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class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Origin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Origin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Calling_of_the_Varangians" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Calling_of_the_Varangians"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Calling of the Varangians</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Calling_of_the_Varangians-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foundation_of_the_Kievan_state" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foundation_of_the_Kievan_state"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Foundation of the Kievan state</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foundation_of_the_Kievan_state-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_foreign_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_foreign_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Early foreign relations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_foreign_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Volatile_steppe_politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Volatile_steppe_politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.1</span> <span>Volatile steppe politics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Volatile_steppe_politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rus'–Byzantine_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rus'–Byzantine_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.2</span> <span>Rus'–Byzantine relations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rus'–Byzantine_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sviatoslav" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sviatoslav"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.3</span> <span>Sviatoslav</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sviatoslav-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reign_of_Vladimir_and_Christianisation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reign_of_Vladimir_and_Christianisation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Reign of Vladimir and Christianisation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reign_of_Vladimir_and_Christianisation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reign_of_Yaroslav" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reign_of_Yaroslav"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Reign of Yaroslav</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reign_of_Yaroslav-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Succession_issues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Succession_issues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Succession issues</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Succession_issues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fragmentation_and_decline" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fragmentation_and_decline"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8</span> <span>Fragmentation and decline</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fragmentation_and_decline-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Final_disintegration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Final_disintegration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.9</span> <span>Final disintegration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Final_disintegration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Society" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Society"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Society</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Society-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Society subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Society-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Architecture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Administrative_divisions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administrative_divisions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Administrative divisions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Administrative_divisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Foreign relations</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Foreign_relations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Foreign relations subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Foreign_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Military_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Military history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Steppe_peoples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Steppe_peoples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Steppe peoples</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Steppe_peoples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Byzantine_Empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Byzantine_Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Byzantine Empire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Byzantine_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mongols" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mongols"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Mongols</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mongols-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historical_assessment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_assessment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Historical assessment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_assessment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>In popular culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Gallery subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Collection_of_maps" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Collection_of_maps"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Collection of maps</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Collection_of_maps-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Art_and_architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Art_and_architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Art and architecture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Art_and_architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Explanatory_notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Explanatory_notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Explanatory notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Explanatory_notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Primary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.3</span> <span>Primary sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Secondary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Secondary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.4</span> <span>Secondary sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Secondary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Kievan Rus'</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 86 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-86" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">86 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ki%C3%ABf-Roes" title="Kiëf-Roes – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Kiëf-Roes" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiewer_Rus" title="Kiewer Rus – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Kiewer Rus" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A6nugeardisc_Rus" title="Cænugeardisc Rus – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Cænugeardisc Rus" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%82%D3%99%D0%B8_%D0%A3%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%82%D3%99%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Киевтәи Урыстәыла – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Киевтәи Урыстәыла" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Аԥсшәа</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%8A%D9%81_%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3" title="كييف روس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كييف روس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rus_de_Kiev" title="Rus de Kiev – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Rus de Kiev" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiyev_Rus_d%C3%B6vl%C9%99ti" title="Kiyev Rus dövləti – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Kiyev Rus dövləti" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%B2_%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B5" title="Киев Русе – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Киев Русе" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%96%D0%B5%D1%9E%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D1%8C" title="Кіеўская Русь – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Кіеўская Русь" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%96%D0%B5%D1%9E%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D1%8C" title="Кіеўская Русь – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Кіеўская Русь" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81" title="Киевска Рус – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Киевска Рус" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kijevska_Rusija" title="Kijevska Rusija – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Kijevska Rusija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rous_Kyiv" title="Rous Kyiv – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Rous Kyiv" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%8D%D0%B9_%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D1%8C" title="Киевэй Русь – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Киевэй Русь" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rus_de_K%C3%ADev" title="Rus de Kíev – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Rus de Kíev" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%B9%D3%B3_%D0%A0%D1%83%C3%A7%C4%95" title="Кейӳ Руçĕ – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Кейӳ Руçĕ" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyjevsk%C3%A1_Rus" title="Kyjevská Rus – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kyjevská Rus" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rws_Kyiv" title="Rws Kyiv – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Rws Kyiv" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kijevriget" title="Kijevriget – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kijevriget" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiewer_Rus" title="Kiewer Rus – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kiewer Rus" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiievi-Vene" title="Kiievi-Vene – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kiievi-Vene" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A1%CF%89%CF%83%CE%AF%CE%B1_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%9A%CE%B9%CE%AD%CE%B2%CE%BF%CF%85" title="Ρωσία του Κιέβου – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ρωσία του Κιέβου" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rus_de_Kiev" title="Rus de Kiev – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Rus de Kiev" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kieva_Regno" title="Kieva Regno – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kieva Regno" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kieveko_Rusa" title="Kieveko Rusa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Kieveko Rusa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3_%DA%A9%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%DB%8C%D9%81" title="روس کی‌یف – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="روس کی‌یف" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rus%27_de_Kiev" title="Rus' de Kiev – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Rus' de Kiev" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rus_de_K%C3%ADiv" title="Rus de Kíiv – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Rus de Kíiv" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%82%A4%EC%98%88%ED%94%84_%EB%A3%A8%EC%8A%A4" title="키예프 루스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="키예프 루스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%AB%D6%87%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%8C%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BD%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Կիևյան Ռուսիա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կիևյան Ռուսիա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%88_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B8" title="कीवयाई रूस – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="कीवयाई रूस" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kijevska_Rus%27" title="Kijevska Rus' – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kijevska Rus'" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiyiva_Rus" title="Kiyiva Rus – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Kiyiva Rus" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rus_Kiev" title="Rus Kiev – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Rus Kiev" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rus%27_di_Kiev" title="Rus' di Kiev – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Rus' di Kiev" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A1_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%99%D7%91" title="רוס של קייב – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="רוס של קייב" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rus_Kiev" title="Rus Kiev – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Rus Kiev" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%98%E1%83%94%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A1%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98" title="კიევის რუსეთი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="კიევის რუსეთი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%B2_%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D1%96" title="Киев Русі – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Киев Русі" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%B2_%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Киев орус мамлекети – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Киев орус мамлекети" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ltg mw-list-item"><a href="https://ltg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kijivas_Kr%C4%ABviszeme" title="Kijivas Krīviszeme – Latgalian" lang="ltg" hreflang="ltg" data-title="Kijivas Krīviszeme" data-language-autonym="Latgaļu" data-language-local-name="Latgalian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latgaļu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia_Kioviensis" title="Russia Kioviensis – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Russia Kioviensis" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kijivas_Krievzeme" title="Kijivas Krievzeme – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Kijivas Krievzeme" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kijevo_Rusia" title="Kijevo Rusia – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kijevo Rusia" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kijevi_Rusz" title="Kijevi Rusz – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kijevi Rusz" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81" title="Киевски Рус – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Киевски Рус" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8" title="क्यीवन रुस – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="क्यीवन रुस" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%98%E1%83%94%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%A8_%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A1%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98" title="კიევიშ რუსეთი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="კიევიშ რუსეთი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rus%27_Kiev" title="Rus' Kiev – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Rus' Kiev" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D1%8C" title="Кунардонь руссь – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Кунардонь руссь" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D1%8C" title="Киевийн Русь – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Киевийн Русь" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kievse_Rijk" title="Kievse Rijk – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Kievse Rijk" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AD%E3%82%A8%E3%83%95%E5%A4%A7%E5%85%AC%E5%9B%BD" title="キエフ大公国 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="キエフ大公国" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kievriket" title="Kievriket – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kievriket" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyivriket" title="Kyivriket – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Kyivriket" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rus%27_de_Kyiv" title="Rus' de Kyiv – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Rus' de Kyiv" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiyev_rusi" title="Kiyev rusi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Kiyev rusi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%B5%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%88_%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%B8" title="ਕੀਵੀਆਈ ਰੁਸ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਕੀਵੀਆਈ ਰੁਸ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C_%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3" title="کیویائی روس – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="کیویائی روس" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ru%C5%9B_Kijowska" title="Ruś Kijowska – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ruś Kijowska" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%BAssia_de_Kiev" title="Rússia de Kiev – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Rússia de Kiev" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusia_Kievean%C4%83" title="Rusia Kieveană – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Rusia Kieveană" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%96%D1%94%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D1%8C" title="Кієвска Русь – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Кієвска Русь" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D1%8C" title="Киевская Русь – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Киевская Русь" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27" title="Kievan Rus' – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Kievan Rus'" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusi_i_Kievit" title="Rusi i Kievit – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Rusi i Kievit" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27" title="Kievan Rus' – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Kievan Rus'" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyjevsk%C3%A1_Rus" title="Kyjevská Rus – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Kyjevská Rus" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kijevska_Rusija" title="Kijevska Rusija – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Kijevska Rusija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DB%8C%DB%8E%DA%A4_%DA%95%D9%88%D9%88%D8%B3" title="کیێڤ ڕووس – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="کیێڤ ڕووس" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Кијевска Русија – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Кијевска Русија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kijevska_Rusija" title="Kijevska Rusija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kijevska Rusija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiovan_Rus" title="Kiovan Rus – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kiovan Rus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kievrus" title="Kievrus – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kievrus" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%B5_%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D" title="கீவ ருஸ் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கீவ ருஸ்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%B2_%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B5" title="Киев Русе – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Киев Русе" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%9F" title="จักรวรรดิรุสเคียฟ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="จักรวรรดิรุสเคียฟ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiev_Knezli%C4%9Fi" title="Kiev Knezliği – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kiev Knezliği" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%97%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D1%8C" title="Київська Русь – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Київська Русь" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C_%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3" title="کیویائی روس – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="کیویائی روس" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiev_Rus%27" title="Kiev Rus' – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Kiev Rus'" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E8%BC%94%E7%BE%85%E6%96%AF" title="基輔羅斯 – Literary 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.geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kievan_Rus%27&params=50.450_N_30.525_E_type:country"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">50°27′00″N</span> <span class="longitude">30°31′30″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">50.450°N 30.525°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">50.450; 30.525</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi" title="This article is semi-protected."><img alt="Page semi-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">State in Europe, c. 880 to 1240</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other historical states known as Rus', see <a href="/wiki/Rus_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Rus (disambiguation)">Rus</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output 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.infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Kievan Rus'</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 880–1240</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div style="padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coin_of_Vladimir_the_Great_(reverse).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Coin_of_Vladimir_the_Great_%28reverse%29.svg/90px-Coin_of_Vladimir_the_Great_%28reverse%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Coin_of_Vladimir_the_Great_%28reverse%29.svg/135px-Coin_of_Vladimir_the_Great_%28reverse%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Coin_of_Vladimir_the_Great_%28reverse%29.svg/180px-Coin_of_Vladimir_the_Great_%28reverse%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="407" data-file-height="407" /></a></span>    <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coin_of_Yaroslav_the_Wise_(reverse).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Coin_of_Yaroslav_the_Wise_%28reverse%29.svg/90px-Coin_of_Yaroslav_the_Wise_%28reverse%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Coin_of_Yaroslav_the_Wise_%28reverse%29.svg/135px-Coin_of_Yaroslav_the_Wise_%28reverse%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Coin_of_Yaroslav_the_Wise_%28reverse%29.svg/180px-Coin_of_Yaroslav_the_Wise_%28reverse%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="454" data-file-height="471" /></a></span></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Symbols_of_the_Rurikids" title="Symbols of the Rurikids">Rurikid princely emblems</a> depicted on coins:<br />Left: <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_the_Great" title="Vladimir the Great">Vladimir the Great</a> (10–11th century)<br />Right: <a href="/wiki/Yaroslav_the_Wise" title="Yaroslav the Wise">Yaroslav the Wise</a> (11th century)</div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Location_of_Kyivan_Rus.png" class="mw-file-description" title="A map of Kievan Rus' after the death of Yaroslav I in 1054"><img alt="A map of Kievan Rus' after the death of Yaroslav I in 1054" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Location_of_Kyivan_Rus.png/250px-Location_of_Kyivan_Rus.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Location_of_Kyivan_Rus.png/375px-Location_of_Kyivan_Rus.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Location_of_Kyivan_Rus.png/500px-Location_of_Kyivan_Rus.png 2x" data-file-width="8521" data-file-height="7167" /></a></span><div class="ib-country-map-caption">A map of Kievan Rus' after the death of <a href="/wiki/Yaroslav_the_Wise" title="Yaroslav the Wise">Yaroslav I</a> in 1054</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kiev" class="mw-redirect" title="Kiev">Kiev</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(882–1240)</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Common languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_East_Slavic" title="Old East Slavic">Old East Slavic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Church_Slavonic" title="Old Church Slavonic">Old Church Slavonic</a> (literary)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse" title="Old Norse">Old Norse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnic_languages" title="Finnic languages">Finnic languages</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_paganism" title="Slavic paganism">Slavic paganism</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(native faith of <a href="/wiki/Early_Slavs" title="Early Slavs">Slavs</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_paganism#Kievan_Rus'_official_religion_and_popular_cults" title="Slavic paganism">Reformed state paganism</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Vladimir_the_Great#Years_of_pagan_rule" title="Vladimir the Great">official</a> until 10th century)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Orthodox Christianity</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(official since 10th cent.)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_religion" title="Old Norse religion">Norse paganism</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(locally practiced)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_paganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Finnish paganism">Finnish paganism</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(native faith of <a href="/wiki/Finnic_peoples" title="Finnic peoples">Finnic peoples</a>)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Rus%27_people" title="Rus' people">Rus'</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Government</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">Monarchy</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Grand_Prince_of_Kiev" title="Grand Prince of Kiev">Prince</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 882–912 (first) </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Oleg_the_Wise" title="Oleg the Wise">Oleg the Wise</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Legislature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Veche" title="Veche">Veche</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">History</th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Established </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 880</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Conquest of <a href="/wiki/Khazar_Khaganate" class="mw-redirect" title="Khazar Khaganate">Khazar Khaganate</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">965–969</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Kievan_Rus%27" title="Christianization of Kievan Rus'">Christianization</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 988</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <i><a href="/wiki/Russkaya_Pravda" title="Russkaya Pravda">Russkaya Pravda</a></i> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1050s<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBushkovitch201111_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBushkovitch201111-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Kievan_Rus%27" title="Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus'">Mongol invasion</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1237–1241</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Kiev_(1240)" title="Siege of Kiev (1240)">Siege of Kiev</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1240</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area</th></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">1000<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th><td class="infobox-data">1,330,000 km<sup>2</sup> (510,000 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population</th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1000<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">5.4 million</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Grivna" title="Grivna">Grivna</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div> <b>Preceded by</b></td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;"><b>Succeeded by</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Novgorod_Slavs" title="Novgorod Slavs">Ilmen Slavs</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Krivichs" title="Krivichs">Krivichs</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Chud" title="Chud">Chud</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Volga_Finns" title="Volga Finns">Volga Finns</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Dregoviches" title="Dregoviches">Dregoviches</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Radimichs" title="Radimichs">Radimichs</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Polans_(eastern)" title="Polans (eastern)">Eastern Polans</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Severians" title="Severians">Severians</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Drevlians" title="Drevlians">Drevlians</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Vyatichi" title="Vyatichi">Vyatichi</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Volhynians" title="Volhynians">Volhynians</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/White_Croatia" title="White Croatia">White Croatia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Tivertsi" title="Tivertsi">Tivertsi</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Ulichs" title="Ulichs">Ulichs</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Kiev" title="Principality of Kiev">Principality of Kiev</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Novgorod_Republic" title="Novgorod Republic">Novgorod Republic</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Chernigov" title="Principality of Chernigov">Principality of Chernigov</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Pereyaslavl" title="Principality of Pereyaslavl">Principality of Pereyaslavl</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Vladimir-Suzdal" title="Vladimir-Suzdal">Vladimir-Suzdal</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Volhynia" title="Principality of Volhynia">Principality of Volhynia</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Galicia" title="Principality of Galicia">Principality of Galicia</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Polotsk" title="Principality of Polotsk">Principality of Polotsk</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Smolensk" title="Principality of Smolensk">Principality of Smolensk</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Ryazan" title="Principality of Ryazan">Principality of Ryazan</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol Empire</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Kievan Rus'</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> also known as <b>Kyivan Rus<span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span></b>,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKatchanovskiKohutNesebioYurkevich2013196_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKatchanovskiKohutNesebioYurkevich2013196-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was the first <a href="/wiki/East_Slavs" title="East Slavs">East Slavic</a> state and later an amalgam of principalities<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartin2009b1–5_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin2009b1–5-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a> from the late 9th to the mid-13th century.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-channon_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-channon-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Encompassing a variety of polities and peoples, including <a href="/wiki/East_Slavs" title="East Slavs">East Slavic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norsemen" title="Norsemen">Norse</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Finnic_peoples" title="Finnic peoples">Finnic</a>, it was ruled by the <a href="/wiki/Rurik_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Rurik dynasty">Rurik dynasty</a>, founded by the <a href="/wiki/Varangians" title="Varangians">Varangian</a> prince <a href="/wiki/Rurik" title="Rurik">Rurik</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kievan_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kievan-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The name was coined by Russian historians in the 19th century to describe the period when <a href="/wiki/Kiev" class="mw-redirect" title="Kiev">Kiev</a> was at the center. At its greatest extent in the mid-11th century, Kievan Rus' stretched from the <a href="/wiki/White_Sea" title="White Sea">White Sea</a> in the north to the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a> in the south and from the <a href="/wiki/River_source" title="River source">headwaters</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Vistula" title="Vistula">Vistula</a> in the west to the <a href="/wiki/Taman_Peninsula" title="Taman Peninsula">Taman Peninsula</a> in the east,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> uniting the East Slavic tribes.<sup id="cite_ref-channon_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-channon-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the <i><a href="/wiki/Primary_Chronicle" title="Primary Chronicle">Primary Chronicle</a></i>, the first ruler to unite East Slavic lands into what would become Kievan Rus' was <a href="/wiki/Oleg_the_Wise" title="Oleg the Wise">Oleg the Wise</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 879–912</span>). He extended his control from <a href="/wiki/Veliky_Novgorod" title="Veliky Novgorod">Novgorod</a> south along the <a href="/wiki/Dnieper" title="Dnieper">Dnieper</a> river valley to protect trade from <a href="/wiki/Khazar" class="mw-redirect" title="Khazar">Khazar</a> incursions from the east,<sup id="cite_ref-channon_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-channon-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and took control of the city. <a href="/wiki/Sviatoslav_I" title="Sviatoslav I">Sviatoslav I</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 943–972</span>) achieved the first major territorial expansion of the state, fighting a war of conquest against the <a href="/wiki/Khazars" title="Khazars">Khazars</a>. <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_the_Great" title="Vladimir the Great">Vladimir the Great</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 980–1015</span>) <a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Kievan_Rus%27" title="Christianization of Kievan Rus'">spread Christianity</a> with his own baptism and, by decree, extended it to all inhabitants of Kiev and beyond. Kievan Rus' reached its greatest extent under <a href="/wiki/Yaroslav_the_Wise" title="Yaroslav the Wise">Yaroslav the Wise</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1019–1054</span>); his sons assembled and issued its first written legal code, the <i><a href="/wiki/Russkaya_Pravda" title="Russkaya Pravda">Russkaya Pravda</a></i>, shortly after his death.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBushkovitch201111_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBushkovitch201111-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The state began to decline in the late 11th century, gradually disintegrating into various rival regional powers throughout the 12th century.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was further weakened by external factors, such as the <a href="/wiki/Decline_of_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Decline of the Byzantine Empire">decline of the Byzantine Empire</a>, its major economic partner, and the accompanying diminution of <a href="/wiki/Route_from_the_Varangians_to_the_Greeks" title="Route from the Varangians to the Greeks">trade routes</a> through its territory.<sup id="cite_ref-occawlonline.pearsoned.com_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-occawlonline.pearsoned.com-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It finally fell to the <a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Kievan_Rus%27" title="Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus'">Mongol invasion</a> in the mid-13th century, though the <a href="/wiki/Rurikids" title="Rurikids">Rurik dynasty</a> would continue to rule until the death of <a href="/wiki/Feodor_I_of_Russia" title="Feodor I of Russia">Feodor I of Russia</a> in 1598.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The modern nations of <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a> all claim Kievan Rus' as their cultural ancestor,<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with Belarus and Russia deriving their names from it, and the name Kievan Rus' derived from what is now the capital of Ukraine.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Names">Names</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Names_of_Rus%27,_Russia_and_Ruthenia" title="Names of Rus', Russia and Ruthenia">Names of Rus', Russia and Ruthenia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ruthenia" title="Ruthenia">Ruthenia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Laurentian_Codex_01_Rus_land.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Laurentian_Codex_01_Rus_land.jpg/220px-Laurentian_Codex_01_Rus_land.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="37" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Laurentian_Codex_01_Rus_land.jpg/330px-Laurentian_Codex_01_Rus_land.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Laurentian_Codex_01_Rus_land.jpg/440px-Laurentian_Codex_01_Rus_land.jpg 2x" data-file-width="658" data-file-height="112" /></a><figcaption>"Rus' land" from the <i><a href="/wiki/Primary_Chronicle" title="Primary Chronicle">Primary Chronicle</a></i>, a copy of the <a href="/wiki/Laurentian_Codex" title="Laurentian Codex">Laurentian Codex</a></figcaption></figure> <p>During its existence, Kievan Rus' was known as the "<a href="/wiki/Rus%27_people" title="Rus' people">Rus'</a> land" (<a href="/wiki/Old_East_Slavic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old East Slavic language">Old East Slavic</a>: <span lang="orv">ро́усьскаѧ землѧ́</span>, <small>romanized: </small><span title="Old East Slavic-language romanization"><i lang="orv-Latn">rusĭskaę zemlę</i></span>, from the ethnonym <span title="Old East Slavic-language text"><span lang="orv"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1113239643">.mw-parser-output .script-Cyrs{font-family:"Ponomar Unicode","Ponomar Unicode TT","Acathist","Triodion Unicode","Menaion Unicode","Menaion Unicode TT","Shafarik","Fedorovsk Unicode","Fedorovsk Unicode TT","Monomakh Unicode","Monomakh Unicode TT","Vilnius",BukyVede,"Kliment Std","RomanCyrillic Std","Monomachus","Old Standard","Old Standard TT",Dilyana,Menaion,"Menaion Medieval",Lazov,Code2000,"DejaVu Sans","DejaVu Serif",Code2001,"FreeSerif","TITUS Cyberbit Basic","Charis SIL","Doulos SIL","Chrysanthi Unicode","Bitstream Cyberbit","Bitstream CyberBase",Thryomanes,"Lucida Grande","FreeSans","Arial Unicode MS","Microsoft Sans Serif","Lucida Sans Unicode"}.mw-parser-output .script-Glag{font-family:Shafarik,"Menaion Unicode TT","Menaion Unicode",Vikidemia,Bukyvede,FreeSerif,Ja,Unicode5,"TITUS Cyberbit Basic","Noto Sans Glagolitic","Segoe UI Historic","Segoe UI Symbol"}</style><span title="Slavonic" lang="orv" class="script-Cyrs">Роусь</span></span></span>, <span title="Old East Slavic-language romanization"><i lang="orv-Latn">Rusĭ</i></span>; <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Greek" title="Medieval Greek">Medieval Greek</a>: <span lang="grc">Ῥῶς</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Ancient_Greek" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanization of Ancient Greek">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Ancient Greek-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">Rhos</i></span>; <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">الروس</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">ar-Rūs</i></span>), in Greek as <span title="Ancient Greek-language text"><span lang="grc">Ῥωσία</span></span>, <span title="Ancient Greek-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">Rhosia</i></span>, in Old French as <span title="Old French (842-ca. 1400)-language text"><i lang="fro">Russie, Rossie</i></span>, in Latin as <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Rusia</i></span> or <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Russia</i></span> (with local German spelling variants <i>Ruscia</i> and <i>Ruzzia</i>), and from the 12th century also as <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Ruthenia" title="Ruthenia">Ruthenia</a></i></span> or <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Rutenia</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-Nazarenko_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nazarenko-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMagocsi201072–73_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagocsi201072–73-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Various <a href="/wiki/Etymologies" class="mw-redirect" title="Etymologies">etymologies</a> have been proposed, including <span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi">Ruotsi</i></span>, the <a href="/wiki/Finnish_language" title="Finnish language">Finnish</a> designation for Sweden or <i>Ros</i>, a tribe from the middle Dnieper valley region.