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href="#Early_Christianity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Early Christianity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_Christianity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Following_the_Reformation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Following_the_Reformation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Following the Reformation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Following_the_Reformation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Points_of_dissent" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Points_of_dissent"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Points of dissent</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Points_of_dissent-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon 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href="#Matthew_26:39"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>Matthew 26:39</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Matthew_26:39-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-John_1:1" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#John_1:1"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2</span> <span>John 1:1</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-John_1:1-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-John_10:30" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#John_10:30"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.3</span> <span>John 10:30</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-John_10:30-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-John_10:33" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#John_10:33"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.4</span> <span>John 10:33</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-John_10:33-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-John_20:28–29" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#John_20:28–29"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.5</span> <span>John 20:28–29</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-John_20:28–29-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2_Corinthians_13:14" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2_Corinthians_13:14"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.6</span> <span>2 Corinthians 13:14</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2_Corinthians_13:14-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Philippians_2:5–6" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Philippians_2:5–6"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.7</span> <span>Philippians 2:5–6</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Philippians_2:5–6-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hebrews_9:14" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hebrews_9:14"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.8</span> <span>Hebrews 9:14</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hebrews_9:14-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Terminology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Terminology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Terminology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Terminology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Holy_Spirit" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Holy_Spirit"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Holy Spirit</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Holy_Spirit-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Unitarian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unitarian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.1</span> <span>Unitarian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unitarian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Binitarianism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Binitarianism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.2</span> <span>Binitarianism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Binitarianism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modalist_groups" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modalist_groups"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.3</span> <span>Modalist groups</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modalist_groups-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Latter-day_Saint_movement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Latter-day_Saint_movement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.4</span> <span>Latter-day Saint movement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Latter-day_Saint_movement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_groups" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_groups"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.5</span> <span>Other groups</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_groups-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relationship_with_mainstream_Christianity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relationship_with_mainstream_Christianity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Relationship with mainstream Christianity</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Relationship_with_mainstream_Christianity-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Relationship with mainstream Christianity subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Relationship_with_mainstream_Christianity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ecumenism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ecumenism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Ecumenism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ecumenism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Heresy_and_apostasy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Heresy_and_apostasy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Heresy and apostasy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Heresy_and_apostasy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Specific_groups'_relationships_with_Nicene_Christianity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Specific_groups'_relationships_with_Nicene_Christianity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Specific groups' relationships with Nicene Christianity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Specific_groups'_relationships_with_Nicene_Christianity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pentecostalism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pentecostalism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.1</span> <span>Pentecostalism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pentecostalism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mormonism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mormonism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.2</span> <span>Mormonism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mormonism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Inter-religious_dialogue_beyond_Christianity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inter-religious_dialogue_beyond_Christianity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Inter-religious dialogue beyond Christianity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inter-religious_dialogue_beyond_Christianity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arguments_for_the_pagan_origins_of_the_Trinity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arguments_for_the_pagan_origins_of_the_Trinity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Arguments for the pagan origins of the Trinity</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Arguments_for_the_pagan_origins_of_the_Trinity-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Arguments for the pagan origins of the Trinity subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Arguments_for_the_pagan_origins_of_the_Trinity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hellenic_influences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hellenic_influences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Hellenic influences</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hellenic_influences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Christian_groups_with_nontrinitarian_positions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Christian_groups_with_nontrinitarian_positions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Christian groups with nontrinitarian positions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Christian_groups_with_nontrinitarian_positions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Christian groups with nontrinitarian positions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Christian_groups_with_nontrinitarian_positions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_Christian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_Christian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Early Christian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_Christian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Unitarian_and_Universalism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unitarian_and_Universalism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Unitarian and Universalism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unitarian_and_Universalism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Latter_Day_Saints" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Latter_Day_Saints"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Latter Day Saints</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Latter_Day_Saints-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bible_Students_and_splinter_groups" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bible_Students_and_splinter_groups"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Bible Students and splinter groups</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bible_Students_and_splinter_groups-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sacred_Name_movement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sacred_Name_movement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.5</span> <span>Sacred Name movement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sacred_Name_movement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oneness_Protestant_groups" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oneness_Protestant_groups"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.6</span> <span>Oneness Protestant groups</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oneness_Protestant_groups-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_Wide_Church_of_God_splinter_groups" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_Wide_Church_of_God_splinter_groups"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.7</span> <span>World Wide Church of God splinter groups</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_Wide_Church_of_God_splinter_groups-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_religious_movements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_religious_movements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.8</span> <span>New religious movements</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_religious_movements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_Nontrinitarians" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_Nontrinitarians"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.9</span> <span>Other Nontrinitarians</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_Nontrinitarians-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Country-specific" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Country-specific"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.10</span> <span>Country-specific</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Country-specific-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-People" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#People"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>People</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-People-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Nontrinitarianism</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an 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Available in 44 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-44" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">44 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AB%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AB%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="لاثالوثية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="لاثالوثية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antitrinitarismu" title="Antitrinitarismu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Antitrinitarismu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6" title="অত্রিত্ববাদ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="অত্রিত্ববাদ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antitrinitarisme" title="Antitrinitarisme – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Antitrinitarisme" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antitrinit%C3%A1%C5%99stv%C3%AD" title="Antitrinitářství – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Antitrinitářství" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antitrinitarisme" title="Antitrinitarisme – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Antitrinitarisme" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antitrinitarier" title="Antitrinitarier – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Antitrinitarier" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B9%CF%84%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%B4%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%BF%CE%AF" title="Αντιτριαδικοί – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αντιτριαδικοί" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antitrinitarismo" title="Antitrinitarismo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Antitrinitarismo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kontra%C5%ADtriunuismo" title="Kontraŭtriunuismo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kontraŭtriunuismo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ez-trinitarianismo" title="Ez-trinitarianismo – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ez-trinitarianismo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%87%E2%80%8C%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="سه‌گانه‌ناباوری – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سه‌گانه‌ناباوری" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antitrinitarisme" title="Antitrinitarisme – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Antitrinitarisme" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antitrinitarismo" title="Antitrinitarismo – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Antitrinitarismo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B0%98%EC%82%BC%EC%9C%84%EC%9D%BC%EC%B2%B4%EB%A1%A0" title="반삼위일체론 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="반삼위일체론" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nontrinitarianisme" title="Nontrinitarianisme – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Nontrinitarianisme" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antitrinitarismo" title="Antitrinitarismo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Antitrinitarismo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%99-%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%96%D7%9D" title="אנטי-טריניטריזם – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אנטי-טריניטריזם" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wasiosadiki_Utatu" title="Wasiosadiki Utatu – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Wasiosadiki Utatu" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antitrinitarismus" title="Antitrinitarismus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Antitrinitarismus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antitrinitoriai" title="Antitrinitoriai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Antitrinitoriai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antitrinitarizmus" title="Antitrinitarizmus – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Antitrinitarizmus" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antitrinitarisma" title="Antitrinitarisma – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Antitrinitarisma" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%82" title="അത്രിത്വം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="അത്രിത്വം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antitrinitarisme" title="Antitrinitarisme – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Antitrinitarisme" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antitrinitarisme" title="Antitrinitarisme – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Antitrinitarisme" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antitrinitarisme" title="Antitrinitarisme – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Antitrinitarisme" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antitrinitarisme" title="Antitrinitarisme – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Antitrinitarisme" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antytrynitaryzm" title="Antytrynitaryzm – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Antytrynitaryzm" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antitrinitarismo" title="Antitrinitarismo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Antitrinitarismo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biserici_%C8%99i_cre%C8%99tini_antitrinitarieni" title="Biserici și creștini antitrinitarieni – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Biserici și creștini antitrinitarieni" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Антитринитаризм – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Антитринитаризм" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%AE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%8D%D2%95%D0%B8_%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B0%D1%87%D1%87%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Үстээҕи утарааччылар – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Үстээҕи утарааччылар" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nontrinitarianism" title="Nontrinitarianism – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Nontrinitarianism" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%95%D9%BE%DB%95%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="ناسیانەپەرستی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ناسیانەپەرستی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antitrinitarijanizam" title="Antitrinitarijanizam – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Antitrinitarijanizam" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antitrinitarijanizam" title="Antitrinitarijanizam – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Antitrinitarijanizam" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antitrinitianismi" title="Antitrinitianismi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Antitrinitianismi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antitrinitarism" title="Antitrinitarism – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Antitrinitarism" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi_Trinitarianismo" title="Hindi Trinitarianismo – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Hindi Trinitarianismo" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%88_(%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D)" title="திரித்துவம் இல்லாக் கொள்கை (கிறித்தவம்) – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="திரித்துவம் இல்லாக் கொள்கை (கிறித்தவம்)" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teslis%27in_reddi" title="Teslis'in reddi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Teslis'in reddi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%96%D1%97" title="Антитринітарії – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Антитринітарії" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9D%9E%E4%B8%89%E4%BD%8D%E4%B8%80%E9%AB%94%E6%B4%BE" title="非三位一體派 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="非三位一體派" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit 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class="sidebar-pretitle" style="background: #efefef">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Christianity" title="Category:Christianity">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background: #efefef"><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="mw-default-size notpageimage skin-invert" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Christian_cross" title="Principal symbol of Christianity"><img alt="Principal symbol of Christianity" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Christian_cross.svg/50px-Christian_cross.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Christian_cross.svg/75px-Christian_cross.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Christian_cross.svg/100px-Christian_cross.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="404" data-file-height="564" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #efefef;background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Christianity" title="Jesus in Christianity">Jesus</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Christ_(title)" title="Christ (title)">Christ</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus" title="Nativity of Jesus">Nativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_Jesus" title="Baptism of Jesus">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Jesus" title="Ministry of Jesus">Ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ascension_of_Jesus" title="Ascension of Jesus">Ascension</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #efefef;background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a></li><li>Foundations</li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">Gospel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Church" title="Christian Church">Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creed" title="Creed">Creed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Covenant" title="New Covenant">New Covenant</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #efefef;background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Christian_theology" title="Christian theology">Theology</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Christianity" title="God in Christianity">God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_the_Father_(Christianity)" class="mw-redirect" title="God the Father (Christianity)">Father</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Son_of_God_(Christianity)" title="Son of God (Christianity)">Son</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christianity" title="Holy Spirit in Christianity">Holy Spirit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_apologetics" title="Christian apologetics">Apologetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">Baptism</a></li> <li><a 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title="Crusades">Crusades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Luther</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #efefef;background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_denomination" title="Christian denomination">Denominations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_denominations" title="List of Christian denominations">(full list)</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Nicene_Christianity" title="Nicene Christianity">Nicene</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Catholic_Church" title="Old Catholic Church">Old Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Catholicism" title="Independent Catholicism">Independent Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sedevacantism" title="Sedevacantism">Sedevacantism</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Eastern Orthodox</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodoxy" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodoxy">Oriental Orthodox</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Church of the East</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adventism" title="Adventism">Adventist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anabaptism" title="Anabaptism">Anabaptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">Free Evangelical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moravian_Church" title="Moravian Church">Moravian [Hussite]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Brethren" title="Plymouth Brethren">Plymouth Brethren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quakers" title="Quakers">Quaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_Christianity" title="Reformed Christianity">Reformed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_and_uniting_churches" title="United and uniting churches">United Protestant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waldensians" title="Waldensians">Waldensian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nondenominational_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Nondenominational Christianity">Nondenominational Christianity</a></li></ul></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Restorationism" title="Restorationism">Restorationist</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christadelphians" title="Christadelphians">Christadelphians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iglesia_ni_Cristo" title="Iglesia ni Cristo">Iglesia ni Cristo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Apostolic_Church" title="Catholic Apostolic Church">Irvingians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="Latter Day Saint movement">Latter Day Saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Members_Church_of_God_International" title="Members Church of God International">Members Church of God International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_New_Church_(Swedenborgian)" title="The New Church (Swedenborgian)">The New Church (Swedenborgian)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Unitarian,_Universalist,_and_Unitarian_Universalist_churches" title="List of Unitarian, Universalist, and Unitarian Universalist churches">Unitarians and Universalists</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #efefef;background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/30px-P_christianity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/40px-P_christianity.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Christianity" title="Portal:Christianity">Christianity portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Christianity_sidebar" title="Template:Christianity sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Christianity_sidebar" title="Template talk:Christianity sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Christianity_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Christianity sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christian_theology" title="History of Christian theology">History of<br />Christian theology</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Malmesbury Abbey's 1407 Bible from Belgium"><img alt="Malmesbury Abbey's 1407 Bible from Belgium" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg/220px-Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg/330px-Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg/440px-Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1993" data-file-height="1300" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Background</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_theology" title="Christian theology">Christian theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversity_in_early_Christian_theology" title="Diversity in early Christian theology">Diversity in early Christian theology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adoptionism" title="Adoptionism">Adoptionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arianism" title="Arianism">Arianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Docetism" title="Docetism">Docetism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcionism" title="Marcionism">Marcionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montanism" title="Montanism">Montanism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-orthodox_Christianity" title="Proto-orthodox Christianity">Proto-orthodox Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Christianity" title="Timeline of Christianity">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity" title="History of Christianity">History of Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Christianity" title="Template:History of Christianity">Template:History of Christianity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_polity" title="Ecclesiastical polity">Ecclesiastical polity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinitarianism</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nontrinitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christology" title="Christology">Christology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paterology" title="Paterology">Paterology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pneumatology" title="Pneumatology">Pneumatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariology" title="Mariology">Mariology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Biblical canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deuterocanonical_books" title="Deuterocanonical books">Deuterocanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_hermeneutics" title="Biblical hermeneutics">Hermeneutics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theological_hermeneutics" title="Theological hermeneutics">Theological hermeneutics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_American_biblical_hermeneutics" title="African American biblical hermeneutics">African American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_American_biblical_hermeneutics" title="Asian American biblical hermeneutics">Asian American</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_theology" title="Philosophical theology">Philosophical theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_philosophy" title="Christian philosophy">Christian philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_apologetics" title="Christian apologetics">Christian apologetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christian_thought_on_persecution_and_tolerance" title="History of Christian thought on persecution and tolerance">Persecution and tolerance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_theology" title="Historical theology">Historical theology</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_creeds" title="Ecumenical creeds">Ecumenical Creeds</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostles%27_Creed" title="Apostles' Creed">Apostles'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicene_Creed" title="Nicene Creed">Nicene</a></li> <li><br /><a href="/wiki/Chalcedonian_Definition" title="Chalcedonian Definition">Chalcedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athanasian_Creed" title="Athanasian Creed">Athanasian</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Patristics" title="Patristics">Patristics</a> and <a href="/wiki/First_seven_ecumenical_councils" title="First seven ecumenical councils">Councils</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Church" title="Great Church">Great church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_ante-Nicene_period" title="Christianity in the ante-Nicene period">ante-Nicene period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church Fathers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Fathers" title="Apostolic Fathers">Apostolic Fathers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cappadocian_Fathers" title="Cappadocian Fathers">Cappadocian Fathers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desert_Fathers" title="Desert Fathers">Desert Fathers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desert_Mothers" title="Desert Mothers">Desert Mothers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine</a></li> <li><br /> <a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">Nicaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ephesus" title="Council of Ephesus">Ephesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon" title="Council of Chalcedon">Chalcedon</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Post-Nicene development</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heresy_in_Christianity" title="Heresy in Christianity">Heresy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monophysitism" title="Monophysitism">Monophysitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monothelitism" title="Monothelitism">Monothelitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Iconoclasm" title="Byzantine Iconoclasm">Byzantine Iconoclasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Gregory I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcuin" title="Alcuin">Alcuin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photios_I_of_Constantinople" title="Photios I of Constantinople">Photios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">East–West Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anselm_of_Canterbury" title="Anselm of Canterbury">Anselm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_Palamas" title="Gregory Palamas">Palamas</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theology_of_Martin_Luther" title="Theology of Martin Luther">Theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninety-five_Theses" title="Ninety-five Theses">95 Theses</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">John Calvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_Reformation" title="Radical Reformation">Radical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">Evangelicalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_theology" title="Evangelical