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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Apogee" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Apogee"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.6 Apogee </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Apogee-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Decline" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Decline"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.7 Decline </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Decline-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fall" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fall"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.8 Fall </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fall-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Government </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Government-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Government subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Parliament" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parliament"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Parliament </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Parliament-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Emperor_and_council_of_ministers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Emperor_and_council_of_ministers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Emperor and council of ministers </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Emperor_and_council_of_ministers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Provincial_and_local_government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Provincial_and_local_government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Provincial and local government </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Provincial_and_local_government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Elections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Elections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Elections </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Elections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Armed_forces" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Armed_forces"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Armed forces </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Armed_forces-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Foreign relations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Economy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Economy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Currency" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Currency"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Currency </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Currency-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Overview" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Overview"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Overview </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Overview-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Development </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Society" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Society"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Society </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Society-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Society subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Society-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Demographics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ethnic_groups" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethnic_groups"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Ethnic groups </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethnic_groups-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-European_immigration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#European_immigration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 European immigration </div> </a> <ul id="toc-European_immigration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Slavery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Slavery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Slavery </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Slavery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nobility" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nobility"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Nobility </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nobility-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.6 Religion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Visual_arts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Visual_arts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Visual arts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Visual_arts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature_and_theater" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature_and_theater"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Literature and theater </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature_and_theater-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Endnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Endnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Endnotes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Endnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Footnotes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Empire of Brazil</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 60 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-60" aria-hidden="true" > 60 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryk_van_Brasili%C3%AB" title="Ryk van Brasilië – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Ryk van Brasilië" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%8A%D9%84" title="إمبراطورية البرازيل – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إمبراطورية البرازيل" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperiu_de_Brasil" title="Imperiu de Brasil – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Imperiu de Brasil" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pindor%C3%A1ma_Mburuvi" title="Pindoráma Mburuvi – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Pindoráma Mburuvi" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braziliya_imperiyas%C4%B1" title="Braziliya imperiyası – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Braziliya imperiyası" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%B2%DB%8C%D9%84_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%85%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%88%D8%BA%D9%88" title="برزیل ایمپیراتورلوغو – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="برزیل ایمپیراتورلوغو" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pa-se_T%C3%A8-kok" title="Pa-se Tè-kok – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Pa-se Tè-kok" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F%D2%BB%D1%8B" title="Бразилия империяһы – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Бразилия империяһы" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Бразилска империя – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Бразилска империя" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impalaeriezh_Brazil" title="Impalaeriezh Brazil – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Impalaeriezh Brazil" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperi_del_Brasil" title="Imperi del Brasil – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Imperi del Brasil" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilsk%C3%A9_c%C3%ADsa%C5%99stv%C3%AD" title="Brazilské císařství – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Brazilské císařství" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kejserd%C3%B8mmet_Brasilien" title="Kejserdømmet Brasilien – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kejserdømmet Brasilien" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaiserreich_Brasilien" title="Kaiserreich Brasilien – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kaiserreich Brasilien" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brasiilia_Keisririik" title="Brasiilia Keisririik – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Brasiilia Keisririik" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CF%85%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%B1_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%92%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%B6%CE%B9%CE%BB%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Αυτοκρατορία της Βραζιλίας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αυτοκρατορία της Βραζιλίας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperio_del_Brasil" title="Imperio del Brasil – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Imperio del Brasil" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazila_Imperio" title="Brazila Imperio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Brazila Imperio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brasilgo_Inperioa" title="Brasilgo Inperioa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Brasilgo Inperioa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%B2%DB%8C%D9%84" title="امپراتوری برزیل – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="امپراتوری برزیل" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_du_Br%C3%A9sil" title="Empire du Brésil – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Empire du Brésil" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperio_do_Brasil" title="Imperio do Brasil – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Imperio do Brasil" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B8%8C%EB%9D%BC%EC%A7%88_%EC%A0%9C%EA%B5%AD" title="브라질 제국 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="브라질 제국" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="ब्राज़ीली साम्राज्य – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="ब्राज़ीली साम्राज्य" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilsko_Carstvo" title="Brazilsko Carstvo – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Brazilsko Carstvo" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kekaisaran_Brasil" title="Kekaisaran Brasil – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kekaisaran Brasil" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%8B_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Бразилийы импери – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Бразилийы импери" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impero_del_Brasile" title="Impero del Brasile – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Impero del Brasile" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%90%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%96%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%99%D7%AA" title="האימפריה הברזילאית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="האימפריה הברזילאית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%96%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9E%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ბრაზილიის იმპერია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ბრაზილიის იმპერია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anpi_Brezil" title="Anpi Brezil – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Anpi Brezil" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperium_Brasiliense" title="Imperium Brasiliense – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Imperium Brasiliense" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braz%C4%ABlijas_Imp%C4%93rija" title="Brazīlijas Impērija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Brazīlijas Impērija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil_Cs%C3%A1sz%C3%A1rs%C3%A1g" title="Brazil Császárság – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Brazil Császárság" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%A6%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Бразилско Царство – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Бразилско Царство" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9D%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="ब्राझिलचे साम्राज्य – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="ब्राझिलचे साम्राज्य" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empayar_Brazil" title="Empayar Brazil – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Empayar Brazil" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amp%C3%A9rio_de_l_Brasil" title="Ampério de l Brasil – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Ampério de l Brasil" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keizerrijk_Brazili%C3%AB" title="Keizerrijk Brazilië – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Keizerrijk Brazilië" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%96%E3%83%A9%E3%82%B8%E3%83%AB%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" title="ブラジル帝国 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ブラジル帝国" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keiserd%C3%B8mmet_Brasil" title="Keiserdømmet Brasil – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Keiserdømmet Brasil" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7%D9%86%D8%AA_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B2%DB%8C%D9%84" title="سلطنت برازیل – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="سلطنت برازیل" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A_%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%DA%A9%D9%8A" title="برازيلي سترواکي – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="برازيلي سترواکي" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cesarstwo_Brazylii" title="Cesarstwo Brazylii – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Cesarstwo Brazylii" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imp%C3%A9rio_do_Brasil" title="Império do Brasil – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Império do Brasil" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperiul_Braziliei" title="Imperiul Braziliei – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Imperiul Braziliei" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Бразильская империя – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Бразильская империя" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_of_Brazil" title="Empire of Brazil – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Empire of Brazil" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Бразилско царство – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Бразилско царство" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilsko_Carstvo" title="Brazilsko Carstvo – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Brazilsko Carstvo" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brasilian_keisarikunta" title="Brasilian keisarikunta – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Brasilian keisarikunta" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kejsard%C3%B6met_Brasilien" title="Kejsardömet Brasilien – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kejsardömet Brasilien" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81" title="பிரேசில் பேரரசு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பிரேசில் பேரரசு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A5" title="จักรวรรดิบราซิล – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="จักรวรรดิบราซิล" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brezilya_%C4%B0mparatorlu%C4%9Fu" title="Brezilya İmparatorluğu – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Brezilya İmparatorluğu" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Бразильська імперія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Бразильська імперія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7%D9%86%D8%AA_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B2%DB%8C%D9%84" title="سلطنت برازیل – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="سلطنت برازیل" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inpero_del_Brazi%C5%82e" title="Inpero del Braziłe – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Inpero del Braziłe" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%BF_qu%E1%BB%91c_Brasil" title="Đế quốc Brasil – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Đế quốc Brasil" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E8%A5%BF%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" title="巴西帝國 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="巴西帝國" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div 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width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Brazil_(1853-1889).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Empire of Brazil"><img alt="Flag adopted in 1870 displaying 20 stars representing the country's provinces. Another star was added in 1870. The flag consists of a green field with a golden rhombus and the lesser arms of imperial Brazil." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Flag_of_Brazil_%281853-1889%29.svg/125px-Flag_of_Brazil_%281853-1889%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Flag_of_Brazil_%281853-1889%29.svg/188px-Flag_of_Brazil_%281853-1889%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Flag_of_Brazil_%281853-1889%29.svg/250px-Flag_of_Brazil_%281853-1889%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Brazil" title="Flag of Brazil">Flag</a> (1853–1889)</div> </div> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_Empire_of_Brazil.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Empire of Brazil"><img alt="Coat of arms of Empire of Brazil" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Empire_of_Brazil.svg/85px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Empire_of_Brazil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Empire_of_Brazil.svg/128px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Empire_of_Brazil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Empire_of_Brazil.svg/170px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Empire_of_Brazil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="680" data-file-height="833" /></a></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Brazil" title="Coat of arms of Brazil"> Coat of arms</a></div> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Motto: Independência ou Morte! (<a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a>)<div>Independence or Death!</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data anthem">Anthem: <a href="/wiki/Hino_da_Independ%C3%AAncia" title="Hino da Independência">Hino da Indepedência do Brasil</a> "Anthem of the Independence of Brazil" <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="252" data-mwtitle="Hino_da_Independência.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e8/Hino_da_Independ%C3%AAncia.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e8/Hino_da_Independ%C3%AAncia.ogg/Hino_da_Independ%C3%AAncia.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AHino_da_Independ%C3%AAncia.ogg&lang=pt-br&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="pt-BR" label="português do Brasil ‪(pt-br)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <hr /> <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_National_Anthem" title="Brazilian National Anthem">Hino Nacional Brasileiro</a> "Brazilian National Anthem" <div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;"><audio id="mwe_player_1" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="113" data-mwtitle="Hino_Nacional_Brasileiro_instrumental.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9b/Hino_Nacional_Brasileiro_instrumental.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/9b/Hino_Nacional_Brasileiro_instrumental.ogg/Hino_Nacional_Brasileiro_instrumental.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AHino_Nacional_Brasileiro_instrumental.ogg&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AHino_Nacional_Brasileiro_instrumental.ogg&lang=es&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="es" label="español ‪(es)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AHino_Nacional_Brasileiro_instrumental.ogg&lang=gl&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="gl" label="galego ‪(gl)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AHino_Nacional_Brasileiro_instrumental.ogg&lang=ko&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ko" label="한국어 ‪(ko)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AHino_Nacional_Brasileiro_instrumental.ogg&lang=pt-br&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="pt-BR" label="português do Brasil ‪(pt-br)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AHino_Nacional_Brasileiro_instrumental.ogg&lang=vi&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="vi" label="Tiếng Việt ‪(vi)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AHino_Nacional_Brasileiro_instrumental.ogg&lang=zh-hant&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="zh-Hant" label="中文（繁體） ‪(zh-hant)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/National_Seal_of_Brazil" title="National Seal of Brazil">National Seal</a> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Empire_of_Brazil_(1853-1889).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Empire_of_Brazil_%281853-1889%29.svg/100px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Empire_of_Brazil_%281853-1889%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Empire_of_Brazil_%281853-1889%29.svg/150px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Empire_of_Brazil_%281853-1889%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Empire_of_Brazil_%281853-1889%29.svg/200px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Empire_of_Brazil_%281853-1889%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="390" data-file-height="496" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Brazilian_Empire_1828_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Empire of Brazil at its largest territorial extent, 1822–1828,[dubious – discuss] including former Cisplatina province"><img alt="Map of South America with the Empire of Brazil highlighted in green" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Brazilian_Empire_1828_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/250px-Brazilian_Empire_1828_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Brazilian_Empire_1828_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/375px-Brazilian_Empire_1828_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Brazilian_Empire_1828_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/500px-Brazilian_Empire_1828_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a><div class="ib-country-map-caption">Empire of Brazil at its largest territorial extent, 1822–1828,[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute">dubious</a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Empire_of_Brazil#Dubious" title="Talk:Empire of Brazil">discuss</a>] including former <a href="/wiki/Cisplatina" title="Cisplatina">Cisplatina</a> province</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro" title="Rio de Janeiro">Rio de Janeiro</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Common languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">Ethnic groups</a> <div class="ib-country-ethnic"> (1872)<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1116488514">.mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Treeview-grey-line.png")no-repeat 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px}</style><div class="treeview"> <ul><li>38.3% <a href="/wiki/Pardo_Brazilians" title="Pardo Brazilians">Pardo</a></li> <li>38.5% <a href="/wiki/White_Brazilians" title="White Brazilians">White</a></li> <li>19.7% <a href="/wiki/Afro-Brazilians" title="Afro-Brazilians">Black</a></li> <li>3.9% <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_Brazil" title="Indigenous peoples in Brazil">Indigenous</a>/<a href="/wiki/Caboclo" title="Caboclo">Caboclo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Brazil" title="Catholic Church in Brazil">Roman Catholicism</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Brazilians" title="Brazilians">Brazilians</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Government</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Unitary_state" title="Unitary state">Unitary</a> <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary" class="mw-redirect" title="Parliamentary">parliamentary</a> <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">constitutional monarchy</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Brazil" title="List of monarchs of Brazil">Emperor</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/First_reign_(Empire_of_Brazil)" title="First reign (Empire of Brazil)">1822–1831</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Pedro_I_of_Brazil" title="Pedro I of Brazil">Pedro I</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Second_reign_(Empire_of_Brazil)" title="Second reign (Empire of Brazil)">1831–1889</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Pedro_II_of_Brazil" title="Pedro II of Brazil">Pedro II</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Brazil" title="Prime Minister of Brazil">Prime Minister</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1843–1844 (de facto) </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hon%C3%B3rio_Hermeto_Carneiro_Le%C3%A3o,_Marquis_of_Paran%C3%A1" title="Honório Hermeto Carneiro Leão, Marquis of Paraná">Marquis of Paraná</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1847–1848 (first) </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Alves_Branco,_2nd_Viscount_of_Caravelas" title="Manuel Alves Branco, 2nd Viscount of Caravelas">2nd Viscount of Caravelas</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1889 (last) </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Afonso_Celso,_Viscount_of_Ouro_Preto" title="Afonso Celso, Viscount of Ouro Preto">Viscount of Ouro Preto</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Legislature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/General_Assembly_(Brazil)" title="General Assembly (Brazil)">General Assembly</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• <a href="/wiki/Upper_house" title="Upper house">Upper house</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Senate of Brazil">Senate</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• <a href="/wiki/Lower_house" title="Lower house">Lower house</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_of_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Chamber of Deputies of Brazil">Chamber of Deputies</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Historical era</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/19th_century" title="19th century">19th century</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Independence_of_Brazil" title="Independence of Brazil">Independence</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">7 September 1822</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Accession of <a href="/wiki/Pedro_I_of_Brazil" title="Pedro I of Brazil">Pedro I</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">12 October 1822</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Constitution_of_1824" title="Brazilian Constitution of 1824">Imperial Constitution</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">25 March 1824</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Regency_period_(Empire_of_Brazil)" title="Regency period (Empire of Brazil)">Regency</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">7 April 1831</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_majority_of_Pedro_II" title="Declaration of majority of Pedro II">Accession of Pedro II</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">23 July 1840</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Lei_%C3%81urea" title="Lei Áurea">Abolition of slavery</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">13 May 1888</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_the_Republic_(Brazil)" title="Proclamation of the Republic (Brazil)">Monarchy abolished</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">15 November 1889</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area</th></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">1889<a href="#cite_note-IBGE-2">[2]</a></th><td class="infobox-data">8,337,218 km2 (3,219,018 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population</th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1823 </div></th><td class="infobox-data">4,000,000</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1854 </div></th><td class="infobox-data">7,000,700</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/1872_Brazilian_census" title="1872 Brazilian census">1872</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">9,930,478</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1890 </div></th><td class="infobox-data">14,333,915</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_real_(old)" title="Brazilian real (old)">Real</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div> Preceded by</td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;">Succeeded by </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_of_Portugal%2C_Brazil%2C_and_the_Algarves_%281815-1825%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_of_Portugal%2C_Brazil%2C_and_the_Algarves_%281815-1825%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_of_Portugal%2C_Brazil%2C_and_the_Algarves_%281815-1825%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_of_Portugal%2C_Brazil%2C_and_the_Algarves_%281815-1825%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_of_Portugal%2C_Brazil%2C_and_the_Algarves_%281815-1825%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_of_Portugal%2C_Brazil%2C_and_the_Algarves_%281815-1825%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Portugal,_Brazil_and_the_Algarves" title="United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves">United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/First_Brazilian_Republic" title="First Brazilian Republic">First Brazilian Republic</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Flag_of_Brazil_%28November_1889%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Brazil_%28November_1889%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Flag_of_Brazil_%28November_1889%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Brazil_%28November_1889%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Flag_of_Brazil_%28November_1889%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Brazil_%28November_1889%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="585" data-file-height="390" /> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Uruguay" title="Uruguay">Uruguay</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Flag_of_Uruguay_%281828-1830%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Uruguay_%281828-1830%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Flag_of_Uruguay_%281828-1830%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Uruguay_%281828-1830%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Flag_of_Uruguay_%281828-1830%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Uruguay_%281828-1830%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Today part of</th><td class="infobox-data">Brazil <a href="/wiki/Uruguay" title="Uruguay">Uruguay</a></td></tr></tbody></table> The Empire of Brazil was a 19th-century state that broadly comprised the territories which form modern <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a> and <a href="/wiki/Uruguay" title="Uruguay">Uruguay</a> until the latter achieved independence in 1828. The empire's government was a <a href="/wiki/Representative_democracy" title="Representative democracy">representative</a> <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_system" title="Parliamentary system">parliamentary</a> <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">constitutional monarchy</a> under the rule of Emperors <a href="/wiki/Pedro_I_of_Brazil" title="Pedro I of Brazil">Pedro I</a> and his son <a href="/wiki/Pedro_II_of_Brazil" title="Pedro II of Brazil">Pedro II</a>. A <a href="/wiki/Colonial_Brazil" title="Colonial Brazil">colony</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Portugal" title="Kingdom of Portugal">Kingdom of Portugal</a>, Brazil became the seat of the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese Empire</a> in 1808, when the Portuguese Prince regent, later King Dom <a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_VI_of_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="João VI of Portugal">John VI</a>, fled from <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Portugal_(1807)" title="Invasion of Portugal (1807)">invasion of Portugal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Transfer_of_the_Portuguese_Court_to_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Transfer of the Portuguese Court to Brazil">established himself and his government</a> in the Brazilian city of <a href="/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro" title="Rio de Janeiro">Rio de Janeiro</a>. John VI later returned to Portugal, leaving his eldest son and heir-apparent, Pedro, to rule the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Brazil" title="Kingdom of Brazil">Kingdom of Brazil</a> as regent. On 7 September 1822, Pedro declared the <a href="/wiki/Independence_of_Brazil" title="Independence of Brazil">independence of Brazil</a> and, after waging a successful war against his father's kingdom, was acclaimed on 12 October as Pedro I, the first Emperor of Brazil. The new country was huge, sparsely populated, and ethnically diverse. Unlike most of the neighboring <a href="/wiki/Hispanic_America" title="Hispanic America">Hispanic American</a> republics, Brazil had political stability, vibrant economic growth, constitutionally guaranteed freedom of speech, and respect for civil rights of its subjects, albeit with legal restrictions on women and slaves, the latter regarded as property and not citizens. The Empire's bicameral parliament was elected under comparatively democratic methods for the era, as were the provincial and local legislatures. This led to a long ideological conflict between Pedro I and a sizable parliamentary faction over the role of the monarch in the government. He also had to face other obstacles. The unsuccessful <a href="/wiki/Cisplatine_War" title="Cisplatine War">Cisplatine War</a> against the neighboring <a href="/wiki/United_Provinces_of_the_R%C3%ADo_de_la_Plata" title="United Provinces of the Río de la Plata">United Provinces of the Río de la Plata</a> in 1828 led to the secession of the province of <a href="/wiki/Cisplatina" title="Cisplatina">Cisplatina</a> (later to become Uruguay). In 1826, despite his role in Brazilian independence, he became the king of Portugal; he abdicated the Portuguese throne in favor of his <a href="/wiki/Maria_II_of_Portugal" title="Maria II of Portugal">eldest daughter</a>. Two years later, she was usurped by Pedro I's younger brother <a href="/wiki/Miguel_I_of_Portugal" title="Miguel I of Portugal">Miguel</a>. Unable to deal with both Brazilian and Portuguese affairs, Pedro I <a href="/wiki/Abdication_of_Pedro_I_of_Brazil" title="Abdication of Pedro I of Brazil">abdicated his Brazilian throne</a> on 7 April 1831 and immediately departed for Europe to <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Wars" title="Liberal Wars">restore his daughter to the Portuguese throne</a>. Pedro I's successor in Brazil was his five-year-old son, Pedro II. As the latter was still a minor, a weak <a href="/wiki/Regency_period_(Empire_of_Brazil)" title="Regency period (Empire of Brazil)">regency</a> was created. The power vacuum resulting from the absence of a ruling monarch as the ultimate arbiter in political disputes led to regional civil wars between local factions. Having inherited an empire on the verge of disintegration, Pedro II, once he was <a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_majority_of_Pedro_II" title="Declaration of majority of Pedro II">legally declared of age</a>, managed to bring peace and stability to the country, which eventually became an emerging international power. Brazil was victorious in three international conflicts (the <a href="/wiki/Platine_War" title="Platine War">Platine War</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Uruguayan_War" title="Uruguayan War">Uruguayan War</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Paraguayan_War" title="Paraguayan War">Paraguayan War</a>) under Pedro II's rule, and the Empire prevailed in several other international disputes and outbreaks of domestic strife. With prosperity and economic development came an influx of European immigration, including Protestants and Jews, although Brazil remained mostly Catholic. <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Brazil" title="Slavery in Brazil">Slavery</a>, which had initially been widespread, was restricted by successive legislation until its <a href="/wiki/Lei_%C3%81urea" title="Lei Áurea">final abolition</a> in 1888. Brazilian visual arts, literature and theater developed during this time of progress. Although heavily influenced by European styles that ranged from <a href="/wiki/Neoclassicism" title="Neoclassicism">Neoclassicism</a> to <a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romanticism</a>, each concept was adapted to create a culture that was uniquely Brazilian. Even though the last four decades of <a href="/wiki/Second_reign_(Empire_of_Brazil)" title="Second reign (Empire of Brazil)">Pedro II's reign</a> were marked by continuous internal peace and economic prosperity, he had no desire to see the monarchy survive beyond his lifetime and made no effort to maintain support for the institution. The next in line to the throne was his daughter <a href="/wiki/Isabel,_Princess_Imperial_of_Brazil" title="Isabel, Princess Imperial of Brazil">Isabel</a>, but neither Pedro II nor the ruling classes considered a female monarch acceptable. Lacking any viable heir, the Empire's political leaders saw no reason to defend the monarchy. After a 58-year reign, on 15 November 1889 the Emperor was overthrown in a sudden <a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_the_Republic_(Brazil)" title="Proclamation of the Republic (Brazil)">coup d'état</a> led by a clique of military leaders whose goal was the formation of a republic headed by a dictator, forming the <a href="/wiki/First_Brazilian_Republic" title="First Brazilian Republic">First Brazilian Republic</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Empire_of_Brazil&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Empire_of_Brazil" title="History of the Empire of Brazil">History of the Empire of Brazil</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Independence_and_early_years">Independence and early years</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Empire_of_Brazil&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Independence and early years">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Independence_of_Brazil" title="Independence of Brazil">Independence of Brazil</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brazil_in_1822.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A map showing the Empire and its provinces" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Brazil_in_1822.svg/260px-Brazil_in_1822.svg.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Brazil_in_1822.svg/390px-Brazil_in_1822.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Brazil_in_1822.svg/520px-Brazil_in_1822.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2008" data-file-height="2065" /></a><figcaption>The Empire of Brazil. The Neutral Municipality is Rio de Janeiro, the imperial capital within the province of the same name</figcaption></figure> The territory which would come to be known as Brazil was claimed by Portugal on 22 April 1500, when the navigator <a href="/wiki/Pedro_%C3%81lvares_Cabral" title="Pedro Álvares Cabral">Pedro Álvares Cabral</a> landed on its coast.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEViana199442–44-3">[3]</a> Permanent settlement followed in 1532, and for the next 300 years the Portuguese slowly expanded westwards until they had reached nearly all of the borders of modern Brazil.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEViana199459,_65,_66,_78,_175,_181,_197,_213,_300-4">[4]</a> In 1808, the army of French Emperor <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleon I">Napoleon I</a> invaded Portugal, forcing the Portuguese royal family—the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Braganza" title="House of Braganza">House of Braganza</a>, a branch of the thousand-year-old <a href="/wiki/Capetian_dynasty" title="Capetian dynasty">Capetian dynasty</a>—into exile. They <a href="/wiki/Transfer_of_the_Portuguese_Court_to_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Transfer of the Portuguese Court to Brazil">re-established themselves</a> in the Brazilian city of Rio de Janeiro, which became the unofficial seat of the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese Empire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman198843–44-5">[5]</a> In 1815, the Portuguese crown prince Dom John (later Dom <a href="/wiki/John_VI_of_Portugal" title="John VI of Portugal">John VI</a>), acting as regent, created the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Portugal,_Brazil_and_the_Algarves" title="United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves">United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves</a>, which raised the status of Brazil from colony to kingdom. He ascended the Portuguese throne the following year, after the death of his mother, <a href="/wiki/Maria_I_of_Portugal" title="Maria I of Portugal">Maria I of Portugal</a>. He returned to Portugal in April 1821, leaving behind his son and heir, <a href="/wiki/Pedro_I_of_Brazil" title="Pedro I of Brazil">Prince Dom Pedro</a>, to rule Brazil as his regent.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman198872-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEViana1994396-7">[7]</a> The Portuguese government immediately moved to revoke the political autonomy that Brazil had been granted since 1808.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman198875,_81–82-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEViana1994399,_403-9">[9]</a> The threat of losing their limited control over local affairs ignited widespread opposition among Brazilians. <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Bonif%C3%A1cio_de_Andrada" class="mw-redirect" title="José Bonifácio de Andrada">José Bonifácio de Andrada</a>, along with other Brazilian leaders, convinced Pedro to declare Brazil's independence from Portugal on 7 September 1822.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEViana1994408–408-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman198896-11">[11]</a> On 12 October, the prince was acclaimed Pedro I, first Emperor of the newly created Empire of Brazil, a constitutional monarchy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEViana1994417–418-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1988101–102-13">[13]</a> The declaration of independence was opposed throughout Brazil by armed military units loyal to Portugal. The ensuing war of independence was fought across the country, with battles in the northern, northeastern, and southern regions. The last Portuguese soldiers to surrender did so in March 1824,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEViana1994420–422-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1988104–106-15">[15]</a> and independence <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Rio_de_Janeiro_(1825)" title="Treaty of Rio de Janeiro (1825)">was recognized</a> by Portugal in August 1825.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1988128-16">[16]</a> Pedro I encountered a number of crises during his <a href="/wiki/First_reign_(Empire_of_Brazil)" title="First reign (Empire of Brazil)">reign</a>. A secessionist rebellion in the <a href="/wiki/Cisplatina_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Cisplatina Province">Cisplatina Province</a> in early 1825 and the subsequent attempt by the <a href="/wiki/United_Provinces_of_the_R%C3%ADo_de_la_Plata" title="United Provinces of the Río de la Plata">United Provinces of the Río de la Plata</a> (later <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a>) to annex Cisplatina led the Empire into the <a href="/wiki/Cisplatine_War" title="Cisplatine War">Cisplatine War</a>: "a long, inglorious, and ultimately futile war in the south".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1988131-17">[17]</a> In March 1826, John VI died and Pedro ;I inherited the Portuguese crown, briefly becoming King Pedro IV of Portugal before abdicating in favor of his eldest daughter, Maria II.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1988142-18">[18]</a> The situation worsened in 1828 when the war in the south ended with Brazil's loss of Cisplatina, which would become the independent republic of <a href="/wiki/Uruguay" title="Uruguay">Uruguay</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1988151-19">[19]</a> During the same year in Lisbon, Maria II's throne was usurped by Prince Miguel, Pedro I's younger brother.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1988148–149-20">[20]</a> Other difficulties arose when the Empire's parliament, the General Assembly, opened in 1826. Pedro I, along with a significant percentage of the legislature, argued for an independent judiciary, a popularly elected legislature and a government which would be led by the emperor who held broad executive powers and prerogatives.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman199918–19-21">[21]</a> Others in parliament argued for a similar structure, only with a less influential role for the monarch and the legislative branch being dominant in policy and governance.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman199919-22">[22]</a> The struggle over whether the government would be dominated by the emperor or by the parliament was carried over into debates from 1826 to 1831 on the establishment of the governmental and political structure.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1988131-17">[17]</a> Unable to deal with the problems in both Brazil and Portugal simultaneously, the Emperor abdicated on behalf of his son, <a href="/wiki/Pedro_II_of_Brazil" title="Pedro II of Brazil">Pedro II</a>, on 7 April 1831 and immediately sailed for Europe to <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Wars" title="Liberal Wars">restore his daughter to her throne</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1988159-23">[23]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anarchy">Anarchy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Empire_of_Brazil&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Anarchy">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Regency_period_(Empire_of_Brazil)" title="Regency period (Empire of Brazil)">Regency period (Empire of Brazil)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pa%C3%A7o_imperial_1840.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photograph showing the Imperial Palace in Rio de Janeiro with carriages and mounted honor guard in the square fronting the palace" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Pa%C3%A7o_imperial_1840.png/220px-Pa%C3%A7o_imperial_1840.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Pa%C3%A7o_imperial_1840.png/330px-Pa%C3%A7o_imperial_1840.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Pa%C3%A7o_imperial_1840.png/440px-Pa%C3%A7o_imperial_1840.png 2x" data-file-width="1753" data-file-height="1455" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Pa%C3%A7o_Imperial" title="Paço Imperial">City Palace</a>, seat of the Brazilian Imperial government, in 1840</figcaption></figure> Following the hasty departure of Pedro I, Brazil was left with a five-year-old boy as head of state. With no precedent to follow, the Empire was faced with the prospect of a period of more than twelve years without a strong executive, as, under the constitution, Pedro II would not attain his majority and begin exercising authority as Emperor until 2 December 1843.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1988160-24">[24]</a> A regency was elected to rule the country in the interim. Because the Regency held few of the powers exercised by an emperor and was completely subordinated to the General Assembly, it could not fill the vacuum at the apex of Brazil's government.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1988161–163-25">[25]</a> The hamstrung Regency proved unable to resolve disputes and rivalries between national and local political factions. Believing that granting provincial and local governments greater autonomy would quell the growing dissent, the General Assembly passed a constitutional amendment in 1834, called the Ato Adicional (<a href="/wiki/1834_Additional_Act" title="1834 Additional Act">Additional Act</a>). Instead of ending the chaos, these new powers only fed local ambitions and rivalries. Violence erupted throughout the country.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman199961-26">[26]</a> Local parties competed with renewed ferocity to dominate provincial and municipal governments, as whichever party dominated the provinces would also gain control over the electoral and political system. Those parties which lost elections rebelled and tried to assume power by force, resulting in several rebellions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1988179–180-27">[27]</a> The politicians who had risen to power during the 1830s had by then become familiar with the difficulties and pitfalls of power. According to historian Roderick J. Barman, by 1840, "they had lost all faith in their ability to rule the country on their own. They accepted Pedro II as an authority figure whose presence was indispensable for the country's survival."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1999317-28">[28]</a> Some of these politicians (who would form the <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(Brazil)" title="Conservative Party (Brazil)">Conservative Party</a> in the 1840s) believed that a neutral figure was required—one who could stand above political factions and petty interests to address discontent and moderate disputes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman199964-29">[29]</a> They envisioned an emperor who was more dependent on the legislature than the constitutional monarch envisioned by Pedro I, yet with greater powers than had been advocated at the beginning of the Regency by their rivals (who later formed the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(Brazil,_1831)" title="Liberal Party (Brazil, 1831)">Liberal Party</a>).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman199958-30">[30]</a> The liberals, however, contrived to pass an initiative to lower Pedro II's age of majority from eighteen to fourteen. The Emperor was declared fit to rule in July 1840.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman199968–73-31">[31]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consolidation">Consolidation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Empire_of_Brazil&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Consolidation">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Recife_1851_03.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photograph of various residential and commercial buildings along a waterfront" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Recife_1851_03.png/220px-Recife_1851_03.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Recife_1851_03.png/330px-Recife_1851_03.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Recife_1851_03.png/440px-Recife_1851_03.png 2x" data-file-width="1084" data-file-height="773" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Recife" title="Recife">Recife</a>, capital of <a href="/wiki/Pernambuco" title="Pernambuco">Pernambuco</a> (Brazilian <a href="/wiki/Northeast_Region,_Brazil" title="Northeast Region, Brazil">northeast</a>), two years after the end of the <a href="/wiki/Praieira_revolt" title="Praieira revolt">Praieira revolt</a></figcaption></figure> To achieve their goals, the liberals allied themselves with a group of high-ranking palace servants and notable politicians: the "Courtier Faction". The courtiers were part of the Emperor's inner circle and had established influence over him,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman199949-32">[32]</a> which enabled the appointment of successive liberal-courtier cabinets. Their dominance, however, was short-lived. By 1846, Pedro II had matured physically and mentally. No longer an insecure 14-year-old swayed by gossip, suggestions of secret plots, and other manipulative tactics,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1999109-33">[33]</a> the young emperor's weaknesses faded and his strength of character came to the fore.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1999109-33">[33]</a> He successfully engineered the end of the courtiers' influence by removing them from his inner circle without causing any public disruption.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1999114-34">[34]</a> He also dismissed the liberals, who had proved ineffective while in office, and called on the conservatives to form a government in 1848.