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMagocsi201056–57_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagocsi201056–57-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the prevalent theory, the name <i>Rus<span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span></i>, like the <a href="/wiki/Proto-Finnic" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Finnic">Proto-Finnic</a> name for <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a> (<i>*rootsi</i>), is derived from an <a href="/wiki/Old_Norse" title="Old Norse">Old Norse</a> term for 'men who row' (<i>rods-</i>) because rowing was the main method of navigating the rivers of Eastern Europe, and could be linked to the Swedish coastal area of <a href="/wiki/Roslagen" title="Roslagen">Roslagen</a> (<i>Rus-law</i>) or <i>Roden</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Blöndal2007_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blöndal2007-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The name <i>Rus<span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span></i> would then have the same origin as the Finnish and <a href="/wiki/Estonian_language" title="Estonian language">Estonian</a> names for Sweden: <i>Ruotsi</i> and <i>Rootsi</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-etymonline.com_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-etymonline.com-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Historic_core_of_Rus%27.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Historic_core_of_Rus%27.png/220px-Historic_core_of_Rus%27.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Historic_core_of_Rus%27.png/330px-Historic_core_of_Rus%27.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Historic_core_of_Rus%27.png/440px-Historic_core_of_Rus%27.png 2x" data-file-width="811" data-file-height="575" /></a><figcaption><i>Rus' land</i> in the narrow sense.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:LightSalmon; color:black;"> </span> 1. After <a href="/wiki/Petro_Tolochko" title="Petro Tolochko">Petro Tolochko</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Yellow; color:black;"> </span> 2. After A. M. Nasonov</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:LimeGreen; color:black;"> </span> 3. After <a href="/wiki/Boris_Rybakov" title="Boris Rybakov">Boris Rybakov</a></div></figcaption></figure> <p>When the Varangian princes arrived, the name Rus' was associated with them and came to be associated with the territories they controlled. Initially the cities of Kiev, <a href="/wiki/Chernigov" class="mw-redirect" title="Chernigov">Chernigov</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pereiaslav" title="Pereiaslav">Pereyaslavl</a> and their surroundings came under Varangian control.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMagocsi201072_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagocsi201072-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 697">: 697 </span></sup> From the late tenth century, <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_the_Great" title="Vladimir the Great">Vladimir the Great</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yaroslav_the_Wise" title="Yaroslav the Wise">Yaroslav the Wise</a> tried to associate the name with all of the extended princely domains. Both meanings persisted in sources until the Mongol conquest: the narrower one, referring to the triangular territory east of the middle Dnieper, and the broader one, encompassing all the lands under the hegemony of Kiev's grand princes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMagocsi201072_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagocsi201072-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Russian term <span title="Russian-language romanization"><i lang="ru-Latn">Kiyevskaya Rus'</i></span> (<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <span lang="ru">Ки́евская Русь</span>) was coined in the 19th century in <a href="/wiki/Russian_historiography" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian historiography">Russian historiography</a> to refer to the period when the centre was in Kiev.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 19th century it also appeared in Ukrainian as <span title="Ukrainian-language romanization"><i lang="uk-Latn">Kyivska Rus'</i></span> (<a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a>: <span lang="uk">Ки́ївська Русь</span>).<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later, the Russian term was rendered into Belarusian as <span title="Belarusian-language romanization"><i lang="be-Latn">Kiyewskaya Rus'</i></span> or <span title="Belarusian-language romanization"><i lang="be-Latn">Kijeŭskaja Ruś</i></span> (<a href="/wiki/Belarusian_language" title="Belarusian language">Belarusian</a>: <span lang="be">Кіеўская Русь</span>) and into Rusyn as <span title="Rusyn-language romanization"><i lang="rue-Latn">Kyïvska Rus'</i></span> (<a href="/wiki/Rusyn_language" title="Rusyn language">Rusyn</a>: <span lang="rue">Київска Русь</span>).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In English, the term was introduced in the early 20th century, when it was found in the 1913 English translation of <a href="/wiki/Vasily_Klyuchevsky" title="Vasily Klyuchevsky">Vasily Klyuchevsky</a>'s <i>A History of Russia</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to distinguish the early polity from successor states, which were also named <i>Rus<span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span></i>. The <a href="/wiki/Varangians" title="Varangians">Varangian</a> Rus' from Scandinavia used the <a href="/wiki/Old_Norse" title="Old Norse">Old Norse</a> name <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non"><a href="/wiki/Gar%C3%B0ar%C3%ADki" title="Garðaríki">Garðaríki</a></i></span>, which, according to <a href="/wiki/Gar%C3%B0ar%C3%ADki#Etymology" title="Garðaríki">a common interpretation</a>, means "land of towns". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origin">Origin</h3></div> <p>Prior to the emergence of Kievan Rus' in the 9th century, most of the area north of the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a> was primarily populated by <a href="/wiki/East_Slavs" title="East Slavs">eastern Slavic</a> tribes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartin20042–4_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin20042–4-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the northern region around <a href="/wiki/Veliky_Novgorod" title="Veliky Novgorod">Novgorod</a> were the <a href="/wiki/Ilmen_Slavs" class="mw-redirect" title="Ilmen Slavs">Ilmen Slavs</a><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and neighboring <a href="/wiki/Krivichs" title="Krivichs">Krivichi</a>, who occupied territories surrounding the headwaters of the <a href="/wiki/Daugava" title="Daugava">West Dvina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dnieper" title="Dnieper">Dnieper</a> and <a href="/wiki/Volga" title="Volga">Volga</a> rivers. To their north, in the <a href="/wiki/Staraya_Ladoga" title="Staraya Ladoga">Ladoga</a> and <a href="/wiki/Karelia" title="Karelia">Karelia</a> regions, were the Finnic <a href="/wiki/Chud" title="Chud">Chud</a> tribe. In the south, in the area around Kiev, were the <a href="/wiki/Polans_(eastern)" title="Polans (eastern)">Poliane</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Drevlyans" class="mw-redirect" title="Drevlyans">Drevliane</a> to the west of the Dnieper, and the <a href="/wiki/Severians" title="Severians">Severiane</a> to the east. To their north and east were the <a href="/wiki/Vyatichi" title="Vyatichi">Vyatichi</a>, and to their south was forested land settled by Slav farmers, giving way to <a href="/wiki/Steppe" title="Steppe">steppelands</a> populated by nomadic herdsmen.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartin20044_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin20044-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There was once controversy over whether the <a href="/wiki/Rus%27_people" title="Rus' people">Rus'</a> were <a href="/wiki/Varangians" title="Varangians">Varangians</a> or Slavs (see <a href="/wiki/Anti-Normanism" title="Anti-Normanism">anti-Normanism</a>), however, more recently scholarly attention has focused more on debating how quickly an ancestrally <a href="/wiki/Norsemen" title="Norsemen">Norse</a> people assimilated into Slavic culture.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This uncertainty is due largely to a paucity of contemporary sources. Attempts to address this question instead rely on archaeological evidence, the accounts of foreign observers, and legends and literature from centuries later.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartin2009b2_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin2009b2-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To some extent the controversy is related to the <a href="/wiki/Origin_myth" title="Origin myth">foundation myths</a> of modern states in the region.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMagocsi201055_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagocsi201055-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This often unfruitful debate over origins has periodically devolved into competing nationalist narratives of dubious scholarly value being promoted directly by various government bodies in a number of states. This was seen in the <a href="/wiki/Stalinism" title="Stalinism">Stalinist</a> period, when <a href="/wiki/Historiography_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Historiography in the Soviet Union">Soviet historiography</a> sought to distance the Rus' from any connection to Germanic tribes, in an effort to dispel Nazi propaganda claiming the Russian state owed its existence and origins to the supposedly racially superior Norse tribes.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More recently, in the context of resurgent nationalism in post-Soviet states, Anglophone scholarship has analyzed renewed efforts to use this debate to create ethno-nationalist foundation stories, with governments sometimes directly involved in the project.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Conferences and publications questioning the Norse origins of the Rus' have been supported directly by state policy in some cases, and the resultant foundation myths have been included in some school textbooks in Russia.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While Varangians were Norse traders and <a href="/wiki/Vikings" title="Vikings">Vikings</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> many Russian and Ukrainian nationalist historians argue that the Rus' were themselves Slavs.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMagocsi201056_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagocsi201056-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Normanist theories focus on the earliest written source for the <a href="/wiki/East_Slavs" title="East Slavs">East Slavs</a>, the <i><a href="/wiki/Primary_Chronicle" title="Primary Chronicle">Primary Chronicle</a></i>, which was produced in the 12th century.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nationalist accounts on the other hand have suggested that the Rus' were present before the arrival of the Varangians,<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> noting that only a handful of Scandinavian words can be found in Russian and that Scandinavian names in the early chronicles were soon replaced by Slavic names.<sup id="cite_ref-stone_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stone-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nevertheless, the close connection between the Rus' and the Norse is confirmed both by extensive Scandinavian settlement in Belarus, Russia, and Ukraine and by Slavic influences in the Swedish language.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though the debate over the origin of the Rus' remains politically charged, there is broad agreement that if the proto-Rus' were indeed originally Norse, they were quickly <a href="/wiki/Nativization" title="Nativization">nativized</a>, adopting Slavic languages and other cultural practices. This position, roughly representing a scholarly consensus (at least outside of nationalist historiography), was summarized by the historian, F. Donald Logan, "in 839, the Rus were <a href="/wiki/Swedes_(Germanic_tribe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Swedes (Germanic tribe)">Swedes</a>; in 1043 the Rus were <a href="/wiki/Slavs" title="Slavs">Slavs</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELogan2005184_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELogan2005184-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_Fadlan" title="Ahmad ibn Fadlan">Ahmad ibn Fadlan</a>, an Arab traveler during the 10th century, provided one of the earliest written descriptions of the Rus': "They are as tall as a <a href="/wiki/Date_palm" title="Date palm">date palm</a>, blond and ruddy, so that they do not need to wear a tunic nor a cloak; rather the men among them wear garments that only cover half of his body and leaves one of his hands free."<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Liutprand_of_Cremona" title="Liutprand of Cremona">Liutprand of Cremona</a>, who was twice an envoy to the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine">Byzantine</a> court (949 and 968), identifies the "Russi" with the <a href="/wiki/Norsemen" title="Norsemen">Norse</a> ("the Russi, whom we call Norsemen by another name")<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but explains the name as a Greek term referring to their physical traits ("A certain people made up of a part of the Norse, whom the Greeks call [...] the Russi on account of their physical features, we designate as Norsemen because of the location of their origin.").<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Leo_the_Deacon" title="Leo the Deacon">Leo the Deacon</a>, a 10th-century Byzantine historian and chronicler, refers to the Rus' as "<a href="/wiki/Scythians" title="Scythians">Scythians</a>" and notes that they tended to adopt Greek rituals and customs.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Calling_of_the_Varangians">Calling of the Varangians</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Calling_of_the_Varangians" title="Calling of the Varangians">Calling of the Varangians</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8F%D0%B3%D0%B8.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8F%D0%B3%D0%B8.jpg/220px-%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8F%D0%B3%D0%B8.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8F%D0%B3%D0%B8.jpg/330px-%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8F%D0%B3%D0%B8.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8F%D0%B3%D0%B8.jpg/440px-%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8F%D0%B3%D0%B8.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3425" data-file-height="2418" /></a><figcaption><i>The Invitation of the <a href="/wiki/Varangians" title="Varangians">Varangians</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Viktor_Vasnetsov" title="Viktor Vasnetsov">Viktor Vasnetsov</a>: <a href="/wiki/Rurik" title="Rurik">Rurik</a> and his brothers <a href="/wiki/Sineus_and_Truvor" title="Sineus and Truvor">Sineus and Truvor</a> arrive at the lands of the <a href="/wiki/Ilmen_Slavs" class="mw-redirect" title="Ilmen Slavs">Ilmen Slavs</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>According to the <i>Primary Chronicle</i>, the territories of the East Slavs in the 9th century were divided between the Varangians and the Khazars.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMagocsi201059_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagocsi201059-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Varangians are first mentioned imposing tribute from Slavic and Finnic tribes in 859.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrossSherbowitz-Wetzor19306_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrossSherbowitz-Wetzor19306-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable secondary sources. (January 2023)">non-primary source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In 862, various tribes rebelled against the Varangians, driving them "back beyond the sea and, refusing them further tribute, set out to govern themselves".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrossSherbowitz-Wetzor19306_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrossSherbowitz-Wetzor19306-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>They said to themselves, "Let us seek a prince who may rule over us, and judge us according to the Law." They accordingly went overseas to the Varangian Rus'. ... The Chuds, the Slavs, the Krivichs and the Ves then said to the Rus', "Our land is great and rich, but there is no order in it. Come to rule and reign over us". They thus selected three brothers with their kinfolk, who took with them all the Rus' and migrated.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrossSherbowitz-Wetzor19537_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrossSherbowitz-Wetzor19537-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Modern scholars find this an unlikely series of events, probably made up by the 12th-century Orthodox priests who authored the <i>Chronicle</i> as an explanation how the Vikings managed to conquer the lands along the Varangian route so easily, as well as to support the legitimacy of the Rurikid dynasty.<sup id="cite_ref-Konstam_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Konstam-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The three brothers—<a href="/wiki/Rurik" title="Rurik">Rurik</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sineus_and_Truvor" title="Sineus and Truvor">Sineus and Truvor</a>—supposedly established themselves in Novgorod, <a href="/wiki/Beloozero" class="mw-redirect" title="Beloozero">Beloozero</a> and <a href="/wiki/Izborsk" title="Izborsk">Izborsk</a>, respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMagocsi201055,_59–60_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagocsi201055,_59–60-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two of the brothers died, and Rurik became the sole ruler of the territory and progenitor of the <a href="/wiki/Rurik_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Rurik dynasty">Rurik dynasty</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A short time later, two of Rurik's men, <a href="/wiki/Askold_and_Dir" title="Askold and Dir">Askold and Dir</a>, asked him for permission to go to Tsargrad (<a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a>). On their way south, they came upon "a small city on a hill", Kiev, which was a tributary of the Khazars at the time, stayed there and "established their dominion over the country of the <a href="/wiki/Polans_(eastern)" title="Polans (eastern)">Polyanians</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartin2009a37_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin2009a37-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrossSherbowitz-Wetzor19537_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrossSherbowitz-Wetzor19537-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Konstam_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Konstam-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i>Primary Chronicle</i> reports that Askold and Dir continued to Constantinople with a navy to <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Constantinople_(860)" title="Siege of Constantinople (860)">attack the city</a> in 863–66, catching the Byzantines by surprise and ravaging the surrounding area,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrossSherbowitz-Wetzor19538_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrossSherbowitz-Wetzor19538-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable secondary sources. (January 2023)">non-primary source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> though other accounts date the attack in 860.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOstrogorsky1969228_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOstrogorsky1969228-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMajeska200951_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMajeska200951-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Photios_I_of_Constantinople" title="Photios I of Constantinople">Patriarch Photius</a> vividly describes the "universal" devastation of the suburbs and nearby islands,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELogan2005172–73_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELogan2005172–73-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and another account further details the destruction and slaughter of the invasion.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Rus' turned back before attacking the city itself, due either to a storm dispersing their boats, the return of the Emperor, or in a later account, due to a miracle after a ceremonial appeal by the Patriarch and the Emperor to the Virgin.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOstrogorsky1969228_68-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOstrogorsky1969228-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMajeska200951_69-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMajeska200951-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The attack was the first encounter between the Rus' and Byzantines and led the Patriarch to send missionaries north to engage and attempt to convert the Rus' and the Slavs.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMajeska200952_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMajeska200952-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Obolensky245_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Obolensky245-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foundation_of_the_Kievan_state">Foundation of the Kievan state</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:East_Slavic_tribes_peoples_8th_9th_century.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/East_Slavic_tribes_peoples_8th_9th_century.jpg/220px-East_Slavic_tribes_peoples_8th_9th_century.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="273" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/East_Slavic_tribes_peoples_8th_9th_century.jpg/330px-East_Slavic_tribes_peoples_8th_9th_century.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/East_Slavic_tribes_peoples_8th_9th_century.jpg/440px-East_Slavic_tribes_peoples_8th_9th_century.jpg 2x" data-file-width="767" data-file-height="952" /></a><figcaption>East-Slavic tribes and peoples, 8th–9th centuries</figcaption></figure> <p>Rurik led the Rus' until his death in about 879 or 882, bequeathing his kingdom to his kinsman, <a href="/wiki/Oleg_of_Novgorod" class="mw-redirect" title="Oleg of Novgorod">Prince Oleg</a>, as regent for his young son, <a href="/wiki/Igor_of_Kiev" title="Igor of Kiev">Igor</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartin2009b3_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin2009b3-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the <i>Primary Chronicle</i>, in 880–82, Oleg led a military force south along the <a href="/wiki/Dnieper" title="Dnieper">Dnieper</a> river, capturing <a href="/wiki/Smolensk" title="Smolensk">Smolensk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lyubech" class="mw-redirect" title="Lyubech">Lyubech</a> before reaching Kiev, where he deposed and killed Askold and Dir: "Oleg set himself up as prince in Kiev, and declared that it should be the "mother of Rus' cities".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrossSherbowitz-Wetzor19537–8_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrossSherbowitz-Wetzor19537–8-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Oleg set about consolidating his power over the surrounding region and the riverways north to Novgorod, imposing tribute on the East Slav tribes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartin2009a37_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin2009a37-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 883, he conquered the <a href="/wiki/Drevlians" title="Drevlians">Drevlians</a>, imposing a fur tribute on them. By 885 he had subjugated the Poliane, Severiane, Vyatichi, and <a href="/wiki/Radimichs" title="Radimichs">Radimichs</a>, forbidding them to pay further tribute to the Khazars. Oleg continued to develop and expand a network of Rus' forts in Slavic lands, begun by Rurik in the north.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVernadsky197323_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVernadsky197323-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The new Kievan state prospered due to its abundant supply of furs, beeswax, honey and slaves for export,<sup id="cite_ref-Moss37_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moss37-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and because it controlled three main trade routes of <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a>. In the north, Novgorod served as a commercial link between the Baltic Sea and the <a href="/wiki/Volga_trade_route" title="Volga trade route">Volga trade route</a> to the lands of the <a href="/wiki/Volga_Bulgars" class="mw-redirect" title="Volga Bulgars">Volga Bulgars</a>, the Khazars, and across the <a href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian Sea</a> as far as <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a>, providing access to markets and products from Central Asia and the Middle East.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMagocsi201096_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagocsi201096-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartin2009a47_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin2009a47-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Trade from the Baltic also moved south on a network of rivers and short portages along the Dnieper known as the "<a href="/wiki/Route_from_the_Varangians_to_the_Greeks" title="Route from the Varangians to the Greeks">route from the Varangians to the Greeks</a>," continuing to the Black Sea and on to Constantinople.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartin2009a40,_47_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin2009a40,_47-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kiev was a central outpost along the Dnieper route and a hub with the east–west overland <a href="/wiki/Raffelstetten_customs_regulations" title="Raffelstetten customs regulations">trade route between the Khazars and the Germanic lands</a> of Central Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartin2009a40,_47_82-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin2009a40,_47-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and may have been a staging post for <a href="/wiki/Radhanite" title="Radhanite">Radhanite Jewish</a> traders between Western Europe, Itil and China.<sup id="cite_ref-Perrie06_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Perrie06-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These commercial connections enriched Rus' merchants and princes, funding military forces and the construction of churches, palaces, fortifications, and further towns.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartin2009a47_81-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin2009a47-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Demand for luxury goods fostered production of expensive jewelry and religious wares, allowing their export, and an advanced credit and money-lending system may have also been in place.<sup id="cite_ref-Moss37_79-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moss37-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_foreign_relations">Early foreign relations</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Volatile_steppe_politics">Volatile steppe politics</h4></div> <p>The rapid expansion of the Rus' to the south led to conflict and volatile relationships with the <a href="/wiki/Khazars" title="Khazars">Khazars</a> and other neighbors on the <a href="/wiki/Pontic_steppe" class="mw-redirect" title="Pontic steppe">Pontic steppe</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMagocsi201062,_66_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagocsi201062,_66-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartin200416–19_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin200416–19-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Khazars dominated trade from the Volga-Don steppes to eastern <a href="/wiki/Crimea" title="Crimea">Crimea</a> and the northern <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a> during the 8th century, an era historians call the '<a href="/wiki/Pax_Khazarica" title="Pax Khazarica">Pax Khazarica</a>',<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> trading and frequently <a href="/wiki/Khazars#Khazars_and_Byzantium" title="Khazars">allying</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a> against Persians and Arabs. In the late 8th century, the collapse of the <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrks" title="Göktürks">Göktürk Khaganate</a> led the <a href="/wiki/Magyars" class="mw-redirect" title="Magyars">Magyars</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Pechenegs" title="Pechenegs">Pechenegs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ugrians" title="Ugrians">Ugrians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turkic peoples</a> from Central Asia, to migrate west into the <a href="/wiki/Steppe" title="Steppe">steppe</a> region,<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> leading to military conflict, disruption of trade, and instability within the Khazar Khaganate.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMagocsi201062–63_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagocsi201062–63-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Rus' and Slavs had earlier allied with the Khazars against Arab raids on the Caucasus, but they increasingly worked against them to secure control of the <a href="/wiki/Trade_route" title="Trade route">trade routes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVernadsky197320_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVernadsky197320-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Varangian_routes.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Varangian_routes.png/350px-Varangian_routes.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="243" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Varangian_routes.png/525px-Varangian_routes.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Varangian_routes.png/700px-Varangian_routes.png 2x" data-file-width="872" data-file-height="605" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Volga_trade_route" title="Volga trade route">Volga trade route</a> (red), the "<a href="/wiki/Route_from_the_Varangians_to_the_Greeks" title="Route from the Varangians to the Greeks">route from the Varangians to the Greeks</a>" (purple) and other trade routes of the 8th–11th centuries (orange)</figcaption></figure> <p>The Byzantine Empire was able to take advantage of the turmoil to expand its political influence and commercial relationships, first with the Khazars and later with the Rus' and other steppe groups.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMagocsi201062_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagocsi201062-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Byzantines established the <a href="/wiki/Theme_(Byzantine_district)" title="Theme (Byzantine district)">Theme</a> of <a href="/wiki/Cherson_(theme)" title="Cherson (theme)">Cherson</a>, formally known as Klimata, in the Crimea in the 830s to defend against raids by the Rus' and to protect vital grain shipments supplying Constantinople.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMajeska200951_69-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMajeska200951-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cherson also served as a key diplomatic link with the Khazars and others on the steppe, and it became the centre of Black Sea commerce.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Byzantines also helped the Khazars build a fortress at <a href="/wiki/Sarkel" title="Sarkel">Sarkel</a> on the Don river to protect their northwest frontier against incursions by the Turkic migrants and the Rus', and to control caravan trade routes and the portage between the Don and Volga rivers.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The expansion of the Rus' put further military and economic pressure on the Khazars, depriving them of territory, tributaries and trade.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartin200415–16_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin200415–16-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In around 890, Oleg waged an indecisive war in the lands of the lower <a href="/wiki/Dniester" title="Dniester">Dniester</a> and Dnieper rivers with the <a href="/wiki/Tivertsi" title="Tivertsi">Tivertsi</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ulichs" title="Ulichs">Ulichs</a>, who were likely acting as vassals of the Magyars, blocking Rus' access to the Black Sea.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVernadsky197362_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVernadsky197362-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 894, the Magyars and Pechenegs were drawn into <a href="/wiki/Byzantine%E2%80%93Bulgarian_wars#Simeon_I's_Imperial_ambitions" title="Byzantine–Bulgarian wars">the wars</a> between the Byzantines and the <a href="/wiki/First_Bulgarian_Empire" title="First Bulgarian Empire">Bulgarian Empire</a>. The Byzantines arranged for the Magyars to attack Bulgarian territory from the north, and Bulgaria in turn persuaded the Pechenegs to attack the Magyars from their rear.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Boxed in, the Magyars were forced to migrate further west across the <a href="/wiki/Carpathian_Mountains" title="Carpathian Mountains">Carpathian Mountains</a> into the Hungarian plain, depriving the Khazars of an important ally and a buffer from the Rus'.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_95-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_96-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The migration of the Magyars allowed access for the Rus' to the Black Sea,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVernadsky197328_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVernadsky197328-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and they soon launched excursions into Khazar territory along the sea coast, up the Don river, and into the lower Volga region. The Rus' were <a href="/wiki/Caspian_expeditions_of_the_Rus%27" title="Caspian expeditions of the Rus'">raiding and plundering</a> into the Caspian Sea region from 864,<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with the first large-scale expedition in 913, when they extensively raided Baku, Gilan, Mazandaran and penetrated into the Caucasus.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>g<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVernadsky197332–33_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVernadsky197332–33-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As the 10th century progressed, the Khazars were no longer able to command tribute from the Volga Bulgars, and their relationship with the Byzantines deteriorated, as Byzantium increasingly allied with the Pechenegs against them.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Pechenegs were thus secure to raid the lands of the Khazars from their base between the Volga and <a href="/wiki/Don_River_(Russia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Don River (Russia)">Don</a> rivers, allowing them to expand to the west.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMagocsi201066_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagocsi201066-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Relations between the Rus' and Pechenegs were complex, as the groups alternately formed alliances with and against one another. The Pechenegs were nomads roaming the steppe raising livestock which they traded with the Rus' for agricultural goods and other products.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartin200417_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin200417-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The lucrative Rus' trade with the Byzantine Empire had to pass through Pecheneg-controlled territory, so the need for generally peaceful relations was essential. Nevertheless, while the <i>Primary Chronicle</i> reports the Pechenegs entering Rus' territory in 915 and then making peace, they were waging war with one another again in 920.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMagocsi201067_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagocsi201067-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrossSherbowitz-Wetzor193071_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrossSherbowitz-Wetzor193071-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable secondary sources. (January 2023)">non-primary source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Pechenegs are reported assisting the Rus' in later campaigns against the Byzantines, yet allied with the Byzantines against the Rus' at other times.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Rus'–Byzantine_relations"><span id="Rus.27.E2.80.93Byzantine_relations"></span>Rus'–Byzantine relations</h4></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Kievan_Rus%27" title="Special:EditPage/Kievan Rus'">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Kievan+Rus%27%22">"Kievan Rus'"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Kievan+Rus%27%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Kievan+Rus%27%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Kievan+Rus%27%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Kievan+Rus%27%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Kievan+Rus%27%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:10_1_List_of_Radzivill_Chron.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/10_1_List_of_Radzivill_Chron.jpg/220px-10_1_List_of_Radzivill_Chron.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="337" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/10_1_List_of_Radzivill_Chron.jpg/330px-10_1_List_of_Radzivill_Chron.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/10_1_List_of_Radzivill_Chron.jpg/440px-10_1_List_of_Radzivill_Chron.jpg 2x" data-file-width="838" data-file-height="1284" /></a><figcaption><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Rus' under the walls of Constantinople (860), the <i><a href="/wiki/Radziwi%C5%82%C5%82_Chronicle" title="Radziwiłł Chronicle">Radziwiłł Chronicle</a></i></div></figcaption></figure> <p>After the Rus' attack on Constantinople in 860, the Byzantine <a href="/wiki/Photios_I_of_Constantinople" title="Photios I of Constantinople">Patriarch Photius</a> sent missionaries north to convert the Rus' and the Slavs to Christianity. Prince <a href="/wiki/Rastislav_of_Moravia" title="Rastislav of Moravia">Rastislav of Moravia</a> had requested the Emperor to provide teachers to interpret the holy scriptures, so in 863 the brothers <a href="/wiki/Cyril_and_Methodius" title="Cyril and Methodius">Cyril and Methodius</a> were sent as missionaries, due to their knowledge of the Slavonic language.<sup id="cite_ref-Obolensky245_73-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Obolensky245-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="Doesn't mention "Rus'" anywhere. 'They started their work among the Slavs in 863', that's all. WP:SYNTH. (January 2023)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrossSherbowitz-Wetzor193062–63_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrossSherbowitz-Wetzor193062–63-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable secondary sources. (January 2023)">non-primary source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The Slavs had no written language, so the brothers devised the <a href="/wiki/Glagolitic_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Glagolitic alphabet">Glagolitic alphabet</a>, later replaced by <a href="/wiki/Cyrillic" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyrillic">Cyrillic</a> (developed in the <a href="/wiki/First_Bulgarian_Empire" title="First Bulgarian Empire">First Bulgarian Empire</a>) and standardized the language of the Slavs, later known as <a href="/wiki/Old_Church_Slavonic" title="Old Church Slavonic">Old Church Slavonic</a>. They translated portions of the Bible and drafted the first Slavic civil code and other documents, and the language and texts spread throughout Slavic territories, including Kievan Rus'.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The mission of Cyril and Methodius served both evangelical and diplomatic purposes, spreading Byzantine cultural influence in support of imperial foreign policy.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged January 2023">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup> In 867 the Patriarch announced that the Rus' had accepted a bishop, and in 874 he speaks of an "Archbishop of the Rus'."