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<span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1950s:_Demographic_shift" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1950s:_Demographic_shift"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>1950s: Demographic shift</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1950s:_Demographic_shift-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1960s:_Start_of_decay" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1960s:_Start_of_decay"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>1960s: Start of decay</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1960s:_Start_of_decay-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1970s:_"The_Bronx_is_burning"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1970s:_"The_Bronx_is_burning""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>1970s: "The Bronx is burning"</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1970s:_"The_Bronx_is_burning"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Revitalization_and_current_concerns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Revitalization_and_current_concerns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Revitalization and current concerns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Revitalization_and_current_concerns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arts_and_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arts_and_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Arts and culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Arts_and_culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Arts and culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Arts_and_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hip_hop's_birthplace" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hip_hop's_birthplace"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Hip hop's birthplace</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hip_hop's_birthplace-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transportation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transportation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Transportation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transportation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_natives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_natives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notable natives</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_natives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>In popular culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle In popular culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Movies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Movies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Movies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Movies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Television" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Television"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Television</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Television-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pictorial_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pictorial_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3</span> <span>Pictorial works</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pictorial_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" 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class="mw-page-title-main">South Bronx</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Bronx" title="South Bronx – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="South Bronx" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Bronx" title="South Bronx – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="South Bronx" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B5%E3%82%A6%E3%82%B9%E3%83%BB%E3%83%96%E3%83%AD%E3%83%B3%E3%82%AF%E3%82%B9" title="サウス・ブロンクス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="サウス・ブロンクス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Bronx" title="South Bronx – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="South Bronx" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Bronx" title="South Bronx – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="South Bronx" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%BCney_Bronx" title="Güney Bronx – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Güney Bronx" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li> </ul> <div 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title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=South_Bronx&params=40.81621_N_73.91735_W_type:landmark_region:US-NY"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">40°48′58″N</span> <span class="longitude">73°55′02″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">40.81621°N 73.91735°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">40.81621; -73.91735</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Region of the Bronx in New York City</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"SoBro" redirects here. For the Nashville neighborhood, see <a href="/wiki/Broadway_(Nashville,_Tennessee)" title="Broadway (Nashville, Tennessee)">Broadway (Nashville, Tennessee)</a>. For the song, see <a href="/wiki/South_Bronx_(song)" title="South Bronx (song)">South Bronx (song)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Southbronx.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Southbronx.png/300px-Southbronx.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Southbronx.png/450px-Southbronx.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Southbronx.png/600px-Southbronx.png 2x" data-file-width="870" data-file-height="870" /></a><figcaption>South Bronx in orange; the rest of the borough is in yellow. The actual boundaries of the South Bronx are undefined.</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bronxhub1.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Bronxhub1.jpeg/300px-Bronxhub1.jpeg" decoding="async" width="300" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Bronxhub1.jpeg/450px-Bronxhub1.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Bronxhub1.jpeg/600px-Bronxhub1.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="1186" data-file-height="678" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/The_Hub,_Bronx" title="The Hub, Bronx">The Hub</a> is the retail heart of the South Bronx.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>South Bronx</b> is an area of the <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> <a href="/wiki/Borough_(New_York_City)" class="mw-redirect" title="Borough (New York City)">borough</a> of <a href="/wiki/The_Bronx" title="The Bronx">the Bronx</a>. The area comprises neighborhoods in the southern part of the Bronx, such as <a href="/wiki/Concourse,_Bronx" title="Concourse, Bronx">Concourse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mott_Haven,_Bronx" title="Mott Haven, Bronx">Mott Haven</a>, <a href="/wiki/Melrose,_Bronx" title="Melrose, Bronx">Melrose</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Port_Morris,_Bronx" title="Port Morris, Bronx">Port Morris</a>. </p><p>In the early 1900s, the South Bronx was originally known as the Manor of Morrisania, as it was the manor of <a href="/wiki/Lewis_Morris_(governor)" title="Lewis Morris (governor)">Lewis Morris</a>. As the Morris family continued to expand on the land, an influx of German and Irish immigrants started to populate the area. By the 1930s, the Bronx was considered the "Jewish Borough", as nearly half the population was Jewish. This soon changed as World War II caused rent to increase in many apartments, pushing people out. By the end of the 1950s, the South Bronx was two-thirds African American or Hispanic (of any race). </p><p>The South Bronx is known for its <a href="/wiki/Hip_hop#Culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Hip hop">hip hop culture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tag_(graffiti)" title="Tag (graffiti)">graffiti</a>. Graffiti became popular in the Bronx in the early 1970s, spreading through the <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Subway" title="New York City Subway">New York City Subway</a> system. The South Bronx also became notable as the 1973 birthplace of <a href="/wiki/Hip_hop_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Hip hop music">hip-hop music</a> and culture.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the 2010 U.S. Census, the South Bronx is the poorest <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_congressional_districts" title="List of United States congressional districts">congressional district</a> in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-DailyNews9.29.10_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DailyNews9.29.10-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-VillageVoice9.30.10_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VillageVoice9.30.10-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Boundaries">Boundaries</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Bronx&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Boundaries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WSTM_Free_Culture_NYU_0153.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/WSTM_Free_Culture_NYU_0153.jpg/220px-WSTM_Free_Culture_NYU_0153.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/WSTM_Free_Culture_NYU_0153.jpg/330px-WSTM_Free_Culture_NYU_0153.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/WSTM_Free_Culture_NYU_0153.jpg/440px-WSTM_Free_Culture_NYU_0153.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4368" data-file-height="2912" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Crotona_Park" title="Crotona Park">Crotona Park</a>, one of the largest parks in the South Bronx</figcaption></figure> <p>The geographic definitions of the South Bronx have evolved and are disputed, but certainly include the neighborhoods of <a href="/wiki/Mott_Haven,_Bronx" title="Mott Haven, Bronx">Mott Haven</a>, <a href="/wiki/Melrose,_Bronx" title="Melrose, Bronx">Melrose</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Port_Morris,_Bronx" title="Port Morris, Bronx">Port Morris</a>. Originally referring to the industrial area below East 138th Street, the name "South Bronx" symbolically has had its northern boundary shift northward to East 149th Street, <a href="/wiki/East_161st_Street" class="mw-redirect" title="East 161st Street">East 161st Street</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Cross_Bronx_Expressway" title="Cross Bronx Expressway">Cross Bronx Expressway</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fordham_Road" title="Fordham Road">Fordham Road</a> over the years. The neighborhoods of <a href="/wiki/Crotona_Park_East,_Bronx" title="Crotona Park East, Bronx">Crotona Park East</a>, <a href="/wiki/Highbridge,_Bronx" title="Highbridge, Bronx">Highbridge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hunts_Point,_Bronx" title="Hunts Point, Bronx">Hunts Point</a>, <a href="/wiki/Longwood,_Bronx" title="Longwood, Bronx">Longwood</a>, <a href="/wiki/Concourse,_Bronx" title="Concourse, Bronx">Concourse</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Morrisania,_Bronx" title="Morrisania, Bronx">Morrisania</a> are sometimes considered part of the South Bronx. Generally, most consider any neighborhood west of the Bronx River and south of the Cross Bronx Expressway the South Bronx. The Cross Bronx Expressway is usually considered the dividing border between North and South Bronx. There has been debate that Fordham Road is the northern border of the South Bronx.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The South Bronx is part of New York's <a href="/wiki/New_York%27s_15th_congressional_district" title="New York's 15th congressional district">15th Congressional District</a>. The South Bronx is served by the <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Police_Department" title="New York City Police Department">NYPD</a>'s 40th,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 41st,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 42nd,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 44th,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 48th<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Precincts. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Bronx&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Bronx" title="Timeline of the Bronx">Timeline of the Bronx</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:976SimpsonSt.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9d/976SimpsonSt.jpg/250px-976SimpsonSt.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9d/976SimpsonSt.jpg/375px-976SimpsonSt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9d/976SimpsonSt.jpg/500px-976SimpsonSt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="862" data-file-height="610" /></a><figcaption>Building in the South Bronx built in 1909 and located on Simpson Street</figcaption></figure> <p>The South Bronx was originally called the Manor of Morrisania, and later <a href="/wiki/Morrisania" class="mw-redirect" title="Morrisania">Morrisania</a>. It was the private domain of the powerful and aristocratic Morris family, which includes <a href="/wiki/Lewis_Morris" title="Lewis Morris">Lewis Morris</a>, signer of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="United States Declaration of Independence">Declaration of Independence</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gouverneur_Morris" title="Gouverneur Morris">Gouverneur Morris</a>, the penman of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Constitution">United States Constitution</a>. The Morris memorial is at <a href="/wiki/St._Ann%27s_Episcopal_Church_(Bronx)" title="St. Ann's Episcopal Church (Bronx)">St. Ann's Church of Morrisania</a>. Morris' descendants own land in the South Bronx to this day.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>As the Morrises developed their landholdings, an influx of German and Irish immigrants populated the area. Later, the Bronx was considered the "<a href="/wiki/Jewish" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish">Jewish</a> Borough," and at its peak in 1930 was 49% Jewish.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jews in the South Bronx numbered 364,000 or 57.1% of the total population in the area.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term was first coined in the 1940s by a group of <a href="/wiki/Social_worker" class="mw-redirect" title="Social worker">social workers</a> who identified the Bronx's first pocket of <a href="/wiki/Poverty" title="Poverty">poverty</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Port_Morris,_Bronx" title="Port Morris, Bronx">Port Morris</a> section, the southernmost section of the Bronx. