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<div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Religion by regions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Religion_by_regions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Religion by regions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Religion_by_regions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Federal_territories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Federal_territories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Federal territories</span> </div> </a> <ul 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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Secularism_debate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Secularism_debate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Secularism debate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Secularism_debate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Freedom_of_religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Freedom_of_religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Freedom of religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Freedom_of_religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Interfaith_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interfaith_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Interfaith relations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interfaith_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Islam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Islam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Islam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Islam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Buddhism_and_Chinese_religions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Buddhism_and_Chinese_religions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Buddhism and Chinese religions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Buddhism_and_Chinese_religions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hinduism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hinduism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Hinduism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hinduism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Christianity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Christianity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Christianity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Christianity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_religions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_religions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Other religions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_religions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of 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article in another language. Available in 17 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-17" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">17 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="الدين في ماليزيا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الدين في ماليزيا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religi%C3%B3n_en_Malasia" title="Religión en Malasia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Religión en Malasia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B2%DB%8C" title="دین در مالزی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دین در مالزی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A7%90%EB%A0%88%EC%9D%B4%EC%8B%9C%EC%95%84%EC%9D%98_%EC%A2%85%EA%B5%90" title="말레이시아의 종교 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="말레이시아의 종교" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE" title="मलेशिया में धर्म – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मलेशिया में धर्म" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agama_di_Malaysia" title="Agama di Malaysia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Agama di Malaysia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religioni_in_Malaysia" title="Religioni in Malaysia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Religioni in Malaysia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE" title="मलेशियामधील धर्म – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="मलेशियामधील धर्म" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agama_di_Malaysia" title="Agama di Malaysia – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Agama di Malaysia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malayziyada_din" title="Malayziyada din – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Malayziyada din" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%A7_%D9%88%DA%86_%D9%85%D8%B0%DB%81%D8%A8" title="ملائیشیا وچ مذہب – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ملائیشیا وچ مذہب" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B2_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Религия в Малайзии – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Религия в Малайзии" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feja_n%C3%AB_Malajzi" title="Feja në Malajzi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Feja në Malajzi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2" title="ศาสนาในประเทศมาเลเซีย – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ศาสนาในประเทศมาเลเซีย" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malezya%27da_din" title="Malezya'da din – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Malezya'da din" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%A7_%D9%85%DB%8C%DA%BA_%D9%85%D8%B0%DB%81%D8%A8" title="ملائیشیا میں مذہب – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ملائیشیا میں مذہب" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E4%BE%86%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9E%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99" title="馬來西亞宗教 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="馬來西亞宗教" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q4393020#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a 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class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Green; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> (63.5%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:gold; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> (18.7%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Dodgerblue; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> (9.1%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:darkorange; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> (6.1%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:honeydew; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Irreligion" title="Irreligion">No religion</a> (1.8%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:darkorchid; color:white;"> </span> Other religions (0.9%)</div> </div> </div></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Malaysia_religion_by_state_2020.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A Map of Malaysia showing religious statistics by state" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Malaysia_religion_by_state_2020.jpg/290px-Malaysia_religion_by_state_2020.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Malaysia_religion_by_state_2020.jpg/435px-Malaysia_religion_by_state_2020.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Malaysia_religion_by_state_2020.jpg/580px-Malaysia_religion_by_state_2020.jpg 2x" data-file-width="839" data-file-height="569" /></a><figcaption>Dominant religious confessions in <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a> by state according to <a href="/wiki/Census_in_Malaysia" title="Census in Malaysia">2020 census</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-dosm.gov.my_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dosm.gov.my-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <br /> Dark green: Muslim majority > 50% <br /> Light green: Muslim plurality < 50% <br /> Blue: Christian majority > 50% </figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> is the <a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">state religion</a> of <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>, as per Article 3 of the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Malaysia" title="Constitution of Malaysia">Constitution</a>. Meanwhile, other religions can be practised by <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Malaysia" title="Demographics of Malaysia">non-Malay citizens</a> of the country.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, per <a href="/wiki/Article_160_of_the_Constitution_of_Malaysia" title="Article 160 of the Constitution of Malaysia">Article 160</a>, one must be Muslim to be considered <a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Malays" title="Malaysian Malays">Malay</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of the 2020 Population and Housing Census, 63.5 percent of the population practices <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>; 18.7 percent <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>; 9.1 percent <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>; 6.1 percent <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>; and 2.7 percent other religion or gave no information. The remainder is accounted for by other faiths, including <a href="/wiki/Animism" title="Animism">Animism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Folk_religion" title="Folk religion">Folk religion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí Faith</a> and other belief systems.<sup id="cite_ref-Malaysia_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Malaysia-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Census_2010_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Census_2010-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The states of <a href="/wiki/Sarawak" title="Sarawak">Sarawak</a> and <a href="/wiki/Penang" title="Penang">Penang</a> and the federal territory of <a href="/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur" title="Kuala Lumpur">Kuala Lumpur</a> have non-Muslim majorities.<sup id="cite_ref-dosm.gov.my_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dosm.gov.my-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Numbers of self-described atheists in Malaysia are few as <a href="/wiki/Apostasy_in_Islam" title="Apostasy in Islam">renouncing Islam</a> is prohibited for Muslims in Malaysia. As such, the actual number of atheists or converts in the country is hard to ascertain out of fear from being ostracised or prosecution.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The state has come under criticism from <a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">human rights</a> organisations for the government's <a href="/wiki/Atheophobia" class="mw-redirect" title="Atheophobia">discrimination against atheists</a>, with some cabinet members saying that "the freedom of religion is not the freedom from religion".<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-reuters131210_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reuters131210-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Malaysia" title="Islam in Malaysia">Islam in Malaysia</a> is represented by the <a href="/wiki/Shafi%27i" class="mw-redirect" title="Shafi'i">Shafi'i</a> version of <a href="/wiki/Sunni" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunni">Sunni</a> theology and the practice of any other form of the religion (such as <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shia Islam</a>) is heavily restricted by the government.<sup id="cite_ref-malaysianbar.org.my_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-malaysianbar.org.my-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Wu_&_Hickling,_p._35_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wu_&_Hickling,_p._35-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The constitution guarantees freedom of religion while establishing Islam as the "religion of the Federation" to symbolise its importance to Malaysian society.<sup id="cite_ref-malaysianbar.org.my_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-malaysianbar.org.my-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Wu_&_Hickling,_p._35_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wu_&_Hickling,_p._35-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Chinese" title="Malaysian Chinese">Malaysian Chinese</a> practice various faiths: <a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahayana Buddhism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chinese_traditional_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese traditional religion">Chinese traditional religions</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoism</a>). <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> is practised by the majority of <a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Indian" class="mw-redirect" title="Malaysian Indian">Malaysian Indians</a>. <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> has established itself in some communities, especially in <a href="/wiki/East_Malaysia" title="East Malaysia">East Malaysia</a>. </p><p>Relations between Islam and the other religious groups in the country are generally quite tolerant, even though members of different religious groups do tend to have more homogeneous personal relations, particularly based on ethnicity and religion.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Islamic_holidays" title="Islamic holidays">Eids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vesak" title="Vesak">Wesak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christmas" title="Christmas">Christmas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lunar_New_Year" title="Lunar New Year">Lunar New Year</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Deepavali" class="mw-redirect" title="Deepavali">Deepavali</a> have been declared national holidays. Race, religion and politics are closely intertwined in Malaysia, and various groups have been set up to try to promote religious understanding among the different groups. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religious_distribution">Religious distribution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Malaysia&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Religious distribution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>All of the world's major religions have substantial representation in Malaysia.<sup id="cite_ref-Matic_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Matic-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Population and Housing Censuses figures shows approximately these proportions of the population following these religions:<sup id="cite_ref-Census_2010_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Census_2010-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th style="width:50pt;">Year </th> <th style="width:50pt;">Islam </th> <th style="width:50pt;">Buddhism </th> <th style="width:50pt;">Christianity </th> <th style="width:50pt;">Hinduism </th> <th style="width:50pt;">Confucianism, Taoism and other traditional Chinese folk religion </th> <th style="width:50pt;">Other religions </th> <th style="width:50pt;">No religion or no information </th></tr> <tr> <td>2000 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">60.4% </td> <td style="text-align:right;">19.2% </td> <td style="text-align:right;">9.1% </td> <td style="text-align:right;">6.3% </td> <td style="text-align:right;">2.6% </td> <td style="text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">2.4% </td></tr> <tr> <td>2010 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">61.3% </td> <td style="text-align:right;">19.8% </td> <td style="text-align:right;">9.2% </td> <td style="text-align:right;">6.3% </td> <td style="text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1.7% </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1.7% </td></tr> <tr> <td>2020 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">63.5% </td> <td style="text-align:right;">18.7% </td> <td style="text-align:right;">9.1% </td> <td style="text-align:right;">6.1% </td> <td style="text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.9% </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1.8% </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>All the <a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Malays" title="Malaysian Malays">Malaysian Malay</a> people are Muslim by law. Most <a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Chinese" title="Malaysian Chinese">Malaysian Chinese</a> follow <a href="/wiki/Mahayana_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahayana Buddhism">Mahayana Buddhism</a> or <a href="/wiki/Chinese_traditional_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese traditional religion">Chinese traditional religion</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Chinese_ancestral_worship" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese ancestral worship">ancestor worship</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Matic_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Matic-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Statistics from the 2010 Census indicate that 83.6% of Malaysia's ethnic Chinese identify as Buddhist, with significant numbers of adherents following Taoism (3.4%) and Christianity (11.1%).<sup id="cite_ref-Census_2010_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Census_2010-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The percentage of practitioners of the Chinese folk religions may be higher, as many practise both Buddhism and folk religions. </p><p>Christianity is the predominant religion of the non-Malay <a href="/wiki/Bumiputra" class="mw-redirect" title="Bumiputra">Bumiputra</a> community (46.5%) with an additional 40.4% identifying as Muslims.<sup id="cite_ref-Census_2010_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Census_2010-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many indigenous tribes of <a href="/wiki/East_Malaysia" title="East Malaysia">East Malaysia</a> have converted to Christianity, although Christianity has made fewer inroads into <a href="/wiki/Peninsular_Malaysia" title="Peninsular Malaysia">Peninsular Malaysia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Matic_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Matic-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religion_by_regions">Religion by regions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Malaysia&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Religion by regions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="States">States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Malaysia&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th style="width:50pt;">States </th> <th style="width:50pt;">Islam </th> <th style="width:50pt;">Buddhism </th> <th style="width:50pt;">Christianity </th> <th style="width:50pt;">Hinduism </th> <th style="width:50pt;">Confucianism, Taoism and other traditional Chinese folk religion </th> <th style="width:50pt;">Other religions </th> <th style="width:50pt;">No religion or No information </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Johor" title="Johor">Johor</a> </td> <td><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238854847">.mw-parser-output .percentage-bar{position:relative;border:1px solid #aaa;background-color:#fff;width:100px;max-width:100%;height:1.5em}.mw-parser-output .percentage-bar-fill{position:absolute;background-color:#dbdbdb;height:1.5em;width:50%}.mw-parser-output .percentage-bar-text{position:absolute;width:100%;height:1.5em;text-align:center;color:#000}</style><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 59%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">59.7%</div></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 28%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">28.7%</div></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 3%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">3.0%</div></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 7%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">7.1%</div></div> </td> <td>- </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 0%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">0.8%</div></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 0%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">0.7%</div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kedah" title="Kedah">Kedah</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 78%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">78.5%</div></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 12%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">12.4%</div></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 0%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">0.8%</div></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 5%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">5.9%</div></div> </td> <td>- </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 0%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">0.8%</div></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 2%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">2.0%</div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kelantan" title="Kelantan">Kelantan</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 95%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">95.5%</div></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 2%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">2.8%</div></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 0%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">0.4%</div></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 0%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">0.2%</div></div> </td> <td>- </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 0%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">0.2%</div></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 0%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">0.9%</div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Malacca" title="Malacca">Malacca</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 68%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">68.9%</div></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 