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMajeska200952_72-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMajeska200952-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Relations between the Rus' and Byzantines became more complex after Oleg took control over Kiev, reflecting commercial, cultural, and military concerns.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMagocsi201066–67_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagocsi201066–67-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The wealth and income of the Rus' depended heavily upon trade with Byzantium. <a href="/wiki/Constantine_VII" title="Constantine VII">Constantine Porphyrogenitus</a> described the annual course of the princes of Kiev, collecting tribute from client tribes, assembling the product into a flotilla of hundreds of boats, conducting them down the Dnieper to the Black Sea, and sailing to the estuary of the Dniester, the Danube delta, and on to Constantinople.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartin200417_106-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin200417-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVernadsky197328–31_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVernadsky197328–31-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On their return trip they would carry silk fabrics, spices, wine, and fruit.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMajeska200952_72-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMajeska200952-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVernadsky197322_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVernadsky197322-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The importance of this trade relationship led to military action when disputes arose. The <i>Primary Chronicle</i> reports that the Rus' <a href="/wiki/Rus%27%E2%80%93Byzantine_War_(907)" title="Rus'–Byzantine War (907)">attacked Constantinople</a> again in 907, probably to secure trade access. The Chronicle glorifies the military prowess and shrewdness of Oleg, an account imbued with legendary detail.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMajeska200952_72-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMajeska200952-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVernadsky197322_115-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVernadsky197322-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Byzantine sources do not mention the attack, but a pair of treaties in <a href="/wiki/Rus%27%E2%80%93Byzantine_Treaty_(907)" title="Rus'–Byzantine Treaty (907)">907</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rus%27%E2%80%93Byzantine_Treaty_(911)" title="Rus'–Byzantine Treaty (911)">911</a> set forth a trade agreement with the Rus',<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMagocsi201067_107-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagocsi201067-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the terms suggesting pressure on the Byzantines, who granted the Rus' quarters and supplies for their merchants and tax-free trading privileges in Constantinople.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMajeska200952_72-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMajeska200952-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELogan2005192_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELogan2005192-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i>Chronicle</i> provides a mythic tale of Oleg's death. A sorcerer prophesies that the death of the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Prince_of_Kiev#Princes_of_Kiev" title="Grand Prince of Kiev">prince</a> would be associated with a certain horse. Oleg has the horse sequestered, and it later dies. Oleg goes to visit the horse and stands over the carcass, gloating that he had outlived the threat, when a snake strikes him from among the bones, and he soon becomes ill and dies.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVernadsky197322–23_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVernadsky197322–23-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrossSherbowitz-Wetzor193069_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrossSherbowitz-Wetzor193069-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable secondary sources. (January 2023)">non-primary source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The <i>Chronicle</i> reports that <a href="/wiki/Igor_of_Kiev" title="Igor of Kiev">Prince Igor</a> succeeded Oleg in 913, and after some brief conflicts with the Drevlians and the Pechenegs, a period of peace ensued for over twenty years.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Radzivill_Olga-Avenge-to-Drevlians.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Radzivill_Olga-Avenge-to-Drevlians.jpg/220px-Radzivill_Olga-Avenge-to-Drevlians.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Radzivill_Olga-Avenge-to-Drevlians.jpg/330px-Radzivill_Olga-Avenge-to-Drevlians.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Radzivill_Olga-Avenge-to-Drevlians.jpg/440px-Radzivill_Olga-Avenge-to-Drevlians.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="304" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Olga_of_Kiev" title="Olga of Kiev">Princess Olga</a>'s avenge to the Drevlians, <i>Radziwiłł Chronicle</i></figcaption></figure> <p>In 941, Igor led another <a href="/wiki/Rus%27%E2%80%93Byzantine_War_(941)" title="Rus'–Byzantine War (941)">major Rus' attack</a> on Constantinople, probably over trading rights again.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMajeska200952_72-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMajeska200952-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A navy of 10,000 vessels, including Pecheneg allies, landed on the <a href="/wiki/Bithynia" title="Bithynia">Bithynian</a> coast and devastated the Asiatic shore of the Bosphorus.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOstrogorsky1969277_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOstrogorsky1969277-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The attack was well timed, perhaps due to intelligence, as the Byzantine fleet was occupied with the Arabs in the Mediterranean, and the bulk of its army was stationed in the east. The Rus' burned towns, churches and monasteries, butchering the people and amassing booty. The emperor arranged for a small group of retired ships to be outfitted with <a href="/wiki/Greek_fire" title="Greek fire">Greek fire</a> throwers and sent them out to meet the Rus', luring them into surrounding the contingent before unleashing the Greek fire.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELogan2005193_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELogan2005193-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Liutprand_of_Cremona" title="Liutprand of Cremona">Liutprand of Cremona</a> wrote that "the Rus', seeing the flames, jumped overboard, preferring water to fire. Some sank, weighed down by the weight of their breastplates and helmets; others caught fire." Those captured were beheaded. The ploy dispelled the Rus' fleet, but their attacks continued into the hinterland as far as <a href="/wiki/Nicomedia" title="Nicomedia">Nicomedia</a>, with many atrocities reported as victims were crucified and set up for use as targets. At last a Byzantine army arrived from the Balkans to drive the Rus' back, and a naval contingent reportedly destroyed much of the Rus' fleet on its return voyage (possibly an exaggeration since the Rus' soon mounted another attack). The outcome indicates increased military might by Byzantium since 911, suggesting a shift in the balance of power.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOstrogorsky1969277_120-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOstrogorsky1969277-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Igor returned to Kiev keen for revenge. He assembled a large force of warriors from among neighboring Slavs and Pecheneg allies, and sent for reinforcements of Varangians from "beyond the sea".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELogan2005193_121-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELogan2005193-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrossSherbowitz-Wetzor193072_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrossSherbowitz-Wetzor193072-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 944, the Rus' force advanced again on the Greeks, by land and sea, and a Byzantine force from Cherson responded. The Emperor sent gifts and offered tribute in lieu of war, and the Rus' accepted. Envoys were sent between the Rus', the Byzantines, and the Bulgarians in 945, and a <a href="/wiki/Rus%27%E2%80%93Byzantine_Treaty_(945)" title="Rus'–Byzantine Treaty (945)">peace treaty</a> was completed. The agreement again focused on trade, but this time with terms less favorable to the Rus', including stringent regulations on the conduct of Rus' merchants in Cherson and Constantinople and specific punishments for violations of the law.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrossSherbowitz-Wetzor193073–78_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrossSherbowitz-Wetzor193073–78-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable secondary sources. (January 2023)">non-primary source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The Byzantines may have been motivated to enter the treaty out of concern of a prolonged alliance of the Rus', Pechenegs, and Bulgarians against them,<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though the more favorable terms further suggest a shift in power.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOstrogorsky1969277_120-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOstrogorsky1969277-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sviatoslav">Sviatoslav</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Svyatoslav2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Svyatoslav2.jpg/220px-Svyatoslav2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Svyatoslav2.jpg/330px-Svyatoslav2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Svyatoslav2.jpg/440px-Svyatoslav2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1238" data-file-height="580" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Madrid_Skylitzes" title="Madrid Skylitzes">Madrid Skylitzes</a></i>, meeting between <a href="/wiki/John_I_Tzimiskes" title="John I Tzimiskes">John Tzimiskes</a> and Sviatoslav</figcaption></figure> <p>Following the death of <a href="/wiki/Igor_of_Kiev" title="Igor of Kiev">Igor</a> in 945, his wife <a href="/wiki/Olga_of_Kiev" title="Olga of Kiev">Olga</a> ruled as <a href="/wiki/Regent" title="Regent">regent</a> in Kiev until their son <a href="/wiki/Sviatoslav_I" title="Sviatoslav I">Sviatoslav</a> reached maturity (c. 963).<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>h<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His decade-long reign over Kievan Rus' was marked by rapid expansion through the conquest of the Khazars of the <a href="/wiki/Pontic%E2%80%93Caspian_steppe" title="Pontic–Caspian steppe">Pontic steppe</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Sviatoslav%27s_invasion_of_Bulgaria" title="Sviatoslav's invasion of Bulgaria">invasion of the Balkans</a>. By the end of his short life, Sviatoslav carved out for himself the largest state in Europe, eventually moving his capital from Kiev to <a href="/wiki/Pereyaslavets" title="Pereyaslavets">Pereyaslavets</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Danube" title="Danube">Danube</a> in 969.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In contrast with his mother's conversion to <a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity#High_Middle_Ages_(800–1299)" title="History of Christianity">Christianity</a>, Sviatoslav, like his <a href="/wiki/Druzhina" title="Druzhina">druzhina</a>, remained a staunch <a href="/wiki/Paganism" title="Paganism">pagan</a>. Due to his abrupt death in an ambush in 972, Sviatoslav's conquests, for the most part, were not consolidated into a functioning empire, while his failure to establish a stable succession led to a <a href="/wiki/Fratricidal" class="mw-redirect" title="Fratricidal">fratricidal</a> feud among his sons, which resulted in two of his three sons being killed.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reign_of_Vladimir_and_Christianisation">Reign of Vladimir and Christianisation</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Kievan_Rus%27" title="Christianization of Kievan Rus'">Christianization of Kievan Rus'</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Conversion_of_Vladimir_the_Great" title="Conversion of Vladimir the Great">Conversion of Vladimir the Great</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Izias%C5%82a%C5%AD,_Rahnieda,_Volodymyr._%D0%86%D0%B7%D1%8F%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%9E,_%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0,_%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Izias%C5%82a%C5%AD%2C_Rahnieda%2C_Volodymyr._%D0%86%D0%B7%D1%8F%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%9E%2C_%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0%2C_%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80.jpg/220px-Izias%C5%82a%C5%AD%2C_Rahnieda%2C_Volodymyr._%D0%86%D0%B7%D1%8F%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%9E%2C_%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0%2C_%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Izias%C5%82a%C5%AD%2C_Rahnieda%2C_Volodymyr._%D0%86%D0%B7%D1%8F%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%9E%2C_%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0%2C_%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80.jpg/330px-Izias%C5%82a%C5%AD%2C_Rahnieda%2C_Volodymyr._%D0%86%D0%B7%D1%8F%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%9E%2C_%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0%2C_%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Izias%C5%82a%C5%AD%2C_Rahnieda%2C_Volodymyr._%D0%86%D0%B7%D1%8F%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%9E%2C_%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0%2C_%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80.jpg/440px-Izias%C5%82a%C5%AD%2C_Rahnieda%2C_Volodymyr._%D0%86%D0%B7%D1%8F%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%9E%2C_%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0%2C_%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80.jpg 2x" data-file-width="809" data-file-height="454" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Rogneda_of_Polotsk" title="Rogneda of Polotsk">Rogneda of Polotsk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_I_of_Kiev" class="mw-redirect" title="Vladimir I of Kiev">Vladimir I of Kiev</a> and <a href="/wiki/Izyaslav_of_Polotsk" class="mw-redirect" title="Izyaslav of Polotsk">Izyaslav of Polotsk</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vasnetsov_Bapt_Vladimir_fresco_in_Kiev.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Vasnetsov_Bapt_Vladimir_fresco_in_Kiev.jpg/220px-Vasnetsov_Bapt_Vladimir_fresco_in_Kiev.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Vasnetsov_Bapt_Vladimir_fresco_in_Kiev.jpg/330px-Vasnetsov_Bapt_Vladimir_fresco_in_Kiev.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Vasnetsov_Bapt_Vladimir_fresco_in_Kiev.jpg/440px-Vasnetsov_Bapt_Vladimir_fresco_in_Kiev.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="731" /></a><figcaption><i>Baptism of Saint Prince Vladimir</i>, by <a href="/wiki/Viktor_Vasnetsov" title="Viktor Vasnetsov">Viktor Vasnetsov</a>, in <a href="/wiki/St_Volodymyr%27s_Cathedral" title="St Volodymyr's Cathedral">St Volodymyr's Cathedral</a></figcaption></figure> <p>It is not clearly documented when the title of grand prince was first introduced, but the importance of the Kiev principality was recognized after the death of Sviatoslav I in 972 and the ensuing struggle between <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_the_Great" title="Vladimir the Great">Vladimir</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yaropolk_I_of_Kiev" title="Yaropolk I of Kiev">Yaropolk</a>. The region of Kiev dominated the region for the next two centuries. The grand prince (or grand duke) of Kiev controlled the lands around the city, and his formally subordinate relatives ruled the other cities and paid him tribute. The zenith of the state's power came during the reigns of Vladimir the Great (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 980–1015</span>) and Prince <a href="/wiki/Yaroslav_I_the_Wise" class="mw-redirect" title="Yaroslav I the Wise">Yaroslav I the Wise</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1019–1054</span>). Both rulers continued the steady expansion of Kievan Rus' that had begun under Oleg.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Vladimir had been <a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Novgorod" title="Prince of Novgorod">prince of Novgorod</a> when his father Sviatoslav I died in 972, but fled to <a href="/wiki/Scandinavia" title="Scandinavia">Scandinavia</a> in 977 after his half-brother Yaropolk killed his other half-brother Oleg.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartin20071–2_127-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin20071–2-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the <i>Primary Chronicle</i>, Vladimir assembled a host of Varangian warriors, first subdued the <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Polotsk" title="Principality of Polotsk">Principality of Polotsk</a> and then defeated and killed Yaropolk, thus establishing his reign over the entire Kievan Rus' realm.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartin20071–2_127-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin20071–2-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although sometimes solely attributed to Vladimir, the <a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Kievan_Rus%27" title="Christianization of Kievan Rus'">Christianization of Kievan Rus'</a> was a long and complicated process that began before the state's formation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKatchanovskiKohutNesebioYurkevich201374_128-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKatchanovskiKohutNesebioYurkevich201374-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As early as the 1st century AD, <a href="/wiki/Greek_colonisation" title="Greek colonisation">Greeks in the Black Sea Colonies</a> converted to Christianity, and the <i><a href="/wiki/Primary_Chronicle" title="Primary Chronicle">Primary Chronicle</a></i> even records the legend of <a href="/wiki/Andrew_the_Apostle" title="Andrew the Apostle">Andrew the Apostle</a>'s mission to these coastal settlements, as well as blessing the site of present-day Kyiv.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKatchanovskiKohutNesebioYurkevich201374_128-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKatchanovskiKohutNesebioYurkevich201374-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Goths" title="Goths">Goths</a> migrated to through the region in the 3rd century, adopting <a href="/wiki/Arian_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Arian Christianity">Arian Christianity</a> in the 4th century, leaving behind 4th- and 5th-century churches excavated in Crimea, although the <a href="/wiki/Huns" title="Huns">Hunnic</a> invasion of the 370s halted Christianisation for several centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKatchanovskiKohutNesebioYurkevich201374_128-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKatchanovskiKohutNesebioYurkevich201374-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of the earliest Kievan princes and princesses such as <a href="/wiki/Askold_and_Dir" title="Askold and Dir">Askold and Dir</a> and <a href="/wiki/Olga_of_Kiev" title="Olga of Kiev">Olga of Kiev</a> reportedly converted to Christianity, but <a href="/wiki/Oleg_the_Wise" title="Oleg the Wise">Oleg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Igor_of_Kiev" title="Igor of Kiev">Igor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sviatoslav_I" title="Sviatoslav I">Sviatoslav</a> remained pagans.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKatchanovskiKohutNesebioYurkevich201374–75_129-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKatchanovskiKohutNesebioYurkevich201374–75-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i>Primary Chronicle</i> records the legend that when Vladimir had decided to accept a new faith instead of traditional <a href="/wiki/Slavic_paganism" title="Slavic paganism">Slavic paganism</a>, he sent out some of his most valued advisors and warriors as emissaries to different parts of Europe. They visited the Christians of the <a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin Church</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Jew" class="mw-redirect" title="Jew">Jews</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslims</a> before finally arriving in Constantinople. They rejected Islam because, among other things, it prohibited the consumption of alcohol, and Judaism because the god of the Jews had permitted his <a href="/wiki/Chosen_people" title="Chosen people">chosen people</a> to be deprived of their country.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartin20046–7_130-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin20046–7-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They found the ceremonies in the Roman church to be dull. But at Constantinople, they were so astounded by the beauty of the cathedral of <a href="/wiki/Hagia_Sophia" title="Hagia Sophia">Hagia Sophia</a> and the liturgical service held there that they made up their minds there and then about the faith they would like to follow. Upon their arrival home, they convinced Vladimir that the faith of the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Rite" title="Byzantine Rite">Byzantine Rite</a> was the best choice of all, upon which Vladimir made a journey to Constantinople and arranged to marry <a href="/wiki/Anna_Porphyrogenita" title="Anna Porphyrogenita">Princess Anna</a>, the sister of Byzantine emperor <a href="/wiki/Basil_II" title="Basil II">Basil II</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartin20046–7_130-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin20046–7-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historically, it is more likely that he adopted Byzantine Christianity in order to strengthen his diplomatic relations with Constantinople.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKatchanovskiKohutNesebioYurkevich201375_131-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKatchanovskiKohutNesebioYurkevich201375-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vladimir's choice of Eastern Christianity may have reflected his close personal ties with Constantinople, which dominated the Black Sea and hence trade on Kiev's most vital commercial route, the <a href="/wiki/Dnieper_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Dnieper River">Dnieper River</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Franklin_132-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Franklin-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the <i>Primary Chronicle</i>, Vladimir was baptised in <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 987, and ordered the population of Kiev to be baptised in August 988.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKatchanovskiKohutNesebioYurkevich201375_131-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKatchanovskiKohutNesebioYurkevich201375-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The greatest resistance against Christianisation appears to have occurred in northern towns including Novgorod, Suzdal, and Belozersk.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKatchanovskiKohutNesebioYurkevich201375_131-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKatchanovskiKohutNesebioYurkevich201375-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Adherence to the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Church">Eastern Church</a> had long-range political, cultural, and religious consequences.<sup id="cite_ref-Franklin_132-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Franklin-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The church had a <a href="/wiki/Liturgy" title="Liturgy">liturgy</a> written in <a href="/wiki/Cyrillic" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyrillic">Cyrillic</a> and a corpus of translations from Greek that had been produced for the <a href="/wiki/Slavic_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavic peoples">Slavic peoples</a>. This literature facilitated the conversion to Christianity of the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Slavs" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Slavs">Eastern Slavs</a> and introduced them to rudimentary <a href="/wiki/Greek_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek philosophy">Greek philosophy</a>, science, and <a href="/wiki/Historiography" title="Historiography">historiography</a> without the necessity of learning <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Greek</a> (there were some merchants who did business with Greeks and likely had an understanding of contemporary business Greek).<sup id="cite_ref-Franklin_132-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Franklin-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the <a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">Great Schism</a> of 1054, the Kievan church maintained communion with both Rome and Constantinople for some time, but along with most of the Eastern churches it eventually split to follow the Eastern Orthodox. That being said, unlike other parts of the Greek world, Kievan Rus' did not have a strong hostility to the Western world.<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reign_of_Yaroslav">Reign of Yaroslav</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Golden_Gate_Kiev_2018_G1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Golden_Gate_Kiev_2018_G1.jpg/220px-Golden_Gate_Kiev_2018_G1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Golden_Gate_Kiev_2018_G1.jpg/330px-Golden_Gate_Kiev_2018_G1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Golden_Gate_Kiev_2018_G1.jpg/440px-Golden_Gate_Kiev_2018_G1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5120" data-file-height="3616" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Golden_Gate,_Kyiv" title="Golden Gate, Kyiv">Golden Gate, Kyiv</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Yaroslav_the_Wise" title="Yaroslav the Wise">Yaroslav</a>, known as "the Wise", struggled for power with his brothers. A son of <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_the_Great" title="Vladimir the Great">Vladimir the Great</a>, he was prince of Novgorod at the time of his father's death in 1015.<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although he first established his rule over Kiev in 1019, he did not have uncontested rule of all of Kievan Rus' until 1036. Like Vladimir, Yaroslav was eager to improve relations with the rest of Europe, especially the Byzantine Empire. Yaroslav's granddaughter, <a href="/wiki/Eupraxia_of_Kiev" title="Eupraxia of Kiev">Eupraxia</a>, the daughter of his son <a href="/wiki/Vsevolod_I_of_Kiev" title="Vsevolod I of Kiev">Vsevolod I</a>, was married to <a href="/wiki/Henry_IV,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor">Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor</a>. Yaroslav also arranged marriages for his sister and three daughters to the kings of Poland, France, Hungary and Norway.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Yaroslav promulgated the first law code of Kievan Rus', the <i><a href="/wiki/Russkaya_Pravda" title="Russkaya Pravda">Russkaya Pravda</a></i>; built <a href="/wiki/Saint_Sophia_Cathedral_in_Kiev" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Sophia Cathedral in Kiev">Saint Sophia Cathedral in Kiev</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saint_Sophia_Cathedral_in_Novgorod" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Sophia Cathedral in Novgorod">Saint Sophia Cathedral in Novgorod</a>; patronized local clergy and <a href="/wiki/Monasticism" title="Monasticism">monasticism</a>; and is said to have founded a school system. Yaroslav's sons developed the great <a href="/wiki/Kiev_Pechersk_Lavra" class="mw-redirect" title="Kiev Pechersk Lavra">Kiev Pechersk Lavra</a> (<a href="/wiki/Monastery" title="Monastery">monastery</a>).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Succession_issues">Succession issues</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/War_of_succession#Analysis" title="War of succession">War of succession § Analysis</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Principalities_of_Kievan_Rus%27_(1054-1132)_en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Principalities_of_Kievan_Rus%27_%281054-1132%29_en.svg/220px-Principalities_of_Kievan_Rus%27_%281054-1132%29_en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="318" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Principalities_of_Kievan_Rus%27_%281054-1132%29_en.svg/330px-Principalities_of_Kievan_Rus%27_%281054-1132%29_en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Principalities_of_Kievan_Rus%27_%281054-1132%29_en.svg/440px-Principalities_of_Kievan_Rus%27_%281054-1132%29_en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="602" data-file-height="870" /></a><figcaption>The principalities of later Kievan Rus' (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr>1054–1132)</figcaption></figure> <p>In the centuries that followed the state's foundation, <a href="/wiki/Rurik_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Rurik dynasty">Rurik's descendants</a> shared power over Kievan Rus'. The means by which royal power was transferred from one Rurikid ruler to the next is unclear, however, historian <a href="/wiki/Paul_Robert_Magocsi" title="Paul Robert Magocsi">Paul Magocsi</a> mentioned that 'Scholars have debated what the actual system of succession was or whether there was any system at all.'<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMagocsi201082_135-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagocsi201082-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to historian Nancy Kollmann, the <a href="/wiki/Rota_system" title="Rota system">rota system</a> was used with the princely succession moving from elder to younger brother and from uncle to nephew, as well as from father to son. Junior members of the dynasty usually began their official careers as rulers of a minor district, progressed to more lucrative principalities, and then competed for the coveted throne of Kiev.<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Whatever the case, according to professor Ivan Katchanovski 'no adequate system of succession to the Kievan throne was developed' after the death of <a href="/wiki/Yaroslav_the_Wise" title="Yaroslav the Wise">Yaroslav the Wise</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1019–1054</span>), commencing a process of gradual disintegration.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKatchanovskiKohutNesebioYurkevich20131_137-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKatchanovskiKohutNesebioYurkevich20131-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The unconventional power succession system fomented constant hatred and rivalry within the royal family. <a href="/wiki/Familicide" title="Familicide">Familicide</a> was frequently deployed to obtain power and can be traced particularly during the time of the Yaroslavichi (sons of Yaroslav), when the established succession system was skipped in the establishment of <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_II_Monomakh" title="Vladimir II Monomakh">Vladimir II Monomakh</a> as the Grand Prince of Kiev (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1113–1125</span>), in turn creating major squabbles between the <i>Olegovichi</i> (sons of <a href="/wiki/Oleg_I_of_Chernigov" title="Oleg I of Chernigov">Oleg I</a>) from Chernigov, the <i>Monomakhovichi</i> from Pereyaslavl, the <i>Izyaslavichi</i> (sons of <a href="/wiki/Iziaslav_I_of_Kiev" title="Iziaslav I of Kiev">Iziaslav</a>) from <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Turov" title="Principality of Turov">Turov</a>–<a href="/wiki/Volhynia" title="Volhynia">Volhynia</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Polotsk" title="Principality of Polotsk">Polotsk Princes</a>. The position of the grand prince of Kiev was weakened by the growing influence of regional clans.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fragmentation_and_decline">Fragmentation and decline</h3></div> <p>The rival <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Polotsk" title="Principality of Polotsk">Principality of Polotsk</a> was contesting the power of the Grand Prince by occupying Novgorod, while <a href="/wiki/Rostislav_of_Tmutarakan" title="Rostislav of Tmutarakan">Rostislav Vladimirovich</a> was fighting for the Black Sea port of <a href="/wiki/Tmutarakan" title="Tmutarakan">Tmutarakan</a> belonging to Chernigov. Three of Yaroslav's sons that first allied together found themselves fighting each other especially after their defeat to the Cuman forces in 1068 at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Alta_River" title="Battle of the Alta River">Battle of the Alta River</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The ruling Grand Prince Iziaslav fled to Poland asking for support and in a couple of years returned to establish the order. The affairs became even more complicated by the end of the 11th century driving the state into chaos and constant warfare. On the initiative of Vladimir II Monomakh in 1097 the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Liubech" title="Council of Liubech">Council of Liubech</a> of Kievan Rus' took place near Chernigov with the main intention to find an understanding among the fighting sides.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>By 1130, all descendants of <a href="/wiki/Vseslav_the_Seer" class="mw-redirect" title="Vseslav the Seer">Vseslav the Seer</a> had been exiled to the Byzantine Empire by <a href="/wiki/Mstislav_the_Great" class="mw-redirect" title="Mstislav the Great">Mstislav the Great</a>. The most fierce resistance to the Monomakhs was posed by the Olegovichi when the <a href="/wiki/Izgoi" title="Izgoi">izgoi</a> <a href="/wiki/Vsevolod_II_of_Kiev" title="Vsevolod II of Kiev">Vsevolod II</a> managed to become the Grand Prince of Kiev. The <i><a href="/wiki/Volodar_of_Peremyshl" title="Volodar of Peremyshl">Rostislavichi</a></i>, who had initially established in the lands of <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Galicia" title="Principality of Galicia">Galicia</a> by 1189, were defeated by the Monomakh-Piast descendant <a href="/wiki/Roman_the_Great" title="Roman the Great">Roman the Great</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The decline of Constantinople—a main trading partner of Kievan Rus'—played a significant role in the decline of the Kievan Rus'. The <a href="/wiki/Trade_route_from_the_Varangians_to_the_Greeks" class="mw-redirect" title="Trade route from the Varangians to the Greeks">trade route from the Varangians to the Greeks</a>, along which the goods were moving from the Black Sea (mainly Byzantine) through <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">eastern Europe</a> to the Baltic, was a cornerstone of Kievan wealth and prosperity. These trading routes became less important as the Byzantine Empire declined in power and Western Europe created new trade routes to Asia and the Near East. As people relied less on passing through the territories of Kievan Rus' for trade, the economy of Kievan Rus' suffered.<sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The last ruler to maintain a united state was Mstislav the Great. After his death in 1132, Kievan Rus' fell into recession and a rapid decline, and Mstislav's successor <a href="/wiki/Yaropolk_II_of_Kiev" title="Yaropolk II of Kiev">Yaropolk II of Kiev</a>, instead of focusing on the external threat of the <a href="/wiki/Cumans" title="Cumans">Cumans</a>, was embroiled in conflicts with the growing power of the <a href="/wiki/Novgorod_Republic" title="Novgorod Republic">Novgorod Republic</a>. In March 1169, a coalition of native princes led by Andrei Bogolyubsky of Vladimir <a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Kiev_(1169)" title="Sack of Kiev (1169)">sacked Kiev</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This changed the perception of Kiev and was evidence of the fragmentation of the Kievan Rus'.<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the end of the 12th century, the Kievan state fragmented even further, into roughly twelve different principalities.<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kingdom_of_Galicia_Volhynia_Rus%27_Ukraine_1245_1349.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Kingdom_of_Galicia_Volhynia_Rus%27_Ukraine_1245_1349.jpg/220px-Kingdom_of_Galicia_Volhynia_Rus%27_Ukraine_1245_1349.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="273" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Kingdom_of_Galicia_Volhynia_Rus%27_Ukraine_1245_1349.jpg/330px-Kingdom_of_Galicia_Volhynia_Rus%27_Ukraine_1245_1349.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Kingdom_of_Galicia_Volhynia_Rus%27_Ukraine_1245_1349.jpg/440px-Kingdom_of_Galicia_Volhynia_Rus%27_Ukraine_1245_1349.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2301" data-file-height="2856" /></a><figcaption>Lilac borders: <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Galicia%E2%80%93Volhynia" title="Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia">Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia</a>, one of the successor states of Kievan Rus'</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a> brought a shift in European trade routes that accelerated the decline of Kievan Rus'. In 1204, the forces of the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Crusade" title="Fourth Crusade">Fourth Crusade</a> sacked Constantinople, making the <a href="/wiki/Dnieper" title="Dnieper">Dnieper</a> trade route marginal.<sup id="cite_ref-occawlonline.pearsoned.com_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-occawlonline.pearsoned.com-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the same time, the <a href="/wiki/Livonian_Brothers_of_the_Sword" title="Livonian Brothers of the Sword">Livonian Brothers of the Sword</a> (of the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Crusades" title="Northern Crusades">Northern Crusades</a>) were conquering the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_region" title="Baltic region">Baltic</a> region and threatening the <a href="/wiki/Lands_of_Novgorod" class="mw-redirect" title="Lands of Novgorod">Lands of Novgorod</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In the north, the <a href="/wiki/Novgorod_Republic" title="Novgorod Republic">Novgorod Republic</a> prospered because it controlled trade routes from the <a href="/wiki/River_Volga" class="mw-redirect" title="River Volga">River Volga</a> to the Baltic Sea. As Kievan Rus' declined, Novgorod became more independent. A local <a href="/wiki/Oligarchy" title="Oligarchy">oligarchy</a> ruled Novgorod; major government decisions were made by a town assembly, which also elected a prince as the city's military leader. In 1136, Novgorod revolted against Kiev, and became independent.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMagocsi201085_142-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagocsi201085-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Now an independent <a href="/wiki/City-state" title="City-state">city republic</a>, and referred to as "Lord Novgorod the Great" it would spread its "mercantile interest" to the west and the north; to the Baltic Sea and the low-populated forest regions, respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMagocsi201085_142-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagocsi201085-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1199, <a href="/wiki/Roman_the_Great" title="Roman the Great">Prince Roman Mstislavych</a> united the two previously separate principalities of Galicia and <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Volhynia" title="Principality of Volhynia">Volhynia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMagocsi2010124_143-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagocsi2010124-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His son <a href="/wiki/Daniel_of_Galicia" title="Daniel of Galicia">Daniel</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1238–1264</span>) looked for support from the West.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMagocsi2010126_144-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagocsi2010126-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He accepted a crown from the Roman <a href="/wiki/Papacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Papacy">papacy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMagocsi2010126_144-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagocsi2010126-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Final_disintegration">Final disintegration</h3></div> <p>Following the Mongol invasion of <a href="/wiki/Cumania" title="Cumania">Cumania</a> (or the Kipchaks), in which case many Cuman rulers fled to Rus', such as <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ten" title="Köten">Köten</a>, the state finally disintegrated under the pressure of the <a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Kievan_Rus%27" title="Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus'">Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus'</a>, fragmenting it into successor principalities who paid tribute to the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Horde" title="Golden Horde">Golden Horde</a> (the so-called <a href="/wiki/Tatar_Yoke" class="mw-redirect" title="Tatar Yoke">Tatar Yoke</a>). Just prior to the Mongol invasion, Kievan Rus' had been a relatively prosperous region. International trade as well as skilled artisans flourished, while its farms produced enough to feed the urban population. After the invasion of the late 1230s, the economy shattered, and its population were either slaughtered or <a href="/wiki/Slave_trade_in_the_Mongol_Empire" title="Slave trade in the Mongol Empire">sold into slavery</a>; while skilled laborers and artisans were sent to the Mongol's steppe regions.