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1950s:_Demographic_shift">1950s: Demographic shift</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Bronx&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 1950s: Demographic shift"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, as <a href="/wiki/White_flight" title="White flight">white flight</a> accelerated and migration of ethnic and racial minorities continued, the South Bronx went from being two-thirds non-Hispanic white in 1950 to being two-thirds black or Puerto Rican in 1960.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Originally denoting only <a href="/wiki/Mott_Haven,_Bronx,_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Mott Haven, Bronx, New York">Mott Haven</a> and <a href="/wiki/Melrose,_Bronx,_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Melrose, Bronx, New York">Melrose</a>, the South Bronx extended up to the Cross Bronx Expressway by the 1960s, encompassing <a href="/wiki/Hunts_Point,_Bronx,_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Hunts Point, Bronx, New York">Hunts Point</a>, <a href="/wiki/Morrisania,_Bronx,_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Morrisania, Bronx, New York">Morrisania</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Highbridge,_Bronx,_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Highbridge, Bronx, New York">Highbridge</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1960s:_Start_of_decay">1960s: Start of decay</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Bronx&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 1960s: Start of decay"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Macombs_Road_-_1964.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Macombs_Road_-_1964.jpg/220px-Macombs_Road_-_1964.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="282" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Macombs_Road_-_1964.jpg/330px-Macombs_Road_-_1964.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Macombs_Road_-_1964.jpg/440px-Macombs_Road_-_1964.jpg 2x" data-file-width="714" data-file-height="916" /></a><figcaption>Macombs Road in <a href="/wiki/Morris_Heights,_Bronx" title="Morris Heights, Bronx">Morris Heights</a>, circa 1964</figcaption></figure> <p>The South Bronx was populated largely by working-class families. Its image as a poverty-ridden area developed in the latter part of the 20th century. There were several factors contributing to the decay of the South Bronx: <a href="/wiki/White_flight" title="White flight">white flight</a>, <a href="/wiki/Landlord" title="Landlord">landlord</a> abandonment, economic changes, <a href="/wiki/Crime_in_New_York_City" title="Crime in New York City">crime</a>, demographics and also the construction of the <a href="/wiki/Cross_Bronx_Expressway" title="Cross Bronx Expressway">Cross Bronx Expressway</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Caro_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Caro-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Cross Bronx Expressway, completed in 1963, was a part of <a href="/wiki/Robert_Moses" title="Robert Moses">Robert Moses</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Urban_renewal#United_States" title="Urban renewal">urban renewal</a> project for New York City, funded by the <a href="/wiki/Housing_Act_of_1949" title="Housing Act of 1949">Housing Act of 1949</a>. T Others have argued that the construction of such highways has not harmed communities.<sup id="cite_ref-Caro_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Caro-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CrossBronx_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CrossBronx-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The already poor and working-class neighborhoods were further disadvantaged by the decreasing property value, in combination with increasing vacancy rates. While some areas of the South Bronx were racially integrated as early as the 1930s, later larger scale influxes of African Americans immigrants from the American South, combined with the racially-charged tension of the Civil Rights Movement, the rage following the assassination of Martin Luther King, and the dramatic rise in crime rates, further contributed to white middle-class flight and the decline of many South Bronx neighborhoods. Following the implementation of desegregation busing policies, white parents who worried about their children attending the racially integrated schools began to relocate to the suburbs, which remained predominately white due to cost as well as legal barriers created by restrictive housing covenants, and selective lending. In turn, areas of the Bronx that became predominately African American or Hispanic were considered bad risks by lenders ("<a href="/wiki/Redlining" title="Redlining">redlining</a>"), contributing to the decline in real estate values and lack of investment in the existing housing stock. </p><p>As early as the late 1960s, some neighborhoods were considered undesirable by homeowners, precipitating a population decline. Postwar <a href="/wiki/Rent_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Rent control">rent control</a> policies have also been proposed by one author as a contributing factor; in this milieu, building owners had little motivation to keep up their properties.<sup id="cite_ref-CrossBronx_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CrossBronx-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Mayor" class="mw-redirect" title="New York City Mayor">New York City Mayor</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Lindsay" title="John Lindsay">John Lindsay</a> (who served from 1966 to 1973) suggested that socioeconomic factors (including low educational attainment and high unemployment) limited housing options for the remaining low-income tenants, prompting the reduced upkeep by landlords.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In either case, while desirable housing options were scarce, vacancies further increased. In the late 1960s, by the time the city decided to consolidate welfare households in the South Bronx, its vacancy rate was already the highest of any place in the city.<sup id="cite_ref-vacancy_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vacancy-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1970s:_"The_Bronx_is_burning""><span id="1970s:_.22The_Bronx_is_burning.22"></span>1970s: "The Bronx is burning"</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Bronx&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 1970s: "The Bronx is burning""><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BrokenPromises_JohnFekner.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/BrokenPromises_JohnFekner.jpg/220px-BrokenPromises_JohnFekner.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/BrokenPromises_JohnFekner.jpg/330px-BrokenPromises_JohnFekner.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/BrokenPromises_JohnFekner.jpg/440px-BrokenPromises_JohnFekner.jpg 2x" data-file-width="763" data-file-height="490" /></a><figcaption>A burned-out building on Charlotte Street, 1980</figcaption></figure> <p>By the 1970s, significant poverty reached as far north as <a href="/wiki/Fordham_Road" title="Fordham Road">Fordham Road</a>. Around this time, the Bronx experienced some of its worst instances of <a href="/wiki/Urban_decay" title="Urban decay">urban decay</a>, with the loss of 300,000 residents and the destruction of entire city blocks' worth of buildings. The media attention brought the South Bronx into common parlance nationwide.<sup id="cite_ref-nytimes_1q_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nytimes_1q-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The phrase "The Bronx is burning," attributed to <a href="/wiki/Howard_Cosell" title="Howard Cosell">Howard Cosell</a> during Game 2 of the <a href="/wiki/1977_World_Series" title="1977 World Series">1977 World Series</a> featuring the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Yankees" title="New York Yankees">New York Yankees</a> and <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Dodgers" title="Los Angeles Dodgers">Los Angeles Dodgers</a>, refers to the arson epidemic caused by the total economic collapse of the South Bronx during the 1970s. During the game, as ABC switched to a generic helicopter shot of the exterior of <a href="/wiki/Yankee_Stadium_(1923)" title="Yankee Stadium (1923)">Yankee Stadium</a>, an uncontrolled fire could clearly be seen burning in the ravaged South Bronx surrounding the park. Many believe Cosell intoned, "There it is, ladies and gentlemen, the Bronx is burning."<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Review of the game footage shows that he did not say this. According to the <i><a href="/wiki/New_York_Post" title="New York Post">New York Post</a></i>, the words used by the two broadcasters during the game were later "spun by credulous journalists" into the now ubiquitous phrase "Ladies and gentlemen, the Bronx is burning" without either of the two announcers actually having phrased it that way.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The early 1970s saw South Bronx property values continue to plummet to record lows. A progressively <a href="/wiki/Vicious_cycle" class="mw-redirect" title="Vicious cycle">vicious cycle</a> began where large numbers of tenements and multi-story, multi-family apartment buildings, left vacant by White flight, sat abandoned and unsaleable for long periods of time, which, coupled with a stagnant economy and an extremely high unemployment rate, produced a strong attraction for criminal elements such as <a href="/wiki/Street_gangs" class="mw-redirect" title="Street gangs">street gangs</a>, which were exploding in number and beginning to support themselves with large-scale <a href="/wiki/Drug_dealing" class="mw-redirect" title="Drug dealing">drug dealing</a> in the area. The abandoned property also attracted large numbers of <a href="/wiki/Squatters" class="mw-redirect" title="Squatters">squatters</a> such as the poor and marginalized, <a href="/wiki/Drug_addicts" class="mw-redirect" title="Drug addicts">drug addicts</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Mentally_ill" class="mw-redirect" title="Mentally ill">mentally ill</a>, who further lowered the borough's quality of living.<sup id="cite_ref-nytimes_1q_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nytimes_1q-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As the crisis deepened, the nearly bankrupt city government of <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Beame" title="Abraham Beame">Abraham Beame</a> placed most of the blame on unreasonably high rents levied by landlords. He began demanding that they convert their rapidly emptying buildings into <a href="/wiki/Section_8_housing" class="mw-redirect" title="Section 8 housing">Section 8 housing</a>. Section 8 paid a per capita stipend for low-income or indigent tenants from Federal <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Housing_and_Urban_Development" title="United States Department of Housing and Urban Development">HUD</a> funds rather than from the cash-strapped city coffers. However, the HUD rate was not based on the property's actual value and was set so low by the city that it left little opportunity or incentive for landlords to maintain or improve their buildings while still making a profit.<sup id="cite_ref-nytimes_1q_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nytimes_1q-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The result was a disastrous acceleration of both the speed and northward spread of the cycle of decay in the South Bronx as formerly desirable and well-maintained middle-to-upper class apartments in midtown, most notably along the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Concourse_(Bronx)" title="Grand Concourse (Bronx)">Grand Concourse</a>, were progressively vacated by White flight and either abandoned altogether or converted into federally funded <a href="/wiki/Single_room_occupancy" class="mw-redirect" title="Single room occupancy">single room occupancy</a> "<a href="/wiki/Flophouse" title="Flophouse">welfare hotels</a>" run by absentee <a href="/wiki/Slumlord" title="Slumlord">slumlords</a>. </p><p>The massive citywide spending cuts also left the few remaining building inspectors and fire marshals unable to enforce living standards or punish code violations. This encouraged slumlords and absentee landlords to neglect and ignore their property and allowed for gangs to set up protected enclaves and lay claim to entire buildings. This then spread crime and fear of crime to nearby unaffected apartments in a <a href="/wiki/Domino_effect" title="Domino effect">domino effect</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Rooney_1995_58_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rooney_1995_58-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Police statistics show that as the crime wave moved north across the Bronx, the remaining White tenants in the South Bronx (mostly elderly Jews) were preferentially targeted for violent crime by the influx of young, minority criminals because they were seen as easy prey. This became so common that the street slang terms "crib job" (meaning how elderly residents were as helpless as infants) and "push in" (meaning what would now be called a <a href="/wiki/Home_invasion" title="Home invasion">home invasion robbery</a>) were coined specifically in reference to them.<sup id="cite_ref-Rooney_1995_58_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rooney_1995_58-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Property owners who had waited too long to try to sell their buildings found that almost all of the property in the South Bronx had already been redlined by the banks and insurance companies. Unable to sell their property at any price and facing <a href="/wiki/Default_(finance)" title="Default (finance)">default</a> on back property taxes and mortgages, landlords began to burn their buildings for their insurance value. A type of sophisticated <a href="/wiki/White_collar_criminal" class="mw-redirect" title="White collar criminal">white collar criminal</a> known as a "fixer" sprung up during this period, specializing in a form of <a href="/wiki/Insurance_fraud" title="Insurance fraud">insurance fraud</a> that began with buying out the property of redlined landlords at or below cost, then selling and reselling the buildings multiple times on paper between several different fictitious <a href="/wiki/Shell_companies" class="mw-redirect" title="Shell companies">shell companies</a> under the fixer's control, artificially driving up the value incrementally each time.<sup id="cite_ref-Why_the_Bronx_burned_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Why_the_Bronx_burned-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Fraudulent "no questions asked" fire insurance policies would then be taken out on the overvalued buildings and the property stripped and burnt for the payoff. This scheme became so common that local gangs were hired by fixers for their expertise at the process of stripping buildings of wiring, plumbing, metal fixtures, and anything else of value and then effectively burning it down with gasoline. Many finishers became extremely rich buying properties from struggling landlords, artificially driving up the value, insuring them and then burning them.