19%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">19.2%</div></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 2%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">2.6%</div></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 5%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">5.3%</div></div> </td> <td>- </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 0%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">0.5%</div></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 3%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">3.5%</div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Negeri_Sembilan" title="Negeri Sembilan">Negeri Sembilan</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 62%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">62.6%</div></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 19%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">19.9%</div></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 2%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">2.6%</div></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 13%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">13.1%</div></div> </td> <td>- </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 0%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">0.5%</div></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 1%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">1.0%</div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pahang" title="Pahang">Pahang</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 76%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">76.5%</div></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 13%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">13.6%</div></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 1%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">1.5%</div></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 3%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">3.7%</div></div> </td> <td>- </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 0%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">0.7%</div></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 4%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">4.1%</div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Penang" title="Penang">Penang</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 45%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">45.5%</div></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 37%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">37.6%</div></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 4%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">4.3%</div></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 8%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">8.4%</div></div> </td> <td>- </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 2%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">2.4%</div></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 1%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">1.7%</div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Perak" title="Perak">Perak</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 57%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">57.9%</div></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 24%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">24.2%</div></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 3%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">3.0%</div></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 9%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">9.7%</div></div> </td> <td>- </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 1%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">1.3%</div></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 4%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">4.0%</div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Perlis" title="Perlis">Perlis</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 87%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">87.8%</div></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 9%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">9.2%</div></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 0%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">0.6%</div></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 1%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">1.3%</div></div> </td> <td>- </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 0%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">0.2%</div></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 1%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">1.0%</div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sabah" title="Sabah">Sabah</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 69%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">69.6%</div></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 5%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">5.1%</div></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 24%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">24.7%</div></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 0%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">0.1%</div></div> </td> <td>- </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 0%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">0.1%</div></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 0%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">0.4%</div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sarawak" title="Sarawak">Sarawak</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 34%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">34.2%</div></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 12%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">12.8%</div></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 50%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">50.1%</div></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 0%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">0.2%</div></div> </td> <td>- </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 0%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">0.5%</div></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 2%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">2.2%</div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Selangor" title="Selangor">Selangor</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 61%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">61.1%</div></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 21%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">21.6%</div></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 4%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">4.9%</div></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 10%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">10.3%</div></div> </td> <td>- </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 1%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">1.3%</div></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 0%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">0.8%</div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Terengganu" title="Terengganu">Terengganu</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 97%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">97.3%</div></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 2%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">2.0%</div></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 0%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">0.3%</div></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 0%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">0.2%</div></div> </td> <td>- </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 0%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">0.0%</div></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 0%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">0.1%</div></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Federal_territories">Federal territories</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Malaysia&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Federal territories"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th style="width:50pt;">States </th> <th style="width:50pt;">Islam </th> <th style="width:50pt;">Buddhism </th> <th style="width:50pt;">Christianity </th> <th style="width:50pt;">Hinduism </th> <th style="width:50pt;">Confucianism, Taoism and other traditional Chinese folk religion </th> <th style="width:50pt;">No religion </th> <th style="width:50pt;">Other religions or No information </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur" title="Kuala Lumpur">Kuala Lumpur</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 45%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">45.3%</div></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 32%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">32.3%</div></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 6%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">6.4%</div></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 8%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">8.2%</div></div> </td> <td>- </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 6%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">6.0%</div></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 1%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">1.8%</div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Labuan" title="Labuan">Labuan</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 77%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">77.2%</div></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 8%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">8.1%</div></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 13%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">13.8%</div></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 0%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">0.6%</div></div> </td> <td>- </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 0%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">0.1%</div></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 0%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">0.2%</div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Putrajaya" title="Putrajaya">Putrajaya</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 97%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">97.2%</div></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 0%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">0.5%</div></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 0%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">0.8%</div></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 1%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">1.1%</div></div> </td> <td>- </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 0%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">0.4%</div></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 0%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">0.1%</div></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Distribution_maps">Distribution maps</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Malaysia&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Distribution maps"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Below maps are distribution of religion in Malaysia by district, as of 2020 census. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1248256098">@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{width:100%!important}}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{display:table}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-default{background:transparent;margin-top:4px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-center{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-none{float:none}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-collapsible{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div{display:table-cell;padding:0 4px 4px;text-align:center;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main>div{display:table-cell}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallery{line-height:1.35em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div{display:table-cell;padding:4px;text-align:right;font-size:85%;line-height:1em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div *,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div *{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallerybox img{background:none!important}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .bordered-images .thumb img{border:solid var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0)1px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb{background:var(--background-color-base,#fff)!important}</style><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default"><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional nochecker bordered-images whitebg"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Percentage_population_of_Islam_in_Malaysia_by_district,_2020.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Islam"><img alt="Islam" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Percentage_population_of_Islam_in_Malaysia_by_district%2C_2020.svg/180px-Percentage_population_of_Islam_in_Malaysia_by_district%2C_2020.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="69" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Percentage_population_of_Islam_in_Malaysia_by_district%2C_2020.svg/270px-Percentage_population_of_Islam_in_Malaysia_by_district%2C_2020.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Percentage_population_of_Islam_in_Malaysia_by_district%2C_2020.svg/360px-Percentage_population_of_Islam_in_Malaysia_by_district%2C_2020.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="457" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Islam</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Percentage_population_of_Buddhist_in_Malaysia_by_district,_2020.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Buddhist"><img alt="Buddhist" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Percentage_population_of_Buddhist_in_Malaysia_by_district%2C_2020.svg/180px-Percentage_population_of_Buddhist_in_Malaysia_by_district%2C_2020.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="69" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Percentage_population_of_Buddhist_in_Malaysia_by_district%2C_2020.svg/270px-Percentage_population_of_Buddhist_in_Malaysia_by_district%2C_2020.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Percentage_population_of_Buddhist_in_Malaysia_by_district%2C_2020.svg/360px-Percentage_population_of_Buddhist_in_Malaysia_by_district%2C_2020.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="457" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Buddhist</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Percentage_population_of_Christian_in_Malaysia_by_district,_2020.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Christian"><img alt="Christian" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Percentage_population_of_Christian_in_Malaysia_by_district%2C_2020.svg/180px-Percentage_population_of_Christian_in_Malaysia_by_district%2C_2020.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="69" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Percentage_population_of_Christian_in_Malaysia_by_district%2C_2020.svg/270px-Percentage_population_of_Christian_in_Malaysia_by_district%2C_2020.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Percentage_population_of_Christian_in_Malaysia_by_district%2C_2020.svg/360px-Percentage_population_of_Christian_in_Malaysia_by_district%2C_2020.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="457" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Christian</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Percentage_population_of_Hindu_in_Malaysia_by_district,_2020.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hindu"><img alt="Hindu" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Percentage_population_of_Hindu_in_Malaysia_by_district%2C_2020.svg/180px-Percentage_population_of_Hindu_in_Malaysia_by_district%2C_2020.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="69" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Percentage_population_of_Hindu_in_Malaysia_by_district%2C_2020.svg/270px-Percentage_population_of_Hindu_in_Malaysia_by_district%2C_2020.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Percentage_population_of_Hindu_in_Malaysia_by_district%2C_2020.svg/360px-Percentage_population_of_Hindu_in_Malaysia_by_district%2C_2020.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="457" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Hindu</div> </li> </ul></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Law_and_politics">Law and politics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Malaysia&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Law and politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:National_mosque,_Malaysia.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/National_mosque%2C_Malaysia.JPG/220px-National_mosque%2C_Malaysia.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/National_mosque%2C_Malaysia.JPG/330px-National_mosque%2C_Malaysia.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/National_mosque%2C_Malaysia.JPG/440px-National_mosque%2C_Malaysia.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2576" data-file-height="1932" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/National_Mosque_of_Malaysia" title="National Mosque of Malaysia">National Mosque of Malaysia</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur" title="Kuala Lumpur">Kuala Lumpur</a>, built to celebrate independence.</figcaption></figure> <p>Malaysia is a multi-religious society, but while the Malaysian constitution theoretically guarantees <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">freedom of religion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> is the official religion of the federation, as well as the legally presumed faith of all ethnic Malays. No ethnic Malay is allowed to leave Islam, while non-Malay Muslims seeking to <a href="/wiki/Apostasy" title="Apostasy">apostatise</a> require permission from a <a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">sharia</a> court, which is rarely granted.<sup id="cite_ref-StateReligion_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StateReligion-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Religious beliefs follow ethnic lines.<sup id="cite_ref-MSU_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MSU-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Holidays have been declared for holy days in numerous religions,<sup id="cite_ref-StateReligion_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StateReligion-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although only Islam has more than one national holiday.<sup id="cite_ref-MSU_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MSU-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Whether a religion obtains approval of the government is determined by the Registrar of Societies, part of the Ministry of Home Affairs. Only upon approval do they qualify for government benefits. However, unrecognised groups such as the <a href="/wiki/Falun_Gong" title="Falun Gong">Falun Gong</a> can practise by registering themselves under the Companies Act, although this means that technical violations of the act can result in a fine.<sup id="cite_ref-StateReligion_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StateReligion-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The government believes the constitution provides a strong enough guarantee of religious freedom and should not be changed. Some restrictions are made on Malay texts from non-Islamic religions in Peninsular Malaysia, however, there are much less restrictions in East Malaysia. Some private schools have required Muslim girls to wear veils.<sup id="cite_ref-Malaysia_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Malaysia-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/MyKad" class="mw-redirect" title="MyKad">MyKad</a> identity card states whether the holder is a Muslim or not.<sup id="cite_ref-US_State_Dept_2022_report_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-US_State_Dept_2022_report-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As Islam is the state religion, the government provides financial support to Islamic establishments and enforces the Sunni form of Islam. State governments can impose Islamic law on Muslims, and the government will offer grants to private Muslim schools that allow a government-approved curriculum and supervision. The government also indirectly funds non-Islamic communities, although to a much smaller degree. The government generally does not interfere with the religious practices of non-Muslim communities. Public schools offer an Islamic religious instruction course which is compulsory for Muslim students, and non-Muslim students take a morals and ethics course.<sup id="cite_ref-US_State_Dept_2022_report_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-US_State_Dept_2022_report-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The government prohibits any publications that it feels will incite racial or religious disharmony,<sup id="cite_ref-StateReligion_18-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StateReligion-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and has asked that religious matters not be discussed in public due to their sensitivity.<sup id="cite_ref-Secret_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Secret-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It claims nobody has been arrested under the <a href="/wiki/Internal_Security_Act_(Malaysia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Internal Security Act (Malaysia)">Internal Security Act</a> for religious reasons. The government may demolish unregistered religious places of worship, and nongovernmental organisations have complained about the demolition of unregistered Hindu temples. These were often constructed on privately owned plantations prior to independence in 1957. After independence plantations became government property. In 2006 the state of <a href="/wiki/Negeri_Sembilan" title="Negeri Sembilan">Negeri Sembilan</a> announced the demolition of a Hindu temple, although the temple sought injunction and took it to court.