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civil war</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brazil_and_the_civil_war-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_engagements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_engagements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Early engagements</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Early_engagements-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Early engagements subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Early_engagements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Brazilian_ultimatum" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brazilian_ultimatum"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Brazilian ultimatum</span> </div> </a> <ul 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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Armistice</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Armistice-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Aftermath</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav 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class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Uruguayan War</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 14 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-14" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">14 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%BA%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%8A" title="حرب الأوروغواي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حرب الأوروغواي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uruqvay_m%C3%BCharib%C9%99si" title="Uruqvay müharibəsi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Uruqvay müharibəsi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Уругвайска война – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Уругвайска война" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uruguayischer_Krieg" title="Uruguayischer Krieg – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Uruguayischer Krieg" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasi%C3%B3n_brasile%C3%B1a_de_1864" title="Invasión brasileña de 1864 – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Invasión brasileña de 1864" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerre_uruguayenne" title="Guerre uruguayenne – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Guerre uruguayenne" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perang_Uruguay" title="Perang Uruguay – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Perang Uruguay" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A6%E3%83%AB%E3%82%B0%E3%82%A2%E3%82%A4%E6%88%A6%E4%BA%89" title="ウルグアイ戦争 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ウルグアイ戦争" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krigen_mot_Aguirre" title="Krigen mot Aguirre – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Krigen mot Aguirre" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_do_Uruguai" title="Guerra do Uruguai – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Guerra do Uruguai" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Уругвайская война – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Уругвайская война" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uruguayanska_kriget" title="Uruguayanska kriget – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Uruguayanska kriget" 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Click here for more information."><img alt="Featured article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/20px-Cscr-featured.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/30px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/40px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="443" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">1864–1865 war between Brazil and Uruguay</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Uruguayan_Civil_War" title="Uruguayan Civil War">Uruguayan Civil War</a>.</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_Uruguay" title="List of wars involving Uruguay">List of wars involving Uruguay</a>.</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1034237262">.mw-parser-output .stack{box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .stack>div{margin:1px;overflow:hidden}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-left{float:left;clear:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-right{float:right;clear:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-left{float:left;clear:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-right{float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-left{float:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-right{float:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="stack mw-stack stack-clear-right"><div><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Uruguayan War</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Campagne_de_l%27Uruguay,_prise_de_Paysandu._%E2%80%94_D%27apr%C3%A8s_un_croquis_de_notre_correspondant_sp%C3%A9cial.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Campagne de l'Uruguay, prise de Paysandu. — D'après un croquis de notre correspondant spécial." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Campagne_de_l%27Uruguay%2C_prise_de_Paysandu._%E2%80%94_D%27apr%C3%A8s_un_croquis_de_notre_correspondant_sp%C3%A9cial.jpg/300px-Campagne_de_l%27Uruguay%2C_prise_de_Paysandu._%E2%80%94_D%27apr%C3%A8s_un_croquis_de_notre_correspondant_sp%C3%A9cial.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Campagne_de_l%27Uruguay%2C_prise_de_Paysandu._%E2%80%94_D%27apr%C3%A8s_un_croquis_de_notre_correspondant_sp%C3%A9cial.jpg/450px-Campagne_de_l%27Uruguay%2C_prise_de_Paysandu._%E2%80%94_D%27apr%C3%A8s_un_croquis_de_notre_correspondant_sp%C3%A9cial.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Campagne_de_l%27Uruguay%2C_prise_de_Paysandu._%E2%80%94_D%27apr%C3%A8s_un_croquis_de_notre_correspondant_sp%C3%A9cial.jpg/600px-Campagne_de_l%27Uruguay%2C_prise_de_Paysandu._%E2%80%94_D%27apr%C3%A8s_un_croquis_de_notre_correspondant_sp%C3%A9cial.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2609" data-file-height="1757" /></a></span><br />The <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Paysand%C3%BA" title="Siege of Paysandú">Siege of Paysandú</a> as portrayed by <a href="/wiki/L%27Illustration" title="L'Illustration">L'Illustration</a> newspaper, 1865</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>10 August 1864 – 20 February 1865 (6 months, 1 week and 3 days)</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uruguay" title="Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Brazil" title="Empire of Brazil">Empire of Brazil</a></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> <p>Brazilian–Colorado victory </p> <ul><li>Start of the <a href="/wiki/Paraguayan_War" title="Paraguayan War">Paraguayan War</a></li></ul></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_Brazil_%281822%E2%80%931870%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Brazil_%281822%E2%80%931870%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_Brazil_%281822%E2%80%931870%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Brazil_%281822%E2%80%931870%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_Brazil_%281822%E2%80%931870%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Brazil_%281822%E2%80%931870%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="680" data-file-height="439" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Brazil" title="Empire of Brazil">Empire of Brazil</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Flag_of_Colorado_Party_%28Uruguay%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Colorado_Party_%28Uruguay%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Flag_of_Colorado_Party_%28Uruguay%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Colorado_Party_%28Uruguay%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Flag_of_Colorado_Party_%28Uruguay%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Colorado_Party_%28Uruguay%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Colorado_Party_(Uruguay)" title="Colorado Party (Uruguay)">Colorado Party</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Bandera_argentina_unitaria_marina_mercante.png/23px-Bandera_argentina_unitaria_marina_mercante.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Bandera_argentina_unitaria_marina_mercante.png/35px-Bandera_argentina_unitaria_marina_mercante.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Bandera_argentina_unitaria_marina_mercante.png/45px-Bandera_argentina_unitaria_marina_mercante.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="533" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Unitarian_Party" title="Unitarian Party">Unitarian Party</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/23px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/35px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/46px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a> (tacit involvement)</li></ul> </div></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Uruguay.svg/23px-Flag_of_Uruguay.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Uruguay.svg/35px-Flag_of_Uruguay.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Uruguay.svg/45px-Flag_of_Uruguay.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Uruguay" title="Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_National_Party_%28Uruguay%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_National_Party_%28Uruguay%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_National_Party_%28Uruguay%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_National_Party_%28Uruguay%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_National_Party_%28Uruguay%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_National_Party_%28Uruguay%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/National_Party_(Uruguay)" title="National Party (Uruguay)">Blanco Party</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Flag_of_Artigas.svg/23px-Flag_of_Artigas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Flag_of_Artigas.svg/35px-Flag_of_Artigas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Flag_of_Artigas.svg/45px-Flag_of_Artigas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Federales_(Argentina)" class="mw-redirect" title="Federales (Argentina)">Federalist Party</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Paraguay.svg/23px-Flag_of_Paraguay.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Paraguay.svg/35px-Flag_of_Paraguay.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Paraguay.svg/46px-Flag_of_Paraguay.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="660" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Paraguay" title="Paraguay">Paraguay</a> (support)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_Brazil_%281822%E2%80%931870%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Brazil_%281822%E2%80%931870%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_Brazil_%281822%E2%80%931870%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Brazil_%281822%E2%80%931870%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_Brazil_%281822%E2%80%931870%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Brazil_%281822%E2%80%931870%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="680" data-file-height="439" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Pedro_II_of_Brazil" title="Pedro II of Brazil">Pedro II</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_Brazil_%281822%E2%80%931870%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Brazil_%281822%E2%80%931870%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_Brazil_%281822%E2%80%931870%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Brazil_%281822%E2%80%931870%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_Brazil_%281822%E2%80%931870%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Brazil_%281822%E2%80%931870%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="680" data-file-height="439" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Joaquim_Marques_Lisboa,_Marquis_of_Tamandar%C3%A9" title="Joaquim Marques Lisboa, Marquis of Tamandaré">Joaquim M. Lisboa</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_Brazil_%281822%E2%80%931870%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Brazil_%281822%E2%80%931870%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_Brazil_%281822%E2%80%931870%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Brazil_%281822%E2%80%931870%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_Brazil_%281822%E2%80%931870%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Brazil_%281822%E2%80%931870%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="680" data-file-height="439" /></span></span></span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jo%C3%A3o_Prop%C3%ADcio_Mena_Barreto&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="João Propício Mena Barreto (page does not exist)">Mena Barreto</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_Prop%C3%ADcio_Mena_Barreto" class="extiw" title="pt:João Propício Mena Barreto">pt</a>]</span></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Flag_of_Colorado_Party_%28Uruguay%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Colorado_Party_%28Uruguay%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Flag_of_Colorado_Party_%28Uruguay%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Colorado_Party_%28Uruguay%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Flag_of_Colorado_Party_%28Uruguay%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Colorado_Party_%28Uruguay%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Venancio_Flores" title="Venancio Flores">Venancio Flores</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/23px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/35px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/46px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Bartolom%C3%A9_Mitre" title="Bartolomé Mitre">Bartolomé Mitre</a></li></ul> </div></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_National_Party_%28Uruguay%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_National_Party_%28Uruguay%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_National_Party_%28Uruguay%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_National_Party_%28Uruguay%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_National_Party_%28Uruguay%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_National_Party_%28Uruguay%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Bernardo_Berro" title="Bernardo Berro">Bernardo Berro</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_National_Party_%28Uruguay%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_National_Party_%28Uruguay%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_National_Party_%28Uruguay%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_National_Party_%28Uruguay%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_National_Party_%28Uruguay%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_National_Party_%28Uruguay%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Atanasio_Aguirre" title="Atanasio Aguirre">Atanasio Aguirre</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_National_Party_%28Uruguay%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_National_Party_%28Uruguay%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_National_Party_%28Uruguay%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_National_Party_%28Uruguay%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_National_Party_%28Uruguay%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_National_Party_%28Uruguay%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Leandro_G%C3%B3mez" title="Leandro Gómez">Leandro Gómez</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_National_Party_%28Uruguay%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_National_Party_%28Uruguay%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_National_Party_%28Uruguay%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_National_Party_%28Uruguay%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_National_Party_%28Uruguay%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_National_Party_%28Uruguay%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></span></span></span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Basilio_Mu%C3%B1oz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Basilio Muñoz (page does not exist)">Basilio Muñoz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div 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id="Uruguayan_War" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Uruguayan War</a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Salto" title="Siege of Salto">Salto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Paysand%C3%BA" title="Siege of Paysandú">Paysandú</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jaguar%C3%A3o" title="Battle of Jaguarão">Jaguarão</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div> <p>The <b>Uruguayan War</b><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>A<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (10 August 1864 – 20 February 1865) was fought between <a href="/wiki/Uruguay" title="Uruguay">Uruguay</a>'s governing <a href="/wiki/National_Party_(Uruguay)" title="National Party (Uruguay)">Blanco Party</a> and an alliance consisting of the <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Brazil" title="Empire of Brazil">Empire of Brazil</a> and the Uruguayan <a href="/wiki/Colorado_Party_(Uruguay)" title="Colorado Party (Uruguay)">Colorado Party</a>, covertly supported by <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a>. Since its independence, Uruguay had been ravaged by intermittent struggles between the Colorado and Blanco factions, each attempting to seize and maintain power in turn. The Colorado leader <a href="/wiki/Venancio_Flores" title="Venancio Flores">Venancio Flores</a> launched the Liberating Crusade in 1863, an insurrection aimed at toppling <a href="/wiki/Bernardo_Berro" title="Bernardo Berro">Bernardo Berro</a>, who presided over a Colorado–Blanco coalition (fusionist) government. Flores was aided by Argentina, whose president <a href="/wiki/Bartolom%C3%A9_Mitre" title="Bartolomé Mitre">Bartolomé Mitre</a> provided him with supplies, Argentine volunteers and river transport for troops. </p><p>The fusionism movement collapsed as the Colorados abandoned the coalition to join Flores' ranks. The Uruguayan Civil War quickly escalated, developing into a crisis of international scope that destabilized the entire region. Even before the Colorado rebellion, the Blancos within fusionism had sought an alliance with <a href="/wiki/Paraguay" title="Paraguay">Paraguayan</a> dictator <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Solano_L%C3%B3pez" title="Francisco Solano López">Francisco Solano López</a>. Berro's now purely Blanco government also received support from Argentine <a href="/wiki/Federales_(Argentina)" class="mw-redirect" title="Federales (Argentina)">federalists</a>, who opposed Mitre and his <a href="/wiki/Unitarian_Party" title="Unitarian Party">Unitarians</a>. The situation deteriorated as the Empire of Brazil was drawn into the conflict. Almost one fifth of the Uruguayan population were considered Brazilian. Some joined Flores' rebellion, spurred by discontent with Blanco government policies that they regarded as harmful to their interests. Brazil eventually decided to intervene in the Uruguayan affair to reestablish the security of its southern frontiers and its regional ascendancy. </p><p>In April 1864, Brazil sent <a href="/wiki/Plenipotentiary" title="Plenipotentiary">Minister Plenipotentiary</a> <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ant%C3%B4nio_Saraiva" title="José Antônio Saraiva">José Antônio Saraiva</a> to negotiate with <a href="/wiki/Atanasio_Aguirre" title="Atanasio Aguirre">Atanasio Aguirre</a>, who had succeeded Berro in Uruguay. Saraiva made an initial attempt to settle the dispute between Blancos and Colorados. Faced with Aguirre's intransigence regarding Flores' demands, the Brazilian diplomat abandoned the effort and sided with the Colorados. On 10 August 1864, after a Brazilian ultimatum was refused, Saraiva declared that Brazil's military would begin exacting reprisals. Brazil declined to acknowledge a formal state of war, and for most of its duration, the Uruguayan–Brazilian armed conflict was an <a href="/wiki/Undeclared_war" title="Undeclared war">undeclared war</a>. </p><p>In a combined offensive against Blanco strongholds, the Brazilian–Colorado troops advanced through Uruguayan territory, taking one town after another. Eventually the Blancos were left isolated in <a href="/wiki/Montevideo" title="Montevideo">Montevideo</a>, the national capital. Faced with certain defeat, the Blanco government capitulated on 20 February 1865. The short-lived war would have been regarded as an outstanding success for Brazilian and Argentine interests, had Paraguayan intervention in support of the Blancos (with attacks upon Brazilian and Argentine provinces) not led to the long and costly <a href="/wiki/Paraguayan_War" title="Paraguayan War">Paraguayan War</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uruguayan_Civil_War">Uruguayan Civil War</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uruguayan_War&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Uruguayan Civil War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Blanco–Colorado_strife"><span id="Blanco.E2.80.93Colorado_strife"></span>Blanco–Colorado strife</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uruguayan_War&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Blanco–Colorado strife"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Uruguayan_Civil_War" title="Uruguayan Civil War">Uruguayan Civil War</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Territorial_disputes_in_the_Platine_region_in_1864.