaq03.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACompact+disc" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BadCDs-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BadCDs_101-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampaign_For_Digital_Rights2001" class="citation web cs1">Campaign For Digital Rights (5 December 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20011205101807/http://uk.eurorights.org/issues/cd/bad/">"Copy Protected CDs"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uk.eurorights.org/issues/cd/bad/">the original</a> on 5 December 2001.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Copy+Protected+CDs&rft.date=2001-12-05&rft.au=Campaign+For+Digital+Rights&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fuk.eurorights.org%2Fissues%2Fcd%2Fbad%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACompact+disc" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Compact_disc&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecma_International" title="Ecma International">Ecma International</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ecma-international.org/publications/standards/Ecma-130.htm"><i>Standard ECMA-130: Data Interchange on Read-only 120 mm Optical Data Disks (CD-ROM)</i></a>, 2nd edition (June 1996).</li> <li>Pohlmann, Kenneth C. (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/compactdischandb0000pohl"><i>The Compact Disc Handbook</i></a>. Middleton, Wisconsin: A-R Editions. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89579-300-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-89579-300-8">0-89579-300-8</a>.</li> <li>Peek, Hans et al. (2009) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.springer.com/engineering/electronics/book/978-1-4020-9552-8"><i>Origins and Successors of the Compact Disc</i></a>. Springer Science+Business Media B.V. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-9552-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-9552-8">978-1-4020-9552-8</a>.</li> <li>Peek, Hans B., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.philips.com/c-dam/corporate/research/technologies/cd/The-Emergence-of-the-Compact-Disc_v2.pdf"><i>The emergence of the compact disc</i></a>, IEEE Communications Magazine, Jan. 2010, pp. 10–17.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heitaro_Nakajima" title="Heitaro Nakajima">Nakajima, Heitaro</a>; Ogawa, Hiroshi (1992) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9G9Nu9n0DJQC"><i>Compact Disc Technology</i></a>, Tokyo, Ohmsha Ltd. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/4-274-03347-3" title="Special:BookSources/4-274-03347-3">4-274-03347-3</a>.</li> <li>Barry, Robert (2020). <i>Compact Disc (Object Lessons)</i>. New York: Bloomsbury. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5013-4851-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5013-4851-8">978-1-5013-4851-8</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Compact_disc&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The world's first CD-R was made by the Japanese firm <a href="/wiki/Taiyo_Yuden" title="Taiyo Yuden">Taiyo Yuden</a> Co., Ltd. in 1988 as part of the joint Philips-Sony development effort.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Compact_disc&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons" title="Wikimedia Commons">Wikimedia Commons</a> has media related to:<br /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Compact_disc" class="extiw" title="commons:Compact disc"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Compact disc</span></a> (<a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Compact_discs" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Compact discs">category</a>)</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ut_40U0t9pU">Video</a> How Compact Discs are Manufactured</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cdrfaq.org/">CD-Recordable FAQ</a> Exhaustive basics on CD-Recordable's</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20080129201342/http://www.research.philips.com/newscenter/dossier/optrec/beethoven.html">Philips history of the CD (cache)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20121216094847/http://www.ip.philips.com/licensing/licensingprogramshistory/history_cdplayer_joint.html">Patent History (CD Player)</a> – published by <a href="/wiki/Philips" title="Philips">Philips</a> in 2005</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20121206014421/http://www.ip.philips.com/licensing/licensingprogramshistory/history_cddisc_joint.html">Patent History CD Disc</a> – published by <a href="/wiki/Philips" title="Philips">Philips</a> in 2003</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081220113637/http://www.sony.co.jp/SonyInfo/CorporateInfo/History/SonyHistory/2-08.html">Sony History, Chapter 8, This is the replacement of Gramophone record ! (第8章レコードに代わるものはこれだ)</a> – <a href="/wiki/Sony" title="Sony">Sony</a> website in Japanese</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.soundfountain.com/amb/cd25years.html">Popularized History on Soundfountain</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fieldday.ie/40-years-of-the-compact-disc/">A Media History of the Compact Disc</a> (1-hour podcast interview)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Compact_disc" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Compact_disc" title="Template:Compact disc"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Compact_disc" title="Template talk:Compact disc"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Compact_disc" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Compact disc"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Compact_disc" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Compact disc</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Discs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">CD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compact_Disc_Digital_Audio" title="Compact Disc Digital Audio">CD-DA</a> <ul><li>Red Book</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD-R" title="CD-R">CD-R</a> <ul><li>Orange Book</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD-ROM" title="CD-ROM">CD-ROM</a> <ul><li>Yellow Book</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD-RW" title="CD-RW">CD-RW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Rainier_(packet_writing)" title="Mount Rainier (packet writing)">CD-MRW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD-RW" title="CD-RW">CD-MO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philips_CD-i" class="mw-redirect" title="Philips CD-i">CD-i</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Green_Book_(CD_standard)" class="mw-redirect" title="Green Book (CD standard)">Green Book</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD-Text" title="CD-Text">CD-Text</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Book_(CD_standard)" title="Blue Book (CD standard)">CD+</a> <ul><li>Blue Book</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compact_Disc_%2B_Extended_Graphics" class="mw-redirect" title="Compact Disc + Extended Graphics">CD+EG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD%2BG" title="CD+G">CD+G</a> (Karaoke)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gold_compact_disc" title="Gold compact disc">Gold CD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mini_CD" title="Mini CD">Mini CD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_Mode_CD" title="Mixed Mode CD">Mixed Mode CD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photo_CD" title="Photo CD">Photo CD</a> <ul><li>Beige Book</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PMCD" title="PMCD">PMCD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaped_compact_disc" title="Shaped compact disc">shaped CD</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bootable_business_card" title="Bootable business card">business card CD</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super_Video_CD" title="Super Video CD">SVCD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_CD" title="Video CD">VCD</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White_Book_(CD_standard)" title="White Book (CD standard)">White Book</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Technology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rainbow_Books" title="Rainbow Books">Rainbow Books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_disc_authoring" title="Optical disc authoring">CD authoring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_disc_authoring" title="Optical disc authoring">CD burning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compact_Disc_and_DVD_copy_protection" title="Compact Disc and DVD copy protection">CD copy protection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disk_image#Uses" title="Disk image">CD emulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compact_Disc_manufacturing" class="mw-redirect" title="Compact Disc