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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Betacam_and_Betacam_SP" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Betacam_and_Betacam_SP"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Betacam and Betacam SP</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Betacam_and_Betacam_SP-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Original_Betacam_format" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Original_Betacam_format"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.1</span> <span>Original Betacam format</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Original_Betacam_format-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Betacam_SP" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Betacam_SP"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.2</span> <span>Betacam SP</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Betacam_SP-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Third-party_support" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Third-party_support"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.3</span> <span>Third-party support</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Third-party_support-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Digital_Betacam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Digital_Betacam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Digital Betacam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Digital_Betacam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Betacam_SX" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Betacam_SX"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Betacam SX</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Betacam_SX-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-MPEG_IMX" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#MPEG_IMX"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>MPEG IMX</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-MPEG_IMX-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-HDCAM/HDCAM_SR" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#HDCAM/HDCAM_SR"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>HDCAM/HDCAM SR</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-HDCAM/HDCAM_SR-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Footnotes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Betacam</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 18 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-18" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">18 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betacam" title="Betacam – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Betacam" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betacam" title="Betacam – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Betacam" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betacam" title="Betacam – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Betacam" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betacam" title="Betacam – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Betacam" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betacam" title="Betacam – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Betacam" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B2%A0%ED%83%80%EC%BA%A0" title="베타캠 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="베타캠" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betacam" title="Betacam – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Betacam" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betacam" title="Betacam – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Betacam" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betacam" title="Betacam – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Betacam" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/BETACAM" title="BETACAM – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="BETACAM" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betacam" title="Betacam – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Betacam" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betacam" title="Betacam – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Betacam" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betacam" title="Betacam – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Betacam" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betacam" title="Betacam – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Betacam" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betacam" title="Betacam – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Betacam" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betacam" title="Betacam – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Betacam" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betacam" title="Betacam – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Betacam" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betacam" title="Betacam – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="Betacam" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q830910#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Betacam" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" 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free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the professional Betacam format. Not to be confused with the related but incompatible <a href="/wiki/Betamax" title="Betamax">Betamax</a> format, nor the consumer-oriented <a href="/wiki/Betamovie" title="Betamovie">Betamovie</a> camcorder line.</div><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Family of broadcast magnetic tape-based videocassette formats</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Betacam</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Betacam_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Betacam_logo.svg/220px-Betacam_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Betacam_logo.svg/330px-Betacam_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Betacam_logo.svg/440px-Betacam_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1519" data-file-height="313" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Betacam_betamax_tapes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Betacam_betamax_tapes.jpg/220px-Betacam_betamax_tapes.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="71" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Betacam_betamax_tapes.jpg/330px-Betacam_betamax_tapes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Betacam_betamax_tapes.jpg/440px-Betacam_betamax_tapes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="986" data-file-height="317" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">The early form of Betacam videocassette tapes are interchangeable with <a href="/wiki/Betamax" title="Betamax">Betamax</a>, though the recordings are not</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Media type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_cassette_tape" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnetic cassette tape">Magnetic cassette tape</a>, ½-inch</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Content_format" title="Content format">Encoding</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/NTSC" title="NTSC">NTSC</a>, <a href="/wiki/PAL" title="PAL">PAL</a>, <a href="/wiki/Digital_video" title="Digital video">Digital video</a>, <a href="/wiki/High-definition_video" title="High-definition video">High-definition video</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Read<span class="nowrap"> </span>mechanism</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Helical_scan" title="Helical scan">Helical scan</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Write<span class="nowrap"> </span>mechanism</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Helical_scan" title="Helical scan">Helical scan</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/International_standard" title="International standard">Standard</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Interlaced_video" title="Interlaced video">Interlaced video</a>, <a href="/wiki/Progressive_video" class="mw-redirect" title="Progressive video">Progressive video</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Developed<span class="nowrap"> </span>by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sony" title="Sony">Sony</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Usage</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Video_production" title="Video production">Video production</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Released</th><td class="infobox-data">August 7, 1982<br /><b>Lifespan:</b> August 1982-March 2016<br /><small>Technical Support 1982-2023</small><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Betacam</b> is a family of half-inch professional <a href="/wiki/Videocassette#Cassette_formats" class="mw-redirect" title="Videocassette">videocassette</a> products developed by <a href="/wiki/Sony" title="Sony">Sony</a> in 1982. In <a href="/wiki/Colloquial" class="mw-redirect" title="Colloquial">colloquial</a> use, <i>Betacam</i> singly is often used to refer to a Betacam camcorder, a Betacam tape, a Betacam video recorder or the format itself. </p><p>All Betacam variants from (plain) <a href="/wiki/Analog_recording" title="Analog recording">analog recording</a> Betacam to Betacam SP and <a href="/wiki/Digital_recording" title="Digital recording">digital recording</a> Digital Betacam (and additionally, <a href="/wiki/HDCAM" title="HDCAM">HDCAM</a> and HDCAM SR), use the same shape videocassettes, meaning vaults and other storage facilities do not have to be changed when upgrading to a new format. The cassettes are available in two sizes: S (short or small) and L (long or large). The Betacam <a href="/wiki/Camcorder" title="Camcorder">camcorder</a> can only load S <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_tape" title="Magnetic tape">magnetic tapes</a>, while <a href="/wiki/Television_studio" title="Television studio">television studio</a> sized <a href="/wiki/Video_tape_recorder" title="Video tape recorder">video tape recorders</a> (VTR) designed for <a href="/wiki/Video_editing" title="Video editing">video editing</a> can play both S and L tapes. </p><p>The cassette shell and case for each Betacam cassette is colored differently depending on the format, allowing for easy visual identification. There is also a mechanical key that allows a video tape recorder to identify which format has been inserted. </p><p>The format supplanted the three-quarter-inch <a href="/wiki/U-Matic" class="mw-redirect" title="U-Matic">U-Matic</a> format, which Sony had introduced in 1971. In addition to improvements in video quality, the Betacam configuration of an integrated <a href="/wiki/Professional_video_camera" title="Professional video camera">professional video camera</a>/recorder led to its rapid adoption by <a href="/wiki/Electronic_news_gathering" title="Electronic news gathering">electronic news gathering</a> (ENG) organizations. </p><p>DigiBeta, the common name for Digital Betacam, went on to become the single most successful professional broadcast <a href="/wiki/Digital_recording" title="Digital recording">digital recording</a> video tape format in history, but now although Betacam remains popular in the field and for archiving, new tapeless digital products have led to a phasing out of Betacam products in <a href="/wiki/Television_studio" title="Television studio">television studio</a> environments since 2006.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Variants">Variants</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Betacam&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Variants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Betacam_and_Betacam_SP">Betacam and Betacam SP</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Betacam&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Betacam and Betacam SP"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Original_Betacam_format">Original Betacam format</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Betacam&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Original Betacam format"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The original Betacam format was launched on August 7, 1982. It is an <a href="/wiki/Analog_video" class="mw-redirect" title="Analog video">analog</a> <a href="/wiki/Component_video" title="Component video">component video</a> format, storing the luminance, "Y", in one track and the <a href="/wiki/Chrominance" title="Chrominance">chrominance</a>, on another as alternating segments of the R-Y and B-Y components performing <i>Compressed Time Division Multiplex</i>, or CTDM.