theology">theology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_solae" title="Five solae">Five <i>solae</i></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Concord" title="Book of Concord">Book of Concord</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arminianism" title="Arminianism">Arminianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Reformation" title="English Reformation">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Counter-</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Trent" title="Council of Trent">Trent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jansenism" title="Jansenism">Jansenism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">From the Reformation to the World Wars</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natural_theology" title="Natural theology">Natural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Practical_theology" title="Practical theology">Practical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pietism" title="Pietism">Pietism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wesley" title="John Wesley">John Wesley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Awakening" title="Great Awakening">Great Awakenings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holiness_movement" title="Holiness movement">Holiness movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restoration_Movement" title="Restoration Movement">Restoration Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_existentialism" title="Christian existentialism">Existentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogmatic_theology" title="Dogmatic theology">Dogmatic theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamental_theology" title="Fundamental theology">Fundamental/foundational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Christianity" title="Liberal Christianity">Liberal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Secular_theology" title="Secular theology">Secular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernism_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Modernism in the Catholic Church">Catholic Modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Anglo-Catholicism" title="Liberal Anglo-Catholicism">Anglo-Catholic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theological_critical_realism" title="Theological critical realism">Critical realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_theology" title="Political theology">Political</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Since the World Wars</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council" title="Second Vatican Council">Vatican II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Situational_ethics" title="Situational ethics">Situational ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nouvelle_th%C3%A9ologie" title="Nouvelle théologie"><i>Nouvelle théologie</i> (<i>Ressourcement</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_God_theology" title="Death of God theology">Death of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postliberal_theology" title="Postliberal theology">Postliberal  •  Narrative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postmodern_theology" title="Postmodern theology">Continental philosophy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radical_orthodoxy" title="Radical orthodoxy">Radical orthodoxy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-orthodoxy" title="Neo-orthodoxy">Neo-orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-orthodoxy" title="Paleo-orthodoxy">Paleo-orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconciliation_theology" title="Reconciliation theology">Reconciliation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_theism" title="Open theism">Open theism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analytic_theology" title="Analytic theology">Analytic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Analytical_Thomism" title="Analytical Thomism">in Thomism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_atheism" title="Christian atheism">Atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theopoetics" title="Theopoetics">Theopoetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theology_of_religions" title="Theology of religions">of religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecumenism" title="Ecumenism">Ecumenism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_theology" title="Digital theology">Digital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmodernism" title="Transmodernism">Transmodernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constructive_theology" title="Constructive theology">Constructive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecotheology" title="Ecotheology">Eco-</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_theology" title="Environmental theology">Environmental</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_theology" title="Public theology">Public</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exotheology#Christianity" title="Exotheology">extraterrestrial life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Christianity" title="Progressive Christianity">Progressive Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moderate_Christianity" title="Moderate Christianity">Moderate Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Christianity" title="Conservative Christianity">Conservative Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emerging_church" title="Emerging church">Emerging church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confessing_Movement" title="Confessing Movement">Confessing Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_theology" title="Evangelical theology">Evangelical theology</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Contextual_theology" title="Contextual theology">Contextualisation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Inculturation" title="Inculturation">Inculturation</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_church_mission_theory" title="Indigenous church mission theory">Indigenous church mission theory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Christian_theology" title="Sino-Christian theology">Sino-Christian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_feminism" title="Christian feminism">Feminist</a> in the broader movement of <a href="/wiki/Feminist_theology" title="Feminist theology">Feminist theology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asian_feminist_theology" title="Asian feminist theology">Asian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Womanist_theology" title="Womanist theology">Womanist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_feminism" title="New feminism">New</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queer_theology" title="Queer theology">Queer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_theology" title="Liberation theology">Liberation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_theology" title="Black theology">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalit_theology" title="Dalit theology">Dalit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_American_liberation_theology" title="Latin American liberation theology">Latin American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minjung_theology" title="Minjung theology"><i>Minjung</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_liberation_theology" class="mw-redirect" title="Palestinian liberation theology">Palestinian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postcolonial_theology" title="Postcolonial theology">Postcolonial</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="background:#ddddff;"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/16px-P_christianity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/24px-P_christianity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/32px-P_christianity.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Christianity" title="Portal:Christianity">Christianity portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Christian_theology" title="Template:History of Christian theology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Christian_theology" title="Template talk:History of Christian theology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Christian_theology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Christian theology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Nontrinitarianism</b> is a form of <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> that rejects the orthodox <a href="/wiki/Christian_theology" title="Christian theology">Christian theology</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a>—the belief that <a href="/wiki/God_in_Christianity" title="God in Christianity">God</a> is three distinct <a href="/wiki/Hypostasis_(philosophy_and_religion)" title="Hypostasis (philosophy and religion)">hypostases</a> or <a href="/wiki/Person" title="Person">persons</a> who are coeternal, coequal, and indivisibly united in one being, or essence (from the Ancient Greek <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Ousia" title="Ousia">ousia</a></i></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Certain religious groups that emerged during the <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a> have historically been known as <b>antitrinitarian</b>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>According to churches that consider the decisions of <a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_council" title="Ecumenical council">ecumenical councils</a> final, trinitarianism was definitively declared to be Christian doctrine at the 4th-century ecumenical councils,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kelly_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kelly-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that of the <a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">First Council of Nicaea</a> (325), which declared the full divinity of the <a href="/wiki/God_the_Son" title="God the Son">Son</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Constantinople" title="First Council of Constantinople">First Council of Constantinople</a> (381), which declared the divinity of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_(Christianity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy Spirit (Christianity)">Holy Spirit</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In terms of number of adherents, nontrinitarian <a href="/wiki/Christian_denomination" title="Christian denomination">denominations</a> comprise a small minority of modern Christians. After the denominations in the <a href="/wiki/Oneness_Pentecostalism" title="Oneness Pentecostalism">Oneness Pentecostal</a> movement, the largest nontrinitarian Christian denominations are <a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a>, <span title="Spanish-language text"><span lang="es" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/La_Luz_del_Mundo" title="La Luz del Mundo">La Luz del Mundo</a></span></span>, and <span title="Tagalog-language text"><span lang="tl" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Iglesia_ni_Cristo" title="Iglesia ni Cristo">Iglesia ni Cristo</a></span></span>. There are a number of other smaller groups, including <a href="/wiki/Christadelphians" title="Christadelphians">Christadelphians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Blessed_Hope" title="Church of the Blessed Hope">Church of the Blessed Hope</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christian_Science" title="Christian Science">Christian Scientists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dawn_Bible_Students" class="mw-redirect" title="Dawn Bible Students">Dawn Bible Students</a>, <a href="/wiki/Living_Church_of_God" title="Living Church of God">Living Church of God</a>, <a href="/wiki/Assemblies_of_Yahweh" title="Assemblies of Yahweh">Assemblies of Yahweh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Members_Church_of_God_International" title="Members Church of God International">Members Church of God International</a>, <a href="/wiki/Unitarianism#Modern_Christian_Unitarian_organizations" title="Unitarianism">Unitarian Christians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Unitarian_Universalist_Christian_Fellowship" title="Unitarian Universalist Christian Fellowship">Unitarian Universalist Christians</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Way_International" title="The Way International">The Way International</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Church_of_God" title="Philadelphia Church of God">Philadelphia Church of God</a>, <a href="/wiki/Church_of_God_International_(United_States)" title="Church of God International (United States)">The Church of God International</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_Church_of_God" title="United Church of God">United Church of God</a>, <a href="/wiki/Church_of_God_General_Conference" title="Church of God General Conference">Church of God General Conference</a>, <a href="/wiki/Restored_Church_of_God" title="Restored Church of God">Restored Church of God</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christian_Disciples_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian Disciples Church">Christian Disciples Church</a>, and Church of God of the Faith of Abraham.<sup id="cite_ref-Halsey1988_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Halsey1988-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nontrinitarian views differ widely on the nature of <a href="/wiki/God_in_Christianity" title="God in Christianity">God</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christian_views_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian views of Jesus">Jesus</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit" title="Holy Spirit">Holy Spirit</a>. Various nontrinitarian philosophies, such as <a href="/wiki/Adoptionism" title="Adoptionism">adoptionism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Monarchianism" title="Monarchianism">monarchianism</a>, existed prior to the codification of the Trinity doctrine in AD 325, 381, and 431, at the Councils of <a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">Nicaea</a>, <a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Constantinople" title="First Council of Constantinople">Constantinople</a>, and <a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Ephesus" class="mw-redirect" title="First Council of Ephesus">Ephesus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nontrinitarianism was later renewed by <a href="/wiki/Cathars" class="mw-redirect" title="Cathars">Cathars</a> in the 11th through 13th centuries, in the <a href="/wiki/Unitarianism" title="Unitarianism">Unitarian</a> movement during the <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a> of the 18th<span class="nowrap"> </span>century, and in some groups arising during the <a href="/wiki/Second_Great_Awakening" title="Second Great Awakening">Second Great Awakening</a> of the 19th<span class="nowrap"> </span>century.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The doctrine of the Trinity, as held in mainstream Christianity, is not present in the other major monotheistic <a href="/wiki/Abrahamic_religions" title="Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic religions</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Beliefs">Beliefs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nontrinitarianism&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Beliefs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Nontrinitarianism" title="Special:EditPage/Nontrinitarianism">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2014</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="/wiki/Christian_apologetics" title="Christian apologetics">Christian apologists</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church Fathers</a> of the 2nd and 3rd centuries, having adopted and formulated the <a href="/wiki/Logos_(Christianity)" title="Logos (Christianity)">Logos</a> <a href="/wiki/Christology" title="Christology">Christology</a>, considered the <a href="/wiki/Son_of_God" title="Son of God">Son of God</a> as the instrument used by the supreme God, the Father, to bring the creation into existence. <a href="/wiki/Justin_Martyr" title="Justin Martyr">Justin Martyr</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theophilus_of_Antioch" title="Theophilus of Antioch">Theophilus of Antioch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hippolytus_of_Rome" title="Hippolytus of Rome">Hippolytus of Rome</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a> in particular state that the internal Logos of <a href="/wiki/God_in_Christianity" title="God in Christianity">God</a> (Gr. <i>Logos endiathetos</i>, Lat. <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">ratio</i></span>)—his impersonal divine reason—was begotten as Logos uttered (Gr. <i>Logos prophorikos</i>, Lat. <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">sermo, verbum</i></span>), the Word personified, becoming an actual person to be used for the purpose of creation.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i> (11th edition) states: "to some Christians the doctrine of the Trinity appeared inconsistent with the unity of God. ... they therefore denied it, and accepted Jesus Christ, not as incarnate God, but as God's highest creature by whom all else was created. ... [this] view in the early Church long contended with the orthodox doctrine."<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the Trinitarian view became the orthodox doctrine in mainstream Christianity, variations of the nontrinitarian view are still held by a relatively small number of Christian groups and denominations. </p><p>Various views exist regarding the relationships between the Father, Son, and <a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_(Christianity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy Spirit (Christianity)">Holy Spirit</a>. </p> <ul><li>Those who believe that <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a> is not Almighty God, nor absolutely equal to God, and not the co-eternal or co-equal with Father in everything, but was either God's subordinate Son and Servant, the highest Angel and Son of God that eventually became a perfect Man, God's true firstborn before ages, a perfect messenger sent from God, the greatest prophet of Israel, and the Jewish Messiah, or the perfect created human: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adoptionism" title="Adoptionism">Adoptionism</a> (2nd century AD) holds that Jesus became divine at his <a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">baptism</a> (sometimes associated with the <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Mark" title="Gospel of Mark">Gospel of Mark</a>) or at his <a href="/wiki/Resurrection" title="Resurrection">resurrection</a> (sometimes associated with <a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Saint Paul</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shepherd_of_Hermas" class="mw-redirect" title="Shepherd of Hermas">Shepherd of Hermas</a>);</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arianism" title="Arianism">Arianism</a> – <a href="/wiki/Arius" title="Arius">Arius</a> (AD c.<span class="nowrap"> </span>250 or 256–336) believed that the pre-existent <a href="/wiki/Son_of_God" title="Son of God">Son of God</a> was directly created by the Father, before all ages, and that he was subordinate to <a href="/wiki/God_the_Father" title="God the Father">God the Father</a>. Arius' position was that the Son was brought forth as the very first of God's creations, and that the Father later created all things through the Son. Arius taught that in the creation of the universe, the Father was the ultimate creator, supplying all the materials and directing the design, while the Son worked the materials, making all things at the bidding and in the service of God, by which "through [Christ] all things came into existence". Arianism became the dominant view in some regions in the time of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>, notably the <a href="/wiki/Visigoth" class="mw-redirect" title="Visigoth">Visigoths</a> until 589.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Third_Council_of_Sirmium" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Council of Sirmium">Third Council of Sirmium</a> in 357 was the high point of Arianism. The Seventh Arian Confession (Second Sirmium Confession) held that both <i>homoousios</i> (of one substance) and <i>homoiousios</i> (of similar substance) were unbiblical and that the Father is greater than the Son in all things, and that the Father alone is infinite and eternal, and that the Logos is God's true firstborn and subservient Son who was made perfect flesh for our sakes and for the glory of the Father (this confession was later known as the Blasphemy of Sirmium): "But since many persons are disturbed by questions concerning what is called in Latin <i>substantia</i>, but in Greek <i>ousia</i>, that is, to make it understood more exactly, as to 'coessential,' or what is called, 'like-in-essence,' there ought to be no mention of any of these at all, nor exposition of them in the Church, for this reason and for this consideration, that in divine Scripture nothing is written about them, and that they are above men's knowledge and above men's understanding";<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psilanthropism" class="mw-redirect" title="Psilanthropism">Psilanthropism</a> – <a href="/wiki/Ebionite" class="mw-redirect" title="Ebionite">Ebionites</a> (1st to 4th centuries AD) observed <a href="/wiki/Jewish_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish law">Jewish law</a>, denied the literal <a href="/wiki/Virgin_birth_of_Jesus" title="Virgin birth of Jesus">virgin birth</a> and regarded Jesus as the Jewish Messiah and the greatest prophet of God only;<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socinianism" title="Socinianism">Socinianism</a> – <a href="/wiki/Photinus" title="Photinus">Photinus</a> taught that Jesus was the sinless Messiah and redeemer, and the only perfect human son of God, but that he had no pre-human existence. They interpret verses such as <a href="/wiki/John_1:1" title="John 1:1">John 1:1</a> to refer to God's "plan" existing in God's mind before Christ's birth, and that it was God's plan that "became flesh", as the perfect man Jesus;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unitarianism" title="Unitarianism">Unitarianism</a> views Jesus as the son of God, subordinate and distinct from his Father;<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Many <a href="/wiki/Gnostic" class="mw-redirect" title="Gnostic">Gnostic</a> traditions held that the Christ is a heavenly <a href="/wiki/Aeon_(Gnosticism)" title="Aeon (Gnosticism)">Aeon</a> but not one with the Father.</li></ul></li> <li>Those who believe that the Father, the resurrected Son and the Holy Spirit are different aspects of one God, as perceived by the believer, rather than three distinct persons: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Modalism">Modalism</a> – <a href="/wiki/Sabellius" title="Sabellius">Sabellius</a> (fl. c.<span class="nowrap"> </span>215) stated that <a href="/wiki/God" title="God">God</a> took numerous forms in both the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Scriptures" class="mw-redirect" title="Hebrew Scriptures">Hebrew</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Christian_Greek_Scriptures" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian Greek Scriptures">Christian Greek Scriptures</a>, and that God has manifested himself in three primary <i>modes</i> regarding the <a href="/wiki/Salvation_in_Christianity" title="Salvation in Christianity">salvation of mankind</a>. He contended that "Father, Son, and Spirit" were different roles played by the same divine person in various circumstances in history;<sup id="cite_ref-Bernard_Oneness_and_Trinity_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bernard_Oneness_and_Trinity-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> thus God is <a href="/wiki/God_the_Father" title="God the Father">Father</a> in creation (God created a <a href="/wiki/God_the_Son" title="God the Son">Son</a> through the virgin birth), Son in <a href="/wiki/Redemption_(religious)" class="mw-redirect" title="Redemption (religious)">redemption</a> (God manifested himself as Jesus for the purpose of his death upon the cross), and Holy Spirit in regeneration (God's Spirit within the Son and within the souls of <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</a> believers). In this view, God is not three distinct persons, but rather one person manifesting himself in multiple ways.<sup id="cite_ref-Bernard_Oneness_and_Trinity_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bernard_Oneness_and_Trinity-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Trinitarians condemn this view as a heresy. The chief critic of <a href="/wiki/Sabellianism" title="Sabellianism">Sabellianism</a> was <a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a>, who labeled the movement "<a href="/wiki/Patripassianism" title="Patripassianism">Patripassianism</a>", from the Latin words <i>pater</i> for "father", and <i>passus</i> from the verb "to suffer", because it implied that the Father suffered on the cross. It was coined by Tertullian in his work <i>Adversus Praxeas</i>, Chapter<span class="nowrap"> </span>I: "By this Praxeas did a twofold service for the devil at Rome: he drove away prophecy, and he brought in heresy; he put to flight the <a href="/wiki/Paraclete" title="Paraclete">Paraclete</a>, and he crucified the Father." The term <a href="/wiki/Homoousion" title="Homoousion">homoousion</a> (<i><span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el">ὁμοούσιον</span></span></i>, literally <i>same being</i>) later adopted by the Trinitarian Nicene Council for its anti-Arian creed had previously been used by Sabellians.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li>Those who believe that Jesus Christ is Almighty God, but that the Father, Son, and Holy Spirit are actually three distinct almighty "Gods" with distinct natures, acting as one divine group, united in purpose: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tri-theism" class="mw-redirect" title="Tri-theism">Tri-theism</a> – <a href="/wiki/John_Philoponus" title="John Philoponus">John Philoponus</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Aristotelianism" title="Aristotelianism">Aristotelian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Monophysite" class="mw-redirect" title="Monophysite">monophysite</a> in Alexandria, in the middle of the 6th century, saw in the Trinity three separate natures, substances, and deities, according to the number of divine persons.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He sought to justify this view by the <a href="/wiki/Aristotelian_categories" class="mw-redirect" title="Aristotelian categories">Aristotelian categories</a> of <i>genus</i>, <i>species</i> and <i>individuum</i>. In the Middle Ages, <a href="/wiki/Roscellin_of_Compiegne" class="mw-redirect" title="Roscellin of Compiegne">Roscellin of Compiegne</a>, the founder of <a href="/wiki/Nominalism" title="Nominalism">Nominalism</a>, argued for three distinct almighty Gods, with three distinct natures, who were one in mind and purpose, existing together eternally, interacting together from times past, in perfect cooperation, acting together as one divine group or godhead over the universe, in creation and redemption. And that the Logos took on a subservient role, but was equal in power and eternity with the One called Father. Roscellin said, though, like Philoponus, that unless the three persons are <i>tres res</i> (three things with distinct natures), the whole Trinity must have been <a href="/wiki/Incarnate" class="mw-redirect" title="Incarnate">incarnate</a>. And therefore, since only the Logos was made flesh, the other two persons must have had distinct "natures", separate from the Logos, and so had to be separate and distinct Gods, though all three were one in divine work and plan and operation. In this view, they would be considered "three Gods in one Godhead". This notion was condemned by <a href="/wiki/St._Anselm" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Anselm">St. Anselm</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li>Those who believe that the Holy Spirit is not a person: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Binitarianism" title="Binitarianism">Binitarianism</a> – Adherents include those people through history who believed that God is only two co-equal and co-eternal persons, the Father and the Word, not three. They taught that the Holy Spirit is not a distinct person, but is the power or divine influence of the Father and Son, emanating out to the universe, in creation, and to believers;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dualistic_cosmology#In_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Dualistic cosmology">Dualism</a>;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcionism" title="Marcionism">Marcionism</a> – <a href="/wiki/Marcion_of_Sinope" title="Marcion of Sinope">Marcion</a> (AD c.<span class="nowrap"> </span>110–160) believed there were two deities, one of <a href="/wiki/Creator_deity" title="Creator deity">creation</a> and judgment (in the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a>) and one of redemption and mercy (in the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a>).</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_Christian_groups">Modern Christian groups</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nontrinitarianism&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Modern Christian groups"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christadelphians" title="Christadelphians">Christadelphians</a> hold the unitarian belief that although Jesus is the Son of God, this is only a relational title toward the Father who alone is truly God. Christ's personhood, therefore, is human, not divine,<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (believing this to be necessary in order to save humans from their sins<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). The "Holy Spirit" terminology in the Bible is interpreted as referring to God's impersonal power,<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or God's character/mind<sup id="cite_ref-TrinityTrueOrFalse_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TrinityTrueOrFalse-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (depending on the context).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_God_General_Conference_(Abrahamic_Faith)" class="mw-redirect" title="Church of God General Conference (Abrahamic Faith)">Church of God General Conference (Abrahamic Faith)</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Cooneyites" title="Cooneyites">Cooneyites</a> is a Christian sect that split from the <a href="/wiki/Two_by_Twos" title="Two by Twos">Two by Twos</a> in 1928 following <a href="/wiki/Edward_Cooney" title="Edward Cooney">Edward Cooney</a>'s excommunication from the main group; they deny the Living Witness Doctrine.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (May 2017)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><span title="Tagalog-language text"><span lang="tl" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Iglesia_ni_Cristo" title="Iglesia ni Cristo">Iglesia ni Cristo</a></span></span> (<a href="/wiki/Tagalog_language" title="Tagalog language">Tagalog</a> for <i>Church of Christ</i>) views Jesus as human but endowed by God with attributes not found in ordinary humans, though lacking attributes found in God. They contend that it is God's will to worship Jesus.<sup id="cite_ref-incfund_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-incfund-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> INC rejects the Trinity as heresy, adopting a version of unitarianism.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a> (and other <a href="/wiki/Bible_Student_movement" title="Bible Student movement">Bible Student movement</a> groups such as the Associated Bible Students<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-mostholyfaith_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mostholyfaith-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) teach that <a href="/wiki/God_the_Father" title="God the Father">God the Father</a> is uniquely Almighty God. They believe that Jesus is God's first and only direct creation, and that God is greater than Jesus. They contrast worship of God with relative "obeisance" (in the sense of <i>homage</i>, as to a king) to Jesus,<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and consider Jesus to be God's high priest and mediator for imperfect humans. They believe that Jesus is <a href="/wiki/Michael_(archangel)" title="Michael (archangel)">Michael the archangel</a> and the "<a href="/wiki/Angel_of_the_Lord" title="Angel of the Lord">Angel of the Lord</a>" of Exodus, and that he left heaven to be born as a perfect human, and then resumed his pre-human identity in heaven, but exalted to <a href="/wiki/Right_hand_of_God" title="Right hand of God">God's right hand</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They do not believe that the Holy Spirit is an actual person, but consider it to be God's divine active force.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</a> (LDS Church) teaches that the Father, Son, and Holy Spirit are distinct beings that are not united in substance, a view sometimes called <a href="/wiki/Social_trinity" class="mw-redirect" title="Social trinity">social trinitarianism</a>. They believe the three individual deities are "one" in will or purpose, as Jesus was "one" with his disciples, and that the Father, Son, and Holy Spirit constitute a single <a href="/wiki/God_in_Mormonism" title="God in Mormonism">godhead</a> united in purpose.