manufacturing">CD manufacturing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ripping" title="Ripping">CD ripping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disc_rot" title="Disc rot">CD rot</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compact_disc_bronzing" title="Compact disc bronzing">CD bronzing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compact_Disc_subcode" title="Compact Disc subcode">CD subcode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C2_error" title="C2 error">C2 error</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD-i_Ready" title="CD-i Ready">CD-i Ready</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four-channel_Compact_Disc_Digital_Audio" class="mw-redirect" title="Four-channel Compact Disc Digital Audio">4ch CD-DA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Torito_(CD-ROM_standard)" class="mw-redirect" title="El Torito (CD-ROM standard)">El Torito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_9660" title="ISO 9660">ISO 9660</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joliet_(file_system)" class="mw-redirect" title="Joliet (file system)">Joliet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romeo_file_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Romeo file system">Romeo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_Ridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Rock Ridge">Rock Ridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_13490" title="ISO 13490">ISO 13490</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Disk_Format" title="Universal Disk Format">UDF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extended_Resolution_Compact_Disc" title="Extended Resolution Compact Disc">XRCD</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hardware/software/content</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Optical_disc_packaging" title="Optical disc packaging">CD Case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_disc_drive" title="Optical disc drive">CD drive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD_player" title="CD player">CD player</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portable_CD_player" title="Portable CD player">Portable CD player</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_disc_drive" title="Optical disc drive">CD recorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD_ripper" title="CD ripper">CD ripper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD_single" title="CD single">CD single</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mini_CD_single" class="mw-redirect" title="Mini CD single">Mini CD single</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Court cases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orange-Book-Standard" title="Orange-Book-Standard">Orange-Book-Standard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Compact_Disc_and_DVD_copy_protection_schemes" title="List of Compact Disc and DVD copy protection schemes">CD copy protection schemes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_compact_disc_player_manufacturers" title="List of compact disc player manufacturers">CD player manufacturers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_optical_disc_authoring_software" title="List of optical disc authoring software">Optical disc authoring software</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Variants based on CD</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/5.1_Music_Disc" class="mw-redirect" title="5.1 Music Disc">5.1 Music Disc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ATRAC_CD" title="ATRAC CD">ATRAC CD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD_Video" title="CD Video">CD Video</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Video_Single_Disc" title="Video Single Disc">Video Single Disc</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CDVD" title="CDVD">cDVD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double-density_compact_disc" title="Double-density compact disc">DD-CD</a> <ul><li>Purple Book</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DualDisc" title="DualDisc">DualDisc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Definition_Compatible_Digital" title="High Definition Compatible Digital">HDCD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DVD-Audio" title="DVD-Audio">Hybrid DVD-Audio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super_Audio_CD" title="Super Audio CD">Hybrid SACD</a> <ul><li>Scarlet Book</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MovieCD" title="MovieCD">MovieCD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compressed_audio_optical_disc" title="Compressed audio optical disc">MP3 CD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picture_CD" title="Picture CD">Picture CD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VideoNow" title="VideoNow">VideoNow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VinylDisc" title="VinylDisc">VinylDisc</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blu-ray" title="Blu-ray">Blu-ray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DVD" title="DVD">DVD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HD_DVD" title="HD DVD">HD DVD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LaserDisc" title="LaserDisc">LaserDisc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MiniDisc" title="MiniDisc">MiniDisc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super_Audio_CD" title="Super Audio CD">SACD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Media_Disc" title="Universal Media Disc">UMD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Write_once_read_many" title="Write once read many">WORM</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Compact_disc" title="Category:Compact disc">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Compact_discs" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Compact discs">Commons</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wiktionary page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/16px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/24px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/32px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="370" data-file-height="350" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/en:CD" class="extiw" title="wikt:en:CD">Wiktionary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Physical_audio_recording_formats" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Audio_formats" title="Template:Audio formats"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Audio_formats" title="Template talk:Audio formats"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Audio_formats" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Audio formats"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Physical_audio_recording_formats" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Physical <a href="/wiki/Audio_recording_format" class="mw-redirect" title="Audio recording format">audio recording formats</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Music_engraving" title="Music engraving">Mechanical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_box#Evolving_box_production" title="Music box">Music box cylinder or disc</a> (9th century)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuckoo_clock#First_modern_cuckoo_clocks" title="Cuckoo clock">Mechanical cuckoo</a> (early 17th century)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punched_card" title="Punched card">Punched card</a> (1881)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_roll" title="Music roll">Music roll</a> (1883)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Analog_recording" title="Analog recording">Analog</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Grooved surface</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phonautograph" title="Phonautograph">Phonautogram</a> (1857)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Grooved <a href="/wiki/Phonograph_cylinder" title="Phonograph cylinder">cylinder</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phonograph_cylinder#Early_development" title="Phonograph cylinder">Phonograph cylinder</a> (1877)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphophone" title="Graphophone">Graphophone</a>/<a href="/wiki/Dictaphone" title="Dictaphone">Dictaphone cylinder</a> (1887)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phonograph_cylinder#Early_development" title="Phonograph cylinder">Perfected phonograph</a>/<a href="/wiki/Edison_Records#Mass-produced_cylinders" title="Edison Records">Ediphone</a> (1888)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Path%C3%A9_Records#Pathé_cylinders_and_discs" title="Pathé Records">Salon cylinder</a> (1890s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Path%C3%A9_Records#Pathé_cylinders_and_discs" title="Pathé Records">Stentor cylinder</a> (1890s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Path%C3%A9_Records#Pathé_cylinders_and_discs" title="Pathé