<sup id="cite_ref-Why_the_Bronx_burned_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Why_the_Bronx_burned-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Often, the properties were still occupied by subsidized tenants or squatters at the time, who were given short or no warning before the building was burnt down. They were forced to move to another slum building, where the process would usually repeat itself. The rate of unsolved fatalities due to fire multiplied sevenfold in the South Bronx during the 1970s, with many residents reporting being burnt out of numerous apartment blocks one after the other.<sup id="cite_ref-Why_the_Bronx_burned_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Why_the_Bronx_burned-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other fires were caused by unsafe electrical wiring, fires set indoors for heating, and random vandalism associated with the general crime situation.<sup id="cite_ref-Rooney_1995_57_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rooney_1995_57-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Flawed HUD and city policies also encouraged local South Bronx residents to burn down their own buildings. Under the regulations, Section 8 tenants who were burned out of their current housing were granted immediate priority status for another apartment, potentially in a better part of the city. After the establishment of the (then) state-of-the-art <a href="/wiki/Co-op_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Co-op City">Co-op City</a>, there was a spike in fires as tenants began burning down their Section 8 housing in an attempt to jump to the front of the 2–3 year long waiting list for the new units.<sup id="cite_ref-Rooney_1995_57_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rooney_1995_57-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>HUD regulations also authorized lump-sum aid payments of up to $1000 to those who could prove they had lost property due to a fire in their Section 8 housing; although these payments were supposed to be investigated for fraud by a HUD employee before being signed off on, very little investigation was done and some HUD employees and social services workers were accused of turning a blind eye to suspicious fires or even advising tenants on the best way to take advantage of the HUD policies. On multiple occasions, firefighters were reported to have shown up to tenement fires only to find all the residents at an address waiting calmly with their possessions already on the curb.<sup id="cite_ref-nytimes_1q_23-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nytimes_1q-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the time of Cosell's 1977 commentary, dozens of buildings were being burnt in the South Bronx every day, sometimes whole blocks at a time and usually far more than the fire department could keep up with, leaving the area perpetually blanketed in a pall of smoke. Firefighters from the period reported responding to as many as 7 fully involved structure fires in a single shift, too many to even bother returning to the station house between calls (<a href="/wiki/Dennis_Smith_(firefighter)" title="Dennis Smith (firefighter)"><i>Report from Engine Company 82</i></a>). The local police precincts—already struggling and failing to contain the massive wave of drug and gang crime invading the Bronx—had long since stopped bothering to investigate the fires, as there were simply too many to track.<sup id="cite_ref-nytimes_1q_23-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nytimes_1q-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During this period, the NYPD's 41st Precinct station house at 1086 Simpson Street became famously known as "Fort Apache, The Bronx" as it struggled to deal with the overwhelming surge of violent crime, which for the entirety of the 1970s and 1980s made South Bronx the murder, rape, robbery, aggravated assault and arson capital of America. By 1980, the 41st Precinct was renamed the "<a href="/wiki/Little_House_on_the_Prairie" title="Little House on the Prairie">Little House on the Prairie</a>",<sup id="cite_ref-nytimes_1q_23-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nytimes_1q-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as fully <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style><span class="frac"><span class="num">2</span>⁄<span class="den">3</span></span> of the 94,000 residents originally served by the precinct had fled, leaving the fortified building as one of the few structures in the neighborhood (and the sole building on Simpson Street) that had not been abandoned or burnt out.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Secretary_of_H.U.D._Patricia_Harris,_Jimmy_Carter_and_New_York_Mayor_Abraham_Beame_tour_the_South_Bronx._-_NARA_-_176392.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Secretary_of_H.U.D._Patricia_Harris%2C_Jimmy_Carter_and_New_York_Mayor_Abraham_Beame_tour_the_South_Bronx._-_NARA_-_176392.jpg/280px-Secretary_of_H.U.D._Patricia_Harris%2C_Jimmy_Carter_and_New_York_Mayor_Abraham_Beame_tour_the_South_Bronx._-_NARA_-_176392.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Secretary_of_H.U.D._Patricia_Harris%2C_Jimmy_Carter_and_New_York_Mayor_Abraham_Beame_tour_the_South_Bronx._-_NARA_-_176392.jpg/420px-Secretary_of_H.U.D._Patricia_Harris%2C_Jimmy_Carter_and_New_York_Mayor_Abraham_Beame_tour_the_South_Bronx._-_NARA_-_176392.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Secretary_of_H.U.D._Patricia_Harris%2C_Jimmy_Carter_and_New_York_Mayor_Abraham_Beame_tour_the_South_Bronx._-_NARA_-_176392.jpg/560px-Secretary_of_H.U.D._Patricia_Harris%2C_Jimmy_Carter_and_New_York_Mayor_Abraham_Beame_tour_the_South_Bronx._-_NARA_-_176392.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2027" /></a><figcaption>President <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a> in the South Bronx, 1977.</figcaption></figure> <p>In total, over 40% of the South Bronx was burned or abandoned between 1970 and 1980, with 44 census tracts losing more than 50% and seven more than 97% of their buildings to arson, abandonment, or both.<sup id="cite_ref-Flood_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Flood-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The appearance was frequently compared to that of a bombed-out and evacuated European city following <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-vacancy_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vacancy-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On October 5, 1977, U.S. President <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a> paid an unscheduled visit to Charlotte Street while in New York City for a conference at the <a href="/wiki/Headquarters_of_the_United_Nations" title="Headquarters of the United Nations">headquarters of the United Nations</a>. Charlotte Street at the time was a three-block devastated area of vacant lots and burned-out and abandoned buildings. The street had been so ravaged that part of it had been taken off official city maps in 1974. Carter instructed <a href="/wiki/Patricia_Roberts_Harris" title="Patricia Roberts Harris">Patricia Roberts Harris</a>, head of the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Department_of_Housing_and_Urban_Development" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development">U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development</a>, to take steps to salvage the area.<sup id="cite_ref-Fernandez_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fernandez-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Progress did not come quickly. Three years later, in 1980, presidential candidate <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> paid a visit to Charlotte Street, declaring that he had not "seen anything that looked like this since <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> after <a href="/wiki/The_Blitz" title="The Blitz">the Blitz</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-nytimes_1q_23-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nytimes_1q-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 1987 novel <i><a href="/wiki/The_Bonfire_of_the_Vanities" title="The Bonfire of the Vanities">The Bonfire of the Vanities</a></i>, by the American writer <a href="/wiki/Tom_Wolfe" title="Tom Wolfe">Tom Wolfe</a>, presented the South Bronx as a nightmare world, not to be entered by middle or upper-class whites. </p><p>The PBS documentary show Independent Lens released an episode titled "Decade of Fire" on May 3, 2019. The episode was previewed at the Full Frame Film Festival the previous month.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Revitalization_and_current_concerns">Revitalization and current concerns</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Bronx&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Revitalization and current concerns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Charlotte_Street_-_Bronx.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Charlotte_Street_-_Bronx.jpg/220px-Charlotte_Street_-_Bronx.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Charlotte_Street_-_Bronx.jpg/330px-Charlotte_Street_-_Bronx.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Charlotte_Street_-_Bronx.jpg/440px-Charlotte_Street_-_Bronx.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Ranch-style houses on the formerly devastated Charlotte Street, <a href="/wiki/Crotona_Park_East,_Bronx" title="Crotona Park East, Bronx">Crotona Park East</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Primarily beginning in the 1980s, parts of the South Bronx started to experience <a href="/wiki/Urban_renewal" title="Urban renewal">urban renewal</a> with rehabilitated and new residential structures, including subsidized multifamily townhomes and apartment buildings.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between 1986 and 1994, over $1 billion were spent on rebuilding the area, with 19,000 apartments refurbished and more than 4,500 new houses built for the working class. More than fifty abandoned apartment buildings on the <a href="/wiki/Major_Deegan_Expressway" class="mw-redirect" title="Major Deegan Expressway">Major Deegan Expressway</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Cross_Bronx_Expressway" title="Cross Bronx Expressway">Cross Bronx Expressway</a> were renovated for residential use. Over 26,500 people moved into the area.<sup id="cite_ref-nytimes_1q_23-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nytimes_1q-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On Charlotte Street, prefabricated ranch-style houses were built in the area in 1985,<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the area changed so significantly that a Bronx borough historian (<a href="/wiki/Lloyd_Ultan_(historian)" title="Lloyd Ultan (historian)">Lloyd Ultan</a>) could not locate where Carter had stopped to survey the scene. As of 2004, houses on the street were worth up to a million dollars.<sup id="cite_ref-Fernandez_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fernandez-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Grand_Concourse_2007-11.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Grand_Concourse_2007-11.jpg/220px-Grand_Concourse_2007-11.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Grand_Concourse_2007-11.jpg/330px-Grand_Concourse_2007-11.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Grand_Concourse_2007-11.jpg/440px-Grand_Concourse_2007-11.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="1584" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Art_deco" class="mw-redirect" title="Art deco">Art deco</a> apartment buildings on the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Concourse_(Bronx)" title="Grand Concourse (Bronx)">Grand Concourse</a>, where a historic district currently lives.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Bronx_County_Courthouse" title="Bronx County Courthouse">Bronx County Courthouse</a> has secured landmark status, and efforts are underway to do the same for much of the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Concourse_(Bronx)" title="Grand Concourse (Bronx)">Grand Concourse</a>, in recognition of the area's <a href="/wiki/Art_Deco" title="Art Deco">Art Deco</a> architecture. In June 2010, the city Landmarks Preservation Commission gave consideration to the establishment of a historic district on the Grand Concourse from 153rd to 167th Street. A final decision was expected in the coming months.<sup id="cite_ref-Dolnick_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dolnick-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Construction of the new <a href="/wiki/Yankee_Stadium" title="Yankee Stadium">Yankee Stadium</a> has stirred controversy over plans which, along with the new billion-dollar field, include new athletic fields, tennis courts, bicycle and walking paths, stores, restaurants, and a new <a href="/wiki/Metro-North_Railroad" title="Metro-North Railroad">Metro-North Railroad</a> station at <a href="/wiki/Yankees_%E2%80%93_East_153rd_Street_(Metro-North_station)" class="mw-redirect" title="Yankees – East 153rd Street (Metro-North station)">East 153rd Street</a>. During baseball season, the station helps ease overcrowding on the subway.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated2_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:3rd_Ave_Br_-_Port_Morris,_The_Bronx_NY.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/3rd_Ave_Br_-_Port_Morris%2C_The_Bronx_NY.jpg/220px-3rd_Ave_Br_-_Port_Morris%2C_The_Bronx_NY.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/3rd_Ave_Br_-_Port_Morris%2C_The_Bronx_NY.jpg/330px-3rd_Ave_Br_-_Port_Morris%2C_The_Bronx_NY.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/3rd_Ave_Br_-_Port_Morris%2C_The_Bronx_NY.jpg/440px-3rd_Ave_Br_-_Port_Morris%2C_The_Bronx_NY.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1239" /></a><figcaption>Newly built residential towers in the South Bronx's Port Morris neighborhood</figcaption></figure> <p>There is hope that these developments also will help to generate residential construction. However, the new park came at a price: a total of 22 acres (89,000 m<sup>2</sup>) in Macombs Dam and John Mullaly Parks were used to build it. In April 2012, Heritage Field, a $50.8 million ballpark, was built atop the grounds of the original Yankee Stadium.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The population of the South Bronx is currently increasing.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite significant investment compared to the post war period, many exacerbated social problems remain, including high rates of violent crime, substance abuse, and overcrowded and substandard housing conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its precincts have recorded high violent crime rates and are all considered to be <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Police_Department" title="New York City Police Department">New York City Police Department</a> "impact zones."