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This splitting of channels allows <i>true</i> <a href="/wiki/Broadcast_quality" title="Broadcast quality">broadcast quality</a> recording with 300 lines of horizontal luminance resolution and 120 lines chrominance resolution<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> versus 688 kHz chroma bandwidth<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> for domestic <a href="/wiki/Betamax" title="Betamax">Betamax</a> and the professional <a href="/wiki/U-Matic" class="mw-redirect" title="U-Matic">U-Matic</a> formats (~30 lines resolution left-to-right) on a relatively inexpensive <a href="/wiki/Videocassette#Cassette_formats" class="mw-redirect" title="Videocassette">cassette</a> based format. </p><p>The original Betacam cassettes, loaded with ferric-oxide tape, were identical in overall design and size (15.1 × 9.5 × 2.5 cm)<sup id="cite_ref-borgotallo_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-borgotallo-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to consumer-grade <a href="/wiki/Betamax" title="Betamax">Betamax</a>, introduced by Sony in 1975. Betacam cassettes could be used in a Betamax VCR; likewise, a blank Betamax tape would work on a Betacam deck. However, in later years Sony discouraged this practice, suggesting that the internal tape transport of Betamax cassette was not well suited to the faster tape transport of Betacam. In particular, the guide rollers tend to be noisy. </p><p>Although there is a superficial similarity between Betamax and Betacam in that they use the same tape cassette, they are really quite different formats. Betamax records relatively low-resolution video using a heterodyne color recording system and only two recording heads, while Betacam uses four heads to record in component format, at a much higher linear tape speed of 10.15 cm/s (3.99606 in./s) compared with Betamax's 1.87 cm/s (0.7362205 in./s), resulting in much higher video and audio quality. A typical L-750 length Betamax cassette that yielded about 3 hours of recording time on a Betamax <a href="/wiki/VCR" class="mw-redirect" title="VCR">VCR</a> at its B-II Speed (<a href="/wiki/NTSC" title="NTSC">NTSC</a>), or on <a href="/wiki/PAL" title="PAL">PAL</a>, only provided 30 minutes' record time on a Betacam VCR or <a href="/wiki/Camcorder" title="Camcorder">camcorder</a>. Another common point between Betamax and Betacam is the placement of the stereo linear audio tracks.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Also, some Betacam and Betamax portables share the same batteries. </p><p>(Matsushita's rival <a href="/wiki/M_(videocassette_format)" title="M (videocassette format)">"M"</a> and <a href="/wiki/MII_(videocassette_format)" title="MII (videocassette format)">"MII"</a> formats took a similar approach in combining the cassette from a non-professional system- in this case, <a href="/wiki/VHS" title="VHS">VHS</a>- with a much higher-quality recording format. However, neither enjoyed Betacam's level of success).<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Betacam was initially introduced as a camera line along with a video cassette player. The first cameras were the BVP-3, which utilized three <a href="/wiki/Video_camera_tube#Saticon_(1973)" title="Video camera tube">Saticon</a> tubes, the BVP-30, which utilized three <a href="/wiki/Video_camera_tube#Plumbicon_(1965)" title="Video camera tube">Plumbicon</a> tubes, and the BVP-1, which used a single tri-stripe SMF (Saticon Mixed Field) Trinicon tube. These three cameras could be operated standalone, or with their docking companion VTR, the BVV-1 (quickly superseded by the BVV-1A), to form the BVW-1 (BVW-1A) integrated camcorder. Those decks were record-only. The only transport controls on the deck were eject and rewind. The docked camera's VTR button started and paused the tape recorder. Later the Betacam SP docking decks had full transport controls (except a record button) but tapes could not be played back except in the camera's viewfinder in black-and-white only. Sony then came out with the playback adapter, the VA-500, a separate portable unit that connected via a multi-pin cable and had a composite video out jack for color playback. At first color playback required the studio source deck, the BVW-10, which could not record, only play back. It was primarily designed as a feeder deck for A/B roll edit systems, usually for editing to a one-inch Type C or three-quarter-inch U-matic cassette edit master tape. There was also the BVW-20 field playback deck, which was a portable unit with DC power and a handle, that was used to verify color playback of tapes in the field. Unlike the BVW-10, it did not have a built in time base corrector (TBC). </p><p>With the popular success of the Betacam system as a news acquisition format, the line was soon extended to include the BVW-15 studio player, and the BVW-40 studio edit recorder. The BVW-15 added dynamic tracking, which enabled clear still frame and jog playback, something the BVW-10 could not deliver. The BVW-40 enabled for the first time editing to a Betacam master, and if set up and wired correctly, true component video editing. It was also possible to do machine-to-machine editing between a BVW-10/15 and BVW-40 without an edit controller—a single serial cable between the units was all that was required to control the player from the recorder in performing simple assemble and insert editing. Additionally, there were two field models introduced, the field recorder BVW-25, and the BVW-21 play only portable field deck. </p><p>At its introduction, many insisted that Betacam remained inferior to the bulkier one-inch type C and B videotapes, the standard broadcast production formats of the late 1970s to mid-1990s. Additionally, the maximum record time for both the cameras and studio recorders was only half an hour, a severe limitation in television production. There was also the limitation that high-quality recording was only possible if the original component signals were available, as they were in a Betacam camcorder. If the recording started as <a href="/wiki/Composite_video" title="Composite video">composite video</a>, re-converting them to components for recording and then eventually back to composite for broadcast caused a drop in quality compared to recording component video directly. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Betacam_SP">Betacam SP</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Betacam&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Betacam SP"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1062633282">@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .content .thumb>div:not(.thumbinner){display:flex;justify-content:center;flex-wrap:wrap;align-content:flex-start;flex-direction:column}}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output div.thumb>div:not(.thumbinner){font-size:94%;text-align:center;overflow:hidden;min-width:100px}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.thumb>div:not(.thumbinner){margin:0 auto;max-width:100%!important}</style> <div class="thumb tright"> <div style="display:table;"> <span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Betacam_SP_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Logo of Betacam SP"><img alt="Logo of Betacam SP" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Betacam_SP_logo.svg/220px-Betacam_SP_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="33" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Betacam_SP_logo.svg/330px-Betacam_SP_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Betacam_SP_logo.svg/440px-Betacam_SP_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2069" data-file-height="313" /></a></span><div class="thumbcaption" style="display:table-caption;caption-side:bottom;box-sizing:border-box;">Logo of Betacam SP </div> </div> </div> <p>In 1987, <b>Betacam SP</b> (commonly referred to as <b>Beta SP</b>) was released.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It increased horizontal resolution to 340 lines. While the quality improvement of the format itself was minor, the improvement to the VTRs was enormous, particularly in quality and features. In addition to the existing cassette a larger cassette (25.3 × 14.4 × 2.5 cm)<sup id="cite_ref-borgotallo_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-borgotallo-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was introduced with 90 minutes of recording time. Betacam SP (for "Superior Performance") became the industry standard for most <a href="/wiki/TV_station" class="mw-redirect" title="TV station">TV stations</a> and high-end production houses until the late 1990s. Despite the format's age and its discontinuation in 2001, Betacam SP remained a common standard for standard-definition video post-production into the 2010s. The recording time is the same as for Betacam, 30 and 90 minutes for S and L, respectively. Tape speed is slightly slower in machines working in the 625/50 format, increasing tape duration by one minute for every five minutes of run time. So, a 90-minute tape will record 108 minutes of video in <a href="/wiki/PAL" title="PAL">PAL</a>. </p><p>Betacam SP is able to achieve its namesake "Superior Performance" over Betacam in the fact that it uses metal-formulated tape as opposed to Betacam's ferric oxide tape. Sony designed Betacam SP to be partially <a href="/wiki/Forward_compatible" class="mw-redirect" title="Forward compatible">forward compatible</a> with standard Betacam, with the capability that Betacam SP tapes recorded on Betacam SP decks can be played in oxide-era Betacam VTRs (such as the BVW-15 and BVW-40 mentioned earlier), but for playback only. Betacam SP-branded tapes cannot be used for recording in consumer Betamax VCRs like oxide Betacam tapes, due to Betacam SP's metal-formulation tape causing the video heads in a Betamax deck to wear prematurely, which are made of a softer material than the heads in a standard Betacam deck. However, Betacam SP tapes can be used without a problem in <a href="/wiki/Betamax#New_standards:_SuperBetamax_and_Extended_Definition_Betamax" title="Betamax">ED Beta</a> VCRs, since the ED Beta format uses metal-formulated tape as well. </p><p>The new Betacam SP studio decks were the players: The BVW-60 and BVW-65 (the BVW-65 features Dynamic Tracking); and the Edit Recorders: the BVW-70, and the Dynamic Tracking model, the BVW-75. The BVV-5 was the Betacam SP dockable camera back, which could play back in color if its companion playback adapter was used. A new SP field recorder, the BVW-35, possessed the added benefit of a standard RS422 serial control port that enabled it to be used as an edit feeder deck. Though the four new studio decks could utilize the full 90-minute Betacam SP cassettes, the BVW-35 remained limited to the original Betacam small 30-minute cassette shells. Answering a need for a basic office player, Sony also introduced the BVW-22, a much less expensive desktop model that could be used for viewing and logging 90-minute cassettes of both Betacam SP and oxide types, but could not be configured into an edit system and offered only composite video output. </p><p>Sony followed up the SP field recorder BVW-50 that could record and play the large-size 90 minute cassettes. After this, the deck line was relatively stagnant and incredibly popular for a decade, aside from some specialty models that could record <a href="/wiki/Digital_audio" title="Digital audio">digital audio</a>. </p><p>Until the introduction of the BVW-200 camera, the camera and recorder configuration was a docking system. The BVW-200 was an integrated camera recorder system. It sacrificed the flexibility of a docking camera in order to lose a substantial amount of weight. Eventually, non-docking camcorders became the most popular design by the mid-1990s. </p><p>The final Betacam SP camcorder was the BVW-D600, which paired a digital <a href="/wiki/Professional_video_camera" title="Professional video camera">professional video camera</a> front section, very similar to the one on the DigiBeta DVW-700, with an integrated Betacam SP recorder. Like every other Betacam camera system, and unlike the DigiBeta DVW-700, the camera could not play back in color without the use of an outboard adapter. </p><p>In 1991, the less-expensive, "Professional", PV line of Betacam SP decks was introduced. The PV line consisted of only four models: the full-sized PVW-2600 (VTP), PVW-2650 (VTP with Dynamic tracking allowing up to fwd x3, whereas the BVW line only offered x2 DT playback) and PVW-2800 (VTR) editing decks, and the PVV-3 camera-dockable VTR. These high quality machines were similar to the original BV series machines, but lacked the third and fourth audio channels. In 1993, the far less expensive UVW series debuted. These machines were considerably simpler, somewhat lower quality, and were designed primarily to be used as companions to computer systems, for industrial video, and other low-cost, yet high-quality, uses. The UVW decks possessed very limited front panel controls, no jog and shuttle (except by use of a DSRM-10 cable remote control); and with <a href="/wiki/Time_Base_Corrector" class="mw-redirect" title="Time Base Corrector">time base corrector</a> (TBC) control available only with an optional remote TBC controller. These were represented by the UVW-1800, a very popular editing VTR (and companion UVW-1600 edit VTP), and the non-editing UVW-1400 VTR, and UVW-1200 VTP. The UVW-100 (and later 100B) one-piece camcorder rounded out the UVW series. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Betacam_SP_Camcorder_01_KMJ.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A Betacam SP KMJ camcorder"><img alt="A Betacam SP KMJ camcorder" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Betacam_SP_Camcorder_01_KMJ.jpg/120px-Betacam_SP_Camcorder_01_KMJ.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Betacam_SP_Camcorder_01_KMJ.jpg/180px-Betacam_SP_Camcorder_01_KMJ.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Betacam_SP_Camcorder_01_KMJ.jpg/240px-Betacam_SP_Camcorder_01_KMJ.