Records">Le Céleste cylinder</a> (1890s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edison_Records#Mass-produced_cylinders" title="Edison Records">Gold moulded record</a> (1902)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indestructible_Record_Company" title="Indestructible Record Company">Indestructible record</a> (1907)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edison_Records#Mass-produced_cylinders" title="Edison Records">Amberol record</a> (1908)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Amberol_Records" title="Blue Amberol Records">Blue Amberol record</a> (1912)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Path%C3%A9_Records#Pathé_cylinders_and_discs" title="Pathé Records">Paradis cylinder</a> (1913)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Grooved disc</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phonograph_record" title="Phonograph record">Phonograph record</a> (1889)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Path%C3%A9_Records#Pathé_cylinders_and_discs" title="Pathé Records">Pathé disc</a> (1905)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edison_Disc_Record" title="Edison Disc Record">Diamond disc</a> (1912)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Path%C3%A9_Records#Pathé_cylinders_and_discs" title="Pathé Records">Pathé Actuelle</a> (1920)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edison_Voicewriter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Edison Voicewriter (page does not exist)">Edison Voicewriter</a> (late 1940s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SoundScriber" title="SoundScriber">SoundScriber</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gray_Audograph" title="Gray Audograph">Audograph</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/LP_record" title="LP record">Long play</a> (1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highway_Hi-Fi" title="Highway Hi-Fi">Highway Hi-Fi</a> (1956)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bandai_8ban&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bandai 8ban (page does not exist)">Bandai 8ban</a> (2004)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Grooved tape</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tefifon#1930s" title="Tefifon">Tefiphon/Teficord (early 1930s), Tefifon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dictabelt" title="Dictabelt">Dictabelt</a> (1947)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sound-on-film" title="Sound-on-film">Sound-on-film</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phonofilm" title="Phonofilm">Phonofilm</a> (1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tri-Ergon" title="Tri-Ergon">Tri-Ergon</a> (1922)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movietone_sound_system" title="Movietone sound system">Movietone</a> (1926)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/RCA_Photophone" title="RCA Photophone">Photophone</a> (1929)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasound" title="Fantasound">Fantasound</a> (1940)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Loose magnetic <a href="/wiki/Wire" title="Wire">wire</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wire_recording" title="Wire recording">Wire recording</a> (1898)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Magnetic <a href="/wiki/Wire" title="Wire">wire</a> cartridge</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lorenz_Textophon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lorenz Textophon (page does not exist)">Lorenz Textophon</a> (1942)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=US_Army_RD-11B/GNQ-1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="US Army RD-11B/GNQ-1 (page does not exist)">US Army RD-11B/GNQ-1</a> (1944)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cosmos_Industries_MX-303A/ANQ-1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cosmos Industries MX-303A/ANQ-1 (page does not exist)">Cosmos Industries MX-303A/ANQ-1</a> (1944)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=RCA_MI-12875&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="RCA MI-12875 (page does not exist)">RCA MI-12875</a> (1947)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=RCA_MI-12877&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="RCA MI-12877 (page does not exist)">RCA MI-12877</a> (1947)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peirce_265B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peirce 265B (page does not exist)">Peirce 265B</a> (1951)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peirce_330/360&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peirce 330/360 (page does not exist)">Peirce 330/360</a> (1951)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protona_Minifon_P51&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Protona Minifon P51 (page does not exist)">Protona Minifon P51</a> (1951)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protona_Minifon_P55&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Protona Minifon P55 (page does not exist)">Protona Minifon P55</a> (1955)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protona_Minifon_special&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Protona Minifon special (page does not exist)">Protona Minifon special</a> (1961)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crouzet-Jaeger_cartridge&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Crouzet-Jaeger cartridge (page does not exist)">Crouzet-Jaeger cartridge</a> (1962)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Magnetic surface</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_stripe_card" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnetic stripe card">Magnetic stripe card</a> (1900)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telefunken_magnetic_disc&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Telefunken magnetic disc (page does not exist)">Telefunken magnetic disc</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thermionic_Products_Recordon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thermionic Products Recordon (page does not exist)">Thermionic Products Recordon</a> (1948)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Record_Maker_Pye&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Record Maker Pye (page does not exist)">Record Maker Pye</a> (1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ricoh_Synchrofax" title="Ricoh Synchrofax">Synchrofax</a> (1959)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_High_Density" title="Video High Density">Audio High Density</a> (1978)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Reel-to-reel_audio_tape_recording" title="Reel-to-reel audio tape recording">Loose (reel-to-reel)</a> <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_tape" title="Magnetic tape">magnetic tape</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Blattner#Career" title="Ludwig Blattner">Blattnerphone</a> (1928)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetophon" title="Magnetophon">Magnetophon</a> (1935)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audio_tape_specifications#Reel-to-reel_¼"" title="Audio tape specifications">1/4" tape</a> (1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audio_tape_specifications#Studio_tape_formats" title="Audio tape specifications">1/2" tape</a> (1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audio_tape_specifications#Studio_tape_formats" title="Audio tape specifications">Fullcoat magfilm</a> (1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audio_tape_specifications#Studio_tape_formats" title="Audio tape specifications">Stripe magfilm</a> (1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_multitrack_recording#Ampex's_original_8-track_recorder" title="History of multitrack recording">1" tape</a> (1957)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_multitrack_recording#Large_format_analog_recorders" title="History of multitrack recording">2" tape</a> (1967)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=3/4%22_tape&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="3/4" tape (page does not exist)">3/4" tape</a> (1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audio_tape_specifications#Studio_tape_formats" title="Audio tape specifications">3" tape</a> (1978)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_tape" title="Magnetic tape">Magnetic tape</a> cartridge</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Loewe_(electronics)#Company_history" title="Loewe (electronics)">Optaphon</a> (1951)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cousino_Echo-matic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cousino Echo-matic (page does not exist)">Cousino Echo-matic</a> (1952)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mohawk_Message_repeater_cartridge&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mohawk