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Latter-day Saints believe that Christ is the Firstborn of the Father,<sup id="cite_ref-eomchristfirstborn_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eomchristfirstborn-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that he is subordinate to God the Father (Matthew 26:39),<sup id="cite_ref-eomchristoverview_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eomchristoverview-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and that Christ created the universe.<sup id="cite_ref-eomchristoverview_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eomchristoverview-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-carmarianism_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-carmarianism-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Latter-day Saints do not subscribe to the ideas that Christ was unlike the Father in substance<sup id="cite_ref-eomfatheroverview_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eomfatheroverview-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and that the Father could not appear on earth,<sup id="cite_ref-eomfirstvision_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eomfirstvision-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or that Christ was adopted by the Father,<sup id="cite_ref-eomchristfirstborn_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eomchristfirstborn-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as presented in Arianism.<sup id="cite_ref-carmarianism_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-carmarianism-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ariancatholic_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ariancatholic-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Latter-day Saints assert that both God and the resurrected Christ have perfected glorified, physical bodies,<sup id="cite_ref-lds_gospel_principles_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lds_gospel_principles-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but do not otherwise classify deity in terms of substance. While Latter-day Saints regard God the Father as the supreme being and literal father of the spirits of all humankind, they also teach that Christ and the Holy Spirit are equally divine and that they share in the Father's "comprehension of all things".<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Members_Church_of_God_International" title="Members Church of God International">Members Church of God International</a> believes in the divinity of Christ but rejects the doctrine of Trinity.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oneness_Pentecostalism" title="Oneness Pentecostalism">Oneness Pentecostalism</a> is a subset of <a href="/wiki/Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostalism</a> that believes God is only one person, and that he manifests himself in different ways, faces, or "modes": "Father, Son, and Holy Spirit (or Holy Ghost) are different designations for the one God. God is the Father. God is the Holy Spirit. The Son is God manifest in flesh. The term Son always refers to the <a href="/wiki/Incarnation" title="Incarnation">Incarnation</a>, and never to deity apart from humanity."<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Oneness Pentecostals believe that Jesus was "Son" only when he became flesh on earth, but was the Father prior to being made human. They refer to the Father as the "Spirit" and the Son as the "Flesh". Oneness Pentecostals reject the Trinity doctrine, viewing it as pagan and unscriptural, and hold to the <a href="/wiki/Jesus%27_Name_doctrine" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesus' Name doctrine">Jesus' Name doctrine</a> with respect to baptisms. Oneness Pentecostals are often referred to as <a href="/wiki/Sabellianism" title="Sabellianism">"Modalists"</a> or <a href="/wiki/Sabellianism" title="Sabellianism">"Sabellians"</a> or "Jesus Only".<sup id="cite_ref-fp123-4_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fp123-4-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Denominations within the <a href="/wiki/Seventh-day_Sabbatarianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Seventh-day Sabbatarianism">Sabbatarian</a> tradition (<a href="/wiki/Armstrongism" title="Armstrongism">Armstrongism</a>) believe that Christ the Son and God the Father are co-eternal, but do not teach that the Holy Spirit is a being or person. Armstrong theology holds that God is a "Family" that expands eventually, that "God reproduces Himself", but that originally there was a co-eternal "Duality", God and the Word, rather than a "Trinity".</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedenborgianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Swedenborgianism">Swedenborgianism</a> holds that the Trinity exists in one person, the Lord God Jesus Christ. The Father, the being or soul of God, was born into the world and put on a body from <a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Mary</a>. Throughout his life, Jesus put away all human desires and tendencies until he was completely divine. After his resurrection, he influences the world through the Holy Spirit, which is his activity. In this view, Jesus Christ is the one God; the Father as to his soul, the Son as to his body, and the Holy Spirit as to his activity in the world. This view is very similar in many ways to Sabellianism, Modalism, Oneness, or Jesus Only beliefs.</li> <li>Numerous <a href="/wiki/Unitarianism#Modern_Christian_Unitarian_organizations" title="Unitarianism">Unitarian Christian organizations</a> exist around the world, the oldest of which is the <a href="/wiki/Unitarian_Church_of_Transylvania" title="Unitarian Church of Transylvania">Unitarian Church of Transylvania</a>. An <a href="/wiki/Umbrella_organization" title="Umbrella organization">umbrella organization</a> for these groups is the <a href="/wiki/International_Council_of_Unitarians_and_Universalists" title="International Council of Unitarians and Universalists">International Council of Unitarians and Universalists</a>, though only some members and affiliates of that body consider themselves exclusively or predominantly Christian. In the United States, "Unitarian" often refers to members and congregations within the <a href="/wiki/Unitarian_Universalist_Association" title="Unitarian Universalist Association">Unitarian Universalist Association</a> (UUA), a non-Christian group formed in 1961 from the merger of the <a href="/wiki/American_Unitarian_Association" title="American Unitarian Association">American Unitarian Association</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Universalist_Church_of_America" title="Universalist Church of America">Universalist Church of America</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though both of these predecessor groups were originally Christian, the UUA does not have a shared creed and does not identify as a Christian Unitarian organization.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nontrinitarianism&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christian_theology" title="History of Christian theology">History of<br />Christian theology</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Malmesbury Abbey's 1407 Bible from Belgium"><img alt="Malmesbury Abbey's 1407 Bible from Belgium" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg/220px-Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg/330px-Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg/440px-Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1993" data-file-height="1300" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Background</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_theology" title="Christian theology">Christian theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversity_in_early_Christian_theology" title="Diversity in early Christian theology">Diversity in early Christian theology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adoptionism" title="Adoptionism">Adoptionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arianism" title="Arianism">Arianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Docetism" title="Docetism">Docetism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcionism" title="Marcionism">Marcionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montanism" title="Montanism">Montanism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-orthodox_Christianity" title="Proto-orthodox Christianity">Proto-orthodox Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Christianity" title="Timeline of Christianity">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity" title="History of Christianity">History of Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Christianity" title="Template:History of Christianity">Template:History of Christianity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_polity" title="Ecclesiastical polity">Ecclesiastical polity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinitarianism</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nontrinitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christology" title="Christology">Christology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paterology" title="Paterology">Paterology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pneumatology" title="Pneumatology">Pneumatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariology" title="Mariology">Mariology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Biblical canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deuterocanonical_books" title="Deuterocanonical books">Deuterocanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_hermeneutics" title="Biblical hermeneutics">Hermeneutics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theological_hermeneutics" title="Theological hermeneutics">Theological hermeneutics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_American_biblical_hermeneutics" title="African American biblical hermeneutics">African American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_American_biblical_hermeneutics" title="Asian American biblical hermeneutics">Asian American</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_theology" title="Philosophical theology">Philosophical theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_philosophy" title="Christian philosophy">Christian philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_apologetics" title="Christian apologetics">Christian apologetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christian_thought_on_persecution_and_tolerance" title="History of Christian thought on persecution and tolerance">Persecution and tolerance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_theology" title="Historical theology">Historical theology</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_creeds" title="Ecumenical creeds">Ecumenical Creeds</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostles%27_Creed" title="Apostles' Creed">Apostles'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicene_Creed" title="Nicene Creed">Nicene</a></li> <li><br /><a href="/wiki/Chalcedonian_Definition" title="Chalcedonian Definition">Chalcedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athanasian_Creed" title="Athanasian Creed">Athanasian</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Patristics" title="Patristics">Patristics</a> and <a href="/wiki/First_seven_ecumenical_councils" title="First seven ecumenical councils">Councils</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Church" title="Great Church">Great church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_ante-Nicene_period" title="Christianity in the ante-Nicene period">ante-Nicene period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church Fathers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Fathers" title="Apostolic Fathers">Apostolic Fathers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cappadocian_Fathers" title="Cappadocian Fathers">Cappadocian Fathers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desert_Fathers" title="Desert Fathers">Desert Fathers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desert_Mothers" title="Desert Mothers">Desert Mothers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine</a></li> <li><br /> <a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">Nicaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ephesus" title="Council of Ephesus">Ephesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon" title="Council of Chalcedon">Chalcedon</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Post-Nicene development</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heresy_in_Christianity" title="Heresy in Christianity">Heresy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monophysitism" title="Monophysitism">Monophysitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monothelitism" title="Monothelitism">Monothelitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Iconoclasm" title="Byzantine Iconoclasm">Byzantine Iconoclasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Gregory I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcuin" title="Alcuin">Alcuin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photios_I_of_Constantinople" title="Photios I of Constantinople">Photios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">East–West Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anselm_of_Canterbury" title="Anselm of Canterbury">Anselm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_Palamas" title="Gregory Palamas">Palamas</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a 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title="Postcolonial theology">Postcolonial</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="background:#ddddff;"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/16px-P_christianity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/24px-P_christianity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/32px-P_christianity.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Christianity" title="Portal:Christianity">Christianity portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Christian_theology" title="Template:History of Christian theology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Christian_theology" title="Template talk:History of Christian theology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Christian_theology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Christian theology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Unitarianism" title="History of Unitarianism">History of Unitarianism</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_schisms_in_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="List of schisms in Christianity">List of schisms in Christianity</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_Christianity">Early Christianity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nontrinitarianism&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Early Christianity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Apostolic Age">Apostolic Age</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Caesaropapism" title="Caesaropapism">Caesaropapism</a></div><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nikea-arius.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Nikea-arius.png/170px-Nikea-arius.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Nikea-arius.png/255px-Nikea-arius.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Nikea-arius.png/340px-Nikea-arius.png 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">First Council of Nicaea</a> depicted with <a href="/wiki/Arius" title="Arius">Arius</a> beneath the feet of Emperor Constantine and the <a href="/wiki/Bishop" title="Bishop">bishops</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Although nontrinitarian beliefs continued and were dominant among some peoples—for example, the <a href="/wiki/Lombards" title="Lombards">Lombards</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ostrogoths" title="Ostrogoths">Ostrogoths</a>, <a href="/wiki/Visigoths" title="Visigoths">Visigoths</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vandals" title="Vandals">Vandals</a>—for hundreds of years, the Trinity doctrine eventually gained prominence in the Roman Empire. Nontrinitarians typically argue that early nontrinitarian beliefs, such as <a href="/wiki/Arianism" title="Arianism">Arianism</a>, were systematically suppressed (often to the point of death).<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the <a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">First Council of Nicaea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roman_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Emperor">Roman Emperor</a> <a href="/wiki/Constantine_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Constantine I">Constantine I</a> issued an <a href="/wiki/Edict" title="Edict">edict</a> against <a href="/wiki/Arius" title="Arius">Arius</a>' writings, which included systematic <a href="/wiki/Book_burning" title="Book burning">book burning</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-SaintConstantinesBookBurning_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SaintConstantinesBookBurning-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In spite of the decree, <a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine</a> ordered the readmission of Arius to the church, removed the bishops (including <a href="/wiki/Athanasius_of_Alexandria" title="Athanasius of Alexandria">Athanasius</a>) who upheld the teaching of Nicaea,<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> allowed Arianism to grow within the Empire and to spread to Germanic tribes on the frontier,<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was himself baptized by an Arian bishop, <a href="/wiki/Eusebius_of_Nicomedia" title="Eusebius of Nicomedia">Eusebius of Nicomedia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His successors as Christian emperors promoted Arianism, until <a href="/wiki/Theodosius_I" title="Theodosius I">Theodosius I</a> came to the throne in 379 and supported Nicene Christianity. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Easter_letter" title="Easter letter">Easter letter</a> that Athanasius issued in 367, when the Eastern Empire was ruled by the Arian Emperor <a href="/wiki/Valens" title="Valens">Valens</a>, specified the books that belong to the <a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a> and the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a>, together with seven other books to be read "for instruction in the word of godliness"; it also excluded what Athanasius called apocryphal writings, falsely presented as ancient.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Elaine_Pagels" title="Elaine Pagels">Elaine Pagels</a> writes: "In AD 367, <a href="/wiki/Athanasius" class="mw-redirect" title="Athanasius">Athanasius</a>, the zealous bishop of <a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a>... issued an Easter letter in which he demanded that <a href="/wiki/Coptic_Orthodox_Church_of_Alexandria" class="mw-redirect" title="Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria">Egyptian monks</a> destroy all such unacceptable writings, except for those he specifically listed as 'acceptable' even 'canonical'—a list that constitutes the present 'New Testament'".<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nontrinitarians see the <a href="/wiki/Nicene_Creed" title="Nicene Creed">Nicene Creed</a> and the results of the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon" title="Council of Chalcedon">Council of Chalcedon</a> as essentially political documents, resulting from the subordination of true doctrine to state interests by leaders of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a>, so that the church became, in their view, an extension of the Roman Empire. Nontrinitarians (both Modalists and Unitarians) assert that Athanasius and others at Nicaea adopted Greek Platonic philosophy and concepts, and incorporated them in their views of God and Christ.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The author <a href="/wiki/H._G._Wells" title="H. G. Wells">H. G. Wells</a>, later famous for his contribution to science-fiction, wrote in <a href="/wiki/The_Outline_of_History" title="The Outline of History">The Outline of History</a>: "We shall see presently how later on all <a href="/wiki/Christendom" title="Christendom">Christendom</a> was torn by disputes about the Trinity. There is no evidence that the apostles of Jesus ever heard of the Trinity, at any rate from him."<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The question of why such a central doctrine to the Christian faith would never have been explicitly stated in scripture or taught in detail by Jesus himself was sufficiently important to 16th century historical figures such as <a href="/wiki/Michael_Servetus" title="Michael Servetus">Michael Servetus</a> to lead them to argue the question. The <a href="/wiki/Michael_Servetus#Imprisonment_and_execution" title="Michael Servetus">Geneva City Council</a>, in accord with the judgment of the cantons of Zürich, Bern, Basel, and Schaffhausen, condemned Servetus to be burned at the stake for this and his opposition to infant baptism. </p><p>The <i>Encyclopædia of Religion and Ethics</i> describes the five stages that led to the formulation of the doctrine of the Trinity:<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li>The acceptance of the pre-human existence of Jesus as the (<a href="/wiki/Middle_Platonism" title="Middle Platonism">middle-platonic</a>) <a href="/wiki/Logos" title="Logos">Logos</a>, namely, as the medium between the transcendent sovereign God and the created cosmos. The doctrine of Logos was accepted by the Apologists and by other Fathers of the 2nd and 3rd centuries, such as <a href="/wiki/Justin_the_Martyr" class="mw-redirect" title="Justin the Martyr">Justin the Martyr</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hippolytus_of_Rome" title="Hippolytus of Rome">Hippolytus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ireneus" class="mw-redirect" title="Ireneus">Ireneus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Alexandria" title="Clement of Alexandria">Clement of Alexandria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lactantius" title="Lactantius">Lactantius</a>, and in the 4th century by <a href="/wiki/Arius" title="Arius">Arius</a>;</li> <li>The doctrine of the timeless generation of the Son from the Father as it was articulated by Origen in his effort to support the ontological <a href="/wiki/Immutability_(theology)" title="Immutability (theology)">immutability</a> of <a href="/wiki/God" title="God">God</a>, that he is ever-being a father and a creator. The doctrine of the timeless generation was adopted by <a href="/wiki/Athanasius_of_Alexandria" title="Athanasius of Alexandria">Athanasius of Alexandria</a>;</li> <li>The acceptance of the idea that the son of God is of the same transcendent nature (<i><a href="/wiki/Homoousian" class="mw-redirect" title="Homoousian">homoousios</a></i>) as his father. This position was declared in the <a href="/wiki/Nicene_Creed" title="Nicene Creed">Nicene Creed</a>, which specifically states the son of God is as immutable as his father;</li> <li>The acceptance that the Holy Spirit also has ontological equality as a third person in a divine Trinity and the final Trinitarian terminology by the teachings of the <a href="/wiki/Cappadocian_Fathers" title="Cappadocian Fathers">Cappadocian Fathers</a>;</li> <li>The addition of the <a href="/wiki/Filioque" title="Filioque">Filioque</a> to the Nicene Creed, as accepted by the Roman Catholic Church.</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Following_the_Reformation">Following the Reformation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nontrinitarianism&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Following the Reformation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b> with: information on other sects such as Mormonism and Jehovah's Witnesses. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nontrinitarianism&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2016</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>By 1530, following the <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/German_Peasants%27_War" title="German Peasants' War">German Peasants' War</a> of 1524–1525, large areas of Northern Europe were Protestant, and forms of nontrinitarianism began to surface among some "<a href="/wiki/Radical_Reformation" title="Radical Reformation">Radical Reformation</a>" groups, particularly <a href="/wiki/Anabaptist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anabaptist">Anabaptists</a>. The first recorded English antitrinitarian was <a href="/wiki/John_Assheton" title="John Assheton">John Assheton</a> (1548), an <a href="/wiki/Anglican" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglican">Anglican</a> priest. The Italian Anabaptist "<a href="/wiki/Council_of_Venice" title="Council of Venice">Council of Venice</a>" (1550) and the trial of <a href="/wiki/Michael_Servetus" title="Michael Servetus">Michael Servetus</a> (1553) marked the clear emergence of markedly antitrinitarian Protestants. Though the only organised nontrinitarian churches were the <a href="/wiki/Polish_Brethren" title="Polish Brethren">Polish Brethren</a> who split from the Calvinists (1565, expelled from Poland 1658), and the <a href="/wiki/Unitarian_Church_of_Transylvania" title="Unitarian Church of Transylvania">Unitarian Church of Transylvania</a> (founded 1568). <a href="/wiki/Nonconformist_(Protestantism)" title="Nonconformist (Protestantism)">Nonconformists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dissenter" title="Dissenter">Dissenters</a> and <a href="/wiki/Latitudinarian" title="Latitudinarian">Latitudinarians</a> in Britain were often <a href="/wiki/Arian" class="mw-redirect" title="Arian">Arians</a> or <a href="/wiki/Unitarianism" title="Unitarianism">Unitarians</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Doctrine_of_the_Trinity_Act_1813" title="Doctrine of the Trinity Act 1813">Doctrine of the Trinity Act 1813</a> allowed nontrinitarian worship in Britain. In America, Arian and Unitarian views were also found among some <a href="/wiki/Millennialist" class="mw-redirect" title="Millennialist">Millennialist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Adventism" title="Adventism">Adventist</a> groups, though the <a href="/wiki/American_Unitarian_Association" title="American Unitarian Association">Unitarian Church</a> itself began to decline in numbers and influence after the 1870s.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Points_of_dissent">Points of dissent</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nontrinitarianism&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Points of dissent"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nontrinitarian Christians with Arian or Semi-Arian views contend that the weight of scriptural evidence supports <a href="/wiki/Subordinationism" title="Subordinationism">Subordinationism</a>, the Son's total submission to the Father, and God's paternal supremacy over the Son in every aspect. They acknowledge the Son's high rank at <a href="/wiki/Right_hand_of_God" title="Right hand of God">God's right hand</a>, but teach that the Father is still greater than the Son in all things. </p><p>While acknowledging that the Father, Son, and Spirit are essential in creation and salvation, they argue that that in itself does not confirm that the three are each co-equal or co-eternal. They also affirm that God is only explicitly identified as "one" in the Bible, and that the doctrine of the Trinity, which word literally meaning <i>a set of three</i>, ascribes a co-equal threeness to the being of the infinite God that is not explicitly scriptural. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scriptural_support">Scriptural support</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nontrinitarianism&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Scriptural support"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Over-quotation plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>contains <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style#Quotations" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style">too many or overly lengthy quotations</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nontrinitarianism&action=edit">summarize the quotations</a>. Consider transferring direct quotations to <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Nontrinitarianism" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Nontrinitarianism">Wikiquote</a> or excerpts to <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Nontrinitarianism" class="extiw" title="s:Special:Search/Nontrinitarianism">Wikisource</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2024</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Critics of the Trinity doctrine argue that, for a teaching described as fundamental, it lacks direct scriptural support. Proponents of the doctrine assert that although the doctrine is not stated directly in the New Testament, it is instead an interpretation of elements contained therein that imply the doctrine that was later formulated in the 4th century. </p><p><a href="/wiki/William_Barclay_(theologian)" title="William Barclay (theologian)">William Barclay</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Scotland" title="Church of Scotland">Church of Scotland</a> minister, stated that: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>It is important and helpful to remember that the word Trinity is not itself a New Testament word. It is even true in at least one sense to say that the doctrine of the Trinity is not directly New Testament doctrine. It is rather a deduction from and an interpretation of the thought and the language of the New Testament.<sup id="cite_ref-Barclay_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barclay-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The <i>New Catholic Encyclopedia</i> states: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The doctrine of the Holy Trinity is not taught [explicitly] in the [Old Testament]<span class="nowrap"> </span>[...] The formulation 'one God in three Persons' was not solidly established [by a council]<span class="nowrap"> </span>[...] prior to the end of the 4th century.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Similarly, <i>Encyclopedia Encarta</i> states: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The doctrine is not taught explicitly in the New Testament, where the word God almost invariably refers to the Father.<span class="nowrap"> </span>[...] The term <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">trinitas</i></span> was first used in the 2nd century, by the Latin theologian Tertullian, but the concept was developed in the course of the debates on the nature of Christ<span class="nowrap"> </span>[...] In the 4th century, the doctrine was finally formulated.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p><i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i> says: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Neither the word Trinity nor the explicit doctrine appears in the New Testament, nor did Jesus and his followers intend to contradict the <a href="/wiki/Shema_Yisrael" class="mw-redirect" title="Shema Yisrael">Shema</a> in the Old Testament: "Hear, O Israel: The Lord our God is one Lord" (Deuteronomy 6:4).<span class="nowrap"> </span>[...] The doctrine developed gradually over several centuries and through many controversies.<span class="nowrap"> </span>[...] by the end of the 4th century, under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Basil_of_Caesarea" title="Basil of Caesarea">Basil of Caesarea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Nyssa" title="Gregory of Nyssa">Gregory of Nyssa</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Nazianzus" title="Gregory of Nazianzus">Gregory of Nazianzus</a> (the Cappadocian Fathers), the doctrine of the Trinity took substantially the form it has maintained ever since.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Anchor_Bible_Dictionary" class="mw-redirect" title="Anchor Bible Dictionary">Anchor Bible Dictionary</a></i> states: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>One does not find in the NT the trinitarian paradox of the coexistence of the Father, Son, and Spirit within a divine unity.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Catholic historian Joseph F. Kelly, speaking of legitimate theological development, writes: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The Bible may not use the word 'Trinity', but it refers to God the Father frequently; the <i>Gospel of John</i> emphasized the divinity of the Son; several New Testament books treat the Holy Spirit as divine. The ancient theologians did not violate biblical teaching but sought to develop its implications.<span class="nowrap"> </span>[...] [Arius'] potent arguments forced other Christians to refine their thinking about the Trinity. At two ecumenical councils, Nicea I in 325 and Constantinople I in 381, the church at large defined the Trinity in the way now so familiar to us from the Nicene Creed. This exemplifies development of doctrine at its best. The Bible may not use the word 'Trinity', but trinitarian theology does not go against the Bible. On the contrary, Catholics believe that trinitarianism has carefully developed a biblical teaching for later generations.