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1999123-35">[35]</a> The abilities of the Emperor and the newly appointed conservative cabinet were tested by three crises between 1848 and 1852.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1999122-36">[36]</a> The first crisis was a confrontation over the illegal importation of slaves. Importing slaves had been banned in 1826 as part of a treaty with Britain.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1999123-35">[35]</a> Trafficking continued unabated, however, and the British government's passage of the <a href="/wiki/Slave_Trade_(Brazil)_Act_1845" class="mw-redirect" title="Slave Trade (Brazil) Act 1845">Slave Trade (Brazil) Act 1845</a> (<a href="/wiki/8_%26_9_Vict." class="mw-redirect" title="8 & 9 Vict.">8 & 9 Vict.</a> c. 122) authorized British warships to board Brazilian ships and seize anyone who was found to be involved in the slave trade.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1999122–123-37">[37]</a> While Brazil grappled with this problem, the <a href="/wiki/Praieira_revolt" title="Praieira revolt">Praieira revolt</a>, a conflict between local political factions within <a href="/wiki/Pernambuco" title="Pernambuco">Pernambuco</a> province (and one in which liberal and courtier supporters were involved), erupted on 6 November 1848, but was suppressed by March 1849. It was the last rebellion to occur during the monarchy, and its end marked the beginning of forty years of internal peace in Brazil. The <a href="/wiki/Eus%C3%A9bio_de_Queir%C3%B3s_Law" title="Eusébio de Queirós Law">Eusébio de Queirós Law</a> was <a href="/wiki/Promulgation" title="Promulgation">promulgated</a> on 4 September 1850 giving the government broad authority to combat the illegal slave trade. With this new tool Brazil moved to eliminate the importation of slaves, and by 1852 this first crisis was over, with Britain accepting that the trade had been suppressed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1999124-38">[38]</a> The third crisis was a conflict with the <a href="/wiki/Argentine_Confederation" title="Argentine Confederation">Argentine Confederation</a> over ascendancy in territories adjacent to the <a href="/wiki/R%C3%ADo_de_la_Plata" title="Río de la Plata">Río de la Plata</a> and free navigation of that waterway.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1999125-39">[39]</a> Since the 1830s, Argentine dictator <a href="/wiki/Juan_Manuel_de_Rosas" title="Juan Manuel de Rosas">Juan Manuel de Rosas</a> had supported rebellions within <a href="/wiki/Uruguay" title="Uruguay">Uruguay</a> and Brazil. The Empire was unable to address the threat posed by Rosas until 1850,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1999125-39">[39]</a> when an alliance was forged between Brazil, Uruguay and disaffected Argentines,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1999125-39">[39]</a> leading to the <a href="/wiki/Platine_War" title="Platine War">Platine War</a> and the subsequent overthrow of the Argentine ruler in February 1852.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1999126-40">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarvalho2007102–103-41">[41]</a> The Empire's successful navigation of these crises considerably enhanced the nation's stability and prestige, and Brazil emerged as a hemispheric power.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevine199963–64-42">[42]</a> Internationally, Europeans came to see the country as embodying familiar liberal ideals, such as <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press" title="Freedom of the press">freedom of the press</a> and constitutional respect for civil liberties. Its representative parliamentary monarchy also stood in stark contrast to the mix of dictatorships and instability endemic in the other nations of South America during this period.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Growth">Growth</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Empire_of_Brazil&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Growth">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Locomotive_in_Bahia_province_1859.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="An old photograph showing a shiny black locomotive having a cab with open sides and a large, funnel-shaped smokestack" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Locomotive_in_Bahia_province_1859.jpg/220px-Locomotive_in_Bahia_province_1859.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Locomotive_in_Bahia_province_1859.jpg/330px-Locomotive_in_Bahia_province_1859.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Locomotive_in_Bahia_province_1859.jpg/440px-Locomotive_in_Bahia_province_1859.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1632" data-file-height="1129" /></a><figcaption>A locomotive in <a href="/wiki/Bahia" title="Bahia">Bahia</a> province (Brazilian northeast), <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1859</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Construction_site_in_Recife_1862.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="An old photograph showing piles of construction materials and equipment along the bank of a river with large white buildings lining the opposite bank" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Construction_site_in_Recife_1862.png/220px-Construction_site_in_Recife_1862.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Construction_site_in_Recife_1862.png/330px-Construction_site_in_Recife_1862.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Construction_site_in_Recife_1862.png/440px-Construction_site_in_Recife_1862.png 2x" data-file-width="1325" data-file-height="1174" /></a><figcaption>A construction site in the docks of Recife, 1862</figcaption></figure> At the beginning of the 1850s, Brazil was enjoying internal stability and economic prosperity.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1999159-44">[44]</a> The nation's infrastructure was being developed, with progress in the construction of railroads, the <a href="/wiki/Electric_telegraph" class="mw-redirect" title="Electric telegraph">electric telegraph</a> and <a href="/wiki/Steamship" title="Steamship">steamship</a> lines uniting Brazil into a cohesive national entity.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1999159-44">[44]</a> After five years in office, the successful conservative cabinet was dismissed and in September 1853, <a href="/wiki/Hon%C3%B3rio_Hermeto_Carneiro_Le%C3%A3o,_Marquis_of_Paran%C3%A1" title="Honório Hermeto Carneiro Leão, Marquis of Paraná">Honório Hermeto Carneiro Leão, Marquis of Paraná</a>, head of the Conservative Party, was charged with forming a new cabinet.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVainfas2002343-45">[45]</a> Emperor Pedro II wanted to advance an ambitious plan, which became known as "the Conciliation",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELira_1977,_Vol_1182-46">[46]</a> aimed at strengthening the parliament's role in settling the country's political disputes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVainfas2002343-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1999162-47">[47]</a> Paraná invited several liberals to join the conservative ranks and went so far as to name some as ministers. The new cabinet, although highly successful, was plagued from the start by strong opposition from ultraconservative members of the Conservative Party who repudiated the new liberal recruits. They believed that the cabinet had become a <a href="/wiki/Political_machine" title="Political machine">political machine</a> infested with converted liberals who did not genuinely share the party's ideals and were primarily interested in gaining public offices.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> Despite this mistrust, Paraná showed resilience in fending off threats and overcoming obstacles and setbacks.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1999166-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENabuco1975162-50">[50]</a> However, in September 1856, at the height of his career, he died unexpectedly, although the cabinet survived him until May 1857.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENabuco1975313-51">[51]</a> The Conservative Party had split down the middle: on one side were the ultraconservatives, and on the other, the moderate conservatives who supported the Conciliation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENabuco1975346,_370,_373,_376-52">[52]</a> The ultraconservatives were led by <a href="/wiki/Joaquim_Rodrigues_Torres,_Viscount_of_Itabora%C3%AD" title="Joaquim Rodrigues Torres, Viscount of Itaboraí">Joaquim Rodrigues Torres, Viscount of Itaboraí</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eus%C3%A9bio_de_Queir%C3%B3s" title="Eusébio de Queirós">Eusébio de Queirós</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Paulino_Soares_de_Sousa,_1st_Viscount_of_Uruguai" title="Paulino Soares de Sousa, 1st Viscount of Uruguai">Paulino Soares de Sousa, 1st Viscount of Uruguai</a>—all former ministers in the 1848–1853 cabinet. These elder statesmen had taken control of the Conservative Party after Paraná's death.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENabuco1975346-53">[53]</a> In the years following 1857, none of the cabinets survived long. They quickly collapsed due to the lack of a majority in the Chamber of Deputies. The remaining members of the Liberal Party, which had languished since its fall in 1848 and the disastrous Praieira rebellion in 1849, took advantage of what seemed to be the Conservative Party's impending implosion to return to national politics with renewed strength. They delivered a powerful blow to the government when they managed to win several seats in the Chamber of Deputies in 1860.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENabuco1975364–365-54">[54]</a> When many moderate conservatives defected to unite with liberals to form a new political party, the <a href="/wiki/Progressive_League_(Brazil)" title="Progressive League (Brazil)">Progressive League</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENabuco1975378-55">[55]</a> the conservatives' hold on power became unsustainable due to the lack of a workable governing majority in the parliament. They resigned, and in May 1862 Pedro II named a progressive cabinet.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENabuco1975374–376-56">[56]</a> The period since 1853 had been one of peace and prosperity for Brazil: "The political system functioned smoothly. Civil liberties were maintained. A start had been made on the introduction into Brazil of railroad, telegraph and steamship lines. The country was no longer troubled by the disputes and conflicts that had racked it during its first thirty years."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1999192-57">[57]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Paraguayan_War">Paraguayan War</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Empire_of_Brazil&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Paraguayan War">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Paraguayan_War" title="Paraguayan War">Paraguayan War</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brazilian_artillery_1866.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="An old photograph showing a group of field artillery pieces and caissons with a line of soldiers in the background" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Brazilian_artillery_1866.jpg/220px-Brazilian_artillery_1866.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Brazilian_artillery_1866.jpg/330px-Brazilian_artillery_1866.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Brazilian_artillery_1866.jpg/440px-Brazilian_artillery_1866.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3262" data-file-height="2133" /></a><figcaption>Brazilian artillery in position during the <a href="/wiki/Paraguayan_War" title="Paraguayan War">Paraguayan War</a>, 1866</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Procession_in_Paraguay_1868.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="An old photograph showing a procession passing between lines of soldiers with tents in the background" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Procession_in_Paraguay_1868.png/220px-Procession_in_Paraguay_1868.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Procession_in_Paraguay_1868.png/330px-Procession_in_Paraguay_1868.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Procession_in_Paraguay_1868.png/440px-Procession_in_Paraguay_1868.png 2x" data-file-width="1924" data-file-height="1395" /></a><figcaption>Brazilian soldiers kneeling before a religious procession during the Paraguayan War, 1868</figcaption></figure> This period of calm came to an end in 1863, when the British consul in Rio de Janeiro nearly sparked a war by issuing an abusive ultimatum to Brazil in response to two minor incidents (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1033199720">.mw-parser-output div.crossreference{padding-left:0}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" />see <a href="/wiki/Christie_Question" title="Christie Question">Christie Question</a>).<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> The Brazilian government refused to yield, and the consul issued orders for British warships to capture Brazilian merchant vessels as <a href="/wiki/Indemnity" title="Indemnity">indemnity</a>.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> Brazil prepared itself for the imminent conflict,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalmon1975680-60">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoratioto200298,_203-61">[61]</a> and coastal defenses were given permission to fire upon any British warship that tried to capture Brazilian merchant ships.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalmon1975684-62">[62]</a> The Brazilian government then severed diplomatic ties with Britain in June 1863.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> As war with the British Empire loomed, Brazil had to turn its attention to its southern frontiers. Another civil war had begun in Uruguay which pitted its political parties against one another.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> The internal conflict led to the murder of Brazilians and the looting of their Uruguayan properties.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELira_1977,_Vol_1220-65">[65]</a> Brazil's progressive cabinet decided to intervene and dispatched an army, which invaded Uruguay in December 1864, beginning the brief <a href="/wiki/Uruguayan_War" title="Uruguayan War">Uruguayan War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> The dictator of nearby Paraguay, <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Solano_L%C3%B3pez" title="Francisco Solano López">Francisco Solano López</a>, took advantage of the Uruguayan situation in late 1864 by attempting to establish his nation as a regional power. In November of that year, he ordered a Brazilian civilian steamship seized, triggering the <a href="/wiki/Paraguayan_War" title="Paraguayan War">Paraguayan War</a>, and then invaded Brazil.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarvalho2007109-67">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELira_1977,_Vol_1227-68">[68]</a> What had appeared at the outset to be a brief and straightforward military intervention led to a full-scale war in South America's southeast. However, the possibility of a two-front conflict (with Britain and Paraguay) faded when, in September 1865, the British government sent an envoy who publicly apologized for the crisis between the empires.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalmon1975748-69">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELira_1977,_Vol_1237-70">[70]</a> The Paraguayan invasion in 1864 led to a conflict far longer than expected, and faith in the progressive cabinet's ability to prosecute the war vanished.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1999222-71">[71]</a> Also, from its inception, the Progressive League was plagued by internal conflict between factions formed by former moderate conservatives and by former liberals.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1999222-71">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENabuco1975592-72">[72]</a> The cabinet resigned and the Emperor named the aging Viscount of Itaboraí to head a new cabinet in July 1868, marking the return of the conservatives to power.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1999223-73">[73]</a> This impelled both progressive wings to set aside their differences, leading them to rechristen their party as the Liberal Party. A third, smaller and radical progressive wing would declare itself republican in 1870—an ominous signal for the monarchy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENabuco1975666-74">[74]</a> Nonetheless, the "ministry formed by the viscount of Itaboraí was a far abler body than the cabinet it replaced"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1999223-73">[73]</a> and the conflict with Paraguay ended in March 1870 with total victory for Brazil and its allies.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1999229–230-75">[75]</a> More than 50,000 Brazilian soldiers had died,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoratioto2002461-76">[76]</a> and war costs were eleven times the government's annual budget.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoratioto2002462-77">[77]</a> However, the country was so prosperous that the government was able to retire the war debt in only ten years.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalmon2002201-78">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMunro1942276-79">[79]</a> The conflict was also a stimulus to national production and economic growth.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1999243-80">[80]</a> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Apogee">Apogee</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Empire_of_Brazil&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Apogee">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Congado_in_Minas_Gerais_1876_alt.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photograph showing a group of people dressed in white, who have gathered in front of a tile-roofed farm building and observe another large group which has formed a large circle surrounding five men straddling large drums, a woman and two other men" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Congado_in_Minas_Gerais_1876_alt.png/220px-Congado_in_Minas_Gerais_1876_alt.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Congado_in_Minas_Gerais_1876_alt.png/330px-Congado_in_Minas_Gerais_1876_alt.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Congado_in_Minas_Gerais_1876_alt.png/440px-Congado_in_Minas_Gerais_1876_alt.png 2x" data-file-width="1580" data-file-height="1712" /></a><figcaption>Slaves on a farm in the province of <a href="/wiki/Minas_Gerais" title="Minas Gerais">Minas Gerais</a>, 1876</figcaption></figure> The diplomatic victory over the British Empire and the military victory over Uruguay in 1865, followed by the successful conclusion of the war with Paraguay in 1870, marked the beginning of the "<a href="/wiki/Golden_age" class="mw-redirect" title="Golden age">golden age</a>" of the Brazilian Empire.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELira_1977,_Vol_29-81">[81]</a> The Brazilian economy grew rapidly; railroad, shipping and other modernization projects were started; immigration flourished.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1999240-82">[82]</a> The Empire became known internationally as a modern and progressive nation, second only to the United States in the Americas; it was a politically stable economy with a good investment potential.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELira_1977,_Vol_29-81">[81]</a> In March 1871, Pedro II named the conservative <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Paranhos,_Viscount_of_Rio_Branco" title="José Paranhos, Viscount of Rio Branco">José Paranhos, Viscount of Rio Branco</a> as the head of a cabinet whose main goal was to pass a law to immediately free all children born to female slaves.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1999235-83">[83]</a> The controversial bill was introduced in the Chamber of Deputies in May and faced "a determined opposition, which commanded support from about one third of the deputies and which sought to organize public opinion against the measure."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1999238-84">[84]</a> The bill was finally promulgated in September and became known as the "<a href="/wiki/Law_of_Free_Birth" class="mw-redirect" title="Law of Free Birth">Law of Free Birth</a>".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1999238-84">[84]</a> Rio Branco's success, however, seriously damaged the long-term political stability of the Empire. The law "split the conservatives down the middle, one party faction backed the reforms of the Rio Branco cabinet, while the second—known as the escravocratas (English: slavocrats)—were unrelenting in their opposition", forming a new generation of ultraconservatives.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1999261-85">[85]</a> The "Law of Free Birth", and Pedro II's support for it, resulted in the loss of the ultraconservatives' unconditional loyalty to the monarchy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1999261-85">[85]</a> The Conservative Party had experienced serious divisions before, during the 1850s, when the Emperor's total support for the conciliation policy had given rise to the Progressives. The ultraconservatives led by Eusébio, Uruguai and Itaboraí who opposed conciliation in the 1850s had nonetheless believed that the Emperor was indispensable to the functioning of the political system: the Emperor was an ultimate and impartial arbiter when political deadlock threatened.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1999234,_317-86">[86]</a> By contrast, this new generation of ultraconservatives had not experienced the <a href="/wiki/Early_life_of_Pedro_II_of_Brazil#The_Regency" title="Early life of Pedro II of Brazil">Regency and early years</a> of Pedro II's reign, when external and internal dangers had threatened the Empire's very existence; they had only known prosperity, peace and a stable administration.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1999317-28">[28]</a> To them—and to the ruling classes in general—the presence of a neutral monarch who could settle political disputes was no longer important. Furthermore, since Pedro II had clearly taken a political side on the slavery question, he had compromised his position as a neutral arbiter. The young ultraconservative politicians saw no reason to uphold or defend the Imperial office.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1999318-87">[87]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Decline">Decline</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Empire_of_Brazil&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Decline">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Decline_and_fall_of_Pedro_II_of_Brazil" title="Decline and fall of Pedro II of Brazil">Decline and fall of Pedro II of Brazil</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brazil_in_1889.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A map showing the Empire and its provinces" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Brazil_in_1889.svg/260px-Brazil_in_1889.svg.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="257" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Brazil_in_1889.svg/390px-Brazil_in_1889.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Brazil_in_1889.svg/520px-Brazil_in_1889.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2008" data-file-height="1986" /></a><figcaption>The Empire of Brazil, c. 1889. Cisplatina had been lost since 1828 and two new provinces had been created since then (<a href="/wiki/Amazonas_Province_(Brazil)" title="Amazonas Province (Brazil)">Amazonas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paran%C3%A1_Province" title="Paraná Province">Paraná</a>)</figcaption></figure> The weaknesses in the monarchy took many years to become apparent. Brazil continued to prosper during the 1880s, with the economy and society both developing rapidly, including the first organized push for <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_rights_in_Brazil" title="Women's rights in Brazil">women's rights</a> (which would progress slowly over the next decades).<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> By contrast, letters written by Pedro II reveal a man grown world-weary with age, increasingly alienated from current events and pessimistic in outlook.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1999298–299-89">[89]</a> He remained diligent in performing his formal duties as Emperor, albeit often without enthusiasm, but he no longer actively intervened to maintain stability in the country.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1999299-90">[90]</a> His increasing "indifference towards the fate of the regime"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELira_1977,_Vol_3126-91">[91]</a> and his inaction to protect the imperial system once it came under threat have led historians to attribute the "prime, perhaps sole, responsibility" for the dissolution of the monarchy to the Emperor himself.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1999399-92">[92]</a> The lack of an heir who could feasibly provide a new direction for the nation also threatened the long-term prospects for the Brazilian monarchy. The Emperor's heir was his eldest daughter <a href="/wiki/Isabel,_Princess_Imperial_of_Brazil" title="Isabel, Princess Imperial of Brazil">Isabel</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Prince_Imperial_of_Brazil" title="Prince Imperial of Brazil">Princess Imperial</a>, who had no interest in, nor expectation of, becoming the monarch.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1999262–263-93">[93]</a> Even though the Constitution allowed female succession to the throne, Brazil was still a very traditional, male-dominated society, and the prevailing view was that only a male monarch would be capable as head of state.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1999130-94">[94]</a> Pedro II,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1999262-95">[95]</a> the ruling circles<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1999268-96">[96]</a> and the wider political establishment all considered a female successor to be inappropriate, and Pedro II himself believed that the death of his two sons and the lack of a male heir were a sign that the Empire was destined to be supplanted.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1999262-95">[95]</a> A weary emperor who no longer cared for the throne, an heir who had no desire to assume the crown, an increasingly discontented ruling class who were dismissive of the Imperial role in national affairs: all these factors presaged the monarchy's impending doom. The means to achieve the overthrow of the Imperial system would soon appear within the Army ranks. <a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">Republicanism</a> had never flourished in Brazil outside of certain elitist circles,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1999349-97">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELira_1977,_Vol_3121-98">[98]</a> and had little support in the provinces.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> A growing combination of republican and <a href="/wiki/Positivism" title="Positivism">positivist</a> ideals among the army's junior and mid-level officer ranks, however, began to form a serious threat to the monarchy. These officers favored a republican dictatorship, which they believed would be superior to the liberal democratic monarchy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarvalho2007195-100">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1999353-101">[101]</a> Beginning with small acts of insubordination at the beginning of the 1880s, <a href="/wiki/Military_Question" title="Military Question">discontent in the army grew</a> in scope and audacity during the decade, as the Emperor was uninterested and the politicians proved incapable of re-establishing the government's authority over the military.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1999353–355-102">[102]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fall">Fall</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Empire_of_Brazil&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Fall">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_the_Republic_(Brazil)" title="Proclamation of the Republic (Brazil)">Proclamation of the Republic (Brazil)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Povo_pa%C3%A7o_1888.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="An old photograph showing a crowded square in front of a large, white, multi-storied building" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Povo_pa%C3%A7o_1888.png/220px-Povo_pa%C3%A7o_1888.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Povo_pa%C3%A7o_1888.png/330px-Povo_pa%C3%A7o_1888.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Povo_pa%C3%A7o_1888.png/440px-Povo_pa%C3%A7o_1888.png 2x" data-file-width="1725" data-file-height="1352" /></a><figcaption>A few moments after signing the <a href="/wiki/Lei_%C3%81urea" title="Lei Áurea">Golden Law</a>, Princess <a href="/wiki/Isabel,_Princess_Imperial_of_Brazil" title="Isabel, Princess Imperial of Brazil">Isabel</a> is greeted from the central balcony of the City Palace by a huge crowd below in the street</figcaption></figure> The nation enjoyed considerable international prestige during the final years of the Empire<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETopik200056-103">[103]</a> and had become an <a href="/wiki/Emerging_power" title="Emerging power">emerging power</a> in the international arena. While Pedro II was receiving medical treatment in Europe, the parliament passed, and Princess Isabel signed on 13 May 1888, the <a href="/wiki/Lei_%C3%81urea" title="Lei Áurea">Golden Law</a>, which completely abolished slavery in Brazil.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1999341-104">[104]</a> Predictions of economic and labor disruption caused by the abolition of slavery proved to be unfounded.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1999346-105">[105]</a> Nonetheless, the end of slavery was the final blow to any remaining belief in the crown's neutrality, and this resulted in an explicit shift of support to Republicanism by the ultraconservatives<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELira_1977,_Vol_378-106">[106]</a>—themselves backed by rich and powerful coffee farmers who held great political, economic and social power in the country.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> To avert a republican backlash, the government exploited the credit readily available to Brazil as a result of its prosperity to fuel further development. The government extended massive loans at favorable interest rates to plantation owners and lavishly granted titles and lesser honors to curry favor with influential political figures who had become disaffected.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1999351-108">[108]</a> The government also indirectly began to address the problem of the recalcitrant military by revitalizing the moribund National Guard, by then an entity which existed mostly only on paper.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1999355-109">[109]</a> The measures taken by the government alarmed civilian republicans and the positivists in the military. The republicans saw that it would undercut support for their own aims, and were emboldened to further action.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1999353-101">[101]</a> The reorganization of the National Guard was begun by the cabinet in August 1889, and the creation of a rival force caused the dissidents among the officer corps to consider desperate measures.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1999356-110">[110]</a> For both groups, republicans and military, it had become a case of "now or never".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1999353–356-111">[111]</a> Although there was no desire among the majority of Brazilians to change the country's <a href="/wiki/Form_of_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Form of government">form of government</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEErmakoff2006189-112">[112]</a> republicans began pressuring army officers to overthrow the monarchy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwarcz1998450-113">[113]</a> They <a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_the_Republic_(Brazil)#Military_coup_of_November_15,_1889" title="Proclamation of the Republic (Brazil)">launched a coup and instituted the republic</a> on 15 November 1889.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> The few people who witnessed what occurred did not realize that it was a rebellion.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwarcz1998459-115">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELira_1977,_Vol_396-116">[116]</a> Historian Lídia Besouchet noted that, "[r]arely has a revolution been so minor."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBesouchet1993538-117">[117]</a> Throughout the coup Pedro II showed no emotion, as if unconcerned about the outcome.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1999361-118">[118]</a> He dismissed all suggestions put forward by politicians and military leaders for quelling the rebellion.<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> The Emperor and his family were sent into <a href="/wiki/Exile_and_death_of_Pedro_II_of_Brazil" title="Exile and death of Pedro II of Brazil">exile</a> on 17 November.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarvalho2007220-120">[120]</a> Although there was significant monarchist reaction after the fall of the Empire, this was thoroughly suppressed,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalles1996194-121">[121]</a> and neither Pedro II nor his daughter supported a restoration.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1999394-122">[122]</a> Despite being unaware of the plans for a coup, once it occurred and in light of the Emperor's passive acceptance of the situation, the political establishment supported the end of the monarchy in favor of a republic. They were unaware that the goal of the coup leaders was the creation of a <a href="/wiki/First_Brazilian_Republic" title="First Brazilian Republic">dictatorial republic</a> rather than a presidential or parliamentary republic.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELira_1977,_Vol_3119–120-123">[123]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Government">Government</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Empire_of_Brazil&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Government">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Empire_of_Brazil" title="Politics of the Empire of Brazil">Politics of the Empire of Brazil</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Parliament">Parliament</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Empire_of_Brazil&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Parliament">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Golden_law_1888_Brazilian_senate.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A photograph showing a large number of men seated on semi-circular tiers in a vaulted chamber as a large crowd looks on from an arcaded balcony" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Golden_law_1888_Brazilian_senate.png/220px-Golden_law_1888_Brazilian_senate.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Golden_law_1888_Brazilian_senate.png/330px-Golden_law_1888_Brazilian_senate.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Golden_law_1888_Brazilian_senate.png/440px-Golden_law_1888_Brazilian_senate.png 2x" data-file-width="1423" data-file-height="1080" /></a><figcaption>The Brazilian Senate voting on the <a href="/wiki/Lei_%C3%81urea" title="Lei Áurea">Golden Law</a> in 1888 as spectators watch from the gallery</figcaption></figure> Article 2 of Brazil's <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Constitution_of_1824" title="Brazilian Constitution of 1824">1824 Constitution</a> defined the roles of both the emperor and the <a href="/wiki/General_Assembly_(Brazil)" title="General Assembly (Brazil)">General Assembly of Brazil</a> which in 1824 was composed of 50 senators and 102 general deputies, as the nation's representatives. The Constitution endowed the Assembly with both status and authority, and created legislative, moderating, executive and judicial branches as "delegations of the nation" with the separation of those powers envisaged as providing balances in support of the Constitution and the rights it enshrined.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1988132-124">[124]</a> The prerogatives and authority granted to the legislature within the Constitution meant that it could and would play a major and indispensable role in the functioning of the government—it was not a mere <a href="/wiki/Rubber_stamp_(politics)" title="Rubber stamp (politics)">rubber stamp</a>. The General Assembly alone could enact, revoke, interpret, and suspend laws under Article 13 of the Constitution. The legislature also held the <a href="/wiki/Power_of_the_purse" title="Power of the purse">power of the purse</a> and was required to annually authorize expenditures and taxes. It alone approved and exercised oversight of government loans and debts. Other responsibilities entrusted to the Assembly included setting the size of the military's forces, the creation of offices within the government, monitoring the national welfare and ensuring that the government was being run in conformity to the Constitution. This last provision allowed the legislature wide authority to examine and debate government policy and conduct.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1988132–133-125">[125]</a> Regarding matters of foreign policy, the Constitution (under Article 102) required that the General Assembly be consulted about declarations of war, treaties and the conduct of international relations. A determined legislator could exploit these Constitutional provisions to block or limit government decisions, influence appointments and force reconsideration of policies.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1988133-126">[126]</a> During its annual four-month sessions the Assembly conducted public debates. These were widely reported and formed a national forum for the expression of public concerns from all parts of the country. It was frequently a venue for expressing opposition to policies and airing grievances. Legislators enjoyed immunity from prosecution for speeches made from the floor and in the discharge of their offices. Only their own chambers within the Assembly could order the arrest of a member during his tenure. "With no actual responsibility for the actual conduct of affairs, the legislators were free to propose sweeping reforms, advocate ideal solutions, and denounce compromising and opportunistic conduct by the government."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1988133-126">[126]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Emperor_and_council_of_ministers">Emperor and council of ministers</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Empire_of_Brazil&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Emperor and council of ministers">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pedro_II_of_Brazil_and_politicians.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="An illustration depicting the large head and shoulders of a bearded man superimposed over a large number of smaller male portrait busts" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Pedro_II_of_Brazil_and_politicians.jpg/260px-Pedro_II_of_Brazil_and_politicians.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Pedro_II_of_Brazil_and_politicians.jpg/390px-Pedro_II_of_Brazil_and_politicians.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Pedro_II_of_Brazil_and_politicians.jpg/520px-Pedro_II_of_Brazil_and_politicians.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2250" data-file-height="1616" /></a><figcaption>Emperor Pedro II surrounded by prominent politicians and national figures c. 1875</figcaption></figure> The emperor was the head of both the <a href="/wiki/Moderating_power_(Empire_of_Brazil)" title="Moderating power (Empire of Brazil)">moderating</a> and executive branches (being aided by the <a href="/wiki/Privy_council" title="Privy council">Council of State</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_(government)" title="Cabinet (government)">Council of Ministers</a>, respectively); he had the final say and held ultimate control over the national government.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1988132-124">[124]</a> He was tasked with ensuring national independence and stability. The Constitution (Article 101) gave him very few avenues for imposing his will upon the General Assembly. His main recourse was the right to dissolve or extend legislative sessions. In the Senate, an emperor's authority to appoint senators did not necessarily give him added influence since senators held their offices for life and were thus freed from government pressure once confirmed. On those occasions when the Chamber of Deputies was dissolved, new elections were required to be held immediately and the new Chamber seated. "This power was effective when held in reserve as a threat. It could not be employed repeatedly, nor would its use work to the emperor's advantage."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1988133-126">[126]</a> During the reign of <a href="/wiki/Pedro_I_of_Brazil" title="Pedro I of Brazil">Pedro I</a>, the Chamber of Deputies was never dissolved and legislative sessions were never extended or postponed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEViana1994476-127">[127]</a> Under <a href="/wiki/Pedro_II_of_Brazil" title="Pedro II of Brazil">Pedro II</a>, the Chamber of Deputies was only ever dissolved at the request of the <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Brazil" title="Prime Minister of Brazil">president of the Council of Ministers</a> (prime minister). There were eleven dissolutions during Pedro II's reign and, of these, ten occurred after consultation with the <a href="/wiki/Privy_council" title="Privy council">Council of State</a>, which was beyond what was required by the Constitution.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarvalho199342-128">[128]</a> A constitutional balance of power existed between the General Assembly and the executive branch under the emperor. The legislature could not operate alone and the monarch could not force his will upon the Assembly. In practice, the system functioned smoothly only when both Assembly and Emperor acted in a spirit of cooperation for the national good.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1988133-126">[126]</a> A new element was added when the office of "president of the Council of Ministers" was formally created in 1847—although the role had existed informally since 1843. The president of the Council owed his position to both his party and to the Emperor and these could sometimes come into conflict. 19th-century abolitionist leader and historian <a href="/wiki/Joaquim_Nabuco" title="Joaquim Nabuco">Joaquim Nabuco</a> said that the "president of the Council in Brazil was no Russian <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_(Russia)" title="Chancellor (Russia)">chancellor</a>, Sovereign's creature, nor a <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prime Minister of the United Kingdom">British prime minister</a>, made only by the trust of the [House of] <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="House of Commons of the United Kingdom">Commons</a>: the <a href="/wiki/Delegation" title="Delegation">delegation</a> of the Crown was to him as necessary and important as the delegation of the Chamber, and, to exert with safety his functions, he had to dominate the caprice, the oscillations and ambitions of the Parliament, as well as to preserve always unalterable the favor, the good will of the emperor."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENabuco1975712-129">[129]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Provincial_and_local_government">Provincial and local government</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Empire_of_Brazil&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Provincial and local government">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:284px;max-width:284px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:282px;max-width:282px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Belem_1889_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photograph looking across water with a small sail boat in the foreground and buildings along the shore in the background" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Belem_1889_02.jpg/280px-Belem_1889_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Belem_1889_02.jpg/420px-Belem_1889_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Belem_1889_02.jpg/560px-Belem_1889_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1333" data-file-height="665" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Bel%C3%A9m" title="Belém">Belém</a>, a medium-sized city and capital of <a href="/wiki/Par%C3%A1" title="Pará">Pará</a> province (Brazilian <a href="/wiki/North_Region,_Brazil" title="North Region, Brazil">north</a>), 1889</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:282px;max-width:282px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Salvador_bahia_panorama_1870.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photograph looking down a hillside overlooking the buildings of a town with a harbor beyond which is crowded with various vessels" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Salvador_bahia_panorama_1870.jpg/280px-Salvador_bahia_panorama_1870.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Salvador_bahia_panorama_1870.jpg/420px-Salvador_bahia_panorama_1870.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Salvador_bahia_panorama_1870.jpg/560px-Salvador_bahia_panorama_1870.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2744" data-file-height="1124" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Salvador,_Bahia" title="Salvador, Bahia">Salvador</a>, a large city and capital of Bahia province (Brazilian northeast), 1870</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:282px;max-width:282px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Rio_de_janeiro_1889_04.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photograph looking down over the rooftops of a large city with hills and a waterway in the far distance" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Rio_de_janeiro_1889_04.jpg/280px-Rio_de_janeiro_1889_04.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Rio_de_janeiro_1889_04.jpg/420px-Rio_de_janeiro_1889_04.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Rio_de_janeiro_1889_04.jpg/560px-Rio_de_janeiro_1889_04.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2744" data-file-height="1272" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro" title="Rio de Janeiro">Rio de Janeiro</a>, a metropolis and imperial capital, 1889 (Brazilian southeast). All provinces had great autonomy in relation to the national government.</div></div></div></div></div> When enacted in 1824, the Imperial Constitution created the Conselho Geral de Província (Provincial General Council), the legislature of the <a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Brazil" title="Provinces of Brazil">provinces</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDolhnikoff200559-130">[130]</a> This council was composed of either 21 or 13 elected members, depending on the size of a province's population.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDolhnikoff200560-131">[131]</a> All "resolutions" (laws) created by the councils required approval by the General Assembly, with no right of appeal.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDolhnikoff200560-131">[131]</a> Provincial Councils also had no authority to raise revenues, and their budgets had to be debated and ratified by the General Assembly.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDolhnikoff200560-131">[131]</a> Provinces had no autonomy and were entirely subordinate to the national government.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDolhnikoff200559-130">[130]</a> With the 1834 constitutional amendment known as the <a href="/wiki/1834_Additional_Act" title="1834 Additional Act">Additional Act</a>, Provincial General Councils were supplanted by the Assembleias Legislativas Provinciais (Provincial Legislative Assemblies). The new Assemblies enjoyed much greater autonomy from the national government.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDolhnikoff200564,_97-132">[132]</a> A Provincial Assembly was composed of 36, 28 or 20 elected deputies, the number depending on the size of the province's population.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDolhnikoff200597-133">[133]</a> The election of provincial deputies followed the same procedure as used to elect general deputies to the national Chamber of Deputies.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDolhnikoff200597-133">[133]</a> The responsibilities of the Provincial Assembly included defining provincial and municipal budgets and levying the taxes necessary to support them; providing primary and secondary schools (higher education was the responsibility of the national government); oversight and control of provincial and municipal expenditures; and providing for law enforcement and maintenance of police forces. The Assemblies also controlled the creation and abolishment of, and salaries for, positions within provincial and municipal civil services. The nomination, suspension and dismissal of civil servants was reserved for the president (governor) of the province, but how and under what circumstances he could exercise these prerogatives was delineated by the Assembly. The <a href="/wiki/Eminent_domain" title="Eminent domain">expropriation of private property</a> (with due monetary compensation) for provincial or municipal interests was also a right of the Assembly.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDolhnikoff200599-134">[134]</a> In effect, the Provincial Assembly could enact any kind of law—with no ratification by Parliament—so long as such local laws did not violate or encroach upon the Constitution. However, provinces were not permitted to legislate in the areas of criminal law, criminal procedure laws, civil rights and obligations, the armed forces, the national budget or matters concerning national interests, such as foreign relations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDolhnikoff2005100-135">[135]</a> The provincial presidents were appointed by the national government and were, in theory, charged with governing the province. In practice, however, their power was intangible, varying from province to province based upon each president's relative degree of personal influence and personal character. Since the national government wanted to ensure their loyalty, presidents were, in most cases, sent to a province in which they had no political, familial or other ties.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDolhnikoff2005102-136">[136]</a> To prevent them from developing any strong local interests or support, presidents would be limited to terms of only a few months in office.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDolhnikoff2005102-136">[136]</a> As the president usually spent a great deal of time away from the province, often traveling to their native province or the imperial capital, the de facto governor was the vice-president, who was chosen by the Provincial Assembly and was usually a local politician.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDolhnikoff2005103-137">[137]</a> With little power to undermine provincial autonomy, the president was an agent of the central government with little function beyond conveying its interests to the provincial political bosses. Presidents could be used by the national government to influence, or even rig, elections, although to be effective the president had to rely on provincial and local politicians who belonged to his own political party. This interdependency created a complex relationship which was based upon exchanges of favors, private interests, party goals, negotiations, and other political maneuvering.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDolhnikoff2005110–112-138">[138]</a> The câmara municipal (town council) was the governing body in towns and cities and had existed in Brazil since the beginning of the colonial period in the 16th century. The Chamber was composed of vereadores (councilmen), the number of which depended on the size of the town.