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_145-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the southwestern periphery, Kievan Rus' was succeeded by the <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Galicia-Volhynia" class="mw-redirect" title="Principality of Galicia-Volhynia">Principality of Galicia-Volhynia</a>. Later, as these territories, now part of modern central <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a>, fell to the <a href="/wiki/Gediminids" title="Gediminids">Gediminids</a>, the powerful, largely Ruthenized <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania" title="Grand Duchy of Lithuania">Grand Duchy of Lithuania</a> drew heavily on the cultural and legal traditions of the Rus'. From 1398 until the <a href="/wiki/Union_of_Lublin" title="Union of Lublin">Union of Lublin</a> in 1569, its full name was the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Ruthenia and Samogitia.<sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the north-eastern periphery of Kievan Rus', traditions were adapted in the <a href="/wiki/Vladimir-Suzdal" title="Vladimir-Suzdal">Vladimir-Suzdal</a> principality that gradually gravitated towards Moscow. To the very north, the <a href="/wiki/Novgorod_Republic" title="Novgorod Republic">Novgorod</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pskov_Republic" title="Pskov Republic">Pskov</a> feudal republics were less autocratic than Vladimir-Suzdal-Moscow until they were absorbed by the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Moscow" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Duchy of Moscow">Grand Duchy of Moscow</a>. Modern historians from Belarus, Russia and Ukraine alike consider Kievan Rus' the first period of their modern countries' histories.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKatchanovskiKohutNesebioYurkevich20131_137-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKatchanovskiKohutNesebioYurkevich20131-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlokhy200610–15_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlokhy200610–15-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Society">Society</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Culture">Culture</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bilibin_justice.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Bilibin_justice.jpg/220px-Bilibin_justice.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Bilibin_justice.jpg/330px-Bilibin_justice.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Bilibin_justice.jpg/440px-Bilibin_justice.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1107" data-file-height="827" /></a><figcaption><i>Administering justice in Kievan Rus<span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span></i>, by <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Bilibin" title="Ivan Bilibin">Ivan Bilibin</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Kievan_Rus%27" title="Culture of Kievan Rus'">Culture of Kievan Rus'</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27_law" title="Kievan Rus' law">Kievan Rus' law</a>; <a href="/wiki/Russkaya_Pravda" title="Russkaya Pravda">Russkaya Pravda</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Demographic_history_of_Russia#Kievan_Rus,_Mongol_invasion_and_vassalage" title="Demographic history of Russia">Demographic history of Russia § Kievan Rus, Mongol invasion and vassalage</a></div> <p>The lands of Kievan Rus' were mostly made up of forests and steppes (see <a href="/wiki/East_European_forest_steppe" title="East European forest steppe">East European forest steppe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Central_European_mixed_forests" title="Central European mixed forests">Central European mixed forests</a>), while its main rivers all originated in the <a href="/wiki/Valdai_Hills" title="Valdai Hills">Valdai Hills</a>: the <a href="/wiki/Dnieper" title="Dnieper">Dnieper</a>, and primarily populated by <a href="/wiki/Slavic_languages" title="Slavic languages">Slavic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Finnic_languages" title="Finnic languages">Finnic tribes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartin2009b1–2_147-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin2009b1–2-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All tribes were <a href="/wiki/Hunter-gatherer" title="Hunter-gatherer">hunter-gatherers</a> to a certain degree, but the Slavs were primarily agriculturalists, growing cereal grains and crops, as well as raising livestock.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartin2009b2_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin2009b2-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Before the emergence of the Kievan state, these tribes had their own leaders and gods, and interaction between tribes was occasionally marked either by trading goods or fighting battles.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartin2009b2_42-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin2009b2-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most valuable commodities traded were captive slaves and fur pelts (usually in exchange for silver coins or oriental finery), and common trade partners were <a href="/wiki/Volga_Bulgaria" title="Volga Bulgaria">Volga</a> <a href="/wiki/Bolghar" title="Bolghar">Bolghar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khazars" title="Khazars">Khazar</a> <a href="/wiki/Atil" title="Atil">Itil</a> and <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine</a> <a href="/wiki/Chersonesus" title="Chersonesus">Chersonesus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartin2009b2_42-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin2009b2-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the early 9th century, bands of Scandinavian adventurers known as <a href="/wiki/Varangians" title="Varangians">Varangians</a> and later <a href="/wiki/Rus%27_people" title="Rus' people">Rus'</a> started plundering various (Slavic) villages in the region, later extracting tribute in exchange for protection against pillaging by other Varangians.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartin2009b2_42-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin2009b2-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over time, these relationships of tribute for protection evolved into more permanent political structures: the Rus' lords became princes and the Slavic populace their subjects.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartin2009b2,_5_148-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin2009b2,_5-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economy">Economy</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Money_of_Kievan_Rus%27" title="Money of Kievan Rus'">Money of Kievan Rus'</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Russian_prince_takes_tribute_by_Roerich.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Russian_prince_takes_tribute_by_Roerich.jpg/200px-Russian_prince_takes_tribute_by_Roerich.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Russian_prince_takes_tribute_by_Roerich.jpg/300px-Russian_prince_takes_tribute_by_Roerich.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Russian_prince_takes_tribute_by_Roerich.jpg/400px-Russian_prince_takes_tribute_by_Roerich.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="456" /></a><figcaption><i>Gathering tribute</i>. 1908 painting by <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Roerich" title="Nicholas Roerich">Nicholas Roerich</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>In the early 10th century, Kievan Rus' mainly traded with other tribes in <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scandinavia" title="Scandinavia">Scandinavia</a>. "There was little need for complex social structures to carry out these exchanges in the forests north of the steppes. So long as the entrepreneurs operated in small numbers and kept to the north, they did not catch the attention of observers or writers". The Rus' also had strong trading ties to <a href="/wiki/Byzantium" title="Byzantium">Byzantium</a>, particularly in the early 900s, as treaties in 911 and 944 indicate. These treaties deal with the treatment of runaway Byzantine slaves and limitations on the amounts of certain commodities such as <a href="/wiki/Silk" title="Silk">silk</a> that could be bought from Byzantium. The Rus' used log rafts floated down the <a href="/wiki/Dnieper_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Dnieper River">Dnieper River</a> by <a href="/wiki/Slavic_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavic peoples">Slavic</a> tribes for the transport of goods, particularly <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea_slave_trade" title="Black Sea slave trade">slaves to Byzantium</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the Kievan era, trade and transport depended largely on networks of rivers and portages.<sup id="cite_ref-Cuisenier1979_150-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cuisenier1979-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By this period, trade networks had expanded to cater to more than just local demand. This is evidenced by a survey of glassware found in over 30 sites ranging from Suzdal, Drutsk and Belozeroo, which found that a substantial majority was manufactured in Kiev. Kiev was the main depot and transit point for trade between itself, <a href="/wiki/Byzantium" title="Byzantium">Byzantium</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a> region. Even though this trade network had already been existent, the volume of which had expanded rapidly in the 11th century. Kiev was also dominant in internal trade between the towns of Rus'; it held a monopoly on glassware products (glass vessels, glazed pottery and window glass) up until the early- to mid-12th century until which it lost its monopoly to the other towns in Rus'. Inlaid <a href="/wiki/Enamelled_glass" title="Enamelled glass">enamel</a> production techniques was borrowed from Byzantine. Byzantine amphorae, wine and olive oil have been found along the middle Dnieper, suggesting trade between Kiev, along trade towns to Byzantium.<sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In winter, the ruler of Kiev went out on rounds, visiting <a href="/wiki/Dregovichs" class="mw-redirect" title="Dregovichs">Dregovichs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Krivichs" title="Krivichs">Krivichs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Drevlians" title="Drevlians">Drevlians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Severians" title="Severians">Severians</a>, and other subordinated tribes. Some paid tribute in money, some in furs or other commodities, and some in slaves. This system was called <a href="/wiki/Poliudie" title="Poliudie">poliudie</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartin200412–13_152-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin200412–13-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Kievan_Rus%27#Religion" title="Culture of Kievan Rus'">Culture of Kievan Rus' § Religion</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Conversion_of_Vladimir_the_Great" title="Conversion of Vladimir the Great">Conversion of Vladimir the Great</a></div> <style 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.tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:372px;max-width:372px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:122px;max-width:122px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:St._Sophia_Cathedral_in_Polotsk_-_Miniature.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/St._Sophia_Cathedral_in_Polotsk_-_Miniature.JPG/120px-St._Sophia_Cathedral_in_Polotsk_-_Miniature.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/St._Sophia_Cathedral_in_Polotsk_-_Miniature.JPG/180px-St._Sophia_Cathedral_in_Polotsk_-_Miniature.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/St._Sophia_Cathedral_in_Polotsk_-_Miniature.JPG/240px-St._Sophia_Cathedral_in_Polotsk_-_Miniature.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1858" data-file-height="2209" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Saint_Sophia_Cathedral_in_Polotsk" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Sophia Cathedral in Polotsk">Saint Sophia Cathedral in Polotsk</a> (rebuilt in the mid-18th century after destruction by the Russian army)</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:122px;max-width:122px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:DSC00281_2009_%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4,_%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BB%D1%8C,_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/DSC00281_2009_%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%2C_%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BB%D1%8C%2C_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80.jpg/120px-DSC00281_2009_%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%2C_%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BB%D1%8C%2C_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/DSC00281_2009_%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%2C_%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BB%D1%8C%2C_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80.jpg/180px-DSC00281_2009_%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%2C_%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BB%D1%8C%2C_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/DSC00281_2009_%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%2C_%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BB%D1%8C%2C_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80.jpg/240px-DSC00281_2009_%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%2C_%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BB%D1%8C%2C_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1944" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_St._Sophia,_Novgorod" class="mw-redirect" title="Cathedral of St. Sophia, Novgorod">Cathedral of St. Sophia, Novgorod</a>, mid-11th century</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:122px;max-width:122px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%92%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80_%D0%A3%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80_2008.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/%D0%92%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80_%D0%A3%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80_2008.JPG/120px-%D0%92%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80_%D0%A3%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80_2008.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/%D0%92%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80_%D0%A3%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80_2008.JPG/180px-%D0%92%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80_%D0%A3%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80_2008.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/%D0%92%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80_%D0%A3%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80_2008.JPG/240px-%D0%92%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80_%D0%A3%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80_2008.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2567" data-file-height="3380" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Dormition_Cathedral,_Vladimir" title="Dormition Cathedral, Vladimir">Dormition Cathedral, Vladimir</a>, 1160</div></div></div></div></div> <p>According to Martin (2009), 'Christianity, Judaism, and Islam had long been known in these lands, and <a href="/wiki/Olga_of_Kiev" title="Olga of Kiev">Olga</a> personally converted to Christianity. When <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_the_Great" title="Vladimir the Great">Vladimir</a> assumed the throne, however, he set idols of Norse, Slav, Finn, and Iranian gods, worshipped by the disparate elements of his society, on a hilltop in Kiev in an attempt to create a single pantheon for his people. But for reasons that remain unclear he soon abandoned this attempt in favour of Christianity.'<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartin2009b6_154-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin2009b6-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Architecture">Architecture</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Kievan_Rus%27" title="Architecture of Kievan Rus'">Architecture of Kievan Rus'</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_buildings_of_pre-Mongol_Kievan_Rus%27" class="mw-redirect" title="List of buildings of pre-Mongol Kievan Rus'">List of buildings of pre-Mongol Kievan Rus'</a></div> <p>The architecture of Kievan Rus' is the earliest period of Russian, Ukrainian and Belarusian architecture, using the foundations of Byzantine culture, but with great use of innovations and architectural features. Most remains are Russian Orthodox churches or parts of the gates and fortifications of cities.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Administrative_divisions">Administrative divisions</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_tribes_and_states_in_Belarus,_Russia_and_Ukraine" title="List of tribes and states in Belarus, Russia and Ukraine">List of tribes and states in Belarus, Russia and Ukraine</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kievan-rus-1015-1113-(en).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Kievan-rus-1015-1113-%28en%29.png/220px-Kievan-rus-1015-1113-%28en%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Kievan-rus-1015-1113-%28en%29.png/330px-Kievan-rus-1015-1113-%28en%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Kievan-rus-1015-1113-%28en%29.png/440px-Kievan-rus-1015-1113-%28en%29.png 2x" data-file-width="2166" data-file-height="2659" /></a><figcaption>Kievan Rus' in 1015–1113</figcaption></figure> <p>The East Slavic lands were originally divided into princely domains called <i>zemlias</i>, "lands", or <i><a href="/wiki/Volost" title="Volost">volosts</a></i> (from a term meaning "power" or "government").<sup id="cite_ref-:6_155-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A smaller clan-sized unit was called a <i>verv</i>, or <i><a href="/wiki/Pogost" title="Pogost">pogost</a></i>, headed by a <i>kopa</i> or <i><a href="/wiki/Veche" title="Veche">viche</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-156" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From the 11th to 13th centuries the principalities were divided into <i><a href="/wiki/Volost" title="Volost">volosts</a></i>, its centre usually called a <i>pryhorod</i> (or <i><a href="/wiki/Gord_(archaeology)" title="Gord (archaeology)">Gord</a></i> a fortified settlement).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKatchanovskiKohutNesebioYurkevich201311_157-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKatchanovskiKohutNesebioYurkevich201311-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:6_155-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A volost consisted of several <i>vervs</i> or <i><a href="/wiki/Hromada" title="Hromada">hromadas</a></i> (commune or community).<sup id="cite_ref-:6_155-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A local official was called a <i>volostel</i> or <i><a href="/wiki/Starosta" title="Starosta">starosta</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_155-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Yaroslav_the_Wise" title="Yaroslav the Wise">Yaroslav the Wise</a> assigned priority to the major principalities to reduce familial conflict over <a href="/wiki/Order_of_succession" title="Order of succession">succession</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMagocsi201082_135-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagocsi201082-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Kiev" title="Principality of Kiev">Principality of Kiev</a> and Novgorod, for the eldest son <a href="/wiki/Iziaslav_I_of_Kiev" title="Iziaslav I of Kiev">Iziaslav I of Kiev</a>, who became grand prince.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Chernigov" title="Principality of Chernigov">Principality of Chernigov</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tmutarakan" title="Tmutarakan">Tmutarakan</a>, for <a href="/wiki/Sviatoslav_II_of_Kiev" title="Sviatoslav II of Kiev">Sviatoslav II of Kiev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Pereyaslavl" title="Principality of Pereyaslavl">Principality of Pereyaslavl</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vladimir-Suzdal#Rostov-Suzdal" title="Vladimir-Suzdal">Rostov-Suzdal</a>, for <a href="/wiki/Vsevolod_I_of_Kiev" title="Vsevolod I of Kiev">Vsevolod I of Kiev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Smolensk" title="Principality of Smolensk">Principality of Smolensk</a>, for <a href="/wiki/Vyacheslav_Yaroslavich" title="Vyacheslav Yaroslavich">Vyacheslav Yaroslavich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Volhynia" title="Principality of Volhynia">Principality of Volhynia</a>, for <a href="/wiki/Igor_Yaroslavich" title="Igor Yaroslavich">Igor Yaroslavich</a></li></ol> <p>Not mentioned by Yaroslav were <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Polotsk" title="Principality of Polotsk">Principality of Polotsk</a>, ruled by Yaroslav's older brother <a href="/wiki/Iziaslav_of_Polotsk" title="Iziaslav of Polotsk">Iziaslav of Polotsk</a> that was to remain under the control of his descendants, and the <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Galicia" title="Principality of Galicia">Principality of Galicia</a>, eventually taken by the dynasty of his grandson Rostyslav.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMagocsi201082_135-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagocsi201082-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Foreign_relations">Foreign relations</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military_history">Military history</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_Kievan_Rus%27" title="List of wars involving Kievan Rus'">List of wars involving Kievan Rus'</a></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Military_of_Kievan_Rus%27" title="Military of Kievan Rus'">Military of Kievan Rus'</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Military_of_Kievan_Rus%27&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dryzhyna_1.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Dryzhyna_1.png/220px-Dryzhyna_1.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Dryzhyna_1.png/330px-Dryzhyna_1.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Dryzhyna_1.png/440px-Dryzhyna_1.png 2x" data-file-width="854" data-file-height="604" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Druzhina" title="Druzhina">Druzhyna</a>: princely cavalry.</figcaption></figure> The military of Kievan Rus<span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span> served as the armed forces of Kievan Rus' between the 9th to 13th century. It was mainly characterised by infantry armies of town <a href="/wiki/Militia" title="Militia">militia</a> that were supported by <a href="/wiki/Druzhina" title="Druzhina">druzhyna</a> cavalry.</div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Steppe_peoples">Steppe peoples</h3></div> <p>From the 9th century on, the <a href="/wiki/Pecheneg" class="mw-redirect" title="Pecheneg">Pecheneg</a> nomads had an uneasy relationship with Kievan Rus'. For over two centuries they launched sporadic raids into Rus', which sometimes escalated into full-scale wars, such as the 920 war on the Pechenegs by Igor of Kiev, reported in the <i><a href="/wiki/Primary_Chronicle" title="Primary Chronicle">Primary Chronicle</a></i>, but there were also temporary military alliances e.g., the 943 Byzantine campaign by Igor.<sup id="cite_ref-158" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>i<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 968, the Pechenegs <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Kiev_(968)" title="Siege of Kiev (968)">attacked and besieged the city of Kiev</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-159" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Boniak" title="Boniak">Boniak</a> was a <a href="/wiki/Cuman" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuman">Cuman</a> <a href="/wiki/Khan_(title)" title="Khan (title)">khan</a> who led a series of invasions on Kievan Rus'. In 1096, Boniak attacked Kiev, plundered the <a href="/wiki/Kiev_Monastery_of_the_Caves" class="mw-redirect" title="Kiev Monastery of the Caves">Kiev Monastery of the Caves</a>, and burned down the prince's palace in <a href="/wiki/Berestovo" class="mw-redirect" title="Berestovo">Berestovo</a>. He was defeated in 1107 by <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Monomakh" class="mw-redirect" title="Vladimir Monomakh">Vladimir Monomakh</a>, Oleg, Sviatopolk and other princes of Rus'.<sup id="cite_ref-160" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Byzantine_Empire">Byzantine Empire</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Rus%27%E2%80%93Byzantine_War_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Rus'–Byzantine War (disambiguation)">Rus'–Byzantine War</a></div> <p>Byzantium quickly became the main <a href="/wiki/Route_from_the_Varangians_to_the_Greeks" title="Route from the Varangians to the Greeks">trading</a> and cultural partner for Kiev, but relations were not always friendly. One of the largest military accomplishments of the Rurikid dynasty was the attack on Byzantium in 960. Pilgrims of the Rus' had been making the journey from <a href="/wiki/Kiev" class="mw-redirect" title="Kiev">Kiev</a> to <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a> for many years, and <a href="/wiki/Constantine_Porphyrogenitus" class="mw-redirect" title="Constantine Porphyrogenitus">Constantine Porphyrogenitus</a>, the Emperor of the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a>, believed that this gave them significant information about the arduous parts of the journey and where travelers were most at risk, as would be pertinent for an invasion. This route took travelers through domain of the <a href="/wiki/Pechenegs" title="Pechenegs">Pechenegs</a>, journeying mostly by river. In June 941, the Rus' staged a naval ambush on Byzantine forces, making up for their smaller numbers with small, maneuverable boats. These boats were ill-equipped for the transportation of large quantities of treasure, suggesting that looting was not the goal. The raid was led, according to the <a href="/wiki/Primary_Chronicle" title="Primary Chronicle">Primary Chronicle</a>, by a king called Igor. Three years later, the treaty of 944 stated that all ships approaching Byzantium must be preceded by a letter from the Rurikid prince stating the number of ships and assuring their peaceful intent. This not only indicates fear of another surprise attack, but an increased Kievan presence in the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-161" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mongols">Mongols</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Schechter_Letter" title="Schechter Letter">Schechter Letter</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Kievan_Rus%27" title="Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus'">Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus'</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sacking_of_Suzdal_by_Batu_Khan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Sacking_of_Suzdal_by_Batu_Khan.jpg/220px-Sacking_of_Suzdal_by_Batu_Khan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="294" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Sacking_of_Suzdal_by_Batu_Khan.jpg/330px-Sacking_of_Suzdal_by_Batu_Khan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Sacking_of_Suzdal_by_Batu_Khan.jpg/440px-Sacking_of_Suzdal_by_Batu_Khan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="694" data-file-height="926" /></a><figcaption><i>The sacking of <a href="/wiki/Suzdal" title="Suzdal">Suzdal</a> by <a href="/wiki/Batu_Khan" title="Batu Khan">Batu Khan</a></i></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol Empire</a> invaded Kievan Rus' in the 13th century, devastating numerous cities, including <a href="/wiki/Ryazan" title="Ryazan">Ryazan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kolomna" title="Kolomna">Kolomna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vladimir,_Russia" title="Vladimir, Russia">Vladimir</a> and Kiev. The <a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Kiev_(1240)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sack of Kiev (1240)">siege of Kiev</a> in 1240 by the Mongols is generally understood as the end of Kievan Rus'. <a href="/wiki/Batu_Khan" title="Batu Khan">Batu Khan</a> went on to subjugate Galicia and Volhynia, raid Poland and Hungary, and founded the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Horde" title="Golden Horde">Golden Horde</a> at Sarai in 1242.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartin2007155_162-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin2007155-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The conquests mostly halted due to a succession crisis following khan <a href="/wiki/Ogedei" class="mw-redirect" title="Ogedei">Ogedei</a>'s death, leading Batu to return to Mongolia to select the clan's next overlord.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartin2007155_162-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin2007155-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_assessment">Historical assessment</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Igorsvyat.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Igorsvyat.jpg/220px-Igorsvyat.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Igorsvyat.jpg/330px-Igorsvyat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Igorsvyat.jpg/440px-Igorsvyat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2478" data-file-height="1300" /></a><figcaption><i>The field of <a href="/wiki/Igor_Svyatoslavich" title="Igor Svyatoslavich">Igor Svyatoslavich</a>'s battle with the <a href="/wiki/Polovtsy" class="mw-redirect" title="Polovtsy">Polovtsy</a></i>, by <a href="/wiki/Viktor_Vasnetsov" title="Viktor Vasnetsov">Viktor Vasnetsov</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Kievan Rus', although sparsely populated compared to Western Europe,<sup id="cite_ref-163" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was not only the largest contemporary European state in terms of area but also culturally advanced.<sup id="cite_ref-Sherman_164-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sherman-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Literacy in Kiev, Novgorod and other large cities was high.<sup id="cite_ref-TikhomirovGorodaLit_165-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TikhomirovGorodaLit-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-167" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>j<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Novgorod had a <a href="/wiki/Sewage_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Sewage system">sewage system</a> and <a href="/wiki/Road_surface" title="Road surface">wood pavement</a> not often found in other cities at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-Mikla_168-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mikla-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i><a href="/wiki/Russkaya_Pravda" title="Russkaya Pravda">Russkaya Pravda</a></i> confined punishments to fines and generally did not use <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment" title="Capital punishment">capital punishment</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-170" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>k<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Certain <a href="/wiki/Rights" title="Rights">rights</a> were accorded to women, such as property and <a href="/wiki/Inheritance" title="Inheritance">inheritance</a> rights.<sup id="cite_ref-TikhomirovRP_171-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TikhomirovRP-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartin200472_172-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin200472-172"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVernadsky1973154_173-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVernadsky1973154-173"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The economic development of Kievan Rus' may be reflected in its demographics. Scholarly estimates of Kiev's population around 1200 range from 36,000 to 50,000 (at the time, Paris had about 50,000, and London 30,000).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartin200461_174-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin200461-174"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Novgorod had about 10,000 to 15,000 inhabitants in 1000, and about double that number by 1200, while Chernigov had a larger land area than both Kiev and Novgorod at the time, and is therefore estimated have had even more inhabitants.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartin200461_174-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin200461-174"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Constantinople, then one of the largest cities in the world, had a population of about 400,000 around 1180.<sup id="cite_ref-popu_175-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-popu-175"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Soviet scholar <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Tikhomirov" title="Mikhail Tikhomirov">Mikhail Tikhomirov</a> calculated that Kievan Rus' had around 300 urban centres on the eve of the Mongol invasion.<sup id="cite_ref-TikhomirovGorodaPop_176-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TikhomirovGorodaPop-176"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kievan Rus' also played an important genealogical role in European politics. <a href="/wiki/Yaroslav_the_Wise" title="Yaroslav the Wise">Yaroslav the Wise</a>, whose stepmother belonged to the <a href="/wiki/Macedonian_dynasty" title="Macedonian dynasty">Macedonian dynasty</a> that ruled the Byzantine Empire from 867 to 1056, married the only legitimate daughter of the king who Christianized Sweden. His daughters became queens of Hungary, France and Norway; his sons married the daughters of a <a href="/wiki/Polish_king" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish king">Polish king</a> and Byzantine emperor, and a niece of the Pope; and his granddaughters were a German empress and (according to one theory) the queen of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Scotland" title="Kingdom of Scotland">Scotland</a>. A grandson married the only daughter of the last <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Saxon">Anglo-Saxon</a> king of England. Thus the <a href="/wiki/Rurikids" title="Rurikids">Rurikids</a> were a well-connected royal family of the time.<sup id="cite_ref-178" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-178"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>l<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-180" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-180"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>m<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Serhii_Plokhy" title="Serhii Plokhy">Serhii Plokhy</a> (2006) proposed to "denationalize" Kievan Rus': contrary to what modern nationalist interpretations had been doing, he argued for 'separating Kievan Rus' as a multi-ethnic state from the national histories of Russia, Ukraine, and Belarus. This applies to the word Rus' and to the concept of the Rus' Land.'<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalperin20102_181-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalperin20102-181"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Halperin (2010), 'Plokhy's approach does not invalidate analysis of rival claims by Muscovy, Lithuania or Ukraine to the Kievan inheritance; it merely relegates such pretensions entirely to the realm of ideology.'<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalperin20103_182-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalperin20103-182"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2></div> <ul><li>Finnish <a href="/wiki/Folk_metal" title="Folk metal">folk metal</a> band <a href="/wiki/Turisas" title="Turisas">Turisas</a> has produced various songs on its albums <i><a href="/wiki/The_Varangian_Way" title="The Varangian Way">The Varangian Way</a></i> (2007) and <i><a href="/wiki/Stand_Up_and_Fight_(album)" title="Stand Up and Fight (album)">Stand Up and Fight</a></i> (2011) which feature Scandinavian names (<i>Jarisleif</i> in "In the Court of Jarisleif" for <a href="/wiki/Yaroslav_the_Wise" title="Yaroslav the Wise">Grand Prince Yaroslav</a>) and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Old_Norse_exonyms" title="List of Old Norse exonyms">Old Norse exonyms</a> for toponyms (such as <i><a href="/wiki/Veliky_Novgorod#Early_developments" title="Veliky Novgorod">Holmgard</a></i> in "<a href="/wiki/To_Holmgard_and_Beyond" title="To Holmgard and Beyond">To Holmgard and Beyond</a>" for <a href="/wiki/Veliky_Novgorod" title="Veliky Novgorod">Veliky Novgorod</a>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Names_of_Istanbul#Old_Norse" title="Names of Istanbul">Miklagard</a></i> in "Miklagard Overture" for <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a>) connected to Kievan Rus'. According to Bosselmann (2018) and DiGioia (2020), <a href="/wiki/Varangian_Rus" class="mw-redirect" title="Varangian Rus">Scandinavian names</a> are used by Turisas 'as a way to convey the historical context of the songs' subject matter', namely 'the stories of the <a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_religion" title="Old Norse religion">Scandinavian pre-Christian</a> populations and their travels eastwards along the way known as the <a href="/wiki/Route_from_the_Varangians_to_the_Greeks" title="Route from the Varangians to the Greeks">Way of the Varangians to the Greek</a> to Constantinople'.<sup id="cite_ref-183" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-183"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-184" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-184"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>171<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Collection_of_maps">Collection of maps</h3></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:CHODZKO(1861)_CARTE_DES_PAYS_SLAVO-POLONAIS_AUX_VIII_ET_IX_SIECLE.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Map of 8th- to 9th-century Rus' by Leonard Chodzko (1861)"><img alt="Map of 8th- to 9th-century Rus' by Leonard Chodzko (1861)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/CHODZKO%281861%29_CARTE_DES_PAYS_SLAVO-POLONAIS_AUX_VIII_ET_IX_SIECLE.jpg/120px-CHODZKO%281861%29_CARTE_DES_PAYS_SLAVO-POLONAIS_AUX_VIII_ET_IX_SIECLE.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/CHODZKO%281861%29_CARTE_DES_PAYS_SLAVO-POLONAIS_AUX_VIII_ET_IX_SIECLE.jpg/180px-CHODZKO%281861%29_CARTE_DES_PAYS_SLAVO-POLONAIS_AUX_VIII_ET_IX_SIECLE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/CHODZKO%281861%29_CARTE_DES_PAYS_SLAVO-POLONAIS_AUX_VIII_ET_IX_SIECLE.jpg/240px-CHODZKO%281861%29_CARTE_DES_PAYS_SLAVO-POLONAIS_AUX_VIII_ET_IX_SIECLE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5201" data-file-height="3892" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Map of 8th- to 9th-century Rus' by Leonard Chodzko (1861)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Polska_Rosja_Skandynawia_w_IX_w.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Map of 9th-century Rus' by Antoine Philippe Houze (1844)"><img alt="Map of 9th-century Rus' by Antoine Philippe Houze (1844)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Polska_Rosja_Skandynawia_w_IX_w.jpg/120px-Polska_Rosja_Skandynawia_w_IX_w.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Polska_Rosja_Skandynawia_w_IX_w.jpg/180px-Polska_Rosja_Skandynawia_w_IX_w.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Polska_Rosja_Skandynawia_w_IX_w.jpg/240px-Polska_Rosja_Skandynawia_w_IX_w.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1408" data-file-height="1180" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Map of 9th-century Rus' by Antoine Philippe Houze (1844)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:LEROY-BEAULIEU(1893)_p1.097_RUSSIA_IN_THE_9th_CENTURY.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Map of 9th-century Rus' by F. S. Weller (1893)"><img alt="Map of 9th-century Rus' by F. S. Weller (1893)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/LEROY-BEAULIEU%281893%29_p1.097_RUSSIA_IN_THE_9th_CENTURY.jpg/92px-LEROY-BEAULIEU%281893%29_p1.097_RUSSIA_IN_THE_9th_CENTURY.jpg" decoding="async" width="92" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/LEROY-BEAULIEU%281893%29_p1.097_RUSSIA_IN_THE_9th_CENTURY.jpg/138px-LEROY-BEAULIEU%281893%29_p1.097_RUSSIA_IN_THE_9th_CENTURY.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/LEROY-BEAULIEU%281893%29_p1.097_RUSSIA_IN_THE_9th_CENTURY.jpg/184px-LEROY-BEAULIEU%281893%29_p1.097_RUSSIA_IN_THE_9th_CENTURY.