<sup id="cite_ref-Kelly_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kelly-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Questions_about_co-equal_deity_of_Jesus">Questions about co-equal deity of Jesus</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nontrinitarianism&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Questions about co-equal deity of Jesus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>American Catholic priest and Trinitarian, R.E. Brown (1928–1988), wrote a journal article<sup id="cite_ref-Brown-1965-12_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brown-1965-12-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that sorted relevant biblical verses into three classes. He described the following block as "texts that seem to imply that the title 'God' was not used for Jesus" and are "negative evidence which is often somewhat neglected in Catholic treatments of the subject":<sup id="cite_ref-Brown-1965-12_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brown-1965-12-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Mark%2010:18&version=nrsv">Mark 10:18</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Matthew%2027:46&version=nrsv">Matthew 27:46</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=John%2020:17&version=nrsv">John 20:17</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Ephesians%201:17&version=nrsv">Ephesians 1:17</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:2%20Corinthians%201:3">2 Corinthians 1:3</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:1%20Peter%201:3">1 Peter 1:3</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=John%2017:3&version=nrsv">John 17:3</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:1%20Corinthians%208:6">1 Corinthians 8:6</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Ephesians%204:4–6&version=nrsv">Ephesians 4:4–6</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:1%20Corinthians%2012:4–6">1 Corinthians 12:4–6</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:2%20Corinthians%2013:14">2 Corinthians 13:14</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:1%20Timothy%202:5">1 Timothy 2:5</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=John%2014:28&version=nrsv">John 14:28</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Mark%2013:32&version=nrsv">Mark 13:32</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Philippians%202:5–10&version=nrsv">Philippians 2:5–10</a>, and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:1%20Corinthians%2015:24–28">1 Corinthians 15:24–28</a>;</li></ul> <p>he lists these as "texts where, by reason of textual variants or syntax, the use of 'God' for Jesus is dubious":<sup id="cite_ref-Brown-1965-12_65-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brown-1965-12-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Galatians%202:20&version=nrsv">Gal 2:20</a>, <a href="/wiki/Acts_20:28" class="mw-redirect" title="Acts 20:28">Acts 20:28</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=John%201:18&version=nrsv">John 1:18</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Colossians%202:2&version=nrsv">Colossians 2:2</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=2%20Thessalonians%201:12&version=nrsv">2 Thessalonians 1:12</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20John%205:20&version=nrsv">1John 5:20</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Romans%209:5&version=nrsv">Romans 9:5</a>, and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=2%20Peter%201:1&version=nrsv">2 Peter 1:1</a>;</li></ul> <p>and only finds the following three as "texts where clearly Jesus is called God":<sup id="cite_ref-Brown-1965-12_65-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brown-1965-12-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Hebrews%201:8–9&version=nrsv">Hebrews 1:8–9</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_1:1" title="John 1:1">John 1:1</a>, and <a href="/wiki/John_20:28" title="John 20:28">John 20:28</a>.</li></ul> <p>The Septuagint translate <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1241449095">.mw-parser-output .script-hebrew,.mw-parser-output .script-Hebr{font-family:"Ezra SIL SR","Ezra SIL","SBL Hebrew","Taamey Frank CLM","SBL BibLit","Taamey Ashkenaz","Frank Ruehl CLM","Keter Aram Tsova","Taamey David CLM","Keter YG","Shofar","David CLM","Hadasim CLM","Simple CLM","Nachlieli",Cardo,Alef,"Noto Serif Hebrew","Noto Sans Hebrew","David Libre",David,"Times New Roman",Gisha,Arial,FreeSerif,FreeSans}</style><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">אלוהים</span>‎ (Elohim) as θεος (Theos).<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At Deuteronomy 6:4 (the <i><a href="/wiki/Shema_Yisrael" class="mw-redirect" title="Shema Yisrael">Shema Yisrael</a></i>, quoted by Jesus at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Mark%2012:29&version=nrsv">Mark 12:29</a>), the <a href="/wiki/Royal_we" title="Royal we">plural form</a> of the Hebrew word "God" (<i><a href="/wiki/Names_of_God_in_Judaism#Elohim" title="Names of God in Judaism">Elohim</a></i>) is used, generally understood to denote majesty, excellence, and the superlative.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has been stated that in the original Greek in Mark 12:29, there are no "plural modifiers" in that Greek word there for "one" (<i>heis</i>), but that in Mark 12 it is simply a masculine singular "one". And that because of that, there is no valid reason to believe that the Hebrew word for "one" in Deuteronomy 6 (<i>echad</i>) was necessarily a "plural one", rather than just simply numerical "one".<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At Deuteronomy 6:4, the <a href="/wiki/Tetragrammaton" title="Tetragrammaton">Tetragrammaton</a> appears twice in this verse, leading Jehovah's Witnesses and certain Jewish scholars to conclude that belief in a singular (and therefore indivisible) supremely powerful God is essential to the <i><a href="/wiki/Shema_Yisrael" class="mw-redirect" title="Shema Yisrael">Shema</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Matthew_26:39">Matthew 26:39</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nontrinitarianism&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Matthew 26:39"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Matthew#26:39" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Matthew">Matthew 26:39</a> Jesus prays with a distinction between God and himself, "O my Father, if it be possible, let this cup pass from me: nevertheless not as I will, but as thou wilt.". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="John_1:1">John 1:1</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nontrinitarianism&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: John 1:1"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/John_1:1" title="John 1:1">John 1:1</a> there is a distinction between God and the Logos. Non-trinitarians claim a mistranslation of the second part of John 1:1 which, when literally translated word-for-word reads "and the word [logos] was with the God [ho theos]." Trinitarians contend that the third part of the verse (John 1:1c) translates as "and the Word was God", pointing to a distinction as subjects between God and the Logos but an equivalence in nature.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some nontrinitarians assert that the <a href="/wiki/Koine" class="mw-redirect" title="Koine">Koine</a> Greek (<i>kai theos ên ho logos</i>) should be translated as "and a God was the Word" (or "and the Word was a god"). Based on their contention that the <a href="/wiki/Article_(grammar)" title="Article (grammar)">article</a> of <i>theos</i> is <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/anarthrous" class="extiw" title="wikt:anarthrous">anarthrous</a>, lacking a definite article, they believe the verse refers to Jesus' pre-human existence as "a god" or a divine one as distinct from "the God". Nontrinitarians also contend that the author of John's gospel could have written <i>kai ho theos ên ho logos</i> ("and the Word was the God") if that were his intended meaning.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kaiser_-_Doctrine_of_God_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kaiser_-_Doctrine_of_God-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="John_10:30">John 10:30</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nontrinitarianism&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: John 10:30"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=John%2010:30&version=nrsv">John 10:30</a> – Nontrinitarians such as Arians believe that when Jesus said, "I and the Father are one," he did not mean that they were actually "one substance", or "one God", or co-equal and co-eternal, but rather that he and the Father have a "unity of purpose", and that the context indicates that Jesus was saying that they were "one" in <i>pastoral work</i>. The point being that the Father and the Son were united in the divine work of saving the 'sheep'. Nontrinitarian Christians also cite <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=John%2017:21&version=nrsv">John 17:21</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-WTBTS_should_you_believe_trinity_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WTBTS_should_you_believe_trinity-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> wherein Jesus prayed regarding his disciples: "That they may all be one, as you, Father, are in me, and I in you, that they may be in us," adding "that they may be one even as we are one". They argue that the same Greek word (<i>hen</i>) for "one" throughout John 17 indicates that Jesus did not expect for his followers to literally become a single Being, or "one in substance", with each other, or with God, and therefore that Jesus also did not expect his hearers to think that he and God the Father were one entity either.<sup id="cite_ref-WTBTS_should_you_believe_trinity_77-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WTBTS_should_you_believe_trinity-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="John_10:33">John 10:33</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nontrinitarianism&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: John 10:33"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While Trinitarians often use <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=john+10%3A33&version=KJV">John 10:33</a> as proof for the divinity of Jesus, unitarian critics argue that the Pharisees accusing Jesus of making himself God shouldn't be the center of attention, when reading this passage. Instead, they emphasize that Jesus' response to the accusations in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=john+10%3A34-36&version=KJV">John 10:34-36</a> is of much greater concern. In fact, he refuses to be God but instead claims to be the son of God and makes a direct reference to <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Psalms+82%3A6&version=KJV">Psalms 82:6</a> in which God calls his children Gods without taking away from his own glory.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="John_20:28–29"><span id="John_20:28.E2.80.9329"></span>John 20:28–29</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nontrinitarianism&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: John 20:28–29"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/John_20:28" title="John 20:28">John 20:28</a><a href="/wiki/John_20:29" title="John 20:29">–29</a> – "And Thomas answered and said to Him, "My Lord and my God!" Jesus said to him, "Thomas, because you have seen Me, you have believed. Blessed are those who have not seen and yet have believed"". Since Thomas called Jesus <i>God</i>, Jesus's statement appears to endorse Thomas's assertion. Nontrinitarians sometimes respond that it is plausible that Thomas is addressing the Lord Jesus and then the Father.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Another possible answer is that Jesus himself said, "Is it not written in your law, I said, Ye are gods?" (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=John%2010:34&version=nrsv">John 10:34</a>) referring to Psalm 82:6–8.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The word "gods" in verse<span class="nowrap"> </span>6 and "God" in verse<span class="nowrap"> </span>8 is the same Hebrew word "'elohim",<sup id="cite_ref-biblicalheritage.org_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-biblicalheritage.org-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which means, "gods in the ordinary sense; but specifically used (in the plural thus, especially with the article) of the supreme God; occasionally applied by way of deference to magistrates; and sometimes as a superlative",<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and can also refer to powers and potentates, in general, or as "God, god, gods, rulers, judges or angels",<sup id="cite_ref-biblicalheritage.org_79-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-biblicalheritage.org-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and as "divine ones, goddess, godlike one".<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Therefore, the point being that Jesus was a power or mighty one to the Apostles, as the resurrected Messiah, and as the reflection of God the Father. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2_Corinthians_13:14">2 Corinthians 13:14</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nontrinitarianism&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: 2 Corinthians 13:14"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/2_Corinthians_13:14" class="mw-redirect" title="2 Corinthians 13:14">2 Corinthians 13:14</a> – "The Grace of the Lord Jesus Christ and the love of God and the sharing in the Holy Spirit be with all of you." It is argued by Trinitarians that the appearance of "Father, Son, and Spirit" together in Paul's prayer for Grace on all believers, and are considered essential for salvation, that the verse is consistent with a triune godhead. Nontrinitarians such as Arians reply<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> that they do not disagree that all three are necessary for salvation and grace, but argue that the passage does not explicitly say that all three are co-equal or co-eternal.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on an unreliable source. (May 2017)">unreliable source?</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Philippians_2:5–6"><span id="Philippians_2:5.E2.80.936"></span>Philippians 2:5–6</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nontrinitarianism&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Philippians 2:5–6"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Philippians_2:5" class="mw-redirect" title="Philippians 2:5">Philippians 2:5</a><a href="/wiki/Philippians_2:6" class="mw-redirect" title="Philippians 2:6">–6</a> – "Have this mind among yourselves, which is yours in Christ Jesus, [or "which was also in Christ Jesus",] who, though he was in the form of God, did not count equality with God a thing to be grasped" (ESV). The word translated in the <a href="/wiki/English_Standard_Version" title="English Standard Version">English Standard Version</a> as "a thing to be grasped" is ἁρπαγμόν. Other translations of the word are indicated in the <a href="/wiki/Holman_Christian_Standard_Bible" title="Holman Christian Standard Bible">Holman Christian Standard Bible</a>: "Make your own attitude that of Christ Jesus, who, existing in the form of God, did not consider equality with God as something to be used for His own advantage" [or "to be grasped", or "to be held on to"].<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/King_James_Version" title="King James Version">King James Version</a> has: "Let this mind be in you, which was also in Christ Jesus: Who, being in the form of God, thought it not robbery to be equal with God."<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nontrinitarians make the argument that the passage is simply saying that Christ did not consider equality with God something graspable, and that better English translations make it clearer.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another point is that the original Greek had no definite article for "form of God", which would mean "a form of divinity", and also that the term "morphe" for "form" in Koine Greek would simply mean a general external quality or station, but not necessarily the absolute thing itself, and therefore they argue that the passage does not explicitly teach either co-equality, co-eternity, or consubstantiality.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hebrews_9:14">Hebrews 9:14</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nontrinitarianism&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Hebrews 9:14"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Hebrews%209:14&version=nrsv">Hebrews 9:14</a> – "How much more will the Blood of Christ, who through an eternal Spirit, offered himself without blemish to God, cleanse our consciences from dead works, that we may render sacred service to the living God?" Most nontrinitarians agree<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> that the Holy Spirit had no beginning, but believe it is not an actual person. Nontrinitarians contend that it is obvious that God the Father in the passage is the One who is ultimately reached, and therefore is greater than the other two entities, and that a "co-equal trinity" is not explicitly taught in the passage, but only inferred.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Terminology">Terminology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nontrinitarianism&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Terminology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Nontrinitarianism" title="Special:EditPage/Nontrinitarianism">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2010</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>"The term 'Trinity' is not in the Bible",<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and some nontrinitarians use this as an argument to state<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> that the doctrine of the Trinity relies on non-biblical terminology, and that the number three is never clearly associated with God necessarily, other than within the <a href="/wiki/Comma_Johanneum" class="mw-redirect" title="Comma Johanneum">Comma Johanneum</a> which is of spurious or disputed authenticity. They argue<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> that the only number clearly unambiguously ascribed to God in the Bible is one, and that the Trinity, literally meaning three-in-one, ascribes a co-equal threeness to God that is not explicitly biblical. </p><p>Nontrinitarians cite other examples<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> of terms or phrases not found in the Bible; multiple "persons" in relation to God, the terms "<a href="/wiki/God_the_Son" title="God the Son">God the Son</a>", "<a href="/wiki/God-man_(Christianity)" title="God-man (Christianity)">God-Man</a>", "<a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_(Christianity)#God_the_Holy_Spirit" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy Spirit (Christianity)">God the Holy Spirit</a>", "<a href="/wiki/God_the_Son" title="God the Son">eternal Son</a>", and "<a href="/wiki/Trinity#Eternal_generation_and_procession" title="Trinity">eternally begotten</a>". While the Trinitarian term <a href="/wiki/Hypostasis_(religion)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypostasis (religion)">hypostasis</a> is found in the Bible, it is used only once in reference to God<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where it states that Jesus is the express image of God's person. The Bible does not explicitly use the term in relation to the Holy Spirit nor explicitly mentions the Son having a distinct hypostasis from the Father.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">First Council of Nicaea</a> included in its Creed the major term <i><a href="/wiki/Homoousios" class="mw-redirect" title="Homoousios">homoousios</a></i> (of the same essence), which was used also by the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon" title="Council of Chalcedon">Council of Chalcedon</a> to speak of a double <a href="/wiki/Consubstantiality" title="Consubstantiality">consubstantiality</a> of Christ, "consubstantial with the Father as touching his Godhead, and consubstantial with us as touching his manhood".<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nontrinitarians accept what Pier Franco Beatrice wrote: "The main thesis of this paper is that <i>homoousios</i> came straight from <a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine's</a> <a href="/wiki/Hermeticism" title="Hermeticism">Hermetic</a> background. ... The Plato recalled by Constantine is just a name used to cover precisely the Egyptian and Hermetic theology of the "consubstantiality" of the Logos-Son with the Nous-Father, having recourse to a traditional apologetic argument. In the years of the outbreak of the Arian controversy, <a href="/wiki/Lactantius" title="Lactantius">Lactantius</a> might have played a decisive role in influencing Constantine's Hermetic interpretation of Plato's theology and consequently the emperor's decision to insert <i>homoousios</i> in the <a href="/wiki/Nicene_Creed" title="Nicene Creed">Creed of Nicaea</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Trinitarians see the absence of the actual word "Trinity" and other Trinity-related terms in the Bible as no more significant than the absence in the Bible of the words "monotheism", "omnipotence", "oneness", "Pentecostal", "apostolic", "incarnation" and even "Bible" itself.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They maintain that, 'while the word <i>Trinity</i> is not in the Bible, the substance or drift of the doctrine is definitely biblical, if not explicitly than at least implicitly.'<sup id="cite_ref-Kelly_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kelly-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Barclay_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barclay-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Holy_Spirit">Holy Spirit</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nontrinitarianism&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Holy Spirit"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For uses of this term in other religions, see <a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit" title="Holy Spirit">Holy Spirit</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_(Christian_denominational_variations)" title="Holy Spirit (Christian denominational variations)">Holy Spirit (Christian denominational variations)</a></div> <p>Nontrinitarian views about the Holy Spirit differ from mainstream Christian doctrine and generally fall into several distinct categories. Most scriptures traditionally used in support of the Trinity refer to the <a href="/wiki/God_the_Father" title="God the Father">Father</a> and the Son, but not to the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit" title="Holy Spirit">Holy Spirit</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Unitarian">Unitarian</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nontrinitarianism&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Unitarian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Groups with <a href="/wiki/Unitarianism" title="Unitarianism">Unitarian</a> theology such as Polish <a href="/wiki/Socinians" class="mw-redirect" title="Socinians">Socinians</a>, the 18th–19th-century <a href="/wiki/General_Assembly_of_Unitarian_and_Free_Christian_Churches" title="General Assembly of Unitarian and Free Christian Churches">Unitarian Church</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christadelphians" title="Christadelphians">Christadelphians</a> consider the Holy Spirit to be an aspect of God's power rather than a person.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Christadelphians believe that the phrase <i>Holy Spirit</i> refers to God's power or character, depending on the context.<sup id="cite_ref-TrinityTrueOrFalse_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TrinityTrueOrFalse-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, <a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a> believe that the Holy Spirit is not an actual person but is God's "active force" that he uses to accomplish his will.<sup id="cite_ref-Awake!_Is_the_Holy_Spirit_a_Person?_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Awake!_Is_the_Holy_Spirit_a_Person?-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Binitarianism">Binitarianism</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nontrinitarianism&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Binitarianism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Groups with <a href="/wiki/Binitarianism" title="Binitarianism">Binitarian</a> theology, such as <a href="/wiki/Armstrongism" title="Armstrongism">Armstrongites</a>, believe that the Logos and God the Father are co-equal and co-eternal, but they do not believe that the Holy Spirit is an actual person, like the Father and the Son. They believe the Holy Spirit is the Power, Mind, or Character of God, depending on the context. They teach, "The Holy Spirit is the very essence, the mind, life and power of God. It is not a Being. The Spirit is inherent in the Father and the Son, and <a href="/wiki/Emanationism" title="Emanationism">emanates</a> from Them throughout the entire universe."<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Modalist_groups">Modalist groups</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nontrinitarianism&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Modalist groups"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Oneness_Pentecostalism" title="Oneness Pentecostalism">Oneness Pentecostalism</a>, as with other <a href="/wiki/Sabellianism" title="Sabellianism">modalist</a> groups, teach that the Holy Spirit is a <i>mode</i> of God, rather than a distinct or separate person in the godhead, and that the Holy Spirit is another name for God the Father. According to Oneness theology, the Holy Spirit is the Father operating in a certain capacity or manifestation. The United Pentecostal Church teaches that there is no personal distinction between God the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-basic.doctrine.list.father.is.holy.ghost_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-basic.doctrine.list.father.is.holy.ghost-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The two titles "Father" and "Holy Spirit" (as well as others) are said to not reflect separate "persons" within the Godhead, but rather two different ways in which the one God reveals himself to his creatures. The Oneness view of Bible verses that mention God and his Spirit (e.g. Isaiah 48:16) is that they do not imply two "persons" any more than various scriptural references to a man and his spirit or soul (such as in Luke 12:19) imply two "persons" existing within one body.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on an unreliable source. (May 2017)">unreliable source?</span></a></i>]</sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged May 2017">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Latter-day_Saint_movement">Latter-day Saint movement</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nontrinitarianism&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Latter-day Saint movement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_(Christian_denominational_variations)#Latter_Day_Saints" title="Holy Spirit (Christian denominational variations)">Holy Spirit in Mormonism</a> and <a href="/wiki/God_in_Mormonism" title="God in Mormonism">God in Mormonism</a></div> <p>In the LDS Church, the Holy Ghost (usually synonymous with Holy Spirit)<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is considered to be the third distinct member of the <a href="/wiki/Godhead_(Mormonism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Godhead (Mormonism)">Godhead</a> (Father, Son and Holy Ghost),<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and to have a body of "spirit",<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which makes him unlike the Father and the Son who are said to have bodies "as tangible as man's".<sup id="cite_ref-DC130_22_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DC130_22-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to LDS doctrine, the Holy Spirit is believed to be a person,<sup id="cite_ref-DC130_22_106-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DC130_22-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with a body of spirit, able to pervade all worlds.<sup id="cite_ref-MillennialStarXII_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MillennialStarXII-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Latter-day Saints believe that the Father, the Son, and the Holy Ghost are part of the Godhead, but that the Father is greater than the Son, and that the Son is greater than the Holy Spirit in position and authority, but not in nature (i.e., they equally share the "God" nature).<sup id="cite_ref-MillennialStarXII_108-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MillennialStarXII-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They teach that the Father, Son, and Spirit are three ontologically separate, self-aware entities who share a common "God" nature distinct from our "human" nature, who are "One God" in the sense of being united (in the same sense that a husband and wife are said to be "one"), similar to <a href="/wiki/Social_trinitarianism" title="Social trinitarianism">Social trinitarianism</a>. </p><p>A number of <a href="/wiki/List_of_sects_in_the_Latter_Day_Saint_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="List of sects in the Latter Day Saint movement">Latter Day Saint sects</a>, most notably the <a href="/wiki/Community_of_Christ" title="Community of Christ">Community of Christ</a> (the second largest Latter Day Saint denomination), the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Christ_(Temple_Lot)" title="Church of Christ (Temple Lot)">Church of Christ (Temple Lot)</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and derived groups, follow a traditional Protestant trinitarian theology. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other_groups">Other groups</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nontrinitarianism&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Other groups"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Unity_Church" title="Unity Church">Unity Church</a> interprets the religious terms Father, Son, and Holy Spirit <a href="/wiki/Metaphysically" class="mw-redirect" title="Metaphysically">metaphysically</a>, as three aspects of mind action: mind, idea, and expression. They believe this is the process through which all manifestation takes place.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Groups in the <a href="/wiki/Rastafari_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Rastafari movement">Rastafari movement</a> generally state that it is <a href="/wiki/Haile_Selassie" title="Haile Selassie">Haile Selassie</a> who embodies both God the Father and God the Son, while the Holy (or "<i>Hola</i>") Spirit is to be found within every human being. Rastas also say that the true church is the human body, and that it is this church (or "<i>structure</i>") that contains the Holy Spirit. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Relationship_with_mainstream_Christianity">Relationship with mainstream Christianity</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nontrinitarianism&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Relationship with mainstream Christianity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Christian_denomination" title="Christian denomination">Christian denomination</a></div> <p>As the Nicene Creed's declaration of the Trinity is held as the foundational belief for <a href="/wiki/Nicene_Christianity" title="Nicene Christianity">mainstream Christians</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-SeitzNicene_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SeitzNicene-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> nontrinitarian sects may be regarded as <a href="/wiki/Cults" class="mw-redirect" title="Cults">cults</a> or <a href="/wiki/Heresy_in_Christianity" title="Heresy in Christianity">heresies</a> by other Christians,<sup id="cite_ref-cult-labelling_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cult-labelling-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or accused of not being Christians at all.<sup id="cite_ref-converge_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-converge-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MormChristian_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MormChristian-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the other hand, nontrinitarians may see mainstream Christians as having <a href="/wiki/Great_Apostasy" title="Great Apostasy">fallen or apostasized</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">original Christian church</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ecumenism">Ecumenism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nontrinitarianism&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Ecumenism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ecumenism" title="Ecumenism">Ecumenism</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Inclusivism#Christianity" title="Inclusivism">Inclusivism § Christianity</a></div> <p>Ecumenism is a type of <a href="/wiki/Interfaith_dialogue" title="Interfaith dialogue">interfaith dialogue</a> within Christianity based on shared essential, core beliefs. Ecumenism is usually built on the basis of shared belief in trinitarian baptism, which by definition excludes nontrinitarians. This makes it especially difficult for trinitarian and nontrinitarian churches to recognize the other side's baptisms and communions, or for them to worship together. However, unity of action on shared community goals is easier to accomplish.