Message repeater cartridge (page does not exist)">Mohawk Message repeater cartridge</a> (1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grundig_Business_Systems#History" title="Grundig Business Systems">Stenorette</a> (1954)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mohawk_Midgetape_RL&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mohawk Midgetape RL (page does not exist)">Mohawk Midgetape RL</a> (1955)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dictaphone_Dictet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dictaphone Dictet (page does not exist)">Dictaphone Dictet</a> (1957)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rediffusion_Reditune&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rediffusion Reditune (page does not exist)">Rediffusion Reditune</a> (1957)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saba_Sabafon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saba Sabafon (page does not exist)">Saba Sabafon</a> (1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/RCA_tape_cartridge" title="RCA tape cartridge">RCA tape cartridge</a> (1958)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philips_EL_3581&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Philips EL 3581 (page does not exist)">Philips EL 3581</a> (1958)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protona_Attach%C3%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Protona Attaché (page does not exist)">Protona Attaché</a> (1959)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fidelipac" title="Fidelipac">Fidelipac</a> (1959)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cousino_MR-9000&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cousino MR-9000 (page does not exist)">Cousino MR-9000</a> (1960)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=IBM_Magnabelt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="IBM Magnabelt (page does not exist)">IBM Magnabelt</a> (1961)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dictaphone_Travel_master&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dictaphone Travel master (page does not exist)">Dictaphone Travel master</a> (1961)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nippon_Electronic_Vity_cassette&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nippon Electronic Vity cassette (page does not exist)">Nippon Electronic Vity cassette</a> (1961)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grundig_Cassette_LFH_0084&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Grundig Cassette LFH 0084 (page does not exist)">Grundig Cassette LFH 0084</a> (1962)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orrtronic_Tapette&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Orrtronic Tapette (page does not exist)">Orrtronic Tapette</a> (1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotch_Tape#Trade_names" title="Scotch Tape">3M Scotch</a> (1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Cousino" title="Bernard Cousino">Cousino Echo-matic II</a> (1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereo-Pak" title="Stereo-Pak">Stereo-Pak</a> (1962)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philips_EL_3583&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Philips EL 3583 (page does not exist)">Philips EL 3583</a> (1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compact_cassette" class="mw-redirect" title="Compact cassette">Compact cassette</a> (1963)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grundig_En3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Grundig En3 (page does not exist)">Grundig En3</a> (1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabamobil" title="Sabamobil">Sabamobil</a> (1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/8-track_cartridge" title="8-track cartridge">8-track</a> (1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanyo_Micro_Pack_35" title="Sanyo Micro Pack 35">Micro pack 35</a> (1964)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Assmann-Stuzzi_Memocord&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Assmann-Stuzzi Memocord (page does not exist)">Assmann-Stuzzi Memocord</a> (1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantata_700" title="Cantata 700">Cantata 700</a> (1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/DC-International" title="DC-International">DC-International</a> (1965)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nippon_Electronic_Memo-call&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nippon Electronic Memo-call (page does not exist)">Nippon Electronic Memo-call</a> (1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/PlayTape" title="PlayTape">PlayTape</a> (1966)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muntz_Stereo_Mini-twin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Muntz Stereo Mini-twin (page does not exist)">Muntz Stereo Mini-twin</a> (1967)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grundig_DeJ614&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Grundig DeJ614 (page does not exist)">Grundig DeJ614</a> (1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microcassette" title="Microcassette">Microcassette</a> (1969)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sanyo_Tape_cartridge&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sanyo Tape cartridge (page does not exist)">Sanyo Tape cartridge</a> (1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/HiPac" title="HiPac">HiPac</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steno-Cassette" title="Steno-Cassette">Steno-Cassette</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grundig_Business_Systems#History" title="Grundig Business Systems">Stenorette DL</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capitol_Records_Audiopak&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Capitol Records Audiopak (page does not exist)">Capitol Records Audiopak</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elcaset" title="Elcaset">Elcaset</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bandai_micro_cartridge&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bandai micro cartridge (page does not exist)">Bandai micro cartridge</a> (late 1980s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picocassette" title="Picocassette">Picocassette</a> (1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pocket_Rockers" title="Pocket Rockers">Pocket Rockers</a> (1988)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Analog-to-digital_converter" title="Analog-to-digital converter">Analog-to-digital converter</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soundstream#Digital_Tape_Recorder" title="Soundstream">Soundstream</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ProDigi" title="ProDigi">X80/ProDigi</a> (1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Audio_Stationary_Head" title="Digital Audio Stationary Head">DASH</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/PCM_adaptor" title="PCM adaptor">PCM adaptor</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/DA-88" title="DA-88">DA-88/DTRS</a> (1993)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Digital_recording" title="Digital recording">Digital</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_tape" title="Magnetic tape">Magnetic tape</a> cartridge</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Audio_Tape" title="Digital Audio Tape">Digital Audio Tape</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/NT_(cassette)" title="NT (cassette)">NT</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Compact_Cassette" title="Digital Compact Cassette">Digital Compact Cassette</a> (1992)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sound-on-film" title="Sound-on-film">Sound-on-film</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dolby_Digital" title="Dolby Digital">DD</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_Digital_Sound" title="Cinema Digital Sound">CDS</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sony_Dynamic_Digital_Sound" title="Sony Dynamic Digital Sound">SDDS</a> (1993)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Optical_disc_recording_technologies" title="Optical disc recording technologies">Optical disc</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compact_Disc_Digital_Audio" title="Compact Disc Digital Audio">Compact Disc Digital Audio</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philips_CD-BGM&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Philips CD-BGM (page does not exist)">Philips CD-BGM</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MiniDisc" title="MiniDisc">MiniDisc</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/DTS_(sound_system)" class="mw-redirect" title="DTS (sound system)">DTS</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/HDCD" class="mw-redirect" title="HDCD">HDCD</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super_Audio_CD" title="Super Audio CD">Super Audio