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDolhnikoff2005118-139">[139]</a> Unlike the Provincial General Council, the Constitution gave town councils great autonomy. However, when the Provincial Assembly replaced the Provincial General Council in 1834, many of the powers of town councils (including the setting of municipal budgets, oversight of expenditures, creation of jobs, and the nomination of civil servants) were transferred to the provincial government. Additionally, any laws enacted by the town council had to be ratified by the Provincial Assembly—but not by Parliament.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDolhnikoff200583-140">[140]</a> While the 1834 Additional Act granted greater autonomy to the provinces from the central government, it transferred the towns' remaining autonomy to the provincial governments.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDolhnikoff2005118–119-141">[141]</a> There was no office of mayor, and towns were governed by a town council and its president (who was the councilman who won the most votes during elections).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERodrigues1863134–135-142">[142]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Elections">Elections</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Empire_of_Brazil&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Elections">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Family_from_cear%C3%A1_1880.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="An old photograph depicting a group of poorly clad people in fronto of a small hut constructed of small tree branches" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Family_from_cear%C3%A1_1880.jpg/220px-Family_from_cear%C3%A1_1880.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Family_from_cear%C3%A1_1880.jpg/330px-Family_from_cear%C3%A1_1880.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Family_from_cear%C3%A1_1880.jpg/440px-Family_from_cear%C3%A1_1880.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1965" data-file-height="1525" /></a><figcaption>A very poor family of <a href="/wiki/Caboclo" title="Caboclo">caboclos</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cear%C3%A1" title="Ceará">Ceará</a> province (Brazilian northeast), 1880. In practice, any employed male citizen could qualify to vote, so most electors had low incomes</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Inauguration_of_railroad_bridge_brazil_1888.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="An old photograph showing a crowd of people in the foreground with a steel bridge spanning a river in the background" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Inauguration_of_railroad_bridge_brazil_1888.jpg/220px-Inauguration_of_railroad_bridge_brazil_1888.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Inauguration_of_railroad_bridge_brazil_1888.jpg/330px-Inauguration_of_railroad_bridge_brazil_1888.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Inauguration_of_railroad_bridge_brazil_1888.jpg/440px-Inauguration_of_railroad_bridge_brazil_1888.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3488" data-file-height="2472" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/White_Brazilians" title="White Brazilians">White Brazilians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Afro-Brazilians" title="Afro-Brazilians">afro-descendants</a> gathered in the Rio de Janeiro province (Brazilian southeast), c. 1888. Brazil's 19th-century elections were very democratic for the time, but were plagued by <a href="/wiki/Electoral_fraud" title="Electoral fraud">fraud</a></figcaption></figure> Until 1881, voting was mandatory<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarvalho200829-143">[143]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indirect_election" title="Indirect election">elections occurred in two stages</a>. In the first phase voters chose electors who then selected a slate of senatorial candidates. The emperor would choose a new senator (member of the Senate, the <a href="/wiki/Upper_house" title="Upper house">upper house</a> in the General Assembly) from a list of the three candidates who had received the highest number of votes. The electors also chose the General Deputies (members of the Chamber of Deputies, the <a href="/wiki/Lower_house" title="Lower house">lower house</a>), provincial deputies (members of the <a href="/wiki/States_of_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="States of Brazil">Provincial Assemblies</a>) and councilmen (members of the town councils) without the involvement of the emperor in making a final selection.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVainfas2002223-144">[144]</a> All men over the age of 25 with an annual income of at least Rs 100$000 (or 100,000 réis; the equivalent in 1824 to $98 US<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1988124-145">[145]</a>) were <a href="/wiki/Suffrage" title="Suffrage">eligible to vote</a> in the first phase. The voting age was lowered to 21 for married men. To become an elector it was necessary to have an annual income of at least Rs 200$000.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVainfas2002223-144">[144]</a> The Brazilian system was relatively democratic for a period during which indirect elections were common in democracies. The income requirement was much higher in the United Kingdom, even after the <a href="/wiki/Reform_Act_1832" title="Reform Act 1832">reforms of 1832</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarvalho200830-146">[146]</a> At the time the only nations not requiring a minimum level of income as a qualification for voting were France and Switzerland where <a href="/wiki/Universal_suffrage" title="Universal suffrage">universal suffrage</a> was introduced only in 1848.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVainfas2002139-147">[147]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarvalho200831-148">[148]</a> It is probable that no European country at the time had such liberal legislation as Brazil.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarvalho200830-146">[146]</a> The income requirement was low enough that any employed male citizen could qualify to vote.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1988124-145">[145]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarvalho200831-148">[148]</a> As an illustration, the lowest paid civil employee in 1876 was a janitor who earned Rs 600$000 annually.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarvalho200830-146">[146]</a> Most voters in Brazil had a low income.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarvalho199346-149">[149]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVainfas2002224-150">[150]</a> For example, in the <a href="/wiki/Minas_Gerais" title="Minas Gerais">Minas Gerais</a> town of <a href="/wiki/Formiga,_Minas_Gerais" title="Formiga, Minas Gerais">Formiga</a> in 1876, the poor constituted 70% of the electorate. In Irajá in the province of <a href="/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro_(state)" title="Rio de Janeiro (state)">Rio de Janeiro</a>, the poor were 87% of the electorate.<a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a> Former slaves could not vote, but their children and grandchildren could,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVainfas2002139-147">[147]</a> as could the illiterate<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarvalho2007180-152">[152]</a> (which few countries allowed).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarvalho199346-149">[149]</a> In 1872, 10.8% of the Brazilian population voted<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVainfas2002224-150">[150]</a> (13% of the non-slave population).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarvalho199348-153">[153]</a> By comparison, electoral participation in the UK in 1870 was 7% of the total population; in <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Italy</a> it was 2%; in Portugal 9%; and in the Netherlands 2.5%.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVainfas2002139-147">[147]</a> In 1832, the year of the British electoral reform, 3% of the British voted. Further reforms in 1867 and 1884 expanded electoral participation in the UK to 15%.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarvalho200839-154">[154]</a> Although <a href="/wiki/Electoral_fraud" title="Electoral fraud">electoral fraud</a> was common, it was not ignored by the Emperor, politicians or observers of the time. The problem was considered a major issue and attempts were made to correct abuses,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVainfas2002223-144">[144]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarvalho2007180-152">[152]</a> with legislation (including the electoral reforms of 1855, 1875 and 1881) repeatedly being enacted to combat fraud.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarvalho200833-155">[155]</a> The 1881 reforms brought significant changes: they eliminated the two-stage electoral system, introduced direct and facultative voting,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarvalho199351-156">[156]</a> and allowed the votes of former slaves and enfranchised non-Catholics.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVainfas2002224-150">[150]</a> Conversely, illiterate citizens were no longer allowed to vote.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVainfas2002224-150">[150]</a> Participation in elections dropped from 13% to only 0.8% in 1886.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVainfas2002224-150">[150]</a> In 1889, about 15% of the Brazilian population could read and write, so disenfranchising the illiterate does not solely explain the sudden fall in voting percentages.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarvalho200284–85-157">[157]</a> The discontinuation of mandatory voting and <a href="/wiki/Voter_apathy" class="mw-redirect" title="Voter apathy">voter apathy</a> may have been significant factors contributing to the reduction in the number of voters.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarvalho200291-158">[158]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Armed_forces">Armed forces</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Empire_of_Brazil&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Armed forces">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_the_Empire_of_Brazil" title="Armed Forces of the Empire of Brazil">Armed Forces of the Empire of Brazil</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oficiais_brasileiros_canhao_1886.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A photograph depicting a group of five uniformed men posed between a pyramid of artillery shells on the left and a wheeled field artillery piece on the right" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Oficiais_brasileiros_canhao_1886.png/220px-Oficiais_brasileiros_canhao_1886.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Oficiais_brasileiros_canhao_1886.png/330px-Oficiais_brasileiros_canhao_1886.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Oficiais_brasileiros_canhao_1886.png/440px-Oficiais_brasileiros_canhao_1886.png 2x" data-file-width="1743" data-file-height="1051" /></a><figcaption>Brazilian Army officers, 1886</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Riachuelo_1885.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A photograph showing a steamship in port, fully dressed with flags and a single visible gun turret towards the bow" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Riachuelo_1885.jpg/220px-Riachuelo_1885.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Riachuelo_1885.jpg/330px-Riachuelo_1885.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Riachuelo_1885.jpg/440px-Riachuelo_1885.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="716" /></a><figcaption>The Brazilian <a href="/wiki/Ironclad_warship" title="Ironclad warship">ironclad warship</a> <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_battleship_Riachuelo" title="Brazilian battleship Riachuelo">Riachuelo</a>, 1885</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shipyard_rio_de_janeiro.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A photograph with two steamships resting in a dewatered drydock with a building housing the engine for operating the lock's gates in the background" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Shipyard_rio_de_janeiro.png/220px-Shipyard_rio_de_janeiro.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Shipyard_rio_de_janeiro.png/330px-Shipyard_rio_de_janeiro.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Shipyard_rio_de_janeiro.png/440px-Shipyard_rio_de_janeiro.png 2x" data-file-width="2803" data-file-height="2193" /></a><figcaption>Shipyard in Rio de Janeiro city, c. 1862</figcaption></figure> Under Articles 102 and 148 of the Constitution, the Armed Forces were subordinate to the emperor as <a href="/wiki/Commander-in-chief" title="Commander-in-chief">commander-in-chief</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERodrigues186379,_117-159">[159]</a> He was aided by the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_War_(Brazil)" title="Ministry of War (Brazil)">Ministry of War</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Navy_(Brazil)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Navy (Brazil)">Ministry of Navy</a> in matters concerning the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Brazilian_Army" title="Imperial Brazilian Army">Army</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Brazilian_Navy" title="Imperial Brazilian Navy">Armada</a> (Navy)—although the president of the Council of Ministers usually exercised oversight of both branches in practice. The ministers of War and Navy were, with few exceptions, civilians.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarvalho2007193-160">[160]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELira_1977,_Vol_384-161">[161]</a> The military was organized along similar lines to the British and American armed forces of the time, in which a small standing army could quickly augment its strength during emergencies from a reserve militia force (in Brazil, the National Guard). Brazil's first line of defense relied upon a large and powerful navy to protect against foreign attack. As a matter of policy, the military was to be <a href="/wiki/Civilian_control_of_the_military" class="mw-redirect" title="Civilian control of the military">completely obedient</a> to civilian governmental control and to remain at arm's length from involvement in political decisions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPedrosa2004289-162">[162]</a> Military personnel were allowed to run for and serve in political office while remaining on active duty. However they did not represent the Army or the Armada, but were instead expected to serve the interests of the city or province which had elected them.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarvalho2007193-160">[160]</a> Pedro I chose nine military officers as <a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Senate of Brazil">senators</a> and appointed five (out of fourteen) to the <a href="/wiki/Privy_council" title="Privy council">Council of State</a>. During the Regency, two were named to the Senate and none to the Council of State (this body was dormant during the Regency). Pedro II chose four officers as senators during the 1840s, two in the 1850s and three others during the remaining years of his reign. He also appointed seven officers to be state councilors during the 1840s and 1850s, and three others after that.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolanda1974241–242-163">[163]</a> The Brazilian Armed Forces were created in the aftermath of Independence. They were originally composed of Brazilian- and Portuguese-born officers and troops who had remained loyal to the government in Rio de Janeiro during the war of secession from Portugal. The Armed Forces were crucial to the successful outcomes of international conflicts faced by the Empire, starting with Independence (1822–1824), followed by the <a href="/wiki/Cisplatine_War" title="Cisplatine War">Cisplatine War</a> (1825–1828), then the <a href="/wiki/Platine_War" title="Platine War">Platine War</a> (1851–1852), the <a href="/wiki/Uruguayan_War" title="Uruguayan War">Uruguayan War</a> (1864–1865), and finally, the <a href="/wiki/Paraguayan_War" title="Paraguayan War">Paraguayan War</a> (1864–1870). They also played a part in quelling rebellions, beginning with the <a href="/wiki/Confederation_of_the_Equator" title="Confederation of the Equator">Confederation of the Equator</a> (1824) under Pedro I, followed by the uprisings during Pedro II's early reign, such as the <a href="/wiki/Ragamuffin_War" title="Ragamuffin War">Ragamuffin War</a> (1835–1845), <a href="/wiki/Cabanagem" title="Cabanagem">Cabanagem</a> (1835–1840), <a href="/wiki/Balaiada" title="Balaiada">Balaiada</a> (1838–1841), among others.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVainfas2002548-164">[164]</a> The Armada was constantly being modernized with the latest developments in naval warfare. It adopted steam navigation in the 1830s, ironclad plate armor in the 1860s, and torpedoes in the 1880s. By 1889, Brazil had the fifth or sixth most powerful navy in the world,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalmon2002265-165">[165]</a> and the most powerful battleships in the <a href="/wiki/Western_hemisphere" class="mw-redirect" title="Western hemisphere">western hemisphere</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParkinson2008128-166">[166]</a> The Army, despite its highly experienced and battle-hardened officer corps, was plagued during peacetime by units which were badly paid, inadequately equipped, poorly trained and thinly spread across the vast Empire.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELira_1977,_Vol_370-167">[167]</a> Dissension resulting from inadequate government attention to Army needs was restrained under the generation of officers who had begun their careers during the 1820s. These officers were loyal to the monarchy, believed the military should be under <a href="/wiki/Civilian_control_of_the_military" class="mw-redirect" title="Civilian control of the military">civilian control</a>, and abhorred the <a href="/wiki/Caudillo" title="Caudillo">caudillism</a> (Hispanic American dictatorships) against which they had fought. However, by the early 1880s, this generation (including commanders such as the <a href="/wiki/Lu%C3%ADs_Alves_de_Lima_e_Silva,_Duke_of_Caxias" title="Luís Alves de Lima e Silva, Duke of Caxias">Duke of Caxias</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Marques_de_Sousa,_Count_of_Porto_Alegre" title="Manuel Marques de Sousa, Count of Porto Alegre">Count of Porto Alegre</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Lu%C3%ADs_Os%C3%B3rio,_Marquis_of_Erval" title="Manuel Luís Osório, Marquis of Erval">Marquis of Erval</a>) had died, were retired, or no longer exercised direct command.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarvalho2007195-100">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELira_1977,_Vol_369-168">[168]</a> Dissatisfaction became more evident during the 1880s, and some officers began to display open insubordination. The Emperor and the politicians did nothing to improve the military nor meet their demands.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1999321-169">[169]</a> The dissemination of <a href="/wiki/Positivism" title="Positivism">positivist</a> ideology among young officers brought further complications, as positivism opposed the monarchy under the belief that a dictatorial republic would bring improvements.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1999353-101">[101]</a> A coalition between a mutinous Army faction and the positivist camp was formed and directly led to the republican coup on 15 November 1889.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarvalho2007196-170">[170]</a> Battalions and even full regiments of soldiers loyal to the Empire, who shared the ideals of the older generation of leaders, attempted to restore the monarchy. Attempts at a restoration proved futile and supporters of the Empire were executed, arrested or forcibly retired.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETopik200064,_66,_235-171">[171]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_relations">Foreign relations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Empire_of_Brazil&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Foreign relations">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brazil_contested_territores_before_1900.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Brazil_contested_territores_before_1900.jpg/290px-Brazil_contested_territores_before_1900.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="348" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Brazil_contested_territores_before_1900.jpg/435px-Brazil_contested_territores_before_1900.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5f/Brazil_contested_territores_before_1900.jpg 2x" data-file-width="516" data-file-height="620" /></a><figcaption>By 1889, most of Brazil's borders had been established by international treaties, with a few contested areas<a href="#cite_note-172">[A]</a></figcaption></figure> Upon independence from Portugal, the immediate focus of Brazil's foreign policy was to gain widespread <a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_recognition" title="Diplomatic recognition">international recognition</a>. There is no consensus about which countries were the first to recognize the independence of Brazil. According to historian Toby Green, they were the African states of <a href="/wiki/Dahomey" title="Dahomey">Dahomey</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_Lagos" title="History of Lagos">Onim</a> in 1822 and 1823 respectively<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreen2020309-173">[172]</a> while researcher Rodrigo Wiese Randig argues that it was the <a href="/wiki/United_Provinces_of_the_R%C3%ADo_de_la_Plata" title="United Provinces of the Río de la Plata">United Provinces of the Río de la Plata</a> around June 1823,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiese_Randig2017505-174">[173]</a> followed by the United States in May 1824,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiese_Randig2017518-175">[174]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Benin" title="Kingdom of Benin">Kingdom of Benin</a> in July 1824.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiese_Randig2017519-176">[175]</a> Other nations followed in establishing diplomatic relations over the next few years.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERodrigues1975174,_177,_180,_181,_182-177">[176]</a> Portugal recognized the separation in August 1825.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERodrigues1975148-178">[177]</a> The Brazilian government subsequently made it a priority to establish its international borders through treaties with its neighbors. The task of securing recognized frontiers was complicated by the fact that, between 1777 and 1801, Portugal and Spain had annulled their previous treaties setting out the borders between their American colonial empires.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVainfas2002301-179">[178]</a> However, the Empire was able to sign several bilateral treaties with neighbors, including Uruguay (1851), Peru (1851 and 1874), the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_New_Granada" title="Republic of New Granada">Republic of New Granada</a> (later Colombia, 1853), Venezuela (1859), Bolivia (1867) and Paraguay (1872).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEViana1994525-180">[179]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVainfas2002302-181">[180]</a> By 1889, most of its borders were firmly established. The remaining issues—including the purchase of the region of <a href="/wiki/Acre_(state)" title="Acre (state)">Acre</a> from Bolivia which would give Brazil its present-day configuration<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEViana1994578-182">[181]</a>—were only finally resolved after the country became a republic.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEViana1994575-183">[182]</a> A number of conflicts occurred between the Empire and its neighbors. Brazil experienced no serious conflicts with its neighbors to the north and west, due to the buffer of the nearly impenetrable and sparsely populated Amazonian rainforest.<a href="#cite_note-184">[B]</a> In the south, however, the colonial disputes inherited from Portugal and Spain over the control of the navigable rivers and plains which formed the frontiers continued after independence.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVainfas2002329-185">[183]</a> The lack of mutually agreed borders in this area led to several international conflicts, from the <a href="/wiki/Cisplatine_War" title="Cisplatine War">Cisplatine War</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Paraguayan_War" title="Paraguayan War">Paraguayan War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVainfas2002323–324-186">[184]</a> "Brazil is, next to ourselves, the great power on the American continent", affirmed <a href="/wiki/James_Watson_Webb" title="James Watson Webb">James Watson Webb</a>, the US minister to Brazil, in 1867.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith20107-187">[185]</a> The Empire's rise was noticed as early as 1844 by <a href="/wiki/John_C._Calhoun" title="John C. Calhoun">John C. Calhoun</a>, the US Secretary of State: "Next to the United States, Brazil is the most wealthy, the greatest and the most firmly established of all the American powers."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith201018-188">[186]</a> By the early 1870s,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELira_1977,_Vol_29-81">[81]</a> the international reputation of the Empire of Brazil had improved considerably, and it remained well-regarded internationally until its end in 1889.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETopik200056-103">[103]</a> <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Columbus_Andrews" title="Christopher Columbus Andrews">Christopher Columbus Andrews</a>, an American diplomat in the Brazilian capital in the 1880s, later recalled Brazil as an "important Empire" in his memoirs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1999306-189">[187]</a> In 1871, Brazil was invited to arbitrate the dispute between the United States and Britain which became known as the <a href="/wiki/Alabama_Claims" title="Alabama Claims">Alabama Claims</a>. In 1880, the Empire acted as arbiter between the United States and France over the damage caused to US nationals during the <a href="/wiki/Second_French_intervention_in_Mexico" title="Second French intervention in Mexico">French intervention in Mexico</a>. In 1884, Brazil was called upon to arbitrate between Chile and several other nations (namely France, Italy, Britain, Germany, Belgium, Austria-Hungary and Switzerland) over damages arising from the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Pacific" title="War of the Pacific">War of the Pacific</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERodrigues1995208-190">[188]</a> The Brazilian government eventually felt confident enough to negotiate a trade deal with the United States in 1889, the first to be undertaken with any nation since the disastrous and exploitative trade treaty with Britain in 1826 (canceled in 1844). American historian Steven C. Topik said that Pedro II's "quest for a trade treaty with the United States was part of a grander strategy to increase national sovereignty and autonomy." Unlike the circumstances of the previous pact, the Empire was in a strong position to insist on favorable trade terms, as negotiations occurred during a time of Brazilian domestic prosperity and international prestige.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETopik200060-191">[189]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Empire_of_Brazil&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Economy">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Empire_of_Brazil" title="Economy of the Empire of Brazil">Economy of the Empire of Brazil</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Currency">Currency</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Empire_of_Brazil&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Currency">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_real_(old)" title="Brazilian real (old)">Brazilian real (old)</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti" /><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Papel-moeda_-_500_r%C3%A9is.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photograph of a banknote containing a picture of a bearded man in the center and the number 500 printed in the corners" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Papel-moeda_-_500_r%C3%A9is.jpg/200px-Papel-moeda_-_500_r%C3%A9is.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Papel-moeda_-_500_r%C3%A9is.jpg/300px-Papel-moeda_-_500_r%C3%A9is.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Papel-moeda_-_500_r%C3%A9is.jpg/400px-Papel-moeda_-_500_r%C3%A9is.jpg 2x" data-file-width="868" data-file-height="420" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">500 réis (royals) or Rs 500</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Papel-moeda_-_1000_r%C3%A9is.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photograph of a banknote containing a picture of a bearded man on the right side and a large printed number 1 on the left side" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Papel-moeda_-_1000_r%C3%A9is.jpg/200px-Papel-moeda_-_1000_r%C3%A9is.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="82" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Papel-moeda_-_1000_r%C3%A9is.jpg/300px-Papel-moeda_-_1000_r%C3%A9is.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Papel-moeda_-_1000_r%C3%A9is.jpg/400px-Papel-moeda_-_1000_r%C3%A9is.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="656" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">1,000 réis (royals) or Rs 1$000 or milréis (thousand royals)</div></div></div></div></div> The unit of currency from the Empire's founding, and until 1942, was the real ("royal" in English, its plural form was réis and is reais in modern Portuguese), and was derived from the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_real" title="Portuguese real">Portuguese real</a>. It was usually called milréis (English: thousand royals) and written as 1$000. A thousand milréis (1:000$000)—or one million réis—was known as conto de réis.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1999XVI-192">[190]</a> One conto de réis was represented by the symbol Rs written before the value and by a dollar sign was written before any amounts lower than 1,000 réis. Thus, 350 réis was written as "Rs 350"; 1,712 réis as "Rs 1$712"; and 1,020,800 réis was written as "Rs 1:020$800". For millions, a period was used as a separator between millions, billions, trillions, etc. (e.g., 1 billion réis was written as "Rs 1.000:000$000"). A colon functioned to separate millions from thousands, and the $ sign (typically written as <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1053990823">.mw-parser-output .cifrao-symbol{font-family:Bodoni MT,Big Caslon,Garamond,Baskerville,Brush Script MT}</style><a href="/wiki/File:Cifr%C3%A3o_symbol_(narrow).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Dollar sign with two vertical lines" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Cifr%C3%A3o_symbol_%28narrow%29.svg/11px-Cifr%C3%A3o_symbol_%28narrow%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Cifr%C3%A3o_symbol_%28narrow%29.svg/17px-Cifr%C3%A3o_symbol_%28narrow%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Cifr%C3%A3o_symbol_%28narrow%29.svg/22px-Cifr%C3%A3o_symbol_%28narrow%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="8" data-file-height="16" /></a>) was inserted between thousands and hundreds (999 or fewer).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraça_Filho200421-193">[191]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Overview">Overview</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Empire_of_Brazil&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Overview">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fabrica_brasil_1880.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A photograph showing the interior of a large factory building with lighting provided by overhead skylights, underneath which is suspended a line shaft providing power via pulley belts to various machines on the factory floor, some of which dwarf workers standing by their stations" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Fabrica_brasil_1880.jpg/220px-Fabrica_brasil_1880.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Fabrica_brasil_1880.jpg/330px-Fabrica_brasil_1880.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Fabrica_brasil_1880.jpg/440px-Fabrica_brasil_1880.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2055" data-file-height="1653" /></a><figcaption>A Brazilian factory, 1880</figcaption></figure> Brazil's <a href="/wiki/International_trade" title="International trade">international trade</a> reached a total value of Rs 79.000:000$000 between 1834 and 1839. This continued to increase every year until it reached Rs 472.000:000$000 between 1886 and 1887: an annual growth rate of 3.88% since 1839.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESodré2004201-194">[192]</a> The absolute value of exports from the Empire in 1850 was the highest in Latin America, and triple that of Argentina which was in fourth place. Brazil would keep its high standing in exports and general economic growth until the end of the monarchy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaustoDevoto200547-195">[193]</a> Brazilian economic expansion, especially after 1850, compared well with that of the United States and European nations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaustoDevoto200550-196">[194]</a> The national tax revenue amounted to Rs 11.795:000$000 in 1831 and rose to Rs 160.840:000$000 in 1889. By 1858, national tax revenues ranked as the eighth-largest in the world.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELira_1977,_Vol_1200-197">[195]</a> Imperial Brazil was, despite its progress, a country where wealth was very unequally distributed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1988218,_236,_237-198">[196]</a> However, for purposes of comparison, according to historian Steven C. Topik, in the United States, "by 1890, 80 percent of the population lived on the margin of subsistence, while 20 percent controlled almost all wealth."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETopik200019-199">[197]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fazenda_Santa_Genebra_S%C3%A3o_Paulo_1880.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A photograph showing workers spreading or gathering coffee beans drying on a large paved plaza with an elegant, two-story neoclassical building on the left and warehouses and other plantation buildings in the background" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Fazenda_Santa_Genebra_S%C3%A3o_Paulo_1880.jpg/220px-Fazenda_Santa_Genebra_S%C3%A3o_Paulo_1880.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Fazenda_Santa_Genebra_S%C3%A3o_Paulo_1880.jpg/330px-Fazenda_Santa_Genebra_S%C3%A3o_Paulo_1880.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Fazenda_Santa_Genebra_S%C3%A3o_Paulo_1880.jpg/440px-Fazenda_Santa_Genebra_S%C3%A3o_Paulo_1880.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2736" data-file-height="1804" /></a><figcaption>A coffee farm in São Paulo province, 1880</figcaption></figure> As new technologies appeared, and with increases in internal productivity, exports increased considerably. This made it possible to reach equilibrium in the <a href="/wiki/Balance_of_trade" title="Balance of trade">balance of trade</a>. During the 1820s sugar constituted about 30% of total exports while cotton constituted 21%, coffee 18% and leather and <a href="/wiki/Skinning" title="Skinning">skins</a> 14%. Twenty years later, coffee would reach 42%, sugar 27%, leather and skins 9%, and cotton 8% of the total exports. This did not mean a reduction in the production of any of these items and, in fact, the opposite occurred. Growth occurred in all sectors, some more than others. In the period between 1820 and 1840, Fausto says "Brazilian exports had doubled in volume and had tripled in nominal value" while the valuation denominated in <a href="/wiki/Pounds_sterling" class="mw-redirect" title="Pounds sterling">pounds sterling</a> increased by over 40%.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaustoDevoto200546-200">[198]</a> Brazil was not the only country where agriculture played an important role on exports. Around 1890, in the United States, by then the richest nation in the Americas, agricultural goods represented 80% of all its exports.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETopik200033-201">[199]</a> In the 1820s, Brazil exported 11,000 tons of <a href="/wiki/Theobroma_cacao" title="Theobroma cacao">cacao</a> and by 1880 this had increased to 73,500 tons.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVainfas2002250-202">[200]</a> Between 1821 and 1825, 41,174 tons of sugar were exported, rising to 238,074 tons between 1881 and 1885.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVainfas2002251-203">[201]</a> Until 1850, rubber production was insignificant, but between 1881 and 1890, it had reached third place among Brazilian exports.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFausto1995239-204">[202]</a> This was about 81 tons between 1827 and 1830 reaching 1,632 tons in 1852. By 1900 the country was exporting 24,301,452 tons of rubber.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVainfas2002250-202">[200]</a> Brazil also exported around 3,377,000 tons of coffee between 1821 and 1860 while between 1861 and 1889 this reached 6,804,000 tons.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalmon2002368-205">[203]</a> Technological innovations also contributed to the growth of exports,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaustoDevoto200546-200">[198]</a> in particular the adoption of <a href="/wiki/Steam_navigation" class="mw-redirect" title="Steam navigation">steam navigation</a> and railroads allowed for faster and more convenient cargo transportation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVainfas2002538-206">[204]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti" /><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:224px;max-width:224px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Railroad_station_brazil_1885.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photograph of a steam locomotive pulling passenger cars and sitting at the platform outside a large station building" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Railroad_station_brazil_1885.jpg/220px-Railroad_station_brazil_1885.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Railroad_station_brazil_1885.jpg/330px-Railroad_station_brazil_1885.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Railroad_station_brazil_1885.jpg/440px-Railroad_station_brazil_1885.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3472" data-file-height="2472" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Railroad station in São Paulo province (Brazilian southeast), <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1885</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Railroad_station_in_minas_gerais_1884.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photograph of a steam locomotive and train sitting on a curved section of track next to a curved platform and station building" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Railroad_station_in_minas_gerais_1884.jpg/220px-Railroad_station_in_minas_gerais_1884.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Railroad_station_in_minas_gerais_1884.jpg/330px-Railroad_station_in_minas_gerais_1884.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Railroad_station_in_minas_gerais_1884.jpg/440px-Railroad_station_in_minas_gerais_1884.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3480" data-file-height="2480" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">A railroad station in Minas Gerais province (Brazilian southeast), c. 1884</div></div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Development">Development</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Empire_of_Brazil&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Development">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Brazil" title="Rail transport in Brazil">Rail transport in Brazil</a></div> Development on an immense scale occurred during this period, anticipating similar advancements in European countries.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELira_1977,_Vol_213-207">[205]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVasquez200738-208">[206]</a> In 1850, there were fifty factories with a total <a href="/wiki/Capital_(economics)" title="Capital (economics)">capital</a> of Rs 7.000:000$000. At the end of the Imperial period in 1889, Brazil had 636 factories representing an annual rate of increase of 6.74% over the number in 1850, and with a total capital of approximately Rs 401.630:600$000 (which represents an annual growth rate in value of 10.94% from 1850 to 1889).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEViana1994496-209">[207]</a> The "countryside echoed with the clang of iron track being laid as railroads were constructed at the most furious pace of the 19th century; indeed, building in 1880s was the second greatest in absolute terms in Brazil's entire history. Only eight countries in the entire world laid more track in the decade than Brazil."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETopik200056-103">[103]</a> The first railroad line, with only 15 kilometres (9.3 mi) of track, was opened on 30 April 1854<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalmon2002222-210">[208]</a> at a time when some European countries still had no rail service.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELira_1977,_Vol_213-207">[205]</a> By 1868, there were 718 kilometres (446 mi) of railroad lines,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalmon2002225-211">[209]</a> and by the end of the empire in 1889 this had grown to 9,200 kilometres (5,700 mi) with another 9,000 kilometres (5,600 mi) under construction<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalmon2002226-212">[210]</a> making it the country with "the largest rail network in Latin America".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETopik200056-103">[103]</a> Factories were constructed throughout the Empire in the 1880s, allowing Brazil's cities to be modernized and "receive the benefits of gas, electrical, sanitation, telegraph, and tram companies. Brazil was entering the modern world."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETopik200056-103">[103]</a> It was the fifth country in the world to install modern city <a href="/wiki/Sanitary_sewer" title="Sanitary sewer">sewers</a>, the third to have <a href="/wiki/Sewage_treatment" title="Sewage treatment">sewage treatment</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELira_1977,_Vol_213-207">[205]</a> and one of the pioneers in the installation of a telephone service.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELira_1977,_Vol_2309-213">[211]</a> In addition to the foregoing improvements to infrastructure, it was also the first South American nation to adopt public electric lighting (in 1883)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVainfas2002539-214">[212]</a> and the second in the Americas (behind the United States) to establish a transatlantic <a href="/wiki/Telegraph" class="mw-redirect" title="Telegraph">telegraphic</a> line connecting it directly to Europe in 1874.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELira_1977,_Vol_213-207">[205]</a> The first domestic telegraph line appeared during 1852 in <a href="/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro" title="Rio de Janeiro">Rio de Janeiro</a>. By 1889, there were 18,925 kilometres (11,759 mi) of telegraph lines connecting the country's capital to distant Brazilian provinces such as <a href="/wiki/Par%C3%A1" title="Pará">Pará</a> and even linking to other South American countries such as <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a> and <a href="/wiki/Uruguay" title="Uruguay">Uruguay</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalmon2002366-215">[213]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Society">Society</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Empire_of_Brazil&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Society">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Demographics">Demographics</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Empire_of_Brazil&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Demographics">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/1872_Brazilian_census" title="1872 Brazilian census">1872 Brazilian census</a></div> Since the second half of the 18th century, when Brazil was still a colony, the government had attempted to gather data regarding the population. However, few captaincies (later called provinces) collected the requested information.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVainfas2002131-216">[214]</a> After independence the government instituted a commission for statistics in an 1829 decree with a mandate to hold a national census.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVainfas2002131-216">[214]</a> The commission was a failure and was disbanded in 1834. In the ensuing years, provincial governments were tasked with collecting census information, but their census reports were often incomplete or not submitted at all.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVainfas2002131-216">[214]</a> In 1851, another attempt at a nationwide census failed when rioting broke out. This was the result of the erroneous belief among Brazilians of mixed-race descent that the survey was a subterfuge designed to enslave anyone having African blood.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVainfas2002132-217">[215]</a> Estimated population of Brazil in the <a href="/wiki/1868_in_Brazil" title="1868 in Brazil">1868</a>:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScully1868146–147-218">[216]</a> <table class="wikitable" style="float: center; margin: 2em auto 2em auto"> <tbody><tr> <th>Province </th> <th>Capital </th> <th>Population </th> <th>Slaves </th> <th>Army and police </th> <th>National guard </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Neutral_Municipality" title="Neutral Municipality">Neutral Municipality</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScully1868151-219">[217]</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>400.000 </td> <td>50.000 </td> <td>10.000 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Amazonas_Province_(Brazil)" title="Amazonas Province (Brazil)">Amazonas</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScully1868357-220">[218]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Manaus" title="Manaus">Manaus</a> </td> <td>70.000 </td> <td>5.000 </td> <td> </td> <td>2.700 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%A3o-Par%C3%A1_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Grão-Pará Province">Grão-Pará</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScully1868274-221">[219]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bel%C3%A9m_do_Par%C3%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="Belém do Pará">Belém do Pará</a> </td> <td>250.000 </td> <td>15.000 </td> <td>1.000 </td> <td>23.000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Maranh%C3%A3o_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Maranhão Province">Maranhão</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScully1868227-222">[220]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Lu%C3%ADs,_Maranh%C3%A3o" title="São Luís, Maranhão">São Luís</a> </td> <td>400.000 </td> <td>70.000 </td> <td>1.000 </td> <td>28.000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mato_Grosso" title="Mato Grosso">Mato Grosso</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScully1868294-223">[221]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Teresina" title="Teresina">Teresina</a> </td> <td>175.000 </td> <td>10.000 </td> <td>650 </td> <td>20.000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cear%C3%A1" title="Ceará">Ceará</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScully1868287-224">[222]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fortaleza" title="Fortaleza">Fortaleza</a> </td> <td>486.000 </td> <td>30.000 </td> <td>286 </td> <td>40.000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Rio_Grande_do_Norte" title="Rio Grande do Norte">Rio Grande do Norte</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScully1868299-225">[223]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Natal,_Rio_Grande_do_Norte" title="Natal, Rio Grande do Norte">Natal</a> </td> <td>210.000 </td> <td>20.000 </td> <td>100 </td> <td>20.000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Para%C3%ADba" title="Paraíba">Paraíba</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScully1868368-226">[224]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_Pessoa,_Para%C3%ADba" title="João Pessoa, Paraíba">João Pessoa</a> </td> <td>260.000 </td> <td>5.000 </td> <td>400 </td> <td>21.000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pernambuco" title="Pernambuco">Pernambuco</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScully1868198-227">[225]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Recife" title="Recife">Recife</a> </td> <td>1,180,000 </td> <td>250.000 </td> <td>1.600 </td> <td>42.000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Alagoas" title="Alagoas">Alagoas</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScully1868318-228">[226]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Macei%C3%B3" title="Maceió">Maceió</a> </td> <td>250.000 </td> <td>45.000 </td> <td>429 </td> <td>25.000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sergipe" title="Sergipe">Sergipe</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScully1868362–363-229">[227]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Aracaju" title="Aracaju">Aracaju</a> </td> <td>250.000 </td> <td>50.000 </td> <td>200 </td> <td>2.000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bahia" title="Bahia">Bahia</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScully1868345-230">[228]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Salvador,_Bahia" title="Salvador, Bahia">Salvador</a> </td> <td>1,200,000 </td> <td>250.000 </td> <td>2.400 </td> <td>110.000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Esp%C3%ADrito_Santo" title="Espírito Santo">Espírito Santo</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScully1868267-231">[229]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vit%C3%B3ria,_Esp%C3%ADrito_Santo" title="Vitória, Espírito Santo">Vitória, Espírito Santo</a> </td> <td>55.000 </td> <td>10.000 </td> <td>223 </td> <td>6.000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro_(state)" title="Rio de Janeiro (state)">Rio de Janeiro</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScully1868331-232">[230]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Niter%C3%B3i" title="Niterói">Niterói</a> </td> <td>850.000 </td> <td>200.000 </td> <td>2.400 </td> <td>43.000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo_Province" title="São Paulo Province">São Paulo</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScully1868306-233">[231]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo" title="São Paulo">São Paulo</a> </td> <td>800.000 </td> <td>60.000 </td> <td>679 </td> <td>40.000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Paran%C3%A1_Province" title="Paraná Province">Paraná</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScully1868234-234">[232]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Curitiba" title="Curitiba">Curitiba</a> </td> <td>105.000 </td> <td>20.000 </td> <td>388 </td> <td>8.000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Santa_Catarina_(state)" title="Santa Catarina (state)">Santa Catarina</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScully1868255-235">[233]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Florian%C3%B3polis" title="Florianópolis">Florianópolis</a> </td> <td>120.000 </td> <td>15.000 </td> <td>100 </td> <td>9.000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Pedro_do_Rio_Grande_do_Sul_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="São Pedro do Rio Grande do Sul Province">São Pedro do Rio Grande do Sul</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScully1868247–248-236">[234]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Porto_Alegre" title="Porto Alegre">Porto Alegre</a> </td> <td>392.725 </td> <td>77.416 </td> <td>1.600 </td> <td>42.991 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Minas_Gerais_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Minas Gerais Province">Minas Gerais</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScully1868262-237">[235]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ouro_Preto" title="Ouro Preto">Ouro Preto</a> </td> <td>1,350,000 </td> <td>150.000 </td> <td>1.000 </td> <td>75.000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Goi%C3%A1s_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Goiás Province">Goiás</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScully1868215-238">[236]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Goi%C3%A2nia" title="Goiânia">Goiânia</a> </td> <td>200.000 </td> <td>15.000 </td> <td>300 </td> <td>13.000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mato_Grosso_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Mato Grosso Province">Mato Grosso</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScully1868189-239">[237]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cuiab%C3%A1" title="Cuiabá">Cuiabá</a> </td> <td>80.000 </td> <td>10.000 </td> <td> </td> <td>5.000 </td></tr> <tr style="background:lightgrey;"> <td>Brasil </td> <td>Neutral Municipality </td> <td>9,083,725 </td> <td>1,357,416 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> The first true national census with exhaustive and broad coverage was carried out <a href="/wiki/1872_Brazilian_Census" class="mw-redirect" title="1872 Brazilian Census">in 1872</a>. The small number of people and small number of towns reported by the census reveal Brazil's enormous territory to have been sparsely populated. It showed Brazil as having a total population of 9,930,478 inhabitants.