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="688" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A Betacam SP KMJ camcorder</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sony_BVW-D600P_Betacam_SP_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The left side of a Sony BVW-D600P camcorder"><img alt="The left side of a Sony BVW-D600P camcorder" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Sony_BVW-D600P_Betacam_SP_2.jpg/120px-Sony_BVW-D600P_Betacam_SP_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Sony_BVW-D600P_Betacam_SP_2.jpg/180px-Sony_BVW-D600P_Betacam_SP_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Sony_BVW-D600P_Betacam_SP_2.jpg/240px-Sony_BVW-D600P_Betacam_SP_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The left side of a Sony BVW-D600P camcorder</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sony_BVW-D600P_Betacam_SP.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The right side of a Sony BVW-D600P camcorder"><img alt="The right side of a Sony BVW-D600P camcorder" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Sony_BVW-D600P_Betacam_SP.jpg/120px-Sony_BVW-D600P_Betacam_SP.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Sony_BVW-D600P_Betacam_SP.jpg/180px-Sony_BVW-D600P_Betacam_SP.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Sony_BVW-D600P_Betacam_SP.jpg/240px-Sony_BVW-D600P_Betacam_SP.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The right side of a Sony BVW-D600P camcorder</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sony_BVV-5_%2B_JVC_KY-D29_20090911.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A Sony BVV-5 docked to a JVC KY-D29 camera head"><img alt="A Sony BVV-5 docked to a JVC KY-D29 camera head" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Sony_BVV-5_%2B_JVC_KY-D29_20090911.jpg/120px-Sony_BVV-5_%2B_JVC_KY-D29_20090911.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Sony_BVV-5_%2B_JVC_KY-D29_20090911.jpg/180px-Sony_BVV-5_%2B_JVC_KY-D29_20090911.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Sony_BVV-5_%2B_JVC_KY-D29_20090911.jpg/240px-Sony_BVV-5_%2B_JVC_KY-D29_20090911.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A Sony BVV-5 docked to a JVC KY-D29 camera head</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sony_UVW-100B_of_KRBC-TV_2009-06-26.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A Sony UVW-100B in the newsroom of KTAB-TV/KRBC-TV, a Nexstar Media Group duopoly"><img alt="A Sony UVW-100B in the newsroom of KTAB-TV/KRBC-TV, a Nexstar Media Group duopoly" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Sony_UVW-100B_of_KRBC-TV_2009-06-26.jpg/120px-Sony_UVW-100B_of_KRBC-TV_2009-06-26.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Sony_UVW-100B_of_KRBC-TV_2009-06-26.jpg/180px-Sony_UVW-100B_of_KRBC-TV_2009-06-26.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Sony_UVW-100B_of_KRBC-TV_2009-06-26.jpg/240px-Sony_UVW-100B_of_KRBC-TV_2009-06-26.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A Sony UVW-100B in the newsroom of <a href="/wiki/KTAB-TV" title="KTAB-TV">KTAB-TV</a>/<a href="/wiki/KRBC-TV" title="KRBC-TV">KRBC-TV</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Nexstar_Media_Group" title="Nexstar Media Group">Nexstar Media Group</a> duopoly</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Beta_tape_sizes_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A size comparison between Betacam SP L (top), Betacam SP S (bottom-left), and VHS (bottom-right)"><img alt="A size comparison between Betacam SP L (top), Betacam SP S (bottom-left), and VHS (bottom-right)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Beta_tape_sizes_2.jpg/120px-Beta_tape_sizes_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="66" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Beta_tape_sizes_2.jpg/180px-Beta_tape_sizes_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Beta_tape_sizes_2.jpg/240px-Beta_tape_sizes_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1546" data-file-height="850" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A size comparison between Betacam SP L (top), Betacam SP S (bottom-left), and VHS (bottom-right)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sony_BetacamSP_BVW-75_Editing_VTR.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Sony BVW-75 editing VTR"><img alt="The Sony BVW-75 editing VTR" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Sony_BetacamSP_BVW-75_Editing_VTR.jpg/120px-Sony_BetacamSP_BVW-75_Editing_VTR.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Sony_BetacamSP_BVW-75_Editing_VTR.jpg/180px-Sony_BetacamSP_BVW-75_Editing_VTR.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Sony_BetacamSP_BVW-75_Editing_VTR.jpg/240px-Sony_BetacamSP_BVW-75_Editing_VTR.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Sony BVW-75 editing VTR</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sony_PVW-2800.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Sony PVW-2800 editing VTR"><img alt="The Sony PVW-2800 editing VTR" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Sony_PVW-2800.jpg/120px-Sony_PVW-2800.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Sony_PVW-2800.jpg/180px-Sony_PVW-2800.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Sony_PVW-2800.jpg/240px-Sony_PVW-2800.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Sony PVW-2800 editing VTR</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sony_UVW-1800.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Sony UVW-1800 editing VTR"><img alt="The Sony UVW-1800 editing VTR" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Sony_UVW-1800.jpg/120px-Sony_UVW-1800.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Sony_UVW-1800.jpg/180px-Sony_UVW-1800.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Sony_UVW-1800.jpg/240px-Sony_UVW-1800.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Sony UVW-1800 editing VTR</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:SONY_BVW_65.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Sony BVW-65 VTR"><img alt="The Sony BVW-65 VTR" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/SONY_BVW_65.jpg/120px-SONY_BVW_65.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="63" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/SONY_BVW_65.jpg/180px-SONY_BVW_65.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/SONY_BVW_65.jpg/240px-SONY_BVW_65.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1020" data-file-height="538" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Sony BVW-65 VTR</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:BetacamSP_VTRs.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Three VTRs on 19-inch racks"><img alt="Three VTRs on 19-inch racks" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/BetacamSP_VTRs.jpg/120px-BetacamSP_VTRs.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/BetacamSP_VTRs.jpg/180px-BetacamSP_VTRs.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/BetacamSP_VTRs.jpg/240px-BetacamSP_VTRs.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Three VTRs on <a href="/wiki/19-inch_rack" title="19-inch rack">19-inch racks</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Third-party_support">Third-party support</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Betacam&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Third-party support"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Betacam and Betacam SP tape cassette shells varied in color depending on the manufacturer. Many companies sold Betacam tapes, sometimes of their own manufacture, sometimes re-branded. <a href="/wiki/Fujifilm" title="Fujifilm">Fuji</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maxell" title="Maxell">Maxell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ampex" title="Ampex">Ampex</a>/<a href="/wiki/Quantegy" title="Quantegy">Quantegy</a>, <a href="/wiki/BASF" title="BASF">BASF</a>/<a href="/wiki/EMTEC" title="EMTEC">EMTEC</a> and <a href="/wiki/3M" title="3M">3M</a> were just some of the major brands to do so. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Ampex" title="Ampex">Ampex</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomson_SA" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomson SA">Thomson SA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Broadcast_Television_Systems_Inc." title="Broadcast Television Systems Inc.">BTS</a> each sold OEM versions of some of the Sony VTRs and camcorders at various times in the 1980s and 1990s. Other than nameplates, these models were identical to the Sony models. Internal components still bore the Sony name. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Digital_Betacam">Digital Betacam</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Betacam&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Digital Betacam"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1062633282"> <div class="thumb tright"> <div style="display:table;"> <span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Digital_Betacam_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Logo of Digital Betacam"><img alt="Logo of Digital Betacam" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Digital_Betacam_logo.svg/220px-Digital_Betacam_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Digital_Betacam_logo.svg/330px-Digital_Betacam_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Digital_Betacam_logo.svg/440px-Digital_Betacam_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2079" data-file-height="253" /></a></span><div class="thumbcaption" style="display:table-caption;caption-side:bottom;box-sizing:border-box;">Logo of Digital Betacam </div> </div> </div> <p><b>Digital Betacam</b> (commonly referred to as <i>DigiBeta</i>, <i>D-Beta</i>, <i>DBC</i> or simply <i>Digi</i>) was introduced at 18th International Television Symposium in <a href="/wiki/Montreux" title="Montreux">Montreux</a> on June 10, 1993.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It supersedes both Betacam and Betacam SP, while costing significantly less than the first, 100% uncompressed <a href="/wiki/D1_(Sony)" class="mw-redirect" title="D1 (Sony)">D1</a> format, although in practice, they continued to coexist for practical and economical reasons. S tapes are available with up to 40 minutes running time, and L tapes with up to 124 minutes. </p><p>The Digital Betacam format records 2.34:1 <a href="/wiki/Discrete_cosine_transform" title="Discrete cosine transform">DCT</a>-<a href="/wiki/Video_compression" class="mw-redirect" title="Video compression">compressed</a> <a href="/wiki/Digital_video" title="Digital video">digital</a> <a href="/wiki/Component_video" title="Component video">component video</a> signal<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> at 10-bit <a href="/wiki/YUV_4:2:2" class="mw-redirect" title="YUV 4:2:2">YUV 4:2:2</a> sampling in <a href="/wiki/NTSC" title="NTSC">NTSC</a> (720×486) or <a href="/wiki/PAL" title="PAL">PAL</a> (720×576) resolutions at a bitrate of 90 Mbit/s plus four channels of uncompressed 48 kHz / 20 bit <a href="/wiki/Pulse-code_modulation" title="Pulse-code modulation">PCM</a>-encoded <a href="/wiki/Digital_audio" title="Digital audio">digital audio</a>. A fifth analog audio track is available for cueing, and a linear <a href="/wiki/Timecode" title="Timecode">timecode</a> track is also used on the tape. It was a popular digital video cassette format for <a href="/wiki/Broadcast_television" class="mw-redirect" title="Broadcast television">broadcast television</a> use. It uses a head drum 81 mm in diameter that rotates at 5400 RPM for NTSC video. The video heads in the drum read helical tracks 24 microns wide. Audio is also recorded on the helical tracks. The compression algorithm used by Digital Betacam is proprietary.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another key element which aided adoption was Sony's implementation of the <a href="/wiki/Serial_digital_interface" title="Serial digital interface">SDI</a> coaxial digital connection on Digital Betacam decks. Facilities could begin using digital signals on their existing <a href="/wiki/Coaxial_cable" title="Coaxial cable">coaxial wiring</a> without having to commit to an expensive re-installation.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Digibeta-L.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The front of a Digital Betacam L cassette"><img alt="The front of a Digital Betacam L cassette" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Digibeta-L.jpg/120px-Digibeta-L.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Digibeta-L.jpg/180px-Digibeta-L.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Digibeta-L.jpg/240px-Digibeta-L.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1813" data-file-height="1206" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The front of a Digital Betacam L cassette</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sony_DVW-A500_of_China_TV_20150912.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A Sony DVW-A500 editing Digital Betacam VTR on display"><img alt="A Sony DVW-A500 editing Digital Betacam VTR on display" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Sony_DVW-A500_of_China_TV_20150912.jpg/120px-Sony_DVW-A500_of_China_TV_20150912.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Sony_DVW-A500_of_China_TV_20150912.jpg/180px-Sony_DVW-A500_of_China_TV_20150912.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Sony_DVW-A500_of_China_TV_20150912.jpg/240px-Sony_DVW-A500_of_China_TV_20150912.