<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Bronx contains the highest rate of poverty in New York City, and the greater South Bronx is the poorest <a href="/wiki/Congressional_district" title="Congressional district">Congressional district</a> in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-VillageVoice9.30.10_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VillageVoice9.30.10-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Poverty in the public housing infrastructure has partially been caused by disinvestment by the city and state because, since the 1990s, a lack of state-funded operating subsidies to NYCHA created a $720 million shortfall by 2010 and, post 9/11, the city halted subsidies as well.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The poorly maintained, substandard housing has caused disproportionately high asthma rates among children in the South Bronx, where residents are predominately minorities—mainly <a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">Black</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" title="Hispanic and Latino Americans">Hispanic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Arts_and_culture">Arts and culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Bronx&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Arts and culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_PLAYERS_Club_Steppers_by_David_Shankbone.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/The_PLAYERS_Club_Steppers_by_David_Shankbone.jpg/220px-The_PLAYERS_Club_Steppers_by_David_Shankbone.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/The_PLAYERS_Club_Steppers_by_David_Shankbone.jpg/330px-The_PLAYERS_Club_Steppers_by_David_Shankbone.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/The_PLAYERS_Club_Steppers_by_David_Shankbone.jpg/440px-The_PLAYERS_Club_Steppers_by_David_Shankbone.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>The Bronx's P.L.A.Y.E.R.S. Club Steppers performing at the 2007 <a href="/wiki/Fort_Greene_Park" title="Fort Greene Park">Fort Greene Park</a> Summer Literary Festival in <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn" title="Brooklyn">Brooklyn</a><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Since the late 1970s, the South Bronx has been home to a renewed grassroots art scene. The arts scene that sprouted at the <a href="/wiki/Fashion_Moda" title="Fashion Moda">Fashion Moda</a> Gallery, founded by a <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Viennese</a> artist, Stefan Eins, helped ignite the careers of artists like <a href="/wiki/Keith_Haring" title="Keith Haring">Keith Haring</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jenny_Holzer" title="Jenny Holzer">Jenny Holzer</a>, and 1980s break dancers like the <a href="/wiki/Rock_Steady_Crew" title="Rock Steady Crew">Rock Steady Crew</a>. It generated enough enthusiasm in the mainstream media for a short while to draw the art world's attention.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Bronx_Academy_of_Arts_and_Dance" title="Bronx Academy of Arts and Dance">Bronx Academy of Arts and Dance</a> was located in the <a href="/wiki/American_Bank_Note_Company_Building" title="American Bank Note Company Building">American Bank Note Company Building</a> in the South Bronx neighborhood of <a href="/wiki/Hunts_Point,_Bronx" title="Hunts Point, Bronx">Hunts Point</a> before relocating to St. Peter's Episcopal Church in Westchester Square.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Modern <a href="/wiki/Graffiti" title="Graffiti">graffiti</a> is prominent in the South Bronx, and is home to many of the fathers of graffiti art such as <a href="/wiki/Tats_Cru" title="Tats Cru">Tats Cru</a>. The Bronx has a very strong graffiti scene despite the city's crackdown on illegal graffiti. However, graffiti in the Bronx began to occur in the early 1970s and managed to travel to different boroughs via the <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Subway" title="New York City Subway">New York City Subway</a> system. The rise of <a href="/wiki/Hip-hop_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Hip-hop music">hip-hop music</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rap" class="mw-redirect" title="Rap">rap</a>, <a href="/wiki/Breakdancing" title="Breakdancing">breakdancing</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Disc_jockey" title="Disc jockey">disc jockeying</a> helped put the South Bronx on the musical map in the late 1970s. The South Bronx is also known worldwide as the birthplace of <a href="/wiki/Hip-hop_culture" title="Hip-hop culture">hip-hop culture</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Castillo-Garstow_2005_244_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Castillo-Garstow_2005_244-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Rojas_2007_68_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rojas_2007_68-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Allatson,_Paul_2007_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Allatson,_Paul_2007-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Schloss,_Joseph_G._2009_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schloss,_Joseph_G._2009-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hip_Hop_2006_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hip_Hop_2006-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, the <a href="/wiki/Bronx_Museum_of_the_Arts" title="Bronx Museum of the Arts">Bronx Museum of the Arts</a> is located on the Grand Concourse. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hip_hop's_birthplace"><span id="Hip_hop.27s_birthplace"></span>Hip hop's birthplace</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Bronx&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Hip hop's birthplace"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1520_Sedwick_Ave.,_Bronx,_New_York1.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/1520_Sedwick_Ave.%2C_Bronx%2C_New_York1.JPG/150px-1520_Sedwick_Ave.%2C_Bronx%2C_New_York1.JPG" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/1520_Sedwick_Ave.%2C_Bronx%2C_New_York1.JPG/225px-1520_Sedwick_Ave.%2C_Bronx%2C_New_York1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/1520_Sedwick_Ave.%2C_Bronx%2C_New_York1.JPG/300px-1520_Sedwick_Ave.%2C_Bronx%2C_New_York1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2736" data-file-height="3648" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/1520_Sedgwick_Avenue" title="1520 Sedgwick Avenue">1520 Sedgwick Avenue</a>—a longstanding "haven for working-class families" and the birthplace of <a href="/wiki/Hip_hop#History" class="mw-redirect" title="Hip hop">hip hop</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-A_Museum_Quest_Spins_On_and_On_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-A_Museum_Quest_Spins_On_and_On-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Hip hop">Hip hop</a> is a broad conglomerate of <a href="/wiki/The_arts" title="The arts">artistic</a> forms that originated as a specific street <a href="/wiki/Subculture" title="Subculture">subculture</a> within South Bronx communities during the 1970s in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Castillo-Garstow_2005_244_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Castillo-Garstow_2005_244-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Rojas_2007_68_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rojas_2007_68-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Allatson,_Paul_2007_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Allatson,_Paul_2007-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Schloss,_Joseph_G._2009_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schloss,_Joseph_G._2009-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hip_Hop_2006_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hip_Hop_2006-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hip hop as music and culture formed during the 1970s when <a href="/wiki/Block_parties" class="mw-redirect" title="Block parties">block parties</a> became increasingly popular in New York City, particularly among <a href="/wiki/African_American" class="mw-redirect" title="African American">African American</a> and <a href="/wiki/Latin_Americans" title="Latin Americans">Latin Americans</a> residing in <a href="/wiki/The_Bronx" title="The Bronx">the Bronx</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Block parties incorporated <a href="/wiki/Disc_jockey" title="Disc jockey">DJs</a> who played popular <a href="/wiki/Genre" title="Genre">genres</a> of music, especially <a href="/wiki/Funk" title="Funk">funk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Soul_music" title="Soul music">soul music</a>. For example, many DJs played music by the artist <a href="/wiki/James_Brown" title="James Brown">James Brown</a>. Some songs played at these South Bronx house parties included "Give it Up or Turn it Loose" by James Brown and "Get Ready" by Rare Earth.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Due to the positive reception, DJs began isolating the <a href="/wiki/Percussion" class="mw-redirect" title="Percussion">percussive</a> breaks, or small portions of a song, often without vocals, which were easy to dance to, of popular songs. <a href="/wiki/DJ_Kool_Herc" title="DJ Kool Herc">DJ Kool Herc</a> is known for generating the technique to produce these percussive breaks, which is known as merry-go-rounding. Merry-go-rounding when DJs would "use the two turntables in a typical DJ setup not as a way to make a smooth transition between two records, but as a way to switch back and forth repeatedly between two copies of the same record."<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The technique of percussive breaks was then common in Jamaican <a href="/wiki/Dub_music" title="Dub music">dub music</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-dub_music_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dub_music-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was largely introduced into New York by immigrants from Jamaica and elsewhere in the Caribbean, including <a href="/wiki/DJ_Kool_Herc" title="DJ Kool Herc">DJ Kool Herc</a>, who is generally considered the father of hip-hop. Upon this, a technique known as <a href="/wiki/Deejay_(Jamaican)" class="mw-redirect" title="Deejay (Jamaican)">Jamaican toasting</a>, or the act of speaking over a beat which later became rapping, was introduced by DJ Kool Herc in the South Bronx at this point of time as well.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/1520_Sedgwick_Avenue" title="1520 Sedgwick Avenue">1520 Sedgwick Avenue</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Apartment_building" class="mw-redirect" title="Apartment building">apartment building</a> in <a href="/wiki/Morris_Heights,_Bronx" title="Morris Heights, Bronx">Morris Heights</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a long-time "haven for working-class families"; in 2010, <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i> reported that it is the "accepted birthplace of <a href="/wiki/History_of_hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="History of hip hop">hip hop</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-A_Museum_Quest_Spins_On_and_On_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-A_Museum_Quest_Spins_On_and_On-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As hip-hop grew from throughout the Bronx, 1520 was a starting point where Clive Campbell, later known as <a href="/wiki/DJ_Kool_Herc" title="DJ Kool Herc">DJ Kool Herc</a>, presided over parties in the community room at a pivotal point in the genre's history.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> DJ Kool Herc is credited with helping to start hip hop and rap music at a <a href="/wiki/House_concert" title="House concert">house concert</a> at 1520 Sedgwick Avenue on August 11, 1973.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the concert he was <a href="/wiki/DJ" class="mw-redirect" title="DJ">DJing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Emcee" class="mw-redirect" title="Emcee">emceeing</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Recreation_room" title="Recreation room">recreation room</a> of 1520 Sedgwick Avenue.<sup id="cite_ref-PBS_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PBS-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sources have noted that while 1520 Sedgwick Avenue was not the actual birthplace of hip-hop—the genre developed slowly in several places in the 1970s—it was verified to be the place where <i>one of</i> the pivotal and formative events occurred that spurred hip hop culture forward.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During a rally to save the building, DJ Kool Herc said, "1520 Sedgwick is the <a href="/wiki/Bethlehem" title="Bethlehem">Bethlehem</a> of Hip-Hop culture."<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bronx_Yankee_and_park.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Bronx_Yankee_and_park.jpg/220px-Bronx_Yankee_and_park.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Bronx_Yankee_and_park.jpg/330px-Bronx_Yankee_and_park.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Bronx_Yankee_and_park.jpg/440px-Bronx_Yankee_and_park.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="750" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lorelei_Fountain" title="Lorelei Fountain">Lorelei Fountain</a> in Joyce Kilmer Park overlooking <a href="/wiki/Yankee_Stadium" title="Yankee Stadium">Yankee Stadium</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Many dwellings in the South Bronx during the early 1970s lived in poverty or were part of gangs. One example of this is <a href="/wiki/Afrika_Bambaataa" title="Afrika Bambaataa">Afrika Bambaataa</a>, a former member of the street gang, The Black Spades, who is now deemed as the god-father of hip-hop.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As an effort to end the street violence within the South Bronx, Bambaataa created the <a href="/wiki/Universal_Zulu_Nation" title="Universal Zulu Nation">Zulu Nation</a>, which is a group founded on the concepts of "Peace, Love, Unity, Having Fun" instead of partaking in gang violence and unlawful activity. <a href="/wiki/Jeff_Chang_(journalist)" title="Jeff Chang (journalist)">Jeff Chang</a> quotes Bambaataa in his text <i><a href="/wiki/Can%27t_Stop_Won%27t_Stop_(book)" title="Can't Stop Won't Stop (book)">Can't Stop Won't Stop: A History of the Hip-Hop Generation</a></i> in a section where Chang is discussing why the Zulu Nation formed. The quote by Bambaataa on page 105 of the text states "we had to come up with something to get the order back."<sup id="cite_ref-:0_55-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As seen within the film <i>The Hip Hop Years: Part 1</i>, hip-hop aided in keeping violence from forming on the streets of the South Bronx and eased tensions with the police within the area. People were creating art such as hip-hop music and dances at the block parties within the South Bronx, so the police did not have issues with it.