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1823" data-file-height="2370" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Map of 9th-century Rus' by F. S. Weller (1893)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Europe_1000.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Map of Rus' in Europe in 1000 (1911)"><img alt="Map of Rus' in Europe in 1000 (1911)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Europe_1000.jpg/120px-Europe_1000.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Europe_1000.jpg/180px-Europe_1000.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Europe_1000.jpg/240px-Europe_1000.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1932" data-file-height="1544" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Map of Rus' in Europe in 1000 (1911)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Shepherd-c-066-067.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Map of Rus' in 1097 (1911)"><img alt="Map of Rus' in 1097 (1911)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Shepherd-c-066-067.jpg/120px-Shepherd-c-066-067.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Shepherd-c-066-067.jpg/180px-Shepherd-c-066-067.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Shepherd-c-066-067.jpg/240px-Shepherd-c-066-067.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1938" data-file-height="1542" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Map of Rus' in 1097 (1911)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Histoire_de_Pologne_par_Joachim_Lelevel_-_atlas_1844_(126669792)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Map of 1139 by Joachim Lelewel; northeast is identified as "trans-forest colonies" (Zalesie)"><img alt="Map of 1139 by Joachim Lelewel; northeast is identified as "trans-forest colonies" (Zalesie)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Histoire_de_Pologne_par_Joachim_Lelevel_-_atlas_1844_%28126669792%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/120px-Histoire_de_Pologne_par_Joachim_Lelevel_-_atlas_1844_%28126669792%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Histoire_de_Pologne_par_Joachim_Lelevel_-_atlas_1844_%28126669792%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/180px-Histoire_de_Pologne_par_Joachim_Lelevel_-_atlas_1844_%28126669792%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Histoire_de_Pologne_par_Joachim_Lelevel_-_atlas_1844_%28126669792%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/240px-Histoire_de_Pologne_par_Joachim_Lelevel_-_atlas_1844_%28126669792%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6592" data-file-height="5980" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Map of 1139 by <a href="/wiki/Joachim_Lelewel" title="Joachim Lelewel">Joachim Lelewel</a>; northeast is identified as "trans-forest colonies" (Zalesie)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%A6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D1%8B_%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D0%BE_%D0%98%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B8.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Fragment of the 1154 Tabula Rogeriana by Muhammad al-Idrisi"><img alt="Fragment of the 1154 Tabula Rogeriana by Muhammad al-Idrisi" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/%D0%A6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D1%8B_%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D0%BE_%D0%98%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B8.jpg/120px-%D0%A6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D1%8B_%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D0%BE_%D0%98%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B8.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="55" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/%D0%A6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D1%8B_%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D0%BE_%D0%98%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B8.jpg/180px-%D0%A6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D1%8B_%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D0%BE_%D0%98%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B8.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/%D0%A6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D1%8B_%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D0%BE_%D0%98%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B8.jpg/240px-%D0%A6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D1%8B_%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D0%BE_%D0%98%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B8.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2362" data-file-height="1079" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Fragment of the 1154 <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Tabula_Rogeriana" title="Tabula Rogeriana">Tabula Rogeriana</a></i></span> by <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_al-Idrisi" title="Muhammad al-Idrisi">Muhammad al-Idrisi</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kyiv_Rus_T.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Overview of principalities of Kievan Rus'"><img alt="Overview of principalities of Kievan Rus'" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Kyiv_Rus_T.png/120px-Kyiv_Rus_T.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Kyiv_Rus_T.png/180px-Kyiv_Rus_T.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Kyiv_Rus_T.png/240px-Kyiv_Rus_T.png 2x" data-file-width="1476" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Overview of principalities of Kievan Rus'</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Art_and_architecture">Art and architecture</h3></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Funeral_of_ruthenian_noble_by_Siemiradzki.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ship burial of a Rus' chieftain as described by the Arab traveler Ahmad ibn Fadlan, who visited north-eastern Europe in the 10th century. Henryk Siemiradzki (1883)"><img alt="Ship burial of a Rus' chieftain as described by the Arab traveler Ahmad ibn Fadlan, who visited north-eastern Europe in the 10th century. Henryk Siemiradzki (1883)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Funeral_of_ruthenian_noble_by_Siemiradzki.jpg/120px-Funeral_of_ruthenian_noble_by_Siemiradzki.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Funeral_of_ruthenian_noble_by_Siemiradzki.jpg/180px-Funeral_of_ruthenian_noble_by_Siemiradzki.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Funeral_of_ruthenian_noble_by_Siemiradzki.jpg/240px-Funeral_of_ruthenian_noble_by_Siemiradzki.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1980" data-file-height="1400" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Ship_burial" title="Ship burial">Ship burial</a> of a <a href="/wiki/Rus%27_people" title="Rus' people">Rus'</a> chieftain as described by the <a href="/wiki/Arab" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab">Arab</a> traveler <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_Fadlan" title="Ahmad ibn Fadlan">Ahmad ibn Fadlan</a>, who visited <a href="/wiki/Northern_Europe" title="Northern Europe">north</a>-<a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">eastern</a> <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> in the 10th century.<br /><a href="/wiki/Henryk_Siemiradzki" title="Henryk Siemiradzki">Henryk Siemiradzki</a> (1883)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Maket_Sofii.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Model of the original Saint Sophia Cathedral, Kyiv; used on modern 2 hryvni of Ukraine"><img alt="Model of the original Saint Sophia Cathedral, Kyiv; used on modern 2 hryvni of Ukraine" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Maket_Sofii.JPG/120px-Maket_Sofii.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Maket_Sofii.JPG/180px-Maket_Sofii.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Maket_Sofii.JPG/240px-Maket_Sofii.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Model of the original <a href="/wiki/Saint_Sophia_Cathedral,_Kyiv" title="Saint Sophia Cathedral, Kyiv">Saint Sophia Cathedral, Kyiv</a>; used on modern <a href="/wiki/Banknotes_of_the_Ukrainian_hryvnia" title="Banknotes of the Ukrainian hryvnia">2 hryvni</a> of Ukraine</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kievan_Nativity.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Nativity, a Kievan (possibly Galician) illumination from the Gertrude Psalter"><img alt="The Nativity, a Kievan (possibly Galician) illumination from the Gertrude Psalter" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Kievan_Nativity.jpg/93px-Kievan_Nativity.jpg" decoding="async" width="93" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Kievan_Nativity.jpg/139px-Kievan_Nativity.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Kievan_Nativity.jpg/186px-Kievan_Nativity.jpg 2x" data-file-width="440" data-file-height="568" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>The Nativity</i>, a Kievan (possibly Galician) illumination from the <a href="/wiki/Gertrude_Psalter" class="mw-redirect" title="Gertrude Psalter">Gertrude Psalter</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rider_armor_and_horse_equipment_Iron._12th-13th_centuries_S._Lipovets,_Kiev_province,_mound_264,_military_burial._State_Hermitage,_inv._No._904-1,_2,_6-8,_10,_12.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Rider armor and horse equipment. Iron, 12th–13th centuries, S. Lipovets, Kiev province, mound 264, military burial. State Hermitage Museum."><img alt="Rider armor and horse equipment. Iron, 12th–13th centuries, S. Lipovets, Kiev province, mound 264, military burial. State Hermitage Museum." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Rider_armor_and_horse_equipment_Iron._12th-13th_centuries_S._Lipovets%2C_Kiev_province%2C_mound_264%2C_military_burial._State_Hermitage%2C_inv._No._904-1%2C_2%2C_6-8%2C_10%2C_12.jpg/61px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="61" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Rider_armor_and_horse_equipment_Iron._12th-13th_centuries_S._Lipovets%2C_Kiev_province%2C_mound_264%2C_military_burial._State_Hermitage%2C_inv._No._904-1%2C_2%2C_6-8%2C_10%2C_12.jpg/92px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Rider_armor_and_horse_equipment_Iron._12th-13th_centuries_S._Lipovets%2C_Kiev_province%2C_mound_264%2C_military_burial._State_Hermitage%2C_inv._No._904-1%2C_2%2C_6-8%2C_10%2C_12.jpg/123px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1721" data-file-height="3349" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Rider armor and horse equipment. Iron, 12th–13th centuries, S. Lipovets, Kiev province, mound 264, military burial. State Hermitage Museum.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/De_Administrando_Imperio" title="De Administrando Imperio">De Administrando Imperio</a></i> – 10th-century Byzantine source written by emperor <a href="/wiki/Constantine_VII" title="Constantine VII">Constantine VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Belarus" title="History of Belarus">History of Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Russia" title="History of Russia">History of Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ukraine" title="History of Ukraine">History of Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rus%27_chronicle" title="Rus' chronicle">Rus' chronicle</a> – genre of Old East Slavic literature</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_studies" title="Slavic studies">Slavic studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Russia" title="European Russia">European Russia</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Explanatory_notes">Explanatory notes</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The Rise of Kievan Rus'"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMagocsi201055_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagocsi201055-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"In these early centuries East Slavic tribes and their neighbours coalesced into the Christian state of Kievan Rus."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartin2009b1_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin2009b1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">'For all the salient differences between these three post-Soviet nations, they have much in common when it comes to their culture and history, which goes back to Kievan Rus', the medieval <a href="/wiki/East_Slavs" title="East Slavs">East Slavic</a> state based in the capital of present-day Ukraine,'<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlokhy200610–15_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlokhy200610–15-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The controversies over the nature of the Rus and the origins of the Russian state have bedevilled Viking studies, and indeed Russian history, for well over a century. It is historically certain that the Rus were Swedes. The evidence is incontrovertible, and that a debate still lingers at some levels of historical writing is clear evidence of the holding power of received notions. The debate over this issue – futile, embittered, tendentious, doctrinaire – served to obscure the most serious and genuine historical problem which remains: the assimilation of these Viking Rus into the Slavic people among whom they lived. The principal historical question is not whether the Rus were Scandinavians or Slavs, but, rather, how quickly these Scandinavian Rus became absorbed into Slavic life and culture."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELogan2005184_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELogan2005184-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Normanist scholars accept this moment as the foundation of the Kievan Rus' state, while anti-Normanists point to other <i>Chronicle</i> entries to argue that the East Slav Polianes were already in the process of forming a state independently.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartin2009a37–40_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin2009a37–40-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Abaskun, first recorded by <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy" title="Ptolemy">Ptolemy</a> as <i>Socanaa</i>, was documented in Arab sources as "the most famous port of the Khazarian Sea". It was situated within three days' journey from <a href="/wiki/Gorgan" title="Gorgan">Gorgan</a>. The southern part of the Caspian Sea was known as the "Sea of Abaskun".<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Khazar khagan initially granted the Rus' safe passage in exchange for a share of the booty but attacked them on their return voyage, killing most of the raiders and seizing their haul.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">If Olga was indeed born in 879, as the <i><a href="/wiki/Primary_Chronicle" title="Primary Chronicle">Primary Chronicle</a></i> seems to imply, she would have been about 65 at the time of Sviatoslav's birth. There are clearly some problems with chronology.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOstrowski201841–42_125-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOstrowski201841–42-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Haukal" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn Haukal">Ibn Haukal</a> describes the Pechenegs as long-standing allies of the <a href="/wiki/Rus%27_people" title="Rus' people">Rus' people</a>, whom they invariably accompanied during the 10th-century <a href="/wiki/Caspian_expeditions_of_the_Rus%27" title="Caspian expeditions of the Rus'">Caspian expeditions</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"It is to the credit of Vladimir and his advisors they built not only churches but schools as well. This compulsory baptism was followed by compulsory education... Schools were thus founded not only in Kiev but also in provincial cities. From the "Life of St. Feodosi" we know that a school existed in Kursk around the year of 1023. By the time of Yaroslav's reign (1019–54), education had struck roots and its benefits were apparent. Around 1030, Iaroslav founded a divinity school in Novgorod for 300 children of both laymen and clergy to be instructed in "book-learning". As a general measure, he made the parish priests "teach the people"."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVernadsky1973277_166-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVernadsky1973277-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The most notable aspect of the criminal provisions was that punishments took the form of seizure of property, banishment, or, more often, payment of a fine. Even murder and other severe crimes (<a href="/wiki/Arson" title="Arson">arson</a>, organised horse thieving, and <a href="/wiki/Robbery" title="Robbery">robbery</a>) were settled by monetary fines. Although the death penalty had been introduced by Vladimir the Great, it too was soon replaced by fines."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMagocsi201095_169-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagocsi201095-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"In medieval Europe, a mark of a dynasty's prestige and power was the willingness with which other leading dynasties entered into matrimonial relations with it. Measured by this standard, Yaroslav's prestige must have been great indeed... . Little wonder that Iaroslav is often dubbed by historians as 'the father-in-law of Europe.'"<sup id="cite_ref-177" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-177"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"By means of these marital ties, Kievan Rus' became well known throughout Europe."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMagocsi201081_179-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagocsi201081-179"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Slavic Culture in the Middle Ages</i>. California Slavic Studies. University of California Press. 2021. p. 141. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520309180" title="Special:BookSources/9780520309180"><bdi>9780520309180</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Slavic+Culture+in+the+Middle+Ages&rft.series=California+Slavic+Studies&rft.pages=141&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=9780520309180&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKievan+Rus%27" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBushkovitch201111-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBushkovitch201111_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBushkovitch201111_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBushkovitch2011">Bushkovitch 2011</a>, p. 11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFБ.Ц.Урланис" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Б.Ц.Урланис. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.demoscope.ru/weekly/knigi/urlanis/urlanis.pdf"><bdi lang="ru">Рост населения в Европе</bdi></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Russian). p. 89. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150923223243/http://www.demoscope.ru/weekly/knigi/urlanis/urlanis.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 23 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Ukraine+%E2%80%93+History%2C+section+%22Kyivan+%28Kievan%29+Rus%22&rft.date=2020-03-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FUkraine%2FHistory%23ref404367&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKievan+Rus%27" class="Z3988"></span> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZhdan1988" class="citation web cs1">Zhdan, Mykhailo (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CK%5CY%5CKyivanRushDA.htm">"Kyivan Rus'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia of Ukraine</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230326031245/http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CK%5CY%5CKyivanRushDA.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 26 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+of+Ukraine&rft.atitle=Kyivan+Rus%27&rft.date=1988&rft.aulast=Zhdan&rft.aufirst=Mykhailo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.encyclopediaofukraine.com%2Fdisplay.asp%3Flinkpath%3Dpages%255CK%255CY%255CKyivanRushDA.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKievan+Rus%27" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKatchanovskiKohutNesebioYurkevich2013196-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKatchanovskiKohutNesebioYurkevich2013196_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKatchanovskiKohutNesebioYurkevich2013">Katchanovski et al. 2013</a>, p. 196.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin2009b1–5-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartin2009b1–5_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMartin2009b">Martin 2009b</a>, p. 1–5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCurtis1998" class="citation book cs1">Curtis, Glenn Eldon (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GaC4wmxgdT4C"><i>Russia: A Country Study</i></a>. Federal Research Division, Library of Congress. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8444-0866-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8444-0866-8"><bdi>978-0-8444-0866-8</bdi></a>. <q>Kievan Rus', the first East Slavic state, emerged in the ninth century A.D. and developed a complex and frequently unstable political system that flourished until the thirteenth century, when it declined abruptly.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Russia%3A+A+Country+Study&rft.pub=Federal+Research+Division%2C+Library+of+Congress&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-8444-0866-8&rft.aulast=Curtis&rft.aufirst=Glenn+Eldon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGaC4wmxgdT4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKievan+Rus%27" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-channon-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-channon_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-channon_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-channon_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">John Channon & Robert Hudson, <i>Penguin Historical Atlas of Russia</i> (Penguin, 1995), p.14–16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Rus">"Rus | people | Britannica"</a>. <i>www.britannica.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220324025811/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Rus">Archived</a> from the original on 24 March 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.britannica.com&rft.atitle=Rus+%7C+people+%7C+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FRus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKievan+Rus%27" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLittle2019" class="citation web cs1">Little, Becky (4 December 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.history.com/news/vikings-in-russia-kiev-rus-varangians-prince-oleg">"When Viking Kings and Queens Ruled Medieval Russia"</a>. <i>HISTORY</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220406145926/https://www.history.com/news/vikings-in-russia-kiev-rus-varangians-prince-oleg">Archived</a> from the original on 6 April 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=HISTORY&rft.atitle=When+Viking+Kings+and+Queens+Ruled+Medieval+Russia&rft.date=2019-12-04&rft.aulast=Little&rft.aufirst=Becky&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.com%2Fnews%2Fvikings-in-russia-kiev-rus-varangians-prince-oleg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKievan+Rus%27" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kievan-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kievan_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/317574/Kievan-Rus">Kievan Rus</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150518074730/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/317574/Kievan-Rus/">Archived</a> 18 May 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Encyclopædia Britannica Online.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages\K\Y\KyivanRushDA.htm">Kyivan Rus'</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230326031245/http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CK%5CY%5CKyivanRushDA.htm">Archived</a> 26 March 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Encyclopedia of Ukraine, vol. 2 (1988), Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>See</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://izbornyk.org.ua/litop/map_980_1054.htm">Historical map of Kievan Rus' from 980 to 1054</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210511144541/http://izbornyk.org.ua/litop/map_980_1054.htm">Archived</a> 11 May 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Robert_Magocsi" title="Paul Robert Magocsi">Paul Robert Magocsi</a>, Historical Atlas of East Central Europe (1993), p.15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-occawlonline.pearsoned.com-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-occawlonline.pearsoned.com_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-occawlonline.pearsoned.com_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100122074001/http://occawlonline.pearsoned.com/bookbind/pubbooks/stearns_awl/chapter15/objectives/deluxe-content.html">"Civilization in Eastern Europe Byzantium and Orthodox Europe"</a>. occawlonline.pearsoned.com. 2000. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://occawlonline.pearsoned.com/bookbind/pubbooks/stearns_awl/chapter15/objectives/deluxe-content.html">the original</a> on 22 January 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Civilization+in+Eastern+Europe+Byzantium+and+Orthodox+Europe&rft.pub=occawlonline.pearsoned.com&rft.date=2000&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foccawlonline.pearsoned.com%2Fbookbind%2Fpubbooks%2Fstearns_awl%2Fchapter15%2Fobjectives%2Fdeluxe-content.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKievan+Rus%27" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Picková, Dana, O počátcích státu Rusů, in: Historický obzor 18, 2007, č.11/12, s. 253–261</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlokhy200610–15-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlokhy200610–15_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlokhy200610–15_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPlokhy2006">Plokhy 2006</a>, p. 10–15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nazarenko-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nazarenko_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in Russian)</span> <i>Назаренко А. В.</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dgve.csu.ru/download/Nazarenko_2001_01.djvu">Глава I</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304030958/http://dgve.csu.ru/download/Nazarenko_2001_01.djvu">Archived</a> 4 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> // <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dgve.csu.ru/bibl/Nazarenko_2001.shtml">Древняя Русь на международных путях: Междисциплинарные очерки культурных, торговых, политических связей IX—XII вв.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120131082057/http://dgve.csu.ru/bibl/Nazarenko_2001.shtml">Archived</a> 31 January 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> — М.: Языки русской культуры, 2001. — c. 40, 42—45, 49—50. — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/5-7859-0085-8" title="Special:BookSources/5-7859-0085-8">5-7859-0085-8</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagocsi201072–73-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMagocsi201072–73_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMagocsi2010">Magocsi 2010</a>, p. 72–73.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagocsi201056–57-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMagocsi201056–57_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMagocsi2010">Magocsi 2010</a>, p. 56–57.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Blöndal2007-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Blöndal2007_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlöndal1978" class="citation book cs1">Blöndal, Sigfús (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vFRug14ui7gC&pg=PA1"><i>The Varangians of Byzantium</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 1. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-03552-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-03552-1"><bdi>978-0-521-03552-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230414031004/https://books.google.com/books?id=vFRug14ui7gC&pg=PA1">Archived</a> from the original on 14 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 February</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Varangians+of+Byzantium&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=978-0-521-03552-1&rft.aulast=Bl%C3%B6ndal&rft.aufirst=Sigf%C3%BAs&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvFRug14ui7gC%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKievan+Rus%27" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Stefan Brink, 'Who were the Vikings?', in <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wuN-AgAAQBAJ">The Viking World</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230414030955/https://books.google.com/books?id=wuN-AgAAQBAJ">Archived</a> 14 April 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i>, ed. by Stefan Brink and Neil Price (Abingdon: Routledge, 2008), pp. 4–10 (pp. 6–7).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-etymonline.com-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-etymonline.com_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Russ, adj. and n." OED Online, Oxford University Press, June 2018, www.oed.com/view/Entry/169069. Accessed 12 January 2021.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMotsia2009" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-script">Motsia, Oleksandr (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dspace.nbuv.gov.ua/bitstream/handle/123456789/5284/02-Motsya.pdf"><bdi lang="uk">«Руська» термінологія в Київському та Галицько-Волинському літописних зводах</bdi></a> ["Ruthenian" question in Kyiv and Halych-Volyn annalistic codes] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Arkheolohiia</i> (1). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.6084%2FM9.FIGSHARE.1492467.V1">10.6084/M9.FIGSHARE.1492467.V1</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0235-3490">0235-3490</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140202101523/http://dspace.nbuv.gov.ua/bitstream/handle/123456789/5284/02-Motsya.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2 February 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Arkheolohiia&rft.atitle=%C2%AB%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0%C2%BB+%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F+%D0%B2+%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%97%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%83+%D1%82%D0%B0+%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE-%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%83+%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%85+%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%85&rft.issue=1&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.6084%2FM9.FIGSHARE.1492467.V1&rft.issn=0235-3490&rft.aulast=Motsia&rft.aufirst=Oleksandr&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdspace.nbuv.gov.ua%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F123456789%2F5284%2F02-Motsya.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKievan+Rus%27" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagocsi201072-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMagocsi201072_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMagocsi201072_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMagocsi2010">Magocsi 2010</a>, p. 72.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMelnikovaPetrukhinInstitute_of_World_History_of_the_Russian_Academy_of_Sciences2014" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script">Melnikova, E. A.; <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Petrukhin" title="Vladimir Petrukhin">Petrukhin, V. Ya.</a>; Institute of World History of the Russian Academy of Sciences, eds. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/1077080265"><bdi lang="ru">Древняя Русь в средневековом мире: энциклопедия</bdi></a> [<i>Early Rus in the medieval world: encyclopedia</i>]. Moscow: Ladomir. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1077080265">1077080265</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%94%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BD%D1%8F%D1%8F+%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D1%8C+%D0%B2+%D1%81%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BC+%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B5%3A+%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F&rft.place=Moscow&rft.pub=Ladomir&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1077080265&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1077080265&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKievan+Rus%27" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFФлоря1993" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Флоря, Борис Николаевич (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://shron1.chtyvo.org.ua/Floria_Borys/Ystorycheskye_sudb_Rusy_y_tnycheskoe_samosoznanye_vostochnkh_slavian_v_XII-XV_vekakh_k_voprosu_o_zar.pdf">"Исторические судьбы Руси и этническое самосознание восточных славян в XII—XV веках"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Славяноведение</i> (in Russian). <b>2</b>: 12-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Беднарського. p. 26. <q>В XII та XIII в., в часі, коли південна, Київська Русь породила такі перли літературні ... (In the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, at a time when southern, Kyivan Rus' gave birth to such literary pearls ...)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%97%D1%82%D1%94+%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%97+%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE-%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%97+%D0%BB%D1%97%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B8%3A+%281798%E2%80%931898%29&rft.place=%D0%9B%D1%8C%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B2&rft.pages=26&rft.pub=%D0%97+%D0%B4%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%96+%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0+%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%96+%D0%A8%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0+%D0%BF%D1%96%D0%B4+%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8F%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BC+%D0%9A.+%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE&rft.date=1898&rft.aulast=%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B0&rft.aufirst=%D0%9E%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80+%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKievan+Rus%27" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Vasily_Klyuchevsky" title="Vasily Klyuchevsky">Vasily Klyuchevsky</a>, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/historyofrussia03kliu#page/n5/mode/2up">A History of Russia</a></i>, vol. 3, pp. 98, 104</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin20042–4-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartin20042–4_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMartin2004">Martin 2004</a>, p. 2–4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Carl Waldman & Catherine Mason, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kfv6HKXErqAC&pg=PA415">Encyclopedia of European Peoples (2006)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230322092832/https://books.google.com/books?id=kfv6HKXErqAC&pg=PA415">Archived</a> 22 March 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, p.415.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFreeze2009" class="citation book cs1">Freeze, Gregory L. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_xBkabfpfXwC"><i>Russia: A History</i></a>. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-956041-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-956041-7"><bdi>978-0-19-956041-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Russia%3A+A+History&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-19-956041-7&rft.aulast=Freeze&rft.aufirst=Gregory+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_xBkabfpfXwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKievan+Rus%27" class="Z3988"></span> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChadwick2013" class="citation book cs1">Chadwick, Nora K. 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New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 17. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-65256-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-65256-9"><bdi>978-1-107-65256-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Beginnings+of+Russian+History%3A+An+Enquiry+Into+Sources&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=17&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-107-65256-9&rft.aulast=Chadwick&rft.aufirst=Nora+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRyrFvw39YrgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKievan+Rus%27" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin20044-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartin20044_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMartin2004">Martin 2004</a>, p. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELogan2005184-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELogan2005184_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELogan2005184_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLogan2005">Logan 2005</a>, p. 184.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin2009b2-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartin2009b2_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartin2009b2_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartin2009b2_42-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartin2009b2_42-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartin2009b2_42-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMartin2009b">Martin 2009b</a>, p. 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Elena Melnikova, 'The "Varangian Problem": Science in the Grip of Ideology and Politics', in <i>Russia's Identity in International Relations: Images, Perceptions, Misperceptions</i>, ed. by Ray Taras (Abingdon: Routledge, 2013), pp. 42–52.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jonathan Shepard, "Review Article: Back in Old Rus and the USSR: Archaeology, History and Politics", <i>English Historical Review</i>, vol. 131 (no. 549) (2016), 384–405 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fehr%2Fcew104">10.1093/ehr/cew104</a> (p. 387), citing Leo S. 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Stuttgart: Steiner. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210511093545/https://azbyka.ru/otechnik/Sergej_Solovev/istorija-rossii-s-drevnejshih-vremen/">Archived</a> from the original on 11 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Russia+from+the+Earliest+Times&rft.place=Stuttgart&rft.pub=Steiner&rft.date=1851&rft.au=Sergey+Solovyov&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fazbyka.ru%2Fotechnik%2FSergej_Solovev%2Fistorija-rossii-s-drevnejshih-vremen%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKievan+Rus%27" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1998" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Graham (10 September 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BtzEeq9QcRMC"><i>Nation-building in the Post-Soviet Borderlands: The Politics of National Identities</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 31. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-59968-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-59968-9"><bdi>978-0-521-59968-9</bdi></a>. <q>The Ukrainophile claim is that, in the words of the 1991 declaration of Ukrainian independence, the Ukrainians have a 'thousand-year tradition of state-building'... As in Russophile historiography, the 'Normanist theory' that Rus' was in fact established by Viking envoys, is rejected as a German invention.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nation-building+in+the+Post-Soviet+Borderlands%3A+The+Politics+of+National+Identities&rft.pages=31&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1998-09-10&rft.isbn=978-0-521-59968-9&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Graham&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBtzEeq9QcRMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKievan+Rus%27" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagocsi201056-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMagocsi201056_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMagocsi2010">Magocsi 2010</a>, p. 56.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nicholas V. Riasanovsky, A History of Russia, pp. 23–28 (Oxford Press, 1984).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages\N\O\Normanisttheory.htm">Internet Encyclopedia of Ukraine</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180907221348/http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CN%5CO%5CNormanisttheory.htm">Archived</a> 7 September 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Normanist theory</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Riasanovsky, p. 25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Riasanovsky, pp. 25–27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-stone-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-stone_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/David_R._Stone" title="David R. Stone">David R. Stone</a>, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ok7iVsgiNmAC&pg=PA2">A Military History of Russia: From Ivan the Terrible to the war in Chechnya</a></i> (2006), pp. 2–3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2014" class="citation web cs1">Williams, Tom (28 February 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blog.britishmuseum.org/vikings-in-russia/">"Vikings in Russia"</a>. <i>blog.britishmuseum.org</i>. The British Museum. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210121221006/https://blog.britishmuseum.org/vikings-in-russia/">Archived</a> from the original on 21 January 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 January</span> 2021</span>. <q>Objects now on loan to the British Museum for the BP exhibition Vikings: life and legend indicate the extent of Scandinavian settlement from the Baltic to the Black Sea . . .</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=blog.britishmuseum.org&rft.atitle=Vikings+in+Russia&rft.date=2014-02-28&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblog.britishmuseum.org%2Fvikings-in-russia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKievan+Rus%27" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFranklinShepard1996" class="citation book cs1">Franklin, Simon; Shepard, Jonathan (1996). <i>The Emergence of Rus: 750–1200</i>. Longman History of Russia. Essex: Harlow. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-582-49090-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-582-49090-1"><bdi>0-582-49090-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Emergence+of+Rus%3A+750%E2%80%931200&rft.place=Essex&rft.series=Longman+History+of+Russia&rft.pub=Harlow&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-582-49090-1&rft.aulast=Franklin&rft.aufirst=Simon&rft.au=Shepard%2C+Jonathan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKievan+Rus%27" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFadlan2005" class="citation book cs1">Fadlan, Ibn (2005). <i>(Richard Frey) Ibn Fadlan's Journey to Russia</i>. Princeton, NJ: Markus Wiener Publishers.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%28Richard+Frey%29+Ibn+Fadlan%27s+Journey+to+Russia&rft.place=Princeton%2C+NJ&rft.pub=Markus+Wiener+Publishers&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Fadlan&rft.aufirst=Ibn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKievan+Rus%27" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Rusios, quos alio nos nomine Nordmannos apellamus</i>. <span class="languageicon">(in Polish)</span> Henryk Paszkiewicz (2000). <i>Wzrost potęgi Moskwy</i>, s.13, Kraków. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/83-86956-93-3" title="Special:BookSources/83-86956-93-3">83-86956-93-3</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Gens quaedam est sub aquilonis parte constituta, quam a qualitate corporis Graeci vocant [...] Rusios, nos vero a positione loci nominamus Nordmannos</i>. James Lea Cate. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ya9g9pmju8gC&pg=RA1-PA482"><i>Medieval and Historiographical Essays in Honor of James Westfall Thompson</i>. p.482.</a> The University of Chicago Press, 1938</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Leo the Deacon, <i>The History of Leo the Deacon: Byzantine Military Expansion in the Tenth Century</i> (<a href="/wiki/Alice-Mary_Talbot" title="Alice-Mary Talbot">Alice-Mary Talbot</a> & Denis Sullivan, eds., 2005), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RCDsV41k8A0C&pg=PA193">pp. 193–94</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230322092823/https://books.google.com/books?id=RCDsV41k8A0C&pg=PA193">Archived</a> 22 March 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagocsi201059-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMagocsi201059_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMagocsi2010">Magocsi 2010</a>, p. 59.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECrossSherbowitz-Wetzor19306-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrossSherbowitz-Wetzor19306_61-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrossSherbowitz-Wetzor19306_61-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCrossSherbowitz-Wetzor1930">Cross & Sherbowitz-Wetzor 1930</a>, p. 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECrossSherbowitz-Wetzor19537-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrossSherbowitz-Wetzor19537_62-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrossSherbowitz-Wetzor19537_62-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCrossSherbowitz-Wetzor1953">Cross & Sherbowitz-Wetzor 1953</a>, p. 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Konstam-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Konstam_63-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Konstam_63-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKonstam2005" class="citation book cs1">Konstam, Angus (2005). <i>Historical Atlas of the Viking World</i>. London: Mercury Books London. p. 165. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1904668127" title="Special:BookSources/1904668127"><bdi>1904668127</bdi></a>. <q>This unlikely invitation was clearly a vehicle to explain the annexation of these territories by the Vikings, and to lend authority to a later generation of Rus rulers.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Atlas+of+the+Viking+World&rft.place=London&rft.pages=165&rft.pub=Mercury+Books+London&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=1904668127&rft.aulast=Konstam&rft.aufirst=Angus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKievan+Rus%27" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagocsi201055,_59–60-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMagocsi201055,_59–60_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMagocsi2010">Magocsi 2010</a>, p. 55, 59–60.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thomas McCray, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=edfEV-KIt18C&pg=PA26">Russia and the Former Soviet Republics</a></i> (2006), p. 26</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin2009a37-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartin2009a37_66-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartin2009a37_66-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMartin2009a">Martin 2009a</a>, p. 37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECrossSherbowitz-Wetzor19538-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrossSherbowitz-Wetzor19538_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCrossSherbowitz-Wetzor1953">Cross & Sherbowitz-Wetzor 1953</a>, p. 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOstrogorsky1969228-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOstrogorsky1969228_68-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOstrogorsky1969228_68-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOstrogorsky1969">Ostrogorsky 1969</a>, p. 228.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMajeska200951-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMajeska200951_69-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMajeska200951_69-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMajeska200951_69-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMajeska2009">Majeska 2009</a>, p. 51.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELogan2005172–73-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELogan2005172–73_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLogan2005">Logan 2005</a>, p. 172–73.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Life of St. George of Amastris</i> describes the Rus' as a barbaric people "who are brutal and crude and bear no remnant of love for humankind". David Jenkins, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.library.nd.edu/byzantine_studies/documents/Amastris.pdf"><i>The Life of St. George of Amastris</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190805182832/https://library.nd.edu/byzantine_studies/documents/Amastris.pdf">Archived</a> 5 August 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (University of Notre Dame Press, 2001), p.18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMajeska200952-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMajeska200952_72-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMajeska200952_72-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMajeska200952_72-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMajeska200952_72-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMajeska200952_72-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMajeska200952_72-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMajeska2009">Majeska 2009</a>, p. 52.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Obolensky245-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Obolensky245_73-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Obolensky245_73-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Dimitri Obolensky, <i>Byzantium and the Slavs</i> (1994), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jv6jcwjW9WUC&dq=saints+cyril+and+methodius&pg=PA245">p.245</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230322092835/https://books.google.com/books?id=jv6jcwjW9WUC&dq=saints+cyril+and+methodius&pg=PA245">Archived</a> 22 March 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin2009b3-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartin2009b3_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMartin2009b">Martin 2009b</a>, p. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECrossSherbowitz-Wetzor19537–8-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrossSherbowitz-Wetzor19537–8_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCrossSherbowitz-Wetzor1953">Cross & Sherbowitz-Wetzor 1953</a>, p. 7–8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin2009a37–40-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartin2009a37–40_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMartin2009a">Martin 2009a</a>, p. 37–40.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVernadsky197323-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVernadsky197323_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVernadsky1973">Vernadsky 1973</a>, p. 23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Moss37-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Moss37_79-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Moss37_79-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Walter Moss, A History of Russia: To 1917 (2005), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BXgNSFIEJ2QC&dq=russian+history&pg=PA37">p. 37</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230322092830/https://books.google.com/books?id=BXgNSFIEJ2QC&dq=russian+history&pg=PA37">Archived</a> 22 March 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagocsi201096-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMagocsi201096_80-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMagocsi2010">Magocsi 2010</a>, p. 96.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin2009a47-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartin2009a47_81-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartin2009a47_81-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMartin2009a">Martin 2009a</a>, p. 47.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin2009a40,_47-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartin2009a40,_47_82-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartin2009a40,_47_82-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMartin2009a">Martin 2009a</a>, p. 40, 47.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Perrie06-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Perrie06_83-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerrieLievenSuny2006" class="citation book cs1">Perrie, Maureen; Lieven, D. C. B.; Suny, Ronald Grigor (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GQcviLmjNm0C&q=13+978-0-521-81227-6"><i>The Cambridge History of Russia: Volume 1, From Early Rus' to 1689</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-81227-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-81227-6"><bdi>978-0-521-81227-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230322092821/https://books.google.com/books?id=GQcviLmjNm0C&q=13+978-0-521-81227-6">Archived</a> from the original on 22 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Russia%3A+Volume+1%2C+From+Early+Rus%27+to+1689&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-521-81227-6&rft.aulast=Perrie&rft.aufirst=Maureen&rft.au=Lieven%2C+D.+C.+B.&rft.au=Suny%2C+Ronald+Grigor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGQcviLmjNm0C%26q%3D13%2B978-0-521-81227-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKievan+Rus%27" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagocsi201062,_66-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMagocsi201062,_66_84-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMagocsi2010">Magocsi 2010</a>, p. 62, 66.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin200416–19-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartin200416–19_85-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMartin2004">Martin 2004</a>, p. 16–19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Victor Spinei, <i>The Romanians and the Turkic Nomads North of the Danube Delta from the Tenth to the Mid-Thirteenth Century</i> (2009), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2vl538CMBsAC&pg=PA47">pp. 47–49</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230322092829/https://books.google.com/books?id=2vl538CMBsAC&pg=PA47">Archived</a> 22 March 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Peter B. Golden, <i>Central Asia in World History</i> (2011), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PtT5p-6V5FcC&pg=PA63">p. 63</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230322092827/https://books.google.com/books?id=PtT5p-6V5FcC&pg=PA63">Archived</a> 22 March 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagocsi201062–63-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMagocsi201062–63_88-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMagocsi2010">Magocsi 2010</a>, p. 62–63.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVernadsky197320-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVernadsky197320_89-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVernadsky1973">Vernadsky 1973</a>, p. 20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagocsi201062-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMagocsi201062_90-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMagocsi2010">Magocsi 2010</a>, p. 62.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Angeliki Papageorgiou, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blacksea.ehw.gr/forms/fLemmaBodyExtended.aspx?lemmaID=11973">"Theme of Cherson (Klimata)"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141129050835/http://blacksea.ehw.gr/forms/fLemmaBodyExtended.aspx?lemmaID=11973">Archived</a> 29 November 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>Encyclopaedia of the Hellenic World</i> (Foundation of the Hellenic World, 2008).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kevin Alan Brook, The Jews of Khazaria (2006), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hEuIveNl9kcC&pg=PA31">pp. 31–32</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230322092826/https://books.google.com/books?id=hEuIveNl9kcC&pg=PA31">Archived</a> 22 March 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin200415–16-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartin200415–16_93-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMartin2004">Martin 2004</a>, p. 15–16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVernadsky197362-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVernadsky197362_94-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVernadsky1973">Vernadsky 1973</a>, p. 62.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_95-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_95-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">John V. A. Fine, <i>The Early Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Sixth to the Late Twelfth Century</i> (1991), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Y0NBxG9Id58C&pg=PA137">pp. 138–139</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230322092840/https://books.google.com/books?id=Y0NBxG9Id58C&pg=PA137">Archived</a> 22 March 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_96-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_96-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Spanei (2009), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2vl538CMBsAC&pg=PA66">pp. 66, 70</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVernadsky197328-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVernadsky197328_97-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVernadsky1973">Vernadsky 1973</a>, p. 28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">B. N. Zakhoder (1898–1960). <i>The Caspian Compilation of Records about Eastern Europe</i> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gumilevica.kulichki.net/Rest/index.html">online version</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210501171821/http://gumilevica.kulichki.net/Rest/index.html">Archived</a> 1 May 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>) (in Russian).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVernadsky197332–33-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVernadsky197332–33_101-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVernadsky1973">Vernadsky 1973</a>, p. 32–33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gunilla Larsson. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fOoiAQAAIAAJ&q=kievan+rus+raid+gilan"><i>Ship and society: maritime ideology in Late Iron Age Sweden</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230423152901/https://books.google.com/books?id=fOoiAQAAIAAJ&q=kievan+rus+raid+gilan">Archived</a> 23 April 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Uppsala Universitet, Department of Archaeology and Ancient History, 2007. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/91-506-1915-2" title="Special:BookSources/91-506-1915-2">91-506-1915-2</a>. p. 208.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nnApAQAAIAAJ&q=kievan+rus+raid+gilan+shirvan"><i>Cahiers du monde russe et soviétique, Volume 35, Number 4</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230322092842/https://books.google.com/books?id=nnApAQAAIAAJ&q=kievan+rus+raid+gilan+shirvan">Archived</a> 22 March 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Mouton, 1994. (originally from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_California" title="University of California">University of California</a>, digitalised on 9 March 2010)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Moss (2005), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BXgNSFIEJ2QC&q=Pechenegs&pg=PA29">p. 29</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230322092824/https://books.google.com/books?id=BXgNSFIEJ2QC&q=Pechenegs&pg=PA29">Archived</a> 22 March 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagocsi201066-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMagocsi201066_105-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMagocsi2010">Magocsi 2010</a>, p. 66.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin200417-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartin200417_106-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartin200417_106-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMartin2004">Martin 2004</a>, p. 17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagocsi201067-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMagocsi201067_107-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMagocsi201067_107-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMagocsi2010">Magocsi 2010</a>, p. 67.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECrossSherbowitz-Wetzor193071-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrossSherbowitz-Wetzor193071_108-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCrossSherbowitz-Wetzor1930">Cross & Sherbowitz-Wetzor 1930</a>, p. 71.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Moss (2005), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BXgNSFIEJ2QC&q=Pechenegs&pg=PA29">pp.29–30</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230322092824/https://books.google.com/books?id=BXgNSFIEJ2QC&q=Pechenegs&pg=PA29">Archived</a> 22 March 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Saints Cyril and Methodius, <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1345803/Saints-Cyril-and-Methodius">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150505010631/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1345803/Saints-Cyril-and-Methodius">Archived</a> 5 May 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECrossSherbowitz-Wetzor193062–63-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrossSherbowitz-Wetzor193062–63_111-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCrossSherbowitz-Wetzor1930">Cross & Sherbowitz-Wetzor 1930</a>, p. 62–63.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Obolensky (1994), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jv6jcwjW9WUC&dq=saints+cyril+and+methodius&pg=PA244">pp..244–246</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230322092837/https://books.google.com/books?id=jv6jcwjW9WUC&dq=saints+cyril+and+methodius&pg=PA244">Archived</a> 22 March 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagocsi201066–67-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMagocsi201066–67_113-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMagocsi2010">Magocsi 2010</a>, p. 66–67.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVernadsky197328–31-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVernadsky197328–31_114-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVernadsky1973">Vernadsky 1973</a>, p. 28–31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVernadsky197322-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVernadsky197322_115-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVernadsky197322_115-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVernadsky1973">Vernadsky 1973</a>, p. 22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Lind, Varangians in Europe's Eastern and Northern Periphery, Ennen & nyt (2004:4).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELogan2005192-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELogan2005192_117-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLogan2005">Logan 2005</a>, p. 192.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVernadsky197322–23-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVernadsky197322–23_118-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVernadsky1973">Vernadsky 1973</a>, p. 22–23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECrossSherbowitz-Wetzor193069-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrossSherbowitz-Wetzor193069_119-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCrossSherbowitz-Wetzor1930">Cross & Sherbowitz-Wetzor 1930</a>, p. 69.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOstrogorsky1969277-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOstrogorsky1969277_120-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOstrogorsky1969277_120-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOstrogorsky1969277_120-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOstrogorsky1969">Ostrogorsky 1969</a>, p. 277.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELogan2005193-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELogan2005193_121-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELogan2005193_121-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLogan2005">Logan 2005</a>, p. 193.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECrossSherbowitz-Wetzor193072-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrossSherbowitz-Wetzor193072_122-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCrossSherbowitz-Wetzor1930">Cross & Sherbowitz-Wetzor 1930</a>, p. 72.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECrossSherbowitz-Wetzor193073–78-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrossSherbowitz-Wetzor193073–78_123-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCrossSherbowitz-Wetzor1930">Cross & Sherbowitz-Wetzor 1930</a>, p. 73–78.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Spinei, p.93.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOstrowski201841–42-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOstrowski201841–42_125-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOstrowski2018">Ostrowski 2018</a>, p. 41–42.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin20071–2-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartin20071–2_127-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartin20071–2_127-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMartin2007">Martin 2007</a>, pp. 1–2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKatchanovskiKohutNesebioYurkevich201374-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKatchanovskiKohutNesebioYurkevich201374_128-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKatchanovskiKohutNesebioYurkevich201374_128-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKatchanovskiKohutNesebioYurkevich201374_128-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKatchanovskiKohutNesebioYurkevich2013">Katchanovski et al. 2013</a>, p. 74.</span> </li> <li 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href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKatchanovskiKohutNesebioYurkevich201375_131-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKatchanovskiKohutNesebioYurkevich2013">Katchanovski et al. 2013</a>, p. 75.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Franklin-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Franklin_132-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Franklin_132-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Franklin_132-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFranklin1992" class="citation journal cs1">Franklin, Simon (1992). 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"The Image of Western Christianity in the Culture of Kievan Rus'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>". <i>Harvard Ukrainian Studies</i>. 12/13: 576–586.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Harvard+Ukrainian+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Image+of+Western+Christianity+in+the+Culture+of+Kievan+Rus%27&rft.volume=12%2F13&rft.pages=576-586&rft.date=1989&rft.aulast=Colucci&rft.aufirst=Michele&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKievan+Rus%27" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/652106/Yaroslav-I">"Yaroslav I (prince of Kiev) – Encyclopædia Britannica"</a>. Britannica.com. 22 May 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141017153710/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/652106/Yaroslav-I">Archived</a> from the original on 17 October 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 August</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Yaroslav+I+%28prince+of+Kiev%29+%E2%80%93+Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pub=Britannica.com&rft.date=2014-05-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F652106%2FYaroslav-I&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKievan+Rus%27" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagocsi201082-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMagocsi201082_135-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMagocsi201082_135-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMagocsi201082_135-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMagocsi2010">Magocsi 2010</a>, p. 82.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nancy Shields Kollmann, "Collateral Succession in Kievan Rus'." <i>Harvard Ukrainian Studies</i> 14 (1990): 377–87.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKatchanovskiKohutNesebioYurkevich20131-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKatchanovskiKohutNesebioYurkevich20131_137-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKatchanovskiKohutNesebioYurkevich20131_137-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKatchanovskiKohutNesebioYurkevich2013">Katchanovski et al. 2013</a>, p. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThompson,_John_M._(John_Means)2017" class="citation book cs1">Thompson, John M. 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New York, NY. p. 20. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8133-4985-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8133-4985-5"><bdi>978-0-8133-4985-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/987591571">987591571</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Russia+%3A+a+historical+introduction+from+Kievan+Rus%27+to+the+present&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pages=20&rft.edition=Eighth&rft.date=2017-07-25&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F987591571&rft.isbn=978-0-8133-4985-5&rft.au=Thompson%2C+John+M.+%28John+Means%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKievan+Rus%27" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFranklinShepard1996" class="citation cs2">Franklin, Simon; Shepard, Jonathan (1996), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mMoFBAAAQBAJ&q=The+Sack+of+Kiev+of+1169%3A+Its+Significance+for+the+Succession+to+Kievan+Rus%27&pg=PA323"><i>The Emergence of Russia 750–1200</i></a>, Routledge, pp. 323–4, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-87224-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-87224-5"><bdi>978-1-317-87224-5</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230423152840/https://books.google.com/books?id=mMoFBAAAQBAJ&q=The+Sack+of+Kiev+of+1169%3A+Its+Significance+for+the+Succession+to+Kievan+Rus%27&pg=PA323">archived</a> from the original on 23 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 November</span> 2020</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Emergence+of+Russia+750%E2%80%931200&rft.pages=323-4&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-1-317-87224-5&rft.aulast=Franklin&rft.aufirst=Simon&rft.au=Shepard%2C+Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmMoFBAAAQBAJ%26q%3DThe%2BSack%2Bof%2BKiev%2Bof%2B1169%253A%2BIts%2BSignificance%2Bfor%2Bthe%2BSuccession%2Bto%2BKievan%2BRus%2527%26pg%3DPA323&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKievan+Rus%27" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPelenski1987" class="citation journal cs1">Pelenski, Jaroslaw (1987). 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Bloomington: Indiana University Press. pp. 75–77. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-35033-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-35033-6"><bdi>978-0-253-35033-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Russia+and+the+Golden+Horde+%3A+the+Mongol+Impact+on+Medieval+Russian+History&rft.place=Bloomington&rft.pages=75-77&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-253-35033-6&rft.aulast=Halperin&rft.aufirst=Charles+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frussiagoldenhord0000halp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKievan+Rus%27" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.org.ua/?termin=Velyke_Kniazivstvo_Lytovske">"Русина О.В. ВЕЛИКЕ КНЯЗІВСТВО ЛИТОВСЬКЕ // Енциклопедія історії України: Т. 1: А-В / Редкол.: В. А. Смолій (голова) та ін. НАН України. Інститут історії України. – К.: В-во "Наукова думка", 2003. – 688 с.: іл"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160421035233/http://history.org.ua/?termin=Velyke_Kniazivstvo_Lytovske">Archived</a> from the original on 21 April 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%9E.%D0%92.+%D0%92%D0%95%D0%9B%D0%98%D0%9A%D0%95+%D0%9A%D0%9D%D0%AF%D0%97%D0%86%D0%92%D0%A1%D0%A2%D0%92%D0%9E+%D0%9B%D0%98%D0%A2%D0%9E%D0%92%D0%A1%D0%AC%D0%9A%D0%95+%2F%2F+%D0%95%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%96%D1%8F+%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%96%D1%97+%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D0%B8%3A+%D0%A2.+1%3A+%D0%90-%D0%92+%2F+%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB.%3A+%D0%92.+%D0%90.+%D0%A1%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B9+%28%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%29+%D1%82%D0%B0+%D1%96%D0%BD.+%D0%9D%D0%90%D0%9D+%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D0%B8.+%D0%86%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D1%82+%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%96%D1%97+%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D0%B8.+%E2%80%93+%D0%9A.%3A+%D0%92-%D0%B2%D0%BE+%22%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0+%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%BA%D0%B0%22%2C+2003.+%E2%80%93+688+%D1%81.%3A+%D1%96%D0%BB.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.org.ua%2F%3Ftermin%3DVelyke_Kniazivstvo_Lytovske&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKievan+Rus%27" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin2009b1–2-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartin2009b1–2_147-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMartin2009b">Martin 2009b</a>, p. 1–2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin2009b2,_5-148"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartin2009b2,_5_148-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMartin2009b">Martin 2009b</a>, p. 2, 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Franklin, Simon, and Jonathan Shepard (1996). <i>The Emergence of Rus 750–1200</i>. Harlow, Essex: Longman Group, Ltd., pp. 27–28, 127.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cuisenier1979-150"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cuisenier1979_150-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliam_H._McNeill1979" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_H._McNeill_(historian)" class="mw-redirect" title="William H. McNeill (historian)">William H. McNeill</a> (1 January 1979). Jean Cuisenier (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Xbjbroz9hQQC&pg=PA32"><i>Europe as a Cultural Area</i></a>. World Anthropology. Walter de Gruyter. pp. 32–33. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-080070-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-080070-8"><bdi>978-3-11-080070-8</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 February</span> 2016</span>. <q>For a while, it looked as if the Scandinavian thrust toward monarchy and centralization might succeed in building two impressive and imperial structures: a Danish empire of the northern seas, and a Varangian empire of the Russian rivers, headquartered at Kiev.... In the east, new hordes of steppe nomads, fresh from central Asia, intruded upon the river-based empire of the Varangians by taking over its southern portion.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Europe+as+a+Cultural+Area&rft.series=World+Anthropology&rft.pages=32-33&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=1979-01-01&rft.isbn=978-3-11-080070-8&rft.au=William+H.+McNeill&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXbjbroz9hQQC%26pg%3DPA32&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKievan+Rus%27" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimon1996" class="citation book cs1">Simon, Frank (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/emergenceofrus750000fran/page/280/mode/2up?q=beloozero"><i>The Emergence of Rus, 750–1200</i></a>. Longman. p. 281. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-582-49091-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-582-49091-8"><bdi>978-0-582-49091-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Emergence+of+Rus%2C+750%E2%80%931200&rft.pages=281&rft.pub=Longman&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-582-49091-8&rft.aulast=Simon&rft.aufirst=Frank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Femergenceofrus750000fran%2Fpage%2F280%2Fmode%2F2up%3Fq%3Dbeloozero&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKievan+Rus%27" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin200412–13-152"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartin200412–13_152-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMartin2004">Martin 2004</a>, p. 12–13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">История Европы с древнейших времен до наших дней. Т. 2. М.: Наука, 1988. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-5-02-009036-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-5-02-009036-1">978-5-02-009036-1</a>. С. 201.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin2009b6-154"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartin2009b6_154-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMartin2009b">Martin 2009b</a>, p. 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-155"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:6_155-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_155-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_155-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_155-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZhukovsky1993" class="citation web cs1">Zhukovsky, Arkadii (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CV%5CO%5CVolostIT.htm">"Volost"</a>. <i>Internet Encyclopedia of Ukraine</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221205104201/http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CV%5CO%5CVolostIT.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 5 December 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Internet+Encyclopedia+of+Ukraine&rft.atitle=Volost&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Zhukovsky&rft.aufirst=Arkadii&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.encyclopediaofukraine.com%2Fdisplay.asp%3Flinkpath%3Dpages%255CV%255CO%255CVolostIT.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKievan+Rus%27" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CV%5CE%5CVervIT.htm">"Verv"</a>. <i>Internet Encyclopedia of Ukraine</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230101151555/http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CV%5CE%5CVervIT.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 1 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Internet+Encyclopedia+of+Ukraine&rft.atitle=Verv&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.encyclopediaofukraine.com%2Fdisplay.asp%3Flinkpath%3Dpages%255CV%255CE%255CVervIT.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKievan+Rus%27" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKatchanovskiKohutNesebioYurkevich201311-157"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKatchanovskiKohutNesebioYurkevich201311_157-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKatchanovskiKohutNesebioYurkevich2013">Katchanovski et al. 2013</a>, p. 11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLoweRyaboy" class="citation book cs1">Lowe, Steven; Ryaboy, Dmitriy V. <i>The Pechenegs, History and Warfare</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Pechenegs%2C+History+and+Warfare&rft.aulast=Lowe&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft.au=Ryaboy%2C+Dmitriy+V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKievan+Rus%27" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130706115500/http://slovari.yandex.ru/%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8F%D0%BA/%D0%91%D0%A1%D0%AD/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8F%D0%BA/"><bdi lang="ru">Боняк</bdi></a> [Boniak]. <i><a href="/wiki/Great_Soviet_Encyclopedia" title="Great Soviet Encyclopedia">Great Soviet Encyclopedia</a></i> (in Russian). 1969–1978. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://slovari.yandex.ru/%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8F%D0%BA/%D0%91%D0%A1%D0%AD/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8F%D0%BA/">the original</a> on 6 July 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8F%D0%BA&rft.btitle=Great+Soviet+Encyclopedia&rft.date=1969%2F1978&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fslovari.yandex.ru%2F%25D0%25B1%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BD%25D1%258F%25D0%25BA%2F%25D0%2591%25D0%25A1%25D0%25AD%2F%25D0%2591%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BD%25D1%258F%25D0%25BA%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKievan+Rus%27" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Franklin, Simon, and Jonathan Shepard (1996). <i>The Emergence of Rus 750–1200</i>. Harlow, Essex: Longman Group, Ltd. pp. 112–119</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin2007155-162"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartin2007155_162-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartin2007155_162-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMartin2007">Martin 2007</a>, p. 155.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/pop-in-eur.html">"Medieval Sourcebook: Tables on Population in Medieval Europe"</a>. Fordham University. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100110054310/http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/pop-in-eur.html">Archived</a> from the original on 10 January 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Medieval+Sourcebook%3A+Tables+on+Population+in+Medieval+Europe&rft.pub=Fordham+University&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fordham.edu%2Fhalsall%2Fsource%2Fpop-in-eur.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKievan+Rus%27" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sherman-164"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sherman_164-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSherman1917" class="citation book cs1">Sherman, Charles Phineas (1917). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zh6ksO3bn0YC&q=advanced+culture+OR+cultural+Kiev+novgorod&pg=PA191">"Russia"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zh6ksO3bn0YC&q=%22Roman+Law+in+the+Modern+World%22&pg=PP7"><i>Roman Law in the Modern World</i></a>. Boston: The Boston Book Company. p. 191. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230423152844/https://books.google.com/books?id=zh6ksO3bn0YC&q=%22Roman+Law+in+the+Modern+World%22&pg=PP7">Archived</a> from the original on 23 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 November</span> 2020</span>. <q>The adoption of Christianity by Vladimir... was followed by commerce with the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a>. In its wake came Byzantine art and culture. And in the course of the next century, what is now Southeastern Russia became <i>more advanced in civilization than any western European State of the period</i>, for Russia came in for a share of Byzantine culture, then vastly superior to the rudeness of Western nations.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Russia&rft.btitle=Roman+Law+in+the+Modern+World&rft.place=Boston&rft.pages=191&rft.pub=The+Boston+Book+Company&rft.date=1917&rft.aulast=Sherman&rft.aufirst=Charles+Phineas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dzh6ksO3bn0YC%26q%3Dadvanced%2Bculture%2BOR%2Bcultural%2BKiev%2Bnovgorod%26pg%3DPA191&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKievan+Rus%27" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TikhomirovGorodaLit-165"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-TikhomirovGorodaLit_165-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTikhomirov1956" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Tikhomirov" title="Mikhail Tikhomirov">Tikhomirov, Mikhail Nikolaevich</a> (1956). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100425045655/http://www.archeologia.ru/Library/Book/3bcf6c93aa36/Info">"Literacy among the citi dwellers"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.archeologia.ru/Library/Book/3bcf6c93aa36/Info"><i>Drevnerusskie goroda (Cities of Ancient Rus)</i></a> (in Russian). Moscow. p. 261. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.archeologia.ru/Library/Book/3bcf6c93aa36/page261">the original</a> on 25 April 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 March</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Literacy+among+the+citi+dwellers&rft.btitle=Drevnerusskie+goroda+%28Cities+of+Ancient+Rus%29&rft.place=Moscow&rft.pages=261&rft.date=1956&rft.aulast=Tikhomirov&rft.aufirst=Mikhail+Nikolaevich&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.archeologia.ru%2FLibrary%2FBook%2F3bcf6c93aa36%2Fpage261&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKievan+Rus%27" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVernadsky1973277-166"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVernadsky1973277_166-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVernadsky1973">Vernadsky 1973</a>, p. 277.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mikla-168"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mikla_168-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiklashevsky2000" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Miklashevsky, N.; et al. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ecoflash.narod.ru/likbez_8.htm">"Istoriya vodoprovoda v Rossii"</a>. <bdi lang="ru">ИСТОРИЯ ВОДОПРОВОДА В РОССИИ</bdi> [<i>History of water-supply in Russia</i>] (in Russian). Saint Petersburg, Russia: ?. p. 240. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-5-8206-0114-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-5-8206-0114-9"><bdi>978-5-8206-0114-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060310120423/http://ecoflash.narod.ru/likbez_8.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 10 March 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 March</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Istoriya+vodoprovoda+v+Rossii&rft.btitle=%D0%98%D0%A1%D0%A2%D0%9E%D0%A0%D0%98%D0%AF+%D0%92%D0%9E%D0%94%D0%9E%D0%9F%D0%A0%D0%9E%D0%92%D0%9E%D0%94%D0%90+%D0%92+%D0%A0%D0%9E%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%98%D0%98&rft.place=Saint+Petersburg%2C+Russia&rft.pages=240&rft.pub=%3F&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-5-8206-0114-9&rft.aulast=Miklashevsky&rft.aufirst=N.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fecoflash.narod.ru%2Flikbez_8.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKievan+Rus%27" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagocsi201095-169"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMagocsi201095_169-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMagocsi2010">Magocsi 2010</a>, p. 95.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TikhomirovRP-171"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-TikhomirovRP_171-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTikhomirov1953" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Tikhomirov" title="Mikhail Tikhomirov">Tikhomirov, Mikhail Nikolaevich</a> (1953). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hist.msu.ru/ER/Etext/RP/"><bdi lang="ru">Пособие для изучения Русской Правды</bdi></a> (in Russian) (2nd ed.). Moscow: Издание Московского университета. p. 190. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060614003824/http://www.hist.msu.ru/ER/Etext/RP/">Archived</a> from the original on 14 June 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 March</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D0%B4%D0%BB%D1%8F+%D0%B8%D0%B7%D1%83%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B4%D1%8B&rft.place=Moscow&rft.pages=190&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=%D0%98%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0&rft.date=1953&rft.aulast=Tikhomirov&rft.aufirst=Mikhail+Nikolaevich&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hist.msu.ru%2FER%2FEtext%2FRP%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKievan+Rus%27" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin200472-172"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartin200472_172-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMartin2004">Martin 2004</a>, p. 72.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVernadsky1973154-173"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVernadsky1973154_173-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVernadsky1973">Vernadsky 1973</a>, p. 154.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin200461-174"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartin200461_174-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartin200461_174-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMartin2004">Martin 2004</a>, p. 61.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-popu-175"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-popu_175-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">J. Phillips, <i>The Fourth Crusade and the Sack of Constantinople</i> page 144</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TikhomirovGorodaPop-176"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-TikhomirovGorodaPop_176-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTikhomirov1956" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Tikhomirov" title="Mikhail Tikhomirov">Tikhomirov, Mikhail Nikolaevich</a> (1956). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100425045655/http://www.archeologia.ru/Library/Book/3bcf6c93aa36/Info">"The origin of Russian cities"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.archeologia.ru/Library/Book/3bcf6c93aa36/Info"><i>Drevnerusskie goroda (Cities of Ancient Rus)</i></a> (in Russian). Moscow. pp. 36, 39, 43. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.archeologia.ru/Library/Book/3bcf6c93aa36/page9">the original</a> on 25 April 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 March</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+origin+of+Russian+cities&rft.btitle=Drevnerusskie+goroda+%28Cities+of+Ancient+Rus%29&rft.place=Moscow&rft.pages=36%2C+39%2C+43&rft.date=1956&rft.aulast=Tikhomirov&rft.aufirst=Mikhail+Nikolaevich&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.archeologia.ru%2FLibrary%2FBook%2F3bcf6c93aa36%2Fpage9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKievan+Rus%27" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSubtelny1988" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Orest_Subtelny" title="Orest Subtelny">Subtelny, Orest</a> (1988). <i>Ukraine: A History</i>. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. p. 35. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8020-5808-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8020-5808-6"><bdi>0-8020-5808-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ukraine%3A+A+History&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pages=35&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=0-8020-5808-6&rft.aulast=Subtelny&rft.aufirst=Orest&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKievan+Rus%27" class="Z3988"></span>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagocsi201081-179"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMagocsi201081_179-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMagocsi2010">Magocsi 2010</a>, p. 81.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalperin20102-181"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalperin20102_181-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHalperin2010">Halperin 2010</a>, p. 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalperin20103-182"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalperin20103_182-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHalperin2010">Halperin 2010</a>, p. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDiGioia2020" class="citation book cs1">DiGioia, Amanda (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=USYNEAAAQBAJ"><i>Multilingual Metal Music: Sociocultural, Linguistic and Literary Perspectives on Heavy Metal Lyrics</i></a>. Bingley: Emerald Group Publishing. p. 85. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781839099489" title="Special:BookSources/9781839099489"><bdi>9781839099489</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230127120306/https://books.google.com/books?id=USYNEAAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 27 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Multilingual+Metal+Music%3A+Sociocultural%2C+Linguistic+and+Literary+Perspectives+on+Heavy+Metal+Lyrics&rft.place=Bingley&rft.pages=85&rft.pub=Emerald+Group+Publishing&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=9781839099489&rft.aulast=DiGioia&rft.aufirst=Amanda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUSYNEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKievan+Rus%27" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVelasco_Laguna2012" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Velasco Laguna, Manuel (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eq1vEAAAQBAJ"><i>Breve historia de los vikingos (versión extendida)</i></a> (in Spanish). Madrid: Nowtilus. p. 168. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788499673479" title="Special:BookSources/9788499673479"><bdi>9788499673479</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230127121143/https://books.google.com/books?id=eq1vEAAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 27 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Breve+historia+de+los+vikingos+%28versi%C3%B3n+extendida%29&rft.place=Madrid&rft.pages=168&rft.pub=Nowtilus&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9788499673479&rft.aulast=Velasco+Laguna&rft.aufirst=Manuel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Deq1vEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKievan+Rus%27" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_sources">Primary sources</h3></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrossSherbowitz-Wetzor1930" class="citation book cs1">Cross, Samuel Hazzard; Sherbowitz-Wetzor, Olgerd P. (1930). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mgh-bibliothek.de/dokumente/a/a011458.pdf"><i>The Russian Primary Chronicle, Laurentian Text. Translated and edited by Samuel Hazzard Cross and Olgerd P. Sherbowitz-Wetzor (1930)</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The Mediaeval Academy of America. p. 325<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Russian+Primary+Chronicle%2C+Laurentian+Text.+Translated+and+edited+by+Samuel+Hazzard+Cross+and+Olgerd+P.+Sherbowitz-Wetzor+%281930%29&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pages=325&rft.pub=The+Mediaeval+Academy+of+America&rft.date=1930&rft.aulast=Cross&rft.aufirst=Samuel+Hazzard&rft.au=Sherbowitz-Wetzor%2C+Olgerd+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mgh-bibliothek.de%2Fdokumente%2Fa%2Fa011458.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKievan+Rus%27" class="Z3988"></span> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrossSherbowitz-Wetzor1953" class="citation book cs1">Cross, Samuel Hazzard; Sherbowitz-Wetzor, Olgerd P. (2013) [1953]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140530225833/http://www.utoronto.ca/elul/English/218/PVL-selections.pdf"><i>SLA 218. Ukrainian Literature and Culture. Excerpts from The Rus' Primary Chronicle (Povest vremennykh let, PVL)</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Toronto: Electronic Library of Ukrainian Literature, University of Toronto. p. 16. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sites.utoronto.ca/elul/English/218/PVL-selections.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 30 May 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=SLA+218.+Ukrainian+Literature+and+Culture.+Excerpts+from+The+Rus%27+Primary+Chronicle+%28Povest+vremennykh+let%2C+PVL%29&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pages=16&rft.pub=Electronic+Library+of+Ukrainian+Literature%2C+University+of+Toronto&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Cross&rft.aufirst=Samuel+Hazzard&rft.au=Sherbowitz-Wetzor%2C+Olgerd+P.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsites.utoronto.ca%2Felul%2FEnglish%2F218%2FPVL-selections.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKievan+Rus%27" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Secondary_sources">Secondary sources</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBushkovitch2011" class="citation book cs1">Bushkovitch, Paul (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Le-n7ZYjGWkC"><i>A Concise History of Russia</i></a>. New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 491. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781139504447" title="Special:BookSources/9781139504447"><bdi>9781139504447</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230423152841/https://books.google.com/books?id=Le-n7ZYjGWkC">Archived</a> from the original on 23 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Concise+History+of+Russia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=491&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9781139504447&rft.aulast=Bushkovitch&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLe-n7ZYjGWkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKievan+Rus%27" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGleason2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Abbott_Gleason" title="Abbott Gleason">Gleason, Abbott</a> (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JyN0hlKcfTcC"><i>A Companion to Russian History</i></a>. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons. p. 566. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781444308426" title="Special:BookSources/9781444308426"><bdi>9781444308426</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+Russian+History&rft.place=Chichester&rft.pages=566&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9781444308426&rft.aulast=Gleason&rft.aufirst=Abbott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJyN0hlKcfTcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKievan+Rus%27" class="Z3988"></span> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin2009a" class="citation book cs1">Martin, Janet (2009a). "Chapter Three: The First East Slavic State". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JyN0hlKcfTcC"><i>A Companion to Russian History</i></a>. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons. pp. 34–50. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781444308426" title="Special:BookSources/9781444308426"><bdi>9781444308426</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+Three%3A+The+First+East+Slavic+State&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+Russian+History&rft.place=Chichester&rft.pages=34-50&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9781444308426&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=Janet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJyN0hlKcfTcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKievan+Rus%27" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMajeska2009" class="citation book cs1">Majeska, George (2009). "Chapter Four: Rus' and the Byzantine Empire". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JyN0hlKcfTcC"><i>A Companion to Russian History</i></a>. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons. pp. 51–65. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781444308426" title="Special:BookSources/9781444308426"><bdi>9781444308426</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+Four%3A+Rus%27+and+the+Byzantine+Empire&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+Russian+History&rft.place=Chichester&rft.pages=51-65&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9781444308426&rft.aulast=Majeska&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJyN0hlKcfTcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKievan+Rus%27" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKatchanovskiKohutNesebioYurkevich2013" class="citation book cs1">Katchanovski, Ivan; <a href="/wiki/Zenon_Kohut" title="Zenon Kohut">Kohut, Zenon E.</a>; Nesebio, Bohdan Y.; Yurkevich, Myroslav (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-h6r57lDC4QC"><i>Historical Dictionary of Ukraine</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Lanham,_Maryland" title="Lanham, Maryland">Lanham, Maryland</a>; <a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto</a>; <a href="/wiki/Plymouth" title="Plymouth">Plymouth</a>: Scarecrow Press. p. 992. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780810878471" title="Special:BookSources/9780810878471"><bdi>9780810878471</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230423152841/https://books.google.com/books?id=-h6r57lDC4QC">Archived</a> from the original on 23 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Ukraine&rft.place=Lanham%2C+Maryland%3B+Toronto%3B+Plymouth&rft.pages=992&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9780810878471&rft.aulast=Katchanovski&rft.aufirst=Ivan&rft.au=Kohut%2C+Zenon+E.&rft.au=Nesebio%2C+Bohdan+Y.&rft.au=Yurkevich%2C+Myroslav&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-h6r57lDC4QC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKievan+Rus%27" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLogan2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/F._Donald_Logan" title="F. Donald Logan">Logan, F. Donald</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7K2ywwGox6IC"><i>The Vikings in History</i></a>. New York: Routledge (Taylor & Francis). p. 205. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415327565" title="Special:BookSources/9780415327565"><bdi>9780415327565</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230423152845/https://books.google.com/books?id=7K2ywwGox6IC">Archived</a> from the original on 23 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Vikings+in+History&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=205&rft.pub=Routledge+%28Taylor+%26+Francis%29&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9780415327565&rft.aulast=Logan&rft.aufirst=F.+Donald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7K2ywwGox6IC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKievan+Rus%27" class="Z3988"></span> (third edition)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMagocsi2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Robert_Magocsi" title="Paul Robert Magocsi">Magocsi, Paul R.</a> (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Z0mKRsElYNkC"><i>A History of Ukraine: The Land and Its Peoples</i></a>. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. p. 896. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4426-1021-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4426-1021-7"><bdi>978-1-4426-1021-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230423152843/https://books.google.com/books?id=Z0mKRsElYNkC">Archived</a> from the original on 23 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Ukraine%3A+The+Land+and+Its+Peoples&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pages=896&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-4426-1021-7&rft.aulast=Magocsi&rft.aufirst=Paul+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZ0mKRsElYNkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKievan+Rus%27" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin1993" class="citation book cs1">Martin, Janet (1993). <i>Medieval Russia: 980–1584</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521368324" title="Special:BookSources/0521368324"><bdi>0521368324</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medieval+Russia%3A+980%E2%80%931584&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0521368324&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=Janet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKievan+Rus%27" class="Z3988"></span> (original). Later editions cited in this article: <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin1995" class="citation book cs1">Martin, Janet (1995). <i>Medieval Russia: 980–1584</i>. New York: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521362768" title="Special:BookSources/0521362768"><bdi>0521362768</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medieval+Russia%3A+980%E2%80%931584&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0521362768&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=Janet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKievan+Rus%27" class="Z3988"></span> (first published)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin2004" class="citation book cs1">Martin, Janet (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sRCc3TtL9bIC"><i>Medieval Russia: 980–1584</i></a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521368322" title="Special:BookSources/9780521368322"><bdi>9780521368322</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230423152842/https://books.google.com/books?id=sRCc3TtL9bIC">Archived</a> from the original on 23 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medieval+Russia%3A+980%E2%80%931584&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9780521368322&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=Janet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsRCc3TtL9bIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKievan+Rus%27" class="Z3988"></span> (digital printing 2004)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Janet_L._B._Martin" title="Janet L. B. Martin">Martin, Janet</a> (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebooks.com/en-us/book/802816/medieval-russia-980-1584/janet-martin/"><i>Medieval Russia: 980–1584. Second Edition. E-book</i></a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-511-36800-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-511-36800-4"><bdi>978-0-511-36800-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medieval+Russia%3A+980%E2%80%931584.+Second+Edition.+E-book&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-511-36800-4&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=Janet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ebooks.com%2Fen-us%2Fbook%2F802816%2Fmedieval-russia-980-1584%2Fjanet-martin%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKievan+Rus%27" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin2009b" class="citation book cs1">Martin, Janet (2009b). "From Kiev to Muscovy: The Beginnings to 1450". In Freeze, Gregory (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GNeFDyRSp0wC"><i>Russia: A History</i></a>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 1–30. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-150121-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-150121-0"><bdi>978-0-19-150121-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230127141118/https://books.google.com/books?id=GNeFDyRSp0wC">Archived</a> from the original on 27 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=From+Kiev+to+Muscovy%3A+The+Beginnings+to+1450&rft.btitle=Russia%3A+A+History&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=1-30&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-19-150121-0&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=Janet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGNeFDyRSp0wC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKievan+Rus%27" class="Z3988"></span> (third edition)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOstrogorsky1969" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_Ostrogorsky" title="George Ostrogorsky">Ostrogorsky, George</a> (1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofbyzanti00ostr/page/228/mode/2up"><i>History of the Byzantine State</i></a>. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Rutgers University Press. p. 760<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Byzantine+State&rft.place=New+Brunswick%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pages=760&rft.pub=Rutgers+University+Press&rft.date=1969&rft.aulast=Ostrogorsky&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofbyzanti00ostr%2Fpage%2F228%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKievan+Rus%27" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlokhy2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Serhii_Plokhy" title="Serhii Plokhy">Plokhy, Serhii</a> (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://assets.cambridge.org/97805218/64039/excerpt/9780521864039_excerpt.pdf"><i>The Origins of the Slavic Nations: Premodern Identities in Russia, Ukraine, and Belarus</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 10–15. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-86403-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-86403-9"><bdi>978-0-521-86403-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110606203420/http://assets.cambridge.org/97805218/64039/excerpt/9780521864039_excerpt.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 6 June 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 April</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Origins+of+the+Slavic+Nations%3A+Premodern+Identities+in+Russia%2C+Ukraine%2C+and+Belarus&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=10-15&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-521-86403-9&rft.aulast=Plokhy&rft.aufirst=Serhii&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fassets.cambridge.org%2F97805218%2F64039%2Fexcerpt%2F9780521864039_excerpt.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKievan+Rus%27" class="Z3988"></span> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHalperin2010" class="citation journal cs1">Halperin, Charles J. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brill.com/view/journals/ruhi/37/3/article-p275_5.xml">"Review Article. "National Identity in Premodern Rus'""</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Russian_History_(Brill_journal)" title="Russian History (Brill journal)">Russian History (Brill journal)</a></i>. <b>37</b> (3). Brill Publishers: 275–294. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F187633110X510446">10.1163/187633110X510446</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230326162800/https://brill.com/view/journals/ruhi/37/3/article-p275_5.xml">Archived</a> from the original on 26 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Russian+History+%28Brill+journal%29&rft.atitle=Review+Article.+%22National+Identity+in+Premodern+Rus%27%22&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=275-294&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F187633110X510446&rft.aulast=Halperin&rft.aufirst=Charles+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbrill.com%2Fview%2Fjournals%2Fruhi%2F37%2F3%2Farticle-p275_5.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKievan+Rus%27" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOstrowski2018" class="citation journal cs1">Ostrowski, Donald (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brill.com/view/journals/css/52/1/article-p30_2.xml">"Was There a Riurikid Dynasty in Early Rus'?"</a>. <i>Canadian-American Slavic Studies</i>. <b>52</b> (1): 30–49. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F22102396-05201009">10.1163/22102396-05201009</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Canadian-American+Slavic+Studies&rft.atitle=Was+There+a+Riurikid+Dynasty+in+Early+Rus%27%3F&rft.volume=52&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=30-49&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F22102396-05201009&rft.aulast=Ostrowski&rft.aufirst=Donald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbrill.com%2Fview%2Fjournals%2Fcss%2F52%2F1%2Farticle-p30_2.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKievan+Rus%27" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVernadsky1973" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_Vernadsky" title="George Vernadsky">Vernadsky, George</a> (1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1HEdAP9N6ikC">"Russian Civilization in the Kievan Period: Education"</a>. <i>Kievan Russia</i>. Yale University Press. p. 412. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-01647-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-300-01647-6"><bdi>0-300-01647-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Russian+Civilization+in+the+Kievan+Period%3A+Education&rft.btitle=Kievan+Russia&rft.pages=412&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=0-300-01647-6&rft.aulast=Vernadsky&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1HEdAP9N6ikC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKievan+Rus%27" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/collections/country-studies/about-this-collection/"><i>Country Studies</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Federal_Research_Division" title="Federal Research Division">Federal Research Division</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Country+Studies&rft.pub=Federal+Research+Division&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loc.gov%2Fcollections%2Fcountry-studies%2Fabout-this-collection%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKievan+Rus%27" class="Z3988"></span> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/rutoc.html">Russia</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120711211231/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/rutoc.html">Archived</a> 11 July 2012 at <a href="/wiki/Archive.today" title="Archive.today">archive.today</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_the_history_of_the_Early_Slavs_and_Rus%27" title="Bibliography of the history of the Early Slavs and Rus'">Bibliography of the history of the Early Slavs and Rus'</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Ukrainian_history" title="Bibliography of Ukrainian history">Bibliography of Ukrainian history</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/David_Christian_(historian)" title="David Christian (historian)">Christian, David</a>. <i>A History of Russia, Mongolia and Central Asia</i>. Blackwell, 1999.</li> <li>Franklin, Simon and Shepard, Jonathan, <i>The Emergence of Rus, 750–1200</i>. (Longman History of Russia, general editor Harold Shukman.) Longman, London, 1996. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-582-49091-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-582-49091-X">0-582-49091-X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lister_Illingworth_Fennell" title="John Lister Illingworth Fennell">Fennell, John</a>, <i>The Crisis of Medieval Russia, 1200–1304</i>. (Longman History of Russia, general editor Harold Shukman.) Longman, London, 1983. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-582-48150-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-582-48150-3">0-582-48150-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwyn_Jones_(author)" title="Gwyn Jones (author)">Jones, Gwyn</a>. <i>A History of the Vikings</i>. 2nd ed. London: Oxford Univ. Press, 1984.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFObolensky1974" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Dimitri_Obolensky" title="Dimitri Obolensky">Obolensky, Dimitri</a> (1974) [1971]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RlBoAAAAMAAJ"><i>The Byzantine Commonwealth: Eastern Europe, 500–1453</i></a>. London: Cardinal. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-351-17644-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-351-17644-9"><bdi>978-0-351-17644-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Byzantine+Commonwealth%3A+Eastern+Europe%2C+500%E2%80%931453&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Cardinal&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=978-0-351-17644-9&rft.aulast=Obolensky&rft.aufirst=Dimitri&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRlBoAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKievan+Rus%27" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pritsak,_Omeljan" class="mw-redirect" title="Pritsak, Omeljan">Pritsak, Omeljan</a>. <i>The Origin of Rus<span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span></i>. Cambridge Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1991.</li> <li>Stang, Håkon. <i>The Naming of Russia</i>. Meddelelser, Nr. 77. Oslo: University of Oslo Slavisk-baltisk Avelding, 1996.</li> <li>Alexander F. Tsvirkun E-learning course. History of Ukraine. Journal Auditorium, Kyiv, 2010.</li> <li>Velychenko, Stephen, <i>National history as cultural process: a survey of the interpretations of Ukraine's past in Polish, Russian, and Ukrainian historical writing from the earliest times to 1914</i>. Edmonton, 1992.</li> <li>Velychenko, Stephen, "Nationalizing and Denationalizing the Past. Ukraine and Russia in Comparative Context", Ab Imperio 1 (2007).</li> <li>Velychenko, Stephen "New wine old bottle. Ukrainian history Muscovite-Russian Imperial myths and the Cambridge-History of Russia," <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://historians.in.ua/index.php/dyskusiya/853-stephen-velychenko-new-wine-old-bottle-ukrainian-history-muscovite-russian-imperial-myths-and-the-cambridge-history-of-russia">Stephen Velychenko. New Wine Old Bottle. Ukrainian History, Muscovite /Russian Imperial Myths and the Cambridge History of Russia</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Kievan_Rus" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Kievan Rus">Kievan Rus</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Kievan_Rus" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Kievan Rus">Kievan Rus</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://izbornyk.org.ua/litop/map_980_1054.htm">Historical map of Kievan Rus' from 980. to 1054.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://izbornyk.org.ua/litop/map_1240.htm">Historical map of Kievan Rus' from 1220. to 1240.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131109080307/http://www.angelfire.com/or3/kievan_rus/">Graphic History of Kievan Rus' from c. 800 to 988</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (archived 9 November 2013)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?AddButton=pages\R\U\RushDA.htm">Rus'</a> – <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Ukraine" title="Encyclopedia of Ukraine">Encyclopedia of Ukraine</a></i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bucknell.edu/x20137.xml">Chronology of Kievan Rus' 859–1240.