<sup id="cite_ref-converge_113-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-converge-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Heresy_and_apostasy">Heresy and apostasy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nontrinitarianism&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Heresy and apostasy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Heresy_in_Christianity" title="Heresy in Christianity">Heresy in Christianity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Great_Apostasy" title="Great Apostasy">Great Apostasy</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Restorationism" title="Restorationism">Restorationism</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_heresies_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="List of heresies in the Catholic Church">List of heresies in the Catholic Church</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Orthodoxy" title="Orthodoxy">Orthodoxy</a> sets certain beliefs as correct, by tradition. Beliefs not within those guidelines be designated <a href="/wiki/Heterodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Heterodox">heterodox</a> or <a href="/wiki/Heretical" class="mw-redirect" title="Heretical">heretical</a>. Many nontrinitarians believe that the traditions of mainstream Christianity itself are incorrect, in a <a href="/wiki/Great_Apostasy" title="Great Apostasy">Great Apostasy</a> foretold by Paul. </p><p>The Catholic Church has specifically designated many varieties of nontrinitarianism "heresies", including Arianism, Modalism, and Tritheism. They have also specifically named Mormonism and Jehovah's Witnesses as heresies (as well as Protestantism and Calvinism). </p><p>Fundamentalist or evangelical Protestantism has also targeted some nontrinitarians as part of the <a href="/wiki/Christian_countercult_movement" title="Christian countercult movement">Christian countercult movement</a>. However, more cautious authors argue that strange beliefs alone are not enough to designate a "cult"; the group's behavior is a more important factor.<sup id="cite_ref-cult-labelling_112-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cult-labelling-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Specific_groups'_relationships_with_Nicene_Christianity"><span id="Specific_groups.27_relationships_with_Nicene_Christianity"></span>Specific groups' relationships with Nicene Christianity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nontrinitarianism&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Specific groups' relationships with Nicene Christianity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pentecostalism">Pentecostalism</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nontrinitarianism&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Pentecostalism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pentecostalism has a peculiar relationship with ecumenism. There is a theological division between <a href="/wiki/Oneness_Pentecostalism" title="Oneness Pentecostalism">Oneness</a> and trinitarian <a href="/wiki/Pentecostals" class="mw-redirect" title="Pentecostals">Pentecostals</a>, and ecumenical groups within Pentecostalism tend to follow those lines. However, many Pentecostals think of ecumenism less as a need for a formal, cooperative institution between groups, and more as a spiritual experience. In addition, many Pentecostal believers are insufficiently focused on abstract theology to identify as trinitarian or nontrinitarian.<sup id="cite_ref-PentEcu_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PentEcu-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mormonism">Mormonism</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nontrinitarianism&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Mormonism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mormonism_and_Nicene_Christianity" title="Mormonism and Nicene Christianity">Mormonism and Nicene Christianity</a></div> <p>Mormonism, particularly its largest sect, the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, has a complex relationship with mainstream Christianity, due in part to its nontrinitarianism. It also has other unusual doctrines, which lead many evangelical Christians to challenge its inclusion within Christianity.<sup id="cite_ref-MormChristian_114-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MormChristian-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mormonism's second-largest sect, the <a href="/wiki/Community_of_Christ" title="Community of Christ">Community of Christ</a>, is a trinitarian group and participates in a variety of ecumenical organizations, such as the <a href="/wiki/National_Council_of_Churches_of_Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="National Council of Churches of Christ">National Council of Churches of Christ</a>.<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cofchrist.org/ecumenical-and-interfaith-ministries/">"Ecumenical and Interfaith Ministries"</a>. <i>Community of Christ</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Community+of+Christ&rft.atitle=Ecumenical+and+Interfaith+Ministries&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcofchrist.org%2Fecumenical-and-interfaith-ministries%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANontrinitarianism" class="Z3988"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Inter-religious_dialogue_beyond_Christianity">Inter-religious dialogue beyond Christianity</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nontrinitarianism&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Inter-religious dialogue beyond Christianity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Islamic_view_of_the_Trinity" title="Islamic view of the Trinity">Islamic view of the Trinity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shituf" title="Shituf">Shituf</a></div> <p>The Trinity doctrine is integral in inter-religious disagreements with the other two main <a href="/wiki/Abrahamic_religions" title="Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic religions</a>, Judaism and Islam; the former rejects Jesus' divine mission entirely, and the latter accepts Jesus as a human prophet and the Messiah but not as the son of God, although accepting virgin birth. The rejection of the Trinity doctrine has led to comparisons between nontrinitarian theology and Judaism and Islam. </p><p>In an 1897 article in the <i><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Quarterly_Review" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Quarterly Review">Jewish Quarterly Review</a></i>, Montefiore describes Unitarianism as a bridge between Judaism and mainstream Christianity, calling it both a "phase of Judaism" and a "phase of Christianity".<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Islam, the concept of a co-equal trinity is totally rejected, with Quranic verses calling the doctrine of the Trinity blasphemous.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Early Islam was originally seen as a variant of <a href="/wiki/Arianism" title="Arianism">Arianism</a>, a heresy in <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Orthodox</a> and Catholic Christianity, by the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine</a> emperor in the 600s. In the 700s, many Arians in Spain considered Muhammad a prophet. In the mid-1500s, many <a href="/wiki/Socinian" class="mw-redirect" title="Socinian">Socinian</a> unitarians were suspected of having Islamic leanings. Socinians praised Islam, though considering the Qur'an to contain errors, for its belief in the unity of God. Bilal Cleland claimed that "an anonymous writer" in <i>A Letter of Resolution concerning the Doctrine of the Trinity and Incarnation</i> (1693) states that Islam's greater number of adherents and military supremacy resulted from more closely maintaining correct doctrine than mainstream Christianity.<sup id="cite_ref-Islam_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Islam-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Arguments_for_the_pagan_origins_of_the_Trinity">Arguments for the pagan origins of the Trinity</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nontrinitarianism&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Arguments for the pagan origins of the Trinity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Nontrinitarianism" title="Special:EditPage/Nontrinitarianism">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2010</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Egypte_louvre_066.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Egypte_louvre_066.jpg/150px-Egypte_louvre_066.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Egypte_louvre_066.jpg/225px-Egypte_louvre_066.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Egypte_louvre_066.jpg/300px-Egypte_louvre_066.jpg 2x" data-file-width="589" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Horus, Osiris, and Isis</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Autel_tricephale_MuseeStRemi_Reims_1131a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Autel_tricephale_MuseeStRemi_Reims_1131a.jpg/150px-Autel_tricephale_MuseeStRemi_Reims_1131a.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="253" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Autel_tricephale_MuseeStRemi_Reims_1131a.jpg/225px-Autel_tricephale_MuseeStRemi_Reims_1131a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Autel_tricephale_MuseeStRemi_Reims_1131a.jpg/300px-Autel_tricephale_MuseeStRemi_Reims_1131a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1408" data-file-height="2376" /></a><figcaption>Altar depicting a tricephalic god identified as <a href="/wiki/Lugus" title="Lugus">Lugus</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Some nontrinitarians also say that a link between the doctrine of the Trinity and the Egyptian Christian theologians of <a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a> suggests that Alexandrian theology, with its strong emphasis on the deity of Jesus, served to infuse Egypt's pagan religious heritage into Christianity. They accuse the Church of adopting these Egyptian tenets after adapting them to Christian thinking by means of Greek philosophy.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>They say the development of the idea of a co-equal triune godhead was based on pagan Greek and Platonic influence, including many basic concepts from <a href="/wiki/Aristotelianism" title="Aristotelianism">Aristotelian</a> philosophy incorporated into the biblical God. As an example, they mention that <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a> stated: "All things are three, and thrice is all: and let us use this number in the worship of the gods; for, as <a href="/wiki/Pythagoreans" class="mw-redirect" title="Pythagoreans">Pythagoreans</a> say, everything and all things are bound by threes, for the end, the middle, and the beginning have this number in everything, and these compose the number of the Trinity."<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Trinitarians have argued that the words attributed to Aristotle differ in a number of ways from what has been published as the philosopher's original text in <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which omits "let us use this number in the worship of the gods", and are not supported by translations of the works of Aristotle by scholars such as Stuart Leggatt, <a href="/wiki/W._K._C._Guthrie" title="W. K. C. Guthrie">W. K. C. Guthrie</a>, J.<span class="nowrap"> </span>L. Stocks, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Taylor_(neoplatonist)" title="Thomas Taylor (neoplatonist)">Thomas Taylor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jules_Barth%C3%A9lemy-Saint-Hilaire" title="Jules Barthélemy-Saint-Hilaire">Jules Barthélemy-Saint-Hilaire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some anti-trinitarians note also that the Greek philosopher Plato believed in a special "threeness" in life and in the universe. In <i>Phaedo</i>, he introduces the word "triad" (in Greek τριάς),<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which is rendered in English as "trinity". This was adopted by 3rd and 4th<span class="nowrap"> </span>century professed Christians as roughly corresponding to "Father, Word, and Spirit (Soul)".<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nontrinitarian Christians contend that such notions and adoptions make the Trinity doctrine extra-biblical.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> They<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (May 2017)">who?</span></a></i>]</sup> say there is a widely acknowledged synthesis of Christianity with <a href="/wiki/Platonism" title="Platonism">Platonic</a> <a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">philosophy</a> evident in trinitarian formulas appearing by the end of the 3rd<span class="nowrap"> </span>century. They allege that beginning with the Constantinian period, these pagan ideas were forcibly imposed on the churches as Catholic doctrine. Most groups subscribing to the theory of a <a href="/wiki/Great_Apostasy" title="Great Apostasy">Great Apostasy</a> generally concur in this thesis.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The early apologists, including <a href="/wiki/Justin_Martyr" title="Justin Martyr">Justin Martyr</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Irenaeus" title="Irenaeus">Irenaeus</a>, frequently discussed the parallels and contrasts between Christianity, Paganism and other <a href="/wiki/Syncretism" title="Syncretism">syncretic religions</a>, and answered charges of borrowing from paganism in their <a href="/wiki/Christian_apologetics" title="Christian apologetics">apologetical</a> writings.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hellenic_influences">Hellenic influences</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nontrinitarianism&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Hellenic influences"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Hellenization" title="Hellenization">Hellenization</a></div> <p>Stuart G Hall (formerly Professor of Ecclesiastical History at King's College, London) describes the subsequent process of philosophical/theological amalgamation in <i>Doctrine and Practice in the Early Church</i> (1991), where he writes: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The apologists began to claim that Greek culture pointed to and was consummated in the Christian message, just as the Old Testament was. This process was done most thoroughly in the synthesis of Clement of Alexandria. It can be done in several ways. You can rake through Greek literature, and find (especially in the oldest seers and poets) references to 'God' which are more compatible with monotheism than with polytheism (so at length Athenagoras.) You can work out a common chronology between the legends of prehistoric (Homer) Greece and the biblical record (so Theophilus.) You can adapt a piece of pre-Christian Jewish apologetic, which claimed that Plato and other <a href="/wiki/Greek_philosophers" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek philosophers">Greek philosophers</a> got their best ideas indirectly from the teachings of Moses in the Bible, which was much earlier. This theory combines the advantage of making out the Greeks to be plagiarists (and therefore second-rate or criminal), while claiming that they support Christianity by their arguments at least some of the time. Especially this applied to the question of God.<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Neo-Platonic" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Platonic">neo-Platonic</a> trinities, such as that of <a href="/wiki/Neoplatonism#The_One" title="Neoplatonism">the One</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Nous" title="Nous">Nous</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Plato%27s_theory_of_soul" title="Plato's theory of soul">Soul</a>, are not considered a trinity necessarily of consubstantial equals as in mainstream Christianity. However, the neo-Platonic trinity has the doctrine of emanation, or "eternal derivation", a timeless procedure of generation having as a source the One and claimed to be paralleled with the generation of the light from the Sun. This was adopted by Origen and later on by Athanasius, and applied to the generation of the Son from the Father, because they believed that this analogy could be used to support the notion that the Father, as immutable, always had been a Father, and that the generation of the Son is therefore eternal and timeless.<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> The synthesis of Christianity with <a href="/wiki/Platonism" title="Platonism">Platonic</a> philosophy was further incorporated in the trinitarian formulas that appeared by the end of the 3rd century. "The Greek philosophical theology" was "developed during the Trinitarian controversies over the relationships among the persons of the Godhead".<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The allegation of borrowing was raised by some disputants when the Nicene doctrine was being formalized and adopted by the bishops. For example, in the 4th century, <a href="/wiki/Marcellus_of_Ancyra" title="Marcellus of Ancyra">Marcellus of Ancyra</a>, who taught the Father, Son, and Holy Spirit were one person (hypostasis), said in his <i>On the Holy Church, 9</i>:<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Now with the heresy of the Ariomaniacs, which has corrupted the Church of God ... These then teach three hypostases, just as <a href="/wiki/Valentinus_(Gnostic)" title="Valentinus (Gnostic)">Valentinus</a> the heresiarch first invented in the book entitled by him 'On the Three Natures'. For he was the first to invent three hypostases and three persons of the Father, Son and Holy Spirit, and he is discovered to have filched this from <a href="/wiki/Hermes_Trismegistus" title="Hermes Trismegistus">Hermes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>In his Introduction to the 1964 book <i><a href="/wiki/Meditations" title="Meditations">Meditations</a></i>, the Anglican priest Maxwell Staniforth discussed the profound influence of <a href="/wiki/Stoicism" title="Stoicism">Stoic philosophy</a> on Christianity. In particular: </p> <blockquote><p>Again in the doctrine of the Trinity, the ecclesiastical conception of Father, Word, and Spirit finds its germ in the different Stoic names of the Divine Unity. Thus <a href="/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger" title="Seneca the Younger">Seneca</a>, writing of the supreme Power which shapes the universe, states, 'This Power we sometimes call the All-ruling God, sometimes the incorporeal Wisdom, sometimes the holy Spirit, sometimes Destiny.' The Church had only to reject the last of these terms to arrive at its own acceptable definition of the Divine Nature; while the further assertion 'these three are One', which the modern mind finds paradoxical, was no more than commonplace to those familiar with Stoic notions.<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Christian_groups_with_nontrinitarian_positions">Christian groups with nontrinitarian positions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nontrinitarianism&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Christian groups with nontrinitarian positions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a more comprehensive list, see <a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_denominations#nontrinitarian" title="List of Christian denominations">List of Christian denominations § nontrinitarian</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Nontrinitarianism" title="Special:EditPage/Nontrinitarianism">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2011</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_Christian">Early Christian</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nontrinitarianism&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Early Christian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arianism" title="Arianism">Arianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esoteric_Christianity" title="Esoteric Christianity">Esoteric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subordinationism" title="Subordinationism">Subordinationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebionites" title="Ebionites">Ebionites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazarene_(sect)" title="Nazarene (sect)">Nazarene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JudeoChristianity" class="mw-redirect" title="JudeoChristianity">Judeo-Christianity</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Unitarian_and_Universalism">Unitarian and Universalism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nontrinitarianism&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Unitarian and Universalism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unitarianism" title="Unitarianism">Unitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unitarian_Universalism" title="Unitarian Universalism">Unitarian Universalism</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Latter_Day_Saints">Latter Day Saints</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nontrinitarianism&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Latter Day Saints"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="Latter Day Saint movement">Latter Day Saint movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</a> (LDS Church)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remnant_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter_Day_Saints" title="Remnant Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints">Remnant Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamentalist_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-Day_Saints" title="Fundamentalist Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints">Fundamentalist Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bible_Students_and_splinter_groups">Bible Students and splinter groups</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nontrinitarianism&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Bible Students and splinter groups"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bible_Student_movement" title="Bible Student movement">Bible Students</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friends_of_Man" title="Friends of Man">Friends of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a><sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sacred_Name_movement">Sacred Name movement</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nontrinitarianism&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Sacred Name movement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assemblies_of_Yahweh" title="Assemblies of Yahweh">Assemblies of Yahweh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yahweh%27s_Assembly_in_Messiah" class="mw-redirect" title="Yahweh's Assembly in Messiah">Yahweh's Assembly in Messiah</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oneness_Protestant_groups">Oneness Protestant groups</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nontrinitarianism&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Oneness Protestant groups"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Creation_Seventh_Day_Adventist_Church" title="Creation Seventh Day Adventist Church">Creation Seventh Day Adventist Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elias_Hicks" title="Elias Hicks">Elias Hicks</a> (Hicksite Quakers)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakers" title="Shakers">Shakers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oneness_Pentecostal" class="mw-redirect" title="Oneness Pentecostal">Oneness Pentecostals</a></li> <li>Many members of the <a href="/wiki/Non-subscribing_Presbyterian_Church_of_Ireland" title="Non-subscribing Presbyterian Church of Ireland">Non-subscribing Presbyterian Church of Ireland</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_Wide_Church_of_God_splinter_groups">World Wide Church of God splinter groups</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nontrinitarianism&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: World Wide Church of God splinter groups"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Blessed_Hope" title="Church of the Blessed Hope">Church of the Blessed Hope</a> (sometimes called "Church of God of the Abrahamic Faith")</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grace_Communion_International" title="Grace Communion International">Grace Communion International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Church_of_God" title="Philadelphia Church of God">Philadelphia Church of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Living_Church_of_God" title="Living Church of God">Living Church of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Church_of_God" title="United Church of God">United Church of God</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_religious_movements">New religious movements</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nontrinitarianism&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: New religious movements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Christ,_Scientist" title="Church of Christ, Scientist">Church of Christ, Scientist</a> (<a href="/wiki/Christian_Scientists" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian Scientists">Christian Scientists</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unity_Church" title="Unity Church">Unity Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_New_Church_(Swedenborgian)" title="The New Church (Swedenborgian)">New Church</a> (Swedenborgian)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unification_Church" title="Unification Church">Unification Church</a> (<a href="/wiki/Family_Federation_for_World_Peace_and_Unification" class="mw-redirect" title="Family Federation for World Peace and Unification">Family Federation for World Peace and Unification</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_by_Twos" title="Two by Twos">Two by Twos</a> (sometimes called <i>The Truth</i> or <a href="/wiki/Cooneyites" title="Cooneyites">Cooneyites</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_Nontrinitarians">Other Nontrinitarians</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nontrinitarianism&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Other Nontrinitarians"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christadelphians" title="Christadelphians">Christadelphians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_God_General_Conference" title="Church of God General Conference">Church of God General Conference</a></li> <li><span title="Spanish-language text"><span lang="es" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/La_Luz_del_Mundo" title="La Luz del Mundo">La Luz del Mundo</a></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchianism" title="Monarchianism">Monarchianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muggletonianism" title="Muggletonianism">Muggletonianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Brethren" title="Polish Brethren">Polish Brethren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socinianism" title="Socinianism">Socinianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Way_International" title="The Way International">The Way International</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Country-specific">Country-specific</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nontrinitarianism&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Country-specific"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Filipino <ul><li><span title="Tagalog-language text"><span lang="tl" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Iglesia_ni_Cristo" title="Iglesia ni Cristo">Iglesia ni Cristo</a></span></span> (<i>Church of Christ</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Members_Church_of_God_International" title="Members Church of God International">Members Church of God International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jesus_Christ_(church)" title="Kingdom of Jesus Christ (church)">Kingdom of Jesus Christ</a></li></ul></li> <li>Independent Russian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Doukhobors" title="Doukhobors">Doukhobors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molokan" class="mw-redirect" title="Molokan">Molokan</a></li></ul></li> <li>Chinese Diaspora <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Disciples_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian Disciples Church">Christian Disciples Church</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="People">People</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nontrinitarianism&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: People"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Nontrinitarianism" title="Special:EditPage/Nontrinitarianism">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2011</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 40em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sabellius" title="Sabellius">Sabellius</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 220</span> (<a href="/wiki/Modalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Modalist">Modalist</a>: the eponymous heresiarch of <a href="/wiki/Sabellianism" title="Sabellianism">Sabellianism</a>, or "monarchic modalism"), rejected the idea of co-eternal co-equal distinct persons in the Godhead, but taught that God is a singular Person who manifests himself in multiple and various ways, faces, modes, and operations in history and specific circumstances</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodotus_of_Byzantium" title="Theodotus of Byzantium">Theodotus of Byzantium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artemon" title="Artemon">Artemon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_of_Samosata" title="Paul of Samosata">Paul of Samosata</a>, 269, Bishop of Antioch, believed in monarchianism, the doctrine that says that the Father alone is supreme and that God is not co-equal persons, but one unequal almighty person. Bishop Paul also held to adoptionism which teaches that Jesus was adopted as the Son of God at his baptism, resurrection, or ascension.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucian_of_Antioch" title="Lucian of Antioch">Lucian of Antioch</a>, 312, Christian presbyter, (<a href="/wiki/Theologian" class="mw-redirect" title="Theologian">theologian</a>) and (<a href="/wiki/Martyr" title="Martyr">martyr</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arius" title="Arius">Arius</a>, 336, presbyter of Alexandria, major theologian of the doctrine of <a href="/wiki/Arianism" title="Arianism">Arianism</a> in 4th century. He opposed the <a href="/wiki/Homoousian" class="mw-redirect" title="Homoousian">Homoousian</a> declarations of the Alexandrian Bishop <a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_I_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Alexander I of Alexandria">Alexander of Alexandria</a>, making him a primary topic of the <a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicea" class="mw-redirect" title="First Council of Nicea">First Council of Nicea</a> in AD 325.