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_74-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Not only was music a major component of hip-hop culture being formulated within the South Bronx during the 1970s, a break dancing or <a href="/wiki/Breakdancing" title="Breakdancing">B-boying</a> movement was being generated as well. After DJ Kool Herc and other DJs kept utilizing the break beat within their music, an abundance of people who were dancing normally, eventually hit the floor and began what is known as breakdancing. According to the documentary, <i>The Freshest Kids: The History of the B-Boy</i>, break dancing occurred "spontaneously" and consisted of more "sporadic" dance moves.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, a Zulu king and hip-hop historian stated that the dance consisted of "bouncing around, pivoting, turning, twists frontsweeps...".<sup id="cite_ref-:0_55-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many who participated in this form of dance were members of <a href="/wiki/Dance_crew" class="mw-redirect" title="Dance crew">crews</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/Rock_Steady_Crew" title="Rock Steady Crew">Rock Steady Crew</a>, the <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Breakers" title="New York City Breakers">New York City Breakers</a> and the Magnificent Force. </p><p>On July 5, 2007, 1520 Sedgwick Avenue was recognized by the <a href="/wiki/New_York_State_Office_of_Parks,_Recreation_and_Historic_Preservation" title="New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation">New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation</a> as the "Birthplace of Hip-Hop."<sup id="cite_ref-cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-xxlmag.com_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-xxlmag.com-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Bronx&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:South_Bronx_Campus_NYDE_jeh.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/South_Bronx_Campus_NYDE_jeh.JPG/220px-South_Bronx_Campus_NYDE_jeh.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/South_Bronx_Campus_NYDE_jeh.JPG/330px-South_Bronx_Campus_NYDE_jeh.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/South_Bronx_Campus_NYDE_jeh.JPG/440px-South_Bronx_Campus_NYDE_jeh.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>South Bronx Campus, home of Village Prep School at 701 St Ann's Avenue</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Department_of_Education" title="New York City Department of Education">New York City Department of Education</a> operates district public schools. Community School Districts 7, 8, 9, and 12 are located in the South Bronx.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among the public schools are charter schools. Success Academies Bronx 1, 2, and 3 are part of <a href="/wiki/Success_Academy_Charter_Schools" title="Success Academy Charter Schools">Success Academy Charter Schools</a>. An elementary charter school, Academic Leadership Charter School, opened on 141st Street and Cypress Avenue. Area private schools include <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_Hayes_High_School" title="Cardinal Hayes High School">Cardinal Hayes High School</a>, located at 650 Grand Concourse and <a href="/wiki/All_Hallows_High_School" title="All Hallows High School">All Hallows High School</a>, located at 111 East 164th Street.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among the institutions of higher education, <a href="/wiki/Hostos_Community_College" title="Hostos Community College">Hostos Community College</a> of the <a href="/wiki/City_University_of_New_York" title="City University of New York">City University of New York</a> is located in Grand Concourse and 149th Street, ten blocks from Yankee Stadium. </p><p>The South Bronx is also home to both for-profit and nonprofit organizations that offer a range of professional training and other educational programs. <a href="/wiki/East_Side_House_Settlement" title="East Side House Settlement">East Side House Settlement</a> has been in the <a href="/wiki/Mott_Haven" class="mw-redirect" title="Mott Haven">Mott Haven</a> neighborhood since 1963, serving families and children. Their mission is to use education as a means of economic empowerment. <a href="/wiki/Per_Scholas" title="Per Scholas">Per Scholas</a>, for example, is a nonprofit organization that offers free professional certification training directed towards successfully passing <a href="/wiki/CompTIA" title="CompTIA">CompTIA</a> A+ and Network+ certification exams as a route to securing jobs and building careers. Per Scholas also works with a growing number of <a href="/wiki/Title_One" class="mw-redirect" title="Title One">Title One</a> South Bronx <a href="/wiki/Middle_schools" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle schools">middle schools</a>, their students, and their families to provide computer training and access. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transportation">Transportation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Bronx&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Transportation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Simpson_Street_Station.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="The New York City Subway's Simpson Street station" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Simpson_Street_Station.jpg/250px-Simpson_Street_Station.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Simpson_Street_Station.jpg/375px-Simpson_Street_Station.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Simpson_Street_Station.jpg/500px-Simpson_Street_Station.jpg 2x" data-file-width="790" data-file-height="505" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Subway" title="New York City Subway">New York City Subway</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Simpson_Street_station" title="Simpson Street station">Simpson Street station</a>, on Westchester Avenue between Simpson Street and Southern Boulevard, opened in 1904 and is listed in the National Register of Historic Places.</figcaption></figure> <p>Major highways include the <a href="/wiki/Major_Deegan_Expressway" class="mw-redirect" title="Major Deegan Expressway">Major Deegan Expressway</a> (<a href="/wiki/Interstate_87_(New_York)" title="Interstate 87 (New York)">I-87</a>); <a href="/wiki/Cross_Bronx_Expressway" title="Cross Bronx Expressway">Cross Bronx Expressway</a> (<a href="/wiki/Interstate_95_in_New_York" title="Interstate 95 in New York">I-95</a>); <a href="/wiki/Bruckner_Expressway" title="Bruckner Expressway">Bruckner Expressway</a> (I-278); <a href="/wiki/Triborough_Bridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Triborough Bridge">Triborough Bridge</a>; <a href="/wiki/Grand_Concourse_(Bronx)" title="Grand Concourse (Bronx)">Grand Concourse</a>. A variety of <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Subway" title="New York City Subway">New York City Subway</a> services run through the South Bronx. This includes the <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/6_(New_York_City_Subway_service)" title="6 (New York City Subway service)">6</a></span> and <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/6d_(New_York_City_Subway_service)" class="mw-redirect" title="6d (New York City Subway service)"><6></a></span> trains on the <a href="/wiki/IRT_Pelham_Line" title="IRT Pelham Line">IRT Pelham Line</a>, <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2_(New_York_City_Subway_service)" title="2 (New York City Subway service)">2</a></span> and <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/5_(New_York_City_Subway_service)" title="5 (New York City Subway service)">5</a></span> trains on the <a href="/wiki/IRT_White_Plains_Road_Line" title="IRT White Plains Road Line">IRT White Plains Road Line</a>, <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/4_(New_York_City_Subway_service)" title="4 (New York City Subway service)">4</a></span> train on the <a href="/wiki/IRT_Jerome_Avenue_Line" title="IRT Jerome Avenue Line">IRT Jerome Avenue Line</a>, and <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/B_(New_York_City_Subway_service)" title="B (New York City Subway service)">B</a></span> and <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/D_(New_York_City_Subway_service)" title="D (New York City Subway service)">D</a></span> trains on the <a href="/wiki/IND_Concourse_Line" title="IND Concourse Line">IND Concourse Line</a>. </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/South_Bronx_Greenway" title="South Bronx Greenway">South Bronx Greenway</a><sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> currently connects the South Bronx over the Bronx Kill to <a href="/wiki/Randalls_and_Wards_Islands" title="Randalls and Wards Islands">Randalls Island</a> on a bike and pedestrian pathway known as the Bronx Connector. </p><p>In 2000, 77.3% of all households in <a href="/wiki/New_York%27s_15th_congressional_district" title="New York's 15th congressional district">New York's 15th congressional district</a>, covering the South Bronx, did not own automobiles. Citywide, the percentage is only 55%.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_natives">Notable natives</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Bronx&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Notable natives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col div-col-rules" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Danny_Aiello" title="Danny Aiello">Danny Aiello</a> (1933–2019), actor<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nate_Archibald" title="Nate Archibald">Nate Archibald</a> (born 1948), retired professional basketball player who spent 14 years playing in the NBA and was inducted into the <a href="/wiki/Naismith_Memorial_Basketball_Hall_of_Fame" title="Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame">Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame</a><sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aventura_(band)" title="Aventura (band)">Aventura</a>, Dominican-American <a href="/wiki/Bachata_(music)" title="Bachata (music)">bachata</a> music group<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afrika_Bambaataa" title="Afrika Bambaataa">Afrika Bambaataa</a> (born 1957), disc jockey, singer-songwriter and producer<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swizz_Beatz" title="Swizz Beatz">Swizz Beatz</a> (born 1978), rapper, DJ and record producer<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Benitez" title="John Benitez">Jellybean Benitez</a> (born 1957), songwriter, DJ, remixer and music producer<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Boogie_wit_da_Hoodie" title="A Boogie wit da Hoodie">A Boogie wit da Hoodie</a>, rapper, raised in <a href="/wiki/Highbridge,_Bronx" title="Highbridge, Bronx">Highbridge, Bronx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardi_B" title="Cardi B">Cardi B</a>, rapper, raised in <a href="/wiki/Highbridge,_Bronx" title="Highbridge, Bronx">Highbridge, Bronx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canibus" title="Canibus">Canibus</a>, rapper</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majora_Carter" title="Majora Carter">Majora Carter</a>, raised in <a href="/wiki/Hunts_Point,_Bronx" title="Hunts Point, Bronx">Hunts Point</a>, current resident of Hunts Point</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willie_Col%C3%B3n" title="Willie Colón">Willie Colón</a>, salsa musician</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bobby_Darin" title="Bobby Darin">Bobby Darin</a>, singer, musician, actor</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dion_DiMucci" title="Dion DiMucci">Dion DiMucci</a> & <a href="/wiki/The_Belmonts" title="The Belmonts">the Belmonts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don_DeLillo" title="Don DeLillo">Don DeLillo</a>, novelist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebel_Diaz" title="Rebel Diaz">Rebel Diaz</a>, rap group</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruben_Diaz_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Ruben Diaz Jr.">Ruben Diaz Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Dog" title="Tim Dog">Tim Dog</a>, rapper</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fr._Stan_Fortuna" class="mw-redirect" title="Fr. Stan Fortuna">Fr. Stan Fortuna</a>, ordained as a priest in the Bronx in 1990</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Gibson" title="Harry Gibson">Harry Gibson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hank_Greenberg" title="Hank Greenberg">Hank Greenberg</a> (1911–1986), Hall of Fame baseball player<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Jansen" title="Marcus Jansen">Marcus Jansen</a> (born 1968), urban/expressionist painter resided on Boynton Avenue near Soundview Park in the Boynton Apartments<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonnie_Jenkins" title="Bonnie Jenkins">Bonnie Jenkins</a>, Under Secretary of State for Arms Control and International Security Affairs<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Henriquez" title="Carlos Henriquez">Carlos Henriquez</a> jazz bassist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/DJ_Kool_Herc" title="DJ Kool Herc">DJ Kool Herc</a>, DJ, raised in the West Bronx</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monique_Holsey-Hyman" title="Monique Holsey-Hyman">Monique Holsey-Hyman</a>, politician, social worker, and professor</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Lauren" title="Ralph Lauren">Ralph Lauren</a>, fashion designer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Leykis" title="Tom Leykis">Tom Leykis</a> (born 1956), radio personality<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Link" title="Cuban Link">Cuban Link</a>, rapper, born in Cuba, raised in <a href="/wiki/Morrisania,_Bronx" title="Morrisania, Bronx">Morrisania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jennifer_Lopez" title="Jennifer Lopez">Jennifer Lopez</a>, raised in <a href="/wiki/Castle_Hill,_Bronx" title="Castle Hill, Bronx">Castle Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_McGuirk" title="Bernard McGuirk">Bernard McGuirk</a>, grew up in the South Bronx</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drag-On" title="Drag-On">Drag-On</a>, rapper, raised in <a href="/wiki/Soundview,_Bronx" title="Soundview, Bronx">Soundview</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fat_Joe" title="Fat Joe">Fat Joe</a>, rapper, raised in <a href="/wiki/Morrisania,_Bronx" title="Morrisania, Bronx">Morrisania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grandmaster_Flash" title="Grandmaster Flash">Grandmaster Flash</a>, DJ, born in Barbados, raised in <a href="/wiki/Morrisania,_Bronx" title="Morrisania, Bronx">Morrisania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KRS-One" title="KRS-One">KRS-One</a>, rapper, originally from <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn" title="Brooklyn">Brooklyn</a>, raised in both <a href="/wiki/Mott_Haven,_Bronx" title="Mott Haven, Bronx">Mott Haven</a> and <a href="/wiki/Soundview,_Bronx" title="Soundview, Bronx">Soundview</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T_La_Rock" title="T La Rock">T La Rock</a>, rapper</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_La_Rock" title="Scott La Rock">Scott La Rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remy_Ma" title="Remy Ma">Remy Ma</a>, rapper, raised in <a href="/wiki/Castle_Hill,_Bronx" title="Castle Hill, Bronx">Castle Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonia_Manzano" title="Sonia Manzano">Sonia Manzano</a> (born 1950), actress, screenwriter, author, speaker and singer-songwriter best known for her role on <i><a href="/wiki/Sesame_Street" title="Sesame Street">Sesame Street</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Montana" title="French Montana">French Montana</a>, rapper, born in Morocco, raised in <a href="/wiki/Tremont,_Bronx" title="Tremont, Bronx">Tremont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_A._Muller" title="Richard A. Muller">Richard A. Muller</a>, physicist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wes_Moore" title="Wes Moore">Wes Moore</a> (born 1978), governor of <a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">Maryland</a>, author<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Negroni" title="Joe Negroni">Joe Negroni</a> (1940–1978), rock and roll pioneer and founding member of the rock and roll group Frankie Lymon and the Teenagers.