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A map showing Uruguay and Paraguay in the center with Bolivia and Brazil to the north and Argentina to the south; cross-hatching indicates that the western half of Paraguay was claimed by Bolivia, the northern reaches of Argentina were disputed by Paraguay, and areas of southern Brazil were claimed by both Argentina and Paraguay" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Territorial_disputes_in_the_Platine_region_in_1864.svg/200px-Territorial_disputes_in_the_Platine_region_in_1864.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Territorial_disputes_in_the_Platine_region_in_1864.svg/300px-Territorial_disputes_in_the_Platine_region_in_1864.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Territorial_disputes_in_the_Platine_region_in_1864.svg/400px-Territorial_disputes_in_the_Platine_region_in_1864.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="477" data-file-height="528" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/R%C3%ADo_de_la_Plata_Basin" title="Río de la Plata Basin">Platine region</a> in 1864. The shaded areas are disputed territories.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Oriental_Republic_of_Uruguay" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Republic of Uruguay">Oriental Republic of Uruguay</a> in South America had been, since its independence in 1828, troubled by strife between the <a href="/wiki/National_Party_(Uruguay)" title="National Party (Uruguay)">Blanco Party</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Colorado_Party_(Uruguay)" title="Colorado Party (Uruguay)">Colorado Party</a>. They were not <a href="/wiki/Political_party" title="Political party">political parties</a> in the modern sense, but factions that engaged in internecine rebellion whenever the other dominated the government. The nation was deeply divided into Colorado and Blanco camps. These partisan groups formed in the 1830s and arose out of patron–client relationships fostered by local <i><a href="/wiki/Caudillo" title="Caudillo">caudillos</a></i> in the cities and countryside. Rather than a unity based upon common nationalistic sentiments, each had differing aims and loyalties informed by their respective, insular political frameworks.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKraayWhigham2004119_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKraayWhigham2004119-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Uruguay had a very low population density and a weak government.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKraayWhigham2004119_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKraayWhigham2004119-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ordinary citizens were compelled by circumstances to seek the protection of local <i>caudillos</i>—landlords who were either Colorados or Blancos and who used their workers, mostly <i><a href="/wiki/Gaucho" title="Gaucho">gaucho</a></i> horsemen, as private armies. The civil wars between the two factions were brutal. Harsh tactics produced ever-increasing alienation between the groups, and included seizure of land, confiscation of livestock and executions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeuchars200220_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeuchars200220-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKraayWhigham2004120_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKraayWhigham2004120-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The antagonism caused by atrocities, along with family loyalties and political ties, made reconciliation unthinkable. European immigrants, who came in great numbers during the latter half of the nineteenth century, were drawn into one party or the other; both parties had liberal and conservative wings, so the social and political views of newcomers could be reconciled with either. The feuding blocs impeded development of a broadly supported central national administration.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKraayWhigham2004120_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKraayWhigham2004120-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMunro1960201–202_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMunro1960201–202-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Liberating_Crusade_of_1863">Liberating Crusade of 1863</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uruguayan_War&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Liberating Crusade of 1863"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gaucho_1868c.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Full-length photograph of a bearded man wearing a wide-brimmed hat, bandana, serape, leather boots and grasping the handle of a long knife in his left hand" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Gaucho_1868c.jpg/200px-Gaucho_1868c.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Gaucho_1868c.jpg/300px-Gaucho_1868c.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Gaucho_1868c.jpg/400px-Gaucho_1868c.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3712" data-file-height="4960" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Gaucho" title="Gaucho">Gaucho</a></i> horsemen were used as militiamen by <i><a href="/wiki/Caudillo" title="Caudillo">caudillos</a></i> of the Platine region</figcaption></figure> <p>In the latter half of the 1850s, leading members of the Colorados and Blancos attempted a reconciliation. With the approval of many from both parties efforts were made to implement "fusionist" policies, which began to show results in cooperation in government and military spheres.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeuchars200220_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeuchars200220-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKraayWhigham2004120_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKraayWhigham2004120-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The attempt at healing the schism was dealt a setback in 1858 when reactionaries in the Colorado Party rejected the scheme. The revolt was put down by <a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Antonio_Pereira" title="Gabriel Antonio Pereira">Gabriel Pereira</a>, a former Colorado and Uruguayan president under the fusionist government. The rebellious leaders were executed at Paso de Quinteros along the <a href="/wiki/R%C3%ADo_Negro_(Uruguay)" title="Río Negro (Uruguay)">Río Negro</a>, sparking renewed conflict. The Colorados suspected fusionism of promoting Blanco aims to their own detriment and called for the "martyrs of Quinteros" to be avenged.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKraayWhigham2004120_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKraayWhigham2004120-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhigham2002124_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhigham2002124-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With the internal weaknesses of fusionism now exposed, the Colorados moved to oust its supporters from the government. Their leader, Brigadier General <a href="/wiki/Venancio_Flores" title="Venancio Flores">Venancio Flores</a>, a <i>caudillo</i> and an early proponent of fusionism, found himself without sufficient military resources to mount a sustained revolt and resorted to asking for intervention by Argentina.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKraayWhigham2004121_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKraayWhigham2004121-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Argentina was a fragmented nation (since the 1852 downfall of Argentine dictator <a href="/wiki/Juan_Manuel_de_Rosas" title="Juan Manuel de Rosas">Juan Manuel de Rosas</a>), with the <a href="/wiki/Argentine_Confederation" title="Argentine Confederation">Argentine Confederation</a> and the <a href="/wiki/State_of_Buenos_Aires" title="State of Buenos Aires">State of Buenos Aires</a> each <a href="/wiki/War_between_the_Argentine_Confederation_and_the_state_of_Buenos_Aires" title="War between the Argentine Confederation and the state of Buenos Aires">vying for supremacy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Flores approached the Buenos Aires Minister of War, <a href="/wiki/Bartolom%C3%A9_Mitre" title="Bartolomé Mitre">Bartolomé Mitre</a>, agreeing to throw the support of the Colorados behind Buenos Aires in exchange for subsequent Argentine assistance in their fight against the fusionist government in <a href="/wiki/Montevideo" title="Montevideo">Montevideo</a> (the Uruguayan capital).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKraayWhigham2004121_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKraayWhigham2004121-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Flores and his Colorado units served Buenos Aires with fierce determination. They played a decisive role in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pav%C3%B3n" title="Battle of Pavón">Battle of Pavón</a> on 17 September 1861, in which the Confederation was defeated and all Argentina was reunited under the government in Buenos Aires. </p><p>In fulfillment of his commitment, Mitre arranged for the Colorado militia, Argentine volunteer units and supplies to be carried aboard Argentine vessels to Uruguay in May and June 1863. Ships of the Argentine navy kept Uruguayan gunships away from the operation. Back on his native soil, Flores called for the ouster of the constitutional government, by that time headed by <a href="/wiki/Bernardo_Berro" title="Bernardo Berro">Bernardo Berro</a>. Flores accused the Montevideo government of Blanco sympathies and framed his "Liberating Crusade" (as he called his rebellion) in the familiar terms of a Colorado vs. Blanco struggle. Colorados from rural areas joined defectors from the military in responding to his call.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="International_crisis">International crisis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uruguayan_War&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: International crisis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Paraguayan–Blanco_ties"><span id="Paraguayan.E2.80.93Blanco_ties"></span>Paraguayan–Blanco ties</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uruguayan_War&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Paraguayan–Blanco ties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Buenos_Aires_1864.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photograph depicting a waterfront with stone quays, a paved ramp leading down to the water's edge, a fortress on the left edge of the picture, and spires, domes and multi-story buildings in the background" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Buenos_Aires_1864.jpg/300px-Buenos_Aires_1864.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Buenos_Aires_1864.jpg/450px-Buenos_Aires_1864.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Buenos_Aires_1864.jpg/600px-Buenos_Aires_1864.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="563" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Buenos_Aires" title="Buenos Aires">Buenos Aires</a>, capital of <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a>, 1864</figcaption></figure> <p>Although the Colorados had defected to the Flores insurgency, the national guard continued to support the fusionist government. Blanco partisans filled its depleted ranks. They also replaced army officers who had deserted to Flores.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKraayWhigham2004122_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKraayWhigham2004122-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Blancos received aid from several Argentine <a href="/wiki/Federales_(Argentina)" class="mw-redirect" title="Federales (Argentina)">Federalists</a> who joined their cause. As in Uruguay, Argentina had long been a battleground of rival parties, and Bartolomé Mitre's victory at Pavón in 1861 had signaled the triumph of his <a href="/wiki/Unitarian_Party" title="Unitarian Party">Unitarian Party</a> over the Federal Party led by <a href="/wiki/Justo_Jos%C3%A9_de_Urquiza" title="Justo José de Urquiza">Justo José de Urquiza</a>. Mitre denied any involvement in the Flores rebellion, even though his complicity was widely known and taken for granted.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Relations between Argentina and Uruguay worsened, and both nations came close to declaring war on each other, although neither could afford a direct military conflict. Argentina had only recently emerged from a long civil war, and was still struggling to suppress a Federalist rebellion in its western province of <a href="/wiki/La_Rioja_Province,_Argentina" title="La Rioja Province, Argentina">La Rioja</a>. Uruguay was too weak militarily to engage in a fight unaided.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhigham2002138–139_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhigham2002138–139-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETasso_Fragoso_2009,_Vol_1107–114_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETasso_Fragoso_2009,_Vol_1107–114-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since 1862, the Blancos had made repeated overtures to <a href="/wiki/Paraguay" title="Paraguay">Paraguay</a>, governed by dictator <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Antonio_L%C3%B3pez" title="Carlos Antonio López">Carlos Antonio López</a>, in an attempt to forge an alliance<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhigham2002139–140_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhigham2002139–140-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETasso_Fragoso_2009,_Vol_1162–180_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETasso_Fragoso_2009,_Vol_1162–180-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBox1930155–162_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBox1930155–162-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that might advance both their interests in the Platine region.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhigham2002140–141_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhigham2002140–141-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETasso_Fragoso_2009,_Vol_1164,_169_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETasso_Fragoso_2009,_Vol_1164,_169-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Upon the death of López, his son, <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Solano_L%C3%B3pez" title="Francisco Solano López">Francisco Solano López</a>, succeeded him as Paraguayan dictator. Unlike the elder López, who strove to avoid encumbering alliances, Solano greeted the Blancos' proposal with enthusiasm. He believed Argentina was working towards the annexation of both Uruguay and Paraguay, with the goal of recreating the <a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_the_R%C3%ADo_de_la_Plata" title="Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata">Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata</a>, the former Spanish colony that once encompassed the territories of all three nations. Solano López had, as far back as 1855, expressed this concern, commenting to the Uruguayan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Andr%C3%A9s_Lamas_(writer)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Andrés Lamas (writer) (page does not exist)">Andrés Lamas</a> that "the idea of reconstructing [the old viceroyalty] is in the soul of the Argentines; and as a result, it isn't just Paraguay that needs to stand guard: your country, the Oriental Republic [of Uruguay], needs to get along with my own in order to prepare for any eventualities."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhigham2002441_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhigham2002441-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In late 1863, Solano López was mobilizing his army and was in talks with Urquiza, the leader of the dissident Argentine Federalists, to convince him to join the proposed Paraguayan–Uruguayan alliance.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhigham2002142_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhigham2002142-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Brazil_and_the_civil_war">Brazil and the civil war</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uruguayan_War&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Brazil and the civil war"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rio_de_Janeiro_from_the_morro_do_Castelo_by_Leuzinger_1865.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photographic aerial view of the city from a hillside with ships at anchor in the harbor and island in the background" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Rio_de_Janeiro_from_the_morro_do_Castelo_by_Leuzinger_1865.jpg/250px-Rio_de_Janeiro_from_the_morro_do_Castelo_by_Leuzinger_1865.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Rio_de_Janeiro_from_the_morro_do_Castelo_by_Leuzinger_1865.jpg/375px-Rio_de_Janeiro_from_the_morro_do_Castelo_by_Leuzinger_1865.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Rio_de_Janeiro_from_the_morro_do_Castelo_by_Leuzinger_1865.jpg/500px-Rio_de_Janeiro_from_the_morro_do_Castelo_by_Leuzinger_1865.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1636" data-file-height="1320" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro" title="Rio de Janeiro">Rio de Janeiro</a>, capital of the <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Brazil" title="Empire of Brazil">Empire of Brazil</a>, c. 1865</figcaption></figure> <p>The developments in Uruguay were closely watched by the Empire of Brazil,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhigham2002144_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhigham2002144-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which had vital interests in the <a href="/wiki/R%C3%ADo_de_la_Plata_Basin" title="Río de la Plata Basin">Río de la Plata Basin</a>. After Rosas fell in 1852, Brazil became the dominant regional power. Its foreign policy included the covert underwriting of opposition parties in Uruguay and Argentina, preventing strong governments that might threaten Brazil's strategic position in the area. Brazilian banking and commercial firms also had ventures in the area, furthering ties within the region. In Uruguay, the bank run by <a href="/wiki/Irineu_Evangelista_de_Sousa,_Viscount_of_Mau%C3%A1" title="Irineu Evangelista de Sousa, Viscount of Mauá">Irineu Evangelista de Sousa</a> (Baron and later Viscount of Mauá) became so heavily involved in commercial enterprises that the economy depended on this source of continued capital flow.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhigham2002123_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhigham2002123-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBethell1985662_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBethell1985662-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>About 18 percent (40,000) of the Uruguayan population (220,000) spoke <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a> and regarded themselves as Brazilian rather than Uruguayan.