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3200" data-file-height="2400" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A Sony DVW-A500 editing Digital Betacam VTR on display</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sony_DVW-A510P_of_DR_20111102a.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A Sony DVW-A510P playback Digital Betacam VTR"><img alt="A Sony DVW-A510P playback Digital Betacam VTR" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Sony_DVW-A510P_of_DR_20111102a.jpg/120px-Sony_DVW-A510P_of_DR_20111102a.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Sony_DVW-A510P_of_DR_20111102a.jpg/180px-Sony_DVW-A510P_of_DR_20111102a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Sony_DVW-A510P_of_DR_20111102a.jpg/240px-Sony_DVW-A510P_of_DR_20111102a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4083" data-file-height="2553" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A Sony DVW-A510P playback Digital Betacam VTR</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:TV-Videocamera2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A DigiBeta camcorder used outside"><img alt="A DigiBeta camcorder used outside" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/TV-Videocamera2.jpg/120px-TV-Videocamera2.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/TV-Videocamera2.jpg/180px-TV-Videocamera2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/TV-Videocamera2.jpg/240px-TV-Videocamera2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1824" data-file-height="1368" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A DigiBeta camcorder used outside</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Betacam_SX">Betacam SX</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Betacam&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Betacam SX"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1062633282"> <div class="thumb tright"> <div style="display:table;"> <span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Betacam_SX_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Logo of Betacam SX"><img alt="Logo of Betacam SX" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Betacam_SX_logo.svg/220px-Betacam_SX_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="37" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Betacam_SX_logo.svg/330px-Betacam_SX_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Betacam_SX_logo.svg/440px-Betacam_SX_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2079" data-file-height="353" /></a></span><div class="thumbcaption" style="display:table-caption;caption-side:bottom;box-sizing:border-box;">Logo of Betacam SX </div> </div> </div> <p><b>Betacam SX</b> is a digital version of Betacam SP introduced in 1996, positioned as a cheaper alternative to Digital Betacam. It stores video using <a href="/wiki/MPEG-2" title="MPEG-2">MPEG-2</a> <a href="/wiki/4:2:2" class="mw-redirect" title="4:2:2">4:2:2</a> <a href="/wiki/H.262/MPEG-2_Part_2#Video_profiles_and_levels" title="H.262/MPEG-2 Part 2">Profile@ML compression</a>, along with four channels of 48 kHz 16 bit PCM audio. All Betacam SX equipment is compatible with Betacam SP tapes. S tapes have a recording time up to 62 minutes, and L tapes up to 194 minutes. </p><p>The Betacam SX system was very successful with newsgathering operations, which had a legacy of Betacam and Betacam SP tapes. Some Betacam SX decks, such as the DNW-A75 or DNW-A50, can natively play and work from the analog tapes interchangeably, because they contain both analog and digital playback heads. </p><p>Betacam SX uses MPEG-2 4:2:2P@ML compression, compliant with CCIR 601,<sup id="cite_ref-auto_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in comparison with other similar systems that use 4:1:1 or 4:2:0 chroma subsampling for coding. It gives better chroma resolution and allows certain postproduction processes such as <a href="/wiki/Chroma-key" class="mw-redirect" title="Chroma-key">Chroma-key</a>. </p><p>This format compresses the video signal from approximately 180 Mbit/s to only 18 Mbit/s. This means a compression ratio of around 10:1,<sup id="cite_ref-auto_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which is achieved by the use of mild temporal compression, where alternate frames are stored as MPEG I-frames and B-frames, giving rise to an IBIB sequence on tape. Due to the low bitrate this format was not standardized by any standards body.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Together with Betacam SX, Sony introduced a generation of hybrid recorder, allowing use of both tape and disk recording on the same deck, and high speed <a href="/wiki/Dubbing_(music)" title="Dubbing (music)">dubbing</a> from one to another. This was intended to save wear on the video <a href="/wiki/Recording_head" title="Recording head">heads</a> for television studio applications, as well to speed up <a href="/wiki/Online_editing" class="mw-redirect" title="Online editing">online editing</a>. </p><p>Betacam SX also features a <i>good shot mark</i> (a method for qualitative decisions made in the camcorder to be utilized during the editing process<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) feature that allows marking of each scene for fast scanning of the tape, looking at recorded marks on each single cassette, and showing the markers to the operator. </p><p>The cameras themselves are generally considered by most sound recordists to be quite noisy in operation, possibly because the amount of computer processing power, and subsequent generated heat leads to cooling fans being used to keep the camera at a reasonable temperature. </p><p>Betacam SX tape shells are bright yellow, but SX recordings may also be found recorded on analogue Betacam SP cassettes. Of course if such a Betacam SP tape with SX recording is inserted into a Betacam SP player, no picture or sound will appear. </p><p>The helical scan head drum is 81 mm in diameter. The video tracks read by the video heads in the drum, are 32 microns wide, the drum rotates at 5400 RPM for NTSC video. The video heads have a 15.25 degree <a href="/wiki/Azimuth_recording" title="Azimuth recording">azimuth</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_10-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although Betacam SX machines have gone out of production since 2008, the format is still used by many newsgathering operations, including Canada's <a href="/wiki/CTV_Television_Network" title="CTV Television Network">CTV</a>, Atlanta's <a href="/wiki/WSB-TV" title="WSB-TV">WSB-TV</a>, San Diego's <a href="/wiki/KFMB-TV" title="KFMB-TV">KFMB-TV</a> and <a href="/wiki/NBC" title="NBC">NBC</a>'s operations in the San Francisco Bay Area at <a href="/wiki/KNTV" title="KNTV">KNTV</a> and <a href="/wiki/KSTS" title="KSTS">KSTS</a>. Many news archives still contain SX tapes. In August 2011, Betacam SX tapes were found in <a href="/wiki/Muammar_Gaddafi" title="Muammar Gaddafi">Muammar Gaddafi</a>'s underground studio in Tripoli. CNN reporter <a href="/wiki/Sara_Sidner" title="Sara Sidner">Sara Sidner</a> commented on-air that CNN still used the same type of tapes.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Betasx-S.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The front of a small Betacam SX cassette"><img alt="The front of a small Betacam SX cassette" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Betasx-S.jpg/120px-Betasx-S.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Betasx-S.jpg/180px-Betasx-S.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Betasx-S.jpg/240px-Betasx-S.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1783" data-file-height="1431" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The front of a small Betacam SX cassette</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sony_Betacam_SX_Side_View.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A left side view of a Betacam SX camcorder"><img alt="A left side view of a Betacam SX camcorder" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/23/Sony_Betacam_SX_Side_View.jpg/120px-Sony_Betacam_SX_Side_View.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="69" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/23/Sony_Betacam_SX_Side_View.jpg/180px-Sony_Betacam_SX_Side_View.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/23/Sony_Betacam_SX_Side_View.jpg/240px-Sony_Betacam_SX_Side_View.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2657" data-file-height="1521" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A left side view of a Betacam SX camcorder</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sony_Betacam_SX_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A right side view of a Betacam SX camcorder"><img alt="A right side view of a Betacam SX camcorder" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c8/Sony_Betacam_SX_01.jpg/120px-Sony_Betacam_SX_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c8/Sony_Betacam_SX_01.jpg/180px-Sony_Betacam_SX_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c8/Sony_Betacam_SX_01.jpg/240px-Sony_Betacam_SX_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2733" data-file-height="1521" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A right side view of a Betacam SX camcorder</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="MPEG_IMX">MPEG IMX</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Betacam&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: MPEG IMX"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1062633282"> <div class="thumb tright"> <div style="display:table;"> <span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:MPEG_IMX_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Logo of MPEG IMX"><img alt="Logo of MPEG IMX" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/MPEG_IMX_logo.svg/220px-MPEG_IMX_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/MPEG_IMX_logo.svg/330px-MPEG_IMX_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/MPEG_IMX_logo.svg/440px-MPEG_IMX_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2077" data-file-height="322" /></a></span><div class="thumbcaption" style="display:table-caption;caption-side:bottom;box-sizing:border-box;">Logo of MPEG IMX </div> </div> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2011-12-11_ORF-Zentrum_029.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/2011-12-11_ORF-Zentrum_029.jpg/220px-2011-12-11_ORF-Zentrum_029.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="367" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/2011-12-11_ORF-Zentrum_029.jpg/330px-2011-12-11_ORF-Zentrum_029.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/2011-12-11_ORF-Zentrum_029.jpg/440px-2011-12-11_ORF-Zentrum_029.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1552" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>MPEG IMX deck (top) and HDCAM deck (bottom)</figcaption></figure> <p><b>MPEG IMX</b> is a 2000 development of the Digital Betacam format. Digital <a href="/wiki/Video_compression" class="mw-redirect" title="Video compression">video compression</a> uses <a href="/wiki/H.262/MPEG-2_Part_2" title="H.262/MPEG-2 Part 2">H.262/MPEG-2 Part 2</a> encoding at a higher bitrate than Betacam SX: 30 Mbit/s (6:1 compression), 40 Mbit/s (4:1 compression) or 50 Mbit/s (3.3:1 compression). Unlike most other MPEG-2 implementations, IMX uses <a href="/wiki/Intraframe" class="mw-redirect" title="Intraframe">intraframe</a> compression. Additionally, IMX ensures that each frame has the same exact size in bytes to simplify recording onto video tape. Video recorded in the IMX format is compliant with <a href="/wiki/CCIR_601" class="mw-redirect" title="CCIR 601">CCIR 601</a> specification, with eight channels of audio and <a href="/wiki/Timecode" title="Timecode">timecode</a> track. It lacks an analog audio (cue) track as the Digital Betacam, but will read it as channel 7 if used for playback. This format has been standardized in SMPTE 365M and <a href="/wiki/SMPTE_356M" title="SMPTE 356M">SMPTE 356M</a> as "MPEG D10 Streaming".<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With its IMX VTRs, Sony introduced some new technologies including <a href="/wiki/Serial_Data_Transport_Interface" title="Serial Data Transport Interface">SDTI</a> and e-VTR. SDTI allows for audio, video, timecode, and remote control functions to be transported by a single coaxial cable, while e-VTR technology extends this by allowing the same data to be transported over <a href="/wiki/Internet_Protocol" title="Internet Protocol">IP</a> by way of an <a href="/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet">Ethernet</a> interface on the VTR itself. </p><p>All IMX VTRs can natively playback Betacam SX tapes, and some, such as the MSW-M2000P/1 are capable of playing back Digital Betacam cassettes as well as analog Betacam and Betacam SP cassettes, but they can only record to their native IMX cassettes. S tapes are available with up to 60 minutes capacity, and L tapes hold up to 184 minutes. These values are for 525/60 decks, but will extend in 625/50. A 184-minute tape will record for, as the label itself specifies, 220 minutes. </p><p>IMX machines feature the same <i>good shot mark</i> function of the Betacam SX. </p><p>MPEG IMX cassettes are a muted green. </p><p>This format uses a helical scan head drum 80 mm in diameter. The video tracks read by the video heads in the drum, are 22 microns wide. The video heads have a 15.25 degree azimuth. 4:2:2 Chroma subsampling is used, and the drum rotates at 5400 RPM for NTSC video. Due to the use of an MPEG format, video is recorded with 8-bit samples (8-bit color).