<sup id="cite_ref-StateReligion_18-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StateReligion-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> State governments control mosques, appoint imams, and provide guidance for sermon content.<sup id="cite_ref-StateReligion_18-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StateReligion-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The conflict between the federal and state governments over religious authority led to a slow pace of reform and development of laws relating to Islam.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other religious groups, such as the Malaysian Consultative Council of Buddhism, Christianity, Hinduism, Sikhism and Taoism (MCCBCHST), have supported political rallies.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Political parties are usually closely linked to particular ethnicities, and thus in the case of Malay political parties, to Islam. Views on religion and its role in politics thus affects voting. This is particularly prominent for the <a href="/wiki/Pan-Malaysian_Islamic_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party">Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party</a> (PAS), which seeks an officially Islamic state. In the state of <a href="/wiki/Kelantan" title="Kelantan">Kelantan</a>, which PAS has governed since 1990, laws based on <i><a href="/wiki/Hudud" title="Hudud">hudud</a></i> have been enacted. Nonetheless, PAS participates within the democratic system and has moderated at times to win votes, even making <a href="/wiki/Barisan_Alternatif" title="Barisan Alternatif">political alliances with non-Muslim parties</a> when advantageous.<sup id="cite_ref-Kamarulnizam2020_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kamarulnizam2020-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Both <a href="/wiki/Barisan_Nasional" title="Barisan Nasional">Barisan Nasional</a> (BN) and the opposition PAS party have attempted to deliver political messages using mosques in the states they govern. All civil servants must attend government-approved religion classes. BN has banned opposition-affiliated imams from mosques, enforced restrictions on sermons, replaced opposition sympathetic mosque leaders and governing committees, and closed down unauthorised mosques affiliated with the opposition. The state government of Selangor in August 2005 withheld visas from foreign imams to try to increase the number of local imams. PAS, which controls the state of <a href="/wiki/Kelantan" title="Kelantan">Kelantan</a> restricts imams affiliated with BN from their mosques. It is thought that support for a moderate Islam led to the 2004 election victory of BN over PAS in the state of <a href="/wiki/Terengganu" title="Terengganu">Terengganu</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-StateReligion_18-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StateReligion-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both parties became more Islamic in the 1980s and 1990s to try to obtain more of the Malay vote.<sup id="cite_ref-Pressure_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pressure-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Political problems are often portrayed as religious issues.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Secularism_debate">Secularism debate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Malaysia&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Secularism debate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Despite the recognition of Islam as the state religion in the constitution, when created it was explicitly noted that the status was merely a symbolic one. It was not seen as something to be used as a basis of law, except by some Malay nationalists.<sup id="cite_ref-Westerlund_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Westerlund-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Currently a dispute exists between those who promote a secular interpretation of the federal constitution and those who believe Shariah courts and Islamic law should have supremacy.<sup id="cite_ref-Once_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Once-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The movement towards a more Islamic society, known as <i>dakwah</i>, is often viewed as an effort to resist western influences.<sup id="cite_ref-Westerlund_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Westerlund-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Secular values are often favoured by the <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_Malays" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic Malays">Malay</a> elite, who welcome the shared goals of industrial development. It is however opposed by Muslims who see it as an invasion of western culture and worldview.<sup id="cite_ref-Sacred_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sacred-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Support for a more Islamic society often comes from the more rural population of <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_Malays" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic Malays">Malays</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Westerlund_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Westerlund-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The practice of secular government, separating religious matters from other aspects of governance, was first put into practice following the <a href="/wiki/Pangkor_Treaty_of_1874" title="Pangkor Treaty of 1874">Pangkor Treaty of 1874</a>. While this treaty placed most aspects of governance under British control, the Sultan of Perak retained authority over Malay religious and cultural affairs. This system was replicated elsewhere, and reinforced through further reforms. The 1957 Constitution enshrined this secular governance in practice. While the constitution avoids explicitly using the word secular, figures at the time such as <a href="/wiki/Tunku_Abdul_Rahman" title="Tunku Abdul Rahman">Tunku Abdul Rahman</a> noted it would lead to a secular federation. The clause establishing Islam as the official religion was explicitly limited to not affecting the rest of the constitution, which included a provision for religious freedom, albeit with controls on Islamic affairs.<sup id="cite_ref-Ahmad2017_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ahmad2017-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As modernisation has increased, it has brought along with it an increase in secularism. In urban areas, the switch to more western dress such as miniskirts and jeans is of concern to religious authorities.<sup id="cite_ref-Sentinel_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sentinel-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nightclubs and bars thrive in the cities. However, in the time since independence other areas have become more Islamic. At the time of independence women wore tight-fitting outfits, but now wear headscarves. Muslim prayers are played through the speaker systems of government buildings, and some feel Malaysia is becoming a more Islamic than secular state, with critics complaining that Islam is gaining greater influence in governance.<sup id="cite_ref-Writing_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Writing-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The issue of how the Malay identity should be developed has increasingly come under debate. While the ruling government believes that attaining economic power will empower the Malay population, PAS sees that as an erosion of Islamic values. However, PAS is often seen as to not be able to relate Islamic beliefs to modern society, especially in multicultural Malaysia.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The constitutional link between Islam and Malay identity has meant the issues of Malaysian supremacy within the country and the Islamic status of the country have become linked.<sup id="cite_ref-Ahmad2017_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ahmad2017-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Historically, Malaysia was considered secular, with the first prime minister stating "this country is not an Islamic state as it is generally understood."<sup id="cite_ref-MCA_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MCA-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, political change, especially the desire among UMNO politicians to counter the appeal of PAS, has led to the question of secularity becoming a prominent political issue.<sup id="cite_ref-Ahmad2017_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ahmad2017-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Attempts to crack down on what was seen as Islamic extremism led the government to change the penal code to prosecute those who "abuse religious freedom" in the early 1980s. In June 1983, the Mahathir government stated that the administration would be guided by Islamic values, while in August of that year it supported the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Consultative_Council_of_Buddhism,_Christianity,_Hinduism,_Sikhism_and_Taoism" title="Malaysian Consultative Council of Buddhism, Christianity, Hinduism, Sikhism and Taoism">Malaysian Consultative Council of Buddhism, Christianity, Hinduism and Sikhism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ramanathan1996_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ramanathan1996-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 45–47">: 45–47 </span></sup> </p><p>In September 2001 debate was caused by then Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Mahathir_Mohamad" title="Mahathir Mohamad">Mahathir Mohamad</a>'s announcement that Malaysia was already an Islamic State.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mahathir sought to convince Islamic voters that UMNO believed in an Islamic state, while also stating non-Muslims could consider Malaysia to be secular. Also in 2001, a high court ruling explicitly contradicted previous rulings, stating that Malaysia was not a strictly secular state and asserting the constitutional status of Islam had broader implications than previously legally understood.<sup id="cite_ref-Ahmad2017_30-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ahmad2017-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2007 Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Abdullah_Ahmad_Badawi" title="Abdullah Ahmad Badawi">Abdullah Ahmad Badawi</a> first called Malaysia an Islamic state. Earlier that month he had made another statement, saying Malaysia was neither a theocratic or secular state.<sup id="cite_ref-Kini_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kini-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A similar statement was made by Prime Minister on 12 March 2009, where he stated Malaysia was a "negara Islam".<sup id="cite_ref-MCA_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MCA-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Chinese_Association" title="Malaysian Chinese Association">Malaysian Chinese Association</a> (MCA), a political group representing Malaysian Chinese, expressed reservations over this announcement. The MCA's position is that Malaysia is a fully secular state, and that the law transcends religion.<sup id="cite_ref-MCA_33-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MCA-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Prime Minister has asserted the continuing debate about secularism has been caused by opposition parties to advance their own political interests.<sup id="cite_ref-Kini_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kini-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> PAS has sought to reinterpret the constitution to officially define the country as an Islamic state.<sup id="cite_ref-2021update_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2021update-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 2">: 2 </span></sup> </p><p>Many constitutional changes have favoured ethnic Malays and the official Shafi'i interpretation of Sunni Islam. This reflects a political culture that has shifted towards being more accommodating of <a href="/wiki/Ketuanan_Melayu" title="Ketuanan Melayu">Malay supremacy</a> and towards a more Islamic society. Governments have reduced the power of civil courts over time, while the power of Sharia courts has expanded, leading to some judicial conflict.<sup id="cite_ref-2021update_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2021update-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 1–2">: 1–2 </span></sup> Legal changes outside of the constitution, including at state level, also further embedded perceived Islamic values into the civil legal system.<sup id="cite_ref-Ahmad2017_30-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ahmad2017-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Religious laws are mostly a matter for state and territory governments. These often prevent criticism of state-sponsored Islam, and state religious institutions sometimes speak out against other religions. Such activity varies by state, however. In particular, states governed by PAS have seen laws interpreted in ways that favour the furthering of state-sponsored Islam.<sup id="cite_ref-2021update_37-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2021update-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 1–2">: 1–2 </span></sup> When PAS was defeated in Terengganu, enforcement of female dress codes was reduced. The state PAS government in Kelantan bans traditional Malay dance theatres, banned advertisements depicting women who are not fully clothed, and enforced the wearing of headscarves, although they allowed gender segregated cinemas and concerts. Some government-controlled bodies pressure non-Muslims to also wear headscarves, and all students of the <a href="/wiki/International_Islamic_University_of_Malaysia" class="mw-redirect" title="International Islamic University of Malaysia">International Islamic University of Malaysia</a> and female officers in the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Malaysian_Police" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Malaysian Police">Royal Malaysian Police</a> are required to wear headscarves in public ceremonies.<sup id="cite_ref-StateReligion_18-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StateReligion-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Freedom_of_religion">Freedom of religion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Malaysia&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Freedom of religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Malaysia" title="Freedom of religion in Malaysia">Freedom of religion in Malaysia</a></div> <p>Freedom of religion, despite being guaranteed in the constitution, faces many restrictions in Malaysia.<sup id="cite_ref-Freedom_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Freedom-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Based on the Malaysian constitution, a Malay in Malaysia must be a Muslim,<sup id="cite_ref-Sentinel_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sentinel-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Malays cannot convert to another religion. Islamic religious practices are determined by official <a href="/wiki/Syaria_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Syaria law">Sharia law</a>, and Muslims can be fined for not fasting or refusing to pray. Women are increasingly pressured to wear head coverings.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Non-Malays are more free to shift between religions.<sup id="cite_ref-Sacred_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sacred-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Attempts by Muslims to convert to other religions are punished by state governments, with punishments ranging from fines to imprisonment. The federal government does not intervene in legal disputes over conversion, leaving it to the courts. The secular courts of Malaysia have ruled they do not have the authority to decide these cases, referring them to the Syariah courts. These Islamic courts have unanimously ruled that all ethnic Malays must remain Muslims. Even non-Malays who have converted to Islam are not allowed to leave Islam, and children born to Muslim parents are considered to be Muslims.<sup id="cite_ref-Sentinel_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sentinel-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A non-Muslim who wishes to marry a Muslim must first convert to Islam.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Muslims who have attempted to convert from Islam have received death threats.<sup id="cite_ref-Once_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Once-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Those who have converted lead a secret double life. The civil court claims that conversions are under the jurisdiction of the Syariah courts, but converts contend that, as they are no longer Muslim, the Syariah courts hold no power over them.<sup id="cite_ref-Secret_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Secret-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 1996 fatwa, allows only allow Sunni Islam to be practised.<sup id="cite_ref-US_State_Dept_2022_report_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-US_State_Dept_2022_report-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Converts taken for rehabilitation by Islamic authorities are forced to dress and act as Muslims. In at least one case, a professed Hindu, who was listed as a Muslim because her parents were even though she was raised by her grandmother as a Hindu, was forced to eat beef.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Only one person is known to have had their conversion from Islam accepted, an 89-year-old woman who converted to Buddhism in 1936 and had her decision accepted after her death in 2006.<sup id="cite_ref-Sentinel_31-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sentinel-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2018, the Chief Minister of the state of <a href="/wiki/Sarawak" title="Sarawak">Sarawak</a> pledged to amend Sarawak's laws to allow individuals to convert from Islam, following a court case where three women who had converted to Islam after marrying Muslims sought to be registered as Christians again following divorce from their spouse or their spouse's death.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Conflicting views regarding the conversion law have placed the government in a dilemma as academics and politicians intensely debate its relevance whilst causing considerable tension between non-Muslims who oppose the laws with Muslim groups who advocate for its preservation. It is illegal to disseminate any non-Islamic religious material to Muslims. The PAS party wishes that the death penalty be enacted for Muslims who attempt to convert, as part of their ultimate desire to turn Malaysia into an Islamic state.<sup id="cite_ref-Freedom_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Freedom-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In recent years, there have been some issues over non-Muslims eating during Muslim <a href="/wiki/Fasting" title="Fasting">fasting</a> month,<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> non-Muslims being allowed to use the word "Allah" to refer to <a href="/wiki/God" title="God">God</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and non-Muslim religious sites affected by intolerant Muslim authorities.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The question of whether the <a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya" title="Ahmadiyya">Ahmadiyya</a> minority can be considered Muslims has reached the courts.<sup id="cite_ref-2021update_37-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2021update-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 2">: 2 </span></sup> </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/Freedom_House" title="Freedom House">Freedom House</a>, in 2023, the country scored 1 out of 4 for freedom of religion.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the same year, it was ranked as the 43rd worst country in the world to be a Christian.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Interfaith_relations">Interfaith relations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Malaysia&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Interfaith relations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Consultative_Council_of_Buddhism,_Christianity,_Hinduism,_Sikhism_and_Taoism" title="Malaysian Consultative Council of Buddhism, Christianity, Hinduism, Sikhism and Taoism">Malaysian Consultative Council of Buddhism, Christianity, Hinduism, Sikhism and Taoism</a></div> <p>The separate religious communities have a generally tolerant relationship .<sup id="cite_ref-US_State_Dept_2022_report_20-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-US_State_Dept_2022_report-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Festivals are held for all major religions, which are participated in by people from that religion and others in a Malaysian practise known as 'Open House'.<sup id="cite_ref-Matic_17-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Matic-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Malaysia has a reputation for being a successful multicultural country, with the only two serious occurrences of racial violence in modern history occurring in 1946 and 1969.<sup id="cite_ref-Pressure_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pressure-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other countries have examined Malaysia as an example for handling Islamic fundamentalism.<sup id="cite_ref-Bound_for_Glory_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bound_for_Glory-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, some politicians allege that there is a creeping Islamisation of Malaysian society, and due to the links between race and religion it is thought the economic status of different races causes religious problems.<sup id="cite_ref-Pressure_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pressure-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The predominance of Islam and its slow spread into everyday life in Malaysia has caused worry for non-Muslim groups.