CD</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/DVD-Audio" title="DVD-Audio">DVD-Audio</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/DataPlay" title="DataPlay">DataPlay</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hi-MD" title="Hi-MD">Hi-MD</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/DualDisc" title="DualDisc">DualDisc</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/BD-Audio" class="mw-redirect" title="BD-Audio">BD-Audio</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Fidelity_Pure_Audio" title="High Fidelity Pure Audio">HFPA</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master_Quality_Authenticated" title="Master Quality Authenticated">MQA-CD</a> (2014)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Solid-state_storage" title="Solid-state storage">Electronic circuit</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sound_chip" title="Sound chip">Sound chip</a> (late 1970s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MP3_player" class="mw-redirect" title="MP3 player">MP3 player</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/HitClips" title="HitClips">HitClips</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yaboom_Box&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yaboom Box (page does not exist)">Yaboom Box</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Takara_E-kara&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Takara E-kara (page does not exist)">Takara E-kara</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Toymax_VJ_Starz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Toymax VJ Starz (page does not exist)">Toymax VJ Starz</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/USB_flash_drive#Media_storage_and_marketing" title="USB flash drive">USB flash drive</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secure_Digital#Music_distribution" class="mw-redirect" title="Secure Digital">MicroSD</a> (2007)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hybrid</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mini-cassette" class="mw-redirect" title="Mini-cassette">Mini-cassette</a> (1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/U-matic" title="U-matic">U-matic</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pioneer_Artists_Compact_LaserDisc&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pioneer Artists Compact LaserDisc (page does not exist)">Pioneer Artists Compact LaserDisc</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD_Video" title="CD Video">CD Video</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ADAT" title="ADAT">ADAT</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinyl_emulation_software" class="mw-redirect" title="Vinyl emulation software">Timecode vinyl</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/VinylDisc" title="VinylDisc">VinylDisc</a> (2007)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Music_technology" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Music_technology" title="Template:Music technology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Music_technology" title="Template talk:Music technology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Music_technology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Music technology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Music_technology" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Music_technology" title="Music technology">Music technology</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Music_technology" title="Music technology">Music technology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_technology_(mechanical)" title="Music technology (mechanical)">Mechanical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_technology_(electric)" title="Music technology (electric)">Electrical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_technology_(electronic_and_digital)" title="Music technology (electronic and digital)">Electronic and digital</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sound_recording_and_reproduction" title="Sound recording and reproduction">Sound recording</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Audio_channel" class="mw-redirect" title="Audio channel">Audio channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixing_console" title="Mixing console">Mixing console</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binaural_recording" title="Binaural recording">Binaural recording</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_audio_workstation" title="Digital audio workstation">Digital audio workstation</a> (DAW)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_unit" title="Effects unit">Effects unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equalization_(audio)" title="Equalization (audio)">Equalizer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Headphones" title="Headphones">Headphones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microphone" title="Microphone">Microphone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microphone_preamplifier" title="Microphone preamplifier">Microphone preamplifier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foldback_(sound_engineering)" class="mw-redirect" title="Foldback (sound engineering)">Monitor speaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multitrack_recording" title="Multitrack recording">Multitrack recording</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Record_producer" title="Record producer">Music production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_sequencer" title="Music sequencer">Music sequencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outboard_gear" title="Outboard gear">Outboard gear</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_audio_formats" title="Timeline of audio formats">Recording media</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phonograph_record" title="Phonograph record">Phonograph record</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_tape" title="Magnetic tape">Magnetic tape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compact_cassette" class="mw-redirect" title="Compact cassette">Compact cassette</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Compact disc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Audio_Tape" title="Digital Audio Tape">DAT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hard_disk_recorder" title="Hard disk recorder">Hard disk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MiniDisc" title="MiniDisc">MiniDisc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MP3" title="MP3">MP3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opus_(audio_format)" title="Opus (audio format)">Opus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Analog_recording" title="Analog recording">Analog recording</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/8-track_tape" class="mw-redirect" title="8-track tape">8-track cartridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amplifier" title="Amplifier">Amplifier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassette_deck" title="Cassette deck">Cassette deck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_analog_and_digital_recording" title="Comparison of analog and digital recording">Comparison of analog and digital recording</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_musical_instrument" title="Experimental musical instrument">Experimental musical instrument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phonograph" title="Phonograph">Phonograph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Player_piano" title="Player piano">Player piano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reel-to-reel_audio_tape_recording" title="Reel-to-reel audio tape recording">Reel-to-reel audio tape recording</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tape_recorder" title="Tape recorder">Tape recorder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Playback transducers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Loudspeaker" title="Loudspeaker">Loudspeaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Headphones" title="Headphones">Headphones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foldback_(sound_engineering)" class="mw-redirect" title="Foldback (sound engineering)">Monitor speaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_address_system" title="Public address system">PA system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_reinforcement_system" title="Sound reinforcement system">Sound reinforcement system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speaker_enclosure" class="mw-redirect" title="Speaker enclosure">Speaker enclosure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subwoofer" title="Subwoofer">Subwoofer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Digital_audio" title="Digital audio">Digital audio</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_recording" title="Digital