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>B<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many within Flores' ranks were Brazilians, some hailing from the nearby Brazilian province of <a href="/wiki/Rio_Grande_do_Sul" title="Rio Grande do Sul">Rio Grande do Sul</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGolin2004200–202,_218,_268–269_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolin2004200–202,_218,_268–269-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETasso_Fragoso_2009,_Vol_1116_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETasso_Fragoso_2009,_Vol_1116-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Life along the frontier between Rio Grande do Sul and Uruguay was often chaotic, with hostilities erupting between partisans of various <a href="/wiki/Cattle_baron" title="Cattle baron">cattle barons</a>, cattle-rustling and random killings. Large landowners on both sides of the border had long been antagonistic toward Berro's policies.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Uruguayan president attempted to tax the cattle coming from Rio Grande do Sul and to impose curbs on the use of Brazilian slaves within Uruguayan territory; slavery had been outlawed years before in Uruguay.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Among the Brazilian land barons were <a href="/wiki/David_Canabarro" title="David Canabarro">David Canabarro</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B4nio_de_Sousa_Neto" title="Antônio de Sousa Neto">Antônio de Sousa Neto</a>, both allies of Flores and former separatist rebels during the <a href="/wiki/Ragamuffin_War" title="Ragamuffin War">Ragamuffin War</a> that had ravaged Rio Grande do Sul from 1835 until 1845.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGolin2004243_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolin2004243-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Canabarro, a frontier military commander, misled Brazil's government by denying that Brazilians were crossing the border to join Flores.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGolin2004201–202_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolin2004201–202-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sousa Neto went to the <a href="/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro" title="Rio de Janeiro">Brazilian capital</a> to request immediate government intervention in Uruguay, claiming that Brazilians were being murdered and their ranches robbed.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The "fact that Uruguayan citizens had just as valid claims against Brazil as Brazilians had against Uruguay was ignored", said historian Philip Raine.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERaine1956161_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERaine1956161-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although Sousa Neto had ties with the governing political party, his claims, including that he could amass a force of 40,000 to invade Uruguay, were not taken seriously by all.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>C<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Uruguayan crisis arrived at a difficult moment for Brazil, which was on the verge of a full-blown war with the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a> for unrelated reasons. Brazil's government decided to intervene in Uruguay, fearful of showing any weakness in the face of an impending conflict with Britain, and believing that it would be better for the central government to take the lead rather than allow the Brazilian ranchers on the frontier to decide the course of events.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_engagements">Early engagements</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uruguayan_War&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Early engagements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Brazilian_ultimatum">Brazilian ultimatum</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uruguayan_War&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Brazilian ultimatum"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fragata_a_Vapor_Amazonas.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A steamship anchored to a mooring buoy with other ships in the distance" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Fragata_a_Vapor_Amazonas.jpg/220px-Fragata_a_Vapor_Amazonas.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Fragata_a_Vapor_Amazonas.jpg/330px-Fragata_a_Vapor_Amazonas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Fragata_a_Vapor_Amazonas.jpg/440px-Fragata_a_Vapor_Amazonas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1312" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Steamship" title="Steamship">steam</a> <a href="/wiki/Frigate" title="Frigate">frigate</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_frigate_Amazonas" title="Brazilian frigate Amazonas">Amazonas</a></i> served as part of the Brazilian <a href="/wiki/Naval_fleet" title="Naval fleet">naval fleet</a> during the war.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaia1975260_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaia1975260-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>On 1 March 1864, Berro's term of office ended. The ongoing civil war prevented elections; therefore <a href="/wiki/Atanasio_Aguirre" title="Atanasio Aguirre">Atanasio Aguirre</a>, president of the Uruguayan senate and a member of the Amapolas (the radical wing of the Blanco Party) replaced Berro, on an interim basis.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhigham2002148–149_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhigham2002148–149-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETasso_Fragoso_2009,_Vol_1107_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETasso_Fragoso_2009,_Vol_1107-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In April, <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ant%C3%B4nio_Saraiva" title="José Antônio Saraiva">José Antônio Saraiva</a> was appointed <a href="/wiki/Plenipotentiary" title="Plenipotentiary">minister plenipotentiary</a> by the Brazilian government and charged with quickly reaching an accord that would settle Brazil's claims and ensure the safety of Brazilian citizens. His focus soon shifted from satisfying Brazil's terms to a more immediate goal of hammering out a deal between the antagonists in the civil war, with the expectation that only a more stable regime would be able to reach a settlement with Brazil.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERaine1956161–162_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERaine1956161–162-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhigham2002147–151_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhigham2002147–151-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The government in Montevideo was at first reluctant to consider Saraiva's proposals. With backing from Paraguay, it saw little advantage in negotiating a close to the civil war or in seeking to comply with Brazil's demands.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERaine1956162_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERaine1956162-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The main factor, as historian Jeffrey D. Needell summarized, was that the "Uruguayan president had been unwilling to resolve these, particularly because the Brazilians whose grievances were at issue were allies of Venancio Flores, a client of the Argentines, and a man who was seeking his overthrow."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeedell2006240_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeedell2006240-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A mutual enmity between Brazil and its Hispanic-American neighbors compounded the difficulties, the result of a long-standing distrust and rivalry between Spain and Portugal that had been carried over to their former American colonies.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGraham1933127_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraham1933127-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Brazil and Uruguay exhibited loathing for one another; as <a href="/wiki/Robert_Bontine_Cunninghame_Graham" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Bontine Cunninghame Graham">Robert Bontine Cunninghame Graham</a> put it: "the Brazilians holding the Uruguayans as bloodthirsty savages, and the Uruguayans returning their contempt for the unwarlike ways of the Brazilians, whom they called monkeys, and looked down upon, for their mixed blood."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGraham1933127_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraham1933127-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Eventually, in July 1864, Saraiva's persistent diplomacy moved the Uruguayan government to agree to mediated talks including <a href="/wiki/Edward_Thornton_(diplomat)" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward Thornton (diplomat)">Edward Thornton</a> (the British <a href="/wiki/Resident_(title)" class="mw-redirect" title="Resident (title)">resident minister</a> in Buenos Aires), Argentine foreign minister <a href="/wiki/Rufino_de_Elizalde" title="Rufino de Elizalde">Rufino de Elizalde</a> and Saraiva himself.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Initially, the negotiations seemed promising, but soon bogged down. On 4 August, convinced that the government in Montevideo was unwilling to work toward a settlement, a frustrated Saraiva delivered an ultimatum, which the Uruguayans rebuffed. On 10 August, Saraiva informed Aguirre that the Brazilian military commanders would receive orders to begin retaliation, marking the beginning of the war.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alliance_with_rebel_Colorados">Alliance with rebel Colorados</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uruguayan_War&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Alliance with rebel Colorados"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Villa_del_salto_destroyed.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photograph showing the hulk of a side-wheel steamship sitting very high in shallow water and heavily listing adjacent to a beach with other ships in the background" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Villa_del_salto_destroyed.jpg/220px-Villa_del_salto_destroyed.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Villa_del_salto_destroyed.jpg/330px-Villa_del_salto_destroyed.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Villa_del_salto_destroyed.jpg/440px-Villa_del_salto_destroyed.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="530" /></a><figcaption>The Uruguayan steamship <i>Villa del Salto</i> after it ran aground and was set on fire by its crew</figcaption></figure> <p>Under the orders of Vice-Admiral <a href="/wiki/Joaquim_Marques_Lisboa,_Marquis_of_Tamandar%C3%A9" title="Joaquim Marques Lisboa, Marquis of Tamandaré">Joaquim Marques Lisboa</a> (Baron of Tamandaré), a Brazilian fleet was stationed in Uruguayan <a href="/wiki/Territorial_waters" title="Territorial waters">territorial waters</a>. The naval force comprised twelve steamships: one <a href="/wiki/Frigate" title="Frigate">frigate</a>, six <a href="/wiki/Corvette" title="Corvette">corvettes</a> and five <a href="/wiki/Gunboat" title="Gunboat">gunboats</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaia1975260_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaia1975260-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 11 August 1864, Tamandaré, as the commander-in-chief of Brazilian naval and land forces in the war,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETasso_Fragoso_2009,_Vol_1258–259_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETasso_Fragoso_2009,_Vol_1258–259-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> received orders from Saraiva to begin retaliatory operations.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGolin2004271_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolin2004271-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Brazilian warships were deployed to the Uruguayan towns of <a href="/wiki/Salto,_Uruguay" title="Salto, Uruguay">Salto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paysand%C3%BA" title="Paysandú">Paysandú</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maldonado,_Uruguay" title="Maldonado, Uruguay">Maldonado</a>, ostensibly to "protect Brazilian subjects", while Uruguay's only warships, the small steamers <i>Villa del Salto</i> and <i>General Artigas</i>, were to be neutralized.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETasso_Fragoso_2009,_Vol_1137_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETasso_Fragoso_2009,_Vol_1137-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Tamandaré demanded these steamships remain at their docks, only the crew of <i>General Artigas</i> complied.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tamandaré created a naval command assigned to Captain of Sea and War <a href="/w/index.php?title=Francisco_Pereira_Pinto,_Baron_of_Ivinhema&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Francisco Pereira Pinto, Baron of Ivinhema (page does not exist)">Francisco Pereira Pinto</a> (later Baron of Ivinhema). Consisting of two corvettes and one gunboat, the division was sent to patrol the <a href="/wiki/Uruguay_River" title="Uruguay River">Uruguay River</a>, a tributary of the <a href="/wiki/R%C3%ADo_de_la_Plata" title="Río de la Plata">Río de la Plata</a> and part of the Platine region.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaia1975260_35-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaia1975260-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETasso_Fragoso_2009,_Vol_1137_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETasso_Fragoso_2009,_Vol_1137-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 24 August, Pereira Pinto sighted the <i>Villa del Salto</i>, which was conveying troops to fight the Colorados. The <i>Villa del Salto</i> ignored warning shots and a demand to surrender; after a desperate run from the Brazilian warships, it escaped to Argentine waters.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This first skirmish of the war prompted the Uruguayan government to sever all diplomatic ties with Brazil on 30 August.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaia1975263_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaia1975263-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 7 September, Pereira Pinto again encountered the <i>Villa del Salto</i> sailing from Salto to Paysandú. The two Brazilian corvettes attacked the Uruguayan ship as it again tried to escape to Argentina. The battle ended when the <i>Villa del Salto</i> ran aground near Paysandú, where its crew set it on fire to prevent it falling into Brazilian hands.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meanwhile, the <i>General Artigas</i> had been sold to prevent its capture by the Brazilians.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGolin2004282,_286_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolin2004282,_286-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To Flores, Brazil's military operations against the Blanco government represented a priceless opportunity, since he had been unable to achieve any lasting results during the rebellion. He entered talks with Saraiva, winning the Brazilian government over, after promising to settle their claims refused by the Blanco government. The Brazilian plenipotentiary minister gave instructions to Tamandaré to form a joint offensive with the Colorado leader and overthrow the Blancos.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGolin2004287–290_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolin2004287–290-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 20 October, after a swift exchange of letters, Flores and the Brazilian vice-admiral formed a secret alliance.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Colorado–Brazil_joint_offensive"><span id="Colorado.E2.80.93Brazil_joint_offensive"></span>Colorado–Brazil joint offensive</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uruguayan_War&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Colorado–Brazil joint offensive"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sieges_of_Uruguayan_towns">Sieges of Uruguayan towns</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uruguayan_War&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Sieges of Uruguayan towns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Civilians_leaving_Paysandu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photograph showing men and women in civilian dress lining a riverbank with small boats nearing the bank and large steamships in the distance near the opposite bank" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Civilians_leaving_Paysandu.jpg/220px-Civilians_leaving_Paysandu.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Civilians_leaving_Paysandu.jpg/330px-Civilians_leaving_Paysandu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Civilians_leaving_Paysandu.jpg/440px-Civilians_leaving_Paysandu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="755" data-file-height="554" /></a><figcaption>Civilians departing Paysandú during the siege, 1864</figcaption></figure> <p>The Brazilian naval fleet in Uruguay was supposed to work in conjunction with a Brazilian land force. But months passed, and the "Army of the South" (called the "Division of Observation" until the ultimatum) stationed in Piraí Grande (in Rio Grande do Sul) was still not ready to cross into Uruguayan territory. Its main objectives were to occupy the Uruguayan towns of <a href="/wiki/Paysand%C3%BA" title="Paysandú">Paysandú</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salto,_Uruguay" title="Salto, Uruguay">Salto</a> and <a href="/wiki/Melo,_Uruguay" title="Melo, Uruguay">Melo</a>; once taken, they were to be handed over to Flores and his Colorados.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 12 October, a brigade led by Brigadier <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Lu%C3%ADs_Mena_Barreto_(1817%E2%80%9379)" class="mw-redirect" title="José Luís Mena Barreto (1817–79)">José Luís Mena Barreto</a> detached from the main army. Two days later, near the Brazilian town of <a href="/wiki/Jaguar%C3%A3o" title="Jaguarão">Jaguarão</a>, the force invaded Uruguay's <a href="/wiki/Cerro_Largo_Department" title="Cerro Largo Department">Cerro Largo Department</a>. After skirmishes failed to halt their march, the Blancos abandoned Melo, and the brigade entered this capital of Cerro Largo unopposed, on 16 October. After handing over control of Melo to the Uruguayan Colorados, the Brazilians withdrew on 24 October, to rejoin their Army of the South.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The next Brazilian target was Salto. Pereira Pinto sent two gunboats under First Lieutenant Joaquim José Pinto to blockade the town. On 24 November, Flores arrived with his troops and <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Salto" title="Siege of Salto">began the siege</a>. Colonel <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9_Palomeque&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="José Palomeque (page does not exist)">José Palomeque</a>, commander of the Uruguayan garrison, surrendered almost without firing a shot, on the afternoon of 28 November.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Flores' army captured and incorporated four artillery pieces and 250 men;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchneider200967_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchneider200967-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 300 Colorados and 150 Brazilians were left behind to occupy Salto.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchneider200967_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchneider200967-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Paysandú, the last Brazilian target, was already under blockade by Pereira Pinto.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchneider200965_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchneider200965-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tamandaré, who had been in Buenos Aires until this point, took charge of the blockade on 3 December. It was enforced by one corvette and four gunboats.