<sup id="cite_ref-Sacred_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sacred-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kerling_Incident&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kerling Incident (page does not exist)">Kerling Incident</a> in 1978, where four Muslims died in a series of attacks on Hindu temples, re-ignited fears of racial violence and led to political calls for religious tolerance.<sup id="cite_ref-Ramanathan1996_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ramanathan1996-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 44–45">: 44–45 </span></sup> A Tamil newspaper was temporarily shut down in 1980 after being accused of insulting Islam.<sup id="cite_ref-Ramanathan1996_34-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ramanathan1996-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 46">: 46 </span></sup> The destruction of Hindu temples by the government for development purposes, and the difficulty of obtaining land and permission for new temples, has raised tensions.<sup id="cite_ref-Ramanathan1996_34-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ramanathan1996-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 46">: 46 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Prime Minister Abdullah Ahmad Badawi in 2004 appeared at a Christian gathering to read from the Bible and called for religious unity despite differences. This was done at a time when Malaysia was head of the <a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Organisation of Islamic Cooperation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In February 2005 the Malaysian Bar Council organised the discussion of an interfaith commission, although several Islamic groups refused to participate claiming the commission would "weaken Islam". Several Muslim groups boycotted and condemned an interfaith council, claiming Islam should only be discussed by Muslims. The government states the commission was not necessary but encourages and promotes interfaith dialogue. Some non-Muslim interfaith organisations do exist, such as the MCCBCHS, the Malaysian Council of Churches, and the Christian Federation of Malaysia.<sup id="cite_ref-StateReligion_18-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StateReligion-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2006 a memorandum was presented to the prime minister by non-Muslim cabinet members asking for a review of constitutional provisions affecting the rights of non-Muslims. After protests by Muslim leaders in the governing coalition, this was withdrawn. It is forbidden for non-Muslims to try to convert Muslims, although Muslims are allowed to convert others.<sup id="cite_ref-US_State_Dept_2022_report_20-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-US_State_Dept_2022_report-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Malay politicians have asked the Chinese and Indian communities not to question Malay rights, for fear of igniting ethnic violence, with harmony between the races and religions being seen as a necessity.<sup id="cite_ref-Reuters_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reuters-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is a divide within Muslims between those espousing more pluralist views and those seeking a more Islamic society. An increase in political Islam has led to instances of aggression towards non-Muslims, including attacks on churches. Prominent points of tensions include conversion, with converting away from Islam being effectively legally impossible, and language use, with the use of Malay for non-Muslim religious sermons and materials being controversial. Religious tolerance is more apparent in <a href="/wiki/East_Malaysia" title="East Malaysia">East Malaysia</a>, which has a greater incidence of interfaith marriages and less tension around language use. Muslim communities in <a href="/wiki/Peninsular_Malaysia" title="Peninsular Malaysia">Peninsular Malaysia</a> are generally more conservative.<sup id="cite_ref-Kamarulnizam2020_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kamarulnizam2020-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Islam">Islam</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Malaysia&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Islam"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Malaysia" title="Islam in Malaysia">Islam in Malaysia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:KotaKinabalu_Sabah_CityMosque-08.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/KotaKinabalu_Sabah_CityMosque-08.jpg/220px-KotaKinabalu_Sabah_CityMosque-08.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/KotaKinabalu_Sabah_CityMosque-08.jpg/330px-KotaKinabalu_Sabah_CityMosque-08.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/KotaKinabalu_Sabah_CityMosque-08.jpg/440px-KotaKinabalu_Sabah_CityMosque-08.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4616" data-file-height="3564" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kota_Kinabalu_City_Mosque" title="Kota Kinabalu City Mosque">Kota Kinabalu City Mosque</a> in Sabah</figcaption></figure> <p>Islam is the predominant religion of the country and is recognised as the state's official religion.<sup id="cite_ref-StateReligion_18-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StateReligion-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is practised by about 63 percent of Malaysians. Many <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a> holy days are national holidays, including the end of Ramadan, the end of the <a href="/wiki/Hajj" title="Hajj">Hajj</a>, and the birthday of <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-MSU_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MSU-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Islam is thought to have been brought to Malaysia around the 12th century by Indian traders.<sup id="cite_ref-islam01_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-islam01-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the early 15th century the <a href="/wiki/Malacca_Sultanate" title="Malacca Sultanate">Malacca Sultanate</a>, commonly considered the first independent state in the peninsula, was founded.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Led by a Muslim prince the influence of Malacca led to the spread of Islam throughout the Malay population.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although most people in Malaya were <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a> by the 15th century, the tolerant form of Islam brought by the Sufi meant that many traditional practices were incorporated into Islamic traditions.<sup id="cite_ref-MSU_19-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MSU-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Islam is generally practised liberally, although in the last 20 years strict adherence to Islamic practice has increased.<sup id="cite_ref-MSU_19-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MSU-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The official code of Islam in Malaysia is <a href="/wiki/Sunni" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunni">Sunni</a>, and the practice of any other form of Islam is heavily restricted. The government opposes what it calls "deviant" teachings, forcing those who are deemed to follow these teachings to undergo "rehabilitation". In June 2006, 56 deviant teachings had been identified by national authorities, including <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shi'a</a>, <a href="/wiki/Transcendental_meditation" class="mw-redirect" title="Transcendental meditation">transcendental meditation</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí Faith</a> teachings. However, the Department of Islamic Development Malaysia later clarified that Baháʼí Faith was erroneously declared a deviant offshoot of Islam by one of the state religious authorities as the 14th Muzakarah (Conference) of the Fatwa Committee of the National Council for Islamic Religious Affairs Malaysia held on 22–23 October 1985 decided that the Baháʼí doctrine is not part of Islam and the religion is recognised by the Registration Department and national census as an independent religion.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In June 2005 religious authorities reported that there were 22 "deviant" religious groups with around 2,820 followers in Malaysia. No statistics are given on rehabilitations, and the government actively monitors Shi'a groups. Restrictions have been imposed on Imams coming from overseas.<sup id="cite_ref-StateReligion_18-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StateReligion-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Malaysian government promotes a moderate version of Sunni Islam called <i><a href="/wiki/Islam_Hadhari" title="Islam Hadhari">Islam Hadhari</a></i>. <i>Islam Hadhari</i> was introduced by former Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Abdullah_Ahmad_Badawi" title="Abdullah Ahmad Badawi">Abdullah Ahmad Badawi</a>. It is meant to encourage a balanced approach to life and encourages inclusivity, tolerance, and looking outwards. The qualities it values are knowledge, hard work, honesty, good administration, and efficiency. The Islamic party <a href="/wiki/Pan-Malaysian_Islamic_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party">PAS</a> desires a stricter interpretation of Islam and the promotion of Islamic law. Due to Islam being the state religion, many <a href="/wiki/Mosques" class="mw-redirect" title="Mosques">mosques</a> and other religious services are supported by the government.<sup id="cite_ref-MSU_19-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MSU-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Control of the mosques is usually done on a state rather than a federal level.<sup id="cite_ref-StateReligion_18-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StateReligion-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The charitable <a href="/wiki/Zak%C4%81t" class="mw-redirect" title="Zakāt">Zakāt</a> tax is collected by the government, and the government supports those wishing to make the <a href="/wiki/Hajj" title="Hajj">pilgrimage to Mecca</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-MSU_19-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MSU-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1985, Kassim Ahmed wrote a book called <i><a href="/wiki/Hadith:_A_Re-evaluation" title="Hadith: A Re-evaluation">Hadith: A Re-evaluation</a></i> which promoted <a href="/wiki/Quranism" title="Quranism">Quranism</a>, but it was subsequently banned by the Malaysian government.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ustaz_Kahwin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Ustaz_Kahwin.jpg/220px-Ustaz_Kahwin.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Ustaz_Kahwin.jpg/330px-Ustaz_Kahwin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Ustaz_Kahwin.jpg/440px-Ustaz_Kahwin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="336" /></a><figcaption>An <a href="/wiki/Ulama" title="Ulama">Ustaz</a> reading during a Malay wedding</figcaption></figure> <p>Per <a href="/wiki/Article_160_of_the_Constitution_of_Malaysia" title="Article 160 of the Constitution of Malaysia">Article 160 of the Constitution of Malaysia</a> one must be Muslim to be considered <a href="/wiki/Malay_(ethnic_group)" class="mw-redirect" title="Malay (ethnic group)">Malay</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In practice, Muslims have a lot of difficulty in legally converting to another religion due to the Shari'a courts denying conversion claims,<sup id="cite_ref-US_State_Dept_2022_report_20-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-US_State_Dept_2022_report-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and if a Malay did convert they would lose their status as <a href="/wiki/Bumiputera_(Malaysia)" title="Bumiputera (Malaysia)">bumiputera</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-MSU_19-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MSU-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> People of non-Muslim origins are required to convert to Islam if they marry a Muslim person. Public schools are required to offer Islamic religious instruction, although alternative ethics classes are provided for non-Muslims.<sup id="cite_ref-US_State_Dept_2022_report_20-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-US_State_Dept_2022_report-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many women wear the <a href="/wiki/Tudong" title="Tudong">tudong</a>, which covers the head but leaves the face exposed, although there is no law requiring this.<sup id="cite_ref-MSU_19-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MSU-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Islamic police monitor the Muslim population. Regulation of sexual activities among the Muslim population is strict, with laws prohibiting unmarried couples from occupying a secluded area or a confined space, to prevent suspicion of acts considered islamically immoral.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslims</a> are obliged to follow the decisions of <a href="/wiki/Syariah_Court" title="Syariah Court">Syariah</a> courts in matters concerning their religion. The Islamic judges are expected to follow the <a href="/wiki/Shafi%60i" class="mw-redirect" title="Shafi`i">Shafi`i</a> legal school of Islam, which is the main <a href="/wiki/Madh%27hab" class="mw-redirect" title="Madh'hab">madh'hab</a> of Malaysia.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These courts apply <a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Sharia</a> law.<sup id="cite_ref-StateReligion_18-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StateReligion-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The jurisdiction of Shariah courts is limited only to Muslims in matters such as <a href="/wiki/Marriage" title="Marriage">marriage</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inheritance" title="Inheritance">inheritance</a>, <a href="/wiki/Divorce" title="Divorce">divorce</a>, <a href="/wiki/Apostasy" title="Apostasy">apostasy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Religious_conversion" title="Religious conversion">religious conversion</a>, and custody among others. No other criminal or civil offences are under the jurisdiction of the Shariah courts, which have a similar hierarchy to the <a href="/wiki/Courts_of_Malaysia" class="mw-redirect" title="Courts of Malaysia">civil courts</a>. Despite being the supreme courts of the land, the Civil Courts (including the Federal Court) do not hear matters related to Islamic practices.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cases concerning a Muslim and a non-Muslim are usually handled by the civil courts, although in cases such as child custody or property settlement the non-Muslim has no say.<sup id="cite_ref-MSU_19-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MSU-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2009 the National Fatwa Committee decided <a href="/wiki/Female_genital_mutilation" title="Female genital mutilation">female circumcision</a> was part of Malaysian Islamic practice,<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> making it obligatory unless determined to be harmful to the individual.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Buddhism_and_Chinese_religions">Buddhism and Chinese religions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Malaysia&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Buddhism and Chinese religions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main pages: <a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Chinese_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Malaysian Chinese religion">Malaysian Chinese religion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Malaysia" title="Buddhism in Malaysia">Buddhism in Malaysia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taoism_in_Malaysia" title="Taoism in Malaysia">Taoism in Malaysia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Template:Buddhist_temples_in_Malaysia" title="Template:Buddhist temples in Malaysia">Template:Buddhist temples in Malaysia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tuaran_Sabah_LingSanTemple-05.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Tuaran_Sabah_LingSanTemple-05.jpg/220px-Tuaran_Sabah_LingSanTemple-05.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Tuaran_Sabah_LingSanTemple-05.jpg/330px-Tuaran_Sabah_LingSanTemple-05.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Tuaran_Sabah_LingSanTemple-05.jpg/440px-Tuaran_Sabah_LingSanTemple-05.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1333" /></a><figcaption>Inner hall of Ling San Temple, a temple of the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_folk_religion" title="Chinese folk religion">Chinese folk religion</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tuaran" title="Tuaran">Tuaran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sabah" title="Sabah">Sabah</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kek_Lok_Si_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Kek_Lok_Si_2.jpg/170px-Kek_Lok_Si_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Kek_Lok_Si_2.jpg/255px-Kek_Lok_Si_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Kek_Lok_Si_2.jpg/340px-Kek_Lok_Si_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2732" data-file-height="4098" /></a><figcaption>Statue of <a href="/wiki/Guanyin" title="Guanyin">Guanyin</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kek_Lok_Si" title="Kek Lok Si">Kek Lok Si</a> Temple, <a href="/wiki/Penang" title="Penang">Penang</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Archaeological evidence, as well as official Chinese imperial records and Indian sources, confirm the existence of several Hindu-Buddhist kingdoms in Malaysia from the 3rd to 13th century CE. The earliest of these Indianized kingdoms was probably Kedah-<a href="/wiki/Langkasuka" title="Langkasuka">Langkasuka</a> in northern Malay Peninsula. </p><p>Kedah, lying half-way between China and the Middle-east, was an important entréport in the "Maritime Silk-route". The foundations of ancient stupas have been uncovered in Sungai Mas. The famous Chinese traveler-monk, Yi Jing, stopped over there on his sea voyage to Nalanda, India in 671 CE. Kedah later became a vassal of <a href="/wiki/Srivijaya" title="Srivijaya">Srivijaya</a> from the 7th to 11th century CE. The Maharajas of Srivijaya were Buddhists, and they were responsible for building many of the monuments in Sumatra, Peninsular Malaysia, and Java, including the famous <a href="/wiki/Borobudur" title="Borobudur">Candi Borobudur</a> in Central Java) and <a href="/wiki/Muaro_Jambi_Temple_Compounds" title="Muaro Jambi Temple Compounds">Muaro Jambi Temple Compounds</a> in Sumatra. </p><p>In 607CE, a Chinese embassy of the Sui dynasty recorded the presence of the Buddhist kingdom of Che-tu (literally, "red-earth"). Located in the interiors of modern-day Kelantan, the kingdom supplied gold and jungle produce to Langkasuka and Champa (Southern Vietnam). Terracotta figurines of Buddhas and Bodhisattvas from the Mahayana School were found in the districts of Tanah Merah and Gua Musang in Kelantan. </p><p>Buddhism is currently the second largest religious denomination in Malaysia after Islam. There are approximately 5.4 million Buddhist adherents in the country, comprising 19.2% of the population of 28.3 million (January 2011 estimates). The majority of them are ethnic Chinese who follow the Mahayana tradition. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Theravada_Buddhists" class="mw-redirect" title="Theravada Buddhists">Theravada Buddhists</a> include ethnic Chinese, Siamese (or Thais), and smaller numbers of Burmese, Sinhalese and Indians. The many ethnic groups of Theravadins usually establish temples in the style of their own traditions, and catering mainly to their own indigenous groups. The <a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Siamese" title="Malaysian Siamese">Thai community</a> for example establish <a href="/wiki/Wat" title="Wat">'Wats' or Thai Buddhist temples</a> like <a href="/wiki/Wat_Chetawan" title="Wat Chetawan">Wat Chetawan</a>, have resident Thai monks, and conduct their religious services in Pāli and Thai languages. </p><p>The Sinhalese (Sri Lankan Buddhists) migrated to then Malaya a century ago when both Malaya and Ceylon were under British colonial rule. They brought with them Sinhalese Buddhism with its unique traditions that survive to this day in a few Sri Lankan Viharas (temples) dotting the country and the most prominent one is <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_Maha_Vihara,_Brickfields" title="Buddhist Maha Vihara, Brickfields">Buddhist Maha Vihara</a> in Kuala Lumpur. </p><p>Most Mahayana Buddhist temples in Malaysia adopt the classical '<a href="/wiki/Chinese_temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese temple">Chinese temple</a>' architectural style. The Mahayana Buddhists conduct their services in Mandarin and in various other Chinese dialects, although some urban-area temples have been preaching in English. The practice among the majority ethnic Chinese who profess themselves as Buddhists is actually a syncretic combination of Buddhism and <a href="/wiki/Chinese_folk_religion" title="Chinese folk religion">Chinese beliefs and traditions</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Vesak" title="Vesak">Vesak</a> Day was officially declared a public holiday in 1962 throughout the newly independent Federation of Malaya. A Malaysian Buddhist Council has been created to promote the study and practice of Buddhism and promote solidarity among Malaysian Buddhists. </p><p>Most <a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Chinese" title="Malaysian Chinese">Malaysian Chinese</a> practice a syncretic blend of various faiths, including <a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahayana</a> Buddhism and other denominations of <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_folk_religion" title="Chinese folk religion">Chinese folk religions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoism</a>. Although Buddhism was influential prior to the arrival of Islam, the majority of the current Chinese population arrived during British rule of Malaya. <a href="/wiki/Chinese_New_Year" title="Chinese New Year">Chinese New Year</a> is celebrated as a national holiday.