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eusebius_of_Nicomedia" title="Eusebius of Nicomedia">Eusebius of Nicomedia</a>, 341, (Arian)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eusebius_of_Caesarea" class="mw-redirect" title="Eusebius of Caesarea">Eusebius of Caesarea</a>, (Christian historian)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantius_II" title="Constantius II">Constantius II</a>, <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Emperor">Byzantine Emperor</a>, 361</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antipope_Felix_II" title="Antipope Felix II">Antipope Felix II</a>, 365</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A%C3%ABtius_of_Antioch" title="Aëtius of Antioch">Aëtius of Antioch</a>, 367</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulfilas" title="Ulfilas">Ulfilas</a>, Apostle to the Goths, 383</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priscillian" title="Priscillian">Priscillian</a>, 385, considered first Christian to be executed for <a href="/wiki/Heresy" title="Heresy">heresy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesco_della_Sega" title="Francesco della Sega">Francesco della Sega</a>, (1528–1565)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Haetzer" title="Ludwig Haetzer">Ludwig Haetzer</a>, 1529</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Servetus" title="Michael Servetus">Michael Servetus</a>, 1553, <a href="/wiki/Burned_at_the_stake" class="mw-redirect" title="Burned at the stake">burned at the stake</a> in Geneva under <a href="/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">John Calvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebastian_Castellio" title="Sebastian Castellio">Sebastian Castellio</a>, 1563</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferenc_D%C3%A1vid" title="Ferenc Dávid">Ferenc Dávid</a>, 1579</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justus_Velsius" title="Justus Velsius">Justus Velsius</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1581</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fausto_Paolo_Sozzini" class="mw-redirect" title="Fausto Paolo Sozzini">Fausto Paolo Sozzini</a>, 1604</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Milton" title="John Milton">John Milton</a>, 1608–1674. (disputed)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Wightman" title="Edward Wightman">Edward Wightman</a>, 1612, <a href="/wiki/Burned_at_the_stake" class="mw-redirect" title="Burned at the stake">burned at the stake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Isaac Newton</a>, 1642–1726/27</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Biddle_(Unitarian)" title="John Biddle (Unitarian)">John Biddle</a>, 1662</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aikenhead" title="Thomas Aikenhead">Thomas Aikenhead</a>, 1697, last person to be hanged for <a href="/wiki/Blasphemy" title="Blasphemy">blasphemy</a> in Britain</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">John Locke</a>, 1704<sup id="cite_ref-dulles_137-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dulles-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elias_Hicks" title="Elias Hicks">Elias Hicks</a>, 1742, <a href="/wiki/Quaker" class="mw-redirect" title="Quaker">Quaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Whiston" title="William Whiston">William Whiston</a>, 1752, expelled from <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">University of Cambridge</a> in 1710 for Arianism; famous for translating <a href="/wiki/Josephus" title="Josephus">Josephus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Mayhew" title="Jonathan Mayhew">Jonathan Mayhew</a>, 1766</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emanuel_Swedenborg" title="Emanuel Swedenborg">Emanuel Swedenborg</a>, 1772, provided the theology for <a href="/wiki/Swedenborgianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Swedenborgianism">Swedenborgianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Priestley" title="Joseph Priestley">Joseph Priestley</a>, 1804</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">John Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams" title="John Quincy Adams">John Quincy Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millard_Fillmore" title="Millard Fillmore">Millard Fillmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">William Howard Taft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Smith" title="Joseph Smith">Joseph Smith</a>, 1805, founder of the <a href="/wiki/Latter-day_Saint_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Latter-day Saint movement">Latter-day Saint movement</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mormonism" title="Mormonism">Mormonism</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Baker_Eddy" title="Mary Baker Eddy">Mary Baker Eddy</a>, 1821, founder of <a href="/wiki/Christian_Science" title="Christian Science">Christian Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ellery_Channing" title="William Ellery Channing">William Ellery Channing</a>, 1842</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Hibbert_(Anti-Trinitarian)" title="Robert Hibbert (Anti-Trinitarian)">Robert Hibbert</a>, 1849</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Thomas_(Christadelphian)" title="John Thomas (Christadelphian)">John Thomas</a> (Christadelphian), 1871</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson">Ralph Waldo Emerson</a>, 1882</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Roberts_(Christadelphian)" title="Robert Roberts (Christadelphian)">Robert Roberts</a> (Christadelphian), 1898</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Wilson_(Biblical_scholar)" class="mw-redirect" title="Benjamin Wilson (Biblical scholar)">Benjamin Wilson</a>, 1900</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Martineau" title="James Martineau">James Martineau</a>, 1900</li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Manalo" class="mw-redirect" title="Félix Manalo">Félix Manalo</a>, 1914</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Taze_Russell" title="Charles Taze Russell">Charles Taze Russell</a>, 1916, founder of the <a href="/wiki/Bible_Student_movement" title="Bible Student movement">Bible Student movement</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a>, author of <i><a href="/wiki/Millennial_Dawn" class="mw-redirect" title="Millennial Dawn">Millennial Dawn</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Franklin_Rutherford" title="Joseph Franklin Rutherford">Joseph Franklin Rutherford</a>, 2nd president of the <a href="/wiki/Watchtower_Bible_and_Tract_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Watchtower Bible and Tract Society">Watchtower Bible and Tract Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Hayward" title="Alan Hayward">Alan Hayward</a> (Christadelphian), 1923</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Greber" title="Johannes Greber">Johannes Greber</a> (Catholic priest)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eliseo_Soriano" class="mw-redirect" title="Eliseo Soriano">Eliseo Soriano</a>, 1947</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Branham" class="mw-redirect" title="William Branham">William Branham</a>, 1965</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_W._Armstrong" title="Herbert W. Armstrong">Herbert W. Armstrong</a>, 1986, founder of the <a href="/wiki/Worldwide_Church_of_God" class="mw-redirect" title="Worldwide Church of God">Worldwide Church of God</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Sabbath_in_seventh-day_churches" title="Sabbath in seventh-day churches">Sabbatarian Christian Church</a>, and was an advocate of the doctrine of Binitarianism.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_Anthony_Buzzard,_3rd_Baronet" title="Sir Anthony Buzzard, 3rd Baronet">Anthony Buzzard</a> (Biblical Unitarian)</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nontrinitarianism&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/31px-P_christianity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/47px-P_christianity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/62px-P_christianity.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Christianity" title="Portal:Christianity">Christianity portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bibliotheca_antitrinitariorum" title="Bibliotheca antitrinitariorum">Bibliotheca antitrinitariorum</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="Baháʼí Faith">Bahá'í Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christomonism" title="Christomonism">Christomonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christians_of_Saint_John" class="mw-redirect" title="Christians of Saint John">Christians of Saint John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manichaeism" title="Manichaeism">Manichaeism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Servetism" class="mw-redirect" title="Servetism">Servetism</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nontrinitarianism&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Citations">Citations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nontrinitarianism&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 35em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gotquestions.org/nontrinitarianism.html">"What is nontrinitarianism?"</a>. <i>GotQuestions.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-09-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GotQuestions.org&rft.atitle=What+is+nontrinitarianism%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gotquestions.org%2Fnontrinitarianism.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANontrinitarianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlsonHall2002" class="citation book cs1">Olson, Roger E; Hall, Christopher Alan (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SUAidAp8AgEC&pg=PA15"><i>The Trinity</i></a>. Wm. B. Eerdmans. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-4827-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-4827-7"><bdi>978-0-8028-4827-7</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Trinity&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-4827-7&rft.aulast=Olson&rft.aufirst=Roger+E&rft.au=Hall%2C+Christopher+Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSUAidAp8AgEC%26pg%3DPA15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANontrinitarianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kelly-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kelly_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kelly_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kelly_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKelly2006" class="citation book cs1">Kelly, Joseph F. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gkJshoHbcpkC&q=%22biblical+teaching+for+later+generations%22&pg=PA5"><i>An Introduction to the New Testament for Catholics</i></a>. Liturgical Press. p. 5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8146-5216-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8146-5216-9"><bdi>978-0-8146-5216-9</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+the+New+Testament+for+Catholics&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=Liturgical+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-8146-5216-9&rft.aulast=Kelly&rft.aufirst=Joseph+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgkJshoHbcpkC%26q%3D%2522biblical%2Bteaching%2Bfor%2Blater%2Bgenerations%2522%26pg%3DPA5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANontrinitarianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlson1999" class="citation book cs1">Olson, Roger E (1999). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/storyofchristian00olso"><i>The Story of Christian Theology</i></a></span>. InterVarsity Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/storyofchristian00olso/page/173">173</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8308-1505-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8308-1505-0"><bdi>978-0-8308-1505-0</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Story+of+Christian+Theology&rft.pages=173&rft.pub=InterVarsity+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-8308-1505-0&rft.aulast=Olson&rft.aufirst=Roger+E&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fstoryofchristian00olso&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANontrinitarianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLohse1966" class="citation book cs1">Lohse, Bernhard (1966). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-_SAE5-K_l8C&pg=PA55"><i>A Short History of Christian Doctrine</i></a>. Fortress Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4514-0423-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4514-0423-4"><bdi>978-1-4514-0423-4</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Short+History+of+Christian+Doctrine&rft.pub=Fortress+Press&rft.date=1966&rft.isbn=978-1-4514-0423-4&rft.aulast=Lohse&rft.aufirst=Bernhard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-_SAE5-K_l8C%26pg%3DPA55&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANontrinitarianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeanakoplos1989" class="citation book cs1">Geanakoplos, Deno John (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_6PYWPWWhrUC&pg=PA152"><i>Constantinople and the West</i></a>. Univ of Wisconsin Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-299-11884-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-299-11884-6"><bdi>978-0-299-11884-6</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Constantinople+and+the+West&rft.pub=Univ+of+Wisconsin+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-299-11884-6&rft.aulast=Geanakoplos&rft.aufirst=Deno+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_6PYWPWWhrUC%26pg%3DPA152&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANontrinitarianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Halsey1988-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Halsey1988_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHalsey1988" class="citation book cs1">Halsey, A. (1988). <i>British Social Trends since 1900: A Guide to the Changing Social Structure of Britain</i>. Palgrave Macmillan UK. p. 518. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-349-19466-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-349-19466-7"><bdi>978-1-349-19466-7</bdi></a>. <q>his so called 'non-Trinitarian' group includes the Jehovah's Witnesses, Mormons, Christadelphians, Apostolics, Christian Scientists, Theosophists, Church of Scientology, Unification Church (Moonies), the Worldwide Church of God and so on.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=British+Social+Trends+since+1900%3A+A+Guide+to+the+Changing+Social+Structure+of+Britain&rft.pages=518&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan+UK&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-1-349-19466-7&rft.aulast=Halsey&rft.aufirst=A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANontrinitarianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvon_Harnack1894" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Adolf_von_Harnack" title="Adolf von Harnack">von Harnack, Adolf</a> (1894-03-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccel.org/ccel/harnack/dogma1.ii.iii.iii.html">"History of Dogma"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-06-15</span></span>. <q>[In the 2nd century,] Jesus was either regarded as the man whom God hath chosen, in whom the Deity or the Spirit of God dwelt, and who, after being tested, was adopted by God and invested with dominion, (Adoptionist Christology); or Jesus was regarded as a heavenly spiritual being (the highest after God) who took flesh, and again returned to heaven after the completion of his work on earth (pneumatic Christology)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+Dogma&rft.date=1894-03-01&rft.aulast=von+Harnack&rft.aufirst=Adolf&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ccel.org%2Fccel%2Fharnack%2Fdogma1.ii.iii.iii.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANontrinitarianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Justo L. González, <i>The Story of Christianity: The <a href="/wiki/Early_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Church">Early Church</a> to the Present Day,</i> Prince Press, 1984, Vol. 1, pp. 159–161 • Jaroslav Pelikan, <i>The Christian Tradition: A History of the Development of Doctrine,</i> The University of Chicago Press, 1971, Vol. 1, pp. 181–199</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Christianity"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Christianity">"Christianity" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 6 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 285.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Christianity&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=285&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANontrinitarianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?historyid=ac61">"History of Arianism"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+Arianism&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historyworld.net%2Fwrldhis%2FPlainTextHistories.asp%3Fhistoryid%3Dac61&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANontrinitarianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fourthcentury.com/index.php/second-creed-of-sirmium-or-the-blasphemy-of-sirmium/">"Second Creed of Sirmium or "The Blasphemy of Sirmium"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>www.fourthcentury.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-03-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.fourthcentury.com&rft.atitle=Second+Creed+of+Sirmium+or+%22The+Blasphemy+of+Sirmium%22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fourthcentury.com%2Findex.php%2Fsecond-creed-of-sirmium-or-the-blasphemy-of-sirmium%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANontrinitarianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stephen Goranson, "Ebionites," ed. David Noel Freedman, The Anchor Yale Bible Dictionary (New York: Doubleday, 1992), 261.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190521191654/http://www.americanunitarian.org/explanation.htm">"American Unitarian Conference"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://americanunitarian.org/explanation.htm">the original</a> on 2019-05-21<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-06-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=American+Unitarian+Conference&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Famericanunitarian.org%2Fexplanation.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANontrinitarianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bernard_Oneness_and_Trinity-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bernard_Oneness_and_Trinity_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bernard_Oneness_and_Trinity_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">David K. Bernard, <i>Oneness and Trinity A.D. 100–300 – The Doctrine of God and Ancient Christian Writings</i> – Word Aflame Press, Hazelwood Montana, 1991, p. 156.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSt._Athanasius1911" class="citation cs2">St. Athanasius (1911), "In Controversy With the Arians", <i>Select Treatises</i>, Newman, John Henry Cardinal trans, Longmans, Green, & Co, p. 124, footn</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=In+Controversy+With+the+Arians&rft.btitle=Select+Treatises&rft.pages=124%2C+footn&rft.pub=Longmans%2C+Green%2C+%26+Co&rft.date=1911&rft.au=St.+Athanasius&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANontrinitarianism" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/philoponus">John Philoponus</a> – Tritheism – Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Retrieved 10 July 2019.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chapman, John (1912). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catholicencyclopedia.newadvent.com/cathen/15061b.htm">"Tritheists"</a> Archived 2012-06-15 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. The Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company (public domain). Retrieved October 16, 2019.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlintDeb_Flint" class="citation book cs1">Flint, James; Deb Flint. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.christadelphia.org/pamphlet/p_onegod.htm"><i>One God or a Trinity?</i></a>. Hyderabad: Printland Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-87409-61-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-87409-61-8"><bdi>978-81-87409-61-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=One+God+or+a+Trinity%3F&rft.place=Hyderabad&rft.pub=Printland+Publishers&rft.isbn=978-81-87409-61-8&rft.aulast=Flint&rft.aufirst=James&rft.au=Deb+Flint&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.christadelphia.org%2Fpamphlet%2Fp_onegod.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANontrinitarianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPearce" class="citation book cs1">Pearce, Fred. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.christadelphia.org/pamphlet/jesus.htm#8"><i>Jesus: God the Son or Son of God? Does the Bible Teach the Trinity?</i></a>. Birmingham: The Christadelphian Magazine and Publishing Association Ltd (UK). p. 8.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jesus%3A+God+the+Son+or+Son+of+God%3F+Does+the+Bible+Teach+the+Trinity%3F&rft.place=Birmingham&rft.pages=8&rft.pub=The+Christadelphian+Magazine+and+Publishing+Association+Ltd+%28UK%29&rft.aulast=Pearce&rft.aufirst=Fred&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.christadelphia.org%2Fpamphlet%2Fjesus.htm%238&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANontrinitarianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTennant" class="citation book cs1">Tennant, Harry. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.christadelphia.org/pamphlet/holysprt.htm#1"><i>The Holy Spirit: Bible Understanding of God's Power</i></a>. Birmingham: The Christadelphian Magazine and Publishing Association Ltd (UK).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Holy+Spirit%3A+Bible+Understanding+of+God%27s+Power&rft.place=Birmingham&rft.pub=The+Christadelphian+Magazine+and+Publishing+Association+Ltd+%28UK%29&rft.aulast=Tennant&rft.aufirst=Harry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.christadelphia.org%2Fpamphlet%2Fholysprt.htm%231&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANontrinitarianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TrinityTrueOrFalse-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-TrinityTrueOrFalse_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TrinityTrueOrFalse_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBroughtonPeter_J_Southgate" class="citation book cs1">Broughton, James H.; Peter J Southgate. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111118003323/http://www.biblelight.org/trin/trinind.htm"><i>The Trinity: True or False?</i></a>. UK: The Dawn Book Supply. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biblelight.org/trin/trinind.htm">the original</a> on 2011-11-18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Trinity%3A+True+or+False%3F&rft.place=UK&rft.pub=The+Dawn+Book+Supply&rft.aulast=Broughton&rft.aufirst=James+H.&rft.au=Peter+J+Southgate&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biblelight.org%2Ftrin%2Ftrinind.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANontrinitarianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nelson's guide to denominations J. Gordon Melton – 2007 "Later in the century, various leaders also began to express doubts about the Trinity, and a spectrum of opinion emerged. ... Still others, such as the Church of God General Conference (Abrahamic Faith) specifically denied the Trinity ..."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-incfund-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-incfund_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Manalo, Eraño G., <i>Fundamental Beliefs of the Iglesia ni Cristo (Church of Christ)</i> (Iglesia ni Cristo; Manila 1989)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Encyclopedia of Protestantism</i>, p. 474, J. Gordon Melton, 2005: "... for his many departures from traditional Christian and Protestant affirmations including the Trinity and the deity of Christ. ... 1 (1886; reprint, Rutherford, NJ: Dawn Bible Students Association, nd)"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mostholyfaith-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mostholyfaith_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Watch Tower</i>, October 1881, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mostholyfaith.com/bible/Reprints/Search_Result.asp#R290:13"><i>Watch Tower Reprints</i> p. 290 As Retrieved 2009-09-23</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111002090150/http://www.mostholyfaith.com/bible/Reprints/Search_Result.asp#R290:13">Archived</a> 2011-10-02 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, p. 4, ""He gave his only begotten Son." This phraseology brings us into conflict with an old Babylonian theory, viz.: Trinitarianism. If that doctrine is true, how could there be any Son to give? A begotten Son, too? <i>Impossible.</i> If these three are one, did God send himself? And how could Jesus say: "My Father is greater than I." John 14:28. [emphasis retained from original]"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090122101649/http://www.mostholyfaith.com/bible/Reprints/Z1882JUL.asp">"Z1882 July"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mostholyfaith.com/bible/Reprints/Z1882JUL.asp">the original</a> on 2009-01-22<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-03-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Z1882+July&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mostholyfaith.com%2Fbible%2FReprints%2FZ1882JUL.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANontrinitarianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><i>The Watchtower</i>. January 15, 1992. p. 23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Watchtower&rft.pages=23&rft.date=1992-01-15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANontrinitarianism" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_magazine" title="Template:Cite magazine">cite magazine</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Missing or empty <code class="cs1-code">|title=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#citation_missing_title" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Insight on the Scriptures</i>. Vol. 2. Watchtower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania. 1988. pp. 393–394.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Insight+on+the+Scriptures&rft.pages=393-394&rft.pub=Watchtower+Bible+and+Tract+Society+of+Pennsylvania&rft.date=1988&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANontrinitarianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wol.jw.org/en/wol/d/r1/lp-e/1102014738">Chapter 138 – Christ at God's Right Hand</a>, JW.org. Retrieved October 18, 2019.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Should You Believe in the Trinity?</i>. Watch Tower Society. p. 20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Should+You+Believe+in+the+Trinity%3F&rft.pages=20&rft.pub=Watch+Tower+Society&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANontrinitarianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolland" class="citation web cs1">Holland, Jeffrey R. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/general-conference/2007/10/the-only-true-god-and-jesus-christ-whom-he-hath-sent?lang=eng">"The Only True God and Jesus Christ Whom He Hath Sent"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 November</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Only+True+God+and+Jesus+Christ+Whom+He+Hath+Sent&rft.aulast=Holland&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.churchofjesuschrist.org%2Fstudy%2Fgeneral-conference%2F2007%2F10%2Fthe-only-true-god-and-jesus-christ-whom-he-hath-sent%3Flang%3Deng&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANontrinitarianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-eomchristfirstborn-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-eomchristfirstborn_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-eomchristfirstborn_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGiles1992" class="citation book cs1">Giles, Jerry C. (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/cdm/ref/collection/EoM/id/3818">"Jesus Christ: Firstborn in the Spirit"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Daniel_H._Ludlow" title="Daniel H. Ludlow">Ludlow, Daniel H</a> (ed.). <a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Mormonism" title="Encyclopedia of Mormonism"><i>Encyclopedia of Mormonism</i></a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Macmillan_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Macmillan Publishing">Macmillan Publishing</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofmo01ludl/page/728">728</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-02-879602-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-02-879602-4"><bdi>978-0-02-879602-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/24502140">24502140</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Jesus+Christ%3A+Firstborn+in+the+Spirit&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Mormonism&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=728&rft.pub=Macmillan+Publishing&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F24502140&rft.isbn=978-0-02-879602-4&rft.aulast=Giles&rft.aufirst=Jerry+C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcontentdm.lib.byu.edu%2Fcdm%2Fref%2Fcollection%2FEoM%2Fid%2F3818&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANontrinitarianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-eomchristoverview-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-eomchristoverview_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-eomchristoverview_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMillet1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_L._Millet" title="Robert L. 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New York: <a href="/wiki/Macmillan_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Macmillan Publishing">Macmillan Publishing</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofmo01ludl/page/724">724–726</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-02-879602-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-02-879602-4"><bdi>978-0-02-879602-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/24502140">24502140</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Jesus+Christ%3A+Overview&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Mormonism&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=724-726&rft.pub=Macmillan+Publishing&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F24502140&rft.isbn=978-0-02-879602-4&rft.aulast=Millet&rft.aufirst=Robert+L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcontentdm.lib.byu.edu%2Fcdm%2Fref%2Fcollection%2FEoM%2Fid%2F3818&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANontrinitarianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-carmarianism-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-carmarianism_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-carmarianism_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://carm.org/arianism">"Arianism"</a>. Christian Apologetics and Research Ministry. 2008-12-13<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 November</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Arianism&rft.pub=Christian+Apologetics+and+Research+Ministry&rft.date=2008-12-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcarm.org%2Farianism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANontrinitarianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-eomfatheroverview-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-eomfatheroverview_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobinson1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_E._Robinson" title="Stephen E. 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The Arian Catholic Church. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arian-catholic.org/arian/arianism.html">the original</a> on 9 April 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 November</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+is+Arianism%3F&rft.pub=The+Arian+Catholic+Church&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.arian-catholic.org%2Farian%2Farianism.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANontrinitarianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lds_gospel_principles-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-lds_gospel_principles_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/manual/gospel-principles/chapter-1-our-father-in-heaven?lang=eng">"Gospel Principles – Chapter 1: Our Father in Heaven"</a>. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 June</span> 2017</span>. <q>The Nature of God</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gospel+Principles+%E2%80%93+Chapter+1%3A+Our+Father+in+Heaven&rft.pub=The+Church+of+Jesus+Christ+of+Latter-day+Saints&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.churchofjesuschrist.org%2Fstudy%2Fmanual%2Fgospel-principles%2Fchapter-1-our-father-in-heaven%3Flang%3Deng&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANontrinitarianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/manual/doctrine-and-covenants-instructors-guide-religion-324-325/the-glory-of-god-is-intelligence-lesson-37-section-93?lang=eng">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'The Glory of God Is Intelligence' Lesson 37: Section 93"</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/bc/content/shared/content/english/pdf/language-materials/32494_eng.pdf"><i>Doctrine and Covenants Instructor's Guide: Religion 324–325</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Religion" title="Institute of Religion">Institutes of Religion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Church_Educational_System" title="Church Educational System">Church Educational System</a>, 1981, pp. 73–74</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%27The+Glory+of+God+Is+Intelligence%27+Lesson+37%3A+Section+93&rft.btitle=Doctrine+and+Covenants+Instructor%27s+Guide%3A+Religion+324%E2%80%93325&rft.pages=73-74&rft.pub=Institutes+of+Religion%2C+Church+Educational+System&rft.date=1981&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.churchofjesuschrist.org%2Fstudy%2Fmanual%2Fdoctrine-and-covenants-instructors-guide-religion-324-325%2Fthe-glory-of-god-is-intelligence-lesson-37-section-93%3Flang%3Deng&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANontrinitarianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080216034825/http://ourworld.compuserve.com/homepages/pentecostal/One-Top.htm">"The Oneness of God"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ourworld.compuserve.com/homepages/pentecostal/One-Top.htm">the original</a> on 16 February 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Oneness+of+God&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fourworld.compuserve.com%2Fhomepages%2Fpentecostal%2FOne-Top.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANontrinitarianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fp123-4-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-fp123-4_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPattersonRybarczyk2007" class="citation book cs1">Patterson, Eric; Rybarczyk, Edmund (2007). <i>The Future of Pentecostalism in the United States</i>. New York: Lexington Books. pp. 123–124. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-2102-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-2102-3"><bdi>978-0-7391-2102-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Future+of+Pentecostalism+in+the+United+States&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=123-124&rft.pub=Lexington+Books&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-7391-2102-3&rft.aulast=Patterson&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft.au=Rybarczyk%2C+Edmund&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANontrinitarianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCardle,_Elaine_and_Kenny_Wiley2017" class="citation web cs1">McCardle, Elaine and Kenny Wiley (2017-06-28). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uuworld.org/articles/stevenson-2017-ware-lecture">"Bryan Stevenson weaves story, policy in 2017 Ware Lecture"</a>. <i>UU World</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-09-17</span></span>. <q>Stevenson referred to the UU faith's members repeatedly as "Universalists," which caught the attention of several social media users. Unitarian Universalists are more commonly referred to colloquially as "Unitarians."<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UU+World&rft.atitle=Bryan+Stevenson+weaves+story%2C+policy+in+2017+Ware+Lecture&rft.date=2017-06-28&rft.au=McCardle%2C+Elaine+and+Kenny+Wiley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.uuworld.org%2Farticles%2Fstevenson-2017-ware-lecture&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANontrinitarianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuursma1986" class="citation web cs1">Buursma, Bruce (1986-03-30). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-1986-03-30-8601230398-story.html">"Unitarians Making Peace with Easter"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Tribune" title="Chicago Tribune">Chicago Tribune</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-09-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Chicago+Tribune&rft.atitle=Unitarians+Making+Peace+with+Easter&rft.date=1986-03-30&rft.aulast=Buursma&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chicagotribune.com%2Fnews%2Fct-xpm-1986-03-30-8601230398-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANontrinitarianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnitarian_Universalist_Association2015" class="citation web cs1">Unitarian Universalist Association (9 February 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uua.org/beliefs/what-we-believe">"Beliefs & Principles"</a>. <i>uua.