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchneider200970_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchneider200970-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaia1975264_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaia1975264-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Paysandú was garrisoned by 1,274 men and 15 cannons, under the command of Colonel <a href="/wiki/Leandro_G%C3%B3mez" title="Leandro Gómez">Leandro Gómez</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Flores, who had come from Salto, headed a force of 3,000 men, mostly cavalry.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchneider200970_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchneider200970-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Paysand%C3%BA" title="Siege of Paysandú">invested Paysandú</a>, deploying 800 infantrymen, 7 cannons (3 of which were <a href="/wiki/Rifling" title="Rifling">rifled</a>), and detachments of an additional 660 Brazilians.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gómez declined the offer to surrender.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchneider200970_60-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchneider200970-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaia1975264_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaia1975264-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 6 December until 8 December, the Brazilians and Colorados made attempts to storm the town, advancing through the streets, but were unable to take it.<sup id="cite_ref-Schneider71Maia265TF152_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schneider71Maia265TF152-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tamandaré and Flores opted to wait for the arrival of the Army of the South.<sup id="cite_ref-Schneider71Maia265TF152_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schneider71Maia265TF152-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meanwhile, Aguirre had sent General <a href="/w/index.php?title=Juan_S%C3%A1a&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Juan Sáa (page does not exist)">Juan Sáa</a> with 3,000 men and four cannons to relieve the besieged town, forcing the Brazilians and Colorados to briefly lift the siege while dealing with this new threat. Sáa abandoned his advance before encountering the enemy force, and fled north of the Río Negro.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Army_of_the_South_in_Paysandú"><span id="Army_of_the_South_in_Paysand.C3.BA"></span>Army of the South in Paysandú</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uruguayan_War&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Army of the South in Paysandú"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Paysand%C3%BA" title="Siege of Paysandú">Siege of Paysandú</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brazilians_during_the_siege_of_Paysandu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photograph of a line of uniformed soldiers ranged along a river bank in the foreground with boats on the river in the background" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Brazilians_during_the_siege_of_Paysandu.jpg/220px-Brazilians_during_the_siege_of_Paysandu.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Brazilians_during_the_siege_of_Paysandu.jpg/330px-Brazilians_during_the_siege_of_Paysandu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Brazilians_during_the_siege_of_Paysandu.jpg/440px-Brazilians_during_the_siege_of_Paysandu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2128" data-file-height="1286" /></a><figcaption>Brazilian navy and army troops during the siege of Paysandú, 1865</figcaption></figure> <p>Rather than the show of force that had been intended by the Brazilian government, the war revealed the empire's lack of military readiness. The Army of the South, stationed in Piraí Grande, was commanded by Field Marshal <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jo%C3%A3o_Prop%C3%ADcio_Mena_Barreto,_2nd_Baron_of_S%C3%A3o_Gabriel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="João Propício Mena Barreto, 2nd Baron of São Gabriel (page does not exist)">João Propício Mena Barreto</a> (later Baron of São Gabriel) with two divisions. The 1st Division, under Brigadier <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Lu%C3%ADs_Os%C3%B3rio,_Marquis_of_Erval" title="Manuel Luís Osório, Marquis of Erval">Manuel Luís Osório</a> (later Marquis of Erval), was formed by regular army units. The 2nd Division, under Brigadier José Luís Mena Barreto (who had since returned from his attack on Melo), was composed entirely of national guardsmen. Altogether, it numbered only 5,711 men—all (except some officers) native to Rio Grande do Sul.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>D<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The army was poorly equipped for siege operations: it brought along no engineers (who could direct the construction of trenches); it was under-equipped, lacking even <a href="/wiki/Hatchet" title="Hatchet">hatchets</a> (necessary to cut fences, break through doors and scale walls); and its 12 cannons (a mix of <a href="/wiki/La_Hitte_system" title="La Hitte system">La Hitte</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paixhans_gun" title="Paixhans gun">Paixhans</a>) were of small calibers ill-suited to attacking fortifications.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchneider200963,_77_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchneider200963,_77-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 1 December, almost four months after Saraiva presented the ultimatum, the Army of the South invaded Uruguay.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETasso_Fragoso_2009,_Vol_1154_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETasso_Fragoso_2009,_Vol_1154-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its troops were accompanied by a semi-independent militia unit, consisting of no more than 1,300 Brazilian <i>gaucho</i> cavalrymen, under the former <a href="/wiki/Ragamuffin_War" title="Ragamuffin War">Ragamuffin</a> <a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B4nio_de_Sousa_Neto" title="Antônio de Sousa Neto">Antônio de Sousa Neto</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 7,011-strong force (with 200 supply carts)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETasso_Fragoso_2009,_Vol_1154_68-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETasso_Fragoso_2009,_Vol_1154-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> marched through Uruguayan territory unopposed, heading toward Paysandú in the southwest. The disorganized and undisciplined bands of <i>gauchos</i>, who formed the armies of both Blancos and Colorados, were no match for the Brazilian troops. The Uruguayan <i>gauchos</i> "had combat experience but no training and were poorly armed save for the usual muskets, <i><a href="/wiki/Bolas" title="Bolas">boleadoras</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Fac%C3%B3n" title="Facón">facón</a></i> knives", remarked historian Thomas L. Whigham.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhigham2002174_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhigham2002174-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Fire arms he [the Uruguayan gaucho] rarely possessed", said Cunninghame Graham, "or if by chance he owned a pair of long brass-mounted pistols or a <a href="/wiki/Flintlock" title="Flintlock">flintlock</a> <a href="/wiki/Blunderbuss" title="Blunderbuss">blunderbuss</a>, they were in general out of order and unserviceable. Upon the other hand, a little training made him a formidable adversary with the sabre and the lance."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGraham1933122–123_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraham1933122–123-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Field Marshal Barreto reached Paysandú on 29 December with two infantry brigades and one artillery regiment under Lieutenant Colonel <a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Mallet,_Baron_of_Itapevi" title="Émile Mallet, Baron of Itapevi">Émile Louis Mallet</a> (later Baron of Itapevi).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETasso_Fragoso_2009,_Vol_1154_68-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETasso_Fragoso_2009,_Vol_1154-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaia1975265_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaia1975265-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Army of the South's cavalry established its camp a few kilometers away.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETasso_Fragoso_2009,_Vol_1154_68-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETasso_Fragoso_2009,_Vol_1154-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaia1975266_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaia1975266-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meanwhile, Gómez beheaded forty Colorados<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarroso1935206_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarroso1935206-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and fifteen Brazilian prisoners and "hung their still-dripping heads above his trenches in full view of their compatriots".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhigham2002458_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhigham2002458-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 31 December, the Brazilians and Colorados recommenced their attack and overran the city's defenses, after a bitter struggle, on 2 January 1865.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaia1975266_73-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaia1975266-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETasso_Fragoso_2009,_Vol_1154–155_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETasso_Fragoso_2009,_Vol_1154–155-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Brazilians captured Gómez and handed him over to the Colorados. Colonel Gregorio "Goyo" Suárez shot Gómez and three of his officers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETasso_Fragoso_2009,_Vol_1155_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETasso_Fragoso_2009,_Vol_1155-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBormann1907202–203_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBormann1907202–203-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Whigham, "Suárez's actions were not really unexpected, as several members of his immediate family had fallen victim to Gómez's wrath against the Colorados."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhigham2002459_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhigham2002459-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Blanco_capitulation">Blanco capitulation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uruguayan_War&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Blanco capitulation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Further_operations">Further operations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uruguayan_War&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Further operations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Uruguayan_War.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Uruguay with lines drawn down the western and southwestern side of the country, a short arrow in the northeast, and another line bisecting the country from east to west" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Uruguayan_War.svg/250px-Uruguayan_War.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="264" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Uruguayan_War.svg/375px-Uruguayan_War.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Uruguayan_War.svg/500px-Uruguayan_War.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="528" /></a><figcaption>The route taken by the Army of the South during the war</figcaption></figure> <p>On 12 November 1864, before the siege of Paysandú, the Paraguayan dictator Solano López seized the Brazilian steamer <i>Marquês de Olinda</i>, beginning the Paraguayan War. While the Army of the South crossed Uruguay heading toward Paysandú, Brazil's government sent <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Paranhos,_Viscount_of_Rio_Branco" title="José Paranhos, Viscount of Rio Branco">José Maria da Silva Paranhos</a> (later Viscount of Rio Branco) to replace Saraiva. He arrived in the Argentine capital of <a href="/wiki/Buenos_Aires" title="Buenos Aires">Buenos Aires</a> on 2 December and a few days later sought a formal alliance with Mitre against the Blancos. The Argentine president refused, insisting that neither he nor his government had any role in Flores' rebellion, and that Argentina would remain neutral.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETasso_Fragoso_2009,_Vol_1160–161_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETasso_Fragoso_2009,_Vol_1160–161-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 26 December, the Paraguayans invaded the Brazilian province of <a href="/wiki/Mato_Grosso" title="Mato Grosso">Mato Grosso</a>, laying waste to towns and the countryside.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETasso_Fragoso_2009,_Vol_1227_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETasso_Fragoso_2009,_Vol_1227-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeuchars200235_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeuchars200235-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As the situation deteriorated, the Brazilian government mobilized army units from other regions of the Empire. On 1 January 1865, one brigade (composed of two infantry battalions and one artillery battalion) with 1,700 men from the Brazilian province of <a href="/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro_(state)" title="Rio de Janeiro (state)">Rio de Janeiro</a> disembarked and occupied the Uruguayan town of <a href="/wiki/Fray_Bentos" title="Fray Bentos">Fray Bentos</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Paranhos, along with Tamandaré, met Flores in Fray Bentos and decided to launch a combined attack against Montevideo.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETasso_Fragoso_2009,_Vol_1158_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETasso_Fragoso_2009,_Vol_1158-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was apparent that the Paraguayans would take too long to reach Uruguay and no help would come from Urquiza and his Argentine Federalists.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhigham2002227–228_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhigham2002227–228-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Increasingly isolated, Aguirre hoped that the foreign powers could intervene, but when, on 11 January, he asked the diplomatic corps in Montevideo whether they would provide military assistance to him and his government, none responded positively.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETasso_Fragoso_2009,_Vol_1247–248_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETasso_Fragoso_2009,_Vol_1247–248-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchneider200987_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchneider200987-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> João Propício Mena Barreto sailed from Fray Bentos on 14 January with the Brazilian infantry, bound for a landing near the mouth of the <a href="/wiki/Santa_Luc%C3%ADa_River" title="Santa Lucía River">Santa Lucía River</a> near Montevideo.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchneider200988_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchneider200988-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the way, he occupied the Uruguayan town of <a href="/wiki/Colonia_del_Sacramento" title="Colonia del Sacramento">Colonia del Sacramento</a>, garrisoning it with 50 soldiers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETasso_Fragoso_2009,_Vol_1159_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETasso_Fragoso_2009,_Vol_1159-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The cavalry and artillery were placed under Osório and went overland. They met João Propício Mena Barreto and the infantry at their landing place. From there, the reunited Army of the South marched on Montevideo.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETasso_Fragoso_2009,_Vol_1159_89-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETasso_Fragoso_2009,_Vol_1159-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 31 January, Brazil and the Colorados besieged the Uruguayan capital.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETasso_Fragoso_2009,_Vol_1159_89-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETasso_Fragoso_2009,_Vol_1159-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESilva1906b239_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESilva1906b239-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the meantime, on 19 January, Paranhos attempted to clarify the nature of the Brazilian operations against the Blancos. He issued notes to the foreign diplomatic corps in Buenos Aires <a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_war" title="Declaration of war">declaring that a state of war</a> existed between Brazil and Uruguay. Until then, there had been <a href="/wiki/Undeclared_war" title="Undeclared war">no formal declaration of war</a>, and the Empire's military operations in Uruguay since August 1864 had been mere "reprisals"—the vague term used by Brazilian diplomacy since the ultimatum.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Armistice">Armistice</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uruguayan_War&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Armistice"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cerro_de_Montevideo_desde_la_ciudad._A%C3%B1o_1865_(no_watermark).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photograph from an elevated vantage point looking over the rooftops of multistory buildings in a crowded downtown district toward a large bay with many steam and sailing ships riding at anchor and a mountain in the distance on the other side of the inlet" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Cerro_de_Montevideo_desde_la_ciudad._A%C3%B1o_1865_%28no_watermark%29.jpg/250px-Cerro_de_Montevideo_desde_la_ciudad._A%C3%B1o_1865_%28no_watermark%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Cerro_de_Montevideo_desde_la_ciudad._A%C3%B1o_1865_%28no_watermark%29.jpg/375px-Cerro_de_Montevideo_desde_la_ciudad._A%C3%B1o_1865_%28no_watermark%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Cerro_de_Montevideo_desde_la_ciudad._A%C3%B1o_1865_%28no_watermark%29.jpg/500px-Cerro_de_Montevideo_desde_la_ciudad._A%C3%B1o_1865_%28no_watermark%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1529" data-file-height="855" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Montevideo" title="Montevideo">Montevideo</a>, capital of Uruguay, 1865</figcaption></figure> <p>In an attempt to divert the attention of Brazil from the siege of the capital, the Blanco government ordered the "Vanguard Army of the Republic of Uruguay", composed of 1,500 men under General <a href="/w/index.php?title=Basilio_Mu%C3%B1oz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Basilio Muñoz (page does not exist)">Basilio Muñoz</a>, to invade Brazilian soil. On 27 January 1865, Muñoz crossed the border and exchanged fire with 500 cavalrymen from Brazil's National Guard units. The Brazilians retreated to the town of Jaguarão, where they were joined by 90 infantrymen also from the National Guard, and hurriedly constructed trenches. There were also two small steamers and one other large vessel, each equipped with one artillery piece, to protect Jaguarão. The Blanco army attacked the town in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jaguar%C3%A3o" title="Battle of Jaguarão">Battle of Jaguarão</a>, but were repelled. Muñoz established a brief siege and asked Colonel Manuel Pereira Vargas (the commander of the Brazilian garrison) to surrender, but to no effect. In the early hours of 28 January, Muñoz retreated with his men toward Uruguay, ransacking property and taking all the slaves they could find.