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVainfas2002132-217">[215]</a> Estimates made by the government in prior decades showed 4,000,000 inhabitants in 1823 and gave a figure of 7,000,700 in 1854.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVainfas2002132-217">[215]</a> The population was distributed across 20 <a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Brazil" title="Provinces of Brazil">provinces</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Neutral_Municipality" title="Neutral Municipality">Neutral Municipality</a> (the Empire's capital) with 641 municipalities.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVainfas2002132-217">[215]</a> Among the free population 23.4% of males and 13.4% of females were considered literate.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVainfas2002133-240">[238]</a> Men represented 52% (5,123,869) of the total population.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVainfas2002133-240">[238]</a> Figures for the population by age showed 24.6% were children younger than 10 years old; 21.1% were between 11 and 20; 32.9% were between 21 and 40; 8.4% were between 41 and 50; 12.8% were between 51 and 70; and lastly, only 3.4% were over 71.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVainfas2002133-240">[238]</a> The residents in the combined northeast and southeast regions comprised 87.2% of the nation's population.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaer2002341-241">[239]</a> The second national census was held in 1890 when the Brazilian republic was only a few months old. Its results showed that the population had grown to 14,333,915 inhabitants since the 1872 census.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERamos200382-242">[240]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethnic_groups">Ethnic groups</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Empire_of_Brazil&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Ethnic groups">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_Brazil" title="Race and ethnicity in Brazil">Race and ethnicity in Brazil</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Multiracialism#Brazil" title="Multiracialism">Multiracialism § Brazil</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Empire_of_Brazil_ethnic_groups_(edit).png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A map of Brazil with regions highlighted using various colors" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Empire_of_Brazil_ethnic_groups_%28edit%29.png/220px-Empire_of_Brazil_ethnic_groups_%28edit%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Empire_of_Brazil_ethnic_groups_%28edit%29.png/330px-Empire_of_Brazil_ethnic_groups_%28edit%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Empire_of_Brazil_ethnic_groups_%28edit%29.png/440px-Empire_of_Brazil_ethnic_groups_%28edit%29.png 2x" data-file-width="451" data-file-height="466" /></a><figcaption>This map shows where ethnic groups predominated within Brazil: purple—caboclos; brown—whites; green—mulattoes; white—sparsely populated. Note: over 80% of the population lived along the coastline<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaer2002341-241">[239]</a></figcaption></figure> Four ethnic groups were recognized in Imperial Brazil: <a href="/wiki/White_Brazilian" class="mw-redirect" title="White Brazilian">white</a>, <a href="/wiki/Afro-Brazilian" class="mw-redirect" title="Afro-Brazilian">black</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_Brazil" title="Indigenous peoples in Brazil">Indian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pardo" title="Pardo">brown</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERamos200382-242">[240]</a> <a href="/wiki/Brown_people#Pardos_in_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Brown people">Brown</a> (Portuguese: pardo) was a designation for <a href="/wiki/Multiracial#Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Multiracial">multiracial Brazilians</a> which is still officially used,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoelho1996268-243">[241]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVesentini1988117-244">[242]</a> though some scholars prefer the term "mixed one" (Portuguese: mestiço). The term denotes a broad category which includes <a href="/wiki/Caboclo" title="Caboclo">caboclos</a> (descendants of whites and Indians), <a href="/wiki/Mulatto" title="Mulatto">mulattoes</a> (descendants of whites and blacks) and <a href="/wiki/Zambo" title="Zambo">cafuzos</a> (descendants of blacks and Indians).<a href="#cite_note-245">[243]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brasileiros_do_seculo_XIX.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A montage of old photographic portraits of eighteen individual people arranged in three rows" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Brasileiros_do_seculo_XIX.png/440px-Brasileiros_do_seculo_XIX.png" decoding="async" width="440" height="245" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Brasileiros_do_seculo_XIX.png/660px-Brasileiros_do_seculo_XIX.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Brasileiros_do_seculo_XIX.png/880px-Brasileiros_do_seculo_XIX.png 2x" data-file-width="1432" data-file-height="798" /></a><figcaption>19th-century Brazilians. 1st row: <a href="/wiki/White_Brazilians" title="White Brazilians">White Brazilians</a>. 2nd row: <a href="/wiki/Pardo" title="Pardo">Brown Brazilians</a> (left to right: two female <a href="/wiki/Mulatto" title="Mulatto">mulattoes</a>, two female <a href="/wiki/Zambo" title="Zambo">cafuzos</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Caboclo" title="Caboclo">caboclo</a> girl and man). 3rd row: three <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_Brazil" title="Indigenous peoples in Brazil">Brazilian Indians</a> of different tribes followed by <a href="/wiki/Afro-Brazilians" title="Afro-Brazilians">Afro-Brazilians</a> of distinct ethnic background</figcaption></figure> The caboclos formed the majority of the population in the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Region,_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Region, Brazil">Northern</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northeast_Region,_Brazil" title="Northeast Region, Brazil">Northeastern</a> and <a href="/wiki/Central-West_Region,_Brazil" title="Central-West Region, Brazil">Central-Western</a> regions.<a href="#cite_note-246">[244]</a> A large mulatto population inhabited the eastern coast of the northeastern region from Bahia to Paraíba<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoreira1981108-247">[245]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAzevedo197174–75-248">[246]</a> and were also present in northern Maranhão,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarsa_1987,_Vol_10355-249">[247]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAzevedo197174-250">[248]</a> southern Minas Gerais,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAzevedo1971161-251">[249]</a> eastern Rio de Janeiro and in <a href="/wiki/Esp%C3%ADrito_Santo" title="Espírito Santo">Espírito Santo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoreira1981108-247">[245]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAzevedo1971161-251">[249]</a> The cafuzos were the smallest and most difficult to distinguish from the two other mixed-race subgroups since the descendants of caboclos and mulattoes also fell into this category and were found in the northeast sertão (<a href="/wiki/Hinterland" title="Hinterland">hinterland</a>). These groups may still be found in the same areas today.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERamos200384-252">[250]</a> <a href="/wiki/White_Brazilians" title="White Brazilians">White Brazilians</a> descended from the original Portuguese settlers. From the 1870s onwards this ethnic group also included other European immigrants: mainly Italians and Germans. Although whites could be found throughout the country, they were the majority group in the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Region,_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Region, Brazil">southern region</a> and in São Paulo province.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVainfas2002133-240">[238]</a> Whites also comprised a significant proportion (40%) of the population in the northeastern provinces of <a href="/wiki/Cear%C3%A1" title="Ceará">Ceará</a>, Paraíba, and <a href="/wiki/Rio_Grande_do_Norte" title="Rio Grande do Norte">Rio Grande do Norte</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVainfas2002133-240">[238]</a> Afro-Brazilians inhabited the same areas as mulattoes. The majority of the population of Rio de Janeiro, Minas Gerais, Espírito Santo, Bahia, <a href="/wiki/Sergipe" title="Sergipe">Sergipe</a>, Alagoas, and <a href="/wiki/Pernambuco" title="Pernambuco">Pernambuco</a> provinces (the last four having the smallest percentages of whites in the whole country—less than 30% in each) were black or brown.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVainfas2002133-240">[238]</a> The Indians, or the indigenous peoples of Brazil, were found mainly in <a href="/wiki/Piau%C3%AD" title="Piauí">Piauí</a>, Maranhão, <a href="/wiki/Par%C3%A1" title="Pará">Pará</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Amazonas_(Brazilian_state)" title="Amazonas (Brazilian state)">Amazonas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVainfas2002133-240">[238]</a> <table class="wikitable" style="float: right; margin: 2em auto 2em auto"> <caption>Ethnic groups in Brazil (1835, 1872 and 1890)<a href="#cite_note-253">[251]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-254">[252]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-255">[253]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Years </th> <th>Whites </th> <th>Browns </th> <th>Blacks </th> <th>Indians </th> <th>Total </th></tr> <tr> <td>1835 </td> <td>24.4% </td> <td>18.2% </td> <td>51.4% </td> <td> </td> <td>100% </td></tr> <tr> <td>1872 </td> <td>38.1% </td> <td>38.3% </td> <td>19.7% </td> <td>3.9% </td> <td>100% </td></tr> <tr> <td>1890 </td> <td>44.0% </td> <td>32.4% </td> <td>14.6% </td> <td>9% </td> <td>100% </td></tr></tbody></table> Because of the existence of distinct racial and cultural communities, 19th century Brazil developed as a multi-ethnic nation. However, there is no reliable information available for the years prior to 1872. The first official national census was compiled by the government in 1872 showing that out of 9,930,479 inhabitants there were 38.1% whites, 38.3% browns, 19.7% blacks and 3.9% Indians.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERamos200382-242">[240]</a> The second official national census in 1890 revealed that in a population of 14,333,915, 44% were whites, 32.4% browns, 14.6% blacks and 9% Indians.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERamos200382-242">[240]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="European_immigration">European immigration</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Empire_of_Brazil&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: European immigration">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Brazil" title="Immigration to Brazil">Immigration to Brazil</a> and <a href="/wiki/European_immigration_to_Brazil" title="European immigration to Brazil">European immigration to Brazil</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Germans_and_luxembourgers_in_brazil_1875.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photograph showing a crowd of people gathered around and on the steps of a white stuccoed house with a hip roof covered in wood shingles situated on a steep slope of a forested hill" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Germans_and_luxembourgers_in_brazil_1875.jpg/170px-Germans_and_luxembourgers_in_brazil_1875.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="243" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Germans_and_luxembourgers_in_brazil_1875.jpg/255px-Germans_and_luxembourgers_in_brazil_1875.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Germans_and_luxembourgers_in_brazil_1875.jpg/340px-Germans_and_luxembourgers_in_brazil_1875.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1632" data-file-height="2336" /></a><figcaption>German and Luxembourger immigrants in <a href="/wiki/Santa_Leopoldina,_Esp%C3%ADrito_Santo" class="mw-redirect" title="Santa Leopoldina, Espírito Santo">Santa Leopoldina</a> colony in Espírito Santo province (southeast region), 1875</figcaption></figure> Prior to 1808, the Portuguese were the only European people to settle Brazil in significant numbers. Although Italians, British, Germans and Spanish had previously immigrated to Brazil, they had only done so as a small number of individuals or in very small groups. These earliest non-Portuguese settlers did not have a significant impact on the culture of Portugal's Brazilian colony.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEViana1994511-256">[254]</a> The situation changed after 1808 when King John VI began to encourage immigration from European countries outside Portugal.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEViana1994511-256">[254]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERamos200337-257">[255]</a> The first to arrive in numbers were the Swiss, of whom some 2,000 settled in Rio de Janeiro province (the southeast) during 1818.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEViana1994512-258">[256]</a> They were followed by Germans and Irish, who immigrated to Brazil in the 1820s. German settlers gravitated mostly to the southern provinces, where the environment was more like their homeland.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEViana1994513-259">[257]</a> In the 1830s, due to the instability of the Regency, European immigration ground to a halt, only recovering after Pedro II took the reins of government and the country entered a period of peace and prosperity.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEViana1994513–514-260">[258]</a> Farmers in the southeast, enriched by lucrative coffee exports, created the "partnership system" (a form of <a href="/wiki/Indentured_servitude" title="Indentured servitude">indentured servitude</a>) to attract immigrants. The scheme endured until the end of the 1850s, when the system collapsed and was abandoned. The failure was rooted in the large debts European settlers incurred to subsidize their travel and settlement expenses, leaving them as virtual slaves to their employers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEViana1994515-261">[259]</a> Immigration suffered another decline during the Paraguayan War, which lasted from 1864 to 1870.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEViana1994517-262">[260]</a> Immigrant numbers soared during the 1870s in what came to be called the "great immigration". Up to that point, around 10,000 Europeans arrived in Brazil annually, but after 1872, their numbers increased dramatically.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVainfas2002351-263">[261]</a> It is estimated by the <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Institute_of_Geography_and_Statistics" title="Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics">Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics</a> that 500,000 Europeans immigrated to Brazil between 1808 and 1883.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEViana1994633-264">[262]</a> The figure for European settlers arriving between 1884 and 1893 climbed to 883,668.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEViana1994633-264">[262]</a> The number of Europeans immigrating continued to rise in the following decades, with 862,100 between 1894 and 1903; and 1,006,617 between 1904 and 1913.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEViana1994633-264">[262]</a> From 1872 until 1879, the nationalities forming the bulk of the new settlers were composed of Portuguese (31.2%), Italians (25.8%), Germans (8.1%) and Spanish (1.9%).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVainfas2002351-263">[261]</a> In the 1880s, Italians would surpass the Portuguese (61.8% to 23.3% respectively), and the Spanish would displace the Germans (6.7% to 4.2% respectively).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVainfas2002351-263">[261]</a> Other, smaller groups also arrived, including Russians, Poles and Hungarians.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVainfas2002353-265">[263]</a> Since nearly all European immigrants settled in the southeastern and southern areas of the Empire, ethnic distribution, already unequal before the mass immigration, became even more divergent between regions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVainfas2002351–352-266">[264]</a> For a nation that had a small, widely scattered population (4,000,000 in 1823 and 14,333,915 in 1890), the immigration of more than 1,380,000 Europeans had a tremendous effect upon the country's ethnic composition. In 1872, the year of the first reliable national census, white Brazilians represented just over a third (38.1%) of the total population; in 1890, they had increased to a little under half (44.0%) of all Brazilians.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERamos200382-242">[240]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Slavery">Slavery</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Empire_of_Brazil&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Slavery">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Brazil" title="Slavery in Brazil">Slavery in Brazil</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Family_and_slave_house_servants_by_Klumb_1860.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="a man and three women seated around a table with two servants standing in the background" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Family_and_slave_house_servants_by_Klumb_1860.png/220px-Family_and_slave_house_servants_by_Klumb_1860.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Family_and_slave_house_servants_by_Klumb_1860.png/330px-Family_and_slave_house_servants_by_Klumb_1860.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Family_and_slave_house_servants_by_Klumb_1860.png/440px-Family_and_slave_house_servants_by_Klumb_1860.png 2x" data-file-width="2737" data-file-height="2318" /></a><figcaption>A Brazilian family and its female house slaves, c. 1860</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Slaves_in_coffee_farm_by_marc_ferrez_1885.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="a large group of men, women and children holding agricultural implements and standing in front of a long, low building with hills rising in the background" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Slaves_in_coffee_farm_by_marc_ferrez_1885.jpg/220px-Slaves_in_coffee_farm_by_marc_ferrez_1885.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Slaves_in_coffee_farm_by_marc_ferrez_1885.jpg/330px-Slaves_in_coffee_farm_by_marc_ferrez_1885.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Slaves_in_coffee_farm_by_marc_ferrez_1885.jpg/440px-Slaves_in_coffee_farm_by_marc_ferrez_1885.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2740" data-file-height="2003" /></a><figcaption>Slaves and their free children on a coffee farm in Brazil, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1885</figcaption></figure> In 1823, a year after independence, slaves made up 29% of the population of Brazil, a figure which fell throughout the lifetime of the Empire: from 24% in 1854, to 15.2% in 1872, and finally to less than 5% in 1887—the year before slavery was completely abolished.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVainfas200218,_239-267">[265]</a> Slaves were mostly adult males from southwestern Africa.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVainfas2002237–238-268">[266]</a> Slaves brought to Brazil differed ethnically, religiously and linguistically, each identifying primarily with his or her own nation of origin, rather than by a shared African ethnicity.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVainfas200229-269">[267]</a> Some of the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">slaves brought to the Americas</a> had been captured while fighting intertribal wars in Africa and had then been sold to slave dealers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoxer2002113–114,_116-270">[268]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVainfas200230-271">[269]</a> Slaves and their descendants were usually found in regions devoted to producing exports for foreign markets.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoxer2002185–186-272">[270]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sugarcane" title="Sugarcane">Sugarcane</a> plantations on the eastern coast of the <a href="/wiki/Northeast_Region,_Brazil" title="Northeast Region, Brazil">northeast region</a> during the 16th and 17th centuries are typical of economic activities dependent on slave labor.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoxer2002117-273">[271]</a> In northern <a href="/wiki/Maranh%C3%A3o" title="Maranhão">Maranhão</a> province, slave labor was used in cotton and rice production in the 18th century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoxer2002206-274">[272]</a> In this period, slaves were also exploited in <a href="/wiki/Minas_Gerais" title="Minas Gerais">Minas Gerais</a> province where gold was extracted.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoxer2002169-275">[273]</a> Slavery was also common in <a href="/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro_(state)" title="Rio de Janeiro (state)">Rio de Janeiro</a> and <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo_(state)" title="São Paulo (state)">São Paulo</a> during the 19th century for the cultivation of coffee which became vital to the national economy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVainfas2002238–239-276">[274]</a> The prevalence of slavery was not geographically uniform across Brazil. Around 1870 only five provinces (Rio de Janeiro with 30%, <a href="/wiki/Bahia" title="Bahia">Bahia</a> with 15%, Minas Gerais with 14%, São Paulo with 7% and <a href="/wiki/Rio_Grande_do_Sul" title="Rio Grande do Sul">Rio Grande do Sul</a> also with 7%) held 73% of the nation's total slave population.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVainfas2002239-277">[275]</a> These were followed by <a href="/wiki/Pernambuco" title="Pernambuco">Pernambuco</a> (with 6%) and <a href="/wiki/Alagoas" title="Alagoas">Alagoas</a> (with 4%). Among the remaining 13 provinces none individually had even 3%.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBesouchet1985167-278">[276]</a> Most slaves worked as plantation laborers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVainfas2002239-277">[275]</a> Relatively few Brazilians owned slaves and most small and medium-sized farms employed free workers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFausto1995238–239-279">[277]</a> Slaves could be found scattered throughout society in other capacities: some were used as house servants, farmers, miners, prostitutes, gardeners and in many other roles.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlivieri199943-280">[278]</a> Many emancipated slaves went on to acquire slaves and there were even cases of slaves who had their own slaves.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1988194-281">[279]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarvalho2007130-282">[280]</a> While slaves were usually black or mulatto there were reported cases of slaves who appeared to be of European descent—the product of generations of inter-ethnic sexual relations between male slave owners and their female mulatto slaves.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlencastro199787–88-283">[281]</a> Even the harshest slave owners adhered to a long-established practice of selling slaves along with their families, taking care not to separate individuals.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBesouchet1985170-284">[282]</a> Slaves were regarded by law as properties. The ones who were freed immediately became citizens with all <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil rights">civil rights</a> guaranteed—the only exception being that, until 1881, freed slaves were barred from voting in elections, although their children and descendants could vote.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVainfas2002239-277">[275]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nobility">Nobility</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Empire_of_Brazil&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Nobility">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_nobility" title="Brazilian nobility">Brazilian nobility</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Acclamation_of_Princess_Isabel_1887.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Looking down upon an assembly in a large, vaulted cathedral with a figure sitting on a large, canopied throne to the left of an altar" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Acclamation_of_Princess_Isabel_1887.jpg/170px-Acclamation_of_Princess_Isabel_1887.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Acclamation_of_Princess_Isabel_1887.jpg/255px-Acclamation_of_Princess_Isabel_1887.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Acclamation_of_Princess_Isabel_1887.jpg/340px-Acclamation_of_Princess_Isabel_1887.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1472" data-file-height="2060" /></a><figcaption>A state ceremony in the <a href="/wiki/Old_Cathedral_of_Rio_de_Janeiro" title="Old Cathedral of Rio de Janeiro">Old Cathedral of Rio de Janeiro</a>; the attendees are wearing <a href="/wiki/Court_dress" title="Court dress">court dress</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Nobility" title="Nobility">nobility</a> of Brazil differed markedly from its counterparts in Europe: noble titles were not hereditary, with the exception of members of the Imperial Family,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVainfas2002553-285">[283]</a> and those who had received a noble title were not considered to belong to a separate social class, and received no <a href="/wiki/Appanage" title="Appanage">appanages</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stipend" title="Stipend">stipends</a> or <a href="/wiki/Emolument" class="mw-redirect" title="Emolument">emoluments</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVainfas2002553-285">[283]</a> However, many ranks, traditions, and regulations in Brazil's system of nobility were co-opted directly from the Portuguese aristocracy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVainfas2002554-286">[284]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman199911-287">[285]</a> During Pedro I's reign there were no clear requisites for someone to be ennobled. During Pedro II's reign (apart from the Regency period during which the regent could not grant titles or honors<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEViana1968208-288">[286]</a>) the nobility evolved into a <a href="/wiki/Meritocracy" title="Meritocracy">meritocracy</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVainfas2002554-286">[284]</a> with titles granted in recognition of an individual's outstanding service to the Empire or for the <a href="/wiki/Common_good" title="Common good">public good</a>. Noble rank did not represent "recognition of illustrious ancestry."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1999139-289">[287]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEViana1968220-290">[288]</a> It was the emperor's right, as head of the executive branch, to grant titles and honors.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVainfas2002554-286">[284]</a> The titles of nobility were, in ascending order: baron, viscount, count, marquis, and duke.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVainfas2002554-286">[284]</a> Apart from position in the hierarchy there were other distinctions between the ranks: counts, marquises and dukes were considered "<a href="/wiki/Grandee" title="Grandee">Grandees</a> of the Empire" while the titles of barons and viscounts could be bestowed "with Greatness" or "without Greatness".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVainfas2002554-286">[284]</a> All ranks of the Brazilian nobility were to be addressed as Excelência (<a href="/wiki/Excellency" title="Excellency">Excellency</a>).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVainfas2002554-286">[284]</a> Between 1822 and 1889, 986 people were ennobled.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEViana1968216-291">[289]</a> Only three became dukes: <a href="/wiki/Auguste_de_Beauharnais,_2nd_Duke_of_Leuchtenberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Auguste de Beauharnais, 2nd Duke of Leuchtenberg">Auguste de Beauharnais, 2nd Duke of Leuchtenberg</a> (as Duke of Santa Cruz, brother-in-law to Pedro I), Dona Isabel Maria de Alcântara Brasileira (as Duchess of Goiás, illegitimate daughter of Pedro I) and lastly <a href="/wiki/Lu%C3%ADs_Alves_de_Lima_e_Silva,_Duke_of_Caxias" title="Luís Alves de Lima e Silva, Duke of Caxias">Luís Alves de Lima e Silva</a> (as Duke of Caxias, commander-in-chief during the <a href="/wiki/Paraguayan_War" title="Paraguayan War">Paraguayan War</a>).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEViana1968204,_206-292">[290]</a> The other titles granted were as follows: 47 marquises, 51 counts, 146 viscounts "with Greatness", 89 viscounts "without Greatness", 135 barons "with Greatness" and 740 barons "without Greatness" resulting in a total of 1,211 noble titles.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEViana1968218-293">[291]</a> There were fewer nobles than noble titles because many were elevated more than once during their lifetime, such as the Duke of Caxias who was first made a baron, then a count, then a marquis and finally was elevated to a duke.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEViana1968208-288">[286]</a> Grants of nobility were not limited to male Brazilians: <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cochrane,_10th_Earl_of_Dundonald" title="Thomas Cochrane, 10th Earl of Dundonald">Thomas Cochrane, 10th Earl of Dundonald</a>, a Scot, was made Marquis of Maranhão for his role in the <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_War_of_Independence" title="Brazilian War of Independence">Brazilian War of Independence</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEViana1968219-294">[292]</a> and 29 women received grants of nobility in their own right.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEViana1968221-295">[293]</a> As well as being unrestricted by <a href="/wiki/Gender" title="Gender">gender</a>, no <a href="/wiki/Race_(classification_of_human_beings)" class="mw-redirect" title="Race (classification of human beings)">racial</a> distinctions were made in conferring noble status. Caboclos,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman199977-296">[294]</a> mulattoes,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEViana1968217-297">[295]</a> blacks<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwarcz1998191-298">[296]</a> and even Indians<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwarcz1998191-298">[296]</a> were ennobled. The lesser nobility, who were untitled, were made up of members of the Imperial Orders. There were six of these: the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Christ_(Brazil)" title="Order of Christ (Brazil)">Order of Christ</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Saint_Benedict_of_Aviz" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of Saint Benedict of Aviz">Order of Saint Benedict of Aviz</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Saint_James_of_the_Sword" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of Saint James of the Sword">Order of Saint James of the Sword</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Southern_Cross" title="Order of the Southern Cross">Order of the Southern Cross</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Pedro_I" title="Order of Pedro I">Order of Pedro I</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Rose" title="Order of the Rose">Order of the Rose</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman199911-287">[285]</a> The first three had grades of honor beyond the Grand Master (reserved for the Emperor only): knight, commander and grand cross. The latter three, however, had different ranks: the Order of the Southern Cross with four, the Order of the Rose with six, and the Order of Pedro I with three.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman199911-287">[285]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Empire_of_Brazil&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Religion">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brazilian_friars_1875.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A photograph showing 3 standing men wearing religious habits" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Brazilian_friars_1875.jpg/170px-Brazilian_friars_1875.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Brazilian_friars_1875.jpg/255px-Brazilian_friars_1875.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Brazilian_friars_1875.jpg/340px-Brazilian_friars_1875.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1438" data-file-height="2160" /></a><figcaption>Brazilian <a href="/wiki/Friar" title="Friar">friars</a> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1875</figcaption></figure> Article five of the Constitution declared <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholicism</a> to be the <a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">state religion</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVainfas2002126-299">[297]</a> However, the clergy had long been understaffed, undisciplined and poorly educated,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1999254-300">[298]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarvalho2007151-301">[299]</a> all of which led to a general loss of respect for the Catholic Church.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1999254-300">[298]</a> During Pedro II's reign, the Imperial government embarked upon a program of reform designed to address these deficiencies.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1999254-300">[298]</a> As Catholicism was the official religion, the emperor exercised a great deal of control over Church affairs<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1999254-300">[298]</a> and paid clerical <a href="/wiki/Stipend" title="Stipend">stipends</a>, appointed parish priests, nominated <a href="/wiki/Bishops_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Bishops in the Catholic Church">bishops</a>, ratified <a href="/wiki/Papal_bull" title="Papal bull">papal bulls</a> and supervised <a href="/wiki/Seminaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Seminaries">seminaries</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1999254-300">[298]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarvalho2007150-302">[300]</a> In pursuing reform, the government selected bishops whose moral fitness, stance on education and support for reform met with their approval.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1999254-300">[298]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarvalho2007151-301">[299]</a> However, as more capable men began to fill the clerical ranks, resentment of government control over the Church increased.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1999254-300">[298]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarvalho2007151-301">[299]</a> Catholic clerics moved closer to the pope and his doctrines. This resulted in the <a href="/wiki/Religious_Issue" title="Religious Issue">Religious Issue</a>, a series of clashes during the 1870s between the clergy and the government, since the former wanted a more direct relationship with Rome and the latter sought to maintain its oversight of Church affairs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1999254–256-303">[301]</a> The Constitution did allow followers of other, non-Catholic, faiths to practice their religious beliefs, albeit only in private. The construction of non-Catholic <a href="/wiki/Places_of_worship" class="mw-redirect" title="Places of worship">places of worship</a> was officially forbidden.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVainfas2002450-304">[302]</a> From the outset these restrictions were ignored by both the citizenry and authorities. In <a href="/wiki/Bel%C3%A9m" title="Belém">Belém</a>, Pará's capital, the first synagogue was built in 1824.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVainfas2002450-304">[302]</a> <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Brazil" title="History of the Jews in Brazil">Jews migrated to Brazil</a> soon after its independence and settled mainly in the northeastern provinces of Bahia and Pernambuco and in the northern provinces of Amazonas and Pará.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVainfas2002450-304">[302]</a> Other Jewish groups came from the <a href="/wiki/Alsace%E2%80%93Lorraine" title="Alsace–Lorraine">Alsace–Lorraine</a> region of Germany and from Russia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVainfas2002450–451-305">[303]</a> By the 1880s, there were several Jewish communities and synagogues scattered throughout Brazil.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVainfas2002451-306">[304]</a> The Protestants were another group that began settling in Brazil at the beginning of the 19th century. The first Protestants were English, and an <a href="/wiki/Anglican_Episcopal_Church_of_Brazil" title="Anglican Episcopal Church of Brazil">Anglican</a> church was opened in Rio de Janeiro in 1820. Others were established afterwards in São Paulo, Pernambuco and Bahia provinces.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVainfas2002596-307">[305]</a> They were followed by German and Swiss <a href="/wiki/Lutherans" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutherans">Lutherans</a> who settled in the South and Southwest regions and built their own houses of worship.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVainfas2002596-307">[305]</a> Following the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">U.S. Civil War</a> in the 1860s, immigrants from the southern United States seeking to escape <a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_era" title="Reconstruction era">Reconstruction</a> settled in São Paulo. Several American churches sponsored missionary activities, including Lutherans, <a href="/wiki/Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Congregationalists" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregationalists">Congregationalists</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Methodists" class="mw-redirect" title="Methodists">Methodists</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVainfas2002596–597-308">[306]</a> Among African slaves, Catholicism was the religion of the majority. Most slaves came originally from the midwestern and southwestern portions of the African coast. For over four centuries this region had been the subject of Christian mission activities.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVainfas200231-309">[307]</a> Some Africans and their descendants, however, held onto elements of <a href="/wiki/Traditional_African_religions" title="Traditional African religions">polytheistic religious traditions</a> by merging them with Catholicism. This resulted in the creation of <a href="/wiki/Syncretism" title="Syncretism">syncretic</a> creeds such as <a href="/wiki/Candombl%C3%A9" title="Candomblé">Candomblé</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVainfas2002114–115-310">[308]</a> <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Brazil" title="Islam in Brazil">Islam</a> was also practiced among a small minority of African slaves, although it was harshly repressed and by the end of the 19th century had been completely extinguished.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVainfas200230–31-311">[309]</a> By the beginning of the 19th century, the Indians in most of eastern Brazil had been either assimilated or decimated. Some tribes resisted assimilation and either fled farther west, where they were able to maintain their diverse polytheistic beliefs, or were restricted to aldeamentos (reservations), where they eventually converted to Catholicism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVainfas2002170-312">[310]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Empire_of_Brazil&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Culture">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Visual_arts">Visual arts</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Empire_of_Brazil&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Visual arts">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_academic_art" title="Brazilian academic art">Brazilian academic art</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Descanso_do_modelo1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Painting depicting an interior with a nude female model sitting at a spinet piano while an artist works at his easel on the left side of the canvas" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Descanso_do_modelo1.jpg/220px-Descanso_do_modelo1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Descanso_do_modelo1.jpg/330px-Descanso_do_modelo1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Descanso_do_modelo1.jpg/440px-Descanso_do_modelo1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8000" data-file-height="5934" /></a><figcaption>O descanso do modelo (The model's rest), by <a href="/wiki/Almeida_J%C3%BAnior" class="mw-redirect" title="Almeida Júnior">Almeida Júnior</a>, 1882</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Joaquim_Jos%C3%A9_da_Fran%C3%A7a_J%C3%BAnior,_Morro_da_Vi%C3%BAva,_circa_1888.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A landscape painting depicting houses nestled among trees in the middle-distance, and a large hill topped by a rock spire in the far distance" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Joaquim_Jos%C3%A9_da_Fran%C3%A7a_J%C3%BAnior%2C_Morro_da_Vi%C3%BAva%2C_circa_1888.jpg/220px-Joaquim_Jos%C3%A9_da_Fran%C3%A7a_J%C3%BAnior%2C_Morro_da_Vi%C3%BAva%2C_circa_1888.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Joaquim_Jos%C3%A9_da_Fran%C3%A7a_J%C3%BAnior%2C_Morro_da_Vi%C3%BAva%2C_circa_1888.jpg/330px-Joaquim_Jos%C3%A9_da_Fran%C3%A7a_J%C3%BAnior%2C_Morro_da_Vi%C3%BAva%2C_circa_1888.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Joaquim_Jos%C3%A9_da_Fran%C3%A7a_J%C3%BAnior%2C_Morro_da_Vi%C3%BAva%2C_circa_1888.jpg/440px-Joaquim_Jos%C3%A9_da_Fran%C3%A7a_J%C3%BAnior%2C_Morro_da_Vi%C3%BAva%2C_circa_1888.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5302" data-file-height="3733" /></a><figcaption>Morro da Viúva (Widow's mount), by <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7a_J%C3%BAnior" title="França Júnior">França Júnior</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1888</figcaption></figure> According to historian Ronald Raminelli, "visual arts underwent huge innovations in the Empire in comparison to the colonial period."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVainfas200283-313">[311]</a> With independence in 1822, painting, sculpture and architecture were influenced by national symbols and the monarchy, as both surpassed religious themes in their importance. The previously dominant <a href="/wiki/Baroque_architecture_in_Portugal" title="Baroque architecture in Portugal">old Baroque style</a> was superseded by <a href="/wiki/Neoclassicism" title="Neoclassicism">Neoclassicism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVainfas200283-313">[311]</a> New developments appeared, such as the use of iron in architecture and the appearance of <a href="/wiki/Lithography" title="Lithography">lithography</a> and photography, which revitalized the visual arts.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVainfas200283-313">[311]</a> The government's creation of the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Academy_of_Fine_Arts_(Brazil)" title="Imperial Academy of Fine Arts (Brazil)">Imperial Academy of Fine Arts</a> in the 1820s played a pivotal role in influencing and expanding the visual arts in Brazil, mainly by educating generations of artists but also by serving as a stylistic guideline.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVainfas200284-314">[312]</a> The academy's origins lay in the foundation of the Escola Real das Ciências, Artes e Ofícios (Royal School of the Sciences, Arts and Crafts) in 1816 by the Portuguese King John VI. Its members—of whom the most famous was <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Debret" title="Jean-Baptiste Debret">Jean-Baptiste Debret</a>—were French <a href="/wiki/%C3%89migr%C3%A9" title="Émigré">émigrées</a> who worked as painters, sculptors, musicians and engineers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVainfas200221–22-315">[313]</a> The school's main goal was to encourage French <a href="/wiki/Aesthetics" title="Aesthetics">aesthetics</a> and the Neoclassical style to replace the prevalent baroque style.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVainfas200222-316">[314]</a> Plagued by a lack of funds since its inception, the school was later renamed as the Academy of Fine Arts in 1820, and in 1824 received its final name under the Empire: Imperial Academy of Fine Arts.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVainfas200222-316">[314]</a> It was only following Pedro II's majority in 1840, however, that the academy became a powerhouse, part of the Emperor's greater scheme of fomenting a national culture and consequently uniting all Brazilians in a common sense of nationhood.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwarcz1998126–127-317">[315]</a> Pedro II would sponsor the Brazilian culture through several public institutions funded by the government (not restricted to the Academy of Fine Arts), such as <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Historic_and_Geographic_Institute" title="Brazilian Historic and Geographic Institute">Brazilian Historic and Geographic Institute</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwarcz1998126-318">[316]</a> and Imperial Academy of Music and National Opera.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwarcz1998152-319">[317]</a> That sponsorship would pave the way not only for the careers of artists, but also for those engaged in other fields, including historians such as <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Adolfo_de_Varnhagen" class="mw-redirect" title="Francisco Adolfo de Varnhagen">Francisco Adolfo de Varnhagen</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVainfas2002285-320">[318]</a> and musicians such as the operatic composer <a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B4nio_Carlos_Gomes" title="Antônio Carlos Gomes">Antônio Carlos Gomes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVainfas2002123-321">[319]</a> By the 1840s, <a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romanticism</a> had largely supplanted Neoclassicism, not only in painting, but also in sculpture and architecture.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVainfas200284-314">[312]</a> The academy did not resume its role of simply providing education: prizes, medals, scholarships in foreign countries and funding were used as incentives.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwarcz1998145-322">[320]</a> Among its staff and students were some of the most renowned Brazilian artists, including <a href="/wiki/Simpl%C3%ADcio_Rodrigues_de_S%C3%A1" title="Simplício Rodrigues de Sá">Simplício Rodrigues de Sá</a>, <a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Taunay" class="mw-redirect" title="Félix Taunay">Félix Taunay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manuel_de_Ara%C3%BAjo_Porto-alegre,_Baron_of_Santo_%C3%82ngelo" class="mw-redirect" title="Manuel de Araújo Porto-alegre, Baron of Santo Ângelo">Manuel de Araújo Porto-alegre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pedro_Am%C3%A9rico" title="Pedro Américo">Pedro Américo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Victor_Meirelles" title="Victor Meirelles">Victor Meirelles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rodolfo_Amoedo" title="Rodolfo Amoedo">Rodolfo Amoedo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Almeida_J%C3%BAnior" class="mw-redirect" title="Almeida Júnior">Almeida Júnior</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rodolfo_Bernardelli" title="Rodolfo Bernardelli">Rodolfo Bernardelli</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_Zeferino_da_Costa" title="João Zeferino da Costa">João Zeferino da Costa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwarcz1998145-322">[320]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVainfas200284–85-323">[321]</a> In the 1880s, after having been long regarded as the official style of the academy, Romanticism declined, and other styles were explored by a new generation of artists. Among the new genres was <a href="/wiki/Landscape_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Landscape art">Landscape art</a>, the most famous exponents of which were <a href="/wiki/Georg_Grimm" title="Georg Grimm">Georg Grimm</a>, <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Battista_Castagneto" title="Giovanni Battista Castagneto">Giovanni Battista Castagneto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7a_J%C3%BAnior" title="França Júnior">França Júnior</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B4nio_Parreiras" title="Antônio Parreiras">Antônio Parreiras</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVainfas200285-324">[322]</a> Another style which gained popularity in the fields of painting and architecture was <a href="/wiki/Eclecticism" title="Eclecticism">Eclecticism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVainfas200285-324">[322]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature_and_theater">Literature and theater</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Empire_of_Brazil&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Literature and theater">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Three_brazilian_writers_1858.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="An old photograph depicting two dark-haired men seated in the foreground and a white-haired man standing behind" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Three_brazilian_writers_1858.jpg/170px-Three_brazilian_writers_1858.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="257" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Three_brazilian_writers_1858.jpg/255px-Three_brazilian_writers_1858.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Three_brazilian_writers_1858.jpg/340px-Three_brazilian_writers_1858.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1104" data-file-height="1670" /></a><figcaption>A photograph dating from <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1858, showing three major Brazilian <a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romantic</a> writers. From left to right: <a href="/wiki/Gon%C3%A7alves_Dias" title="Gonçalves Dias">Gonçalves Dias</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manuel_de_Ara%C3%BAjo_Porto_Alegre,_Baron_of_Santo_%C3%82ngelo" class="mw-redirect" title="Manuel de Araújo Porto Alegre, Baron of Santo Ângelo">Manuel de Araújo Porto Alegre</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gon%C3%A7alves_de_Magalh%C3%A3es,_Viscount_of_Araguaia" title="Gonçalves de Magalhães, Viscount of Araguaia">Gonçalves de Magalhães</a></figcaption></figure> In the first years after independence, Brazilian literature was still heavily influenced by Portuguese literature and its predominant Neoclassical style.