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nine_(rapper)" title="Nine (rapper)">Nine</a>, rapper</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Pacino" title="Al Pacino">Al Pacino</a>, born in <a href="/wiki/East_Harlem" title="East Harlem">East Harlem</a>, raised in the South Bronx</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Perahia" title="Murray Perahia">Murray Perahia</a>, concert pianist and conductor</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colin_Powell" title="Colin Powell">Colin Powell</a>, raised in <a href="/wiki/Longwood,_Bronx" title="Longwood, Bronx">Longwood</a><sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_Pun" title="Big Pun">Big Pun</a>, rapper, born in <a href="/wiki/Soundview,_Bronx" title="Soundview, Bronx">Soundview</a>, raised in <a href="/wiki/Highbridge,_Bronx" title="Highbridge, Bronx">Highbridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Price_(writer)" title="Richard Price (writer)">Richard Price</a>, novelist and screenwriter<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alex_Ramos" title="Alex Ramos">Alex Ramos</a>, professional boxer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Nelson_Reilly" title="Charles Nelson Reilly">Charles Nelson Reilly</a> (1931–2007), actor, comedian, director and drama teacher</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hell_Rell" title="Hell Rell">Hell Rell</a>, rapper raised in <a href="/wiki/Tremont,_Bronx" title="Tremont, Bronx">Tremont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neil_Raymond_Ricco" title="Neil Raymond Ricco">Neil Raymond Ricco</a>, poet and writer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bobby_Sanabria" title="Bobby Sanabria">Bobby Sanabria</a> (born 1957), Multi-Grammy nominated Latin and jazz drummer, percussionist, composer, arranger, educator, bandleader<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herman_Santiago" title="Herman Santiago">Herman Santiago</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rock_and_roll" title="Rock and roll">rock and roll</a> pioneer and songwriter who was previously a member of the vocal group <a href="/wiki/Frankie_Lymon_and_the_Teenagers" class="mw-redirect" title="Frankie Lymon and the Teenagers">Frankie Lymon and the Teenagers</a>. He (disputedly) co-wrote the group's iconic hit "<a href="/wiki/Why_Do_Fools_Fall_in_Love_(song)" title="Why Do Fools Fall in Love (song)">Why Do Fools Fall in Love</a>".</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Santiago" title="Tony Santiago">Tony Santiago</a>, better known as "Tony the Marine" is a United States Marine veteran, writer, and military historian.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolph_Schayes" title="Dolph Schayes">Dolph Schayes</a>, 12x All Star basketball player</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richie_Scheinblum" title="Richie Scheinblum">Richie Scheinblum</a> (1942–2021), Major League Baseball All Star outfielder</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonia_Sotomayor" title="Sonia Sotomayor">Sonia Sotomayor</a> (born 1954), Associate Justice of the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court of the United States</a><sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Sunshine" title="Tony Sunshine">Tony Sunshine</a>, R&B singer, raised in <a href="/wiki/Soundview,_Bronx" title="Soundview, Bronx">Soundview</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Susskind" title="Leonard Susskind">Leonard Susskind</a>, theoretical physicist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neil_deGrasse_Tyson" title="Neil deGrasse Tyson">Neil deGrasse Tyson</a>, astrophysicist, physical cosmologist, science communicator/educator</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemba_Walker" title="Kemba Walker">Kemba Walker</a>, NBA player, raised in <a href="/wiki/Soundview,_Bronx" title="Soundview, Bronx">Soundview</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerry_Washington" title="Kerry Washington">Kerry Washington</a>, actress</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steven_Weinberg" title="Steven Weinberg">Steven Weinberg</a> (1933–2021), theoretical physicist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barry_Wellman" title="Barry Wellman">Barry Wellman</a> (born 1942), sociologist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/645AR" title="645AR">645AR</a>, rapper, born and raised partly in the region and attended <a href="/wiki/Hostos_Community_College" title="Hostos Community College">Hostos Community College</a><sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Bronx&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: In popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Movies">Movies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Bronx&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Movies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Tenement_(film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tenement (film)">Tenement</a></i>, 1985</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rumble_in_the_Bronx" title="Rumble in the Bronx">Rumble in the Bronx</a></i>, 1995</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/1990:_The_Bronx_Warriors" title="1990: The Bronx Warriors">1990: The Bronx Warriors</a></i>, 1982</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gloria_(1980_film)" title="Gloria (1980 film)">Gloria</a></i>, 1980</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Willie_Dynamite" title="Willie Dynamite">Willie Dynamite</a></i>, 1973</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fort_Apache,_The_Bronx" title="Fort Apache, The Bronx">Fort Apache, The Bronx</a></i>, 1981</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wanderers,_The&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wanderers, The (page does not exist)">Wanderers, The</a></i>, 1979</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wolfen_(film)" title="Wolfen (film)">Wolfen</a></i>, 1981</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wild_Style" title="Wild Style">Wild Style</a></i>, 1983</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Beat_Street" title="Beat Street">Beat Street</a></i>, 1984</li> <li><i>South Bronx Heroes</i>, 1985</li> <li><i>A Bronx Tale</i>, 1993</li> <li><i>Marty</i>, 1955</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Bronx&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/South_Bronx_(song)" title="South Bronx (song)">South Bronx</a>" by <a href="/wiki/Boogie_Down_Productions" title="Boogie Down Productions">Boogie Down Productions</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Jenny_from_the_Block" title="Jenny from the Block">Jenny from the Block</a>" by <a href="/wiki/Jennifer_Lopez" title="Jennifer Lopez">Jennifer Lopez</a> featuring <a href="/wiki/Styles_P" title="Styles P">Styles P</a> & <a href="/wiki/Jadakiss" title="Jadakiss">Jadakiss</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Television">Television</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Bronx&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Television"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Get_Down" title="The Get Down">The Get Down</a></i>, 2016- Netflix series</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature">Literature</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Bronx&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dropsie_Avenue" title="Dropsie Avenue">Dropsie Avenue</a></i> (1995), by <a href="/wiki/Will_Eisner" title="Will Eisner">Will Eisner</a>. <i>Dropsie Avenue</i> is the third story in the <i><a href="/wiki/A_Contract_With_God" class="mw-redirect" title="A Contract With God">A Contract With God</a></i> trilogy of graphic novels set in a fictional South Bronx neighborhood.</li> <li>Amazing Grace: The Lives of Children and the Conscience of a Nation. (1995), by <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Kozol" title="Jonathan Kozol">Jonathan Kozol</a>. Awarded the <a href="/wiki/Anisfield-Wolf_Book_Award" title="Anisfield-Wolf Book Award">Anisfield-Wolf Book Award</a> in 1996.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Bronx&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output 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title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFLonsdorfSummersJarenwattananon2023" class="citation web cs1">Lonsdorf, Kat; Summers, Juana; Jarenwattananon, Patrick (July 11, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/2023/07/11/1186407223/50-years-ago-teenagers-partied-in-the-bronx-and-gave-rise-to-hip-hop">"50 years ago, teenagers partied in the Bronx — and gave rise to hip-hop"</a>. <i>NPR</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NPR&rft.atitle=50+years+ago%2C+teenagers+partied+in+the+Bronx+%E2%80%94+and+gave+rise+to+hip-hop&rft.date=2023-07-11&rft.aulast=Lonsdorf&rft.aufirst=Kat&rft.au=Summers%2C+Juana&rft.au=Jarenwattananon%2C+Patrick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2F2023%2F07%2F11%2F1186407223%2F50-years-ago-teenagers-partied-in-the-bronx-and-gave-rise-to-hip-hop&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Bronx" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: url-status (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_url-status" title="Category:CS1 maint: url-status">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DailyNews9.29.10-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DailyNews9.29.10_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/south-bronx-poorest-district-nation-u-s-census-bureau-finds-38-live-poverty-line-article-1.438344">"South Bronx is poorest district in nation, U.S. Census Bureau finds: 38% live below poverty line"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/New_York_Daily_News" title="New York Daily News">Daily News</a></i>. September 29, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Daily+News&rft.atitle=South+Bronx+is+poorest+district+in+nation%2C+U.S.+Census+Bureau+finds%3A+38%25+live+below+poverty+line&rft.date=2010-09-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nydailynews.com%2Fnew-york%2Fsouth-bronx-poorest-district-nation-u-s-census-bureau-finds-38-live-poverty-line-article-1.438344&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Bronx" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-VillageVoice9.30.10-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-VillageVoice9.30.10_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-VillageVoice9.30.10_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.villagevoice.com/2010/09/30/the-poorest-congressional-district-in-america-right-here-in-new-york-city/">"The Poorest Congressional District in America? Right Here, in New York City"</a>. September 30, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Poorest+Congressional+District+in+America%3F+Right+Here%2C+in+New+York+City&rft.date=2010-09-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.villagevoice.com%2F2010%2F09%2F30%2Fthe-poorest-congressional-district-in-america-right-here-in-new-york-city%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Bronx" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBasler1981" class="citation news cs1">Basler, Barbara (February 10, 1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1981/02/10/nyregion/in-belmont-area-of-south-bronx-fear-and-crime-are-remote-concerns.html">"In Belmont Area Of South Bronx, Fear And Crime Are Remote Concerns"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 10,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=In+Belmont+Area+Of+South+Bronx%2C+Fear+And+Crime+Are+Remote+Concerns&rft.date=1981-02-10&rft.aulast=Basler&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1981%2F02%2F10%2Fnyregion%2Fin-belmont-area-of-south-bronx-fear-and-crime-are-remote-concerns.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Bronx" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/bronx/neighborhood-guide-bronx-castle-hill-article-1.417029">"Your neighborhood guide to the Bronx's Castle Hill"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/New_York_Daily_News" title="New York Daily News">New York Daily News</a></i>. November 14, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 10,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=New+York+Daily+News&rft.atitle=Your+neighborhood+guide+to+the+Bronx%27s+Castle+Hill&rft.date=2009-11-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nydailynews.com%2Fnew-york%2Fbronx%2Fneighborhood-guide-bronx-castle-hill-article-1.417029&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Bronx" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGonzalez2009" class="citation news cs1">Gonzalez, David (August 21, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2009/08/23/nyregion/23bronx.html?_r=3&hp=&pagewanted=all&">"Faces in the Rubble"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 12,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Faces+in+the+Rubble&rft.date=2009-08-21&rft.aulast=Gonzalez&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2009%2F08%2F23%2Fnyregion%2F23bronx.html%3F_r%3D3%26hp%3D%26pagewanted%3Dall%26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Bronx" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nymag.com/daily/intelligencer/2015/06/high-bridge-reopens-the-bronx-to-foot-power.html">"High Bridge Reopens the Bronx to Pedestrian Power"</a>. <i>Nymag.com</i>. June 10, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 10,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Nymag.com&rft.atitle=High+Bridge+Reopens+the+Bronx+to+Pedestrian+Power&rft.date=2015-06-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnymag.com%2Fdaily%2Fintelligencer%2F2015%2F06%2Fhigh-bridge-reopens-the-bronx-to-foot-power.