<sup id="cite_ref-auto_10-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/XDCAM" title="XDCAM">XDCAM</a> format, unveiled in 2003, allows recording of MPEG IMX video in MXF container onto <a href="/wiki/Professional_Disc" title="Professional Disc">Professional Disc</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="HDCAM/HDCAM_SR"><span id="HDCAM.2FHDCAM_SR"></span>HDCAM/HDCAM SR</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Betacam&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: HDCAM/HDCAM SR"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/HDCAM" title="HDCAM">HDCAM</a></div> <p><b>HDCAM</b>, introduced in 1997, was the first <a href="/wiki/High-definition_video" title="High-definition video">HD</a> format available in Betacam form-factor, using an 8-bit DCT compressed 3:1:1 recording, in <a href="/wiki/1080i" title="1080i">1080i</a>-compatible downsampled resolution of 1440×1080, and adding <a href="/wiki/24p" title="24p">24p</a> and 23.976 <a href="/wiki/Progressive_segmented_Frame" class="mw-redirect" title="Progressive segmented Frame">PsF</a> modes to later models. The HDCAM codec uses non-square pixels and as such the recorded 1440×1080 content is upsampled to 1920×1080 on playback. The recorded video bitrate is 144 Mbit/s. There are four channels of <a href="/wiki/AES/EBU" class="mw-redirect" title="AES/EBU">AES/EBU</a> 20-bit/48 kHz digital audio. </p><p>It was used for some of Sony's cinema-targeted <a href="/wiki/CineAlta" title="CineAlta">CineAlta</a> range of products (newer CineAlta devices use <a href="/wiki/Flash_memory" title="Flash memory">flash</a> storage). </p><p><b>HDCAM SR</b>, introduced in 2003, uses a higher particle density tape and is capable of recording in 10 bits 4:2:2 or 4:4:4 <a href="/wiki/RGB" class="mw-redirect" title="RGB">RGB</a> with a bitrate of 440 Mbit/s. The "SR" stands for "Superior Resolution". The increased bitrate (over HDCAM) allows HDCAM SR to capture much more of the full bandwidth of the <a href="/wiki/HD-SDI" class="mw-redirect" title="HD-SDI">HD-SDI</a> signal (1920×1080). Some HDCAM SR VTRs can also use a 2× mode with an even higher bitrate of 880 Mbit/s, allowing for a 4:4:4 RGB stream at a lower compression. HDCAM SR uses the new <a href="/wiki/MPEG-4_Part_2" title="MPEG-4 Part 2">MPEG-4 Part 2</a> Studio Profile for compression, and expands the number of audio channels up to 12 at 48 kHz/24 bit. </p><p>HDCAM SR was used commonly for HDTV television production. </p><p>Some HDCAM VTRs play back older Betacam variants, for example, the Sony SRW-5500 HDCAM SR recorder, plays back and records HDCAM and HDCAM SR tapes and with optional hardware also plays and upconverts Digital Betacam tapes to HD format. Tape lengths are the same as for Digital Betacam, up to 40 minutes for S and 124 minutes for L tapes. In 24p mode the runtime increases to 50 and 155 minutes, respectively. </p><p>Sony branded HDCAM cassettes are black with an orange lid, and HDCAM SR cassettes black with a cyan lid. </p><p>440 Mbit/s mode is known as <b>SQ</b>, and 880 Mbit/s mode is known as <b>HQ</b>, and this mode has recently become available in studio models (e.g. SRW-5800) as well as portable models previously available. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sony_BCT-40HD_20060616.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="An HDCAM small cassette"><img alt="An HDCAM small cassette" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Sony_BCT-40HD_20060616.jpg/120px-Sony_BCT-40HD_20060616.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="77" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Sony_BCT-40HD_20060616.jpg/180px-Sony_BCT-40HD_20060616.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Sony_BCT-40HD_20060616.jpg/240px-Sony_BCT-40HD_20060616.jpg 2x" data-file-width="679" data-file-height="434" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">An HDCAM small cassette</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sony_BCT-40SR_20060616.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="An HDCAM SR small cassette"><img alt="An HDCAM SR small cassette" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Sony_BCT-40SR_20060616.jpg/120px-Sony_BCT-40SR_20060616.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="77" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Sony_BCT-40SR_20060616.jpg/180px-Sony_BCT-40SR_20060616.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Sony_BCT-40SR_20060616.jpg/240px-Sony_BCT-40SR_20060616.jpg 2x" data-file-width="667" data-file-height="428" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">An HDCAM SR small cassette</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sony_HDW-F900_of_ETTV_at_Shiow_Meei_Industrial_booth_20201101.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A Sony HDW-F900 CineAlta HDCAM camcorder"><img alt="A Sony HDW-F900 CineAlta HDCAM camcorder" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Sony_HDW-F900_of_ETTV_at_Shiow_Meei_Industrial_booth_20201101.jpg/120px-Sony_HDW-F900_of_ETTV_at_Shiow_Meei_Industrial_booth_20201101.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Sony_HDW-F900_of_ETTV_at_Shiow_Meei_Industrial_booth_20201101.jpg/180px-Sony_HDW-F900_of_ETTV_at_Shiow_Meei_Industrial_booth_20201101.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Sony_HDW-F900_of_ETTV_at_Shiow_Meei_Industrial_booth_20201101.jpg/240px-Sony_HDW-F900_of_ETTV_at_Shiow_Meei_Industrial_booth_20201101.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2250" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A Sony HDW-F900 CineAlta HDCAM camcorder</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Betacam&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Footnotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Matsushita/Panasonic also introduced a professional half-inch analog component video tape format, which used VHS style tape cassettes, called "<a href="/wiki/M_(videocassette_format)" title="M (videocassette format)">M-Format</a>". However, while Sony's Betacam system rapidly became an industry standard, M-format was a marketing failure. A follow-up format called M-II— effectively the Panasonic enhancement of M-format as SP was Sony's enhancement of Betacam— was a great improvement.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (November 2015)">according to whom?</span></a></i>]</sup> Though it was used as an internal standard at <a href="/wiki/NBC" title="NBC">NBC</a> TV and Hubbard's Conus Communications in America for a time,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> it failed to make much headway in the marketplace. While technically M-II was in some ways an improvement over Betacam SP,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (November 2015)">according to whom?</span></a></i>]</sup> Betacam SP had the overwhelming advantage of a high degree of compatibility with the existing (and very large) Betacam infrastructure.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research"><span title="The material near this tag possibly contains original research. (November 2015)">original research?</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Betacam&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 33em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFCurtis2014" class="citation web cs1">Curtis, Jason (28 May 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://obsoletemedia.org/digital-betacam/">"Digital Betacam (1993 – 2016)"</a>. <i>Museum of Obsolete Media</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Museum+of+Obsolete+Media&rft.atitle=Digital+Betacam+%281993+%E2%80%93+2016%29&rft.date=2014-05-28&rft.aulast=Curtis&rft.aufirst=Jason&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fobsoletemedia.org%2Fdigital-betacam%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABetacam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scenesavers.com/grfx/deathofvideotapes.pdf">"The Death of Videotape"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>scenesavers.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=scenesavers.com&rft.atitle=The+Death+of+Videotape&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scenesavers.com%2Fgrfx%2Fdeathofvideotapes.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABetacam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ward 2001, p.30</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLLC" class="citation web cs1">LLC, Moonlight Computing. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://greentreeav.com/details/betacam/">"Greentree Audio Visual"</a>. <i>greentreeav.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=greentreeav.com&rft.atitle=Greentree+Audio+Visual&rft.aulast=LLC&rft.aufirst=Moonlight+Computing&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgreentreeav.com%2Fdetails%2Fbetacam%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABetacam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-borgotallo-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-borgotallo_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-borgotallo_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tech.ebu.ch/docs/techreview/trev_2011-Q4_betacam-digitization_borgotallo.pdf">"Automated industrial digitization of Betacam tapes"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Automated+industrial+digitization+of+Betacam+tapes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftech.ebu.ch%2Fdocs%2Ftechreview%2Ftrev_2011-Q4_betacam-digitization_borgotallo.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABetacam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldradiohistory.com/Archive-Broadcast-Engineering/BME/80s/BME-1987-06.pdf">BME 1987</a> worldradiohistory.com</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLuis_Sanz2018" class="citation web cs1">Luis Sanz (March 10, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tmbroadcast.es/index.php/contenidos-magnetoscopios/">"Historia de los medios técnicos de la televisión. Grabación y reproducción de contenidos II: magnetoscopios digitales"</a>. <i>TM Broadcast</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 29,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TM+Broadcast&rft.atitle=Historia+de+los+medios+t%C3%A9cnicos+de+la+televisi%C3%B3n.+Grabaci%C3%B3n+y+reproducci%C3%B3n+de+contenidos+II%3A+magnetoscopios+digitales&rft.date=2018-03-10&rft.au=Luis+Sanz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftmbroadcast.es%2Findex.php%2Fcontenidos-magnetoscopios%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABetacam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMedoffFink2012" class="citation book cs1">Medoff, Norman; Fink, Edward J. (September 10, 2012). <i>Portable Video: ENG & EFP</i>. CRC Press. p. 221. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781136047701" title="Special:BookSources/9781136047701"><bdi>9781136047701</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Portable+Video%3A+ENG+%26+EFP&rft.pages=221&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2012-09-10&rft.isbn=9781136047701&rft.aulast=Medoff&rft.aufirst=Norman&rft.au=Fink%2C+Edward+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABetacam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_10-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_10-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTozer2012" class="citation book cs1">Tozer, E. P. J. (November 12, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8YDOAwAAQBAJ&dq=dv+9000+rpm&pg=PA473"><i>Broadcast Engineer's Reference Book</i></a>. CRC Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781136024184" title="Special:BookSources/9781136024184"><bdi>9781136024184</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Broadcast+Engineer%27s+Reference+Book&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2012-11-12&rft.isbn=9781136024184&rft.aulast=Tozer&rft.aufirst=E.+P.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8YDOAwAAQBAJ%26dq%3Ddv%2B9000%2Brpm%26pg%3DPA473&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABetacam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thameside.tv/error">"Thameside TV | Broadcast Equipment For Sale And Wanted"</a>. <i>www.thameside.tv</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.thameside.tv&rft.atitle=Thameside+TV+%26%23124%3B+Broadcast+Equipment+For+Sale+And+Wanted&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thameside.tv%2Ferror&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABetacam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.broadcaststore.com/pdf/model/20987/sony_dnw-65.pdf">"The Digital Video Cassette Player—DNW-65"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Digital+Video+Cassette+Player%E2%80%94DNW-65&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.broadcaststore.com%2Fpdf%2Fmodel%2F20987%2Fsony_dnw-65.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABetacam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/videos/international/2011/09/13/ex-sidner-libya-tunnels.cnn">"CNN.com Video"</a>. CNN<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-11-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=CNN.com+Video&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2Fvideos%2Finternational%2F2011%2F09%2F13%2Fex-sidner-libya-tunnels.cnn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABetacam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110723203652/http://www.media-matters.net/docs/resources/Wrapper-Container%20File%20Formats/MXF/MXF%20faq%20in%20wp%20format%205%2002.pdf">"Material Exchange Format FAQ, by Pinnacle Systems"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.media-matters.net/docs/resources/Wrapper-Container%20File%20Formats/MXF/MXF%20faq%20in%20wp%20format%205%2002.