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-09-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=uua.org&rft.atitle=Beliefs+%26+Principles&rft.date=2015-02-09&rft.au=Unitarian+Universalist+Association&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.uua.org%2Fbeliefs%2Fwhat-we-believe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANontrinitarianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnitarian_Universalist_Association2014" class="citation web cs1">Unitarian Universalist Association (25 November 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uua.org/beliefs/what-we-believe/beliefs/christianity">"Christian Unitarian Universalists"</a>. <i>uua.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-09-17</span></span>. <q>Some of our UU congregations are Christian in orientation, worshipping regularly with the New Testament, offering Communion, and celebrating Christian holidays throughout the year. All of our congregations welcome people with Christian backgrounds and beliefs.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=uua.org&rft.atitle=Christian+Unitarian+Universalists&rft.date=2014-11-25&rft.au=Unitarian+Universalist+Association&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.uua.org%2Fbeliefs%2Fwhat-we-believe%2Fbeliefs%2Fchristianity&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANontrinitarianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fourthcentury.com/index.php/urkunde-33">Edict by Emperor Constantine against the Arians</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SaintConstantinesBookBurning-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SaintConstantinesBookBurning_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"In addition, if any writing composed by Arius should be found, it should be handed over to the flames, so that not only will the wickedness of his teaching be obliterated, but nothing will be left even to remind anyone of him. And I hereby make a public order, that if someone should be discovered to have hidden a writing composed by Arius, and not to have immediately brought it forward and destroyed it by fire, his penalty shall be death. As soon as he is discovered in this offense, he shall be submitted for capital punishment." – Edict by Emperor Constantine against the Arians. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAthanasius2010" class="citation web cs1">Athanasius (23 January 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fourthcentury.com/index.php/urkunde-33">"Edict by Emperor Constantine against the Arians"</a>. <i>Fourth Century Christianity</i>. Wisconsin Lutheran College<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 May</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Fourth+Century+Christianity&rft.atitle=Edict+by+Emperor+Constantine+against+the+Arians&rft.date=2010-01-23&rft.au=Athanasius&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fourthcentury.com%2Findex.php%2Furkunde-33&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANontrinitarianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLitfin2007" class="citation book cs1">Litfin, Bryan M (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jgEZmsn34PEC&q=Arian+emperors&pg=PA179"><i>Getting to Know the Church Fathers</i></a>. Brazos Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4412-0074-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4412-0074-7"><bdi>978-1-4412-0074-7</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Getting+to+Know+the+Church+Fathers&rft.pub=Brazos+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-4412-0074-7&rft.aulast=Litfin&rft.aufirst=Bryan+M&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjgEZmsn34PEC%26q%3DArian%2Bemperors%26pg%3DPA179&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANontrinitarianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrassetto2003" class="citation book cs1">Frassetto, Michael (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yW-GfElbafQC&q=constantine+arianism&pg=PA136"><i>Encyclopedia of Barbarian Europe</i></a>. Bloomsbury Academic. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-263-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-263-9"><bdi>978-1-57607-263-9</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Barbarian+Europe&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Academic&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-57607-263-9&rft.aulast=Frassetto&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyW-GfElbafQC%26q%3Dconstantine%2Barianism%26pg%3DPA136&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANontrinitarianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaatz2012" class="citation book cs1">Kaatz, Kevin (2012). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/earlycontroversi0000kaat"><i>Early Controversies and the Growth of Christianity</i></a></span>. ABC-CLIO. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/earlycontroversi0000kaat/page/113">113</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-38359-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-38359-5"><bdi>978-0-313-38359-5</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 March</span> 2015</span>. <q>into the Arian version.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Early+Controversies+and+the+Growth+of+Christianity&rft.pages=113&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-313-38359-5&rft.aulast=Kaatz&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fearlycontroversi0000kaat&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANontrinitarianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/npnf204.xxv.iii.iii.xxv.html">"NPNF2-04. Athanasius: Select Works and Letters"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NPNF2-04.+Athanasius%3A+Select+Works+and+Letters&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ccel.org%2Fccel%2Fschaff%2Fnpnf204.xxv.iii.iii.xxv.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANontrinitarianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Elaine Pagels, <i>Beyond Belief: The Secret Gospel of Thomas</i> (Random House, 2003), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pkSrV5cEBp8C&dq=%22Athanasius%2C+the+zealous+bishop%22&pg=PT64">n.p.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/npnf204.xxv.iii.iii.xxv.html">"NPNF2-04. Athanasius: Select Works and Letters"</a>. Ccel.org. 13 July 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 January</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NPNF2-04.+Athanasius%3A+Select+Works+and+Letters&rft.pub=Ccel.org&rft.date=2005-07-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ccel.org%2Fccel%2Fschaff%2Fnpnf204.xxv.iii.iii.xxv.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANontrinitarianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David Bernard's <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080216034825/http://ourworld.compuserve.com/homepages/pentecostal/One-Top.htm"><i>The Oneness of God</i></a>, Word Aflame Press, 1983, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-912315-12-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-912315-12-1">0-912315-12-1</a>. pp. 264–274.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWellsn.d." class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/H._G._Wells" title="H. G. Wells">Wells, H. G.</a> (n.d.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=L0zF2wuRCDUC&q=%22There+is+no+evidence+that+the+apostles+of+Jesus+ever+heard+of+the+Trinity,+at+any+rate+from+him%22&pg=PA284"><i>The Outline of History: being a plain history of life and mankind</i></a>. Forgotten Books. Vol. 2. London: The Waverley Book Company. p. 284. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4400-8226-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4400-8226-9"><bdi>978-1-4400-8226-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Outline+of+History%3A+being+a+plain+history+of+life+and+mankind&rft.place=London&rft.series=Forgotten+Books&rft.pages=284&rft.pub=The+Waverley+Book+Company&rft.isbn=978-1-4400-8226-9&rft.aulast=Wells&rft.aufirst=H.+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DL0zF2wuRCDUC%26q%3D%2522There%2Bis%2Bno%2Bevidence%2Bthat%2Bthe%2Bapostles%2Bof%2BJesus%2Bever%2Bheard%2Bof%2Bthe%2BTrinity%2C%2Bat%2Bany%2Brate%2Bfrom%2Bhim%2522%26pg%3DPA284&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANontrinitarianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">W. Fulton, "Trinity", <i>Encyclopædia of Religion and Ethics,</i> T. & T. Clark, 1921, Vol. 12, p. 459.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Unitarians face a new age: the report of the Commission of Appraisal.</i> American Unitarian Association. ed. Frederick May Eliot, Harlan Paul Douglass – 1936 "Chapter III Church Growth and Decline During the Last Decade. Year Book data permit the calculation of growth or decline in membership for 297 Unitarian churches which existed throughout the last decade and ..."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Charles Lippy (2006), <i>Faith in America: Changes, Challenges</i>, New Directions, p.2. Quote: "However, when the national interest in novel religious forms waned by the mid- nineteenth century, Unitarianism and Universalism began to decline. For the vast majority of religious bodies in America, growth continued unabated."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Barclay-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Barclay_60-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barclay_60-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarclay1998" class="citation book cs1">Barclay, William (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bBOqGJc6tpcC&q=Trinity+%22new+testament%22&pg=PA201"><i>The Apostles' Creed</i></a>. Westminster John Knox Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-664-25826-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-664-25826-9"><bdi>978-0-664-25826-9</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Apostles%27+Creed&rft.pub=Westminster+John+Knox+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-664-25826-9&rft.aulast=Barclay&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbBOqGJc6tpcC%26q%3DTrinity%2B%2522new%2Btestament%2522%26pg%3DPA201&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANontrinitarianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">"<span style="color:gray">[title not cited]</span>". <i>New Catholic Encyclopedia</i>. Vol. XIV. 1967. p. 299.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%3Cspan+style%3D%22color%3Agray%22%3E%5Btitle+not+cited%5D%3C%2Fspan%3E&rft.btitle=New+Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=299&rft.date=1967&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANontrinitarianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacQuarrie2005" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">MacQuarrie, John (2005). "Trinity". <i>Encyclopedia Encarta</i>. Microsoft Encarta Reference Library. Microsoft Corporation.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Trinity&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+Encarta&rft.series=Microsoft+Encarta+Reference+Library&rft.pub=Microsoft+Corporation&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=MacQuarrie&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANontrinitarianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">"Trinity". <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Ultimate Reference Suite DVD. 2004.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Trinity&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.series=Ultimate+Reference+Suite+DVD&rft.date=2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANontrinitarianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBassler1992" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jouette_Bassler" title="Jouette Bassler">Bassler, J.M.</a> (1992). "God in the NT". <i>The Anchor Bible Dictionary</i>. Vol. 2. New York: Doubleday. p. 1055.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=God+in+the+NT&rft.btitle=The+Anchor+Bible+Dictionary&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=1055&rft.pub=Doubleday&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Bassler&rft.aufirst=J.M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANontrinitarianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brown-1965-12-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Brown-1965-12_65-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brown-1965-12_65-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brown-1965-12_65-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brown-1965-12_65-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown,_Raymond_E.1965" class="citation journal cs1">Brown, Raymond E. (1 December 1965). "Does the New Testament Call Jesus God?". <i>Theological Studies</i>. <b>26</b> (4): 545–573. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F004056396502600401">10.1177/004056396502600401</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:53007327">53007327</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Theological+Studies&rft.atitle=Does+the+New+Testament+Call+Jesus+God%3F&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=545-573&rft.date=1965-12-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F004056396502600401&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A53007327%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.au=Brown%2C+Raymond+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANontrinitarianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLoewen1984" class="citation journal cs1">Loewen, Jacob A. (1 April 1984). "The Names of God in the New Testament". <i>The Bible Translator</i>. <b>35</b> (2): 208–211. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F026009438403500202">10.1177/026009438403500202</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:172043076">172043076</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Bible+Translator&rft.atitle=The+Names+of+God+in+the+New+Testament&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=208-211&rft.date=1984-04-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F026009438403500202&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A172043076%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Loewen&rft.aufirst=Jacob+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANontrinitarianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConfraternity_of_Christian_Doctrine2011" class="citation book cs1">Confraternity of Christian Doctrine (2011). "Bible Dictionary". <i>New American Bible</i> (St. Joseph ed.). Catholic Book Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89942-617-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89942-617-4"><bdi>978-0-89942-617-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Bible+Dictionary&rft.btitle=New+American+Bible&rft.edition=St.+Joseph&rft.pub=Catholic+Book+Publishing&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-89942-617-4&rft.au=Confraternity+of+Christian+Doctrine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANontrinitarianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apostolicacademics.com/2017/02/">"Against Dalcour II"</a>. <i>Apostolic Academics</i>. Oneness Pentecostal Apologetics. February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Apostolic+Academics&rft.atitle=Against+Dalcour+II&rft.date=2017-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapostolicacademics.com%2F2017%2F02%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANontrinitarianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Reasoning from the Scriptures</i>. Philadelphia: <a href="/wiki/Watchtower_Bible_and_Tract_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Watchtower Bible and Tract Society">Watchtower Bible and Tract Society</a>. 2015 [1986]. pp. 405, 415–416.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reasoning+from+the+Scriptures&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pages=405%2C+415-416&rft.pub=Watchtower+Bible+and+Tract+Society&rft.date=2015&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANontrinitarianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHertz1960" class="citation book cs1">Hertz, J.H. (1960). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/pentateuchan_xxxx_2001_000_6958747"><i>The Pentateuch and the Haftorahs</i></a></span>. Vol. 1. Soncino Press. p. 215. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-900689-21-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-900689-21-5"><bdi>978-0-900689-21-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Pentateuch+and+the+Haftorahs&rft.pages=215&rft.pub=Soncino+Press&rft.date=1960&rft.isbn=978-0-900689-21-5&rft.aulast=Hertz&rft.aufirst=J.H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpentateuchan_xxxx_2001_000_6958747&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANontrinitarianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKruse2004" class="citation book cs1">Kruse, Colin G. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6JYgc2iH_skC&q=%22Word+was+God%22+commentary&pg=PA62"><i>The Gospel According to John</i></a>. Wm. B. Eerdmans. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-2771-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-2771-5"><bdi>978-0-8028-2771-5</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 March</span> 2015</span> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gospel+According+to+John&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-2771-5&rft.aulast=Kruse&rft.aufirst=Colin+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6JYgc2iH_skC%26q%3D%2522Word%2Bwas%2BGod%2522%2Bcommentary%26pg%3DPA62&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANontrinitarianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamsey_Michaels2011" class="citation book cs1">Ramsey Michaels, J. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zGr-amBm4PUC&q=%22Word+was+God%22+commentary&pg=PT30"><i>John</i></a>. Understanding the Bible – Commentary. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4412-3659-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4412-3659-3"><bdi>978-1-4412-3659-3</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 March</span> 2015</span> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=John&rft.series=Understanding+the+Bible+%E2%80%93+Commentary&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-4412-3659-3&rft.aulast=Ramsey+Michaels&rft.aufirst=J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzGr-amBm4PUC%26q%3D%2522Word%2Bwas%2BGod%2522%2Bcommentary%26pg%3DPT30&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANontrinitarianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRadmacher1999" class="citation book cs1">Radmacher, Earl (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rVkt20rhM9wC&dq=%22Word+was+God%22+commentary&pg=PT1356"><i>Nelson's New Illustrated Bible Commentary</i></a>. Thomas Nelson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4185-8734-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4185-8734-5"><bdi>978-1-4185-8734-5</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nelson%27s+New+Illustrated+Bible+Commentary&rft.pub=Thomas+Nelson&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-1-4185-8734-5&rft.aulast=Radmacher&rft.aufirst=Earl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrVkt20rhM9wC%26dq%3D%2522Word%2Bwas%2BGod%2522%2Bcommentary%26pg%3DPT1356&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANontrinitarianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGundry2011" class="citation book cs1">Gundry, Robert H. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RZg7yJva7LgC&q=Gundry+identical+distinguishable&pg=PT11"><i>Commentary on John</i></a>. Commentary on the New Testament. Vol. 4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4412-3761-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4412-3761-3"><bdi>978-1-4412-3761-3</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 March</span> 2015</span> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Commentary+on+John&rft.series=Commentary+on+the+New+Testament&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-4412-3761-3&rft.aulast=Gundry&rft.aufirst=Robert+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRZg7yJva7LgC%26q%3DGundry%2Bidentical%2Bdistinguishable%26pg%3DPT11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANontrinitarianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://onlytruegod.org/defense/john1.1c.htm">"John 1:1c: "God", "divine", or "a god"?"</a>. <i>OnlyTruGod.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Myers, Jim (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091029040650/http://www.biblicalheritage.org/Linguistic/HL/1-A/-elohiym.htm">"Elohiym"</a>. <i>Biblical Heritage Center</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biblicalheritage.org/Linguistic/HL/1-A/-elohiym.htm">the original</a> on 2009-10-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-04-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Biblical+Heritage+Center&rft.atitle=Elohiym&rft.au=Kemp%2C+Steve&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biblicalheritage.org%2FLinguistic%2FHL%2F1-A%2F-elohiym.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANontrinitarianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://strongsnumbers.com/hebrew/430.htm">"אֱלֹהִים (<i>elohim</i>) – God, god"</a>. <i>Strong's Hebrew</i>. 430<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 March</span> 2015</span> – via wordpress.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Son+of+Jehovah&rft.atitle=2+Corinthians+13%3A14+%E2%80%93+Trinity%3F&rft.date=2010-10-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsonofyah.wordpress.com%2F2010%2F10%2F09%2F2-cor13-14%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANontrinitarianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Philippians+2:5–6&version=hcsv">Philippians 2:5–6</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Philippians#2:5" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Philippians">Philippians 2:5–6</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblicalunitarian.com/verses/philippians-2-6-8}">Philippians 2:6–8</a> biblicalunitarian.com. Retrieved 8 July 2019.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.angelfire.com/space/thegospeltruth/trinity/verses/copy_of_Php2_6.html">"The trinity delusion – Philippians 2:6"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 July</span> 2019</span> – via angelfire.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+trinity+delusion+%E2%80%93+Philippians+2%3A6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.angelfire.com%2Fspace%2Fthegospeltruth%2Ftrinity%2Fverses%2Fcopy_of_Php2_6.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANontrinitarianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoen2014" class="citation web cs1">Moen, Skip (October 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.skipmoen.com/2014/10/the-assumed-trinity-a-look-at-philippians-26/">"The assumed trinity: A look at Philippians 2:6"</a>. <i>skipmoen.com</i>. Hebrew Word Study<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=skipmoen.com&rft.atitle=The+assumed+trinity%3A+A+look+at+Philippians+2%3A6&rft.date=2014-10&rft.aulast=Moen&rft.aufirst=Skip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.skipmoen.com%2F2014%2F10%2Fthe-assumed-trinity-a-look-at-philippians-26%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANontrinitarianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKemball-Cook2007" class="citation book cs1">Kemball-Cook, David (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=27YaIzmqaggC&q=eternal+spirit+hebrews+9+not+trinitarian+proof&pg=PA115"><i>Is God a Trinity?</i></a> (self-published). Lulu.com. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9542211-1-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9542211-1-9"><bdi>978-0-9542211-1-9</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 March</span> 2015</span> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Is+God+a+Trinity%3F&rft.pub=Lulu.com&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-9542211-1-9&rft.aulast=Kemball-Cook&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D27YaIzmqaggC%26q%3Deternal%2Bspirit%2Bhebrews%2B9%2Bnot%2Btrinitarian%2Bproof%26pg%3DPA115&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANontrinitarianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStephen_T._DavisDaniel_KendallGerald_O'Collins2002" class="citation book cs1">Stephen T. Davis; Daniel Kendall; Gerald O'Collins, eds. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TSnyL06y0LYC&pg=PA357"><i>The Trinity: An Interdisciplinary Symposium on the Trinity</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 357. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-924612-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-924612-0"><bdi>978-0-19-924612-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Trinity%3A+An+Interdisciplinary+Symposium+on+the+Trinity&rft.pages=357&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-19-924612-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTSnyL06y0LYC%26pg%3DPA357&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANontrinitarianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Hebrews%201:3&version=nrsv">Heb 1:3</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pages.uoregon.edu/sshoemak/321/texts/chalcedonian_definition.htm">"The Chalcedonian Definition"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Chalcedonian+Definition&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpages.uoregon.edu%2Fsshoemak%2F321%2Ftexts%2Fchalcedonian_definition.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANontrinitarianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://noemon.net/noesis/The%20word%20Homoousios%20from%20Hellenism%20to%20Christianity.pdf"><i>The Word</i> "Homoousios" <i>from Hellenism to Christianity</i></a>, by P.F. Beatrice, <i>Church History,</i> Cambridge University Press on behalf of the American Society of Church History, Vol. 71, No. 2, (Jun., 2002), pp. 243–272. (retrieved @ noemon.net) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110723224453/http://noemon.net/noesis/The%20word%20Homoousios%20from%20Hellenism%20to%20Christianity.pdf">Archived</a> July 23, 2011, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://carm.org/christianity/christian-doctrine/word-trinity-not-bible">"The word Trinity is not found in the Bible"</a>. <i>CARM – The Christian Apologetics & Research Ministry</i>. 2008-11-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Institute+for+Religious+Research&rft.atitle=Institute+for+Religious+Research+%E2%80%93+The+Biblical+Basis+of+the+Doctrine+of+the+Trinity+%E2%80%93+Introduction&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Firr.org%2Fbiblical-basis-of-doctrine-of-trinity-introduction&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANontrinitarianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Unitarian: a monthly magazine of liberal Christianity</i> ed. Jabez Thomas Sunderland, Brooke Herford, Frederick B. Mott – 1893 "We believe in the Holy Spirit, man's sole reliance for guidance, safety, or salvation, not as a separate person, entity, reality, or consciousness, existent apart from man or God, but as the recognizing sympathetic inter-communication in love between God and the human soul, the direct converse or communion of man's consciousness with Deity."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Awake!_Is_the_Holy_Spirit_a_Person?-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Awake!_Is_the_Holy_Spirit_a_Person?_97-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">"Is the Holy Spirit a Person?". <i>Awake!</i>: 14–15. July 2006. <q>In the Bible, God's Holy Spirit is identified as God's power in action. Hence, an accurate translation of the Bible's Hebrew text refers to God's spirit as "God's active force".</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Awake%21&rft.atitle=Is+the+Holy+Spirit+a+Person%3F&rft.pages=14-15&rft.date=2006-07&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANontrinitarianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://reluctant-messenger.com/HWA/Mystery/Chapter1.html">Who and What Is God?</a> – <i>Mystery of the Ages</i> – Herbert W. Armstrong. Retrieved 19 May 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Peter Althouse <i>Spirit of the last days: Pentecostal eschatology in conversation</i> p. 12. 2003. "The Oneness Pentecostal stream follows in the steps of the Reformed stream, but has a modalistic view of the Godhead"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See under heading "The Father is the Holy Ghost" in David Bernard, The Oneness of God, Chapter 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-basic.doctrine.list.father.is.holy.ghost-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-basic.doctrine.list.father.is.holy.ghost_101-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See also David Bernard, <i>A Handbook of Basic Doctrines</i>, Word Aflame Press, 1988.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See under "The Lord God and His Spirit," in Chapter 7 of David Bernard, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ourworld.compuserve.com/homepages/pentecostal/One-Top.htm">The Oneness of God</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080216034825/http://ourworld.compuserve.com/homepages/pentecostal/One-Top.htm">Archived</a> 2008-02-16 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilson1992" class="citation book cs1">Wilson, Jerry A. (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/cdm/ref/collection/EoM/id/3768">"Holy Spirit"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Daniel_H._Ludlow" title="Daniel H. Ludlow">Ludlow, Daniel H</a> (ed.). <a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Mormonism" title="Encyclopedia of Mormonism"><i>Encyclopedia of Mormonism</i></a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Macmillan_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Macmillan Publishing">Macmillan Publishing</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofmo01ludl/page/651">651</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-02-879602-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-02-879602-4"><bdi>978-0-02-879602-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/24502140">24502140</a>. <q>The Holy Spirit is a term often used to refer to the Holy Ghost. In such cases the Holy Spirit is a personage."<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Holy+Spirit&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Mormonism&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=651&rft.pub=Macmillan+Publishing&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F24502140&rft.isbn=978-0-02-879602-4&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=Jerry+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcontentdm.lib.byu.edu%2Fcdm%2Fref%2Fcollection%2FEoM%2Fid%2F3768&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANontrinitarianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcConkie1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Fielding_McConkie" title="Joseph Fielding McConkie">McConkie, Joseph Fielding</a> (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/cdm/ref/collection/EoM/id/3766">"Holy Ghost"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Daniel_H._Ludlow" title="Daniel H. Ludlow">Ludlow, Daniel H</a> (ed.). <a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Mormonism" title="Encyclopedia of Mormonism"><i>Encyclopedia of Mormonism</i></a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Macmillan_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Macmillan Publishing">Macmillan Publishing</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofmo01ludl/page/649">649–651</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-02-879602-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-02-879602-4"><bdi>978-0-02-879602-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/24502140">24502140</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Holy+Ghost&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Mormonism&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=649-651&rft.pub=Macmillan+Publishing&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F24502140&rft.isbn=978-0-02-879602-4&rft.aulast=McConkie&rft.aufirst=Joseph+Fielding&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcontentdm.lib.byu.edu%2Fcdm%2Fref%2Fcollection%2FEoM%2Fid%2F3766&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANontrinitarianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/scriptures/dc-testament/dc/131.7-8?lang=eng">D&C 131:7–8</a> ("There is no such thing as immaterial matter. All spirit is matter, but it is more fine or pure, and can only be discerned by purer eyes; We cannot see it; but when our bodies are purified we shall see that it is all matter.")</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DC130_22-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DC130_22_106-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DC130_22_106-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/scriptures/dc-testament/dc/130.22?lang=eng">D&C 130:22</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRomney1974" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Marion_G._Romney" title="Marion G. Romney">Romney, Marion G.