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Bronx" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nydailynews.com/news/money/hunt-point-south-bronx-most-improved-neighborhood-stays-article-1.354683">"Hunt's Point: How South Bronx's most-improved neighborhood stays that way"</a>. <i>Nydailynews.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 10,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Nydailynews.com&rft.atitle=Hunt%27s+Point%3A+How+South+Bronx%27s+most-improved+neighborhood+stays+that+way&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nydailynews.com%2Fnews%2Fmoney%2Fhunt-point-south-bronx-most-improved-neighborhood-stays-article-1.354683&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Bronx" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nypap.org/content/longwood-historic-district">"Longwood Historic District"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 10,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Longwood+Historic+District&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nypap.org%2Fcontent%2Flongwood-historic-district&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Bronx" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150821015156/http://www.dnainfo.com/new-york/20150414/soundview/city-adds-about-600-new-pre-k-seats-south-bronx-city-educators-say">"City Adds About 600 New Pre-K Seats in South Bronx, City Educators Say"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dnainfo.com/new-york/20150414/soundview/city-adds-about-600-new-pre-k-seats-south-bronx-city-educators-say">the original</a> on August 21, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 10,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=City+Adds+About+600+New+Pre-K+Seats+in+South+Bronx%2C+City+Educators+Say&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dnainfo.com%2Fnew-york%2F20150414%2Fsoundview%2Fcity-adds-about-600-new-pre-k-seats-south-bronx-city-educators-say&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Bronx" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www1.nyc.gov/site/nypd/bureaus/patrol/precincts/40th-precinct.page">40th Precinct</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_Police_Department" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Police Department">NYPD</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www1.nyc.gov/site/nypd/bureaus/patrol/precincts/41st-precinct.page">41st Precinct</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_Police_Department" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Police Department">NYPD</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www1.nyc.gov/site/nypd/bureaus/patrol/precincts/42nd-precinct.page">42nd Precinct</a>, 43rd precinct<a href="/wiki/New_York_Police_Department" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Police Department">NYPD</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www1.nyc.gov/site/nypd/bureaus/patrol/precincts/44th-precinct.page">44th Precinct</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_Police_Department" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Police Department">NYPD</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nyc.gov/html/nypd/html/precincts/precinct_048.shtml">48th Precinct</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_Police_Department" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Police Department">NYPD</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bronxcountyclerksoffice.com/en/history/index.htm">"Bronxcountyclerksoffice.com"</a>. <i>Bronxcountyclerksoffice.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 19,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bronxcountyclerksoffice.com&rft.atitle=Bronxcountyclerksoffice.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bronxcountyclerksoffice.com%2Fen%2Fhistory%2Findex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Bronx" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bronxsynagogues.org/ic/bronxsyn/survey.html#I">"Bronx Synagogues – Historical Survey"</a>. <i>Bronxsynagogues.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 19,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bronxsynagogues.org&rft.atitle=Bronx+Synagogues+%E2%80%93+Historical+Survey&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bronxsynagogues.org%2Fic%2Fbronxsyn%2Fsurvey.html%23I&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Bronx" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTarver2007" class="citation news cs1">Tarver, Denton (April 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cooperator.com/articles/1425/1/The-New-Bronx/Page1.html">"The New Bronx; A Quick History of the Iconic Borough"</a>. <i>The Cooperator</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 17,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Cooperator&rft.atitle=The+New+Bronx%3B+A+Quick+History+of+the+Iconic+Borough&rft.date=2007-04&rft.aulast=Tarver&rft.aufirst=Denton&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcooperator.com%2Farticles%2F1425%2F1%2FThe-New-Bronx%2FPage1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Bronx" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Caro-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Caro_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Caro_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCaro1974" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Caro" title="Robert Caro">Caro, Robert</a> (1974). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Power_Broker" title="The Power Broker">The Power Broker: Robert Moses and the Fall of New York</a></i>. New York: Knopf. pp. <span class="nowrap">893–</span>894. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-394-48076-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-394-48076-3"><bdi>978-0-394-48076-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/834874">834874</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Power+Broker%3A+Robert+Moses+and+the+Fall+of+New+York&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E893-%3C%2Fspan%3E894&rft.pub=Knopf&rft.date=1974&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F834874&rft.isbn=978-0-394-48076-3&rft.aulast=Caro&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Bronx" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CrossBronx-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CrossBronx_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CrossBronx_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nycroads.com/roads/cross-bronx/">"Cross Bronx Expressway (I-95, I-295 and US 1)"</a>. <i>Nycroads.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 19,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Nycroads.com&rft.atitle=Cross+Bronx+Expressway+%28I-95%2C+I-295+and+US+1%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nycroads.com%2Froads%2Fcross-bronx%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Bronx" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-a_NZVrnYic">"YouTube"</a>. <i>Youtube.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 19,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Youtube.com&rft.atitle=YouTube&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3D-a_NZVrnYic&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Bronx" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-vacancy-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-vacancy_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-vacancy_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.demographia.com/db-sbrx-txt.htm">"The South Bronx: From Urban Planning Victim to Victor"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 10,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+South+Bronx%3A+From+Urban+Planning+Victim+to+Victor&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.demographia.com%2Fdb-sbrx-txt.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Bronx" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nytimes_1q-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nytimes_1q_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nytimes_1q_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nytimes_1q_23-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nytimes_1q_23-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nytimes_1q_23-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nytimes_1q_23-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nytimes_1q_23-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nytimes_1q_23-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Purdy, Matthew. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1994/11/13/nyregion/left-to-die-the-south-bronx-rises-from-decades-of-decay.html?pagewanted=all">"Left to Die, the South Bronx Rises From Decades of Decay"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>, November 13, 1994. Accessed September 27, 2018.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrimes2005" class="citation news cs1">Grimes, William (March 30, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2005/03/30/books/30grim.html">"A City Gripped by Crisis and Enraptured by the Yankees"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=A+City+Gripped+by+Crisis+and+Enraptured+by+the+Yankees&rft.date=2005-03-30&rft.aulast=Grimes&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2005%2F03%2F30%2Fbooks%2F30grim.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Bronx" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlood2010" class="citation news cs1">Flood, Joe (May 16, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nypost.com/2010/05/16/why-the-bronx-burned/">"Why the Bronx Burned"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/New_York_Post" title="New York Post">New York Post</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Post&rft.atitle=Why+the+Bronx+Burned&rft.date=2010-05-16&rft.aulast=Flood&rft.aufirst=Joe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnypost.com%2F2010%2F05%2F16%2Fwhy-the-bronx-burned%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Bronx" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thirteen.org/bronx/history3.html">"South Bronx – The Post War Years"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 10,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=South+Bronx+%E2%80%93+The+Post+War+Years&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thirteen.org%2Fbronx%2Fhistory3.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Bronx" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rooney_1995_58-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rooney_1995_58_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rooney_1995_58_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRooney1995" class="citation book cs1">Rooney, Jim (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=i6m4Y_1rrTcC"><i>Organizing the South Bronx</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/SUNY_Press" title="SUNY Press">SUNY Press</a>. p. 58. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-2210-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-2210-6"><bdi>978-0-7914-2210-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Organizing+the+South+Bronx&rft.pages=58&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-2210-6&rft.aulast=Rooney&rft.aufirst=Jim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Di6m4Y_1rrTcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Bronx" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Why_the_Bronx_burned-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Why_the_Bronx_burned_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Why_the_Bronx_burned_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Why_the_Bronx_burned_28-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nypost.com/2010/05/16/why-the-bronx-burned/">"Why the Bronx burned"</a>. <i>New York Post</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 10,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fox+Street+co-op+draws+middle+income+residents&rft.pub=Hunts+Point+Express&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbrie.hunter.cuny.edu%2Fhpe%2F2010%2F05%2F16%2Ffox-street-co-op-draws-middle-income-residents-2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Bronx" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/2015/08/25/434367794/in-richard-prices-latest-novel-haunted-cops-and-cases-they-couldnt-close">"In Richard Price's Latest Novel, Haunted Cops And Cases They Couldn't Close"</a>. <i>NPR</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NPR&rft.atitle=In+Richard+Price%27s+Latest+Novel%2C+Haunted+Cops+And+Cases+They+Couldn%27t+Close&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2F2015%2F08%2F25%2F434367794%2Fin-richard-prices-latest-novel-haunted-cops-and-cases-they-couldnt-close&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Bronx" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=12693603">"Bobby Sanabria's Latin Jazz Hybrid"</a>, <a href="/wiki/NPR" title="NPR">NPR</a>, August 11, 2007. Accessed September 27, 2018. "Growing up in the South Bronx, Bobby Sanabria was exposed to a wide range of music: Latin, Afro-Cuban, blues, jazz, funk, rock. He became a fan of Tito Puente, Dizzy Gillespie, Buddy Rich, James Brown and Mario Bauzá, among others."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wthr.com/article/news/community/celebrating-the-legacy-of-sonia-sotomayor-supreme-court-justice/531-7b9c5219-457c-457f-8570-824ff82e55bb">"Celebrating Hispanic Heritage Month: The legacy of Sonia Sotomayor"</a>, <a href="/wiki/WTHR" title="WTHR">WTHR</a>, October 5, 2021. Accessed May 11, 2022. "When Sonia Sotomayor was a young girl, the South Bronx complex she grew up in was called Bronxdale Houses."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hotnewhiphop.com/profile/645ar">"About 645AR"</a>. <i>HotNewHipHop</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 5,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=HotNewHipHop&rft.atitle=About+645AR&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hotnewhiphop.com%2Fprofile%2F645ar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Bronx" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeabrook2020" class="citation news cs1">Seabrook, Robby III (April 1, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.xxlmag.com/the-break-presents-645ar/">"<i>The Break</i> Presents: 645AR"</a>. <i>XXL</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 5,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=XXL&rft.atitle=The+Break+Presents%3A+645AR&rft.date=2020-04-01&rft.aulast=Seabrook&rft.aufirst=Robby+III&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.xxlmag.com%2Fthe-break-presents-645ar%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Bronx" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Bronx&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Kozol, Jonathan (1995); <i>Amazing Grace</i>; Crown Publishers.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBermanBerger2007" class="citation book cs1">Berman, Marshall; Berger, Brian, eds. (2007). <i>New York Calling: From Blackout to Bloomberg</i>. Reaktion Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+York+Calling%3A+From+Blackout+to+Bloomberg&rft.pub=Reaktion+Books&rft.date=2007&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Bronx" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerman1988" class="citation book cs1">Berman, Marshall (1988). <i>All That Is Solid Melts into Air: The Experience of Modernity</i>. Penguin.