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on July 23, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Material+Exchange+Format+FAQ%2C+by+Pinnacle+Systems&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.media-matters.net%2Fdocs%2Fresources%2FWrapper-Container%2520File%2520Formats%2FMXF%2FMXF%2520faq%2520in%2520wp%2520format%25205%252002.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABetacam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Betacam&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWard2001" class="citation book cs1">Ward, Peter (2001). <i>Basic Betacam Camerawork</i>. <a href="/wiki/Focal_Press" title="Focal Press">Focal Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-240-51604-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-240-51604-4"><bdi>0-240-51604-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Basic+Betacam+Camerawork&rft.pub=Focal+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-240-51604-4&rft.aulast=Ward&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABetacam" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Betacam&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pro.sony.com/">Sony professional cameras</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060903214136/http://www.maxell.co.jp/e/products/industrial/metal_tech/format.html">Comparison Chart of Tape format Specs from Maxell</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://betacam.palsite.com/">Betacam PALsite—over 70 pages of Betacam information, running since 2000</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wiki.epfl.ch/sony/documents/doc/case%20report%20betamax%20final.pdf">Sony Betamax Case Report</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Video_storage_formats" title="Template:Video storage formats"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Video_storage_formats" title="Template talk:Video storage formats"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Video_storage_formats" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Video storage formats"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Video_storage_formats" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Video" title="Video">Video storage formats</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Videotape" title="Videotape">Videotape</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Video#Analog_video" title="Video">Analog</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quadruplex_videotape" title="Quadruplex videotape">Quadruplex</a> (1956)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vision_Electronic_Recording_Apparatus" title="Vision Electronic Recording Apparatus">VERA</a> (1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ampex_2_inch_helical_VTR" class="mw-redirect" title="Ampex 2 inch helical VTR">Ampex 2 inch helical VTR</a> (1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ampex_2_inch_helical_VTR#Joint_efforts_with_Sony_and_then_Toshiba" class="mw-redirect" title="Ampex 2 inch helical VTR">Sony 2 inch helical VTR</a> (1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_A_videotape" title="Type A videotape">Type A</a> (1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CV-2000" title="CV-2000">CV-2000</a> (1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akai_videotape_format" class="mw-redirect" title="Akai videotape format">Akai</a> (1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/EIAJ-1" title="EIAJ-1">EIAJ-1</a> (1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/U-matic" title="U-matic">U-matic</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartrivision" title="Cartrivision">Cartrivision</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_Cassette_Recording" title="Video Cassette Recording">Philips VCR</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/V-Cord" title="V-Cord">V-Cord</a> (1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/VX_(videocassette_format)" title="VX (videocassette format)">VX</a> (1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betamax" title="Betamax">Betamax</a> (1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/IVC_videotape_format" title="IVC videotape format">IVC</a> (1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_B_videotape" title="Type B videotape">Type B</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_C_videotape" title="Type C videotape">Type C</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/VHS" title="VHS">VHS</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akai_VK" title="Akai VK">VK</a> (1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_Cassette_Recording" title="Video Cassette Recording">SVR</a> (1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_2000" title="Video 2000">Video 2000</a> (1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compact_Video_Cassette" title="Compact Video Cassette">CVC</a> (1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/VHS-C" title="VHS-C">VHS-C</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/M_(videocassette_format)" title="M (videocassette format)">M</a> (1982)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Betacam</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/8_mm_video_format" title="8 mm video format">Video8</a> (1985)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Betacam_SP">Betacam SP</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MII_(videocassette_format)" title="MII (videocassette format)">MII</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/S-VHS" title="S-VHS">S-VHS</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/VHS-C" title="VHS-C">S-VHS-C</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hi8" class="mw-redirect" title="Hi8">Hi8</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruvi" title="Ruvi">Ruvi</a> (1998)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Digital_video" title="Digital video">Digital</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/D-1_(Sony)" title="D-1 (Sony)">D1</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/D-2_(video)" title="D-2 (video)">D2</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/D-3_(video)" title="D-3 (video)">D3</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/DCT_(videocassette_format)" title="DCT (videocassette format)">DCT</a> (1992)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Digital_Betacam">Digital Betacam</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/D5_HD" class="mw-redirect" title="D5 HD">D5</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital-S" title="Digital-S">Digital-S (D9)</a> (1995)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Betacam_SX">Betacam SX</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital8" title="Digital8">Digital8</a> (1999)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#MPEG_IMX">MPEG IMX</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MicroMV" title="MicroMV">MicroMV</a> (2001)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/High-definition_video" title="High-definition video">High Definition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sony_HDVS" title="Sony HDVS">Sony HDVS</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sony_HDVS" title="Sony HDVS">UniHi</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_B_videotape#Special_BCN_units" title="Type B videotape">BCH 1000</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/W-VHS" title="W-VHS">W-VHS</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/HDCAM" title="HDCAM">HDCAM</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/D-VHS" title="D-VHS">D-VHS</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/D6_HDTV_VTR" title="D6 HDTV VTR">D6 HDTV VTR</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/HDV" title="HDV">HDV</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/HDCAM#HDCAM_SR" title="HDCAM">HDCAM SR</a> (2003)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Videodisc" title="Videodisc">Videodisc</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Analog</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phonovision" title="Phonovision">Phonovision</a> (1927)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ampex#HS-100_.26_HS-200_.22slo-mo.22_disc_recorder" title="Ampex">Ampex-HS</a> (1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_Electronic_Disc" title="Television Electronic Disc">TeD</a> (1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/LaserDisc" title="LaserDisc">LaserDisc</a> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capacitance_Electronic_Disc" title="Capacitance Electronic Disc">CED</a> (1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_High_Density" title="Video High Density">VHD</a> (1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laserfilm" title="Laserfilm">Laserfilm</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD_Video" title="CD Video">CD Video</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_Single_Disc" title="Video Single Disc">VSD</a> (1990)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Digital</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Video_CD" title="Video CD">VCD</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MovieCD" title="MovieCD">MovieCD</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/DVD" title="DVD">DVD</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MiniDVD" title="MiniDVD">MiniDVD</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1996</span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super_Video_CD#CVD" title="Super Video CD">CVD</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super_Video_CD" title="Super Video CD">SVCD</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enhanced_Versatile_Disc" title="Enhanced Versatile Disc">EVD</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/VideoNow" title="VideoNow">PVD (Personal Video Disc)</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Media_Disc" title="Universal Media Disc">UMD</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forward_Versatile_Disc" title="Forward Versatile Disc">FVD</a> (2005)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">High Definition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LaserDisc" title="LaserDisc">MUSE Hi-Vision LD</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_Disc" title="Professional Disc">Professional Disc (PFD)</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-Definition_Versatile_Disc" title="High-Definition Versatile Disc">HVD (High-Definition Versatile Disc)</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Versatile_Multilayer_Disc" title="Versatile Multilayer Disc">VMD</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/HD_DVD" title="HD DVD">HD DVD</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blu-ray" title="Blu-ray">BD (Blu-ray Disc)</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blu-ray#Mini_Blu-ray_Disc" title="Blu-ray">MiniBD</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 2006</span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holographic_Versatile_Disc" title="Holographic Versatile Disc">HVD (Holographic Versatile Disc)</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Blue_High-definition_Disc" title="China Blue High-definition Disc">CBHD (China Blue High-definition Disc)</a> (2008)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ultra-high-definition_television" title="Ultra-high-definition television">Ultra-High Definition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ultra_HD_Blu-ray" title="Ultra HD Blu-ray">UHD-BD (Ultra HD Blu-ray)</a> (2016)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Virtual</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Media agnostic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DV_(video_format)" title="DV (video format)">DV</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/DV_(video_format)#DVCPRO" title="DV (video format)">DVCPRO</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/DV_(video_format)#DVCAM" title="DV (video format)">DVCAM</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/DV_(video_format)#DVCPRO50" title="DV (video format)">DVCPRO50</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/DV_(video_format)#DVCPRO_HD" title="DV (video format)">DVCPRO HD</a> (2000)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tapeless</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CamCutter" title="CamCutter">CamCutter</a> <a href="/wiki/Editcam" title="Editcam">Editcam</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/XDCAM" title="XDCAM">XDCAM</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_Boy_Advance_Video" title="Game Boy Advance Video">GBA-TV</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MOD_and_TOD" title="MOD and TOD">MOD</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/AVCHD" title="AVCHD">AVCHD</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/AVC-Intra" title="AVC-Intra">AVC-Intra</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MOD_and_TOD" title="MOD and TOD">TOD</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/IFrame_(video_format)" title="IFrame (video