recording">Digital recording</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_signal_processing" title="Digital signal processing">Digital signal processing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Concert" title="Concert">Live music</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mixing_console" title="Mixing console">Mixing console</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bass_amplifier" title="Bass amplifier">Bass amplifier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_unit" title="Effects unit">Effects unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foldback_(sound_engineering)" class="mw-redirect" title="Foldback (sound engineering)">Foldback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guitar_amplifier" title="Guitar amplifier">Guitar amplifier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keyboard_amplifier" title="Keyboard amplifier">Keyboard amplifier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_address_system" title="Public address system">PA system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverb_effect" title="Reverb effect">Reverb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_reinforcement_system" title="Sound reinforcement system">Sound reinforcement system</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Electronic_music" title="Electronic music">Electronic music</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chiptune" title="Chiptune">Chiptune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circuit_bending" title="Circuit bending">Circuit bending</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drum_machine" title="Drum machine">Drum machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_drums" class="mw-redirect" title="Electronic drums">Electronic drums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_musical_instrument" title="Electronic musical instrument">Electronic musical instrument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MIDI" title="MIDI">MIDI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MIDI_controller" title="MIDI controller">MIDI controller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_workstation" title="Music workstation">Music workstation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sampler_(musical_instrument)" title="Sampler (musical instrument)">Sampler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_sequencer" title="Music sequencer">Sequencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_module" title="Sound module">Sound module</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synthesizer" title="Synthesizer">Synthesizer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theremin" title="Theremin">Theremin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Software" title="Software">Software</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_audio_editor" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital audio editor">Digital audio editor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_audio_workstation" title="Digital audio workstation">Digital audio workstation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GarageBand" title="GarageBand">GarageBand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ProTools" class="mw-redirect" title="ProTools">ProTools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scorewriter" title="Scorewriter">Scorewriter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_effect_processor" title="Software effect processor">Software effect processor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_sampler" class="mw-redirect" title="Software sampler">Software sampler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_synthesizer" title="Software synthesizer">Software synthesizer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Professions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Audio_engineer" title="Audio engineer">Audio engineer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DJ" class="mw-redirect" title="DJ">DJ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guitar_tech" title="Guitar tech">Guitar technician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixing_engineer" title="Mixing engineer">Mixing engineer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monitor_engineer" class="mw-redirect" title="Monitor engineer">Monitor engineer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piano_tuner" class="mw-redirect" title="Piano tuner">Piano tuner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Record_producer" title="Record producer">Record producer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Re-recording_mixer" title="Re-recording mixer">Re-recording mixer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_designer" class="mw-redirect" title="Sound designer">Sound designer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_follower" title="Sound follower">Sound follower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_operator" class="mw-redirect" title="Sound operator">Sound operator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_recording" class="mw-redirect" title="Sound recording">Sound recording engineer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tape_op" title="Tape op">Tape op</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People and organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Audio_Engineering_Society" title="Audio Engineering Society">Audio Engineering Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goji_Electronics" title="Goji Electronics">Goji Electronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Broadcast_Sound" class="mw-redirect" title="Institute of Broadcast Sound">Institute of Broadcast Sound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lejaren_Hiller" title="Lejaren Hiller">Lejaren Hiller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IRCAM" title="IRCAM">IRCAM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Mathews" title="Max Mathews">Max Mathews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musical_Electronics_Library" title="Musical Electronics Library">Musical Electronics Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_Lighting_and_Sound_Association" title="Professional Lighting and Sound Association">Professional Lighting and Sound Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Moog" title="Robert Moog">Robert Moog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Motion_Picture_and_Television_Engineers" title="Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers">SMPTE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STEIM" title="STEIM">STEIM</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Audiophile" title="Audiophile">Audiophile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_fidelity" title="High fidelity">High fidelity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_audio" title="Home audio">Home audio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_cinema" title="Home cinema">Home cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_store" title="Music store">Music store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_audio_store" title="Professional audio store">Professional audio store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Interfaces_for_Musical_Expression" title="New Interfaces for Musical Expression">New Interfaces for Musical Expression</a> (NIME)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vehicle_audio" title="Vehicle audio">Vehicle audio</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/45_record.png/16px-45_record.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/45_record.png/24px-45_record.