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVainfas2002482-325">[323]</a> In 1837, <a href="/wiki/Gon%C3%A7alves_de_Magalh%C3%A3es,_Viscount_of_Araguaia" title="Gonçalves de Magalhães, Viscount of Araguaia">Gonçalves de Magalhães</a> published the first work of Romanticism in Brazil, beginning a new era in the nation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVainfas2002661-326">[324]</a> The next year, 1838, saw the first play performed by Brazilians with a national theme, which marked the birth of Brazilian theater. Until then themes were often based on European works even if not performed by foreign actors.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVainfas2002661-326">[324]</a> Romanticism at that time was regarded as the literary style that best fitted Brazilian literature, which could reveal its uniqueness when compared to foreign literature.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVainfas2002482–483-327">[325]</a> During the 1830s and 1840s, "a network of newspapers, journals, book publishers and printing houses emerged which together with the opening of theaters in the major towns brought into being what could be termed, but for the narrowness of its scope, a national culture".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1988237-328">[326]</a> Romanticism reached its apogee between the late 1850s and the early 1870s as it divided into several branches, including <a href="/wiki/Indianism_(arts)" title="Indianism (arts)">Indianism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sentimentalism_(literature)" title="Sentimentalism (literature)">sentimentalism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVainfas2002483-329">[327]</a> The most influential literary style in 19th-century Brazil, many of the most renowned Brazilian writers were exponents of Romanticism: <a href="/wiki/Manuel_de_Ara%C3%BAjo_Porto_Alegre,_Baron_of_Santo_%C3%82ngelo" class="mw-redirect" title="Manuel de Araújo Porto Alegre, Baron of Santo Ângelo">Manuel de Araújo Porto Alegre</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVainfas2002513-330">[328]</a> <a href="/wiki/Gon%C3%A7alves_Dias" title="Gonçalves Dias">Gonçalves Dias</a>, Gonçalves de Magalhães, <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_Alencar" title="José de Alencar">José de Alencar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bernardo_Guimar%C3%A3es" title="Bernardo Guimarães">Bernardo Guimarães</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%81lvares_de_Azevedo" title="Álvares de Azevedo">Álvares de Azevedo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Casimiro_de_Abreu" title="Casimiro de Abreu">Casimiro de Abreu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Castro_Alves" title="Castro Alves">Castro Alves</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joaquim_Manuel_de_Macedo" title="Joaquim Manuel de Macedo">Joaquim Manuel de Macedo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Ant%C3%B4nio_de_Almeida" title="Manuel Antônio de Almeida">Manuel Antônio de Almeida</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Alfredo_d%27Escragnolle_Taunay,_Viscount_of_Taunay" title="Alfredo d'Escragnolle Taunay, Viscount of Taunay">Alfredo d'Escragnolle Taunay</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVainfas2002484-331">[329]</a> In theater, the most famous Romanticist playwrights were <a href="/wiki/Martins_Pena" title="Martins Pena">Martins Pena</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVainfas2002484-331">[329]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Joaquim_Manuel_de_Macedo" title="Joaquim Manuel de Macedo">Joaquim Manuel de Macedo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVainfas2002691-332">[330]</a> Brazilian Romanticism did not have the same success in theater as it had in literature, as most of the plays were either Neoclassic tragedies or Romantic works from Portugal or translations from Italian, French or Spanish.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVainfas2002691-332">[330]</a> After the opening of the Brazilian Dramatic Conservatory in 1845, the government gave financial aid to national theater companies in exchange for staging plays in Portuguese.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVainfas2002691-332">[330]</a> By the 1880s, Romanticism was superseded by new literary styles. The first to appear was <a href="/wiki/Literary_realism" title="Literary realism">Realism</a>, which had among its most notable writers <a href="/wiki/Joaquim_Maria_Machado_de_Assis" class="mw-redirect" title="Joaquim Maria Machado de Assis">Joaquim Maria Machado de Assis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Raul_Pompeia" title="Raul Pompeia">Raul Pompeia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVainfas2002483-329">[327]</a> Newer styles that coexisted with Realism, <a href="/wiki/Naturalism_(literature)" title="Naturalism (literature)">Naturalism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Parnassianism" title="Parnassianism">Parnassianism</a>, were both connected to the former's evolution.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVainfas2002483-329">[327]</a> Among the best-known Naturalists were <a href="/wiki/Alu%C3%ADsio_Azevedo" title="Aluísio Azevedo">Aluísio Azevedo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Adolfo_Caminha" title="Adolfo Caminha">Adolfo Caminha</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVainfas2002483–484-333">[331]</a> Notable Parnassians were <a href="/wiki/Gon%C3%A7alves_Crespo" class="mw-redirect" title="Gonçalves Crespo">Gonçalves Crespo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alberto_de_Oliveira" title="Alberto de Oliveira">Alberto de Oliveira</a>, <a href="/wiki/Raimundo_Correia" title="Raimundo Correia">Raimundo Correia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Olavo_Bilac" title="Olavo Bilac">Olavo Bilac</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVainfas2002484-331">[329]</a> Brazilian theater became influenced by Realism in 1855, decades earlier than the style's impact upon literature and poetry.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVainfas2002692-334">[332]</a> Famous Realist playwrights included José de Alencar, <a href="/wiki/Quintino_Bocaiuva" title="Quintino Bocaiuva">Quintino Bocaiuva</a>, Joaquim Manuel de Macedo, <a href="/wiki/J%C3%BAlia_Lopes_de_Almeida" title="Júlia Lopes de Almeida">Júlia Lopes de Almeida</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Maria_Ang%C3%A9lica_Ribeiro" title="Maria Angélica Ribeiro">Maria Angélica Ribeiro</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVainfas2002692-334">[332]</a> Brazilian plays staged by national companies competed for audiences alongside foreign plays and companies.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVainfas2002693-335">[333]</a> Performing arts in Imperial Brazil also encompassed the staging of musical duets, dancing, gymnastics, comedy and farces.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVainfas2002693-335">[333]</a> Less prestigious, but more popular with the working classes were puppeteers and magicians, as well as the circus, with its travelling companies of performers, including acrobats, trained animals, illusionists, and other stunt-oriented artists.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVainfas2002694-336">[334]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Empire_of_Brazil&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/32px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/48px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/64px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Brazil" title="Portal:Brazil">Brazil portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monarchies_in_the_Americas" title="Monarchies in the Americas">Monarchies in the Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_titles_and_honours_of_the_Brazilian_Crown" title="List of titles and honours of the Brazilian Crown">List of titles and honours of the Brazilian Crown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Regalia_of_Brazil" title="Imperial Regalia of Brazil">Imperial Regalia of Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Crown_of_Brazil" title="Imperial Crown of Brazil">Imperial Crown of Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Reign" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Reign">Second Reign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_reign_(Empire_of_Brazil)" title="First reign (Empire of Brazil)">First Reign</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Endnotes">Endnotes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Empire_of_Brazil&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Endnotes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-upper-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> The matter of the contested regions were later settled peacefully in favor of Brazil's pretentions. The exception was the border with Argentina next to the Brazilian province of Santa Catarina, in which half of its territory were divided amicably between Brazil and its neighbor. The current-day state of <a href="/wiki/Acre_(state)" title="Acre (state)">Acre</a>, formerly part of Bolivia, was purchased by Brazil in 1903 and had not been claimed during the imperial era. </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a> The only exceptions regarding border disputes in the north and west were minor diplomatic disputes with France and Britain in the northern region. During the 1830s, both countries occupied and unsuccessfully attempted to claim some areas in the north as part of their colonial empires. See <a href="#CITEREFViana1994">Viana 1994</a>, p. 575. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Empire_of_Brazil&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Footnotes">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFVeronaDias_Júnior2018" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Verona, Ana Paula; Dias Júnior, Claudio Santiago (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rebep.emnuvens.com.br/revista/article/view/1243/pdf">"Os indígenas nos Censos Demográficos brasileiros pré-1991"</a>. Revista Brasileira de Estudos de População (in Portuguese). 35 (3): 1–9. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.20947%2Fs0102-3098a0058">10.20947/s0102-3098a0058</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0102-3098">0102-3098</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241214005323/https://rebep.emnuvens.com.br/revista/article/view/1243/pdf">Archived</a> from the original on 14 December 2024. Retrieved 13 December 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Revista+Brasileira+de+Estudos+de+Popula%C3%A7%C3%A3o&rft.atitle=Os+ind%C3%ADgenas+nos+Censos+Demogr%C3%A1ficos+brasileiros+pr%C3%A9-1991&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E9&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.20947%2Fs0102-3098a0058&rft.issn=0102-3098&rft.aulast=Verona&rft.aufirst=Ana+Paula&rft.au=Dias+J%C3%BAnior%2C+Claudio+Santiago&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frebep.emnuvens.com.br%2Frevista%2Farticle%2Fview%2F1243%2Fpdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmpire+of+Brazil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-IBGE-2"><a href="#cite_ref-IBGE_2-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibge.gov.br/home/geociencias/areaterritorial/historico.shtm">"Área Territorial Brasileira"</a>. www.ibge.gov.br (in Portuguese). <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Institute_of_Geography_and_Statistics" title="Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics">Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161023100101/http://www.ibge.gov.br/home/geociencias/areaterritorial/historico.shtm">Archived</a> from the original on 23 October 2016. Retrieved 16 October 2016. <q>A primeira estimativa oficial para a extensão superficial do território brasileiro data de 1889. O valor de 8,337,218 km2 (3,219,018 sq mi) foi obtido a partir de medições e cálculos efetuados sobre as folhas básicas da Carta do Império do Brasil, publicada em 1883. [The first official estimate of the surface area of the Brazilian territory dates from 1889. A value of 8,337,218 km2 (3,219,018 sq mi) was obtained from measurements and calculations made on drafts of the Map of the Empire of Brazil, published in 1883.]</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ibge.gov.br&rft.atitle=%C3%81rea+Territorial+Brasileira&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibge.gov.br%2Fhome%2Fgeociencias%2Fareaterritorial%2Fhistorico.shtm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmpire+of+Brazil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEViana199442–44-3"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEViana199442–44_3-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFViana1994">Viana 1994</a>, pp. 42–44. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEViana199459,_65,_66,_78,_175,_181,_197,_213,_300-4"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEViana199459,_65,_66,_78,_175,_181,_197,_213,_300_4-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFViana1994">Viana 1994</a>, pp. 59, 65, 66, 78, 175, 181, 197, 213, 300. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman198843–44-5"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarman198843–44_5-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarman1988">Barman 1988</a>, pp. 43–44. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman198872-6"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarman198872_6-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarman1988">Barman 1988</a>, p. 72. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEViana1994396-7"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEViana1994396_7-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFViana1994">Viana 1994</a>, p. 396. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman198875,_81–82-8"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarman198875,_81–82_8-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarman1988">Barman 1988</a>, pp. 75, 81–82. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEViana1994399,_403-9"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEViana1994399,_403_9-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFViana1994">Viana 1994</a>, pp. 399, 403. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEViana1994408–408-10"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEViana1994408–408_10-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFViana1994">Viana 1994</a>, pp. 408–408. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman198896-11"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarman198896_11-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarman1988">Barman 1988</a>, p. 96. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEViana1994417–418-12"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEViana1994417–418_12-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFViana1994">Viana 1994</a>, pp. 417–418. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1988101–102-13"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarman1988101–102_13-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarman1988">Barman 1988</a>, pp. 101–102. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEViana1994420–422-14"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEViana1994420–422_14-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFViana1994">Viana 1994</a>, pp. 420–422. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1988104–106-15"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarman1988104–106_15-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarman1988">Barman 1988</a>, pp. 104–106. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1988128-16"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarman1988128_16-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarman1988">Barman 1988</a>, p. 128. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1988131-17">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarman1988131_17-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarman1988131_17-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarman1988">Barman 1988</a>, p. 131. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1988142-18"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarman1988142_18-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarman1988">Barman 1988</a>, p. 142. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1988151-19"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarman1988151_19-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarman1988">Barman 1988</a>, p. 151. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1988148–149-20"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarman1988148–149_20-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarman1988">Barman 1988</a>, pp. 148–149. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman199918–19-21"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarman199918–19_21-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarman1999">Barman 1999</a>, pp. 18–19. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman199919-22"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarman199919_22-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarman1999">Barman 1999</a>, p. 19. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1988159-23"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarman1988159_23-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarman1988">Barman 1988</a>, p. 159. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1988160-24"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarman1988160_24-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarman1988">Barman 1988</a>, p. 160. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1988161–163-25"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarman1988161–163_25-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarman1988">Barman 1988</a>, pp. 161–163. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman199961-26"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarman199961_26-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarman1999">Barman 1999</a>, p. 61. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1988179–180-27"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarman1988179–180_27-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarman1988">Barman 1988</a>, pp. 179–180. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1999317-28">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarman1999317_28-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarman1999317_28-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarman1999">Barman 1999</a>, p. 317. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman199964-29"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarman199964_29-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarman1999">Barman 1999</a>, p. 64. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman199958-30"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarman199958_30-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarman1999">Barman 1999</a>, p. 58. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman199968–73-31"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarman199968–73_31-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarman1999">Barman 1999</a>, pp. 68–73. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman199949-32"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarman199949_32-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarman1999">Barman 1999</a>, p. 49. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1999109-33">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarman1999109_33-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarman1999109_33-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarman1999">Barman 1999</a>, p. 109. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1999114-34"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarman1999114_34-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarman1999">Barman 1999</a>, p. 114. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1999123-35">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarman1999123_35-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarman1999123_35-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarman1999">Barman 1999</a>, p. 123. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1999122-36"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarman1999122_36-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarman1999">Barman 1999</a>, p. 122. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1999122–123-37"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarman1999122–123_37-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarman1999">Barman 1999</a>, pp. 122–123. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1999124-38"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarman1999124_38-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarman1999">Barman 1999</a>, p. 124. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1999125-39">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarman1999125_39-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarman1999125_39-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarman1999125_39-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarman1999">Barman 1999</a>, p. 125. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1999126-40"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarman1999126_40-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarman1999">Barman 1999</a>, p. 126. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarvalho2007102–103-41"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarvalho2007102–103_41-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCarvalho2007">Carvalho 2007</a>, pp. 102–103. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELevine199963–64-42"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevine199963–64_42-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLevine1999">Levine 1999</a>, pp. 63–64. </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> See: <ul><li><a href="#CITEREFBethell1993">Bethell 1993</a>, p. 76;</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFGraham1994">Graham 1994</a>, p. 71;</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFSkidmore1999">Skidmore 1999</a>, p. 48.</li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1999159-44">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarman1999159_44-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarman1999159_44-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarman1999">Barman 1999</a>, p. 159. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVainfas2002343-45">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVainfas2002343_45-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVainfas2002343_45-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFVainfas2002">Vainfas 2002</a>, p. 343. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELira_1977,_Vol_1182-46"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELira_1977,_Vol_1182_46-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLira_1977,_Vol_1">Lira 1977, Vol 1</a>, p. 182. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1999162-47"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarman1999162_47-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarman1999">Barman 1999</a>, p. 162. </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> See: <ul><li><a href="#CITEREFBarman1999">Barman 1999</a>, p. 166;</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFLira_1977,_Vol_1">Lira 1977, Vol 1</a>, p. 188;</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFNabuco1975">Nabuco 1975</a>, pp. 167–169.</li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1999166-49"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarman1999166_49-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarman1999">Barman 1999</a>, p. 166. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENabuco1975162-50"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENabuco1975162_50-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNabuco1975">Nabuco 1975</a>, p. 162. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENabuco1975313-51"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENabuco1975313_51-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNabuco1975">Nabuco 1975</a>, p. 313. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENabuco1975346,_370,_373,_376-52"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENabuco1975346,_370,_373,_376_52-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNabuco1975">Nabuco 1975</a>, pp. 346, 370, 373, 376. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENabuco1975346-53"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENabuco1975346_53-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNabuco1975">Nabuco 1975</a>, p. 346. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENabuco1975364–365-54"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENabuco1975364–365_54-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNabuco1975">Nabuco 1975</a>, pp. 364–365. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENabuco1975378-55"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENabuco1975378_55-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNabuco1975">Nabuco 1975</a>, p. 378. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENabuco1975374–376-56"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENabuco1975374–376_56-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNabuco1975">Nabuco 1975</a>, pp. 374–376. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1999192-57"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarman1999192_57-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarman1999">Barman 1999</a>, p. 192. </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> See: <ul><li><a href="#CITEREFCalmon1975">Calmon 1975</a>, p. 678;</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFCarvalho2007">Carvalho 2007</a>, pp. 103–145;</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFLira_1977,_Vol_1">Lira 1977, Vol 1</a>, p. 207.</li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> See: <ul><li><a href="#CITEREFCalmon1975">Calmon 1975</a>, pp. 678–681;</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFCarvalho2007">Carvalho 2007</a>, p. 104</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFLira_1977,_Vol_1">Lira 1977, Vol 1</a>, p. 208.</li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECalmon1975680-60"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECalmon1975680_60-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCalmon1975">Calmon 1975</a>, p. 680. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoratioto200298,_203-61"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDoratioto200298,_203_61-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDoratioto2002">Doratioto 2002</a>, pp. 98, 203. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECalmon1975684-62"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECalmon1975684_62-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCalmon1975">Calmon 1975</a>, p. 684. </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> See: <ul><li><a href="#CITEREFCalmon1975">Calmon 1975</a>, p. 691;</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFCarvalho2007">Carvalho 2007</a>, p. 105;</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFLira_1977,_Vol_1">Lira 1977, Vol 1</a>, p. 211.</li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> See: <ul><li><a href="#CITEREFBarman1999">Barman 1999</a>, p. 197;</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFCarvalho2007">Carvalho 2007</a>, p. 108;</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFLira_1977,_Vol_1">Lira 1977, Vol 1</a>, p. 219.</li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELira_1977,_Vol_1220-65"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELira_1977,_Vol_1220_65-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLira_1977,_Vol_1">Lira 1977, Vol 1</a>, p. 220. </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> See: <ul><li><a href="#CITEREFBarman1999">Barman 1999</a>, p. 198;</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFCarvalho2007">Carvalho 2007</a>, p. 109;</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFLira_1977,_Vol_1">Lira 1977, Vol 1</a>, pp. 224–225.</li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarvalho2007109-67"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarvalho2007109_67-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCarvalho2007">Carvalho 2007</a>, p. 109. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELira_1977,_Vol_1227-68"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELira_1977,_Vol_1227_68-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLira_1977,_Vol_1">Lira 1977, Vol 1</a>, p. 227. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECalmon1975748-69"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECalmon1975748_69-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCalmon1975">Calmon 1975</a>, p. 748. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELira_1977,_Vol_1237-70"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELira_1977,_Vol_1237_70-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLira_1977,_Vol_1">Lira 1977, Vol 1</a>, p. 237. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1999222-71">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarman1999222_71-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarman1999222_71-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarman1999">Barman 1999</a>, p. 222. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENabuco1975592-72"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENabuco1975592_72-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNabuco1975">Nabuco 1975</a>, p. 592. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1999223-73">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarman1999223_73-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarman1999223_73-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarman1999">Barman 1999</a>, p. 223. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENabuco1975666-74"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENabuco1975666_74-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNabuco1975">Nabuco 1975</a>, p. 666. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1999229–230-75"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarman1999229–230_75-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarman1999">Barman 1999</a>, pp. 229–230. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoratioto2002461-76"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDoratioto2002461_76-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDoratioto2002">Doratioto 2002</a>, p. 461. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoratioto2002462-77"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDoratioto2002462_77-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDoratioto2002">Doratioto 2002</a>, p. 462. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECalmon2002201-78"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECalmon2002201_78-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCalmon2002">Calmon 2002</a>, p. 201. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMunro1942276-79"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMunro1942276_79-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMunro1942">Munro 1942</a>, p. 276. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1999243-80"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarman1999243_80-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarman1999">Barman 1999</a>, p. 243. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELira_1977,_Vol_29-81">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELira_1977,_Vol_29_81-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELira_1977,_Vol_29_81-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELira_1977,_Vol_29_81-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFLira_1977,_Vol_2">Lira 1977, Vol 2</a>, p. 9. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1999240-82"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarman1999240_82-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarman1999">Barman 1999</a>, p. 240. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1999235-83"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarman1999235_83-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarman1999">Barman 1999</a>, p. 235. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1999238-84">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarman1999238_84-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarman1999238_84-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarman1999">Barman 1999</a>, p. 238. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1999261-85">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarman1999261_85-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarman1999261_85-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarman1999">Barman 1999</a>, p. 261. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1999234,_317-86"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarman1999234,_317_86-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarman1999">Barman 1999</a>, pp. 234, 317. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1999318-87"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarman1999318_87-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarman1999">Barman 1999</a>, p. 318. </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> See: <ul><li><a href="#CITEREFHahner1978">Hahner 1978</a>, pp. 254–271;</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFBarman1999">Barman 1999</a>, p. 319;</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFTopik2000">Topik 2000</a>, p. 51.</li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1999298–299-89"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarman1999298–299_89-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarman1999">Barman 1999</a>, p. 298–299. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1999299-90"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarman1999299_90-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarman1999">Barman 1999</a>, p. 299. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELira_1977,_Vol_3126-91"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELira_1977,_Vol_3126_91-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLira_1977,_Vol_3">Lira 1977, Vol 3</a>, p. 126. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1999399-92"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarman1999399_92-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarman1999">Barman 1999</a>, p. 399. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1999262–263-93"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarman1999262–263_93-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarman1999">Barman 1999</a>, pp. 262–263. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1999130-94"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarman1999130_94-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarman1999">Barman 1999</a>, p. 130. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1999262-95">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarman1999262_95-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarman1999262_95-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarman1999">Barman 1999</a>, p. 262. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1999268-96"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarman1999268_96-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarman1999">Barman 1999</a>, p. 268. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1999349-97"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarman1999349_97-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarman1999">Barman 1999</a>, p. 349. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELira_1977,_Vol_3121-98"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELira_1977,_Vol_3121_98-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLira_1977,_Vol_3">Lira 1977, Vol 3</a>, p. 121. </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> See: <ul><li><a href="#CITEREFErmakoff2006">Ermakoff 2006</a>, p. 189;</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFCarvalho2007">Carvalho 2007</a>, p. 206;</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFMunro1942">Munro 1942</a>, p. 279.</li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarvalho2007195-100">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarvalho2007195_100-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarvalho2007195_100-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFCarvalho2007">Carvalho 2007</a>, p. 195. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1999353-101">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarman1999353_101-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarman1999353_101-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarman1999353_101-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarman1999">Barman 1999</a>, p. 353. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1999353–355-102"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarman1999353–355_102-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarman1999">Barman 1999</a>, pp. 353–355. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETopik200056-103">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETopik200056_103-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETopik200056_103-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETopik200056_103-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETopik200056_103-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETopik200056_103-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFTopik2000">Topik 2000</a>, p. 56. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1999341-104"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarman1999341_104-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarman1999">Barman 1999</a>, p. 341. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1999346-105"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarman1999346_105-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarman1999">Barman 1999</a>, p. 346. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELira_1977,_Vol_378-106"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELira_1977,_Vol_378_106-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLira_1977,_Vol_3">Lira 1977, Vol 3</a>, p. 78. </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> See: <ul><li><a href="#CITEREFBarman1999">Barman 1999</a>, pp. 348–349;</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFCarvalho2007">Carvalho 2007</a>, p. 190;</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFSchwarcz1998">Schwarcz 1998</a>, p. 438.</li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1999351-108"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarman1999351_108-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarman1999">Barman 1999</a>, p. 351. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1999355-109"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarman1999355_109-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarman1999">Barman 1999</a>, p. 355. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1999356-110"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarman1999356_110-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarman1999">Barman 1999</a>, p. 356. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1999353–356-111"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarman1999353–356_111-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarman1999">Barman 1999</a>, pp. 353–356. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEErmakoff2006189-112"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEErmakoff2006189_112-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFErmakoff2006">Ermakoff 2006</a>, p. 189. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwarcz1998450-113"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchwarcz1998450_113-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchwarcz1998">Schwarcz 1998</a>, p. 450. </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> See: <ul><li><a href="#CITEREFBarman1999">Barman 1999</a>, p. 360;</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFCalmon1975">Calmon 1975</a>, p. 1611;</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFCarvalho2007">Carvalho 2007</a>, p. 218;</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFLira_1977,_Vol_3">Lira 1977, Vol 3</a>, p. 104.</li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwarcz1998459-115"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchwarcz1998459_115-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchwarcz1998">Schwarcz 1998</a>, p. 459. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELira_1977,_Vol_396-116"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELira_1977,_Vol_396_116-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLira_1977,_Vol_3">Lira 1977, Vol 3</a>, p. 96. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBesouchet1993538-117"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBesouchet1993538_117-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBesouchet1993">Besouchet 1993</a>, p. 538. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1999361-118"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarman1999361_118-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarman1999">Barman 1999</a>, p. 361. </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> See: <ul><li><a href="#CITEREFCalmon1975">Calmon 1975</a>, pp. 1603–1604;</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFCarvalho2007">Carvalho 2007</a>, p. 217;</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFLira_1977,_Vol_3">Lira 1977, Vol 3</a>, p. 99.</li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarvalho2007220-120"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarvalho2007220_120-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCarvalho2007">Carvalho 2007</a>, p. 220. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESalles1996194-121"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESalles1996194_121-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSalles1996">Salles 1996</a>, p. 194. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1999394-122"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarman1999394_122-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarman1999">Barman 1999</a>, p. 394. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELira_1977,_Vol_3119–120-123"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELira_1977,_Vol_3119–120_123-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLira_1977,_Vol_3">Lira 1977, Vol 3</a>, pp. 119–120. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1988132-124">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarman1988132_124-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarman1988132_124-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarman1988">Barman 1988</a>, p. 132. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1988132–133-125"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarman1988132–133_125-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarman1988">Barman 1988</a>, pp. 132–133. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1988133-126">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarman1988133_126-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarman1988133_126-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarman1988133_126-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarman1988133_126-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarman1988">Barman 1988</a>, p. 133. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEViana1994476-127"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEViana1994476_127-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFViana1994">Viana 1994</a>, p. 476. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarvalho199342-128"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarvalho199342_128-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCarvalho1993">Carvalho 1993</a>, p. 42. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENabuco1975712-129"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENabuco1975712_129-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNabuco1975">Nabuco 1975</a>, p. 712. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDolhnikoff200559-130">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDolhnikoff200559_130-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDolhnikoff200559_130-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFDolhnikoff2005">Dolhnikoff 2005</a>, p. 59. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDolhnikoff200560-131">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDolhnikoff200560_131-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDolhnikoff200560_131-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDolhnikoff200560_131-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFDolhnikoff2005">Dolhnikoff 2005</a>, p. 60. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDolhnikoff200564,_97-132"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDolhnikoff200564,_97_132-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDolhnikoff2005">Dolhnikoff 2005</a>, pp. 64, 97. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDolhnikoff200597-133">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDolhnikoff200597_133-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDolhnikoff200597_133-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFDolhnikoff2005">Dolhnikoff 2005</a>, p. 97. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDolhnikoff200599-134"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDolhnikoff200599_134-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDolhnikoff2005">Dolhnikoff 2005</a>, p. 99. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDolhnikoff2005100-135"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDolhnikoff2005100_135-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDolhnikoff2005">Dolhnikoff 2005</a>, p. 100. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDolhnikoff2005102-136">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDolhnikoff2005102_136-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDolhnikoff2005102_136-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFDolhnikoff2005">Dolhnikoff 2005</a>, p. 102. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDolhnikoff2005103-137"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDolhnikoff2005103_137-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDolhnikoff2005">Dolhnikoff 2005</a>, p. 103. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDolhnikoff2005110–112-138"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDolhnikoff2005110–112_138-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDolhnikoff2005">Dolhnikoff 2005</a>, pp. 110–112. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDolhnikoff2005118-139"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDolhnikoff2005118_139-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDolhnikoff2005">Dolhnikoff 2005</a>, p. 118. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDolhnikoff200583-140"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDolhnikoff200583_140-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDolhnikoff2005">Dolhnikoff 2005</a>, p. 83. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDolhnikoff2005118–119-141"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDolhnikoff2005118–119_141-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDolhnikoff2005">Dolhnikoff 2005</a>, pp. 118–119. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERodrigues1863134–135-142"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERodrigues1863134–135_142-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRodrigues1863">Rodrigues 1863</a>, pp. 134–135. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarvalho200829-143"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarvalho200829_143-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCarvalho2008">Carvalho 2008</a>, p. 29. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVainfas2002223-144">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVainfas2002223_144-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVainfas2002223_144-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVainfas2002223_144-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFVainfas2002">Vainfas 2002</a>, p. 223. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1988124-145">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarman1988124_145-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarman1988124_145-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarman1988">Barman 1988</a>, p. 124. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarvalho200830-146">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarvalho200830_146-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarvalho200830_146-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarvalho200830_146-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFCarvalho2008">Carvalho 2008</a>, p. 30. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVainfas2002139-147">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVainfas2002139_147-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVainfas2002139_147-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVainfas2002139_147-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFVainfas2002">Vainfas 2002</a>, p. 139. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarvalho200831-148">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarvalho200831_148-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarvalho200831_148-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFCarvalho2008">Carvalho 2008</a>, p. 31. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarvalho199346-149">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarvalho199346_149-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarvalho199346_149-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFCarvalho1993">Carvalho 1993</a>, p. 46. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVainfas2002224-150">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVainfas2002224_150-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVainfas2002224_150-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVainfas2002224_150-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVainfas2002224_150-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVainfas2002224_150-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFVainfas2002">Vainfas 2002</a>, p. 224. </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> See: <ul><li><a href="#CITEREFCarvalho1993">Carvalho 1993</a>, p. 46;</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFCarvalho2008">Carvalho 2008</a>, p. 30;</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFVainfas2002">Vainfas 2002</a>, p. 224.</li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarvalho2007180-152">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarvalho2007180_152-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarvalho2007180_152-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFCarvalho2007">Carvalho 2007</a>, p. 180. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarvalho199348-153"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarvalho199348_153-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCarvalho1993">Carvalho 1993</a>, p. 48. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarvalho200839-154"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarvalho200839_154-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCarvalho2008">Carvalho 2008</a>, p. 39. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarvalho200833-155"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarvalho200833_155-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCarvalho2008">Carvalho 2008</a>, p. 33. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarvalho199351-156"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarvalho199351_156-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCarvalho1993">Carvalho 1993</a>, p. 51. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarvalho200284–85-157"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarvalho200284–85_157-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCarvalho2002">Carvalho 2002</a>, p. 84–85. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarvalho200291-158"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarvalho200291_158-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCarvalho2002">Carvalho 2002</a>, p. 91. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERodrigues186379,_117-159"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERodrigues186379,_117_159-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRodrigues1863">Rodrigues 1863</a>, pp. 79, 117. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarvalho2007193-160">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarvalho2007193_160-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarvalho2007193_160-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFCarvalho2007">Carvalho 2007</a>, p. 193. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELira_1977,_Vol_384-161"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELira_1977,_Vol_384_161-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLira_1977,_Vol_3">Lira 1977, Vol 3</a>, p. 84. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPedrosa2004289-162"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPedrosa2004289_162-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPedrosa2004">Pedrosa 2004</a>, p. 289. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolanda1974241–242-163"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolanda1974241–242_163-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHolanda1974">Holanda 1974</a>, pp. 241–242. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVainfas2002548-164"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVainfas2002548_164-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVainfas2002">Vainfas 2002</a>, p. 548. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECalmon2002265-165"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECalmon2002265_165-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCalmon2002">Calmon 2002</a>, p. 265. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEParkinson2008128-166"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParkinson2008128_166-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFParkinson2008">Parkinson 2008</a>, p. 128. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELira_1977,_Vol_370-167"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELira_1977,_Vol_370_167-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLira_1977,_Vol_3">Lira 1977, Vol 3</a>, p. 70. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELira_1977,_Vol_369-168"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELira_1977,_Vol_369_168-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLira_1977,_Vol_3">Lira 1977, Vol 3</a>, p. 69. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1999321-169"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarman1999321_169-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarman1999">Barman 1999</a>, p. 321. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarvalho2007196-170"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarvalho2007196_170-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCarvalho2007">Carvalho 2007</a>, p. 196. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETopik200064,_66,_235-171"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETopik200064,_66,_235_171-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTopik2000">Topik 2000</a>, pp. 64, 66, 235. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreen2020309-173"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreen2020309_173-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGreen2020">Green 2020</a>, p. 309. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiese_Randig2017505-174"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiese_Randig2017505_174-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWiese_Randig2017">Wiese Randig 2017</a>, p. 505. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiese_Randig2017518-175"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiese_Randig2017518_175-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWiese_Randig2017">Wiese Randig 2017</a>, p. 518. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiese_Randig2017519-176"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiese_Randig2017519_176-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWiese_Randig2017">Wiese Randig 2017</a>, p. 519. </li> 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href="#CITEREFViana1994">Viana 1994</a>, p. 578. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEViana1994575-183"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEViana1994575_183-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFViana1994">Viana 1994</a>, p. 575. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVainfas2002329-185"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVainfas2002329_185-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVainfas2002">Vainfas 2002</a>, p. 329. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVainfas2002323–324-186"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVainfas2002323–324_186-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVainfas2002">Vainfas 2002</a>, pp. 323–324. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith20107-187"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith20107_187-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSmith2010">Smith 2010</a>, p. 7. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith201018-188"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith201018_188-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSmith2010">Smith 2010</a>, p. 18. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1999306-189"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarman1999306_189-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarman1999">Barman 1999</a>, p. 306. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERodrigues1995208-190"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERodrigues1995208_190-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRodrigues1995">Rodrigues 1995</a>, p. 208. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETopik200060-191"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETopik200060_191-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTopik2000">Topik 2000</a>, p. 60. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1999XVI-192"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarman1999XVI_192-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarman1999">Barman 1999</a>, p. XVI. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraça_Filho200421-193"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGraça_Filho200421_193-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGraça_Filho2004">Graça Filho 2004</a>, p. 21. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESodré2004201-194"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESodré2004201_194-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSodré2004">Sodré 2004</a>, p. 201. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaustoDevoto200547-195"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFaustoDevoto200547_195-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFaustoDevoto2005">Fausto & Devoto 2005</a>, p. 47. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaustoDevoto200550-196"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFaustoDevoto200550_196-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFaustoDevoto2005">Fausto & Devoto 2005</a>, p. 50. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELira_1977,_Vol_1200-197"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELira_1977,_Vol_1200_197-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLira_1977,_Vol_1">Lira 1977, Vol 1</a>, p. 200. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1988218,_236,_237-198"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarman1988218,_236,_237_198-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarman1988">Barman 1988</a>, pp. 218, 236, 237. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETopik200019-199"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETopik200019_199-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTopik2000">Topik 2000</a>, p. 19. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaustoDevoto200546-200">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFaustoDevoto200546_200-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFaustoDevoto200546_200-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFFaustoDevoto2005">Fausto & Devoto 2005</a>, p. 46. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETopik200033-201"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETopik200033_201-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTopik2000">Topik 2000</a>, p. 33. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVainfas2002250-202">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVainfas2002250_202-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVainfas2002250_202-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFVainfas2002">Vainfas 2002</a>, p. 250. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVainfas2002251-203"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVainfas2002251_203-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVainfas2002">Vainfas 2002</a>, p. 251. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFausto1995239-204"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFausto1995239_204-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFausto1995">Fausto 1995</a>, p. 239. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECalmon2002368-205"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECalmon2002368_205-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCalmon2002">Calmon 2002</a>, p. 368. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVainfas2002538-206"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVainfas2002538_206-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVainfas2002">Vainfas 2002</a>, p. 538. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELira_1977,_Vol_213-207">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELira_1977,_Vol_213_207-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELira_1977,_Vol_213_207-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELira_1977,_Vol_213_207-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELira_1977,_Vol_213_207-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFLira_1977,_Vol_2">Lira 1977, Vol 2</a>, p. 13. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVasquez200738-208"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVasquez200738_208-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVasquez2007">Vasquez 2007</a>, p. 38. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEViana1994496-209"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEViana1994496_209-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFViana1994">Viana 1994</a>, p. 496. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECalmon2002222-210"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECalmon2002222_210-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCalmon2002">Calmon 2002</a>, p. 222. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECalmon2002225-211"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECalmon2002225_211-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCalmon2002">Calmon 2002</a>, p. 225. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECalmon2002226-212"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECalmon2002226_212-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCalmon2002">Calmon 2002</a>, p. 226. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELira_1977,_Vol_2309-213"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELira_1977,_Vol_2309_213-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLira_1977,_Vol_2">Lira 1977, Vol 2</a>, p. 309. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVainfas2002539-214"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVainfas2002539_214-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVainfas2002">Vainfas 2002</a>, p. 539. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECalmon2002366-215"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECalmon2002366_215-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCalmon2002">Calmon 2002</a>, p. 366. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVainfas2002131-216">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVainfas2002131_216-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVainfas2002131_216-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVainfas2002131_216-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFVainfas2002">Vainfas 2002</a>, p. 131. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVainfas2002132-217">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVainfas2002132_217-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVainfas2002132_217-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVainfas2002132_217-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVainfas2002132_217-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFVainfas2002">Vainfas 2002</a>, p. 132. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEScully1868146–147-218"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScully1868146–147_218-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFScully1868">Scully 1868</a>, pp. 146–147. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEScully1868151-219"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScully1868151_219-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFScully1868">Scully 1868</a>, p. 151. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEScully1868357-220"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScully1868357_220-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFScully1868">Scully 1868</a>, p. 357. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEScully1868274-221"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScully1868274_221-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFScully1868">Scully 1868</a>, p. 274. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEScully1868227-222"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScully1868227_222-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFScully1868">Scully 1868</a>, p. 227. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEScully1868294-223"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScully1868294_223-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFScully1868">Scully 1868</a>, p. 294. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEScully1868287-224"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScully1868287_224-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFScully1868">Scully 1868</a>, p. 287. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEScully1868299-225"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScully1868299_225-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFScully1868">Scully 1868</a>, p. 299. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEScully1868368-226"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScully1868368_226-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFScully1868">Scully 1868</a>, p. 368. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEScully1868198-227"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScully1868198_227-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFScully1868">Scully 1868</a>, p. 198. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEScully1868318-228"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScully1868318_228-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFScully1868">Scully 1868</a>, p. 318. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEScully1868362–363-229"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScully1868362–363_229-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFScully1868">Scully 1868</a>, pp. 362–363. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEScully1868345-230"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScully1868345_230-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFScully1868">Scully 1868</a>, p. 345. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEScully1868267-231"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScully1868267_231-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFScully1868">Scully 1868</a>, p. 267. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEScully1868331-232"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScully1868331_232-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFScully1868">Scully 1868</a>, p. 331. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEScully1868306-233"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScully1868306_233-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFScully1868">Scully 1868</a>, p. 306. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEScully1868234-234"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScully1868234_234-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFScully1868">Scully 1868</a>, p. 234. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEScully1868255-235"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScully1868255_235-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFScully1868">Scully 1868</a>, p. 255. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEScully1868247–248-236"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScully1868247–248_236-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFScully1868">Scully 1868</a>, pp. 247–248. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEScully1868262-237"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScully1868262_237-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFScully1868">Scully 1868</a>, p. 262. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEScully1868215-238"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScully1868215_238-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFScully1868">Scully 1868</a>, p. 215. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEScully1868189-239"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScully1868189_239-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFScully1868">Scully 1868</a>, p. 189. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVainfas2002133-240">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVainfas2002133_240-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVainfas2002133_240-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVainfas2002133_240-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVainfas2002133_240-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVainfas2002133_240-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVainfas2002133_240-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVainfas2002133_240-6">g</a> <a href="#CITEREFVainfas2002">Vainfas 2002</a>, p. 133. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaer2002341-241">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaer2002341_241-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaer2002341_241-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBaer2002">Baer 2002</a>, p. 341. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERamos200382-242">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERamos200382_242-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERamos200382_242-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERamos200382_242-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERamos200382_242-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERamos200382_242-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFRamos2003">Ramos 2003</a>, p. 82. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECoelho1996268-243"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoelho1996268_243-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCoelho1996">Coelho 1996</a>, p. 268. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVesentini1988117-244"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVesentini1988117_244-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVesentini1988">Vesentini 1988</a>, p. 117. </li> <li id="cite_note-245"><a href="#cite_ref-245">^</a> See: <ul><li><a href="#CITEREFAdas2004">Adas 2004</a>, p. 268;</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFAzevedo1971">Azevedo 1971</a>, pp. 2–3;</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFBarsa_1987,_Vol_4">Barsa 1987, Vol 4</a>, p. 230;</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFCoelho1996">Coelho 1996</a>, p. 268;</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFMoreira1981">Moreira 1981</a>, p. 108;</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFRamos2003">Ramos 2003</a>, p. 65;</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFVesentini1988">Vesentini 1988</a>, p. 117.</li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-246"><a href="#cite_ref-246">^</a> See: <ul><li><a href="#CITEREFRamos2003">Ramos 2003</a>, p. 84;</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFVainfas2002">Vainfas 2002</a>, p. 133;</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFBarsa_1987,_Vol_4">Barsa 1987, Vol 4</a>, pp. 254–255, 258, 265.</li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoreira1981108-247">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoreira1981108_247-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoreira1981108_247-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMoreira1981">Moreira 1981</a>, p. 108. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAzevedo197174–75-248"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAzevedo197174–75_248-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAzevedo1971">Azevedo 1971</a>, pp. 74–75. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarsa_1987,_Vol_10355-249"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarsa_1987,_Vol_10355_249-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarsa_1987,_Vol_10">Barsa 1987, Vol 10</a>, p. 355. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAzevedo197174-250"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAzevedo197174_250-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAzevedo1971">Azevedo 1971</a>, p. 74. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAzevedo1971161-251">^ <a 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<a href="#CITEREFViana1968">Viana 1968</a>, p. 221. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman199977-296"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarman199977_296-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarman1999">Barman 1999</a>, p. 77. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEViana1968217-297"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEViana1968217_297-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFViana1968">Viana 1968</a>, p. 217. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwarcz1998191-298">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchwarcz1998191_298-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchwarcz1998191_298-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchwarcz1998">Schwarcz 1998</a>, p. 191. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVainfas2002126-299"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVainfas2002126_299-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVainfas2002">Vainfas 2002</a>, p. 126. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1999254-300">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarman1999254_300-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarman1999254_300-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarman1999254_300-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarman1999254_300-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarman1999254_300-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarman1999254_300-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarman1999254_300-6">g</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarman1999">Barman 1999</a>, p. 254. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarvalho2007151-301">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarvalho2007151_301-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarvalho2007151_301-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarvalho2007151_301-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFCarvalho2007">Carvalho 2007</a>, p. 151. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarvalho2007150-302"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarvalho2007150_302-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCarvalho2007">Carvalho 2007</a>, p. 150. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1999254–256-303"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarman1999254–256_303-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarman1999">Barman 1999</a>, pp. 254–256. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVainfas2002450-304">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVainfas2002450_304-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVainfas2002450_304-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVainfas2002450_304-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFVainfas2002">Vainfas 2002</a>, p. 450. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVainfas2002450–451-305"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVainfas2002450–451_305-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVainfas2002">Vainfas 2002</a>, pp. 450–451. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVainfas2002451-306"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVainfas2002451_306-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVainfas2002">Vainfas 2002</a>, p. 451. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVainfas2002596-307">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVainfas2002596_307-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVainfas2002596_307-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFVainfas2002">Vainfas 2002</a>, p. 596. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVainfas2002596–597-308"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVainfas2002596–597_308-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVainfas2002">Vainfas 2002</a>, pp. 596–597. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVainfas200231-309"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVainfas200231_309-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVainfas2002">Vainfas 2002</a>, p. 31. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVainfas2002114–115-310"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVainfas2002114–115_310-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVainfas2002">Vainfas 2002</a>, pp. 114–115. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVainfas200230–31-311"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVainfas200230–31_311-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVainfas2002">Vainfas 2002</a>, pp. 30–31. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVainfas2002170-312"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVainfas2002170_312-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVainfas2002">Vainfas 2002</a>, pp. 170. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVainfas200283-313">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVainfas200283_313-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVainfas200283_313-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVainfas200283_313-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFVainfas2002">Vainfas 2002</a>, p. 83. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVainfas200284-314">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVainfas200284_314-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVainfas200284_314-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFVainfas2002">Vainfas 2002</a>, p. 84. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVainfas200221–22-315"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVainfas200221–22_315-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVainfas2002">Vainfas 2002</a>, pp. 21–22. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVainfas200222-316">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVainfas200222_316-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVainfas200222_316-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFVainfas2002">Vainfas 2002</a>, p. 22. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwarcz1998126–127-317"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchwarcz1998126–127_317-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchwarcz1998">Schwarcz 1998</a>, pp. 126–127. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwarcz1998126-318"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchwarcz1998126_318-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchwarcz1998">Schwarcz 1998</a>, p. 126. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwarcz1998152-319"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchwarcz1998152_319-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchwarcz1998">Schwarcz 1998</a>, p. 152. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVainfas2002285-320"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVainfas2002285_320-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVainfas2002">Vainfas 2002</a>, p. 285. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVainfas2002123-321"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVainfas2002123_321-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVainfas2002">Vainfas 2002</a>, p. 123. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwarcz1998145-322">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchwarcz1998145_322-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchwarcz1998145_322-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchwarcz1998">Schwarcz 1998</a>, p. 145. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVainfas200284–85-323"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVainfas200284–85_323-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVainfas2002">Vainfas 2002</a>, pp. 84–85. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVainfas200285-324">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVainfas200285_324-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVainfas200285_324-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFVainfas2002">Vainfas 2002</a>, p. 85. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVainfas2002482-325"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVainfas2002482_325-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVainfas2002">Vainfas 2002</a>, p. 482. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVainfas2002661-326">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVainfas2002661_326-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVainfas2002661_326-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFVainfas2002">Vainfas 2002</a>, p. 661. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVainfas2002482–483-327"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVainfas2002482–483_327-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVainfas2002">Vainfas 2002</a>, pp. 482–483. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1988237-328"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarman1988237_328-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarman1988">Barman 1988</a>, p. 237. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVainfas2002483-329">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVainfas2002483_329-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVainfas2002483_329-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVainfas2002483_329-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFVainfas2002">Vainfas 2002</a>, p. 483. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVainfas2002513-330"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVainfas2002513_330-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVainfas2002">Vainfas 2002</a>, p. 513. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVainfas2002484-331">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVainfas2002484_331-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVainfas2002484_331-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVainfas2002484_331-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFVainfas2002">Vainfas 2002</a>, p. 484. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVainfas2002691-332">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVainfas2002691_332-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVainfas2002691_332-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVainfas2002691_332-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFVainfas2002">Vainfas 2002</a>, p. 691. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVainfas2002483–484-333"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVainfas2002483–484_333-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVainfas2002">Vainfas 2002</a>, pp. 483–484. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVainfas2002692-334">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVainfas2002692_334-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVainfas2002692_334-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFVainfas2002">Vainfas 2002</a>, p. 692. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVainfas2002693-335">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVainfas2002693_335-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVainfas2002693_335-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFVainfas2002">Vainfas 2002</a>, p. 693. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVainfas2002694-336"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVainfas2002694_336-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVainfas2002">Vainfas 2002</a>, p. 694. </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Empire_of_Brazil&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAdas2004" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Adas, Melhem (2004). Panorama geográfico do Brasil (in Portuguese) (4th ed.). São Paulo: Moderna. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-85-16-04336-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-85-16-04336-0"><bdi>978-85-16-04336-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Panorama+geogr%C3%A1fico+do+Brasil&rft.place=S%C3%A3o+Paulo&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Moderna&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-85-16-04336-0&rft.aulast=Adas&rft.aufirst=Melhem&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmpire+of+Brazil" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAlencastro1997" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Alencastro, Luiz Felipe de (1997). História da vida privada no Brasil: Império (in Portuguese). São Paulo: Companhia das Letras. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-85-7164-681-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-85-7164-681-0"><bdi>978-85-7164-681-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hist%C3%B3ria+da+vida+privada+no+Brasil%3A+Imp%C3%A9rio&rft.place=S%C3%A3o+Paulo&rft.pub=Companhia+das+Letras&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-85-7164-681-0&rft.aulast=Alencastro&rft.aufirst=Luiz+Felipe+de&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmpire+of+Brazil" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAzevedo1971" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Azevedo, Aroldo (1971). O Brasil e suas regiões (in Portuguese). São Paulo: Companhia Editora Nacional.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=O+Brasil+e+suas+regi%C3%B5es&rft.place=S%C3%A3o+Paulo&rft.pub=Companhia+Editora+Nacional&rft.date=1971&rft.aulast=Azevedo&rft.aufirst=Aroldo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmpire+of+Brazil" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBaer2002" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Baer, Werner (2002). A Economia Brasileira (in Portuguese) (2nd ed.). São Paulo: Nobel. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-85-213-1197-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-85-213-1197-3"><bdi>978-85-213-1197-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Economia+Brasileira&rft.place=S%C3%A3o+Paulo&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Nobel&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-85-213-1197-3&rft.aulast=Baer&rft.aufirst=Werner&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmpire+of+Brazil" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBarman1988" class="citation book cs1">Barman, Roderick J. (1988). Brazil: The Forging of a Nation, 1798–1852. Stanford: Stanford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-1437-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-1437-2"><bdi>978-0-8047-1437-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Brazil%3A+The+Forging+of+a+Nation%2C+1798%E2%80%931852&rft.place=Stanford&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-8047-1437-2&rft.aulast=Barman&rft.aufirst=Roderick+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmpire+of+Brazil" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBarman1999" class="citation book cs1">Barman, Roderick J. (1999). Citizen Emperor: Pedro II and the Making of Brazil, 1825–1891. Stanford: Stanford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-3510-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-3510-0"><bdi>978-0-8047-3510-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Citizen+Emperor%3A+Pedro+II+and+the+Making+of+Brazil%2C+1825%E2%80%931891&rft.place=Stanford&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-8047-3510-0&rft.aulast=Barman&rft.aufirst=Roderick+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmpire+of+Brazil" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBarsa_1987,_Vol_4" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Barsa (1987). <a href="/wiki/Barsa_(encyclopedia)" title="Barsa (encyclopedia)">Enciclopédia Barsa</a> (in Portuguese). Vol. 4. Rio de Janeiro: Encyclopædia Britannica do Brasil.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Enciclop%C3%A9dia+Barsa&rft.place=Rio+de+Janeiro&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica+do+Brasil&rft.date=1987&rft.au=Barsa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmpire+of+Brazil" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBarsa_1987,_Vol_10" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Barsa (1987). Enciclopédia Barsa (in Portuguese). Vol. 10. Rio de Janeiro: Encyclopædia Britannica do Brasil.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Enciclop%C3%A9dia+Barsa&rft.place=Rio+de+Janeiro&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica+do+Brasil&rft.date=1987&rft.au=Barsa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmpire+of+Brazil" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBesouchet1985" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Besouchet, Lídia (1985) [1945]. José Maria Paranhos: Visconde do Rio Branco: ensaio histórico-biográfico (in Portuguese). Rio de Janeiro: Nova Fronteira. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/14271198">14271198</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jos%C3%A9+Maria+Paranhos%3A+Visconde+do+Rio+Branco%3A+ensaio+hist%C3%B3rico-biogr%C3%A1fico&rft.place=Rio+de+Janeiro&rft.pub=Nova+Fronteira&rft.date=1985&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F14271198&rft.aulast=Besouchet&rft.aufirst=L%C3%ADdia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmpire+of+Brazil" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBesouchet1993" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Besouchet, Lídia (1993). Pedro II e o Século XIX (in Portuguese) (2nd ed.). Rio de Janeiro: Nova Fronteira. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-85-209-0494-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-85-209-0494-7"><bdi>978-85-209-0494-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pedro+II+e+o+S%C3%A9culo+XIX&rft.place=Rio+de+Janeiro&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Nova+Fronteira&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-85-209-0494-7&rft.aulast=Besouchet&rft.aufirst=L%C3%ADdia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmpire+of+Brazil" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBethell1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Leslie_Bethell" title="Leslie Bethell">Bethell, Leslie</a> (1993). Brazil: Empire and Republic, 1822–1930. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-36293-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-36293-1"><bdi>978-0-521-36293-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Brazil%3A+Empire+and+Republic%2C+1822%E2%80%931930&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+United+Kingdom&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-521-36293-1&rft.aulast=Bethell&rft.aufirst=Leslie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmpire+of+Brazil" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBoxer2002" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/C._R._Boxer" title="C. R. Boxer">Boxer, Charles R.</a> (2002). O império marítimo português 1415–1825 (in Portuguese). São Paulo: Companhia das Letras. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-85-359-0292-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-85-359-0292-1"><bdi>978-85-359-0292-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=O+imp%C3%A9rio+mar%C3%ADtimo+portugu%C3%AAs+1415%E2%80%931825&rft.place=S%C3%A3o+Paulo&rft.pub=Companhia+das+Letras&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-85-359-0292-1&rft.aulast=Boxer&rft.aufirst=Charles+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmpire+of+Brazil" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCalmon1975" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pedro_Calmon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pedro Calmon (page does not exist)">Calmon, Pedro</a> (1975). História de D. Pedro II (in Portuguese). Vol. 1–5. Rio de Janeiro: José Olímpio.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hist%C3%B3ria+de+D.+Pedro+II&rft.place=Rio+de+Janeiro&rft.pub=Jos%C3%A9+Ol%C3%ADmpio&rft.date=1975&rft.aulast=Calmon&rft.aufirst=Pedro&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmpire+of+Brazil" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCalmon2002" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Calmon, Pedro (2002). História da Civilização Brasileira (in Portuguese). Brasília: Senado Federal. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/685131818">685131818</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hist%C3%B3ria+da+Civiliza%C3%A7%C3%A3o+Brasileira&rft.place=Bras%C3%ADlia&rft.pub=Senado+Federal&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F685131818&rft.aulast=Calmon&rft.aufirst=Pedro&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmpire+of+Brazil" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCarvalho1993" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Carvalho, José Murilo de (1993). A Monarquia brasileira (in Portuguese). Rio de Janeiro: Ao Livro Técnico. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-85-215-0660-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-85-215-0660-7"><bdi>978-85-215-0660-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Monarquia+brasileira&rft.place=Rio+de+Janeiro&rft.pub=Ao+Livro+T%C3%A9cnico&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-85-215-0660-7&rft.aulast=Carvalho&rft.aufirst=Jos%C3%A9+Murilo+de&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmpire+of+Brazil" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCarvalho2002" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Carvalho, José Murilo de (2002). Os Bestializados: o Rio de Janeiro e a República que não foi (in Portuguese) (3 ed.). São Paulo: Companhia das Letras. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-85-85095-13-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-85-85095-13-0"><bdi>978-85-85095-13-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Os+Bestializados%3A+o+Rio+de+Janeiro+e+a+Rep%C3%BAblica+que+n%C3%A3o+foi&rft.place=S%C3%A3o+Paulo&rft.edition=3&rft.pub=Companhia+das+Letras&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-85-85095-13-0&rft.aulast=Carvalho&rft.aufirst=Jos%C3%A9+Murilo+de&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmpire+of+Brazil" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCarvalho2007" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Carvalho, José Murilo de (2007). D. Pedro II: ser ou não ser (in Portuguese). São Paulo: Companhia das Letras. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-85-359-0969-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-85-359-0969-2"><bdi>978-85-359-0969-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=D.+Pedro+II%3A+ser+ou+n%C3%A3o+ser&rft.place=S%C3%A3o+Paulo&rft.pub=Companhia+das+Letras&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-85-359-0969-2&rft.aulast=Carvalho&rft.aufirst=Jos%C3%A9+Murilo+de&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmpire+of+Brazil" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCarvalho2008" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Carvalho, José Murilo de (2008). Cidadania no Brasil: o longo caminho (in Portuguese) (10 ed.). Rio de Janeiro: Civilização Brasileira. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-85-200-0565-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-85-200-0565-1"><bdi>978-85-200-0565-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cidadania+no+Brasil%3A+o+longo+caminho&rft.place=Rio+de+Janeiro&rft.edition=10&rft.pub=Civiliza%C3%A7%C3%A3o+Brasileira&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-85-200-0565-1&rft.aulast=Carvalho&rft.aufirst=Jos%C3%A9+Murilo+de&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmpire+of+Brazil" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCoelho1996" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Coelho, Marcos Amorim (1996). Geografia do Brasil (in Portuguese) (4 ed.). São Paulo: Moderna.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Geografia+do+Brasil&rft.place=S%C3%A3o+Paulo&rft.edition=4&rft.pub=Moderna&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Coelho&rft.aufirst=Marcos+Amorim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmpire+of+Brazil" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDolhnikoff2005" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Dolhnikoff, Miriam (2005). Pacto imperial: origens do federalismo no Brasil do século XIX (in Portuguese). São Paulo: Globo. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-85-250-4039-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-85-250-4039-8"><bdi>978-85-250-4039-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pacto+imperial%3A+origens+do+federalismo+no+Brasil+do+s%C3%A9culo+XIX&rft.place=S%C3%A3o+Paulo&rft.pub=Globo&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-85-250-4039-8&rft.aulast=Dolhnikoff&rft.aufirst=Miriam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmpire+of+Brazil" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDoratioto2002" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Doratioto, Francisco (2002). Maldita Guerra: Nova história da Guerra do Paraguai (in Portuguese). São Paulo: Companhia das Letras. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-85-359-0224-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-85-359-0224-2"><bdi>978-85-359-0224-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Maldita+Guerra%3A+Nova+hist%C3%B3ria+da+Guerra+do+Paraguai&rft.place=S%C3%A3o+Paulo&rft.pub=Companhia+das+Letras&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-85-359-0224-2&rft.aulast=Doratioto&rft.aufirst=Francisco&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmpire+of+Brazil" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFErmakoff2006" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ermakoff, George (2006). Rio de Janeiro – 1840–1900 – Uma crônica fotográfica (in Portuguese). Rio de Janeiro: G. Ermakoff Casa Editorial. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-85-98815-05-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-85-98815-05-3"><bdi>978-85-98815-05-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rio+de+Janeiro+%E2%80%93+1840%E2%80%931900+%E2%80%93+Uma+cr%C3%B4nica+fotogr%C3%A1fica&rft.place=Rio+de+Janeiro&rft.pub=G.+Ermakoff+Casa+Editorial&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-85-98815-05-3&rft.aulast=Ermakoff&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmpire+of+Brazil" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFausto1995" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Fausto, Boris (1995). História do Brasil (in Portuguese). São Paulo: Fundação de Desenvolvimento da Educação. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-85-314-0240-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-85-314-0240-1"><bdi>978-85-314-0240-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hist%C3%B3ria+do+Brasil&rft.place=S%C3%A3o+Paulo&rft.pub=Funda%C3%A7%C3%A3o+de+Desenvolvimento+da+Educa%C3%A7%C3%A3o&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-85-314-0240-1&rft.aulast=Fausto&rft.aufirst=Boris&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmpire+of+Brazil" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFaustoDevoto2005" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Fausto, Boris; Devoto, Fernando J. (2005). Brasil e Argentina: Um ensaio de história comparada (1850–2002) (in Portuguese) (2nd ed.). São Paulo: Editoria 34. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-85-7326-308-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-85-7326-308-4"><bdi>978-85-7326-308-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Brasil+e+Argentina%3A+Um+ensaio+de+hist%C3%B3ria+comparada+%281850%E2%80%932002%29&rft.place=S%C3%A3o+Paulo&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Editoria+34&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-85-7326-308-4&rft.aulast=Fausto&rft.aufirst=Boris&rft.au=Devoto%2C+Fernando+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmpire+of+Brazil" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGraça_Filho2004" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Graça Filho, Afonso de Alencastro (2004). A economia do Império brasileiro (in Portuguese). São Paulo: Atual. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-85-357-0443-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-85-357-0443-3"><bdi>978-85-357-0443-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+economia+do+Imp%C3%A9rio+brasileiro&rft.place=S%C3%A3o+Paulo&rft.pub=Atual&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-85-357-0443-3&rft.aulast=Gra%C3%A7a+Filho&rft.aufirst=Afonso+de+Alencastro&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmpire+of+Brazil" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGraham1994" class="citation book cs1">Graham, Richard (1994). Patronage and Politics in Nineteenth-Century Brazil. Stanford: Stanford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-2336-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-2336-7"><bdi>978-0-8047-2336-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Patronage+and+Politics+in+Nineteenth-Century+Brazil&rft.place=Stanford&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-8047-2336-7&rft.aulast=Graham&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmpire+of+Brazil" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGreen2020" class="citation book cs1">Green, Toby (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jIBbDwAAQBAJ">A Fistful of Shells: West Africa from the Rise of the Slave Trade to the Age of Revolution</a>. New York City: Penguin Random House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-141-97766-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-141-97766-9"><bdi>978-0-141-97766-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Fistful+of+Shells%3A+West+Africa+from+the+Rise+of+the+Slave+Trade+to+the+Age+of+Revolution&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pub=Penguin+Random+House&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-0-141-97766-9&rft.aulast=Green&rft.aufirst=Toby&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjIBbDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmpire+of+Brazil" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHahner1978" class="citation book cs1">Hahner, June E. (1978). "The nineteenth-century feminist press and women's rights in Brazil". 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Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-313-20309-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-313-20309-1"><bdi>0-313-20309-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+nineteenth-century+feminist+press+and+women%27s+rights+in+Brazil&rft.btitle=Latin+American+Women%3A+Historical+Perspectives&rft.place=Westport%2C+Connecticut&rft.pub=Greenwood&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=0-313-20309-1&rft.aulast=Hahner&rft.aufirst=June+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flatinamericanwom0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmpire+of+Brazil" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHolanda1974" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9rgio_Buarque_de_Holanda" title="Sérgio Buarque de Holanda">Holanda, Sérgio Buarque de</a> (1974). 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São Paulo: Callis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-85-86797-19-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-85-86797-19-4"><bdi>978-85-86797-19-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dom+Pedro+II%2C+Imperador+do+Brasil&rft.place=S%C3%A3o+Paulo&rft.pub=Callis&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-85-86797-19-4&rft.aulast=Olivieri&rft.aufirst=Antonio+Carlos&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmpire+of+Brazil" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFParkinson2008" class="citation book cs1">Parkinson, Roger (2008). The Late Victorian Navy: The Pre-Dreadnought Era and the Origins of the First World War. 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São Paulo: Companhia das Letras. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-85-7164-837-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-85-7164-837-1"><bdi>978-85-7164-837-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=As+barbas+do+Imperador%3A+D.+Pedro+II%2C+um+monarca+nos+tr%C3%B3picos&rft.place=S%C3%A3o+Paulo&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Companhia+das+Letras&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-85-7164-837-1&rft.aulast=Schwarcz&rft.aufirst=Lilia+Moritz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fasbarbasdoimpera00schw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmpire+of+Brazil" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFScully1868" class="citation book cs1">Scully, William (1868). Brazil. 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Athens, Georgia: University of Georgia Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8203-3733-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8203-3733-3"><bdi>978-0-8203-3733-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Brazil+and+the+United+States%3A+Convergence+and+Divergence&rft.place=Athens%2C+Georgia&rft.pub=University+of+Georgia+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-8203-3733-3&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmpire+of+Brazil" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSodré2004" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Sodré, Nelson Werneck (2004). Panorama do Segundo Império (in Portuguese) (2nd ed.). Rio de Janeiro: Graphia. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-85-85277-21-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-85-85277-21-5"><bdi>978-85-85277-21-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Panorama+do+Segundo+Imp%C3%A9rio&rft.place=Rio+de+Janeiro&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Graphia&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-85-85277-21-5&rft.aulast=Sodr%C3%A9&rft.aufirst=Nelson+Werneck&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmpire+of+Brazil" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTopik2000" class="citation book cs1">Topik, Steven C. (2000). Trade and Gunboats: The United States and Brazil in the Age of Empire. Stanford: Stanford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-4018-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-4018-0"><bdi>978-0-8047-4018-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Trade+and+Gunboats%3A+The+United+States+and+Brazil+in+the+Age+of+Empire&rft.place=Stanford&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-8047-4018-0&rft.aulast=Topik&rft.aufirst=Steven+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmpire+of+Brazil" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVainfas2002" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Vainfas, Ronaldo (2002). Dicionário do Brasil Imperial (in Portuguese). Rio de Janeiro: Objetiva. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-85-7302-441-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-85-7302-441-8"><bdi>978-85-7302-441-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dicion%C3%A1rio+do+Brasil+Imperial&rft.place=Rio+de+Janeiro&rft.pub=Objetiva&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-85-7302-441-8&rft.aulast=Vainfas&rft.aufirst=Ronaldo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmpire+of+Brazil" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVasquez2007" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Vasquez, Pedro Karp (2007). Nos trilhos do progresso: A ferrovia no Brasil imperial vista pela fotografia (in Portuguese). São Paulo: Metalivros. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-85-85371-70-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-85-85371-70-8"><bdi>978-85-85371-70-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nos+trilhos+do+progresso%3A+A+ferrovia+no+Brasil+imperial+vista+pela+fotografia&rft.place=S%C3%A3o+Paulo&rft.pub=Metalivros&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-85-85371-70-8&rft.aulast=Vasquez&rft.aufirst=Pedro+Karp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmpire+of+Brazil" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVesentini1988" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Vesentini, José William (1988). Brasil, sociedade e espaço – Geografia do Brasil (in Portuguese) (7th ed.). São Paulo: Ática. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-85-08-02340-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-85-08-02340-0"><bdi>978-85-08-02340-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Brasil%2C+sociedade+e+espa%C3%A7o+%E2%80%93+Geografia+do+Brasil&rft.place=S%C3%A3o+Paulo&rft.edition=7th&rft.pub=%C3%81tica&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-85-08-02340-0&rft.aulast=Vesentini&rft.aufirst=Jos%C3%A9+William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmpire+of+Brazil" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFViana1968" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Viana, Hélio (1968). Vultos do Império (in Portuguese). São Paulo: Companhia Editora Nacional.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vultos+do+Imp%C3%A9rio&rft.place=S%C3%A3o+Paulo&rft.pub=Companhia+Editora+Nacional&rft.date=1968&rft.aulast=Viana&rft.aufirst=H%C3%A9lio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmpire+of+Brazil" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFViana1994" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Viana, Hélio (1994). História do Brasil: período colonial, monarquia e república (in Portuguese) (15th ed.). São Paulo: Melhoramentos. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-85-06-01999-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-85-06-01999-3"><bdi>978-85-06-01999-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hist%C3%B3ria+do+Brasil%3A+per%C3%ADodo+colonial%2C+monarquia+e+rep%C3%BAblica&rft.place=S%C3%A3o+Paulo&rft.edition=15th&rft.pub=Melhoramentos&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-85-06-01999-3&rft.aulast=Viana&rft.aufirst=H%C3%A9lio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmpire+of+Brazil" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWiese_Randig2017" class="citation journal cs1">Wiese Randig, Rodrigo (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.br/mre/pt-br/media/artigo-argentina.pdf">"Argentina, primeiro país a reconhecer a independência do Brasil"</a> (PDF). Cadernos do CHDD. 16 (31). Fundação Alexandre de Gusmão: 501–524. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230330211042/http://www.gov.br/mre/pt-br/media/artigo-argentina.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 30 March 2023. Retrieved 18 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cadernos+do+CHDD&rft.atitle=Argentina%2C+primeiro+pa%C3%ADs+a+reconhecer+a+independ%C3%AAncia+do+Brasil&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=31&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E501-%3C%2Fspan%3E524&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Wiese+Randig&rft.aufirst=Rodrigo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.br%2Fmre%2Fpt-br%2Fmedia%2Fartigo-argentina.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmpire+of+Brazil" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Empire_of_Brazil&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" 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style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Empire of Brazil</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Empire_of_Brazil" title="History of the Empire of Brazil">History</a> (<a href="/wiki/Independence_of_Brazil" title="Independence of Brazil">Independence of Brazil</a>, <a href="/wiki/First_reign_(Empire_of_Brazil)" title="First reign (Empire of Brazil)">First Reign</a>, <a href="/wiki/Regency_period_(Empire_of_Brazil)" title="Regency period (Empire of Brazil)">Regency</a>, <a href="/wiki/Second_reign_(Empire_of_Brazil)" title="Second reign (Empire of Brazil)">Second Reign</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Empire_of_Brazil" title="Economy of the Empire of Brazil">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_nobility" title="Brazilian nobility">Nobility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_the_Empire_of_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Provinces of the Empire of Brazil">Provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_units_of_measurement" title="Brazilian units of measurement">Units of measurement</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Empire_of_Brazil_(1853-1889).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Coat of arms consisting of a shield with a green field with a golden armillary sphere superimposed on the red and white Cross of the Order of Christ, surrounded by a blue band with 20 silver stars; the bearers are two arms of a wreath, with a coffee branch on the left and a flowering tobacco branch on the right; and above the shield is an arched golden and jeweled crown." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Empire_of_Brazil_%281853-1889%29.svg/120px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Empire_of_Brazil_%281853-1889%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Empire_of_Brazil_%281853-1889%29.svg/180px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Empire_of_Brazil_%281853-1889%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Empire_of_Brazil_%281853-1889%29.svg/240px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Empire_of_Brazil_%281853-1889%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="390" data-file-height="496" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Monarchy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Emperor of Brazil">Emperor of Brazil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_I_of_Brazil" title="Pedro I of Brazil">Pedro I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_II_of_Brazil" title="Pedro II of Brazil">Pedro II</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_imperial_family" title="Brazilian imperial family">Brazilian imperial family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Imperial_of_Brazil" title="Prince Imperial of Brazil">Prince Imperial of Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Gr%C3%A3o-Par%C3%A1" title="Prince of Grão-Pará">Prince of Grão-Pará</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Brazil_(Brazil)" title="Prince of Brazil (Brazil)">Prince of Brazil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Empire_of_Brazil" title="Politics of the Empire of Brazil">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal; background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Political instances</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Brazil" title="Prime Minister of Brazil">Prime Minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Assembly_(Brazil)" title="General Assembly (Brazil)">General Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moderating_power_(Empire_of_Brazil)" title="Moderating power (Empire of Brazil)">Moderating Power</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal; background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Constitution_of_1824" title="Brazilian Constitution of 1824">Constitution of 1824</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_parliamentarism" title="Reverse parliamentarism">Reverse parliamentarism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal; background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_the_Empire_of_Brazil" title="Armed Forces of the Empire of Brazil">Armed Forces</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Brazilian_Army" title="Imperial Brazilian Army">Imperial Brazilian Army</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academia_Militar_das_Agulhas_Negras" class="mw-redirect" title="Academia Militar das Agulhas Negras">Military Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatherland_Volunteers" class="mw-redirect" title="Fatherland Volunteers">Fatherland Volunteers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_generals_of_the_Empire_of_Brazil" title="List of generals of the Empire of Brazil">List of generals</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Brazilian_Navy" title="Imperial Brazilian Navy">Imperial Brazilian Navy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Naval_School_(Brazil)" title="Naval School (Brazil)">Naval School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ships_of_the_Brazilian_Navy" class="mw-redirect" title="List of ships of the Brazilian Navy">List of ships</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_ranks_of_the_Empire_of_Brazil" title="Military ranks of the Empire of Brazil">Military Ranks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal; background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_Brazil" title="List of wars involving Brazil">Wars</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_of_Independence_of_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="War of Independence of Brazil">Independence War</a> (1822–1824)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederation_of_the_Equator" title="Confederation of the Equator">Confederation of the Equator</a> (1824)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cisplatine_War" title="Cisplatine War">Cisplatine War</a> (1825–1828)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ragamuffin_War" title="Ragamuffin War">Ragamuffin War</a> (1835–1845)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabanagem" title="Cabanagem">Cabanagem</a> (1835–1840)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platine_War" title="Platine War">Platine War</a> (1851–1852)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruguayan_War" title="Uruguayan War">Uruguayan War</a> (1864–1865)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraguayan_War" title="Paraguayan War">Paraguayan War</a> (1864–1870)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Brazil" title="Slavery in Brazil">Slavery</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal; background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Abolitionists" class="mw-redirect" title="Abolitionists">Abolitionists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isabel,_Princess_Imperial_of_Brazil" title="Isabel, Princess Imperial of Brazil">Isabel, Princess Imperial of Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Rebou%C3%A7as" title="André Rebouças">André Rebouças</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joaquim_Nabuco" title="Joaquim Nabuco">Joaquim Nabuco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_do_Patroc%C3%ADnio" title="José do Patrocínio">José do Patrocínio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lu%C3%ADs_Gama" title="Luís Gama">Luís Gama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Jos%C3%A9_do_Nascimento" class="mw-redirect" title="Francisco José do Nascimento">Francisco José do Nascimento</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal; background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_Brazil" title="Abolitionism in Brazil">Abolitionism in Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netto_Question" title="Netto Question">Netto Question</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eus%C3%A9bio_de_Queir%C3%B3s_Law" title="Eusébio de Queirós Law">Eusébio de Queirós Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rio_Branco_Law" title="Rio Branco Law">Rio Branco Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lei_%C3%81urea" title="Lei Áurea">Lei Áurea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Brazil_articles533" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Brazil_topics" title="Template:Brazil topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Brazil_topics" title="Template talk:Brazil topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Brazil_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Brazil topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Brazil_articles533" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Brazil" title="Outline of Brazil">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Brazil" title="History of Brazil">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Brazilian_history" title="Timeline of Brazilian history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_Brazil" title="Indigenous peoples in Brazil">Indigenous peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_Brazil" title="Colonial Brazil">Colonial Brazil (1500–1815)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Portugal,_Brazil_and_the_Algarves" title="United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves">United Kingdom (1815–1822)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Empire (1822–1889)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Brazilian_Republic" title="First Brazilian Republic">First (Old) Republic (1889–1930)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vargas_Era" title="Vargas Era">Vargas Era (1930–1946)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Brazilian_Republic" title="Fourth Brazilian Republic">Fourth Republic (1946–1964)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_dictatorship_in_Brazil" title="Military dictatorship in Brazil">Military dictatorship (1964–1985)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Brazil_(1985%E2%80%93present)" title="History of Brazil (1985–present)">Sixth (New) Republic (1985–present)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Brazil" title="Geography of Brazil">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_basin" title="Amazon basin">Amazon basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Antarctica" title="Brazilian Antarctica">Brazilian Antarctica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Brazil" title="Climate of Brazil">Climate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Brazil" title="Climate change in Brazil">Climate change</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastline_of_Brazil" title="Coastline of Brazil">Coastline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_shelf_of_Brazil" title="Continental shelf of Brazil">Continental shelf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environment_of_Brazil" title="Environment of Brazil">Environment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Brazil" title="Environmental issues in Brazil">Environmental issues</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_jurisdictional_waters" title="Brazilian jurisdictional waters">Jurisdictional waters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extreme_points_of_Brazil" title="List of extreme points of Brazil">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Brazil" title="Geology of Brazil">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Brazil" title="List of islands of Brazil">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Brazil_by_population" title="List of cities in Brazil by population">Largest cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_Brazil" title="List of mountains in Brazil">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantanal" title="Pantanal">Pantanal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_Brazil" title="Protected areas of Brazil">Protected areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Brazil" title="Regions of Brazil">Regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Brazil" title="List of rivers of Brazil">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_in_Brazil" title="Time in Brazil">Time Zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_resources_management_in_Brazil" title="Water resources management in Brazil">Water resources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Brazil" title="Wildlife of Brazil">Wildlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Brazil" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Brazil">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Brazil" title="Politics of Brazil">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_Brazil" title="Subdivisions of Brazil">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Brazil" title="Constitution of Brazil">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Brazil" title="Elections in Brazil">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Brazil" title="Foreign relations of Brazil">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_Brazil" title="Federal government of Brazil">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Brazil" title="Human rights in Brazil">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech_in_Brazil" title="Freedom of speech in Brazil">Freedom of speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_Brazil" title="LGBTQ rights in Brazil">LGBTQ</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_rights_in_Brazil" title="Transgender rights in Brazil">T</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_rights_in_Brazil" title="Women's rights in Brazil">Women's rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Brazil" title="Judiciary of Brazil">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Brazil" title="Law of Brazil">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Brazil" title="Law enforcement in Brazil">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Armed_Forces" title="Brazilian Armed Forces">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Congress_of_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="National Congress of Brazil">National Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Brazil" title="List of political parties in Brazil">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Brazil" title="President of Brazil">President of the Republic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Brazil" title="Economy of Brazil">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Brazil" title="Agriculture in Brazil">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_husbandry_in_Brazil" title="Animal husbandry in Brazil">Animal husbandry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Brazil" title="Automotive industry in Brazil">Automotive industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Brazil" title="Central Bank of Brazil">Central Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Brazil" title="Economic history of Brazil">Economic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Brazil" title="Energy in Brazil">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exports_of_Brazil" title="List of exports of Brazil">Exports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industry_in_Brazil" title="Industry in Brazil">Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_Brazil" title="Mining in Brazil">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_real" title="Brazilian real">Real (currency)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Brazil" title="Science and technology in Brazil">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%8Dndice_Bovespa" title="Índice Bovespa">Stock index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Brazil" title="Taxation in Brazil">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Brazil" title="Telecommunications in Brazil">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Brazil" title="Tourism in Brazil">Tourism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Brazil" title="Transport in Brazil">Transport</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Brazil" title="Rail transport in Brazil">Rail transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Brazil" title="Category:Society of Brazil">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Brazil" title="Abortion in Brazil">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Brazil" title="Censorship in Brazil">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Brazil" title="Corruption in Brazil">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Brazil" title="Crime in Brazil">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Brazil" title="Demographics of Brazil">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Brazil" title="Education in Brazil">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Brazil" title="Health in Brazil">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Brazil" title="Immigration to Brazil">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Income_inequality_in_Brazil" title="Income inequality in Brazil">Income inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Brazil" title="Languages of Brazil">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_history_in_Brazil" title="LGBTQ history in Brazil">LGBTQ</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_history_in_Brazil" title="Transgender history in Brazil">T</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Brazilian_states_by_life_expectancy" title="List of Brazilian states by life expectancy">Life expectancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilians" title="Brazilians">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_issues_in_Brazil" title="Social issues in Brazil">Social issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Brazilian_federative_units_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of Brazilian federative units by Human Development Index">States by HDI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unemployment_in_Brazil" title="Unemployment in Brazil">Unemployment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Brazil" title="Water supply and sanitation in Brazil">Water supply and sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolsa_Fam%C3%ADlia" title="Bolsa Família">Welfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_in_Brazil" title="Youth in Brazil">Youth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Brazil" title="Culture of Brazil">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Brazilian_animation" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Brazilian animation">Animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeology_in_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaeology in Brazil">Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_art" title="Brazilian art">Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Carnival" title="Brazilian Carnival">Carnaval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Brazil" title="Cinema of Brazil">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_comics" title="Brazilian comics">Comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_cuisine" title="Brazilian cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_people_in_Brazil" title="LGBTQ people in Brazil">LGBTQ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_literature" title="Brazilian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malandragem" title="Malandragem">Malandragem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Brazil" title="Music of Brazil">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_mythology" title="Brazilian mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Brazil" title="National symbols of Brazil">National symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_newspapers_in_Brazil" title="List of newspapers in Brazil">Newspapers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_painting" title="Brazilian painting">Painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Brazil" title="Public holidays in Brazil">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_sculpture" title="Brazilian sculpture">Sculpture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_science_fiction" title="Brazilian science fiction">Science fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Brazil" title="Sport in Brazil">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Brazil" title="Television in Brazil">Television</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Brazil" title="Religion in Brazil">Religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Brazil" title="Freedom of religion in Brazil">Freedom of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith_in_Brazil" title="Baháʼí Faith in Brazil">Baháʼí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Brazil" title="Buddhism in Brazil">Buddhism</a></li> <li>Christianity <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Brazil" title="Catholic Church in Brazil">Catholicism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Catholic_Apostolic_Exarchate_of_Latin_America_and_Mexico" title="Armenian Catholic Apostolic Exarchate of Latin America and Mexico">Armenian Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maronite_Catholic_Eparchy_of_Our_Lady_of_Lebanon_of_S%C3%A3o_Paulo" title="Maronite Catholic Eparchy of Our Lady of Lebanon of São Paulo">Maronite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melkite_Greek_Catholic_Eparchy_of_Nossa_Senhora_do_Para%C3%ADso_em_S%C3%A3o_Paulo" title="Melkite Greek Catholic Eparchy of Nossa Senhora do Paraíso em São Paulo">Melkite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Catholic_Archeparchy_of_S%C3%A3o_Jo%C3%A3o_Batista_em_Curitiba" title="Ukrainian Catholic Archeparchy of São João Batista em Curitiba">Ukrainian Catholic</a></li></ul></li> <li>Eastern Orthodoxy <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antiochian_Orthodox_Archdiocese_of_S%C3%A3o_Paulo_and_All_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Antiochian Orthodox Archdiocese of São Paulo and All Brazil">Antiochian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints_in_Brazil" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Brazil">LDS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism_in_Brazil" title="Protestantism in Brazil">Protestantism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Brazil" title="Islam in Brazil">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Brazil" title="Hinduism in Brazil">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Brazil" title="History of the Jews in Brazil">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Syncretic_Religions" title="Brazilian Syncretic Religions">Syncretic Religions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Candombl%C3%A9" title="Candomblé">Candomblé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quimbanda" title="Quimbanda">Quimbanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umbanda" title="Umbanda">Umbanda</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Brazil" title="Outline of Brazil">Outline</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Brazil" title="Outline of Brazil">Index</a></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Brazil" title="Category:Brazil">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Brazil" title="Portal:Brazil">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Empires160" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Empires" title="Template:Empires"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Empires" title="Template talk:Empires"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Empires" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Empires"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Empires160" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Empire" title="Empire">Empires</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_history" title="Ancient history">Ancient</a> (<a href="/wiki/Colonies_in_antiquity" title="Colonies in antiquity">colonies</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist F" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akkadian_Empire" title="Akkadian Empire">Akkadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Armenia_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Kingdom of Armenia (disambiguation)">Armenian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urartu" title="Urartu">Urartu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satrapy_of_Armenia" title="Satrapy of Armenia">Orontid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Armenia_(antiquity)" title="Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity)">Ancient</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyrian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Assyrian_Empire" title="Middle Assyrian Empire">Middle Assyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Neo-Assyrian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylonia" title="Babylonia">Babylonian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Babylonian_Empire" title="Old Babylonian Empire">Old Babylonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kassites" title="Kassites">Kassite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Babylonian_Empire" title="Neo-Babylonian Empire">Neo-Babylonian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Empire" title="Chinese Empire">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qin_dynasty" title="Qin dynasty">Qin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(266%E2%80%93420)" title="Jin dynasty (266–420)">Jin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%CA%BFmt" title="Dʿmt">Dʿmt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Egyptian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Old Kingdom of Egypt">Old Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Middle Kingdom of Egypt">Middle Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="New Kingdom of Egypt">New Kingdom</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goguryeo" title="Goguryeo">Goguryeo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harsha" title="Harsha">Harsha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(ancient_kingdom)#Empire" title="Macedonia (ancient kingdom)">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_Kingdom" title="Ptolemaic Kingdom">Ptolemaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Bactrian_Kingdom" title="Greco-Bactrian Kingdom">Bactrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Greek_Kingdom" title="Indo-Greek Kingdom">Indo-Greek</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hittites" title="Hittites">Hittite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Huns" title="History of the Huns">Hunnic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hephthalites" title="Hephthalites">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiongnu" title="Xiongnu">Xiongnu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Empire_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Persian Empire (disambiguation)">Iranian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Median_kingdom" title="Median kingdom">Median</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kush" title="Kingdom of Kush">Kush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kushan_Empire" title="Kushan Empire">Kushan</a></li> <li>Magadha <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haryanka_dynasty" title="Haryanka dynasty">Haryanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaishunaga_dynasty" title="Shaishunaga dynasty">Shaishunaga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanda_Empire" title="Nanda Empire">Nanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurya_Empire" title="Maurya Empire">Maurya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shunga_Empire" title="Shunga Empire">Shunga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gupta_Empire" title="Gupta Empire">Gupta</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenician</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Carthage" title="Ancient Carthage">Carthaginian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Eastern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satavahana_dynasty" title="Satavahana dynasty">Satavahana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Dynasty_of_Ur" title="Third Dynasty of Ur">Neo-Sumerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xianbei" title="Xianbei">Xianbei</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rouran_Khaganate" title="Rouran Khaganate">Rouran</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Post-classical_history" title="Post-classical history">Post-classical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist F" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angevin_Empire" title="Angevin Empire">Angevin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Aragon" title="Crown of Aragon">Aragonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Armenia_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Kingdom of Armenia (disambiguation)">Armenian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bagratid_Armenia" title="Bagratid Armenia">Bagratid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Vaspurakan" title="Kingdom of Vaspurakan">Vaspurakan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Artsakh" title="Kingdom of Artsakh">Artsakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Kingdom_of_Cilicia" title="Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia">Cilician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zakarid_Armenia" title="Zakarid Armenia">Zakarid</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayyubid_dynasty" title="Ayyubid dynasty">Ayyubid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aztec_Empire" title="Aztec Empire">Aztec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Benin" title="Kingdom of Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanem%E2%80%93Bornu_Empire#Shift_of_the_Sayfuwa_court_from_Kanem_to_Bornu" title="Kanem–Bornu Empire">Bornu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruneian_Sultanate_(1368%E2%80%931888)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bruneian Sultanate (1368–1888)">Bruneian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Empire_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Bulgarian Empire (disambiguation)">Bulgarian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Bulgarian_Empire" title="First Bulgarian Empire">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Bulgarian_Empire" title="Second Bulgarian Empire">Second</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_Empire_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Burmese Empire (disambiguation)">Burmese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pagan_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Pagan Kingdom">First</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calakmul" title="Calakmul">Calakmul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">Caliphate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rashidun_Caliphate" title="Rashidun Caliphate">Rashidun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate" title="Fatimid Caliphate">Fatimid</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalukya_dynasty" title="Chalukya dynasty">Chalukya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Chalukya_Empire" title="Western Chalukya Empire">Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Chalukyas" title="Eastern Chalukyas">Eastern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Empire" title="Chinese Empire">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sui_dynasty" title="Sui dynasty">Sui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liao_dynasty" title="Liao dynasty">Liao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(1115%E2%80%931234)" title="Jin dynasty (1115–1234)">Jīn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chola_Empire" title="Chola Empire">Chola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire" title="Ethiopian Empire">Ethiopian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aksum" title="Kingdom of Aksum">Aksum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zagwe_dynasty" title="Zagwe dynasty">Zagwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire" title="Ethiopian Empire">Solomonic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Genoese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Georgia" title="Kingdom of Georgia">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garabito_Empire" title="Garabito Empire">Huetar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inca_Empire" title="Inca Empire">Inca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripartite_Struggle" title="Tripartite Struggle">Kannauj</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pala_Empire" title="Pala Empire">Pala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurjara-Pratihara_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty">Gurjara-Pratihara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashtrakuta_Empire" title="Rashtrakuta Empire">Rashtrakuta</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Empire_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Persian Empire (disambiguation)">Iranian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tahirid_dynasty" title="Tahirid dynasty">Tahirid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saffarid_dynasty" title="Saffarid dynasty">Saffarid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samanid_Empire" title="Samanid Empire">Samanid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buyid_dynasty" title="Buyid dynasty">Buyid</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Japan" title="History of Japan">Japanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yamato_period" title="Yamato period">Yamato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamakura_shogunate" title="Kamakura shogunate">Kamakura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashikaga_shogunate" title="Ashikaga shogunate">Muromachi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokugawa_shogunate" title="Tokugawa shogunate">Edo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanem%E2%80%93Bornu_Empire" title="Kanem–Bornu Empire">Kanem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_Empire" title="Khmer Empire">Khmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Empire" title="Latin Empire">Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Lithuania" title="History of Lithuania">Lithuanian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania" title="Grand Duchy of Lithuania">Grand Duchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Commonwealth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majapahit" title="Majapahit">Majapahit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mali_Empire" title="Mali Empire">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Horde" title="Golden Horde">Golden Horde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chagatai_Khanate" title="Chagatai Khanate">Chagatai Khanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilkhanate" title="Ilkhanate">Ilkhanate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Morocco" title="History of Morocco">Moroccan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Idrisid_dynasty" title="Idrisid dynasty">Idrisid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almoravid_dynasty" title="Almoravid dynasty">Almoravid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almohad_Caliphate" title="Almohad Caliphate">Almohad</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norgesveldet" class="mw-redirect" title="Norgesveldet">Norwegian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Sea_Empire" title="North Sea Empire">North Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oyo_Empire" title="Oyo Empire">Oyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland" title="History of Poland">Polish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Poland" title="Kingdom of Poland">Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Commonwealth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Nicaea" title="Empire of Nicaea">Nicaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Thessalonica" title="Empire of Thessalonica">Thessalonica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Trebizond" title="Empire of Trebizond">Trebizond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Despotate_of_Epirus" title="Despotate of Epirus">Epirus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Despotate_of_the_Morea" title="Despotate of the Morea">Morea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romano-Germanic_culture" title="Romano-Germanic culture">Romano-Germanic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carolingian_Empire" title="Carolingian Empire">Carolingian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Empire" title="Serbian Empire">Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singhasari" title="Singhasari">Singhasari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songhai_Empire" title="Songhai Empire">Songhai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srivijaya" title="Srivijaya">Srivijaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Empire" title="Tibetan Empire">Tibetan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tikal" title="Tikal">Tikal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiwanaku_Empire" title="Tiwanaku Empire">Tiwanaku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toltec_Empire" title="Toltec Empire">Toltec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turco-Persian_tradition" title="Turco-Persian tradition">Turco-Persian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ghaznavids" title="Ghaznavids">Ghaznavid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seljuk_Empire" title="Seljuk Empire">Great Seljuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khwarazmian_Empire" title="Khwarazmian Empire">Khwarezmian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timurid_Empire" title="Timurid Empire">Timurid</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrks" title="Göktürks">Turkic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Turkic_Khaganate" title="First Turkic Khaganate">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Western Turkic Khaganate">Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Eastern Turkic Khaganate">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Second Turkic Khaganate">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCrgesh" title="Türgesh">Türgesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_Khaganate" title="Uyghur Khaganate">Uighur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_Khaganate" title="Kyrgyz Khaganate">Kyrgyz</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Venetian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_Vi%E1%BB%87t" title="Đại Việt">Vietnamese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90inh_dynasty" title="Đinh dynasty">Dinh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_L%C3%AA_dynasty" title="Early Lê dynasty">Early Le</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%BD_dynasty" title="Lý dynasty">Ly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A7n_dynasty" title="Trần dynasty">Tran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%E1%BB%93_dynasty" title="Hồ dynasty">Ho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Later_Tr%E1%BA%A7n_dynasty" title="Later Trần dynasty">Later Tran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AA_dynasty" title="Lê dynasty">Later Le</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijayanagara_Empire" title="Vijayanagara Empire">Vijayanagara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghana_Empire" title="Ghana Empire">Wagadou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wari_Empire" title="Wari Empire">Wari</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modern_era" title="Modern era">Modern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist F" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Durrani_Empire" title="Durrani Empire">Afghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashanti_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashanti Empire">Ashanti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austro-Hungarian</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Brazilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_Empire_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Burmese Empire (disambiguation)">Burmese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Toungoo_Empire" title="First Toungoo Empire">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konbaung_dynasty" title="Konbaung dynasty">Third</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_African_Empire" title="Central African Empire">Central African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Empire" title="Chinese Empire">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_China_(1915%E2%80%931916)" title="Empire of China (1915–1916)">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_imperialism" title="Chinese imperialism">Contemporary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire" title="Ethiopian Empire">Ethiopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Haiti" title="History of Haiti">Haitian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Empire_of_Haiti" title="First Empire of Haiti">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Empire_of_Haiti" title="Second Empire of Haiti">Second</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_France" title="History of France">French</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_French_Empire" title="Second French Empire">Second</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Germany" title="History of Germany">German</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Persian_culture" title="Indo-Persian culture">Indo-Persian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_Empire" title="Sikh Empire">Sikh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_peoples" title="Iranian peoples">Iranian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Safavid_Iran" title="Safavid Iran">Safavid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afsharid_Iran" title="Afsharid Iran">Afsharid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zand_dynasty" title="Zand dynasty">Zand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qajar_Iran" title="Qajar Iran">Qajar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_dynasty" title="Pahlavi dynasty">Pahlavi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Empire" title="Korean Empire">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maratha_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Maratha Empire">Maratha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mexico" title="History of Mexico">Mexican</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Mexican_Empire" title="First Mexican Empire">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Mexican_Empire" title="Second Mexican Empire">Second</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Yuan" title="Northern Yuan">Mongol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oirat_Confederation" title="Oirat Confederation">Oirat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khoshut_Khanate" title="Khoshut Khanate">Khoshut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzungar_Khanate" title="Dzungar Khanate">Dzungar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalmyk_Khanate" title="Kalmyk Khanate">Kalmyk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bogd_Khanate_of_Mongolia" title="Bogd Khanate of Mongolia">Bogd</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Morocco" title="History of Morocco">Moroccan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saadi_Sultanate" title="Saadi Sultanate">Saadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alawi_Sultanate" title="Alawi Sultanate">'Alawi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Polish_Republic" title="Second Polish Republic">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Russia" title="History of Russia">Russian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tsardom_of_Russia" title="Tsardom of Russia">Tsarist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Imperial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_imperialism#Contemporary_Russian_imperialism" title="Russian imperialism">Contemporary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sokoto_Caliphate" title="Sokoto Caliphate">Sokoto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Somalia" title="History of Somalia">Somali</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isaaq_Sultanate" title="Isaaq Sultanate">Isaaq</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Empire" title="Swedish Empire">Swedish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tu%CA%BBi_Tonga_Empire" title="Tuʻi Tonga Empire">Tongan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_Vi%E1%BB%87t" title="Đại Việt">Vietnamese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/M%E1%BA%A1c_dynasty" title="Mạc dynasty">Mạc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revival_L%C3%AA_dynasty" title="Revival Lê dynasty">Revival Lê</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%A2y_S%C6%A1n_dynasty" title="Tây Sơn dynasty">Tay Sơn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_dynasty" title="Nguyễn dynasty">Dainam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Vietnam" title="Empire of Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Colonial28" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Colonial_empire" title="Colonial empire">Colonial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/U.S._imperialism" title="U.S. imperialism">American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_colonial_empire" title="Belgian colonial empire">Belgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_overseas_possessions" title="English overseas possessions">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Scottish colonization of the Americas">Scottish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Empire" title="Chinese Empire">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_overseas_colonies" title="Danish