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>E<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 2 February, Tamandaré declared to foreign diplomats that Montevideo was under siege and blockade.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Uruguayan capital was defended by between 3,500 and 4,000 armed men with little to no combat experience and 40 artillery pieces of various calibers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchneider200983,_86_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchneider200983,_86-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 16 February, the Army of the South was further reinforced by 1,228 men from the 8th Battalion of <i>Caçadores</i> (Sharpshooters) arriving from the Brazilian province of <a href="/wiki/Bahia" title="Bahia">Bahia</a>, raising its numbers to 8,116.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchneider200982_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchneider200982-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sousa Neto and his gauchos had detached from the main force weeks before to pursue Muñoz and his army.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBormann1907214_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBormann1907214-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> British and French nationals were evacuated to Buenos Aires. The "general exodus of foreigners that followed caused those who remained in Montevideo to feel terror for the first time. All agreed that a full-scale assault against the city could not be postponed."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhigham2002235_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhigham2002235-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, neither Paranhos nor his government were willing to risk the destruction of Montevideo and face the inevitable outcry from other nations that would follow it.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETasso_Fragoso_2009,_Vol_1249_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETasso_Fragoso_2009,_Vol_1249-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 15 February, Aguirre's term of office expired.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Against the wishes of the <i>Amapolas</i>, the moderate <a href="/wiki/Tom%C3%A1s_Villalba" title="Tomás Villalba">Tomás Villalba</a> was elected by the Senate to replace Aguirre. French, Italian and Spanish troops landed in Montevideo at Villalba's request to dissuade the radical Blancos from attempting a <a href="/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Coup d'état">coup</a> to retake power.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Villalba entered into talks with Flores and Paranhos. With the Italian resident minister <a href="/wiki/Raffaele_Ulisse_Barbolani" title="Raffaele Ulisse Barbolani">Raffaele Ulisse Barbolani</a> serving as intermediary, an agreement was reached. Flores and <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Herrera_y_Obes" title="Manuel Herrera y Obes">Manuel Herrera y Obes</a> (representing Villalba's government) signed a peace accord on 20 February at the <a href="/wiki/Uni%C3%B3n,_Montevideo" title="Unión, Montevideo">Villa de la Unión</a>. A general amnesty was granted to both Blancos and Colorados, and Villalba handed over the presidency to Flores on an interim basis until elections could be held.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uruguayan_War&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Paraguayan_War" title="Paraguayan War">Paraguayan War</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brazilian_troops_in_Nova_Palmira.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photograph showing lines of soldiers assembled in a square facing a large wooden cross in the center and a low building or pavilion with 2 flanking spires hung with bells in the background" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Brazilian_troops_in_Nova_Palmira.jpg/250px-Brazilian_troops_in_Nova_Palmira.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Brazilian_troops_in_Nova_Palmira.jpg/375px-Brazilian_troops_in_Nova_Palmira.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Brazilian_troops_in_Nova_Palmira.jpg/500px-Brazilian_troops_in_Nova_Palmira.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1239" data-file-height="736" /></a><figcaption>Brazilian troops in <a href="/wiki/Rio_Grande_do_Sul" title="Rio Grande do Sul">Rio Grande do Sul</a> heading toward the front, 1865</figcaption></figure> <p>In early March, Flores assembled a cabinet composed entirely of Colorados, among them a brother of the Blanco Leandro Gómez.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchneider2009104_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchneider2009104-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The new Uruguayan president purged government departments of employees with Fusionist or Blanco associations. All Blanco officers and enlisted men were eliminated from the army and replaced by those Colorado and Brazilian loyalists who had remained with Flores throughout the conflict. Public commemorations glorified the Colorados, and a monument dedicated to the "Martyrs of Quinteros" was erected.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKraayWhigham2004123_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKraayWhigham2004123-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The costs of the Liberating Crusade are unknown. Flores' losses amounted to around 450 dead and wounded;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBormann1907294_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBormann1907294-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> there are no estimates of the number of civilians who died of famine and disease, nor is it known how much damage was sustained by the national economy. The effects of the Uruguayan War have received little attention from historians, who have been drawn to focus on the dramatic devastation suffered by Paraguay in the subsequent <a href="/wiki/Paraguayan_War" title="Paraguayan War">Paraguayan War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>F<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>News of the war's end was brought by Pereira Pinto and met with joy in Rio de Janeiro. Brazilian Emperor <a href="/wiki/Dom_(title)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dom (title)">Dom</a> <a href="/wiki/Pedro_II_of_Brazil" title="Pedro II of Brazil">Pedro II</a> found himself waylaid by a crowd of thousands in the streets amid acclamations.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBormann1907281_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBormann1907281-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETasso_Fragoso_2009,_Vol_1254_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETasso_Fragoso_2009,_Vol_1254-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But public opinion quickly changed for the worse, when newspapers began running stories painting the accord of 20 February as harmful to Brazilian interests, for which the cabinet was blamed. The newly raised Viscount of Tamandaré and Mena Barreto (now Baron of São Gabriel) had supported the peace accord.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchneider200999_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchneider200999-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tamandaré changed his mind soon afterward and played along with the allegations. Paranhos (a member of the opposition party) was used as a scapegoat by the Emperor and the government, and was recalled in disgrace to the imperial capital.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeedell2006227_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeedell2006227-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Subsequent events show the accusation was unfounded. Not only had Paranhos managed to settle all Brazilian claims, but by avoiding the death of thousands, he gained a willing and grateful Uruguayan ally, not a dubious and resentful one—who provided Brazil an important base of operations during the war with Paraguay that followed.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Victory brought mixed results for Brazil and Argentina. As the Brazilian government had expected, the conflict was a short-lived and relatively easy affair that led to the installation of a friendly government in Uruguay. The official estimates included 549 battlefield casualties (109 dead, 439 wounded and 1 missing) from the navy and army and an unknown number who died from disease.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchneider2009104_102-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchneider2009104-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historian José Bernardino Bormann put the total at 616 (204 dead, 411 wounded and 1 missing).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBormann1907294_104-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBormann1907294-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The war would have been deemed an outstanding success for Brazil, had it not been for its terrible consequences. Instead of demonstrating strength, Brazil revealed military weakness that an emboldened Paraguay sought to exploit. From the Argentine viewpoint, most of Bartolomé Mitre's expectations were frustrated by the war's outcome. He had succeeded in bringing to power his friend and ally, but the minimal risk and cost to Argentina he had envisioned at the outset proved to be illusory. The resulting attack by Paraguay on Brazilian and Argentine provinces sparked the long and devastating Paraguayan War.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGolin2004200,_210,_314_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolin2004200,_210,_314-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uruguayan_War&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-upper-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>: <i lang="es">Guerra del Uruguay</i>; <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a>: <i lang="pt">Guerra do Uruguai</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">According to the 1860 <a href="/wiki/Census" title="Census">census</a>, there were 220,000 inhabitants in Uruguay. Of this number, 120,000 spoke Spanish and considered themselves Uruguayans. All the others were considered foreigners, including 18,000 Spanish, 10,000 Italians and 9,000 French. These were European immigrants who had arrived following Uruguayan independence in 1828. Descendants of intermarriages between Brazilian and other nationalities living in Uruguay were not counted among the 40,000 figure. The Uruguayan foreign minister, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Juan_Jos%C3%A9_de_Herrera&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Juan José de Herrera (page does not exist)">Juan José de Herrera</a>, confirmed these numbers to Saraiva in 1864 (<a href="#CITEREFGolin2004">Golin 2004</a>, pp. 194, 249).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Lu%C3%ADs_Alves_de_Lima_e_Silva,_Duke_of_Caxias" title="Luís Alves de Lima e Silva, Duke of Caxias">Luís Alves de Lima e Silva</a> (Marquis and later Duke of Caxias) best illustrated the skepticism of, and opposition to, Neto when he bluntly responded that not even 1,000 men could be gathered, much less 40,000, to fight this war (<a href="#CITEREFCosta1996">Costa 1996</a>, p. 133).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Empire did not rely upon general conscription, and only later mobilized additional units from other provinces. <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Paranhos,_Baron_of_Rio_Branco" title="José Paranhos, Baron of Rio Branco">José Paranhos, Baron of Rio Branco</a>, in his notes on Louis Schneider's work, and José Bernardino Bormann said that the Army of the South had 5,711 men (<a href="#CITEREFSchneider2009">Schneider 2009</a>, p. 63; <a href="#CITEREFBormann1907">Bormann 1907</a>, p. 180). <a href="/wiki/Gustavo_Barroso" title="Gustavo Barroso">Gustavo Barroso</a> and <a href="/wiki/Augusto_Tasso_Fragoso" title="Augusto Tasso Fragoso">Augusto Tasso Fragoso</a> gave round numbers: 5,700 and 6,000, respectively (<a href="#CITEREFBarroso1935">Barroso 1935</a>, p. 207; <a href="#CITEREFTasso_Fragoso_2009,_Vol_1">Tasso Fragoso 2009, Vol 1</a>, p. 146).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A few books claim that Muñoz's men raped Brazilian women during their retreat from Jaguarão (<a href="#CITEREFTasso_Fragoso_2009,_Vol_1">Tasso Fragoso 2009, Vol 1</a>, pp. 246–247; <a href="#CITEREFOsórioOsório1915">Osório & Osório 1915</a>, pp. 20–21). The sole contemporary source mentioning the rapes was an article in a <a href="/wiki/Gazette" title="Gazette">gazette</a> (<a href="#CITEREFSchneider2009">Schneider 2009</a>, p. 102). The attack on Jaguarão only became widely known following an official report submitted by the president (governor) of Rio Grande do Sul, in which there is no mention of violence toward Brazilian women, only of looting and the kidnapping of slaves.(<a href="#CITEREFSchneider2009">Schneider 2009</a>, pp. 88–89, 102; <a href="#CITEREFGolin2004">Golin 2004</a>, pp. 304–305; <a href="#CITEREFBormann1907">Bormann 1907</a>, pp. 210–215). It is known that one Brazilian (a former Ragamuffin officer) was castrated and had his ears cut off after he was killed, a common practice among gauchos (<a href="#CITEREFBormann1907">Bormann 1907</a>, p. 215).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">No figures are given in classic contemporary works such as <a href="/wiki/George_Thompson_(engineer)" title="George Thompson (engineer)">George Thompson</a>'s <i>The War in Paraguay</i> (published in 1869), George Frederick Masterman's <i>Seven eventful years in Paraguay</i> (1870), <a href="/wiki/Richard_Francis_Burton" title="Richard Francis Burton">Richard Francis Burton</a>'s <i>Letters from the battlefields of Paraguay</i> (1870), <a href="/wiki/Charles_Ames_Washburn" title="Charles Ames Washburn">Charles Ames Washburn</a>'s <i>The History of Paraguay</i> (1871), Max von Versen's <i>Reisen in Amerika und der Südamerikanische Krieg</i> (1872) and Louis Schneider's <i>Der Krieg der Triple-Allianz</i> (1872–75). The subject is also ignored in later, well-known histories such as José Bernardino Bormann's <i>A Campanha do Uruguai</i> (1907), <a href="/wiki/Augusto_Tasso_Fragoso" title="Augusto Tasso Fragoso">Augusto Tasso Fragoso</a>'s <i>História da Guerra entre a Tríplice Aliança e o Paraguai</i> (1934) and <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Doratioto" title="Francisco Doratioto">Francisco Doratioto</a>'s <i>Maldita guerra: nova história da Guerra do Paraguai</i> (2002). The same omission is found in English-language works that deal with the war, such as Thomas L. Whigham's <i>The Paraguayan War: Causes and early conduct</i> (2002), Chris Leuchars' <i>To the bitter end: Paraguay and the War of the Triple Alliance</i> (2002), Hendrik Kraay and Thomas L. Whigham's <i>I die with my country: perspectives on the Paraguayan War, 1864–1870</i> (2004) and Terry D. Hooker's <i>The Paraguayan War</i> (2008).</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uruguayan_War&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKraayWhigham2004119-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKraayWhigham2004119_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKraayWhigham2004119_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKraayWhigham2004">Kraay & Whigham 2004</a>, p. 119.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeuchars200220-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeuchars200220_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeuchars200220_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLeuchars2002">Leuchars 2002</a>, p. 20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKraayWhigham2004120-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKraayWhigham2004120_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKraayWhigham2004120_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKraayWhigham2004120_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKraayWhigham2004120_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKraayWhigham2004">Kraay & Whigham 2004</a>, p. 120.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMunro1960201–202-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMunro1960201–202_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMunro1960">Munro 1960</a>, pp. 201–202.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhigham2002124-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhigham2002124_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWhigham2002">Whigham 2002</a>, p. 124.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKraayWhigham2004121-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKraayWhigham2004121_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKraayWhigham2004121_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKraayWhigham2004">Kraay & Whigham 2004</a>, p. 121.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See: <ul><li><a href="#CITEREFKraayWhigham2004">Kraay & Whigham 2004</a>, p. 121;</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFTasso_Fragoso_2009,_Vol_1">Tasso Fragoso 2009, Vol 1</a>, pp. 80–82;</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFWhigham2002">Whigham 2002</a>, pp. 121–122.</li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See: <ul><li><a href="#CITEREFHooker2008">Hooker 2008</a>, p. 24;</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFKraayWhigham2004">Kraay & Whigham 2004</a>, p. 122;</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFMunro1960">Munro 1960</a>, p. 202;</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFTasso_Fragoso_2009,_Vol_1">Tasso Fragoso 2009, Vol 1</a>, pp. 80, 104–105.</li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKraayWhigham2004122-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKraayWhigham2004122_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKraayWhigham2004">Kraay & Whigham 2004</a>, p. 122.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See: <ul><li><a href="#CITEREFBethell1985">Bethell 1985</a>, p. 665;</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFTasso_Fragoso_2009,_Vol_1">Tasso Fragoso 2009, Vol 1</a>, pp. 105, 107–108;</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFWhigham2002">Whigham 2002</a>, pp. 134–138.</li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhigham2002138–139-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhigham2002138–139_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWhigham2002">Whigham 2002</a>, pp. 138–139.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETasso_Fragoso_2009,_Vol_1107–114-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETasso_Fragoso_2009,_Vol_1107–114_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTasso_Fragoso_2009,_Vol_1">Tasso Fragoso 2009, Vol 1</a>, pp. 107–114.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhigham2002139–140-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhigham2002139–140_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWhigham2002">Whigham 2002</a>, pp. 139–140.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETasso_Fragoso_2009,_Vol_1162–180-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETasso_Fragoso_2009,_Vol_1162–180_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTasso_Fragoso_2009,_Vol_1">Tasso Fragoso 2009, Vol 1</a>, pp. 162–180.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBox1930155–162-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBox1930155–162_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBox1930">Box 1930</a>, pp. 155–162.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhigham2002140–141-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhigham2002140–141_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWhigham2002">Whigham 2002</a>, pp. 140–141.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETasso_Fragoso_2009,_Vol_1164,_169-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETasso_Fragoso_2009,_Vol_1164,_169_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTasso_Fragoso_2009,_Vol_1">Tasso Fragoso 2009, Vol 1</a>, pp. 164, 169.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhigham2002441-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhigham2002441_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWhigham2002">Whigham 2002</a>, p. 441.