format)">iFrame</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/XAVC" title="XAVC">XAVC</a> (2012)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Solid-state_electronics" title="Solid-state electronics">Solid state</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/P2_(storage_media)" title="P2 (storage media)">P2</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/XDCAM#SxS" title="XDCAM">SxS</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MicroP2" title="MicroP2">MicroP2</a> (2012)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Video recorded to film</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Standard_8_mm_film#Standard_8_mm_variants" title="Standard 8 mm film">8mm magazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super_8_film" title="Super 8 film">Super 8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinescope" title="Kinescope">Kinescope</a> (1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronicam" title="Electronicam">Electronicam kinescope</a> (1950s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_Video_Recording" title="Electronic Video Recording">Electronic Video Recording</a> (1967)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="High-definition_(HD)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:High-definition" title="Template:High-definition"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:High-definition" title="Template talk:High-definition"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:High-definition" title="Special:EditPage/Template:High-definition"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="High-definition_(HD)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">High-definition (HD)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/High-definition_television" title="High-definition television">High-definition television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-definition_video" title="High-definition video">High-definition video</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra-high-definition_television" title="Ultra-high-definition television">Ultra-high-definition television</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Resolutions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/720p" title="720p">720p (HD)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1080i" title="1080i">1080i (Full HD)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1080p" title="1080p">1080p (Full HD)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1440p" title="1440p">1440p (Quad HD)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4K_resolution" title="4K resolution">2160p (4K Ultra HD)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/8K_resolution" title="8K resolution">4320p (8K Ultra HD)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/16K_resolution" title="16K resolution">8640p (16K Ultra HD)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Analog_high-definition_television_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Analog high-definition television system">Analog broadcast</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(All defunct)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Analog_high-definition_television_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Analog high-definition television system">819 line system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiplexed_Analogue_Components" title="Multiplexed Analogue Components">HD MAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiple_sub-Nyquist_sampling_encoding" title="Multiple sub-Nyquist sampling encoding">MUSE (Hi-Vision)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Digital broadcast</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ATSC_standards" title="ATSC standards">ATSC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Terrestrial_Multimedia_Broadcast" title="Digital Terrestrial Multimedia Broadcast">DMB-T/H</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Video_Broadcasting" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital Video Broadcasting">DVB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISDB" title="ISDB">ISDB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISDB-T_International" title="ISDB-T International">SBTVD</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Audio</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dolby_Digital" title="Dolby Digital">Dolby Digital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surround_sound" title="Surround sound">Surround sound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_Stream_Digital" title="Direct Stream Digital">DSD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_eXtreme_Definition" title="Digital eXtreme Definition">DXD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DTS_(sound_system)" class="mw-redirect" title="DTS (sound system)">DTS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Filming and storage</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Cinema_Initiatives" title="Digital Cinema Initiatives">DCI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HDV" title="HDV">HDV</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/High-definition_pre-recorded_media_and_compression" title="High-definition pre-recorded media and compression">HD media and<br />compression</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archival_Disc" title="Archival Disc">Archival Disc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AV1" title="AV1">AV1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blu-ray" title="Blu-ray">Blu-ray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Blue_High-definition_Disc" title="China Blue High-definition Disc">CBHD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D-VHS" title="D-VHS">D-VHS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DVD-Audio" title="DVD-Audio">DVD-Audio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Video_Coding" title="Advanced Video Coding">H.264</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Efficiency_Video_Coding" title="High Efficiency Video Coding">H.265</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Versatile_Video_Coding" title="Versatile Video Coding">H.266</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HD_DVD" title="HD DVD">HD DVD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Versatile_Multilayer_Disc" title="Versatile Multilayer Disc">HD VMD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-2" title="MPEG-2">MPEG-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laserdisc#MUSE_LD" class="mw-redirect" title="Laserdisc">MUSE LaserDisc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiview_Video_Coding" title="Multiview Video Coding">MVC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super_Audio_CD" title="Super Audio CD">Super Audio CD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra_HD_Blu-ray" title="Ultra HD Blu-ray">Ultra HD Blu-ray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncompressed_video" title="Uncompressed video">Uncompressed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VC-1" title="VC-1">VC-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W-VHS" title="W-VHS">W-VHS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Connectors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Component_video" title="Component video">Component</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DisplayPort" title="DisplayPort">DisplayPort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Visual_Interface" title="Digital Visual Interface">DVI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HDMI" title="HDMI">HDMI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VGA_connector" title="VGA connector">VGA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Deployments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_digital_television_deployments_by_country" title="List of digital television deployments by country">List of digital television deployments by country</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="High-definition_media" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:High_definition_media" title="Template:High definition media"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:High_definition_media" title="Template talk:High definition media"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:High_definition_media" title="Special:EditPage/Template:High definition media"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="High-definition_media" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">High-definition media</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Media formats</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archival_Disc" title="Archival Disc">Archival Disc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blu-ray" title="Blu-ray">Blu-ray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Blue_High-definition_Disc" title="China Blue High-definition Disc">China Blue High-definition Disc</a> (CBHD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/D-VHS" title="D-VHS">D-VHS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HD_DVD" title="HD DVD">HD DVD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holographic_Versatile_Disc" title="Holographic Versatile Disc">Holographic Versatile Disc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laserdisc#MUSE_LD" class="mw-redirect" title="Laserdisc">MUSE LaserDisc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra_HD_Blu-ray" title="Ultra HD Blu-ray">Ultra HD Blu-ray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W-VHS" title="W-VHS">W-VHS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Versatile_Multilayer_Disc" title="Versatile Multilayer Disc">VMD</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Promoter</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blu-ray_Disc_Association" title="Blu-ray Disc Association">Blu-ray Disc Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Blue_High-definition_Disc" title="China Blue High-definition Disc">China High-definition DVD Industry Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HD_DVD#Origins_and_competition_from_Blu-ray_Disc" title="HD DVD">HD DVD Promotion Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holographic_Versatile_Disc#Standards" title="Holographic Versatile Disc">HVD Forum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Interactivity</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Content" title="Advanced Content">Advanced Content</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BD-J" title="BD-J">BD-Java</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Recordable formats</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blu-ray_Disc_recordable" title="Blu-ray Disc recordable">BD-R</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blu-ray_Disc_recordable" title="Blu-ray Disc recordable">BD-RE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D-VHS" title="D-VHS">D-VHS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HD_DVD" title="HD DVD">HD DVD-R</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HD_DVD" title="HD DVD">HD DVD-RAM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HD_DVD" title="HD DVD">HD DVD-RW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W-VHS" title="W-VHS">W-VHS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Comparison</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_high-definition_optical_disc_formats" title="Comparison of high-definition optical disc formats">Comparison of high-definition optical disc formats</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Copy prevention</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Access_Content_System" title="Advanced Access Content System">AACS</a> (BD, <a href="/wiki/Forward_Versatile_Disc" title="Forward Versatile Disc">FVD</a>, and HD DVD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/BD%2B" title="BD+">BD+</a> (BD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-bandwidth_Digital_Content_Protection" title="High-bandwidth Digital Content Protection">HDCP</a> (BD and HD DVD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ROM_Mark" title="ROM Mark">ROM Mark</a> (BD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinavia" title="Cinavia">Cinavia</a> (BD)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Blu-ray players</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arcsoft_TotalMedia_Theatre" class="mw-redirect" title="Arcsoft TotalMedia Theatre">TotalMedia Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PowerDVD" title="PowerDVD">PowerDVD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PlayStation_3" title="PlayStation 3">PlayStation 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sony_BDP-S1" title="Sony BDP-S1">Sony BDP-S1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PlayStation_4" title="PlayStation 4">PlayStation 4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xbox_One" title="Xbox One">Xbox One</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ultra HD Blu-ray players</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/PlayStation_5" title="PlayStation 5">PlayStation 5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xbox_One_S" class="mw-redirect" title="Xbox One S">Xbox One S</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xbox_One_X" class="mw-redirect" title="Xbox One X">Xbox One X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xbox_Series_X_and_Series_S" title="Xbox Series X and Series S">Xbox Series X</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">HD