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/45_record.png/32px-45_record.png 2x" data-file-width="792" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Record_production" title="Portal:Record production">Record production portal</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Sony" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sony" title="Template:Sony"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sony" title="Template talk:Sony"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sony" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sony"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Sony" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Sony" title="Sony">Sony</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sony" title="History of Sony">History</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Founders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Masaru_Ibuka" title="Masaru Ibuka">Masaru Ibuka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akio_Morita" title="Akio Morita">Akio Morita</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Primary businesses</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sony#Electronics_Products_&_Solutions" title="Sony">Sony Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sony#Imaging_&_Sensing_Solutions" title="Sony">Sony Semiconductor Solutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sony_Entertainment" title="Sony Entertainment">Sony Entertainment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sony_Music_Group" title="Sony Music Group">Sony Music Group</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sony_Music" title="Sony Music">Entertainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sony_Music_Publishing" title="Sony Music Publishing">Publishing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sony_Pictures" title="Sony Pictures">Sony Pictures</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sony_Financial_Group" title="Sony Financial Group">Sony Financial Group</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sony_Life" title="Sony Life">Sony Life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sony_Bank" title="Sony Bank">Sony Bank</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sony_Interactive_Entertainment" title="Sony Interactive Entertainment">Sony Interactive Entertainment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/PlayStation" title="PlayStation">PlayStation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sony_Music_Entertainment_Japan" title="Sony Music Entertainment Japan">Sony Music Entertainment Japan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aniplex" title="Aniplex">Aniplex</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sony_trademarks" title="List of Sony trademarks">Technologies<br />and brands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sony_%CE%B1" title="Sony α">α (Alpha)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betacam" title="Betacam">Betacam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bionz" title="Bionz">Bionz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blu-ray" title="Blu-ray">Blu-ray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bravia_(brand)" title="Bravia (brand)">Bravia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">CD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cell_(microprocessor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cell (microprocessor)">Cell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyber-shot" title="Cyber-shot">Cyber-shot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sony_Dash" title="Sony Dash">Dash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sony_Dream_Machine" title="Sony Dream Machine">Dream Machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DVD" title="DVD">DVD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exmor" title="Exmor">Exmor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FeliCa" title="FeliCa">FeliCa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handycam" title="Handycam">Handycam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HDCAM" title="HDCAM">HDCAM/HDCAM-SR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMZ-T1" title="HMZ-T1">HMZ-T1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inzone" title="Inzone">Inzone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LocationFree_Player" title="LocationFree Player">LocationFree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memory_Stick" title="Memory Stick">Memory Stick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MiniDisc" title="MiniDisc">MiniDisc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DV_(video_format)" title="DV (video format)">MiniDV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MicroMV" title="MicroMV">MicroMV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mylo_(Sony)" title="Mylo (Sony)">mylo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PlayNow_Arena" title="PlayNow Arena">PlayNow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PlayStation" title="PlayStation">PlayStation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sony_Reader" title="Sony Reader">Reader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S/PDIF" title="S/PDIF">S/PDIF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sony_Dynamic_Digital_Sound" title="Sony Dynamic Digital Sound">SDDS</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_8_channel_SDDS_films" title="List of 8 channel SDDS films">8 channel films</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sony_Entertainment_Network" title="Sony Entertainment Network">Sony Entertainment Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silicon_X-tal_Reflective_Display" title="Silicon X-tal Reflective Display">SXRD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sony_Tablet" title="Sony Tablet">Sony Tablet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunnel_diode" title="Tunnel diode">Tunnel diode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TransferJet" title="TransferJet">TransferJet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Media_Disc" title="Universal Media Disc">UMD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaio" title="Vaio">Vaio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/8_mm_video_format" title="8 mm video format">Video8/Hi8/Digital8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sony_Vision-S" title="Sony Vision-S">Vision-S</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walkman" title="Walkman">Walkman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XDCAM" title="XDCAM">XDCAM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sony_Xperia" title="Sony Xperia">Xperia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical products</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AIBO" title="AIBO">AIBO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CV-2000" title="CV-2000">CV-2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Audio_Tape" title="Digital Audio Tape">DAT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betamax" title="Betamax">Betamax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CLI%C3%89" title="CLIÉ">Sony CLIÉ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discman" title="Discman">Discman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jumbotron" title="Jumbotron">Jumbotron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sony_Lissa" title="Sony Lissa">Lissa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sony_Mavica" title="Sony Mavica">Mavica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sony_NEWS" title="Sony NEWS">NEWS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optiarc" title="Optiarc">Optiarc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qualia_(Sony)" title="Qualia (Sony)">Qualia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sony_Rolly" title="Sony Rolly">Rolly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TR-55" title="TR-55">TR-55</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinitron" title="Trinitron">Trinitron</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/FD_Trinitron/WEGA" title="FD Trinitron/WEGA">FD series</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_C_videotape" title="Type C videotape">1 inch Type C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U-matic" title="U-matic">U-matic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaio" title="Vaio">Vaio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sony_Watchman" title="Sony Watchman">Watchman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WEGA" title="WEGA">WEGA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Electronics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sony_Creative_Software" title="Sony Creative Software">Sony Creative Software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FeliCa" title="FeliCa">FeliCa Networks</a> (57%)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Digital_distribution" title="Digital distribution">Online distribution</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Content_delivery_network" title="Content delivery network">platforms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/PlayStation_Network" title="PlayStation Network">PlayStation Network</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/PlayStation_Now" title="PlayStation Now">PlayStation Now</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PlayStation_Store" title="PlayStation Store">PlayStation Store</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sony_Pictures_Core" title="Sony Pictures Core">Sony Pictures Core</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SonyLIV" title="SonyLIV">SonyLIV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crunchyroll" title="Crunchyroll">Crunchyroll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pure_Flix" class="mw-redirect" title="Pure Flix">Great American Pure Flix</a> (joint venture with <a href="/wiki/Great_American_Media" title="Great American Media">Great American Media</a>)</li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Former/Defunct" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i>Former/Defunct</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/PlayNow_Arena" title="PlayNow