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhigham2002142-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhigham2002142_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWhigham2002">Whigham 2002</a>, p. 142.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhigham2002144-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhigham2002144_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWhigham2002">Whigham 2002</a>, p. 144.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhigham2002123-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhigham2002123_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWhigham2002">Whigham 2002</a>, p. 123.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBethell1985662-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBethell1985662_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBethell1985">Bethell 1985</a>, p. 662.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolin2004200–202,_218,_268–269-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGolin2004200–202,_218,_268–269_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGolin2004">Golin 2004</a>, pp. 200–202, 218, 268–269.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETasso_Fragoso_2009,_Vol_1116-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETasso_Fragoso_2009,_Vol_1116_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTasso_Fragoso_2009,_Vol_1">Tasso Fragoso 2009, Vol 1</a>, p. 116.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See: <ul><li><a href="#CITEREFBethell1985">Bethell 1985</a>, p. 664;</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFGolin2004">Golin 2004</a>, pp. 200–201;</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFLeuchars2002">Leuchars 2002</a>, p. 27;</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFRaine1956">Raine 1956</a>, p. 161.</li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See: <ul><li><a href="#CITEREFBethell1985">Bethell 1985</a>, p. 664;</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFCosta1996">Costa 1996</a>, p. 132;</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFGolin2004">Golin 2004</a>, pp. 195–196;</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFWhigham2002">Whigham 2002</a>, pp. 144–145.</li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolin2004243-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGolin2004243_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGolin2004">Golin 2004</a>, p. 243.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolin2004201–202-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGolin2004201–202_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGolin2004">Golin 2004</a>, pp. 201–202.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See: <ul><li><a href="#CITEREFCosta1996">Costa 1996</a>, p. 133;</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFRaine1956">Raine 1956</a>, p. 161;</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFWhigham2002">Whigham 2002</a>, p. 146.</li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERaine1956161-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERaine1956161_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRaine1956">Raine 1956</a>, p. 161.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See: <ul><li><a href="#CITEREFCarvalho2007">Carvalho 2007</a>, p. 107;</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFTasso_Fragoso_2009,_Vol_1">Tasso Fragoso 2009, Vol 1</a>, p. 257;</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFWilliams1937">Williams 1937</a>, pp. 112–113.</li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaia1975260-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaia1975260_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaia1975260_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaia1975260_35-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMaia1975">Maia 1975</a>, p. 260.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhigham2002148–149-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhigham2002148–149_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWhigham2002">Whigham 2002</a>, pp. 148–149.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETasso_Fragoso_2009,_Vol_1107-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETasso_Fragoso_2009,_Vol_1107_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTasso_Fragoso_2009,_Vol_1">Tasso Fragoso 2009, Vol 1</a>, p. 107.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERaine1956161–162-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERaine1956161–162_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRaine1956">Raine 1956</a>, pp. 161–162.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhigham2002147–151-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhigham2002147–151_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWhigham2002">Whigham 2002</a>, pp. 147–151.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERaine1956162-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERaine1956162_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRaine1956">Raine 1956</a>, p. 162.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENeedell2006240-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeedell2006240_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNeedell2006">Needell 2006</a>, p. 240.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraham1933127-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGraham1933127_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGraham1933127_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGraham1933">Graham 1933</a>, p. 127.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See: <ul><li><a href="#CITEREFGolin2004">Golin 2004</a>, pp. 255–261;</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFRaine1956">Raine 1956</a>, p. 162;</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFWhigham2002">Whigham 2002</a>, pp. 151–154.</li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See: <ul><li><a href="#CITEREFGolin2004">Golin 2004</a>, pp. 265, 268–269, 271;</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFRaine1956">Raine 1956</a>, p. 162;</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFWhigham2002">Whigham 2002</a>, p. 155.</li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETasso_Fragoso_2009,_Vol_1258–259-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETasso_Fragoso_2009,_Vol_1258–259_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTasso_Fragoso_2009,_Vol_1">Tasso Fragoso 2009, Vol 1</a>, pp. 258–259.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolin2004271-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGolin2004271_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGolin2004">Golin 2004</a>, p. 271.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETasso_Fragoso_2009,_Vol_1137-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETasso_Fragoso_2009,_Vol_1137_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETasso_Fragoso_2009,_Vol_1137_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTasso_Fragoso_2009,_Vol_1">Tasso Fragoso 2009, Vol 1</a>, p. 137.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See: <ul><li><a href="#CITEREFBarroso1935">Barroso 1935</a>, p. 204;</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFGolin2004">Golin 2004</a>, p. 277;</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFSchneider2009">Schneider 2009</a>, p. 61;</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFTasso_Fragoso_2009,_Vol_1">Tasso Fragoso 2009, Vol 1</a>, p. 137.</li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See: <ul><li><a href="#CITEREFGolin2004">Golin 2004</a>, p. 278;</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFMaia1975">Maia 1975</a>, p. 263;</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFSchneider2009">Schneider 2009</a>, p. 61;</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFTasso_Fragoso_2009,_Vol_1">Tasso Fragoso 2009, Vol 1</a>, p. 138.</li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaia1975263-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaia1975263_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMaia1975">Maia 1975</a>, p. 263.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See: <ul><li><a href="#CITEREFBarroso1935">Barroso 1935</a>, p. 205;</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFMaia1975">Maia 1975</a>, p. 285;</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFSchneider2009">Schneider 2009</a>, p. 61.</li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolin2004282,_286-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGolin2004282,_286_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGolin2004">Golin 2004</a>, pp. 282, 286.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolin2004287–290-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGolin2004287–290_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGolin2004">Golin 2004</a>, pp. 287–290.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See: <ul><li><a href="#CITEREFBarroso1935">Barroso 1935</a>, p. 205;</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFGolin2004">Golin 2004</a>, pp. 295–296;</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFMaia1975">Maia 1975</a>, pp. 263–264;</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFTasso_Fragoso_2009,_Vol_1">Tasso Fragoso 2009, Vol 1</a>, pp. 149–151.</li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See: <ul><li><a href="#CITEREFGolin2004">Golin 2004</a>, p. 288;</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFSchneider2009">Schneider 2009</a>, p. 64;</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFTasso_Fragoso_2009,_Vol_1">Tasso Fragoso 2009, Vol 1</a>, p. 148.</li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See: <ul><li><a href="#CITEREFBormann1907">Bormann 1907</a>, pp. 137–138;</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFGolin2004">Golin 2004</a>, p. 295;</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFSchneider2009">Schneider 2009</a>, pp. 62, 64, 67;</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFSilva1906b">Silva 1906b</a>, p. 237;</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFTasso_Fragoso_2009,_Vol_1">Tasso Fragoso 2009, Vol 1</a>, p. 151.</li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See: <ul><li><a href="#CITEREFBarroso1935">Barroso 1935</a>, p. 205;</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFBormann1907">Bormann 1907</a>, pp. 138–140;</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFMaia1975">Maia 1975</a>, p. 264;</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFSchneider2009">Schneider 2009</a>, pp. 65, 67, 70;</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFTasso_Fragoso_2009,_Vol_1">Tasso Fragoso 2009, Vol 1</a>, pp. 151–152.</li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchneider200967-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchneider200967_58-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchneider200967_58-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchneider2009">Schneider 2009</a>, p. 67.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchneider200965-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchneider200965_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchneider2009">Schneider 2009</a>, p. 65.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchneider200970-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchneider200970_60-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchneider200970_60-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchneider200970_60-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchneider2009">Schneider 2009</a>, p. 70.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaia1975264-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaia1975264_61-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaia1975264_61-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMaia1975">Maia 1975</a>, p. 264.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See: <ul><li><a href="#CITEREFMaia1975">Maia 1975</a>, p. 264;</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFSchneider2009">Schneider 2009</a>, p. 70;</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFTasso_Fragoso_2009,_Vol_1">Tasso Fragoso 2009, Vol 1</a>, p. 152.</li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See: <ul><li><a href="#CITEREFMaia1975">Maia 1975</a>, p. 264;</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFSchneider2009">Schneider 2009</a>, pp. 70–71;</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFTasso_Fragoso_2009,_Vol_1">Tasso Fragoso 2009, Vol 1</a>, p. 152.</li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-Schneider71Maia265TF152-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Schneider71Maia265TF152_64-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schneider71Maia265TF152_64-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">See: <ul><li><a href="#CITEREFMaia1975">Maia 1975</a>, p. 265;</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFSchneider2009">Schneider 2009</a>, p. 71;</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFTasso_Fragoso_2009,_Vol_1">Tasso Fragoso 2009, Vol 1</a>, p. 152.</li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See: <ul><li><a href="#CITEREFBormann1907">Bormann 1907</a>, pp. 166–167;</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFMaia1975">Maia 1975</a>, p. 265;</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFSchneider2009">Schneider 2009</a>, p. 77;</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFTasso_Fragoso_2009,_Vol_1">Tasso Fragoso 2009, Vol 1</a>, p. 153.</li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchneider200963,_77-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchneider200963,_77_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchneider2009">Schneider 2009</a>, pp. 63, 77.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETasso_Fragoso_2009,_Vol_1154-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETasso_Fragoso_2009,_Vol_1154_68-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETasso_Fragoso_2009,_Vol_1154_68-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETasso_Fragoso_2009,_Vol_1154_68-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETasso_Fragoso_2009,_Vol_1154_68-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTasso_Fragoso_2009,_Vol_1">Tasso Fragoso 2009, Vol 1</a>, p. 154.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See: <ul><li><a href="#CITEREFBormann1907">Bormann 1907</a>, p. 180;</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFSchneider2009">Schneider 2009</a>, p. 63;</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFTasso_Fragoso_2009,_Vol_1">Tasso Fragoso 2009, Vol 1</a>, p. 146.</li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhigham2002174-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhigham2002174_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWhigham2002">Whigham 2002</a>, p. 174.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraham1933122–123-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGraham1933122–123_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGraham1933">Graham 1933</a>, pp. 122–123.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaia1975265-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaia1975265_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMaia1975">Maia 1975</a>, p. 265.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaia1975266-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaia1975266_73-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaia1975266_73-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMaia1975">Maia 1975</a>, p. 266.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarroso1935206-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarroso1935206_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarroso1935">Barroso 1935</a>, p. 206.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhigham2002458-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhigham2002458_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWhigham2002">Whigham 2002</a>, p. 458.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETasso_Fragoso_2009,_Vol_1154–155-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETasso_Fragoso_2009,_Vol_1154–155_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTasso_Fragoso_2009,_Vol_1">Tasso Fragoso 2009, Vol 1</a>, pp. 154–155.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETasso_Fragoso_2009,_Vol_1155-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETasso_Fragoso_2009,_Vol_1155_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTasso_Fragoso_2009,_Vol_1">Tasso Fragoso 2009, Vol 1</a>, p. 155.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBormann1907202–203-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBormann1907202–203_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBormann1907">Bormann 1907</a>, pp. 202–203.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhigham2002459-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhigham2002459_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWhigham2002">Whigham 2002</a>, p. 459.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETasso_Fragoso_2009,_Vol_1160–161-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETasso_Fragoso_2009,_Vol_1160–161_80-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTasso_Fragoso_2009,_Vol_1">Tasso Fragoso 2009, Vol 1</a>, pp. 160–161.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETasso_Fragoso_2009,_Vol_1227-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETasso_Fragoso_2009,_Vol_1227_81-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTasso_Fragoso_2009,_Vol_1">Tasso Fragoso 2009, Vol 1</a>, p. 227.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeuchars200235-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeuchars200235_82-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLeuchars2002">Leuchars 2002</a>, p. 35.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See: <ul><li><a href="#CITEREFBormann1907">Bormann 1907</a>, p. 207;</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFSchneider2009">Schneider 2009</a>, p. 88;</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFSilva1906b">Silva 1906b</a>, p. 239.</li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETasso_Fragoso_2009,_Vol_1158-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETasso_Fragoso_2009,_Vol_1158_84-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTasso_Fragoso_2009,_Vol_1">Tasso Fragoso 2009, Vol 1</a>, p. 158.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhigham2002227–228-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhigham2002227–228_85-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWhigham2002">Whigham 2002</a>, pp. 227–228.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETasso_Fragoso_2009,_Vol_1247–248-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETasso_Fragoso_2009,_Vol_1247–248_86-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTasso_Fragoso_2009,_Vol_1">Tasso Fragoso 2009, Vol 1</a>, pp. 247–248.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchneider200987-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchneider200987_87-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchneider2009">Schneider 2009</a>, p. 87.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchneider200988-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchneider200988_88-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchneider2009">Schneider 2009</a>, p. 88.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETasso_Fragoso_2009,_Vol_1159-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETasso_Fragoso_2009,_Vol_1159_89-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETasso_Fragoso_2009,_Vol_1159_89-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETasso_Fragoso_2009,_Vol_1159_89-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTasso_Fragoso_2009,_Vol_1">Tasso Fragoso 2009, Vol 1</a>, p. 159.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESilva1906b239-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESilva1906b239_90-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSilva1906b">Silva 1906b</a>, p. 239.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See: <ul><li><a href="#CITEREFBormann1907">Bormann 1907</a>, pp. 222–224, 226–228;</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFGolin2004">Golin 2004</a>, pp. 303–304;</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFSchneider2009">Schneider 2009</a>, pp. 65, 82, 90;</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFTasso_Fragoso_2009,_Vol_1">Tasso Fragoso 2009, Vol 1</a>, p. 160.