<sup id="cite_ref-MSU_19-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MSU-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For many Chinese, religion is an essential part of their cultural life.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is uncommon for any Malaysian Chinese to be an absolute follower of a particular belief. Many nominally claim membership in a certain belief, yet respect beliefs from multiple religions into their lives. The <a href="/wiki/Chinese_traditional_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese traditional religion">Chinese traditional religion</a> has become a strong influence in life, and new sects have arisen trying to integrate different religious teachings. Beliefs in Malaysia have also often adopted influence from <a href="/wiki/Animism_in_Malaysia" class="mw-redirect" title="Animism in Malaysia">local animism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Chinese_temples" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese temples">Chinese temples</a> mostly enshrine deities from the <a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Provinces of the People's Republic of China">Chinese provinces</a> of <a href="/wiki/Guangdong" title="Guangdong">Guangdong</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fujian" title="Fujian">Fujian</a>. Malaysia has over 150 Taoist temples served by 12,000 priests, with the Taoist communities sharing links with those in <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of China">Taiwan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mainland_China" title="Mainland China">Mainland China</a>. Although the religion is not as organised as others, a Malaysia Taoist Association was formed in 1995 and a Taoist Organisation League was formed in 1997.<sup id="cite_ref-MSU_19-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MSU-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Reclining_Buddha_in_a_Thai_Buddhist_temple_in_Kelantan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Reclining_Buddha_in_a_Thai_Buddhist_temple_in_Kelantan.jpg/220px-Reclining_Buddha_in_a_Thai_Buddhist_temple_in_Kelantan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Reclining_Buddha_in_a_Thai_Buddhist_temple_in_Kelantan.jpg/330px-Reclining_Buddha_in_a_Thai_Buddhist_temple_in_Kelantan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Reclining_Buddha_in_a_Thai_Buddhist_temple_in_Kelantan.jpg/440px-Reclining_Buddha_in_a_Thai_Buddhist_temple_in_Kelantan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>Reclining Buddha in <a href="/wiki/Wat_Photivihan" class="mw-redirect" title="Wat Photivihan">Wat Photivihan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kelantan" title="Kelantan">Kelantan</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>A Chinese population known as the <a href="/wiki/Hui_people" title="Hui people">Hui people</a> practised Islam yet retained Chinese culture and have unique traditions. Communities existed in <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pangkor_Island" title="Pangkor Island">Pangkor Island</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sitiawan" title="Sitiawan">Sitiawan</a> before the Second World War. The last established community, in <a href="/wiki/Penang" title="Penang">Penang</a>, was dispersed when they were evicted from their homes due to development projects.<sup id="cite_ref-Lost_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lost-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2013, a video of a group of <a href="/wiki/Buddhist" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist">Buddhist</a> practitioners from <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a> conducting religious ceremonies in a surau had become viral on <a href="/wiki/Facebook" title="Facebook">Facebook</a>. Malaysian police have arrested a resort owner after he allowed 13 Buddhists to use a Muslim prayer room (<a href="/wiki/Surau" title="Surau">surau</a>) for their meditation at <a href="/wiki/Kota_Tinggi" title="Kota Tinggi">Kota Tinggi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Johor" title="Johor">Johor</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The incident has been frowned upon Muslims in Malaysia. It has also become a hot topic in the social media. Following up at 28 August 2013, the controversial prayer room was demolished by the resort management within 21 days from the date of receipt of the notice after much protests by the residents of <a href="/wiki/Kota_Tinggi" title="Kota Tinggi">Kota Tinggi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the time, Syed Ahmad Salim, the resort owner explained that he had allowed the group of Buddhists to use the surau for a <a href="/wiki/Meditation" title="Meditation">meditation</a> session as he was unaware that it was an offence.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hinduism">Hinduism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Malaysia&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Hinduism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Malaysia" title="Hinduism in Malaysia">Hinduism in Malaysia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lord_Murugar_statue_in_batu_cave_temple.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lord_Murugar_statue_in_batu_cave_temple.jpg/220px-Lord_Murugar_statue_in_batu_cave_temple.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lord_Murugar_statue_in_batu_cave_temple.jpg/330px-Lord_Murugar_statue_in_batu_cave_temple.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lord_Murugar_statue_in_batu_cave_temple.jpg/440px-Lord_Murugar_statue_in_batu_cave_temple.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="333" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Batu_Caves" title="Batu Caves">Batu Caves</a> have the tallest Lord <a href="/wiki/Murugan" class="mw-redirect" title="Murugan">Murugan</a> statue in the world.</figcaption></figure> <p>The majority of the Tamils who make up 9% of Malaysia's population practice Hinduism. Hinduism was influential prior to Islam, but current adherents are mostly descended from migrant communities from <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a> who came to Malaya to work on British rubber plantations. A small community of migrants from North India also exists.<sup id="cite_ref-MSU_19-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MSU-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Urban temples are often dedicated to a single deity, while rural temples are often home to many different deities. Most were brought with immigrants. Most temples follow the <a href="/wiki/Saivite" class="mw-redirect" title="Saivite">Saivite</a> tradition from Southern India, for the worship of <a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a>. The Hindu holiday of <a href="/wiki/Thaipusam" title="Thaipusam">Thaipusam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Deepavali" class="mw-redirect" title="Deepavali">Deepavali</a> is a national holiday.<sup id="cite_ref-MSU_19-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MSU-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This shift to multi-deity temples occurred beginning in the 1980s, often alongside the rebuilding and expansion of existing temples. More complex worship rituals were developed to accommodate this shift. At the same time, there was a revival of more dedicated religious practice, with greater adherence to traditional practices and the phasing out of practices such as animal sacrifice. Interest in Tamil grew as a way to access religious texts that were not available in English.<sup id="cite_ref-Ramanathan1996_34-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ramanathan1996-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 47–48">: 47–48 </span></sup> </p><p>Practice of the Hindu religion is strongly linked with the cultural identity of <a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Indians" title="Malaysian Indians">Malaysian Indians</a>. Those who convert to another religion may be ostracised by their family and the Indian community.<sup id="cite_ref-POI_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-POI-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some gurus have emerged within the country, and have pushed for greater celebration of Hindu festivals and a rejection of social discrimination.<sup id="cite_ref-Ramanathan1996_34-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ramanathan1996-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 48">: 48 </span></sup> </p><p>There is growing anger in the Hindu community over what they believe is a government-backed drive to demolish Hindu temples under the guise that they are illegal structures.<sup id="cite_ref-Reuters_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reuters-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Hindu_Rights_Action_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu Rights Action Force">Hindu Rights Action Force</a>, a coalition of 50 Hindu-based NGOs, has accused the government of an unofficial policy of "temple cleansing", with much of the demolition focused around the capital city, Kuala Lumpur.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An Indian minister in the cabinet even threatened to boycott Deepavali in response to these demolitions.<sup id="cite_ref-Reuters_52-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reuters-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Christianity">Christianity</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Malaysia&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Christianity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Malaysia" title="Christianity in Malaysia">Christianity in Malaysia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:St._John%27s_Cathedral,_Kuala_Lumpur.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/St._John%27s_Cathedral%2C_Kuala_Lumpur.jpg/220px-St._John%27s_Cathedral%2C_Kuala_Lumpur.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/St._John%27s_Cathedral%2C_Kuala_Lumpur.jpg/330px-St._John%27s_Cathedral%2C_Kuala_Lumpur.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/St._John%27s_Cathedral%2C_Kuala_Lumpur.jpg/440px-St._John%27s_Cathedral%2C_Kuala_Lumpur.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2087" data-file-height="1712" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/St._John%27s_Cathedral,_Kuala_Lumpur" class="mw-redirect" title="St. John's Cathedral, Kuala Lumpur">St. John's Cathedral</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur" title="Kuala Lumpur">Kuala Lumpur</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 2022, about 9% of the population of Malaysia were <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christians</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Malaysia_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Malaysia-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> mostly non-Malay <a href="/wiki/Bumiputera_(Malaysia)" title="Bumiputera (Malaysia)">Bumiputera</a>, also including some Malaysian Chinese and Malaysian Indian minorities. About half of Malaysian Christians are Catholic.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most Christians are found in East Malaysia, where Good Friday is a public holiday in the states of <a href="/wiki/Sabah" title="Sabah">Sabah</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sarawak" title="Sarawak">Sarawak</a>. <a href="/wiki/Christmas" title="Christmas">Christmas</a> is a national holiday, although Easter is not.<sup id="cite_ref-MSU_19-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MSU-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Traders with links to Christianity from the Middle East arrived in what is now Malaysia in the 7th century. Catholicism was brought by the Portuguese in the 15th century, followed by Protestantism with the Dutch in 1641. As Portuguese influence declined Protestantism began to eclipse Catholicism. Christianity spread further through missionaries who arrived during British rule in the 19th century and introduced Christianity to East Malaysia.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Initial conversions focused mainly on the <a href="/wiki/Straits_Settlements" title="Straits Settlements">Straits Settlements</a>. When missionaries began to spread through the peninsula, they were discouraged from converting Malays, focusing on Chinese and Indian immigrants.<sup id="cite_ref-Sacred_29-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sacred-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Christianity has become restricted as Malaysia has become more Islamic. Restrictions have been placed on the construction of new churches, although existing ones are allowed to operate. The city of <a href="/wiki/Shah_Alam" title="Shah Alam">Shah Alam</a> has not allowed any churches to be built. Christians are not allowed to attempt the conversion of Muslims and their literature must have a note saying it is for non-Muslims only. Similarly, the film <i><a href="/wiki/The_Passion_of_the_Christ" title="The Passion of the Christ">The Passion of the Christ</a></i> was restricted only to Christian viewers.<sup id="cite_ref-MSU_19-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MSU-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In April 2005 two Christians were arrested for distributing Christian material in front of a mosque, although charges were later dropped. The restrictions of the dissemination of Malay-language Christian material is much less strict in East Malaysia than in the west. <a href="/wiki/Good_Friday" title="Good Friday">Good Friday</a> is also an official holiday in East Malaysia, although not a national one.<sup id="cite_ref-StateReligion_18-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StateReligion-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The use of the Malay word "Allah" for God has caused a dispute in Malaysia, with <a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay language</a> Bibles banned due to the use of this word,<sup id="cite_ref-MSU_19-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MSU-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a government policy was established in 1986 forbidding the use of a small number of words by Christians, including "Allah".<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was argued that as the Bibles could be used to spread religions other than Islam, they were against the constitution. Other ministers opposed this discrimination. In 2005 <a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Nazri_Abdul_Aziz" title="Mohamed Nazri Abdul Aziz">Mohamed Nazri Abdul Aziz</a> tried to enforce this, although some of his ministers argued the national language could be used for any purpose.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2009 a court <a href="/wiki/Titular_Roman_Catholic_Archbishop_of_Kuala_Lumpur_v_Menteri_Dalam_Negeri" title="Titular Roman Catholic Archbishop of Kuala Lumpur v Menteri Dalam Negeri">ruled that Allah could be used</a> by the Catholic <i><a href="/wiki/Herald_Malaysia" title="Herald Malaysia">Herald</a></i>, however this was overturned in 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ban was not applied to <a href="/wiki/East_Malaysia" title="East Malaysia">East Malaysia</a> due to the relative autonomy of the states there, a position confirmed by the Malaysian government in 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Bible in the indigenous <a href="/wiki/Iban_language" title="Iban language">Iban language</a> was allowed, as that language has no alternate word besides "Allah" for God.<sup id="cite_ref-MSU_19-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MSU-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In March 2021 the Kuala Lumpur <a href="/wiki/High_court_(Malaysia)" title="High court (Malaysia)">high court</a> overturned the 1986 ban,<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a ruling which was quickly appealed by the government<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> following religious and political pressure.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_religions">Other religions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Malaysia&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Other religions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Malaysian_folk_religion" title="Malaysian folk religion">Malaysian folk religion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Malaysia" title="Sikhism in Malaysia">Sikhism in Malaysia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Datuk_Keramat" title="Datuk Keramat">Datuk Keramat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sky_Kingdom" title="Sky Kingdom">Sky Kingdom</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Malaysia" title="History of the Jews in Malaysia">History of the Jews in Malaysia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_Malaysia" title="Irreligion in Malaysia">Irreligion in Malaysia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Datuk_shrine_Pulau_Pangkor_2007_020.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Datuk_shrine_Pulau_Pangkor_2007_020.jpg/220px-Datuk_shrine_Pulau_Pangkor_2007_020.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Datuk_shrine_Pulau_Pangkor_2007_020.jpg/330px-Datuk_shrine_Pulau_Pangkor_2007_020.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Datuk_shrine_Pulau_Pangkor_2007_020.jpg/440px-Datuk_shrine_Pulau_Pangkor_2007_020.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>A Datuk shrine on <a href="/wiki/Pangkor_Island" title="Pangkor Island">Pangkor Island</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>A small <a href="/wiki/Sikh" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikh">Sikh</a> community exists in Malaysia, brought by the <a href="/wiki/British_Malaya" title="British Malaya">British</a> to form police units. They follow <a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a>, and open their <a href="/wiki/Gurdwara" title="Gurdwara">places of worship</a> to all races, ages, and genders. No Sikh holiday has been declared a national holiday,<sup id="cite_ref-MSU_19-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MSU-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although there are 120,000 in the country. Sikhs have, like Christians, come under pressure not to use the word "Allah" for God in their religious texts.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A small <a href="/wiki/Jew" class="mw-redirect" title="Jew">Jewish</a> community existed on the island of <a href="/wiki/Penang" title="Penang">Penang</a>. Jews first came into contact with the Malay peninsula during the 11th century when Jewish traders traded with the <a href="/wiki/Kedah_Sultanate" title="Kedah Sultanate">Kedah Sultanate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Langkasuka" title="Langkasuka">Langkasuka</a>. Many Jews in Malaysia came from Persia. After the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Revolution_(1949)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese Revolution (1949)">communist revolution in China</a>, more Jews fled to Southeast Asia. However, the Jewish community declined, with many emigrating to countries such as Australia. Due to not having enough members to hold some Jewish rituals, the only <a href="/wiki/Synagogue" title="Synagogue">synagogue</a> in Penang, established in 1932, was shut down in 1976. The last burial in Penang's Jewish cemetery took place in 1978.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the 1990s the community had disappeared, and it is now thought that there are only two Jews who hold Malaysian passports.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A small Baháʼí Faith community exists in Malaysia, with members from Chinese, Eurasian, Indian, Indigenous communities. It was introduced to Malaya by an Iranian couple in 1950, with the first National Spiritual Assembly being elected in 1964.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A community of around 2500 <a href="/wiki/Jain" class="mw-redirect" title="Jain">Jains</a> lives in Malaysia, with the state capital of <a href="/wiki/Perak" title="Perak">Perak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ipoh" title="Ipoh">Ipoh</a> hosting the only Jain temple in Southeast Asia. Most are <a href="/wiki/Gujaratis" class="mw-redirect" title="Gujaratis">Gujaratis</a>, who are thought to have arrived in Malacca in the 15th or 16th century.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Traditional beliefs are still practised by the <a href="/wiki/Orang_Asal" title="Orang Asal">Orang Asal</a> people. Loosely classified as <a href="/wiki/Animism" title="Animism">animism</a>, the beliefs are not recognised by the state as a religion. Animistic beliefs are passed down through oral tradition due to the lack of a writing system in indigenous groups, who call their beliefs <i>agama adat</i> (traditional or customary religions). The different religions are rather varied, with different names and concepts for their supreme god and other supernatural deities. Most of the beliefs are heavily influenced by the environment, with physical features such as mountains, trees, valleys, and rivers being sacred. A close relationship with nature is nurtured, and the relationship of humans and nature is a strong part of the religion, with everyday activities such as hunting and gathering having spiritual significance.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Malaysia&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Census_2020-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Census_2020_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131113165406/http://www.statistics.gov.my/portal/download_Population/files/census2010/Taburan_Penduduk_dan_Ciri-ciri_Asas_Demografi.pdf">"Taburan Penduduk dan Ciri-ciri Asas Demografi"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Jabatan Perangkaan Malaysia. p. 82. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.statistics.gov.my/portal/download_Population/files/census2020/Taburan_Penduduk_dan_Ciri-ciri_Asas_Demografi.