</a> (May 1974), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/ensign/1974/05/the-holy-ghost?lang=eng">"The Holy Ghost"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Ensign_(LDS_magazine)" title="Ensign (LDS magazine)">Ensign</a></i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ensign&rft.atitle=The+Holy+Ghost&rft.date=1974-05&rft.aulast=Romney&rft.aufirst=Marion+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.churchofjesuschrist.org%2Fstudy%2Fensign%2F1974%2F05%2Fthe-holy-ghost%3Flang%3Deng&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANontrinitarianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MillennialStarXII-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MillennialStarXII_108-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MillennialStarXII_108-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/cdm4/document.php?CISOROOT=/MStar&CISOPTR=2051&REC=12&CISOSHOW=2013"><i>Millennial Star</i></a>. Vol. XII. October 15, 1850. pp. 305–309<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 30,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Millennial+Star&rft.pages=305-309&rft.date=1850-10-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcontentdm.lib.byu.edu%2Fcdm4%2Fdocument.php%3FCISOROOT%3D%2FMStar%26CISOPTR%3D2051%26REC%3D12%26CISOSHOW%3D2013&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANontrinitarianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150121163919/http://www.churchofchrist-tl.org/basicBeliefs.html">"Basic Beliefs Articles of Faith and Practice"</a>. Church of Christ. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.churchofchrist-tl.org/basicBeliefs.html">the original</a> on 21 January 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Basic+Beliefs+Articles+of+Faith+and+Practice&rft.pub=Church+of+Christ&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.churchofchrist-tl.org%2FbasicBeliefs.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANontrinitarianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071007071544/http://www.unitypaloalto.org/beliefs/twenty_questions.html">"Unity Palo Alto Community Church – Beliefs | Twenty Questions and Answers"</a>. <i>www.unitypaloalto.org</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unitypaloalto.org/beliefs/twenty_questions.html">the original</a> on October 7, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.unitypaloalto.org&rft.atitle=Unity+Palo+Alto+Community+Church+%E2%80%93+Beliefs+%26%23124%3B+Twenty+Questions+and+Answers&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unitypaloalto.org%2Fbeliefs%2Ftwenty_questions.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANontrinitarianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SeitzNicene-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SeitzNicene_111-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeitz2001" class="citation book cs1">Seitz, Christopher R. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=X9pVAAAAYAAJ&q=Nicene+Christianity"><i>Nicene Christianity: The Future for a New Ecumenism</i></a>. Brazos Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84227-154-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84227-154-4"><bdi>978-1-84227-154-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230114000831/https://books.google.com/books?id=X9pVAAAAYAAJ&q=Nicene+Christianity">Archived</a> from the original on 14 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nicene+Christianity%3A+The+Future+for+a+New+Ecumenism&rft.pub=Brazos+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-84227-154-4&rft.aulast=Seitz&rft.aufirst=Christopher+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DX9pVAAAAYAAJ%26q%3DNicene%2BChristianity&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANontrinitarianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cult-labelling-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cult-labelling_112-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cult-labelling_112-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCleaver2012" class="citation journal cs1">Cleaver, Ken (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210829125933/http://jsri.ro/ojs/index.php/jsri/article/viewFile/649/562">"The Practical and Ethical Considerations in Labeling a Religious Group as a Cult"</a>. <i>Journal for the Study of Religions and Ideologies</i>. <b>11</b> (33): 164–181. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jsri.ro/ojs/index.php/jsri/article/viewFile/649/562">the original</a> on 2021-08-29.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+for+the+Study+of+Religions+and+Ideologies&rft.atitle=The+Practical+and+Ethical+Considerations+in+Labeling+a+Religious+Group+as+a+Cult&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=33&rft.pages=164-181&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Cleaver&rft.aufirst=Ken&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjsri.ro%2Fojs%2Findex.php%2Fjsri%2Farticle%2FviewFile%2F649%2F562&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANontrinitarianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-converge-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-converge_113-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-converge_113-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLadouceur2020" class="citation journal cs1">Ladouceur, Paul (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/download/65768334/Paul_Ladouceur_Christian_Ecumenism_and_Inter_Religious_Dialogue_JES_2020.pdf">"Christian Ecumenism and Interreligious Dialogue: Convergences and Divergences"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Journal of Ecumenical Studies</i>. <b>55</b> (2): 167–189. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fecu.2020.0018">10.1353/ecu.2020.0018</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Ecumenical+Studies&rft.atitle=Christian+Ecumenism+and+Interreligious+Dialogue%3A+Convergences+and+Divergences&rft.volume=55&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=167-189&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fecu.2020.0018&rft.aulast=Ladouceur&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2Fdownload%2F65768334%2FPaul_Ladouceur_Christian_Ecumenism_and_Inter_Religious_Dialogue_JES_2020.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANontrinitarianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MormChristian-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MormChristian_114-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MormChristian_114-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSolveig_Nilson" class="citation web cs1">Solveig Nilson. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.luthercollege.edu/university/academics/impetus/winter-2013-impetus/is-mormonism-christian/">"Is Mormonism Christian?"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Is+Mormonism+Christian%3F&rft.au=Solveig+Nilson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.luthercollege.edu%2Funiversity%2Facademics%2Fimpetus%2Fwinter-2013-impetus%2Fis-mormonism-christian%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANontrinitarianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PentEcu-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PentEcu_115-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClifton2012" class="citation journal cs1">Clifton, Shane (Fall 2012). "Ecumenism From the Bottom Up: A Pentecostal Perspective". <i>Journal of Ecumenical Studies</i>. <b>47</b> (4).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Ecumenical+Studies&rft.atitle=Ecumenism+From+the+Bottom+Up%3A+A+Pentecostal+Perspective&rft.ssn=fall&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=4&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Clifton&rft.aufirst=Shane&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANontrinitarianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMontefiore2016" class="citation journal cs1">Montefiore, C. G. (2016-06-18) [January 1897]. "Unitarianism and Judaism in Their Relations to Each Other". <i>The Jewish Quarterly Review</i>. <b>9</b> (2): 240–253. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1450588">10.2307/1450588</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1450588">1450588</a>. <q>You [Unitarian Christians] have relations and points of connexion with Judaism on the one side, and with orthodox Christianity on the other. You are in a position of vantage to absorb the permanent elements of truth and value lying at your right hand and at your left. For, looked at from one point of view, though you might yourselves deny it, you constitute a phase of Judaism; looked at from another, though many Christians deny it, you are a phase of Christianity. The paradox of the one assertion to some of yourselves is no greater than the paradox of the other to many beyond your pale</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Jewish+Quarterly+Review&rft.atitle=Unitarianism+and+Judaism+in+Their+Relations+to+Each+Other&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=240-253&rft.date=2016-06-18&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1450588&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1450588%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Montefiore&rft.aufirst=C.+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANontrinitarianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>The Holy Qur'an</i>. 4:171.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Holy+Qur%27an&rft.pages=4%3A171&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANontrinitarianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Islam-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Islam_118-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCleland" class="citation web cs1">Cleland, Bilal. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tellmeaboutislam.com/islam-and-unitarians.html">"Islam and Unitarians"</a>. Tell me about Islam<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Islam+and+Unitarians&rft.pub=Tell+me+about+Islam&rft.aulast=Cleland&rft.aufirst=Bilal&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftellmeaboutislam.com%2Fislam-and-unitarians.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANontrinitarianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">'At times he forms one of a trinity in unity, with Ra and Osiris, as in Fig. 87, a god with the two sceptres of Osiris, the hawk's head of Horus, and the sun of Ra. This is the god described to Eusebius, who tells us that when the oracle was consulted about the divine nature, by those who wished to understand this complicated mythology, it had answered, "I am Apollo and Lord and Bacchus," or, to use the Egyptian names, "I am Ra and Horus and Osiris." Another god, in the form of a porcelain idol to be worn as a charm, shows us Horus as one of a trinity in unity, in name, at least, agreeing with that afterwards adopted by the Christians—namely, the Great God, the Son God, and the Spirit God.'—<a href="/wiki/Samuel_Sharpe_(scholar)" title="Samuel Sharpe (scholar)">Samuel Sharpe</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/egyptianmytholo01shargoog"><i>Egyptian Mythology and Egyptian Christianity</i></a>, 1863, pp. 89–90.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ucg.org/booklet/god-trinity/how-ancient-trinitarian-gods-influenced-adoption-trinity/">"How Ancient Trinitarian Gods Influenced Adoption of the Trinity"</a>. <i>United Church of God</i>. 2011-07-22<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+Church+of+God&rft.atitle=How+Ancient+Trinitarian+Gods+Influenced+Adoption+of+the+Trinity&rft.date=2011-07-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ucg.org%2Fbooklet%2Fgod-trinity%2Fhow-ancient-trinitarian-gods-influenced-adoption-trinity%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANontrinitarianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michael Barber – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=u5hkIwXJVxoC&dq=All+things+are+three%2C+and+thrice+is+all%3A+and+let+us+use+this+number+in+the+worship+of+the+gods%3B+for%2C+as+Pythagoreans+say%2C+everything+and+all+things+are+bound+by+threes%2C+for+the+end%2C+the+middle%2C+and+the+beginning+have+this+number+in+everything%2C+and+these+compose+the+number+of+the+Trinity.&pg=PA78">Should Christianity Abandon the Doctrine of the Trinity?</a> – Universal-Publishers, Nov 1, 2006 – Part Three, p. 78.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://el.wikisource.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%AF_%CE%9F%CF%85%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%8D/1#.CE.9A.CE.B5.CF.86.CE.AC.CE.BB.CE.B1.CE.B9.CE.BF_1">"Περί Ουρανού/1"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%CE%A0%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%AF+%CE%9F%CF%85%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%8D%2F1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fel.wikisource.org%2Fwiki%2F%25CE%25A0%25CE%25B5%25CF%2581%25CE%25AF_%25CE%259F%25CF%2585%25CF%2581%25CE%25B1%25CE%25BD%25CE%25BF%25CF%258D%2F1%23.CE.9A.CE.B5.CF.86.CE.AC.CE.BB.CE.B1.CE.B9.CE.BF_1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANontrinitarianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://remacle.org/bloodwolf/philosophes/Aristote/ciel1gr.htm">"Aristote: Traité du Ciel (livre I – texte grec)"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Aristote%3A+Trait%C3%A9+du+Ciel+%28livre+I+%E2%80%93+texte+grec%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fremacle.org%2Fbloodwolf%2Fphilosophes%2FAristote%2Fciel1gr.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANontrinitarianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140827163240/http://www.scribd.com/doc/95303712/Aristotle-Opera-I-Bekker-v2-Greek-De-Caelo-Libri-IV">"Bekker edition of Aristotle's works, volume II, p. 211"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scribd.com/doc/95303712/Aristotle-Opera-I-Bekker-v2-Greek-De-Caelo-Libri-IV">the original</a> on 2014-08-27<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-09-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bekker+edition+of+Aristotle%27s+works%2C+volume+II%2C+p.+211&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scribd.com%2Fdoc%2F95303712%2FAristotle-Opera-I-Bekker-v2-Greek-De-Caelo-Libri-IV&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANontrinitarianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcKirahan1999" class="citation journal cs1">McKirahan, Richard D. (1999). "Review". <i>The Philosophical Review</i>. <b>108</b> (2): 285–287. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2998305">10.2307/2998305</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2998305">2998305</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Philosophical+Review&rft.atitle=Review&rft.volume=108&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=285-287&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2998305&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2998305%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=McKirahan&rft.aufirst=Richard+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANontrinitarianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Phaedo</i> 104e.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Course of Ideas, pp. 387–388.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stuart George Hall (1992). <i>Doctrine and Practice in the Early Church</i>. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. p. 50. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8028-0629-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8028-0629-5">0-8028-0629-5</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Select Treatises of St. Athanasius</i> – In Controversy With the Arians – Freely Translated by John Henry Cardinal Newmann – Longmans, Green, and Co., 1911</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A. Hilary Armstrong, Henry J. Blumenthal, Platonism. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica.</i> Retrieved May 13, 2008, from Encyclopædia Britannica 2006 Ultimate Reference Suite DVD.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Logan A. Marcellus of Ancyra (Pseudo-Anthimus), 'On the Holy Church': Text, Translation and Commentary. Verses 8–9. Journal of Theological Studies, NS, Volume 51, Pt. 1, April 2000, p. 95.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAurelius1964" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius" title="Marcus Aurelius">Aurelius, Marcus</a> (1964). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/meditations0000marc_m9z0"><i>Meditations</i></a></span>. London: <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Books" title="Penguin Books">Penguin Books</a>. p. 25. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-044140-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-044140-6"><bdi>978-0-14-044140-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Meditations&rft.place=London&rft.pages=25&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=1964&rft.isbn=978-0-14-044140-6&rft.aulast=Aurelius&rft.aufirst=Marcus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmeditations0000marc_m9z0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANontrinitarianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Watch_Tower_Bible_and_Tract_Society_of_Pennsylvania" title="Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania">Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania</a>, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wol.jw.org/en/wol/d/r1/lp-e/1101989307">Should You Believe in the Trinity?</a></i> (2006)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Neusner, Jacob, ed. 2009. <i>World Religions in America: An Introduction</i>, Fourth Ed. Louisville, Kentucky: Westminster John Knox Press, p. 257. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-664-23320-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-664-23320-4">978-0-664-23320-4</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Beit-Hallahmi, Benjamin. 1998. <i>The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Active New Religions, Sects and Cults</i>, Revised Ed. New York: Rosen Publishing Group, p. 73. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8239-2586-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8239-2586-2">0-8239-2586-2</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Walker, James K. (2007). <i>The Concise Guide to Today's Religions and Spirituality</i>. Eugene, Oregon: Harvest House Publishers. pp. 117–118. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7369-2011-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7369-2011-7">978-0-7369-2011-7</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dulles-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-dulles_137-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Avery Cardinal Dulles. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.firstthings.com/article.php3?id_article=143">The Deist Minimum</a>. 2005.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nontrinitarianism&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Morgan, Caesar <a href="//archive.org/details/investigationoft00morguoft" class="extiw" title="iarchive:investigationoft00morguoft"><i>An investigation of the trinity of Plato and of Philo Judaeus, and of the effects which an attachment to their writings had upon the principles and reasonings of the father of the Christian church</i></a>, Cambridge University Press, 1853.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTuggy2016" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Tuggy, Dale (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/trinity/trinity-history.html">"History of Trinitarian Doctrines"</a>. <i>Trinity</i>. <a href="/wiki/Stanford_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy">Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a>. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=History+of+Trinitarian+Doctrines&rft.btitle=Trinity&rft.series=Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.pub=Metaphysics+Research+Lab%2C+Stanford+University&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Tuggy&rft.aufirst=Dale&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Ftrinity%2Ftrinity-history.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANontrinitarianism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTuggy2016" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Tuggy, Dale (March 18, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/trinity/index.html">"Trinity"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Stanford_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy">Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a></i>. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Trinity&rft.btitle=Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.pub=Metaphysics+Research+Lab%2C+Stanford+University&rft.date=2016-03-18&rft.aulast=Tuggy&rft.aufirst=Dale&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Ftrinity%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANontrinitarianism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Wallace_(Unitarian)" title="Robert Wallace (Unitarian)">Wallace, Robert</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/antitrinitarianb03walluoft"><i>Antitrinitarian Biography; or, Sketches of the lives and writings of distinguished antitrinitarians, exhibiting a view of the state of the Unitarian doctrine and worship in the principal nations of Europe, from the reformation to the close of the seventeenth century, to which is prefixed a history of Unitarianism in England during the same period</i></a>, 1850.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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Christianity">Prophets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Christians" title="Lists of Christians">Lists of Christians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_by_country" title="Christianity by country">By country</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a><br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_religious_texts#Christianity" title="List of religious texts">(Scriptures)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Foundations</th><td 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style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early<br />Christianity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Christianity" title="Jesus in Christianity">in Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus" title="Nativity of Jesus">Nativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_Jesus" title="Baptism of Jesus">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Jesus" title="Ministry of Jesus">Ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sermon_on_the_Mount" title="Sermon on the Mount">Sermon on the Mount</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parables_of_Jesus" title="Parables of Jesus">Parables</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miracles_of_Jesus" title="Miracles of Jesus">Miracles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Commandment" title="Great Commandment">Great Commandment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Commission" title="Great Commission">Great Commission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Apostles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church fathers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Fathers" title="Apostolic Fathers">Apostolic fathers</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Great_Church" title="Great Church">Great Church</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_ante-Nicene_period" title="Christianity in the ante-Nicene period">Ante-Nicene period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_late_antiquity" title="Christianity in late antiquity">Late antiquity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great_and_Christianity" title="Constantine the Great and Christianity">Constantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_seven_ecumenical_councils" title="First seven ecumenical councils">First seven ecumenical councils</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">Nicaea I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon" title="Council of Chalcedon">Chalcedon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_as_the_Roman_state_religion" title="Christianity as the Roman state religion">State church of the Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_biblical_canon" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian biblical canon">Christian biblical canon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Christianity in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_monasticism" title="Christian monasticism">Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">East–West Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investiture_Controversy" title="Investiture Controversy">Investiture Controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_the_Age_of_Discovery" title="Catholic Church and the Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_modern_era" title="Christianity in the modern era">Modern era</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Catholic Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dechristianization_of_France_during_the_French_Revolution" title="Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution">French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_Islam" title="Christianity and Islam">Relations with Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_influences_on_the_Islamic_world" title="Christian influences on the Islamic world">Influences</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_denomination" title="Christian denomination">Denominations</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_denominations" title="List of Christian denominations">list</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_denominations_by_number_of_members" title="List of Christian denominations by number of members">members</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_Christianity" title="Western Christianity">Western</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Catholic_Church" title="Old Catholic Church">Old Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Catholicism" title="Independent Catholicism">Independent Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adventism" title="Adventism">Adventist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anabaptism" title="Anabaptism">Anabaptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charismatic_Christianity" title="Charismatic Christianity">Charismatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">Evangelical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holiness_movement" title="Holiness movement">Holiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quakers" title="Quakers">Quakers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_Christianity" title="Reformed Christianity">Reformed</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Rite_Orthodoxy" title="Western Rite Orthodoxy">Western Rite Orthodoxy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Christianity" title="Eastern Christianity">Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Eastern Orthodox</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Church</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodox_Churches" title="Oriental Orthodox Churches">Oriental Orthodox (Miaphysite)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Church of the East (Nestorian)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern Catholic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Restorationism" title="Restorationism">Restorationist</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="Latter Day Saint movement">Latter Day Saint movement</a></li> <li><span title="Tagalog-language text"><span lang="tl" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Iglesia_ni_Cristo" title="Iglesia ni Cristo">Iglesia ni Cristo</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_theology" title="Christian theology">Theology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Christianity" title="God in Christianity">God</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_the_Father" title="God the Father">Father</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Son_of_God_(Christianity)" title="Son of God (Christianity)">Son</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christianity" title="Holy Spirit in Christianity">Holy Spirit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christology" title="Christology">Christology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicene_Creed" title="Nicene Creed">Nicene Creed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_tradition" title="Sacred tradition">Tradition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Original_sin" title="Original sin">Original sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvation_in_Christianity" title="Salvation in Christianity">Salvation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Born_again" title="Born again">Born again</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_liturgy" title="Christian liturgy">Liturgy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_liturgy" title="Catholic liturgy">Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_liturgy" title="Eastern Catholic liturgy">Eastern Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_worship" title="Eastern Orthodox worship">Eastern Orthodox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestant_liturgy" title="Protestant liturgy">Protestant</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_worship" title="Christian worship">Worship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariology" title="Mariology">Mariology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theotokos" title="Theotokos">Theotokos</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint" title="Saint">Saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angels_in_Christianity" title="Angels in Christianity">Angel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiology" title="Ecclesiology">Ecclesiology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Marks_of_the_Church" title="Four Marks of the Church">Four marks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_of_Christ" title="Body of Christ">Body of Christ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_true_church" title="One true church">One true church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_of_God" title="People of God">People of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canon_law" title="Canon law">Canon law</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacrament" title="Sacrament">Sacraments</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucharist" title="Eucharist">Eucharist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_marriage" title="Christian views on marriage">Marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confirmation" title="Confirmation">Confirmation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penance" title="Penance">Penance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anointing_of_the_sick" title="Anointing of the sick">Anointing of the Sick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_orders" title="Holy orders">Holy orders</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mission" title="Christian mission">Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ablution_in_Christianity" title="Ablution in Christianity">Ablution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hygiene_in_Christianity" title="Hygiene in Christianity">Hygiene</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_philosophy" title="Christian philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_ethics" title="Christian ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_science" title="Christianity and science">Science</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rejection_of_evolution_by_religious_groups" title="Rejection of evolution by religious groups">Evolution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_politics" title="Christianity and politics">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_poverty_and_wealth" title="Christian views on poverty and wealth">Views on poverty and wealth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other<br />features</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_culture" title="Christian culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_architecture" title="Church architecture">Architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_cathedrals_and_great_churches" title="Architecture of cathedrals and great churches">Architecture of cathedrals and great churches</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_art" title="Christian art">Art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Depiction_of_Jesus" title="Depiction of Jesus">Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marian_art_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Marian art in the Catholic Church">Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Trinity_in_art" title="The Trinity in art">Trinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_the_Father_in_Western_art" title="God the Father in Western art">God the Father</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christian_art" title="Holy Spirit in Christian art">Holy Spirit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catechesis" title="Catechesis">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catechism" title="Catechism">Catechism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Flag" title="Christian Flag">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_literature" title="Christian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_music" title="Christian music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mythology" title="Christian mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_pilgrimage" title="Christian pilgrimage">Pilgrimage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_piety" title="Popular piety">Popular piety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_(building)" title="Church (building)">Church buildings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_cathedrals" title="Lists of cathedrals">Cathedrals</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Role_of_Christianity_in_civilization" title="Role of Christianity in civilization">Role in civilization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_movements" title="List of Christian movements">Movements</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crusading_movement" title="Crusading movement">Crusading 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