</li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See: <ul><li><a href="#CITEREFBormann1907">Bormann 1907</a>, p. 238;</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFSchneider2009">Schneider 2009</a>, p. 90;</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFWhigham2002">Whigham 2002</a>, pp. 234–235.</li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchneider200983,_86-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchneider200983,_86_94-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchneider2009">Schneider 2009</a>, pp. 83, 86.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchneider200982-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchneider200982_95-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchneider2009">Schneider 2009</a>, p. 82.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBormann1907214-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBormann1907214_96-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBormann1907">Bormann 1907</a>, p. 214.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhigham2002235-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhigham2002235_97-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWhigham2002">Whigham 2002</a>, p. 235.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETasso_Fragoso_2009,_Vol_1249-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETasso_Fragoso_2009,_Vol_1249_98-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTasso_Fragoso_2009,_Vol_1">Tasso Fragoso 2009, Vol 1</a>, p. 249.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See: <ul><li><a href="#CITEREFGolin2004">Golin 2004</a>, p. 309;</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFTasso_Fragoso_2009,_Vol_1">Tasso Fragoso 2009, Vol 1</a>, p. 250;</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFWhigham2002">Whigham 2002</a>, p. 235.</li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See: <ul><li><a href="#CITEREFBormann1907">Bormann 1907</a>, pp. 251–252;</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFSchneider2009">Schneider 2009</a>, p. 95;</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFWhigham2002">Whigham 2002</a>, p. 236.</li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See: <ul><li><a href="#CITEREFBormann1907">Bormann 1907</a>, pp. 252–255, 257–265;</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFGolin2004">Golin 2004</a>, pp. 310–312;</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFTasso_Fragoso_2009,_Vol_1">Tasso Fragoso 2009, Vol 1</a>, p. 251;</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFWhigham2002">Whigham 2002</a>, p. 236.</li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchneider2009104-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchneider2009104_102-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchneider2009104_102-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchneider2009">Schneider 2009</a>, p. 104.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKraayWhigham2004123-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKraayWhigham2004123_103-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKraayWhigham2004">Kraay & Whigham 2004</a>, p. 123.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBormann1907294-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBormann1907294_104-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBormann1907294_104-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBormann1907">Bormann 1907</a>, p. 294.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBormann1907281-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBormann1907281_106-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBormann1907">Bormann 1907</a>, p. 281.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETasso_Fragoso_2009,_Vol_1254-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETasso_Fragoso_2009,_Vol_1254_107-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTasso_Fragoso_2009,_Vol_1">Tasso Fragoso 2009, Vol 1</a>, p. 254.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchneider200999-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchneider200999_108-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchneider2009">Schneider 2009</a>, p. 99.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENeedell2006227-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeedell2006227_109-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNeedell2006">Needell 2006</a>, p. 227.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See: <ul><li><a href="#CITEREFKraayWhigham2004">Kraay & Whigham 2004</a>, p. 123;</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFSchneider2009">Schneider 2009</a>, p. 100;</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFWhigham2002">Whigham 2002</a>, p. 236.</li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolin2004200,_210,_314-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGolin2004200,_210,_314_111-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGolin2004">Golin 2004</a>, pp. 200, 210, 314.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uruguayan_War&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free 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(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBarroso1935" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Gustavo_Barroso" title="Gustavo Barroso">Barroso, Gustavo</a> (1935). <i>História Militar do Brasil</i> (in Portuguese). São Paulo: Companhia Editora Nacional.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hist%C3%B3ria+Militar+do+Brasil&rft.place=S%C3%A3o+Paulo&rft.pub=Companhia+Editora+Nacional&rft.date=1935&rft.aulast=Barroso&rft.aufirst=Gustavo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUruguayan+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBethell1985" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Leslie_Bethell" title="Leslie Bethell">Bethell, Leslie</a> (1985). <i>The Cambridge History of Latin America</i>. Vol. 3. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-23224-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-23224-4"><bdi>0-521-23224-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Latin+America&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=0-521-23224-4&rft.aulast=Bethell&rft.aufirst=Leslie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUruguayan+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBormann1907" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Bormann, José Bernardino (1907). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/acampanhadourug00bormgoog"><i>A Campanha do Uruguay (1864–65)</i></a> (in Portuguese). Rio de Janeiro: Imprensa Nacional.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Campanha+do+Uruguay+%281864%E2%80%9365%29&rft.place=Rio+de+Janeiro&rft.pub=Imprensa+Nacional&rft.date=1907&rft.aulast=Bormann&rft.aufirst=Jos%C3%A9+Bernardino&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Facampanhadourug00bormgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUruguayan+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBox1930" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Pelham_Horton_Box" title="Pelham Horton Box">Box, Pelham Horton</a> (1930). <i>The Origins of the Paraguayan War</i>. Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Studies in the Social Sciences.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Origins+of+the+Paraguayan+War&rft.place=Urbana%2C+IL&rft.pub=University+of+Illinois+Studies+in+the+Social+Sciences&rft.date=1930&rft.aulast=Box&rft.aufirst=Pelham+Horton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUruguayan+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarvalho2007" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Carvalho, José Murilo de (2007). <i>D. Pedro II: Ser ou Não Ser</i> (in Portuguese). São Paulo: Companhia das Letras. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-85-359-0969-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-85-359-0969-2"><bdi>978-85-359-0969-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=D.+Pedro+II%3A+Ser+ou+N%C3%A3o+Ser&rft.place=S%C3%A3o+Paulo&rft.pub=Companhia+das+Letras&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-85-359-0969-2&rft.aulast=Carvalho&rft.aufirst=Jos%C3%A9+Murilo+de&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUruguayan+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCosta1996" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Costa, Wilma Peres (1996). <i>A Espada de Dâmocles: o Exército, a Guerra do Paraguai e a Crise do Império</i> (in Portuguese). São Paulo: HUCITEC. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/85-271-0245-5" title="Special:BookSources/85-271-0245-5"><bdi>85-271-0245-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Espada+de+D%C3%A2mocles%3A+o+Ex%C3%A9rcito%2C+a+Guerra+do+Paraguai+e+a+Crise+do+Imp%C3%A9rio&rft.place=S%C3%A3o+Paulo&rft.pub=HUCITEC&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=85-271-0245-5&rft.aulast=Costa&rft.aufirst=Wilma+Peres&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUruguayan+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGolin2004" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Golin, Tau (2004). <i>A Fronteira</i> (in Portuguese). Vol. 2. Porto Alegre: L&PM. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-85-254-1438-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-85-254-1438-0"><bdi>978-85-254-1438-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Fronteira&rft.place=Porto+Alegre&rft.pub=L%26PM&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-85-254-1438-0&rft.aulast=Golin&rft.aufirst=Tau&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUruguayan+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGraham1933" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bontine_Cunninghame_Graham" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Bontine Cunninghame Graham">Graham, Robert Bontine Cunninghame</a> (1933). <i>Portrait of a Dictator</i>. London: William Heinemann.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Portrait+of+a+Dictator&rft.place=London&rft.pub=William+Heinemann&rft.date=1933&rft.aulast=Graham&rft.aufirst=Robert+Bontine+Cunninghame&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUruguayan+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHooker2008" class="citation book cs1">Hooker, Terry D. (2008). <i>The Paraguayan War</i>. Nottingham: Foundry Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-901543-15-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-901543-15-5"><bdi>978-1-901543-15-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Paraguayan+War&rft.place=Nottingham&rft.pub=Foundry+Books&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-901543-15-5&rft.aulast=Hooker&rft.aufirst=Terry+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUruguayan+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKraayWhigham2004" class="citation book cs1">Kraay, Hendrik; Whigham, Thomas L. (2004). <i>I Die with My Country: Perspectives on the Paraguayan War, 1864–1870</i>. Dexter, Michigan: Thomson-Shore. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-2762-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-2762-0"><bdi>978-0-8032-2762-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=I+Die+with+My+Country%3A+Perspectives+on+the+Paraguayan+War%2C+1864%E2%80%931870&rft.place=Dexter%2C+Michigan&rft.pub=Thomson-Shore&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-8032-2762-0&rft.aulast=Kraay&rft.aufirst=Hendrik&rft.au=Whigham%2C+Thomas+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUruguayan+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeuchars2002" class="citation book cs1">Leuchars, Chris (2002). <i>To the Bitter End: Paraguay and the War of the Triple Alliance</i>. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-313-32365-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-313-32365-8"><bdi>0-313-32365-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=To+the+Bitter+End%3A+Paraguay+and+the+War+of+the+Triple+Alliance&rft.place=Westport%2C+Connecticut&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-313-32365-8&rft.aulast=Leuchars&rft.aufirst=Chris&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUruguayan+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaia1975" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Maia, Prado (1975). <i>A Marinha de Guerra do Brasil na Colônia e no Império</i> (in Portuguese) (2 ed.). Rio de Janeiro: Cátedra.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Marinha+de+Guerra+do+Brasil+na+Col%C3%B4nia+e+no+Imp%C3%A9rio&rft.place=Rio+de+Janeiro&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=C%C3%A1tedra&rft.date=1975&rft.aulast=Maia&rft.aufirst=Prado&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUruguayan+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMunro1960" class="citation book cs1">Munro, Dana Gardner (1960). <i>The Latin American Republics: A History</i> (3 ed.). New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Latin+American+Republics%3A+A+History&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=3&rft.pub=Appleton-Century-Crofts&rft.date=1960&rft.aulast=Munro&rft.aufirst=Dana+Gardner&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUruguayan+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeedell2006" class="citation book cs1">Needell, Jeffrey D. (2006). <i>The Party of Order: the Conservatives, the State, and Slavery in the Brazilian Monarchy, 1831–1871</i>. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-5369-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-5369-2"><bdi>978-0-8047-5369-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Party+of+Order%3A+the+Conservatives%2C+the+State%2C+and+Slavery+in+the+Brazilian+Monarchy%2C+1831%E2%80%931871&rft.place=Stanford%2C+California&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-8047-5369-2&rft.aulast=Needell&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUruguayan+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOsórioOsório1915" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Osório, Joaquim Luís; Osório, Fernando Luís (1915). <i>História do General Osório</i> (in Portuguese). Vol. 1. Pelotas: Tipografia do Diário Popular.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hist%C3%B3ria+do+General+Os%C3%B3rio&rft.place=Pelotas&rft.pub=Tipografia+do+Di%C3%A1rio+Popular&rft.date=1915&rft.aulast=Os%C3%B3rio&rft.aufirst=Joaquim+Lu%C3%ADs&rft.au=Os%C3%B3rio%2C+Fernando+Lu%C3%ADs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUruguayan+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaine1956" class="citation book cs1">Raine, Philip (1956). <i>Paraguay</i>. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Scarecrow Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Paraguay&rft.place=New+Brunswick%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=1956&rft.aulast=Raine&rft.aufirst=Philip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUruguayan+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchneider2009" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Schneider, Louis (2009). <i>A Guerra da Tríplice Aliança Contra o Paraguai</i> (in Portuguese). Porto Alegre: Pradense. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-85-89072-13-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-85-89072-13-7"><bdi>978-85-89072-13-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Guerra+da+Tr%C3%ADplice+Alian%C3%A7a+Contra+o+Paraguai&rft.place=Porto+Alegre&rft.pub=Pradense&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-85-89072-13-7&rft.aulast=Schneider&rft.aufirst=Louis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUruguayan+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSilva1906b" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Silva, Alfredo Pretextato Maciel da (1906b). <i>Os Generais do Exército Brasileiro de 1822 a 1889: Traços Biográficos</i> (in Portuguese). Vol. 2. Rio de Janeiro: M. Orosco & C.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Os+Generais+do+Ex%C3%A9rcito+Brasileiro+de+1822+a+1889%3A+Tra%C3%A7os+Biogr%C3%A1ficos&rft.place=Rio+de+Janeiro&rft.pub=M.+Orosco+%26+C&rft.date=1906&rft.aulast=Silva&rft.aufirst=Alfredo+Pretextato+Maciel+da&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUruguayan+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTasso_Fragoso_2009,_Vol_1" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Augusto_Tasso_Fragoso" title="Augusto Tasso Fragoso">Tasso Fragoso, Augusto</a> (2009). <i>História da Guerra entre a Tríplice Aliança e o Paraguai</i> (in Portuguese). Vol. 1 (3 ed.). Rio de Janeiro: Biblioteca do Exército.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hist%C3%B3ria+da+Guerra+entre+a+Tr%C3%ADplice+Alian%C3%A7a+e+o+Paraguai&rft.place=Rio+de+Janeiro&rft.edition=3&rft.pub=Biblioteca+do+Ex%C3%A9rcito&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Tasso+Fragoso&rft.aufirst=Augusto&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUruguayan+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams1937" class="citation book cs1">Williams, Mary Wilhelmine (1937). <i>Dom Pedro the Magnanimous, Second Emperor of Brazil</i>. Chapel Hill, North Carolina: University of North Carolina Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dom+Pedro+the+Magnanimous%2C+Second+Emperor+of+Brazil&rft.place=Chapel+Hill%2C+North+Carolina&rft.pub=University+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=1937&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Mary+Wilhelmine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUruguayan+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhigham2002" class="citation book cs1">Whigham, Thomas L. (2002). <i>The Paraguayan War: Causes and Early Conduct</i>. Vol. 1. Lincoln, Nebraska: University of Nebraska Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-4786-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-4786-4"><bdi>978-0-8032-4786-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Paraguayan+War%3A+Causes+and+Early+Conduct&rft.place=Lincoln%2C+Nebraska&rft.pub=University+of+Nebraska+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-8032-4786-4&rft.aulast=Whigham&rft.aufirst=Thomas+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUruguayan+War" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uruguayan_War&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span 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title="Template talk:Uruguay topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Uruguay_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Uruguay topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Uruguay_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Uruguay" title="Uruguay">Uruguay</a> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_Uruguay-related_articles" title="Index of Uruguay-related articles">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Uruguay" title="History of Uruguay">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charr%C3%BAa" title="Charrúa">Charrúa people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Spanish colonization of the Americas">Spanish colonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_the_R%C3%ADo_de_la_Plata" title="Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata">Viceroyalty <span style="font-size:85%;">(1776–1814)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_invasions_of_the_R%C3%ADo_de_la_Plata" class="mw-redirect" title="British invasions of the Río de la Plata">British invasions <span style="font-size:85%;">(1806–1807)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banda_Oriental" title="Banda Oriental">Banda Oriental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liga_Federal" class="mw-redirect" title="Liga Federal">Liga Federal <span style="font-size:85%;">(1815–1820)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cisplatina" title="Cisplatina">Cisplatina province <span style="font-size:85%;">(1821–1828)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirty-Three_Orientals" title="Thirty-Three Orientals">Thirty-Three Orientals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Montevideo_(1828)" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Montevideo (1828)">Treaty of Montevideo (1828)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruguayan_Civil_War" title="Uruguayan Civil War">Civil War <span style="font-size:85%;">(1839–1851)</span></a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Uruguayan War <span style="font-size:85%;">(1864–1865)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraguayan_War" title="Paraguayan War">Paraguayan War <span style="font-size:85%;">(1864–1870)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolution_of_the_Lances" title="Revolution of the Lances">Revolution of the Lances <span style="font-size:85%;">(1870–1872)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Masoller" title="Battle of Masoller">Battle of Masoller <span style="font-size:85%;">(1904)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batllism" class="mw-redirect" title="Batllism">Batllism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tupamaros" title="Tupamaros">Tupamaros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civic-military_dictatorship_of_Uruguay" title="Civic-military dictatorship of Uruguay">Dictatorship <span style="font-size:85%;">(1973–1985)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_on_the_Expiration_of_the_Punitive_Claims_of_the_State" title="Law on the Expiration of the Punitive Claims of the State">Expiry Law <span style="font-size:85%;">(1986)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Uruguay" title="Flag of Uruguay"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Flag-map_of_Uruguay.svg/100px-Flag-map_of_Uruguay.