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 13 November 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Taburan+Penduduk+dan+Ciri-ciri+Asas+Demografi&rft.pages=82&rft.pub=Jabatan+Perangkaan+Malaysia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.statistics.gov.my%2Fportal%2Fdownload_Population%2Ffiles%2Fcensus2020%2FTaburan_Penduduk_dan_Ciri-ciri_Asas_Demografi.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Malaysia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2020KF-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2020KF_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dosm.gov.my/uploads/publications/20221020150523.pdf">"Key Findings of Population and Housing Census of Malaysia 2020"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(pdf)</span> (in Malay and English). Department of Statistics, Malaysia. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-967-2000-85-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-967-2000-85-3"><bdi>978-967-2000-85-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Key+Findings+of+Population+and+Housing+Census+of+Malaysia+2020&rft.pub=Department+of+Statistics%2C+Malaysia&rft.isbn=978-967-2000-85-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dosm.gov.my%2Fuploads%2Fpublications%2F20221020150523.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Malaysia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dosm.gov.my-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dosm.gov.my_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dosm.gov.my_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dosm.gov.my/v1/index.php?r=column/cthemeByCat&cat=117&bul_id=akliVWdIa2g3Y2VubTVSMkxmYXp1UT09&menu_id=L0pheU43NWJwRWVSZklWdzQ4TlhUUT09">"Department of Statistics Malaysia Official Portal"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Department+of+Statistics+Malaysia+Official+Portal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dosm.gov.my%2Fv1%2Findex.php%3Fr%3Dcolumn%2FcthemeByCat%26cat%3D117%26bul_id%3DakliVWdIa2g3Y2VubTVSMkxmYXp1UT09%26menu_id%3DL0pheU43NWJwRWVSZklWdzQ4TlhUUT09&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Malaysia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Malaysia#Article_3" class="extiw" title="s:Constitution of Malaysia">Constitution of Malaysia:Article 3-1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Malaysia#Article_160" class="extiw" title="s:Constitution of Malaysia">Constitution of Malaysia:Article 160-1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Malaysia-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Malaysia_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Malaysia_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Malaysia_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.state.gov/reports/2022-report-on-international-religious-freedom/malaysia/">"Malaysia"</a>. <i>United States Department of State</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+States+Department+of+State&rft.atitle=Malaysia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.state.gov%2Freports%2F2022-report-on-international-religious-freedom%2Fmalaysia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Malaysia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Census_2010-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Census_2010_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Census_2010_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Census_2010_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Census_2010_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131113165406/http://www.statistics.gov.my/portal/download_Population/files/census2010/Taburan_Penduduk_dan_Ciri-ciri_Asas_Demografi.pdf">"Taburan Penduduk dan Ciri-ciri Asas Demografi"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Jabatan Perangkaan Malaysia. p. 82. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.statistics.gov.my/portal/download_Population/files/census2010/Taburan_Penduduk_dan_Ciri-ciri_Asas_Demografi.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 13 November 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Taburan+Penduduk+dan+Ciri-ciri+Asas+Demografi&rft.pages=82&rft.pub=Jabatan+Perangkaan+Malaysia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.statistics.gov.my%2Fportal%2Fdownload_Population%2Ffiles%2Fcensus2010%2FTaburan_Penduduk_dan_Ciri-ciri_Asas_Demografi.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Malaysia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.statistics.gov.my/index.php?r=column/cthemeByCat&cat=117&bul_id=MDMxdHZjWTk1SjFzTzNkRXYzcVZjdz09&menu_id=L0pheU43NWJwRWVSZklWdzQ4TlhUUT09">"Population Distribution and Basic Demographic Characteristic Report 2010 (Updated: 05/08/2011)"</a>. Department of Statistics, Malaysia<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 March</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Population+Distribution+and+Basic+Demographic+Characteristic+Report+2010+%28Updated%3A+05%2F08%2F2011%29&rft.pub=Department+of+Statistics%2C+Malaysia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.statistics.gov.my%2Findex.php%3Fr%3Dcolumn%2FcthemeByCat%26cat%3D117%26bul_id%3DMDMxdHZjWTk1SjFzTzNkRXYzcVZjdz09%26menu_id%3DL0pheU43NWJwRWVSZklWdzQ4TlhUUT09&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Malaysia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ucanews.com/amp/malaysia-christians-pray-for-peace-equality-freedom/98155">"Malaysia Christians pray for peace, equality, freedom - UCA News"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Malaysia+Christians+pray+for+peace%2C+equality%2C+freedom+-+UCA+News&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ucanews.com%2Famp%2Fmalaysia-christians-pray-for-peace-equality-freedom%2F98155&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Malaysia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChen2021" class="citation web cs1">Chen, Heather (2 April 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210402042346/https://www.vice.com/en/article/pkd7gk/the-dangers-of-renouncing-islam-in-malaysia">"Renouncing Islam in Malaysia Is Dangerous. We Spoke to Those Who Did It"</a>. <i>Vice</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vice.com/en/article/pkd7gk/the-dangers-of-renouncing-islam-in-malaysia">the original</a> on 2 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Vice&rft.atitle=Renouncing+Islam+in+Malaysia+Is+Dangerous.+We+Spoke+to+Those+Who+Did+It.&rft.date=2021-04-02&rft.aulast=Chen&rft.aufirst=Heather&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vice.com%2Fen%2Farticle%2Fpkd7gk%2Fthe-dangers-of-renouncing-islam-in-malaysia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Malaysia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.state.gov/reports/2022-report-on-international-religious-freedom/malaysia/">"2022 Report on International Religious Freedom: Malaysia"</a>. <i>US Department of State</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=US+Department+of+State&rft.atitle=2022+Report+on+International+Religious+Freedom%3A+Malaysia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.state.gov%2Freports%2F2022-report-on-international-religious-freedom%2Fmalaysia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Malaysia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.themalaymailonline.com/malaysia/article/putrajaya-freedom-of-religion-does-not-equal-freedom-from-religion">"Putrajaya: Freedom of religion does not equal freedom from religion"</a>. 23 November 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Putrajaya%3A+Freedom+of+religion+does+not+equal+freedom+from+religion&rft.date=2017-11-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.themalaymailonline.com%2Fmalaysia%2Farticle%2Fputrajaya-freedom-of-religion-does-not-equal-freedom-from-religion&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Malaysia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-reuters131210-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-reuters131210_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobert_Evans2013" class="citation news cs1">Robert Evans (9 December 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-religion-atheists-idUSBRE9B900G20131210">"Atheists face death in 13 countries, global discrimination: study"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Atheists+face+death+in+13+countries%2C+global+discrimination%3A+study&rft.date=2013-12-09&rft.au=Robert+Evans&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-religion-atheists-idUSBRE9B900G20131210&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Malaysia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-malaysianbar.org.my-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-malaysianbar.org.my_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-malaysianbar.org.my_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmbiga_Sreenevasan2007" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ambiga_Sreenevasan" title="Ambiga Sreenevasan">Ambiga Sreenevasan</a> (18 July 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.malaysianbar.org.my/press_statements/press_statement_malaysia_a_secular_state.html">"PRESS STATEMENT: Malaysia a secular State"</a>. 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BBC<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 July</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Life+as+a+secret+Christian+convert&rft.date=2006-11-15&rft.aulast=Pressly&rft.aufirst=Linda&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fprogrammes%2Fcrossing_continents%2F6150340.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Malaysia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVirginia_Matheson_Hooker,_Norani_Othman2003" class="citation book cs1">Virginia Matheson Hooker, Norani Othman (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0W5t5lxigh8C"><i>Malaysia: Islam, society and politics</i></a>. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. p. 57. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/981-230-161-5" title="Special:BookSources/981-230-161-5"><bdi>981-230-161-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Malaysia%3A+Islam%2C+society+and+politics&rft.place=Singapore&rft.pages=57&rft.pub=Institute+of+Southeast+Asian+Studies&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=981-230-161-5&rft.au=Virginia+Matheson+Hooker%2C+Norani+Othman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0W5t5lxigh8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Malaysia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTarani_Palani2011" class="citation news cs1">Tarani Palani (1 July 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110703100618/http://www.freemalaysiatoday.com/2011/07/01/religious-council-throws-its-weight-behind-all-three-rallies/">"Religious council throws its weight behind all three rallies"</a>. 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M.; Ackerman, Susan Ellen (1997). <i>Sacred Tensions: Modernity and Religious Transformation in Malaysia</i>. 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td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Malaysia_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Malaysia_topics" title="Template:Malaysia topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Malaysia_topics" title="Template talk:Malaysia topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Malaysia_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Malaysia topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Malaysia_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Malaysia" title="Outline of Malaysia">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Malaysia" title="History of Malaysia">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Malaysian_history" title="Timeline of Malaysian history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Malaysia" title="Prehistoric Malaysia">Prehistoric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Malacca" title="Portuguese Malacca">Portuguese Malacca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Malacca" title="Dutch Malacca">Dutch Malacca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Malaya" title="British Malaya">British Malaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Borneo" title="British Borneo">British Borneo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Malaya" title="Japanese occupation of Malaya">Japanese occupation of Malaya</a> / <a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_British_Borneo" title="Japanese occupation of British Borneo">Borneo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayan_Union" title="Malayan Union">Malayan Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Malaya" title="Federation of Malaya">Federation of Malaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayan_Emergency" title="Malayan Emergency">Malayan Emergency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysia_Agreement" title="Malaysia Agreement">Malaysia Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia%E2%80%93Malaysia_confrontation" title="Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation">Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_insurgency_in_Sarawak" title="Communist insurgency in Sarawak">Sarawak communist insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore_in_Malaysia" title="Singapore in Malaysia">Singapore in Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_insurgency_in_Malaysia_(1968%E2%80%931989)" title="Communist insurgency in Malaysia (1968–1989)">Second Malayan Emergency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/13_May_incident" title="13 May incident">13 May incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_Malaysian_constitutional_crisis" title="1988 Malaysian constitutional crisis">1988 constitutional crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1997_Asian_financial_crisis#Malaysia" title="1997 Asian financial crisis">1997 Asian financial crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1Malaysia_Development_Berhad_scandal" title="1Malaysia Development Berhad scandal">1MDB scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020%E2%80%932022_Malaysian_political_crisis" title="2020–2022 Malaysian political crisis">2020–2022 Malaysian political crisis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Malaysia" title="Geography of Malaysia">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Borders_of_Malaysia" title="Template:Borders of Malaysia">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Populated_places_in_Malaysia" title="Category:Populated places in Malaysia">Cities, towns and villages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_districts_in_Malaysia" title="List of districts in Malaysia">Districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divisions_of_Malaysia" title="Divisions of Malaysia">Divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Malaysia" title="East Malaysia">East Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environment_of_Malaysia" title="Environment of Malaysia">Environment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Malaysia" title="Climate change in Malaysia">climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_in_Malaysia" title="Conservation in Malaysia">conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Malaysia" title="Environmental issues in Malaysia">environmental issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation_in_Malaysia" title="Deforestation in Malaysia">deforestation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Malaysia" title="Wildlife of Malaysia">wildlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_plants_of_Malaysia" title="List of plants of Malaysia">plants</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Malaysia" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Malaysia">World Heritage Sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_hill_stations_in_Malaysia" title="List of hill stations in Malaysia">Hill stations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Malaysia" title="List of islands of Malaysia">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Malaysia" title="List of lakes of Malaysia">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_Malaysia" title="List of mountains in Malaysia">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_in_Malaysia" title="List of national parks in Malaysia">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peninsular_Malaysia" title="Peninsular Malaysia">Peninsular Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Malaysia" title="List of rivers of Malaysia">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/States_and_federal_territories_of_Malaysia" title="States and federal territories of Malaysia">States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Malaysia" title="List of earthquakes in Malaysia">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_Malaysia" title="List of volcanoes in Malaysia">Volcanoes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Malaysia" title="Politics of Malaysia">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Malaysia" title="Cabinet of Malaysia">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadow_Cabinet_of_Malaysia" title="Shadow Cabinet of Malaysia">Shadow Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Malaysia" title="Constitution of Malaysia">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Malaysia" title="Elections in Malaysia">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Malaysia" title="Foreign relations of Malaysia">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Malaysia" title="Government of Malaysia">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Malaysia" title="King of Malaysia">King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Malaysia" title="Human rights in Malaysia">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Malaysia" title="Censorship in Malaysia">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Malaysia" title="Judiciary of Malaysia">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Malaysia" title="Law of Malaysia">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Malaysia" title="Law enforcement in Malaysia">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Armed_Forces" title="Malaysian Armed Forces">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchies_of_Malaysia" title="Monarchies of Malaysia">Monarchies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Malaysia" title="Parliament of Malaysia">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Malaysia" title="List of political parties in Malaysia">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Malaysia" title="Prime Minister of Malaysia">Prime Minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_legislative_assemblies_of_Malaysia" title="State legislative assemblies of Malaysia">State legislative assemblies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Malaysia" title="Economy of Malaysia">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Malaysia" title="Agriculture in Malaysia">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_banks_in_Malaysia" title="List of banks in Malaysia">Banks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Malaysia" title="Central Bank of Malaysia">Central bank</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_Malaysia" title="Energy policy of Malaysia">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_federal_budget" title="Malaysian federal budget">Federal budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_ringgit" title="Malaysian ringgit">Ringgit <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Malaysian_states_by_GDP" title="List of Malaysian states by GDP">States by GDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Malaysian_states_and_municipalities_by_exports" title="List of Malaysian states and municipalities by exports">States and municipalities by exports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Malaysia" title="Science and technology in Malaysia">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bursa_Malaysia" title="Bursa Malaysia">Stock exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Malaysia" title="Telecommunications in Malaysia">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Malaysia" title="Tourism in Malaysia">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Malaysia" title="Transport in Malaysia">Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Malaysia" title="Trade unions in Malaysia">Unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysia_and_the_World_Bank" title="Malaysia and the World Bank">World Bank Relations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Malaysia" title="Category:Society of Malaysia">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Malaysia" title="Abortion in Malaysia">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Malaysia" title="Crime in Malaysia">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Malaysia" title="Corruption in Malaysia">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Malaysia" title="Demographics of Malaysia">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Malaysia" title="Education in Malaysia">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Ethnic_groups_in_Malaysia" title="Template:Ethnic groups in Malaysia">Ethnic groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Malaysia" title="Health in Malaysia">Health</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Malaysia" title="Healthcare in Malaysia">Healthcare</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Malaysia" title="Human trafficking in Malaysia">Human trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Income_inequality_in_Malaysia" title="Income inequality in Malaysia">Income inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Malaysia" title="Languages of Malaysia">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Malaysia" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Malaysia">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_diaspora" title="Malaysian diaspora">Malaysian diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Malaysia" title="Poverty in Malaysia">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Malaysia" title="Prostitution in Malaysia">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_trafficking_in_Malaysia" title="Sex trafficking in Malaysia">Sex trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squatting_in_Malaysia" title="Squatting in Malaysia">Squatting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Malaysia" title="Water supply and sanitation in Malaysia">Water supply and sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Malaysia" title="Women