DVD players</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xbox_360_HD_DVD_Player" title="Xbox 360 HD DVD Player">Xbox 360 HD DVD Drive</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Sony" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sony" title="Template:Sony"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sony" title="Template talk:Sony"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sony" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sony"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Sony" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Sony" title="Sony">Sony</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sony" title="History of Sony">History</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Founders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Masaru_Ibuka" title="Masaru Ibuka">Masaru Ibuka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akio_Morita" title="Akio Morita">Akio Morita</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Primary businesses</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sony#Electronics_Products_&_Solutions" title="Sony">Sony Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sony#Imaging_&_Sensing_Solutions" title="Sony">Sony Semiconductor Solutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sony_Entertainment" title="Sony Entertainment">Sony Entertainment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sony_Music_Group" title="Sony Music Group">Sony Music Group</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sony_Music" title="Sony Music">Entertainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sony_Music_Publishing" title="Sony Music Publishing">Publishing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sony_Pictures" title="Sony Pictures">Sony Pictures</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sony_Financial_Group" title="Sony Financial Group">Sony Financial Group</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sony_Life" title="Sony Life">Sony Life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sony_Bank" title="Sony Bank">Sony Bank</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sony_Interactive_Entertainment" title="Sony Interactive Entertainment">Sony Interactive Entertainment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/PlayStation" title="PlayStation">PlayStation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sony_Music_Entertainment_Japan" title="Sony Music Entertainment Japan">Sony Music Entertainment Japan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aniplex" title="Aniplex">Aniplex</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sony_trademarks" title="List of Sony trademarks">Technologies<br />and brands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sony_%CE%B1" title="Sony α">α (Alpha)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Betacam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bionz" title="Bionz">Bionz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blu-ray" title="Blu-ray">Blu-ray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bravia_(brand)" title="Bravia (brand)">Bravia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compact_disc" title="Compact disc">CD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cell_(microprocessor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cell (microprocessor)">Cell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyber-shot" title="Cyber-shot">Cyber-shot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sony_Dash" title="Sony Dash">Dash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sony_Dream_Machine" title="Sony Dream Machine">Dream Machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DVD" title="DVD">DVD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exmor" title="Exmor">Exmor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FeliCa" title="FeliCa">FeliCa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handycam" title="Handycam">Handycam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HDCAM" title="HDCAM">HDCAM/HDCAM-SR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMZ-T1" title="HMZ-T1">HMZ-T1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inzone" title="Inzone">Inzone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LocationFree_Player" title="LocationFree Player">LocationFree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memory_Stick" title="Memory Stick">Memory Stick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MiniDisc" title="MiniDisc">MiniDisc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DV_(video_format)" title="DV (video format)">MiniDV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MicroMV" title="MicroMV">MicroMV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mylo_(Sony)" title="Mylo (Sony)">mylo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PlayNow_Arena" title="PlayNow Arena">PlayNow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PlayStation" title="PlayStation">PlayStation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sony_Reader" title="Sony Reader">Reader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S/PDIF" title="S/PDIF">S/PDIF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sony_Dynamic_Digital_Sound" title="Sony Dynamic Digital Sound">SDDS</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_8_channel_SDDS_films" title="List of 8 channel SDDS films">8 channel films</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sony_Entertainment_Network" title="Sony Entertainment Network">Sony Entertainment Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silicon_X-tal_Reflective_Display" title="Silicon X-tal Reflective Display">SXRD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sony_Tablet" title="Sony Tablet">Sony Tablet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunnel_diode" title="Tunnel diode">Tunnel diode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TransferJet" title="TransferJet">TransferJet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Media_Disc" title="Universal Media Disc">UMD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaio" title="Vaio">Vaio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/8_mm_video_format" title="8 mm video format">Video8/Hi8/Digital8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sony_Vision-S" title="Sony Vision-S">Vision-S</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walkman" title="Walkman">Walkman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XDCAM" title="XDCAM">XDCAM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sony_Xperia" title="Sony Xperia">Xperia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical products</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AIBO" title="AIBO">AIBO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CV-2000" title="CV-2000">CV-2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Audio_Tape" title="Digital Audio Tape">DAT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betamax" title="Betamax">Betamax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CLI%C3%89" title="CLIÉ">Sony CLIÉ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discman" title="Discman">Discman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jumbotron" title="Jumbotron">Jumbotron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sony_Lissa" title="Sony Lissa">Lissa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sony_Mavica" title="Sony Mavica">Mavica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sony_NEWS" title="Sony NEWS">NEWS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optiarc" title="Optiarc">Optiarc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qualia_(Sony)" title="Qualia (Sony)">Qualia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sony_Rolly" title="Sony Rolly">Rolly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TR-55" title="TR-55">TR-55</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinitron" title="Trinitron">Trinitron</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/FD_Trinitron/WEGA" title="FD Trinitron/WEGA">FD series</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_C_videotape" title="Type C videotape">1 inch Type C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U-matic" title="U-matic">U-matic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaio" title="Vaio">Vaio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sony_Watchman" title="Sony Watchman">Watchman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WEGA" title="WEGA">WEGA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Electronics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sony_Creative_Software" title="Sony Creative Software">Sony Creative Software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FeliCa" title="FeliCa">FeliCa Networks</a> (57%)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Digital_distribution" title="Digital distribution">Online distribution</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Content_delivery_network" title="Content delivery network">platforms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/PlayStation_Network" title="PlayStation Network">PlayStation Network</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/PlayStation_Now" title="PlayStation Now">PlayStation Now</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PlayStation_Store" title="PlayStation Store">PlayStation Store</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sony_Pictures_Core" title="Sony Pictures Core">Sony Pictures Core</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SonyLIV" title="SonyLIV">SonyLIV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crunchyroll" title="Crunchyroll">Crunchyroll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pure_Flix" class="mw-redirect" title="Pure Flix">Great American Pure Flix</a> (joint venture with <a href="/wiki/Great_American_Media" title="Great American Media">Great American Media</a>)</li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Former/Defunct" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i>Former/Defunct</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/PlayNow_Arena" title="PlayNow Arena">PlayNow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PlayStation_Video" title="PlayStation Video">PlayStation Video</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PlayStation_Vue" title="PlayStation Vue">PlayStation Vue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crunchyroll_EMEA#Anime_Digital_Network" title="Crunchyroll EMEA">Anime Digital Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anime_on_Demand" title="Anime on Demand">Anime on Demand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crunchyroll_Store_Australia#AnimeLab" title="Crunchyroll Store Australia">AnimeLab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funimation" title="Funimation">Funimation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wakanim" title="Wakanim">Wakanim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VRV_(streaming_service)" title="VRV (streaming service)">VRV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sony_Entertainment_Network" title="Sony Entertainment Network">Sony Entertainment Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crackle_(service)" title="Crackle (service)">Crackle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Minisode_Network" title="The Minisode Network">Minisodes</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other businesses</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sony_Digital_Audio_Disc_Corporation" title="Sony Digital Audio Disc Corporation">Sony DADC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/So-net" title="So-net">Sony Network Communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sony_Professional_Solutions" title="Sony Professional Solutions">Sony Professional Solutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sony_Honda_Mobility" title="Sony Honda Mobility">Sony Honda Mobility</a> (50%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MDLinx" title="MDLinx">M3</a> (39.4%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaio" title="Vaio">Vaio</a> (4.9%)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other assets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sony_Corporation_of_America" title="Sony Corporation of America">Sony Corporation of America</a> (umbrella company in the US)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_assets_owned_by_Sony" title="List of assets owned by Sony">Other subsidiaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acquisitions_by_Sony" title="List of acquisitions by Sony">List of acquisitions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_libraries_owned_by_Sony" title="List of libraries owned by Sony">List of libraries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nonprofit organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shohoku_College" title="Shohoku College">Sony Institute of Higher Education Shohoku College</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sony_Toshiba_IBM_Center_of_Competence_for_the_Cell_Processor" title="Sony Toshiba IBM Center of Competence for the Cell Processor">Sony Toshiba IBM Center of Competence for the Cell Processor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sony_timer" title="Sony timer">Sony timer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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