Arena">PlayNow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PlayStation_Video" title="PlayStation Video">PlayStation Video</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PlayStation_Vue" title="PlayStation Vue">PlayStation Vue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crunchyroll_EMEA#Anime_Digital_Network" title="Crunchyroll EMEA">Anime Digital Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anime_on_Demand" title="Anime on Demand">Anime on Demand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crunchyroll_Store_Australia#AnimeLab" title="Crunchyroll Store Australia">AnimeLab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funimation" title="Funimation">Funimation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wakanim" title="Wakanim">Wakanim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VRV_(streaming_service)" title="VRV (streaming service)">VRV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sony_Entertainment_Network" title="Sony Entertainment Network">Sony Entertainment Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crackle_(service)" title="Crackle (service)">Crackle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Minisode_Network" title="The Minisode Network">Minisodes</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other businesses</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sony_Digital_Audio_Disc_Corporation" title="Sony Digital Audio Disc Corporation">Sony DADC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/So-net" title="So-net">Sony Network Communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sony_Professional_Solutions" title="Sony Professional Solutions">Sony Professional Solutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sony_Honda_Mobility" title="Sony Honda Mobility">Sony Honda Mobility</a> (50%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MDLinx" title="MDLinx">M3</a> (39.4%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaio" title="Vaio">Vaio</a> (4.9%)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other assets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sony_Corporation_of_America" title="Sony Corporation of America">Sony Corporation of America</a> (umbrella company in the US)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_assets_owned_by_Sony" title="List of assets owned by Sony">Other subsidiaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acquisitions_by_Sony" title="List of acquisitions by Sony">List of acquisitions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_libraries_owned_by_Sony" title="List of libraries owned by Sony">List of libraries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nonprofit organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shohoku_College" title="Shohoku College">Sony Institute of Higher Education Shohoku College</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sony_Toshiba_IBM_Center_of_Competence_for_the_Cell_Processor" title="Sony Toshiba IBM Center of Competence for the Cell Processor">Sony Toshiba IBM Center of Competence for the Cell Processor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sony_timer" title="Sony timer">Sony timer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Lasers" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Lasers" title="Template:Lasers"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Lasers" title="Template talk:Lasers"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Lasers" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Lasers"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Lasers" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Laser" title="Laser">Lasers</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_laser_articles" title="List of laser articles">List of laser articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_laser_types" title="List of laser types">List of laser types</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_laser_applications" title="List of laser applications">List of laser applications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laser_acronyms" title="Laser acronyms">Laser acronyms</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types of lasers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_laser" title="Chemical laser">Chemical laser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dye_laser" title="Dye laser">Dye laser</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bubble_laser" title="Bubble laser">Bubble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquid-crystal_laser" title="Liquid-crystal laser">Liquid-crystal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_laser" title="Gas laser">Gas laser</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide_laser" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon dioxide laser">Carbon dioxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Excimer_laser" title="Excimer laser">Excimer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helium%E2%80%93neon_laser" title="Helium–neon laser">Helium–neon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ion_laser" title="Ion laser">Ion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_laser" title="Nitrogen laser">Nitrogen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free-electron_laser" title="Free-electron laser">Free-electron laser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laser_diode" title="Laser diode">Laser diode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solid-state_laser" title="Solid-state laser">Solid-state laser</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Er:YAG_laser" title="Er:YAG laser">Er:YAG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nd:YAG_laser" title="Nd:YAG laser">Nd:YAG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raman_laser" title="Raman laser">Raman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruby_laser" title="Ruby laser">Ruby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ti-sapphire_laser" class="mw-redirect" title="Ti-sapphire laser">Ti-sapphire</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X-ray_laser" title="X-ray laser">X-ray laser</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Laser_science" title="Laser science">Laser physics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Active_laser_medium" title="Active laser medium">Active laser medium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amplified_spontaneous_emission" title="Amplified spontaneous emission">Amplified spontaneous emission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continuous_wave" title="Continuous wave">Continuous wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laser_ablation" title="Laser ablation">Laser ablation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laser_linewidth" title="Laser linewidth">Laser linewidth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lasing_threshold" title="Lasing threshold">Lasing threshold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_inversion" title="Population inversion">Population inversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultrashort_pulse_laser" title="Ultrashort pulse laser">Ultrashort pulse</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Laser optics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beam_expander" title="Beam expander">Beam expander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beam_homogenizer" title="Beam homogenizer">Beam homogenizer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chirped_pulse_amplification" title="Chirped pulse amplification">Chirped pulse amplification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gain-switching" title="Gain-switching">Gain-switching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaussian_beam" title="Gaussian beam">Gaussian beam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Injection_seeder" title="Injection seeder">Injection seeder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laser_beam_profiler" title="Laser beam profiler">Laser beam profiler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M_squared" title="M squared">M squared</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mode_locking" title="Mode locking">Mode locking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiple-prism_grating_laser_oscillator" title="Multiple-prism grating laser oscillator">Multiple-prism grating laser oscillator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_amplifier" title="Optical amplifier">Optical amplifier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_cavity" title="Optical cavity">Optical cavity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_isolator" title="Optical isolator">Optical isolator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Output_coupler" title="Output coupler">Output coupler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Q-switching" title="Q-switching">Q-switching</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" 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