in Malaysia">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Malaysia" title="Culture of Malaysia">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_art" title="Malaysian art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Architecture_in_Malaysia" title="Category:Architecture in Malaysia">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Malaysia" title="Cinema of Malaysia">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_cuisine" title="Malaysian cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folklore_of_Malaysia" title="Folklore of Malaysia">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_literature" title="Malaysian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketuanan_Melayu" title="Ketuanan Melayu">Malay ethnic nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Malaysia" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Malaysia">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Malaysia" title="Music of Malaysia">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_names" title="Malaysian names">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Malaysia" title="Public holidays in Malaysia">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Malaysia" title="Sport in Malaysia">Sport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Symbols</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malayan_tiger" title="Malayan tiger">Animal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negaraku" title="Negaraku">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Malaysia" title="Coat of arms of Malaysia">Emblem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Malaysia" title="Flag of Malaysia">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hibiscus_rosa-sinensis" class="mw-redirect" title="Hibiscus rosa-sinensis">Flower</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rukun_Negara" title="Rukun Negara">Rukun Negara</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Malaysia" title="Outline of Malaysia">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Malaysia" title="Outline of Malaysia">Index</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Malaysia" title="Bibliography of Malaysia">Bibliography</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Malaysia" title="Category:Malaysia">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Malaysia" title="Portal:Malaysia">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Religion_in_Asia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Asia_topic" title="Template:Asia topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Asia_topic" title="Template talk:Asia topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Asia_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Asia topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Religion_in_Asia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Asia" title="Religion in Asia">Religion in Asia </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Afghanistan" title="Religion in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Armenia" title="Religion in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Azerbaijan" title="Religion in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bahrain" title="Religion in Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bangladesh" title="Religion in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bhutan" title="Religion in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Brunei" title="Religion in Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Cambodia" title="Religion in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_China" title="Religion in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Cyprus" title="Religion in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_East_Timor" title="Religion in East Timor">East Timor (Timor-Leste)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Egypt" title="Religion in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Religion in Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_India" title="Religion in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Indonesia" title="Religion in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Iran" title="Religion in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Iraq" title="Religion in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Israel" title="Religion in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Japan" title="Religion in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Jordan" title="Religion in Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kazakhstan" title="Religion in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_North_Korea" title="Religion in North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_South_Korea" title="Religion in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kuwait" title="Religion in Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kyrgyzstan" title="Religion in Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Laos" title="Religion in Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Lebanon" title="Religion in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Maldives" title="Religion in the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mongolia" title="Religion in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Myanmar" title="Religion in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Nepal" title="Religion in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Oman" title="Religion in Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Pakistan" title="Religion in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Philippines" title="Religion in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Qatar" title="Religion in Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Russia" title="Religion in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Religion in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Singapore" title="Religion in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Religion in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Syria" title="Religion in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Tajikistan" title="Religion in Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Thailand" title="Religion in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Turkey" title="Religion in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Turkmenistan" title="Religion in Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Religion in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Uzbekistan" title="Religion in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Vietnam" title="Religion in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Yemen" title="Religion in Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with<br />limited recognition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Abkhazia" title="Religion in Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Northern_Cyprus" title="Religion in Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_State_of_Palestine" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in the State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_South_Ossetia" title="Religion in South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Taiwan" title="Religion in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a> and<br />other territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_the_British_Indian_Ocean_Territory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Religion in the British Indian Ocean Territory (page does not exist)">British Indian Ocean Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Christmas_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_the_Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Religion in the Cocos (Keeling) Islands (page does not exist)">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Hong_Kong" title="Religion in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Macau" title="Religion in Macau">Macau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Asia" title="Category:Asia">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Asia" title="Portal:Asia">Asia portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Places_of_worship_in_Malaysia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Places_of_worship_in_Malaysia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Places_of_worship" class="mw-redirect" title="Places of worship">Places of worship</a> in <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Prominent_mosques_in_Malaysia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background:#99CC99;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Mosques_in_Malaysia" title="Template:Mosques in Malaysia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Mosques_in_Malaysia" title="Template talk:Mosques in Malaysia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Mosques_in_Malaysia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Mosques in Malaysia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Prominent_mosques_in_Malaysia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Prominent <a href="/wiki/Mosque" title="Mosque">mosques</a> in <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#99CC99;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Mosques_in_Johor" title="Category:Mosques in Johor">Johor</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kota_Iskandar_Mosque" class="mw-redirect" title="Kota Iskandar Mosque">Kota Iskandar Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An-Nur_Kota_Raya_Mosque" title="An-Nur Kota Raya Mosque">An-Nur Kota Raya Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandar_Baru_UDA_Jamek_Mosque" title="Bandar Baru UDA Jamek Mosque">Bandar Baru UDA Jamek Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dato%27_Bentara_Luar_Mosque" title="Dato' Bentara Luar Mosque">Dato' Bentara Luar Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolam_Ayer_Mosque" title="Kolam Ayer Mosque">Kolam Ayer Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasir_Gudang_Jamek_Mosque" title="Pasir Gudang Jamek Mosque">Pasir Gudang Jamek Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasir_Pelangi_Royal_Mosque" title="Pasir Pelangi Royal Mosque">Pasir Pelangi Royal Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senai_Airport_Mosque" title="Senai Airport Mosque">Senai Airport Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultan_Abu_Bakar_State_Mosque" title="Sultan Abu Bakar State Mosque">Sultan Abu Bakar State Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultan_Ibrahim_Jamek_Mosque" title="Sultan Ibrahim Jamek Mosque">Sultan Ibrahim Jamek Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultan_Iskandar_Mosque" title="Sultan Iskandar Mosque">Sultan Iskandar Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultan_Ismail_Jamek_Mosque" title="Sultan Ismail Jamek Mosque">Sultan Ismail Jamek Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tan_Sri_Ainuddin_Wahid_Mosque" title="Tan Sri Ainuddin Wahid Mosque">Tan Sri Ainuddin Wahid Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tun_Hussein_Onn_Jamek_Mosque" title="Tun Hussein Onn Jamek Mosque">Tun Hussein Onn Jamek Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunku_Laksamana_Abdul_Jalil_Mosque" title="Tunku Laksamana Abdul Jalil Mosque">Tunku Laksamana Abdul Jalil Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ungku_Tun_Aminah_Jamek_Mosque" title="Ungku Tun Aminah Jamek Mosque">Ungku Tun Aminah Jamek Mosque</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="16" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sultan_Iskandar_Mosque.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Sultan_Iskandar_Mosque.jpg/80px-Sultan_Iskandar_Mosque.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Sultan_Iskandar_Mosque.jpg/120px-Sultan_Iskandar_Mosque.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Sultan_Iskandar_Mosque.jpg/160px-Sultan_Iskandar_Mosque.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1834" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> <p><br /><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Masjid_Cina_Tumpat.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Masjid_Cina_Tumpat.jpg/80px-Masjid_Cina_Tumpat.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Masjid_Cina_Tumpat.jpg/120px-Masjid_Cina_Tumpat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Masjid_Cina_Tumpat.jpg/160px-Masjid_Cina_Tumpat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></span> <br /><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Melaka_Chinese_Mosque.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Melaka_Chinese_Mosque.jpg/80px-Melaka_Chinese_Mosque.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Melaka_Chinese_Mosque.jpg/120px-Melaka_Chinese_Mosque.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Melaka_Chinese_Mosque.jpg/160px-Melaka_Chinese_Mosque.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1984" data-file-height="1488" /></a></span> </p> <br /><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Muhammadiah_Mosque.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Muhammadiah_Mosque.JPG/80px-Muhammadiah_Mosque.JPG" decoding="async" width="80" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Muhammadiah_Mosque.JPG/120px-Muhammadiah_Mosque.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Muhammadiah_Mosque.JPG/160px-Muhammadiah_Mosque.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1984" data-file-height="1488" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#99CC99;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Mosques_in_Kedah" title="Category:Mosques in Kedah">Kedah</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zahir_Mosque" title="Zahir Mosque">Zahir Mosque</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#99CC99;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Mosques_in_Kelantan" title="Category:Mosques in Kelantan">Kelantan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kampung_Laut_Mosque" title="Kampung Laut Mosque">Kampung Laut Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultan_Ismail_Petra_Silver_Jubilee_Mosque" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultan Ismail Petra Silver Jubilee Mosque">Sultan Ismail Petra Silver Jubilee Mosque</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#99CC99;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Mosques_in_Kuala_Lumpur" title="Category:Mosques in Kuala Lumpur">Kuala Lumpur</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Rahman_Auf_Mosque" title="Abdul Rahman Auf Mosque">Abdul Rahman Auf Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amru_Al-As_Mosque" title="Amru Al-As Mosque">Amru Al-As Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Bukhari_Foundation_Mosque" title="Al-Bukhari Foundation Mosque">Al-Bukhari Foundation Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Akram_Mosque" title="Al Akram Mosque">Al Akram Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Rahman_Mosque,_Kuala_Lumpur" title="Al-Rahman Mosque, Kuala Lumpur">Al-Rahman Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Taqwa_Mosque" title="Al Taqwa Mosque">Al Taqwa Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/As_Syakirin_Mosque" title="As Syakirin Mosque">As Syakirin Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Territory_Mosque" title="Federal Territory Mosque">Federal Territory Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imam_Al_Ghazali_Mosque" title="Imam Al Ghazali Mosque">Imam Al Ghazali Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kampung_Baru_Mosque" class="mw-redirect" title="Kampung Baru Mosque">Kampung Baru Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Mosque_of_Malaysia" title="National Mosque of Malaysia">National Mosque of Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saidina_Abu_Bakar_As_Siddiq_Mosque" title="Saidina Abu Bakar As Siddiq Mosque">Saidina Abu Bakar As Siddiq Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saidina_Umar_Al_Khattab_Mosque" title="Saidina Umar Al Khattab Mosque">Saidina Umar Al Khattab Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saidina_Uthman_Bin_Affan_Mosque" title="Saidina Uthman Bin Affan Mosque">Saidina Uthman Bin Affan Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultan_Abdul_Samad_Jamek_Mosque" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultan Abdul Samad Jamek Mosque">Sultan Abdul Samad Jamek Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaid_bin_Haritsah_Mosque" title="Zaid bin Haritsah Mosque">Zaid bin Haritsah Mosque</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#99CC99;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Mosques_in_Labuan" title="Category:Mosques in Labuan">Labuan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/An-Nur_Jamek_Mosque,_Labuan" title="An-Nur Jamek Mosque, Labuan">An-Nur Jamek Mosque</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#99CC99;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Mosques_in_Malacca" title="Category:Mosques in Malacca">Malacca</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al_Azim_Mosque" title="Al Azim Mosque">Al Azim Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kampung_Hulu_Mosque" title="Kampung Hulu Mosque">Kampung Hulu Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kampung_Kling_Mosque" title="Kampung Kling Mosque">Kampung Kling Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malacca_Chinese_Mosque" title="Malacca Chinese Mosque">Malacca Chinese Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malacca_Straits_Mosque" title="Malacca Straits Mosque">Malacca Straits Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tranquerah_Mosque" title="Tranquerah Mosque">Tranquerah Mosque</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#99CC99;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Mosques_in_Negeri_Sembilan" title="Category:Mosques in Negeri Sembilan">Negeri Sembilan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Negeri_Sembilan_State_Mosque" title="Negeri Sembilan State Mosque">Negeri Sembilan State Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seremban_Jamek_Mosque" title="Seremban Jamek Mosque">Seremban Jamek Mosque</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#99CC99;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Mosques_in_Pahang" title="Category:Mosques in Pahang">Pahang</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakar_Royal_Mosque" title="Abu Bakar Royal Mosque">Abu Bakar Royal Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Noah_Foundation_Mosque" title="Mohamed Noah Foundation Mosque">Mohamed Noah Foundation Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultan_Ahmad_Shah_Mosque" title="Sultan Ahmad Shah Mosque">Sultan Ahmad Shah Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tengku_Ampuan_Afzan_Mosque" title="Tengku Ampuan Afzan Mosque">Tengku Ampuan Afzan Mosque</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#99CC99;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Mosques_in_Penang" title="Category:Mosques in Penang">Penang</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kapitan_Keling_Mosque" title="Kapitan Keling Mosque">Kapitan Keling Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebuh_Aceh_Mosque" title="Lebuh Aceh Mosque">Lebuh Aceh Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penang_Floating_Mosque" title="Penang Floating Mosque">Penang Floating Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penang_State_Mosque" title="Penang State Mosque">Penang State Mosque</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#99CC99;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Mosques_in_Perak" title="Category:Mosques in Perak">Perak</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammadiah_Mosque" title="Muhammadiah Mosque">Muhammadiah Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paloh_Street_Mosque,_Ipoh" title="Paloh Street Mosque, Ipoh">Paloh Street Mosque, Ipoh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panglima_Kinta_Mosque" title="Panglima Kinta Mosque">Panglima Kinta Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultan_Idris_Shah_II_Mosque" title="Sultan Idris Shah II Mosque">Sultan Idris Shah II Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubudiah_Mosque" title="Ubudiah Mosque">Ubudiah Mosque</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#99CC99;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Mosques_in_Perlis" title="Category:Mosques in Perlis">Perlis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alwi_Mosque" title="Alwi Mosque">Alwi Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perlis_State_Mosque" title="Perlis State Mosque">Perlis State Mosque</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#99CC99;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Mosques_in_Putrajaya" title="Category:Mosques in Putrajaya">Putrajaya</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Putra_Mosque" title="Putra Mosque">Putra Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuanku_Mizan_Zainal_Abidin_Mosque" title="Tuanku Mizan Zainal Abidin Mosque">Tuanku Mizan Zainal Abidin Mosque</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#99CC99;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Mosques_in_Sabah" title="Category:Mosques in Sabah">Sabah</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Kauthar_Mosque" title="Al-Kauthar Mosque">Al-Kauthar Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kota_Kinabalu_City_Mosque" title="Kota Kinabalu City Mosque">Kota Kinabalu City Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabah_State_Mosque" title="Sabah State Mosque">Sabah State Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandakan_District_Mosque" title="Sandakan District Mosque">Sandakan District Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandakan_Jamek_Mosque" title="Sandakan Jamek Mosque">Sandakan Jamek Mosque</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#99CC99;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Mosques_in_Sarawak" title="Category:Mosques in Sarawak">Sarawak</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Petra_Jaya_State_Mosque" title="Petra Jaya State Mosque">Petra Jaya State Mosque</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#99CC99;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Mosques_in_Selangor" title="Category:Mosques in Selangor">Selangor</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alaeddin_Mosque_(Jugra,_Malaysia)" title="Alaeddin