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=All+That+Is+Solid+Melts+into+Air%3A+The+Experience+of+Modernity&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=1988&rft.aulast=Berman&rft.aufirst=Marshall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Bronx" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGonzalez2006" class="citation book cs1">Gonzalez, Evelyn (2006). <i>The Bronx (Columbia History of Urban Life)</i>. Columbia University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bronx+%28Columbia+History+of+Urban+Life%29&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Gonzalez&rft.aufirst=Evelyn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Bronx" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJensen1979" class="citation book cs1">Jensen, Robert, ed. (1979). <i>Devastation/resurrection: the South Bronx</i>. New York: Bronx Museum of the Arts.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Devastation%2Fresurrection%3A+the+South+Bronx&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Bronx+Museum+of+the+Arts&rft.date=1979&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Bronx" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJonnes2002" class="citation book cs1">Jonnes, Jill (2002). <i>South Bronx Rising: The Rise, Fall, and Resurrection of an American City</i>. Fordham University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=South+Bronx+Rising%3A+The+Rise%2C+Fall%2C+and+Resurrection+of+an+American+City&rft.pub=Fordham+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Jonnes&rft.aufirst=Jill&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Bronx" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOffice_of_the_Borough_President_(Bronx,_New_York_City)1990" class="citation book cs1">Office of the Borough President (Bronx, New York City) (1990). <i>Strategic policy statement</i>. New York: Office of the Bronx Borough President.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Strategic+policy+statement&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Office+of+the+Bronx+Borough+President&rft.date=1990&rft.au=Office+of+the+Borough+President+%28Bronx%2C+New+York+City%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Bronx" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTwomey2007" class="citation book cs1">Twomey, Bill (2007). <i>The Bronx, in bits and pieces</i>. Bloomington, IN: Rooftop Publishing.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bronx%2C+in+bits+and+pieces&rft.place=Bloomington%2C+IN&rft.pub=Rooftop+Publishing&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Twomey&rft.aufirst=Bill&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Bronx" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pictorial_works">Pictorial works</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Bronx&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Pictorial works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKahane2008" class="citation book cs1">Kahane, Lisa (2008). <i>Do Not Give Way To Evil: Photographs of the South Bronx, 1979–1987</i> (Miss Rosen ed.).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Do+Not+Give+Way+To+Evil%3A+Photographs+of+the+South+Bronx%2C+1979%E2%80%931987&rft.edition=Miss+Rosen&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Kahane&rft.aufirst=Lisa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Bronx" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTwomey2002" class="citation book cs1">Twomey, Bill (2002). <i>South Bronx</i>. Charleston, SC: Arcadia.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=South+Bronx&rft.place=Charleston%2C+SC&rft.pub=Arcadia&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Twomey&rft.aufirst=Bill&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Bronx" class="Z3988"></span> (Pictorial work on historical social life and customs in the South Bronx)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Bronx&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:South_Bronx" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:South Bronx">South Bronx</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pbase.com/patmorgan/the_bronx">Walking tour of the Grand Concourse Boulevard-Cross Bronx Expy area</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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href="/wiki/Template:Bronx" title="Template:Bronx"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Bronx" title="Template talk:Bronx"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Bronx" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Bronx"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Neighborhoods_in_the_New_York_City_borough_of_the_Bronx723" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Bronx_neighborhoods" title="List of Bronx neighborhoods">Neighborhoods</a> in the <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> <a href="/wiki/Boroughs_of_New_York_City" title="Boroughs of New York City">borough</a> of <a href="/wiki/The_Bronx" title="The Bronx">the Bronx</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">South Bronx</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crotona_Park_East,_Bronx" title="Crotona Park East, Bronx">East Morrisania/Crotona Park East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunts_Point,_Bronx" title="Hunts Point, Bronx">Hunts Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longwood,_Bronx" title="Longwood, Bronx">Longwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melrose,_Bronx" title="Melrose, Bronx">Melrose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morrisania,_Bronx" title="Morrisania, Bronx">Morrisania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mott_Haven,_Bronx" title="Mott Haven, Bronx">Mott Haven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_Morris,_Bronx" title="Port Morris, Bronx">Port Morris</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:KBR_IRT_fr_GC_jeh.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Kingsbridge Armory"><img alt="Kingsbridge Armory" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/KBR_IRT_fr_GC_jeh.JPG/90px-KBR_IRT_fr_GC_jeh.JPG" decoding="async" width="90" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/KBR_IRT_fr_GC_jeh.JPG/135px-KBR_IRT_fr_GC_jeh.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/KBR_IRT_fr_GC_jeh.JPG/180px-KBR_IRT_fr_GC_jeh.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1668" data-file-height="1703" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/West_Bronx" title="West Bronx">West Bronx</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bedford_Park,_Bronx" title="Bedford Park, Bronx">Bedford Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belmont,_Bronx" title="Belmont, Bronx">Belmont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concourse,_Bronx" title="Concourse, Bronx">Concourse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Tremont,_Bronx" title="East Tremont, Bronx">East Tremont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fordham,_Bronx" title="Fordham, Bronx">Fordham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highbridge,_Bronx" title="Highbridge, Bronx">Highbridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome_Park,_Bronx" class="mw-redirect" title="Jerome Park, Bronx">Jerome Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingsbridge,_Bronx" title="Kingsbridge, Bronx">Kingsbridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingsbridge_Heights,_Bronx" title="Kingsbridge Heights, Bronx">Kingsbridge Heights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Van_Cortlandt_Village" title="Van Cortlandt Village">Van Cortlandt Village</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morris_Heights,_Bronx" title="Morris Heights, Bronx">Morris Heights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwood,_Bronx" title="Norwood, Bronx">Norwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riverdale,_Bronx" title="Riverdale, Bronx">Riverdale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Riverdale,_Bronx" title="North Riverdale, Bronx">North Riverdale</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fieldston,_Bronx" title="Fieldston, Bronx">Fieldston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hudson_Hill,_Bronx" title="Hudson Hill, Bronx">Hudson Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosholu,_Bronx" class="mw-redirect" title="Mosholu, Bronx">Mosholu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spuyten_Duyvil,_Bronx" title="Spuyten Duyvil, Bronx">Spuyten Duyvil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tremont,_Bronx" title="Tremont, Bronx">Tremont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_Heights,_Bronx" title="University Heights, Bronx">University Heights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Farms,_Bronx" title="West Farms, Bronx">West Farms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodlawn_Heights,_Bronx" title="Woodlawn Heights, Bronx">Woodlawn Heights</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Bronx" title="East Bronx">East Bronx</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allerton,_Bronx" title="Allerton, Bronx">Allerton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baychester,_Bronx" title="Baychester, Bronx">Baychester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castle_Hill,_Bronx" title="Castle Hill, Bronx">Castle Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_Island,_Bronx" title="City Island, Bronx">City Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clason_Point,_Bronx" title="Clason Point, Bronx">Clason Point</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harding_Park,_Bronx" class="mw-redirect" title="Harding Park, Bronx">Harding Park</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Co-op_City,_Bronx" title="Co-op City, Bronx">Co-op City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Country_Club,_Bronx" title="Country Club, Bronx">Country Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastchester,_Bronx" title="Eastchester, Bronx">Eastchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morris_Park,_Bronx" title="Morris Park, Bronx">Morris Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olinville,_Bronx" class="mw-redirect" title="Olinville, Bronx">Olinville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelham_Bay_(neighborhood),_Bronx" title="Pelham Bay (neighborhood), Bronx">Pelham Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelham_Gardens,_Bronx" title="Pelham Gardens, Bronx">Pelham Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parkchester,_Bronx" title="Parkchester, Bronx">Parkchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelham_Parkway_(neighborhood),_Bronx" title="Pelham Parkway (neighborhood), Bronx">Pelham Parkway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soundview,_Bronx" title="Soundview, Bronx">Soundview</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Throggs_Neck" title="Throggs Neck">Throggs Neck</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edgewater_Park_(Bronx)" title="Edgewater Park (Bronx)">Edgewater Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locust_Point,_Bronx" title="Locust Point, Bronx">Locust Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schuylerville,_Bronx" title="Schuylerville, Bronx">Schuylerville</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Van_Nest,_Bronx" title="Van Nest, Bronx">Van Nest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wakefield,_Bronx" title="Wakefield, Bronx">Wakefield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westchester_Square,_Bronx" title="Westchester Square, Bronx">Westchester Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Williamsbridge,_Bronx" title="Williamsbridge, Bronx">Williamsbridge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marble_Hill,_Manhattan" title="Marble Hill, Manhattan">Marble Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rikers_Island" title="Rikers Island">Rikers Island</a></li> <li>Retail districts <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Avenue" title="Arthur Avenue">Arthur Avenue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fordham_Plaza,_Bronx" title="Fordham Plaza, Bronx">Fordham Plaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Hub,_Bronx" title="The Hub, Bronx">The Hub</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="font-weight: bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Community_boards_of_the_Bronx" title="Community boards of the Bronx">Community districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronx_Community_Board_1" title="Bronx Community Board 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronx_Community_Board_2" title="Bronx Community Board 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronx_Community_Board_3" title="Bronx Community Board 3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronx_Community_Board_4" title="Bronx Community Board 4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronx_Community_Board_5" title="Bronx Community Board 5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronx_Community_Board_6" title="Bronx Community Board 6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronx_Community_Board_7" title="Bronx Community Board 7">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronx_Community_Board_8" class="mw-redirect" title="Bronx Community Board 8">8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronx_Community_Board_9" title="Bronx Community Board 9">9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronx_Community_Board_10" title="Bronx Community Board 10">10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronx_Community_Board_11" title="Bronx Community Board 11">11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronx_Community_Board_12" title="Bronx Community Board 12">12</a></li> <li>Joint interest areas:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Van_Cortlandt_Park" title="Van Cortlandt Park">26</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronx_Park" title="Bronx Park">27</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelham_Bay_Park" title="Pelham Bay Park">28</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2404798#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata544" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2404798#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata544" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2404798#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" 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class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/e3236607-5693-4f26-8f27-fb57860a26e4">MusicBrainz area</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p><span class="geo-inline-hidden noexcerpt"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=South_Bronx&params=40.81621_N_73.91735_W_type:landmark_region:US-NY"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial 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