overseas colonies">Danish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_colonial_empire" title="Dutch colonial empire">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_colonial_empire" title="French colonial empire">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_colonial_empire" title="German colonial empire">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Empire" title="Italian Empire">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_colonial_empire" title="Japanese colonial empire">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omani_Empire" title="Omani Empire">Omani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Curonian_colonisation" title="Curonian colonisation">Couronian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonization_attempts_by_Poland" title="Colonization attempts by Poland">attempts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_overseas_colonies" title="Swedish overseas colonies">Swedish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist F" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_empires" title="List of empires">Empires</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_empires" title="List of largest empires">largest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_great_powers" title="List of ancient great powers">Ancient great powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_medieval_great_powers" title="List of medieval great powers">Medieval great powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_modern_great_powers" title="List of modern great powers">Modern great powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_colonialism" title="History of colonialism">European colonialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_empires" class="mw-redirect" title="African empires">African empires</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist F" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"Empire" as a description of foreign policy <ul><li><a href="/wiki/U.S._imperialism" title="U.S. imperialism">American Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_empire" title="Soviet empire">Soviet empire</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Irredentism312" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Irredentism" title="Template:Irredentism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Irredentism" title="Template talk:Irredentism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Irredentism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Irredentism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Irredentism312" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Irredentism" title="Irredentism">Irredentism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Mauritania" title="Greater Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Morocco" title="Greater Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Somalia" title="Greater Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_South_Africa" title="Greater South Africa">South Africa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_irredentism" title="Chinese irredentism">China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_unification" title="Chinese unification">unification with Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Tibet_by_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Annexation of Tibet by the People's Republic of China">annexation of Tibet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_colonial_empire" title="Japanese colonial empire">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_reunification" title="Korean reunification">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Mongolism" title="Pan-Mongolism">Mongolia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Bangladesh" title="Greater Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_India" title="Greater India">India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akhand_Bharat" title="Akhand Bharat">Akhand Bharat</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Nepal" title="Greater Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_nationalism" title="Pakistani nationalism">Pakistan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Pakistan" title="East Pakistan">East Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmir_independence_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Kashmir independence movement">Kashmir</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashtunistan" title="Pashtunistan">Pashtunistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Tamil_Nadu" title="Greater Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southeastern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_irredentism" title="Cambodian irredentism">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Indonesia" title="Greater Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malay_world" title="Malay world">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territories_claimed_by_the_Philippines" title="Territories claimed by the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Thaiism" title="Pan-Thaiism">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Timor" title="Great Timor">Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_irredentism" title="Vietnamese irredentism">Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Armenia" title="United Armenia">Armenia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Artsakh" title="Republic of Artsakh">Artsakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karabakh_movement" title="Karabakh movement">Karabakh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_homeland" title="Assyrian homeland">Assyria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whole_Azerbaijan" title="Whole Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Azerbaijan_(irredentist_concept)" title="Western Azerbaijan (irredentist concept)">Western Azerbaijan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus_problem" title="Cyprus problem">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdistan" title="Kurdistan">Kurdistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Iranism" title="Pan-Iranism">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_nationalism#Irredentism" title="Iraqi nationalism">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Israel" title="Greater Israel">Israel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gathering_of_Israel" title="Gathering of Israel">Gathering of Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golan_Heights" title="Golan Heights">Golan Heights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_nationalism#Pan-Syrianism" title="Syrian nationalism">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Ottomanism" title="Neo-Ottomanism">Turkey</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aegean_dispute" title="Aegean dispute">Aegean dispute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_invasion_of_Cyprus" title="Turkish invasion of Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Turkism" title="Pan-Turkism">Pan-Turkism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Yemen" class="mw-redirect" title="Greater Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_irredentism" title="Bulgarian irredentism">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakism" title="Czechoslovakism">Czechoslovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_irredentism" title="Hungarian irredentism">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Moldova" title="Greater Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_irredentism" title="Polish irredentism">Poland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kresy" title="Kresy">Kresy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intermarium" title="Intermarium">Intermarium</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Romania" title="Greater Romania">Romania</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Moldova_and_Romania" title="Unification of Moldova and Romania">unification with Moldova</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_irredentism" title="Russian irredentism">Russia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Crimea_by_the_Russian_Federation" title="Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation">annexation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Russian_occupation_of_Crimea" title="Russian occupation of Crimea">occupation of Crimea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proposed_Russian_annexation_of_South_Ossetia" title="Proposed Russian annexation of South Ossetia">proposed annexation of South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">invasion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Russian-occupied_territories_of_Ukraine" title="Russian-occupied territories of Ukraine">occupation of Ukraine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_irredentism" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrainian irredentism">Ukraine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Northern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Democratic_Republic#Territory" title="Belarusian Democratic Republic">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Finland" title="Greater Finland">Finland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karelian_question" title="Karelian question">Karelia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Albania" title="Greater Albania">Albania</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Albania_and_Kosovo" title="Unification of Albania and Kosovo">unification with Kosovo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Bosnia" title="Greater Bosnia">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Croatia" title="Greater Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_nationalism" title="Greek nationalism">Greece</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aegean_dispute" title="Aegean dispute">Aegean dispute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Cypriot_nationalism" title="Greek Cypriot nationalism">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enosis" title="Enosis">Enosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megali_Idea" title="Megali Idea">Megali Idea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Macedonia" title="United Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_irredentism" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese irredentism">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Serbia" title="Greater Serbia">Serbia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo_Myth" title="Kosovo Myth">Kosovo Myth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_Kosovo" title="Partition of Kosovo">partition of Kosovo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_irredentism" title="Spanish irredentism">Spain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galicia_irredenta" title="Galicia irredenta">Galicia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Slovenia" title="United Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_irredentism" title="Yugoslav irredentism">Yugoslavia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Italian_irredentism" title="Italian irredentism">Italy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_irredentism_in_Corfu" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian irredentism in Corfu">Corfu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_irredentism_in_Corsica" title="Italian irredentism in Corsica">Corsica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_irredentism_in_Dalmatia" title="Italian irredentism in Dalmatia">Dalmatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_irredentism_in_Istria" title="Italian irredentism in Istria">Istria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_irredentism_in_Switzerland" title="Italian irredentism in Switzerland">Italian Grisons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_irredentism_in_Malta" title="Italian irredentism in Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_irredentism_in_Nice" title="Italian irredentism in Nice">Nice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_irredentism_in_Savoy" title="Italian irredentism in Savoy">Savoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_irredentism_in_Switzerland" title="Italian irredentism in Switzerland">Ticino</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Belgium" title="Greater Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_union" title="Celtic union">Celtics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_borders_of_France" title="Natural borders of France">France</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rattachism" title="Rattachism">Wallonia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_question" title="German question">Germany</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_nationalism_in_Austria" title="German nationalism in Austria">Austria</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anschluss" title="Anschluss">annexation of Austria</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Germanism" title="Pan-Germanism">Pan-Germanism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Germanic_Reich" title="Greater Germanic Reich">Greater Germanic Reich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebensraum" title="Lebensraum">Lebensraum</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Ireland" title="United Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Netherlands" title="Greater Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enlargement_of_Switzerland" class="mw-redirect" title="Enlargement of Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_proposed_provinces_and_territories_of_Canada" title="List of proposed provinces and territories of Canada">Canada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Turks_and_Caicos_Islands_relations" title="Canada–Turks and Caicos Islands relations">Turks and Caicos Islands</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconquista_(Mexico)" title="Reconquista (Mexico)">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Saint_Martin" title="Unification of Saint Martin">Saint Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Greater United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/51st_state" title="51st state">51st state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movements_for_the_annexation_of_Canada_to_the_United_States" title="Movements for the annexation of Canada to the United States">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proposals_for_the_United_States_to_purchase_Greenland" class="mw-redirect" title="Proposals for the United States to purchase Greenland">Greenland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All_of_Mexico_Movement" title="All of Mexico Movement">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostend_Manifesto" title="Ostend Manifesto">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proposed_annexation_of_Santo_Domingo" title="Proposed annexation of Santo Domingo">Dominican Republic</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_proposed_states_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of proposed states of Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papuan_unification" class="mw-redirect" title="Papuan unification">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samoan_unification" title="Samoan unification">Samoa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_irredentism" title="Argentine irredentism">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilean_expansionism" title="Chilean expansionism">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reunification_of_Gran_Colombia" title="Reunification of Gran Colombia">Colombia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Related concepts: <a href="/wiki/List_of_national_border_changes_since_1914" class="mw-redirect" title="List of national border changes since 1914">Border changes since 1914</a> · <a href="/wiki/Partition_(politics)" title="Partition (politics)">Partitionism</a> · <a href="/wiki/Political_union" title="Political union">Reunification</a> · <a href="/wiki/Revanchism" title="Revanchism">Revanchism</a> · <a href="/wiki/Revanchism" title="Revanchism">Revisionism</a> · <a href="/wiki/Rump_state" title="Rump state">Rump state</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Monarchies295" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Monarchies" title="Template:Monarchies"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Monarchies" title="Template talk:Monarchies"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Monarchies" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Monarchies"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Monarchies295" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">Monarchies</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monarch" title="Monarch">Monarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial,_royal_and_noble_ranks" title="Imperial, royal and noble ranks">Imperial, royal and noble ranks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_monarchs_of_sovereign_states" title="List of current monarchs of sovereign states">List of current sovereign monarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_non-sovereign_monarchs" title="List of current non-sovereign monarchs">List of current non-sovereign monarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchy_referendums" title="List of monarchy referendums">List of monarchy referendums</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Type</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">Absolute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">Constitutional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diarchy" title="Diarchy">Diarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elective_monarchy" title="Elective monarchy">Elective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_monarchy" title="Federal monarchy">Federal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hereditary_monarchy" title="Hereditary monarchy">Hereditary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-sovereign_monarchy" title="Non-sovereign monarchy">Non-sovereign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_union" title="Personal union">Personal union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regent" title="Regent">Regency</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abdication" title="Abdication">Abdication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abolition_of_monarchy" title="Abolition of monarchy">Abolition of monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristocracy_(class)" title="Aristocracy (class)">Aristocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_monarchy" title="Criticism of monarchy">Criticism of monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decolonization" title="Decolonization">Decolonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratization" title="Democratization">Democratization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">Dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government" title="Government">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">Head of state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legitimacy_(political)" class="mw-redirect" title="Legitimacy (political)">Legitimacy (political)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oligarchy" title="Oligarchy">Oligarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_succession" title="Order of succession">Order of succession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">Republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-proclaimed_monarchy" title="Self-proclaimed monarchy">Self-proclaimed monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">Sovereignty</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Titles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chhatrapati" title="Chhatrapati">Chhatrapati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor" title="Emperor">Emperor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khan_(title)" title="Khan (title)">Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King" title="King">King</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Queen_regnant" title="Queen regnant">Queen regnant</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharaoh" title="Pharaoh">Pharaoh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_regnant" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince regnant">Prince regnant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raja" title="Raja">Raja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shah" title="Shah">Shah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultan" title="Sultan">Sultan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsar" title="Tsar">Tsar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Africa145" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Monarchies_in_Africa" title="Monarchies in Africa">Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ngwenyama" title="Ngwenyama">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Lesotho" class="mw-redirect" title="List of monarchs of Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Morocco" title="King of Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_constituent_African_monarchs" class="mw-redirect" title="List of current constituent African monarchs">list</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Monarchies_in_Asia" title="Monarchies in Asia">Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Bahrain" title="King of Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Bhutan" title="King of Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sultans_of_Brunei" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Sultans of Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Cambodia" title="Monarchy of Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_Japan" title="Emperor of Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Jordan" title="List of kings of Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emir_of_Kuwait" title="Emir of Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yang_di-Pertuan_Agong" class="mw-redirect" title="Yang di-Pertuan Agong">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Oman" title="List of rulers of Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emir_of_Qatar" title="Emir of Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="King of Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Thailand" title="Monarchy of Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="President of the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_non-sovereign_Asian_monarchs" title="List of current non-sovereign Asian monarchs">list</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Monarchies_in_Europe" title="Monarchies in Europe">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Co-Princes_of_Andorra" class="mw-redirect" title="Co-Princes of Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Belgium" title="Monarchy of Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Denmark" title="Monarchy of Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Liechtenstein" title="Monarchy of Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Luxembourg" title="Monarchy of Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Monaco" title="Monarchy of Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_Netherlands" title="Monarchy of the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Norway" title="Monarchy of Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Spain" title="Monarchy of Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Sweden" title="Monarchy of Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereigns_of_Vatican_City_State" class="mw-redirect" title="List of sovereigns of Vatican City State">Vatican City (Holy See)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Monarchies_in_Oceania" title="Monarchies in Oceania">Oceania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Tonga" title="List of monarchs of Tonga">Tonga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_realm" title="Commonwealth realm">Commonwealth realms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Monarchy of Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Australia" title="Monarchy of Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_Bahamas" title="Monarchy of the Bahamas">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Belize" title="Monarchy of Belize">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Canada" title="Monarchy of Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Grenada" title="Monarchy of Grenada">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Jamaica" title="Monarchy of Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_New_Zealand" title="Monarchy of New Zealand">New Zealand</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_in_the_Cook_Islands" title="Monarchy in the Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Niuean_monarchs" title="List of Niuean monarchs">Niue</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Monarchy of Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="Monarchy of Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Saint_Lucia" title="Monarchy of Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="Monarchy of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Solomon_Islands" title="Monarchy of Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Tuvalu" title="Monarchy of Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Monarchy of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Abolition_of_monarchy" title="Abolition of monarchy">Former</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adamawa_Emirate" title="Adamawa Emirate">Adamawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ankole" title="Ankole">Ankole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Aussa" title="Sultanate of Aussa">Aussa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Bagirmi" title="Sultanate of Bagirmi">Bagirmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barotseland" title="Barotseland">Barotseland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanem%E2%80%93Bornu_Empire" title="Kanem–Bornu Empire">Bornu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Burundi" title="Kingdom of Burundi">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_African_Empire" title="Central African Empire">Central Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dahomey" title="Dahomey">Dahomey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Kingdom of Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire" title="Ethiopian Empire">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghana_Empire" title="Ghana Empire">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Gomma" title="Kingdom of Gomma">Gomma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Gumma" title="Kingdom of Gumma">Gumma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islands_of_Refreshment" title="Islands of Refreshment">Islands of Refreshment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kaffa" title="Kingdom of Kaffa">Kaffa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kongo" title="Kingdom of Kongo">Kongo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Libya" title="Kingdom of Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Luba" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Luba">Luba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merina_Kingdom" title="Merina Kingdom">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mali_Empire" title="Mali Empire">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayotte#History" title="Mayotte">Maore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maravi" title="Maravi">Maravi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moh%C3%A9li#History" title="Mohéli">Mwali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anjouan#Early_and_colonial_history" title="Anjouan">Ndzuwani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grande_Comore#History" title="Grande Comore">Ngazidja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Rwanda" title="Kingdom of Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shilluk_Kingdom" title="Shilluk Kingdom">Shilluk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Tunisia" title="Kingdom of Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wituland" title="Wituland">Wituland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wassoulou_Empire" title="Wassoulou Empire">Wassoulou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeke_Kingdom" title="Yeke Kingdom">Yeke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Zanzibar" title="Sultanate of Zanzibar">Zanzibar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Zimbabwe" title="Kingdom of Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kingdoms_in_pre-colonial_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="List of kingdoms in pre-colonial Africa">and other</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Araucan%C3%ADa_and_Patagonia" title="Kingdom of Araucanía and Patagonia">Araucanía</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aztec_Empire" title="Aztec Empire">Aztec</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Empire_of_Haiti" title="Second Empire of Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inca_Empire" title="Inca Empire">Inca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Mexican_Empire" title="Second Mexican Empire">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosquito_Coast" title="Mosquito Coast">Miskito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suriname_(Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands)" title="Suriname (Kingdom of the Netherlands)">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Talamanca" title="Kingdom of Talamanca">Talamanca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Trinidad" title="Principality of Trinidad">Trinidad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen Colonies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Afghanistan" title="Kingdom of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idrisid_Emirate_of_Asir" title="Idrisid Emirate of Asir">Asir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_Sultanate" title="Bengal Sultanate">Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Bukhara" title="Emirate of Bukhara">Bukhara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konbaung_dynasty" title="Konbaung dynasty">Burma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cebu_(historical_polity)" title="Cebu (historical polity)">Cebu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shihab_dynasty" title="Shihab dynasty">Chehab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_China" title="Monarchy of China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dapitan_Kingdom" title="Dapitan Kingdom">Dapitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hejaz" title="Kingdom of Hejaz">Hejaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indonesian_monarchies" title="List of Indonesian monarchies">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_dynasty" title="Pahlavi dynasty">Iran</a> (<a href="/wiki/Qajar_Iran" title="Qajar Iran">Qajar</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Iraq" title="Kingdom of Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Jabal_Shammar" title="Emirate of Jabal Shammar">Jabal Shammar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathiri" title="Kathiri">Kathiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanate_of_Khiva" title="Khanate of Khiva">Khiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Empire" title="Korean Empire">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumul_Khanate" title="Kumul Khanate">Kumul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kurdistan" title="Kingdom of Kurdistan">Kurdistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Laos" title="Kingdom of Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Maguindanao" title="Sultanate of Maguindanao">Maguindanao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahra_Sultanate" title="Mahra Sultanate">Mahra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Maldivian_monarchs" title="List of Maldivian monarchs">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bogd_Khanate_of_Mongolia" title="Bogd Khanate of Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Najran" title="Principality of Najran">Najran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Nepal" title="Kingdom of Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qu%27aiti" title="Qu'aiti">Qu'aiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryukyu_Kingdom" title="Ryukyu Kingdom">Ryukyu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raj_of_Sarawak" title="Raj of Sarawak">Sarawak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shan_States" title="Shan States">Shan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sikkim" title="Kingdom of Sikkim">Sikkim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhalese_monarchy" title="Sinhalese monarchy">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sip_Song_Chau_Tai" title="Sip Song Chau Tai">Sip Song Chau Tai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Sulu" title="Sultanate of Sulu">Sulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Kingdom_of_Syria" title="Arab Kingdom of Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibet_(1912%E2%80%931951)" title="Tibet (1912–1951)">Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Tungning" title="Kingdom of Tungning">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheikdom_of_Upper_Asir" title="Sheikdom of Upper Asir">Upper Asir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Yafa" title="Upper Yafa">Upper Yafa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Vietnam" title="List of monarchs of Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Yemen" title="Kingdom of Yemen">Yemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirates_of_South_Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Emirates of South Arabia">Emirates of South Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_of_South_Arabia" title="Federation of South Arabia">South Arabia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Kingdom_(1928%E2%80%931939)" title="Albanian Kingdom (1928–1939)">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aragon" title="Kingdom of Aragon">Aragon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Asturias" title="Kingdom of Asturias">Asturias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bavaria" title="Kingdom of Bavaria">Bavaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bosnia" title="Kingdom of Bosnia">Bosnia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Brittany" title="Duchy of Brittany">Brittany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bulgaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Catalonia" title="Principality of Catalonia">Catalonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Kingdom_of_Cilicia" title="Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia">Cilicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Corsica_(1736)" title="Kingdom of Corsica (1736)">Corsica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Khanate" title="Crimean Khanate">Crimea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Cyprus" title="Kingdom of Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Finland_(1918)" title="Kingdom of Finland (1918)">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_French_Empire" title="Second French Empire">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Galicia" title="Kingdom of Galicia">Galicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Georgia" title="Kingdom of Georgia">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Granada" title="Emirate of Granada">Granada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Greece" title="Kingdom of Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hanover" title="Kingdom of Hanover">Hanover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary" title="Kingdom of Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Iceland" title="Kingdom of Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Imereti" title="Kingdom of Imereti">Imereti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Ireland" title="Monarchy of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kartli-Kakheti" title="Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti">Kartli-Kakheti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Lithuania_(1918)" title="Kingdom of Lithuania (1918)">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Majorca" title="Kingdom of Majorca">Majorca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Isles" title="Kingdom of the Isles">Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldavia" title="Moldavia">Moldavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Montenegro" title="Kingdom of Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Navarre" title="Kingdom of Navarre">Navarre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Neuch%C3%A2tel#History" title="Canton of Neuchâtel">Neuchâtel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia_(1720%E2%80%931861)" title="Kingdom of Sardinia (1720–1861)">Piedmont-Sardinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Poland–Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Portugal" title="Kingdom of Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Prussia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Romania" title="Kingdom of Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Samos" title="Principality of Samos">Samos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Savoy" title="Duchy of Savoy">Savoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Saxony" title="Kingdom of Saxony">Saxony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Scotland" title="Kingdom of Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Serbia" title="Kingdom of Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Tavolara" title="Kingdom of Tavolara">Tavolara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany" title="Grand Duchy of Tuscany">Tuscany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Two_Sicilies" title="Kingdom of the Two Sicilies">Two Sicilies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Baltic_Duchy" title="United Baltic Duchy">United Baltic Duchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Valencia" title="Kingdom of Valencia">Valencia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Kingdom of Württemberg">Württemberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia" title="Kingdom of Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abemama" title="Abemama">Abemama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bora_Bora" title="Kingdom of Bora Bora">Bora Bora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Easter_Island" title="King of Easter Island">Easter Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Fiji" title="Kingdom of Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_Kingdom" title="Hawaiian Kingdom">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huahine" title="Huahine">Huahine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangareva" title="Mangareva">Mangareva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niue" title="Niue">Niuē-Fekai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuku_Hiva" title="Nuku Hiva">Nuku Hiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Raiatea" title="List of monarchs of Raiatea">Raiatea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapa_Iti" title="Rapa Iti">Rapa Iti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Rarotonga" title="Kingdom of Rarotonga">Rarotonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rimatara" title="Rimatara">Rimatara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rurutu" title="Rurutu">Rurutu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Tahiti" title="Kingdom of Tahiti">Tahiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahuata" title="Tahuata">Tahuata</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Commonwealth realms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Barbados" title="Monarchy of Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Ceylon_(1948%E2%80%931972)" title="Monarchy of Ceylon (1948–1972)">Ceylon</a> (Sri Lanka)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Fiji" title="Monarchy of Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_the_Gambia" title="Queen of the Gambia">The Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Ghana" title="Queen of Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Guyana" title="Queen of Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_India" title="Dominion of India">India</a> (<a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_princely_states_of_British_India_(alphabetical)" title="List of princely states of British India (alphabetical)">princely states</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Free_State" title="Irish Free State">Irish Free State</a> / <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Kenya" title="Queen of Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Malawi" title="Queen of Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Malta" title="Queen of Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Mauritius" title="Queen of Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen of Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Pakistan" title="Monarchy of Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Rhodesia" title="Queen of Rhodesia">Rhodesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Sierra_Leone" title="Queen of Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_South_Africa" title="Monarchy of South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Tanganyika" title="Queen of Tanganyika">Tanganyika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Queen of Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Uganda" title="Queen of Uganda">Uganda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Monarchies_in_the_Americas50" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:American_monarchies" title="Template:American monarchies"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:American_monarchies" title="Template talk:American monarchies"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:American_monarchies" title="Special:EditPage/Template:American monarchies"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Monarchies_in_the_Americas50" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Monarchies_in_the_Americas" title="Monarchies in the Americas">Monarchies in the Americas</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Commonwealth of Nations monarchies <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Monarchy of Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_Bahamas" title="Monarchy of the Bahamas">The Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Belize" title="Monarchy of Belize">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Canada" title="Monarchy of Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Grenada" title="Monarchy of Grenada">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Jamaica" title="Monarchy of Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="Monarchy of Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Saint_Lucia" title="Monarchy of Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="Monarchy of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Monarchy of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Denmark" title="Monarchy of Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_Netherlands" title="Monarchy of the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indigenous monarchies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aymara_kingdoms" class="mw-redirect" title="Aymara kingdoms">Aymara</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colla_Kingdom" title="Colla Kingdom">Colla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lupaca" title="Lupaca">Lupaca</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aztec_Empire" title="Aztec Empire">Aztec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huetar_people" title="Huetar people">Huetar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Huetar_Kingdom" title="Eastern Huetar Kingdom">Eastern Huetar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garabito_Empire" title="Garabito Empire">Garabito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Pacaca" title="Kingdom of Pacaca">Pacaca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toyop%C3%A1n" title="Toyopán">Toyopán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Huetar_Kingdom" title="Western Huetar Kingdom">Western Huetar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inca_society" title="Inca society">Inca</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Cusco" title="Kingdom of Cusco">Cusco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inca_Empire" title="Inca Empire">Inca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Inca_State" title="Neo-Inca State">Neo-Inca</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_civilization" title="Maya civilization">Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosquito_Coast" title="Mosquito Coast">Miskito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Nicoya" title="Kingdom of Nicoya">Nicoya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Talamanca" title="Kingdom of Talamanca">Talamanca</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">European monarchies with <a href="/wiki/European_colonization_of_the_Americas#List_of_European_colonies_in_the_Americas" title="European colonization of the Americas">colonies in the Americas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Courland_and_Semigallia" title="Duchy of Courland and Semigallia">Courland and Semigallia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_French_monarchs" title="List of French monarchs">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Portuguese_monarchs" title="List of Portuguese monarchs">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Russian_monarchs" title="List of Russian monarchs">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Spain" title="Monarchy of Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Sweden" title="Monarchy of Sweden">Sweden</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Barbados" title="Monarchy of Barbados">Barbados (1966–2021)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Brazil (1822–1889)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Guyana" title="Queen of Guyana">Guyana (1966–1970)</a></li> <li>Haiti <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Empire_of_Haiti" title="First Empire of Haiti">1804–1806</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Haiti" title="Kingdom of Haiti">1811–1820</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Empire_of_Haiti" title="Second Empire of Haiti">1849–1859</a></li></ul></li> <li>Mexico <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Mexican_Empire" title="First Mexican Empire">1822–1823</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Mexican_Empire" title="Second Mexican Empire">1864–1867</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Queen of Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago (1962–1976)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_in_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="List of monarchs in the Americas">List of monarchs in the Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_the_last_monarchs_in_the_Americas" title="List of the last monarchs in the Americas">List of the last monarchs in the Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Redonda" title="Kingdom of Redonda">Kingdom of Redonda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Bolivian_monarchy" title="Afro-Bolivian monarchy">Afro-Bolivian monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Araucan%C3%ADa_and_Patagonia" title="Kingdom of Araucanía and Patagonia">Araucania and Patagonia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox505" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <a 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</div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-dock-bottom emptyPortlet" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul> </ul> </div> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-657b46f875-nxrqw","wgBackendResponseTime":341,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"2.458","walltime":"2.809","ppvisitednodes":{"value":37582,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":620769,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":175134,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":17,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":48,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":412177,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 2218.315 1 -total"," 38.62% 856.648 426 Template:Sfn"," 14.72% 326.631 1 Template:Infobox_country"," 11.28% 250.237 1 Template:Navboxes"," 9.62% 213.376 53 Template:Cite_book"," 8.76% 194.244 2 Template:Reflist"," 5.12% 113.481 8 Template:Navbox"," 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[\"CITEREFErmakoff2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFausto1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFaustoDevoto2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGraham1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGraça_Filho2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGreen2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHahner1978\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHolanda1974\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIndústria1898\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLevine1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLira_1977,_Vol_1\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLira_1977,_Vol_2\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLira_1977,_Vol_3\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoreira1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMunro1942\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNabuco1975\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOlivieri1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFParkinson2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPedrosa2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRamos2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRodartePaivaGodoy2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRodrigues1863\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRodrigues1975\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRodrigues1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSalles1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchwarcz1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFScully1868\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSkidmore1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSodré2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTopik2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVainfas2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVasquez2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVeronaDias_Júnior2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVesentini1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFViana1968\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFViana1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWiese_Randig2017\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"American monarchies\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Brazil topics\"] = 1,\n [\"Center\"] = 1,\n [\"Circa\"] = 7,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 53,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 4,\n [\"Clear\"] = 1,\n [\"Commons category-inline\"] = 1,\n [\"Convert\"] = 5,\n [\"Coord\"] = 1,\n [\"Crossreference\"] = 1,\n [\"Cvt\"] = 2,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Brazil, Empire of\"] = 1,\n [\"Dollar2\"] = 1,\n [\"Dubious\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn-ua\"] = 2,\n [\"Empire of Brazil\"] = 1,\n [\"Empires\"] = 1,\n [\"Featured article\"] = 1,\n [\"Former Monarchies\"] = 1,\n [\"Further\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 51,\n [\"Infobox country\"] = 1,\n [\"Irredentism\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 3,\n [\"Main\"] = 14,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 3,\n [\"Native name\"] = 1,\n [\"Native_name\"] = 1,\n [\"Navboxes\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist-ua\"] = 1,\n [\"Nowrap\"] = 4,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 3,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 426,\n [\"SfnRef\"] = 5,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Tree list\"] = 1,\n [\"Tree list/end\"] = 1,\n [\"Use American English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","380","25.0"],["?","240","15.8"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","220","14.5"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getAllExpandedArguments","60","3.9"],["init 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projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2003-07-16T16:07:59Z","dateModified":"2025-03-07T03:17:04Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/b\/b1\/Flag_of_Brazil_%281853-1889%29.svg","headline":"empire in South America between 1822 and 1889"}</script> </body> </html>