Mosque (Jugra, Malaysia)">Alaeddin Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Amaniah_Mosque" title="Al-Amaniah Mosque">Al-Amaniah Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Falah_Mosque,_Selangor" title="Al-Falah Mosque, Selangor">Al-Falah Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Hidayah_Mosque" title="Al Hidayah Mosque">Al Hidayah Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Mujaheddin_Mosque" title="Al Mujaheddin Mosque">Al Mujaheddin Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ara_Damansara_Mosque" title="Ara Damansara Mosque">Ara Damansara Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darul_Ehsan_Mosque" title="Darul Ehsan Mosque">Darul Ehsan Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klang_Royal_Town_Mosque" title="Klang Royal Town Mosque">Klang Royal Town Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puchong_Perdana_Mosque" title="Puchong Perdana Mosque">Puchong Perdana Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raja_Alang_Mosque" title="Raja Alang Mosque">Raja Alang Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raja_Haji_Fisabilillah_Mosque" title="Raja Haji Fisabilillah Mosque">Raja Haji Fisabilillah Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultan_Abdul_Aziz_Shah_Jamek_Mosque" title="Sultan Abdul Aziz Shah Jamek Mosque">Sultan Abdul Aziz Shah Jamek Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subang_Airport_Mosque" title="Subang Airport Mosque">Subang Airport Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultan_Abdul_Samad_Mosque" title="Sultan Abdul Samad Mosque">Sultan Abdul Samad Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultan_Ibrahim_Mosque" title="Sultan Ibrahim Mosque">Sultan Ibrahim Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultan_Salahuddin_Abdul_Aziz_Mosque" title="Sultan Salahuddin Abdul Aziz Mosque">Sultan Salahuddin Abdul Aziz Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultan_Sulaiman_Mosque" title="Sultan Sulaiman Mosque">Sultan Sulaiman Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tengku_Ampuan_Jemaah_Mosque" title="Tengku Ampuan Jemaah Mosque">Tengku Ampuan Jemaah Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tun_Abdul_Aziz_Mosque" title="Tun Abdul Aziz Mosque">Tun Abdul Aziz Mosque</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#99CC99;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Mosques_in_Terengganu" title="Category:Mosques in Terengganu">Terengganu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abidin_Mosque" title="Abidin Mosque">Abidin Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Muktafi_Billah_Shah_Mosque" title="Al-Muktafi Billah Shah Mosque">Al-Muktafi Billah Shah Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crystal_Mosque" title="Crystal Mosque">Crystal Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tengku_Tengah_Zaharah_Mosque" title="Tengku Tengah Zaharah Mosque">Tengku Tengah Zaharah Mosque</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background:#99CC99;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mosques_in_Malaysia" title="Category:Mosques in Malaysia">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Malaysia" title="Islam in Malaysia">Islam in Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mosques_by_country" title="Category:Mosques by country">Mosques by country</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Prominent_Buddhist_temples_in_Malaysia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background:#ffd068;;background:#DAA520;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Buddhist_temples_in_Malaysia" title="Template:Buddhist temples in Malaysia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Buddhist_temples_in_Malaysia" title="Template talk:Buddhist temples in Malaysia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Buddhist_temples_in_Malaysia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Buddhist temples in Malaysia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Prominent_Buddhist_temples_in_Malaysia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Prominent <a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhist_temples" title="List of Buddhist temples">Buddhist temples</a> in <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background:#ffd068;"><div><b>Keynotes:</b> <span style="font-size:85%;">♦</span> <a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%81y%C4%81na_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahāyāna Buddhism">Mahāyāna</a> (either Chinese, Taiwanese branches)  •  <span style="font-size:85%;">■</span> <a href="/wiki/Therav%C4%81da_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Theravāda Buddhism">Theravāda</a> (either Burmese, Sri Lankan, Thai branches)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#ffd068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Johor" title="Johor">Johor</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;">♦</span> <a href="/wiki/Ching_Giap_See_Temple" title="Ching Giap See Temple">Ching Giap See Temple</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="10" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%81y%C4%81na_Buddhism" title="Mahāyāna Buddhism"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Buddhist_Swastika_with_24_Beads.svg/80px-Buddhist_Swastika_with_24_Beads.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Buddhist_Swastika_with_24_Beads.svg/120px-Buddhist_Swastika_with_24_Beads.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Buddhist_Swastika_with_24_Beads.svg/160px-Buddhist_Swastika_with_24_Beads.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="466" /></a></span><br /><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Therav%C4%81da_Buddhism" title="Theravāda Buddhism"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Dharma_wheel.svg/85px-Dharma_wheel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Dharma_wheel.svg/128px-Dharma_wheel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Dharma_wheel.svg/170px-Dharma_wheel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="538" data-file-height="538" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#ffd068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kelantan" title="Kelantan">Kelantan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;">■</span> <a href="/wiki/Wat_Phothivihan" title="Wat Phothivihan">Wat Phothivihan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#ffd068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur" title="Kuala Lumpur">Kuala Lumpur</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;">■</span> <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_Maha_Vihara,_Brickfields" title="Buddhist Maha Vihara, Brickfields">Brickfields Temple</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">♦</span> <a href="/wiki/Thean_Hou_Temple" title="Thean Hou Temple">Thean Hou Temple</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#ffd068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Malacca" title="Malacca">Malacca</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;">♦</span> <a href="/wiki/Cheng_Hoon_Teng_Temple" title="Cheng Hoon Teng Temple">Cheng Hoon Teng Temple</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">♦</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Poh_Onn_Kong_Temple&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poh Onn Kong Temple (page does not exist)">Poh Onn Kong Temple</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%AD%E7%94%B2%E4%BF%9D%E5%AE%89%E5%AE%AB" class="extiw" title="zh:马六甲保安宫">zh</a>]</span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">♦</span> <a href="/wiki/Xiang_Lin_Si_Temple" title="Xiang Lin Si Temple">Xiang Lin Si Temple</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#ffd068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pahang" title="Pahang">Pahang</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;">♦</span> <a href="/wiki/Chin_Swee_Caves_Temple" title="Chin Swee Caves Temple">Chin Swee Caves Temple</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#ffd068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Penang" title="Penang">Penang</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;">■</span> <a href="/wiki/Dhammikarama_Burmese_Temple" title="Dhammikarama Burmese Temple">Dhammikarama Burmese Temple</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">♦</span> <a href="/wiki/Kek_Lok_Si" title="Kek Lok Si">Kek Lok Si</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">♦</span> <a href="/wiki/Goddess_of_Mercy_Temple" title="Goddess of Mercy Temple">Goddess of Mercy Temple</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">■</span> <a href="/wiki/Mahindarama_Buddhist_Temple" title="Mahindarama Buddhist Temple">Mahindarama Temple</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">■</span> <a href="/wiki/Nibbinda_Forest_Monastery" title="Nibbinda Forest Monastery">Nibbinda Forest Monastery</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">♦</span> <a href="/wiki/Snake_Temple" title="Snake Temple">Snake Temple</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">■</span> <a href="/wiki/Wat_Buppharam,_Penang" title="Wat Buppharam, Penang">Wat Buppharam</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">■</span> <a href="/wiki/Wat_Chayamangkalaram" title="Wat Chayamangkalaram">Wat Chayamangkalaram</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#ffd068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Perak" title="Perak">Perak</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;">♦</span> <a href="/wiki/Kek_Look_Seah_Temple" title="Kek Look Seah Temple">Kek Look Seah Temple</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">♦</span> <a href="/wiki/Sam_Poh_Tong_Temple" title="Sam Poh Tong Temple">Sam Poh Tong Temple</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">■</span> <a href="/wiki/Sasanarakkha_Buddhist_Sanctuary" title="Sasanarakkha Buddhist Sanctuary">Sasanarakkha Sanctuary</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">■</span> <a href="/wiki/Sukhavana" title="Sukhavana">Sukhavana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#ffd068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sabah" title="Sabah">Sabah</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;">♦</span> <a href="/wiki/Che_Sui_Khor_Moral_Uplifting_Society" title="Che Sui Khor Moral Uplifting Society">Che Sui Khor Moral Uplifting Society</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">♦</span> <a href="/wiki/Fo_Guang_Shan_Temple,_Tawau" title="Fo Guang Shan Temple, Tawau">Fo Guang Shan Temple</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">♦</span> <a href="/wiki/Peak_Nam_Toong_Temple" title="Peak Nam Toong Temple">Peak Nam Toong Temple</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">♦</span> <a href="/wiki/Pu_Tuo_Si_Temple" title="Pu Tuo Si Temple">Pu Tuo Si Temple</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">♦</span> <a href="/wiki/Puu_Jih_Shih_Temple" title="Puu Jih Shih Temple">Puu Jih Shih Temple</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#ffd068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sarawak" title="Sarawak">Sarawak</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;">♦</span> <a href="/wiki/Ching_San_Yen_Temple" title="Ching San Yen Temple">Ching San Yen Temple</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">♦</span> <a href="/wiki/Jade_Dragon_Temple" title="Jade Dragon Temple">Jade Dragon Temple</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#ffd068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Selangor" title="Selangor">Selangor</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;">■</span> <a href="/wiki/Wat_Chetawan" title="Wat Chetawan">Wat Chetawan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background:#ffd068;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Buddhist_temples_in_Malaysia" title="Category:Buddhist temples in Malaysia">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Malaysia" title="Buddhism in Malaysia">Buddhism in Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Buddhist_temples_by_country" title="Category:Buddhist temples by country">Buddhist temples by country</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Christianity_in_Malaysia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Christianity_in_Malaysia" title="Template:Christianity in Malaysia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Christianity_in_Malaysia" title="Template talk:Christianity in Malaysia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Christianity_in_Malaysia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Christianity in Malaysia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Christianity_in_Malaysia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Malaysia" title="Christianity in Malaysia">Christianity in Malaysia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Adventism" title="Adventism">Adventist</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seventh-day_Adventist_Telugu_work:_Malaysia" class="mw-redirect" title="Seventh-day Adventist Telugu work: Malaysia">Seventh-day Adventist Church in Malaysia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglican</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Province_of_South_East_Asia" title="Church of the Province of South East Asia">Church of the Province of South East Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_West_Malaysia" title="Diocese of West Malaysia">Diocese of West Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Sabah" title="Diocese of Sabah">Diocese of Sabah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Kuching" title="Bishop of Kuching">Diocese of Kuching</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Baptist" class="mw-redirect" title="Baptist">Baptist</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malaysia_Baptist_Convention" title="Malaysia Baptist Convention">Malaysia Baptist Convention</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinism">Calvinist (Reformed)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Presbyterian_Church_in_Malaysia" title="Presbyterian Church in Malaysia">Presbyterian Church in Malaysia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheran</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basel_Christian_Church_of_Malaysia" title="Basel Christian Church of Malaysia">Basel Christian Church of Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Lutheran_Church_in_Malaysia" title="Evangelical Lutheran Church in Malaysia">Evangelical Lutheran Church in Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheran_Church_in_Malaysia" title="Lutheran Church in Malaysia">Lutheran Church in Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestant_Church_in_Sabah" title="Protestant Church in Sabah">Protestant Church in Sabah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodist</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Methodist_Church_in_Malaysia" title="Methodist Church in Malaysia">Methodist Church in Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Methodist_Church_in_Malaysia" title="Free Methodist Church in Malaysia">Free Methodist Church in Malaysia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acts_Church" title="Acts Church">Acts Church</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Assemblies_of_God_of_Malaysia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Assemblies of God of Malaysia (page does not exist)">Assemblies of God of Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Calvary_Church_(Malaysia)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Calvary Church (Malaysia) (page does not exist)">Calvary Church (Malaysia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdomcity" title="Kingdomcity">Kingdomcity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_denominations#Protestantism" title="List of Christian denominations">Other Protestants</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Borneo_Evangelical_Church" title="Borneo Evangelical Church">Borneo Evangelical Church</a> (Sidang Injil Borneo)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Brethren_of_Malaysia" title="Christian Brethren of Malaysia">Christian Brethren of Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Free_Church_of_Malaysia" title="Evangelical Free Church of Malaysia">Evangelical Free Church of Malaysia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Malaysia" title="Catholic Church in Malaysia">Catholic Church in Malaysia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archdiocese_of_Kuala_Lumpur" class="mw-redirect" title="Archdiocese of Kuala Lumpur">Archdiocese of Kuala Lumpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archdiocese_of_Kota_Kinabalu" class="mw-redirect" title="Archdiocese of Kota Kinabalu">Archdiocese of Kota Kinabalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archdiocese_of_Kuching" class="mw-redirect" title="Archdiocese of Kuching">Archdiocese of Kuching</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Christianity" title="Eastern Christianity">Eastern Christianity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Syrian_Church_in_Malaysia" title="Orthodox Syrian Church in Malaysia">Orthodox Syrian Church in Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_Orthodox_Church_in_Malaysia" title="Coptic Orthodox Church in Malaysia">Coptic Orthodox Church in Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church_in_Malaysia" title="Russian Orthodox Church in Malaysia">Russian Orthodox Church in Malaysia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Syriac_Christianity" title="Syriac Christianity">Syriac Reformed</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mar_Thoma_Syrian_Church_in_Malaysia" title="Mar Thoma Syrian Church in Malaysia">Mar Thoma Syrian Church in Malaysia</a> <ul><li>Reformed Oriental</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nontrinitarianism" title="Nontrinitarianism">Nontrinitarian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints_in_Malaysia" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Malaysia">The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Malaysia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Interdenominational<br />organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Federation_of_Malaysia" title="Christian Federation of Malaysia">Christian Federation of Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Churches_of_Malaysia" title="Council of Churches of Malaysia">Council of Churches of Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Evangelical_Christian_Fellowship" title="National Evangelical Christian Fellowship">National Evangelical Christian Fellowship Malaysia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Hindu_temples_in_Malaysia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#FFC569;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hindu_temples_in_Malaysia" title="Template:Hindu temples in Malaysia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hindu_temples_in_Malaysia" title="Template talk:Hindu temples in Malaysia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hindu_temples_in_Malaysia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hindu temples in Malaysia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Hindu_temples_in_Malaysia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple" title="Hindu temple">Hindu temples</a> in <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">Penang</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balathandayuthapani_Temple" title="Balathandayuthapani Temple">Balathandayuthapani Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karumariamman_Temple,_Penang" title="Karumariamman Temple, Penang">Karumariamman Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jalan_Baru_Sri_Muniswarar_Temple" title="Jalan Baru Sri Muniswarar Temple">Jalan Baru Sri Muniswarar Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nattukkottai_Chettiar_Temple,_Penang" title="Nattukkottai Chettiar Temple, Penang">Nattukkottai Chettiar Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sree_Maha_Mariamman_Devasthanam_Temple,_Butterworth" title="Sree Maha Mariamman Devasthanam Temple, Butterworth">Sree Maha Mariamman Devasthanam Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Kunj_Bihari_Temple" title="Sri Kunj Bihari Temple">Sri Kunj Bihari Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Mahamariamman_Temple,_Penang" title="Sri Mahamariamman Temple, Penang">Sri Mahamariamman Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Sithi_Vinayagar_Temple" title="Sri Sithi Vinayagar Temple">Sri Sithi Vinayagar Temple</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">Selangor</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Batu_Caves" title="Batu Caves">Batu Caves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batu_Caves_Murugan_Statue" title="Batu Caves Murugan Statue">Batu Caves Murugan Statue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Sundararaja_Perumal_Temple" title="Sri Sundararaja Perumal Temple">Sri Sundararaja Perumal Temple</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">Federal Territory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Kandaswamy_Kovil,_Brickfields" title="Sri Kandaswamy Kovil, Brickfields">Sri Kandaswamy Kovil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Mahamariamman_Temple,_Kuala_Lumpur" title="Sri Mahamariamman Temple, Kuala Lumpur">Sri Mahamariamman Temple</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">Perak</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arulmigu_Maha_Muthu_Mariamman_Thevasthanam" title="Arulmigu Maha Muthu Mariamman Thevasthanam">Arulmigu Maha Muthu Mariamman Thevasthanam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">Johor</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arulmigu_Sri_Rajakaliamman_Glass_Temple" title="Arulmigu Sri Rajakaliamman Glass Temple">Arulmigu Sri Rajakaliamman Glass Temple</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">Malacca</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Poyatha_Moorthi_Temple" title="Sri Poyatha Moorthi Temple">Sri Poyatha Moorthi Temple</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">Pahang</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Marathandavar_Bala_Dhandayuthapani_Alayam" title="Sri Marathandavar Bala Dhandayuthapani Alayam">Sri Marathandavar Bala Dhandayuthapani Alayam</a></li></ul> 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