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Flag-map_of_Uruguay.svg/150px-Flag-map_of_Uruguay.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Flag-map_of_Uruguay.svg/200px-Flag-map_of_Uruguay.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="657" data-file-height="728" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Uruguay" title="Geography of Uruguay">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Borders_of_Uruguay" title="Category:Borders of Uruguay">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Uruguay" title="List of cities in Uruguay">Cities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Montevideo" title="Montevideo">Montevideo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Uruguay" title="Climate of Uruguay">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Departments_of_Uruguay" title="Departments of Uruguay">Departments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Uruguay" title="Environmental issues in Uruguay">Environment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Uruguay" title="Climate change in Uruguay">Climate change</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_points_of_Uruguay" title="Extreme points of Uruguay">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Uruguay" title="Fauna of Uruguay">Fauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_Uruguay" title="Flora of Uruguay">Flora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Uruguay" title="Geology of Uruguay">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Uruguay" class="mw-redirect" title="List of islands of Uruguay">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lighthouses_in_Uruguay" title="List of lighthouses in Uruguay">Lighthouses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Uruguay" title="Municipalities of Uruguay">Municipalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_Uruguay" title="List of national parks of Uruguay">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Uruguay" title="List of rivers of Uruguay">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_in_Uruguay" title="Time in Uruguay">Time</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time_in_Uruguay" title="Daylight saving time in Uruguay">DST</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Uruguay" title="Politics of Uruguay">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Uruguay" title="President of Uruguay">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Uruguay" title="Cabinet of Uruguay">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Uruguay" title="List of political parties in Uruguay">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Uruguay" title="Elections in Uruguay">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Uruguay" title="Foreign relations of Uruguay">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Assembly_of_Uruguay" title="General Assembly of Uruguay">General Assembly <span style="font-size:85%;">(parliament)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Legal system</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uruguayan_Civil_Code" title="Uruguayan Civil Code">Civil Code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Uruguay" title="Constitution of Uruguay">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Uruguay" title="Judiciary of Uruguay">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Uruguay" title="Law of Uruguay">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruguayan_nationality_law" title="Uruguayan nationality law">Nationality law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruguayan_passport" title="Uruguayan passport">Passport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Uruguay" title="Supreme Court of Uruguay">Supreme Court</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Legal issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Uruguay" title="Abortion in Uruguay">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Uruguay" title="Cannabis in Uruguay">Cannabis use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Uruguay" title="Human rights in Uruguay">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Uruguay" title="Human trafficking in Uruguay">Human trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Uruguay" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in Uruguay">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Uruguay" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Uruguay">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Uruguay" title="Prostitution in Uruguay">Prostitution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Military_of_Uruguay" class="mw-redirect" title="Military of Uruguay">Military</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_of_Uruguay" class="mw-redirect" title="Military of Uruguay">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Navy_of_Uruguay" title="National Navy of Uruguay">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruguayan_Air_Force" title="Uruguayan Air Force">Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_history_of_Uruguay" title="Category:Military history of Uruguay">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_ranks_of_Uruguay" class="mw-redirect" title="Military ranks of Uruguay">Ranks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Uruguay" title="Economy of Uruguay">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Uruguay" title="Agriculture in Uruguay">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_banks_in_Uruguay" title="List of banks in Uruguay">Banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Uruguay" title="Central Bank of Uruguay">Central Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruguayan_peso" title="Uruguayan peso">Currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Uruguay" title="Energy in Uruguay">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Science_and_technology_in_Uruguay" title="Category:Science and technology in Uruguay">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entes_Aut%C3%B3nomos_y_Servicios_Descentralizados" title="Entes Autónomos y Servicios Descentralizados">State companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Stockbreeding_in_Uruguay" title="Category:Stockbreeding in Uruguay">Stockbreeding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Uruguay" title="Taxation in Uruguay">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Uruguay" title="Telecommunications in Uruguay">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Uruguay" title="Tourism in Uruguay">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_trade_unions_in_Uruguay" title="List of trade unions in Uruguay">Trade unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Uruguay" title="Transport in Uruguay">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Uruguay" title="Category:Society of Uruguay">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Anthem_of_Uruguay" title="National Anthem of Uruguay">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Uruguay" title="Coat of arms of Uruguay">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Uruguay" title="Demographics of Uruguay">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emigration_from_Uruguay" title="Emigration from Uruguay">Emigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ethnic_groups_in_Uruguay" title="Category:Ethnic groups in Uruguay">Ethnic groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Uruguay" title="Flag of Uruguay">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Uruguay" class="mw-redirect" title="Healthcare in Uruguay">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Uruguay" title="Immigration to Uruguay">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_Uruguay" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT history in Uruguay">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruguayan_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Uruguayan people">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Uruguay" title="Public holidays in Uruguay">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squatting_in_Uruguay" title="Squatting in Uruguay">Squatting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Uruguay" title="Water supply and sanitation in Uruguay">Water supply and sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Uruguay" title="Women in Uruguay">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Uruguay" title="Culture of Uruguay">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Uruguay" title="Cinema of Uruguay">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruguayan_cuisine" title="Uruguayan cuisine">Cuisine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uruguayan_wine" title="Uruguayan wine">Wine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Uruguay" title="Education in Uruguay">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Uruguay" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Uruguay">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruguayan_literature" title="Uruguayan literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mate_(drink)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mate (drink)">Mate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Uruguay" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Uruguay">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_in_Uruguay" title="List of museums in Uruguay">Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Uruguay" title="Music of Uruguay">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Uruguay" title="Religion in Uruguay">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_in_Uruguay" title="Smoking in Uruguay">Smoking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Uruguay" title="Sport in Uruguay">Sport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Uruguay" title="Outline of Uruguay">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Uruguay-related_articles" title="Index of Uruguay-related articles">Index</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Uruguay#Further_reading" title="Uruguay">Bibliography</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Uruguay" title="Category:Uruguay">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Uruguay" title="Portal:Uruguay">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Empire_of_Brazil" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Empire_of_Brazil" title="Template:Empire of Brazil"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Empire_of_Brazil" title="Template talk:Empire of Brazil"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Empire_of_Brazil" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Empire of Brazil"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Empire_of_Brazil" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Brazil" title="Empire of Brazil">Empire of Brazil</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Empire_of_Brazil" title="History of the Empire of Brazil">History</a> (<a href="/wiki/Independence_of_Brazil" title="Independence of Brazil">Independence of Brazil</a>, <a href="/wiki/First_reign_(Empire_of_Brazil)" title="First reign (Empire of Brazil)">First Reign</a>, <a href="/wiki/Regency_period_(Empire_of_Brazil)" title="Regency period (Empire of Brazil)">Regency</a>, <a href="/wiki/Second_reign_(Empire_of_Brazil)" title="Second reign (Empire of Brazil)">Second Reign</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Empire_of_Brazil" title="Economy of the Empire of Brazil">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_nobility" title="Brazilian nobility">Nobility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_the_Empire_of_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Provinces of the Empire of Brazil">Provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_units_of_measurement" title="Brazilian units of measurement">Units of measurement</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:CoA_Empire_of_Brazil_(1870-1889).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Coat of arms consisting of a shield with a green field with a golden armillary sphere superimposed on the red and white Cross of the Order of Christ, surrounded by a blue band with 20 silver stars; the bearers are two arms of a wreath, with a coffee branch on the left and a flowering tobacco branch on the right; and above the shield is an arched golden and jeweled crown." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/CoA_Empire_of_Brazil_%281870-1889%29.svg/120px-CoA_Empire_of_Brazil_%281870-1889%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/CoA_Empire_of_Brazil_%281870-1889%29.svg/180px-CoA_Empire_of_Brazil_%281870-1889%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/CoA_Empire_of_Brazil_%281870-1889%29.svg/240px-CoA_Empire_of_Brazil_%281870-1889%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="596" data-file-height="742" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Monarchy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Emperor of Brazil">Emperor of Brazil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_I_of_Brazil" title="Pedro I of Brazil">Pedro I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_II_of_Brazil" title="Pedro II of Brazil">Pedro II</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_imperial_family" title="Brazilian imperial family">Brazilian imperial family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Imperial_of_Brazil" title="Prince Imperial of Brazil">Prince Imperial of Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Gr%C3%A3o-Par%C3%A1" title="Prince of Grão-Pará">Prince of Grão-Pará</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Brazil_(Brazil)" title="Prince of Brazil (Brazil)">Prince of Brazil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Empire_of_Brazil" title="Politics of the Empire of Brazil">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal; background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Political instances</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Brazil" title="Prime Minister of Brazil">Prime Minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Assembly_(Brazil)" title="General Assembly (Brazil)">General Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moderating_power_(Empire_of_Brazil)" title="Moderating power (Empire of Brazil)">Moderating Power</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal; background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Constitution_of_1824" title="Brazilian Constitution of 1824">Constitution of 1824</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_parliamentarism" title="Reverse parliamentarism">Reverse parliamentarism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal; background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_the_Empire_of_Brazil" title="Armed Forces of the Empire of Brazil">Armed Forces</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Brazilian_Army" title="Imperial Brazilian Army">Imperial Brazilian Army</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academia_Militar_das_Agulhas_Negras" class="mw-redirect" title="Academia Militar das Agulhas Negras">Military Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatherland_Volunteers" class="mw-redirect" title="Fatherland Volunteers">Fatherland Volunteers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_generals_of_the_Empire_of_Brazil" title="List of generals of the Empire of Brazil">List of generals</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Brazilian_Navy" title="Imperial Brazilian Navy">Imperial Brazilian Navy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Naval_School_(Brazil)" title="Naval School (Brazil)">Naval School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ships_of_the_Brazilian_Navy" class="mw-redirect" title="List of ships of the Brazilian Navy">List of ships</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_ranks_of_the_Empire_of_Brazil" title="Military ranks of the Empire of Brazil">Military Ranks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal; background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_Brazil" title="List of wars involving Brazil">Wars</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_of_Independence_of_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="War of Independence of Brazil">Independence War</a> (1822–1824)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederation_of_the_Equator" title="Confederation of the Equator">Confederation of the Equator</a> (1824)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cisplatine_War" title="Cisplatine War">Cisplatine War</a> (1825–1828)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ragamuffin_War" title="Ragamuffin War">Ragamuffin War</a> (1835–1845)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabanagem" title="Cabanagem">Cabanagem</a> (1835–1840)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platine_War" title="Platine War">Platine War</a> (1851–1852)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Uruguayan War</a> (1864–1865)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraguayan_War" title="Paraguayan War">Paraguayan War</a> (1864–1870)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Brazil" title="Slavery in Brazil">Slavery</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal; background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Abolitionists" class="mw-redirect" title="Abolitionists">Abolitionists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isabel,_Princess_Imperial_of_Brazil" title="Isabel, Princess Imperial of Brazil">Isabel, Princess Imperial of Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Rebou%C3%A7as" title="André Rebouças">André Rebouças</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joaquim_Nabuco" title="Joaquim Nabuco">Joaquim Nabuco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_do_Patroc%C3%ADnio" title="José do Patrocínio">José do Patrocínio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lu%C3%ADs_Gama" title="Luís Gama">Luís Gama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Jos%C3%A9_do_Nascimento" class="mw-redirect" title="Francisco José do Nascimento">Francisco José do Nascimento</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal; background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_Brazil" title="Abolitionism in Brazil">Abolitionism in Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netto_Question" title="Netto Question">Netto Question</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eus%C3%A9bio_de_Queir%C3%B3s_Law" title="Eusébio de Queirós Law">Eusébio de Queirós Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rio_Branco_Law" title="Rio Branco Law">Rio Branco Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lei_%C3%81urea" title="Lei Áurea">Lei Áurea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Uruguayan_War&oldid=1253282091">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Uruguayan_War&oldid=1253282091</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_history_of_Brazil" title="Category:Military history of Brazil">Military history of Brazil</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wars_involving_Brazil" title="Category:Wars 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