</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_fall_of_the_Western_Roman_Empire" title="Historiography of the fall of the Western Roman Empire">Decline of the Western Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbarian_kingdoms" title="Barbarian kingdoms">Barbarian kingdoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_antiquity" title="Late antiquity">Late antiquity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_pagans_in_the_late_Roman_Empire" title="Persecution of pagans in the late Roman Empire">Decline of Hellenistic religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Christianity in the Middle Ages">Christianity in the Middle Ages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianization" title="Christianization">Christianization</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spread_of_Islam" title="Spread of Islam">Rise of Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Bulgarian_Empire" title="First Bulgarian Empire">First Bulgarian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francia" title="Francia">Frankish Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Croatia_(925%E2%80%931102)" title="Kingdom of Croatia (925–1102)">Kingdom of Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Anglo-Saxon_England" title="History of Anglo-Saxon England">Anglo-Saxon England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_Age" title="Viking Age">Viking Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carolingian_Empire" title="Carolingian Empire">Carolingian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Church_Slavonic" title="Old Church Slavonic">Old Church Slavonic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Rise of the Venetian Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civitas_Schinesghe" title="Civitas Schinesghe">Civitas Schinesghe</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kievan Rus'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Justinian_dynasty" title="Byzantine Empire under the Justinian dynasty">Growth of the Eastern Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconquista" title="Reconquista">Reconquista</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/High_Middle_Ages" title="High Middle Ages">High Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Conquest" title="Norman Conquest">Norman Conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Bulgarian_Empire" title="Second Bulgarian Empire">Second Bulgarian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Georgia" title="Kingdom of Georgia">Georgian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Poland" title="Kingdom of Poland">Kingdom of Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">Feudalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Rise of the Republic of Genoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">Great Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investiture_Controversy" title="Investiture Controversy">Investiture Controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Florence" title="Republic of Florence">Republic of Florence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capet%E2%80%93Plantagenet_feud" class="mw-redirect" title="Capet–Plantagenet feud">Capet–Plantagenet feud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_monasticism" title="Christian monasticism">Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_commune" title="Medieval commune">Communalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manorialism" title="Manorialism">Manorialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Warm_Period" title="Medieval Warm Period">Medieval Warm Period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Europe" title="Mongol invasion of Europe">Mongol invasion of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Portugal" title="Kingdom of Portugal">Kingdom of Portugal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Late_Middle_Ages" title="Late Middle Ages">Late Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hundred_Years%27_War" title="Hundred Years' War">Hundred Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wars_of_the_Roses" title="Wars of the Roses">Wars of the Roses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hussite_Wars" title="Hussite Wars">Hussite Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Burgundy" title="Duchy of Burgundy">Burgundy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Milan" title="Duchy of Milan">Milan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Castile" title="Crown of Castile">Castile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Schism" title="Western Schism">Western Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople" title="Fall of Constantinople">Fall of Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rise_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Rise of the Ottoman Empire">Rise of the Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_mercenaries" title="Swiss mercenaries">Swiss mercenaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chivalry" title="Chivalry">Chivalry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_humanism" title="Renaissance humanism">Renaissance Humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_university" title="Medieval university">Universities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crisis_of_the_late_Middle_Ages" title="Crisis of the late Middle Ages">Crisis of the late Middle Ages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Famine_of_1315%E2%80%931317" title="Great Famine of 1315–1317">Great Famine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Ice_Age" title="Little Ice Age">Little Ice Age</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Agriculture in the Middle Ages">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_architecture" title="Medieval architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_art" title="Medieval art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_and_state_in_medieval_Europe" title="Church and state in medieval Europe">Church and State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_cuisine" title="Medieval cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusading_movement" title="Crusading movement">Crusading movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_dance" title="Medieval dance">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_demography" title="Medieval demography">Demography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_medieval_Arabic_and_Western_European_domes" title="History of medieval Arabic and Western European domes">Domes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hastilude" title="Hastilude">Hastilude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_household" title="Medieval household">Household</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_hunting" title="Medieval hunting">Hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages_in_popular_culture" title="Middle Ages in popular culture">In popular culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itinerant_court" title="Itinerant court">Itinerant court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_literature" title="Medieval literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_medicine_of_Western_Europe" title="Medieval medicine of Western Europe">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minstrel" title="Minstrel">Minstrel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_music" title="Medieval music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_philosophy" title="Medieval philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_poetry" title="Medieval poetry">Poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_science_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="European science in the Middle Ages">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_medieval_Europe" title="Slavery in medieval Europe">Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_technology" title="Medieval technology">Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_theatre" title="Medieval theatre">Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_warfare" title="Medieval warfare">Warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Women in the Middle Ages">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dark_Ages_(historiography)" title="Dark Ages (historiography)">Dark Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Disability in the Middle Ages">Disability in the Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_Middle_Ages" title="Outline of the Middle Ages">Basic topics list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_medieval_land_terms" title="List of medieval land terms">Land terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medievalism" title="Medievalism">Medievalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_reenactment" title="Medieval reenactment">Medieval reenactment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_studies" title="Medieval studies">Medieval studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_common_misconceptions_about_the_Middle_Ages" title="List of common misconceptions about the Middle Ages">Misconceptions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-medievalism" title="Neo-medievalism">Neo-medievalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-classical_history" title="Post-classical history">Post-classical history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_post-classical_history" title="Timeline of post-classical history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Historiography in the Middle Ages">Historiography in the Middle Ages</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Middle_Ages" title="Portal:Middle Ages">Portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Middle_Ages" title="Category:Middle Ages">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Middle_Ages" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Middle Ages">WikiProject</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ukraine_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ukraine_topics" title="Template:Ukraine topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ukraine_topics" title="Template talk:Ukraine topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ukraine_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ukraine topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ukraine_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a> articles</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ukraine" title="History of Ukraine">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Chronology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scythians" title="Scythians">Scythians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarmatians" title="Sarmatians">Sarmatians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goths" title="Goths">Goths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Slavs" title="Early Slavs">Early Slavs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Slavs" title="East Slavs">East Slavs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuyaba" title="Kuyaba">Kuyaba</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kievan Rus'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Kiev" title="Principality of Kiev">Principality of Kiev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Kievan_Rus%27" title="Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus'">Mongol invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Galicia%E2%80%93Volhynia" title="Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia">Galicia–Volhynia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania" title="Grand Duchy of Lithuania">Grand Duchy of Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kiev_Voivodeship" title="Kiev Voivodeship">Kiev Voivodeship</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaporozhian_Cossacks" title="Zaporozhian Cossacks">Zaporozhian Cossacks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zaporozhian_Sich" title="Zaporozhian Sich">Sich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cossack_Hetmanate" title="Cossack Hetmanate">Hetmanate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pereiaslav_Agreement" title="Pereiaslav Agreement">Pereiaslav Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galicia_(Eastern_Europe)" title="Galicia (Eastern Europe)">Galicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_War_of_Independence" title="Ukrainian War of Independence">Revolution and War of Independence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_People%27s_Republic" title="Ukrainian People's Republic">Ukrainian People's Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_State" title="Ukrainian State">Ukrainian State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Ukrainian_People%27s_Republic" title="West Ukrainian People's Republic">West Ukrainian People's Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makhnovshchina" title="Makhnovshchina">Makhnovshchina</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reichskommissariat_Ukraine" title="Reichskommissariat Ukraine">Reichskommissariat Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_National_Committee" title="Ukrainian National Committee">Ukrainian National Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic">Ukrainian SSR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holodomor" title="Holodomor">Holodomor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Eastern Front (World War II)">Eastern Front (World War II)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacres_of_Poles_in_Volhynia_and_Eastern_Galicia" title="Massacres of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia">Volhynia massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chernobyl_disaster" title="Chernobyl disaster">Chernobyl disaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_Independence_of_Ukraine" title="Declaration of Independence of Ukraine">Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_Revolution" title="Orange Revolution">Orange Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euromaidan" title="Euromaidan">Euromaidan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Revolution_of_Dignity" title="Revolution of Dignity">Revolution of Dignity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="Russo-Ukrainian War">Russo-Ukrainian War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="Outline of the Russo-Ukrainian War">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_pro-Russian_unrest_in_Ukraine" title="2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine">2014 pro-Russian unrest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Crimea_by_the_Russian_Federation" title="Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation">Annexation of Crimea by Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Donbas" title="War in Donbas">War in Donbas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">2022 Russian invasion</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity_in_Ukraine" title="History of Christianity in Ukraine">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Ukraine" title="Economy of Ukraine">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_Ukraine" title="Armed Forces of Ukraine">Military</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Ukraine" title="Geography of Ukraine">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_parks_of_Ukraine" title="National parks of Ukraine">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Network_of_Biosphere_Reserves_in_Europe_and_North_America#Ukraine" title="World Network of Biosphere Reserves in Europe and North America">Biosphere reserves</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Natural_Wonders_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Seven Natural Wonders of Ukraine">Seven Natural Wonders of Ukraine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_nature_reserves_of_Ukraine" title="List of nature reserves of Ukraine">Nature reserves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Populated_places_in_Ukraine" title="Populated places in Ukraine">Populated places</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Ukraine" title="List of cities in Ukraine">Cities</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_longest_rivers_of_Ukraine" title="List of longest rivers of Ukraine">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_Ukraine" title="List of mountains in Ukraine">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_waterfalls_in_Ukraine" title="List of waterfalls in Ukraine">Waterfalls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Ukraine" title="List of islands of Ukraine">Islands and sandbars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Ukraine" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Ukraine">World Heritage Sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Ukraine" title="Wildlife of Ukraine">Wildlife</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Ukraine" title="Politics of Ukraine">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Ukraine" title="Administrative divisions of Ukraine">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Ukraine" title="Constitution of Ukraine">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Ukraine" title="Flag of Ukraine">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Ukraine" title="President of Ukraine">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verkhovna_Rada" title="Verkhovna Rada">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Ukraine" title="Government of Ukraine">Government</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Ukraine" title="Foreign relations of Ukraine">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_Ukraine" title="Armed Forces of Ukraine">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_parties_in_Ukraine" title="Political parties in Ukraine">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Ukraine" title="Elections in Ukraine">Elections</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Ukraine" title="Judiciary of Ukraine">Judiciary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Ukraine" title="Law of Ukraine">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Internal_Affairs_(Ukraine)" title="Ministry of Internal Affairs (Ukraine)">Law enforcement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukraine%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Ukraine–European Union relations">Ukraine–European Union relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukraine%E2%80%93NATO_relations" title="Ukraine–NATO relations">Ukraine–NATO relations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Ukraine" title="Economy of Ukraine">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_hryvnia" title="Ukrainian hryvnia"><i>Hryvnia</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Ukraine" title="Banking in Ukraine">Banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stock_exchanges_in_Ukraine" title="Stock exchanges in Ukraine">Stock exchanges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Ukraine" title="Energy in Ukraine">Energy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electricity_in_Ukraine" title="Electricity in Ukraine">Electricity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Ukraine" title="Science and technology in Ukraine">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Ukraine" title="Telecommunications in Ukraine">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Ukraine" title="Tourism in Ukraine">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Ukraine" title="Transport in Ukraine">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Ukraine" title="Category:Society of Ukraine">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Ukraine" title="Education in Ukraine">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Ukraine" title="Corruption in Ukraine">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_inequality_in_Ukraine" title="Gender inequality in Ukraine">Gender inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Ukraine" title="Health in Ukraine">Health</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Ukraine" title="Abortion in Ukraine">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Ukraine" title="HIV/AIDS in Ukraine">HIV/AIDS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_swine_flu_pandemic" title="2009 swine flu pandemic">Swine flu pandemic</a> (2009-10)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Ukraine" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Ukraine">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Ukraine" title="Crime in Ukraine">Crime</a> and <a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_Ukraine" title="Suicide in Ukraine">suicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Ukraine" title="Human rights in Ukraine">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press_in_Ukraine" title="Freedom of the press in Ukraine">Freedom of the press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Ukraine">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Ukraine" title="Human trafficking in Ukraine">Human trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Ukraine" title="Languages of Ukraine">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minorities_in_Ukraine" title="Minorities in Ukraine">Minorities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Ukraine" title="Prostitution in Ukraine">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Ukraine" title="Religion in Ukraine">Religion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Ukraine" title="Culture of Ukraine">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ukrainian_animation" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Ukrainian animation">Animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_architecture" title="Ukrainian architecture">Architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Kievan_Rus%27" title="Architecture of Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_baroque" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrainian baroque">Baroque</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arts_of_Ukraine" title="Arts of Ukraine">Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Ukraine" title="Cinema of Ukraine">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_cuisine" title="Ukrainian cuisine">Cuisine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_wine" title="Ukrainian wine">Wine</a></li></ul></li> <li>Cultural icons <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bandura" title="Bandura">Bandura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borscht" title="Borscht">Borscht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_fairy_tale" title="Ukrainian fairy tale">Kazka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kobzar" title="Kobzar">Kobzar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pysanka" class="mw-redirect" title="Pysanka">Pysanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rushnyk" title="Rushnyk">Rushnyk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyshyvanka" title="Vyshyvanka">Vyshyvanka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_dance" title="Ukrainian dance">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_folklore" title="Ukrainian folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Ukraine" title="Public holidays in Ukraine">Holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intangible_Cultural_Heritage_of_Ukraine" title="Intangible Cultural Heritage of Ukraine">Intangible Cultural Heritage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_literature" title="Ukrainian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Ukraine" title="Mass media in Ukraine">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Ukraine" title="Music of Ukraine">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opera_in_Ukraine" title="Opera in Ukraine">Opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Ukraine" title="Sport in Ukraine">Sport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Ukraine" title="Demographics of Ukraine">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainians" title="Ukrainians">Ukrainian people</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rus%27_people" title="Rus' people">Rus' people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruthenians" title="Ruthenians">Ruthenians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_diaspora" title="Ukrainian diaspora">Diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_refugee_crisis_(2022%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrainian refugee crisis (2022–present)">Refugees</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Immigration to Ukraine">Immigration to Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censuses_in_Ukraine" title="Censuses in Ukraine">Censuses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Ukraine" title="Women in Ukraine">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Ukraine" title="Outline of Ukraine">Outline</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ukraine" title="Category:Ukraine">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Ukraine" title="Portal:Ukraine">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Russia_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Russia_topics" title="Template:Russia topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Russia_topics" title="Template talk:Russia topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Russia_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Russia topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Russia_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> articles</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Russia" title="History of Russia">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Russian_history" title="Timeline of Russian history">Timeline</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Europeans" title="Proto-Indo-Europeans">Proto-Indo-Europeans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scythians" title="Scythians">Scythians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarmatians" title="Sarmatians">Sarmatians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Slavs" title="Early Slavs">Early Slavs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Slavs" title="East Slavs">East Slavs</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kievan Rus'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Kievan_Rus%27" title="Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus'">Mongol invasion</a></li> <li>Feudal Rus' <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Novgorod_Republic" title="Novgorod Republic">Novgorod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir-Suzdal" title="Vladimir-Suzdal">Vladimir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Moscow" title="Principality of Moscow">Moscow</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expansion_of_Russia_(1500%E2%80%931800)" title="Expansion of Russia (1500–1800)">Expansion (1500–1800)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsardom_of_Russia" title="Tsardom of Russia">Tsardom of Russia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Army_of_the_Tsardom_of_Russia" title="Army of the Tsardom of Russia">Army</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_Revolution" title="February Revolution">February Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Republic" title="Russian Republic">Russian Republic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">October Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Civil war</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian state">Russian state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Russian SFSR</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Eastern Front (World War II)">Great Patriotic War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">Dissolution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Russia_(1991%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Russia (1991–present)">Russian Federation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Union_State" title="Union State">Union State</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_the_Russian_Federation" title="Economic history of the Russian Federation">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Russian_journalism" title="History of Russian journalism">Journalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Russia" title="History of the Jews in Russia">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Internet_in_Russia" title="History of the Internet in Russia">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicial_system_of_the_Russian_Empire" title="Judicial system of the Russian Empire">Judicial system of the Russian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT history in Russia">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Russia" title="Military history of Russia">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Russia" title="Outline of Russia">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Russia" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Russia">Postal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_city_of_Russia" title="Historical city of Russia">Historical cities</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Russia" title="Geography of Russia">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Borders_of_Russia" title="Borders of Russia">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Russia" title="List of cities and towns in Russia">Cities and towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Russia" title="Climate of Russia">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Russia" title="List of earthquakes in Russia">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environment_of_Russia" title="Environment of Russia">Environment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Russia" title="Environmental issues in Russia">Environmental issues</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_points_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Extreme points of Russia">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Russia" title="European Russia">European Russia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Russian_Upland" title="Central Russian Upland">Central Russian Upland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Russia" title="Northwest Russia">Northwest Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meshchera_Lowlands" title="Meshchera Lowlands">Meshchera Lowlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oka%E2%80%93Don_Lowland" title="Oka–Don Lowland">Oka–Don Lowland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smolensk_Upland" title="Smolensk Upland">Smolensk Upland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fjords_of_Russia" title="List of fjords of Russia">Fjords</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Russia" title="Geology of Russia">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_glaciers_in_Russia" title="List of glaciers in Russia">Glaciers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Russian_Regions" title="Great Russian Regions">Great Russian Regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_highest_points_of_Russian_federal_subjects" title="List of highest points of Russian federal subjects">Highest points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Russia" title="List of islands of Russia">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Russia" title="List of lakes of Russia">Lakes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian Sea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of mountains of Russia">Mountains</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caucasus_Mountains" title="Caucasus Mountains">Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ural_Mountains" title="Ural Mountains">Urals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_Russia" title="List of volcanoes in Russia">Volcanoes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Asia" title="North Asia">North Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Siberian_Plain" title="West Siberian Plain">West Siberian Plain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Far_East" title="Russian Far East">Russian Far East</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Caucasus" title="North Caucasus">North Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Russia" title="List of rivers of Russia">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_Russia" title="Protected areas of Russia">Protected areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Russia" title="Wildlife of Russia">Wildlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far_North_(Russia)" title="Far North (Russia)">Far North</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Russia" title="Politics of Russia">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Russia" title="Anarchism in Russia">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Russia" title="Capital punishment in Russia">Capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Service_of_the_Russian_Federation" title="Civil Service of the Russian Federation">Civil Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classified_information_in_Russia" title="Classified information in Russia">Classified information</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Russia" title="Conscription in Russia">Conscription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Russia" title="Constitution of Russia">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminal_Code_of_Russia" title="Criminal Code of Russia">Criminal code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Russia" title="Elections in Russia">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far-right_politics_in_Russia" title="Far-right politics in Russia">Far-right politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_budget_of_Russia" title="Federal budget of Russia">Federal budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Russia" title="Foreign relations of Russia">Foreign relations</a> (<a href="/wiki/Foreign_Relations_of_Russia_since_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign Relations of Russia since the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Foreign Relations of Russia since the Russian invasion of Ukraine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_assembly_in_Russia" title="Freedom of assembly in Russia">Freedom of assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Russia" title="Government of Russia">Government</a> (<a href="/wiki/Apparatus_of_the_Government_of_Russia" title="Apparatus of the Government of Russia">Apparatus</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Russia" title="Judiciary of Russia">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Russia" title="Law of Russia">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Russia" title="Law enforcement in Russia">Law enforcement</a> (<a href="/wiki/Prisons_in_Russia" title="Prisons in Russia">Prisons</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_abuse_of_psychiatry_in_Russia" title="Political abuse of psychiatry in Russia">Political abuse of psychiatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_divisions_of_Russia" title="Political divisions of Russia">Political divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_in_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Propaganda in Russia">Propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Russia" title="Liberalism in Russia">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Russia" title="Conservatism in Russia">Conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_imperialism" title="Russian imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_irredentism" title="Russian irredentism">Irredentism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_nationalism" title="Russian nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martial_law_in_Russia" title="Martial law in Russia">Martial law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism_in_Russia" title="Monarchism in Russia">Monarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_freedom_in_Russia" title="Media freedom in Russia">Media freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Nazism_in_Russia" title="Neo-Nazism in Russia">Neo-Nazism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Armed_Forces" title="Russian Armed Forces">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligence_agencies_of_Russia" title="Intelligence agencies of Russia">Intelligence agencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_opposition" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian opposition">Opposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_parties_in_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Political parties in Russia">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Russia" title="President of Russia">President of Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Russia" title="Prime Minister of Russia">Prime Minister of Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States" title="Commonwealth of Independent States">Commonwealth of Independent States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_Security_Treaty_Organization" title="Collective Security Treaty Organization">Collective Security Treaty Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_emergency_in_Russia" title="State of emergency in Russia">State of emergency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_defense_in_Russia" title="Civil defense in Russia">Civil defense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Search_and_rescue_in_Russia" title="Search and rescue in Russia">Search and rescue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_planning_in_Russia" title="Urban planning in Russia">Urban planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_surveillance_in_Russia" title="Mass surveillance in Russia">Mass surveillance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separatism_in_Russia" title="Separatism in Russia">Separatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Term_limits_in_Russia" title="Term limits in Russia">Term limits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_Russia" title="Terrorism in Russia">Terrorism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Russia" title="Economy of Russia">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Russia" title="Agriculture in Russia">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_industry_of_Russia" title="Aircraft industry of Russia">Aircraft industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Russia" title="Banking in Russia">Banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Droughts_and_famines_in_Russia_and_the_Soviet_Union" title="Droughts and famines in Russia and the Soviet Union">Droughts and famines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Russia" title="Automotive industry in Russia">Car industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Russia" title="Central Bank of Russia">Central Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defense_industry_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Defense industry of Russia">Defence industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_regions_of_Russia" title="Economic regions of Russia">Economic regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Russia" title="Energy in Russia">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_industry_in_Russia" title="Fishing industry in Russia">Fishing industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_in_Russia" title="Forestry in Russia">Forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Financial_districts_in_Russia" title="Category:Financial districts in Russia">Financial districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambling_in_Russia" title="Gambling in Russia">Gambling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_Russia" title="Homelessness in Russia">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_industry_of_Russia" title="Mining industry of Russia">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_industry_in_Russia" title="Petroleum industry in Russia">Petroleum industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postal_codes_in_Russia" title="Postal codes in Russia">Postal codes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_oligarchs" title="Russian oligarchs">Russian oligarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_ruble" title="Russian ruble">Ruble <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Russia" title="Science and technology in Russia">Science and technology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Russian Academy of Sciences">Academy of Sciences</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shipbuilding_in_Russia" title="Shipbuilding in Russia">Shipbuilding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_security_system_in_Russia" title="Social security system in Russia">Social security system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_industry_of_Russia" title="Space industry of Russia">Space industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Russia" title="Taxation in Russia">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Russia" title="Telecommunications in Russia">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Russia" title="Tourism in Russia">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_trade_unions_in_Russia" title="List of trade unions in Russia">Trade unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Russia" title="Transport in Russia">Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_in_Russia" title="Waste management in Russia">Waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Russia" title="Water supply and sanitation in Russia">Water supply and sanitation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Russia" title="Category:Society of Russia">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Russia" title="Abortion in Russia">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_in_Russia" title="Alcohol in Russia">Alcohol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-American_sentiment_in_Russia" title="Anti-American sentiment in Russia">Anti-American sentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Russia" title="Cannabis in Russia">Cannabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_the_Russian_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="Censorship in the Russian Federation">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizenship_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Citizenship of Russia">Citizens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Russia" title="Corruption in Russia">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Russia" title="Crime in Russia">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deafness_in_Russia" title="Deafness in Russia">Deafness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Russia" title="Demographics of Russia">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence_in_Russia" title="Domestic violence in Russia">Domestic violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doping_in_Russia" title="Doping in Russia">Doping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Russia" title="Education in Russia">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Russia" title="Ethnic groups in Russia">Ethnic groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Russia" title="Feminism in Russia">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_public_apologies_in_Russia" title="Forced public apologies in Russia">Forced public apologies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funerals_in_Russia" title="Funerals in Russia">Funerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_control_in_Russia" title="Gun control in Russia">Gun control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Russia" title="Health in Russia">Health</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Russia" title="Healthcare in Russia">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Russia" title="HIV/AIDS in Russia">HIV/AIDS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_health_in_Russia" title="Mental health in Russia">Mental health</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Russia" title="Human rights in Russia">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_Russia" title="LGBTQ rights in Russia">LGBTQ</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Russia" title="Immigration to Russia">Immigration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigration_to_Russia" title="Illegal immigration to Russia">Illegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migrant_workers_in_Russia" title="Migrant workers in Russia">Labour</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Russia" title="Languages of Russia">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_subjects_of_Russia_by_life_expectancy" title="List of federal subjects of Russia by life expectancy">Life expectancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_access_in_Russia" title="Open access in Russia">Open access</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orphans_in_Russia" title="Orphans in Russia">Orphans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygamy_in_Russia" title="Polygamy in Russia">Polygamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Russia" title="Prostitution in Russia">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Russia" title="Racism in Russia">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Russia" title="Religion in Russia">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scouting_in_Russia" title="Scouting in Russia">Scouting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Russia" title="Slavery in Russia">Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_entrepreneurship_in_Russia" title="Social entrepreneurship in Russia">Social entrepreneurship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_in_Russia" title="Sociology in Russia">Sociology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_in_Russia" title="Smoking in Russia">Smoking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_Russia" title="Suicide in Russia">Suicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_wedding_traditions" title="Russian wedding traditions">Wedding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_trials_in_Russia" title="Witch trials in Russia">Witch trials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Russia" title="Women in Russia">Women</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_Russian_and_Soviet_military" title="Women in the Russian and Soviet military">in army</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Russia" title="Culture of Russia">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Russia" title="Architecture of Russia">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armorial_of_Russia" title="Armorial of Russia">Armorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Russian_Armed_Forces" title="Culture of the Russian Armed Forces">Army culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honorary_weapons_of_Russia" title="Honorary weapons of Russia">Honorary weapons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Russian_artists" title="List of Russian artists">Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_ballet" title="Russian ballet">Ballet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Russia" title="Cinema of Russia">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_cuisine" title="Russian cuisine">Cuisine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_wine" title="Russian wine">Wine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_fashion" title="Russian fashion">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_fairy_tale" title="Russian fairy tale">Fairy tales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_fashion" title="Russian fashion">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Festivals_in_Russia" title="Category:Festivals in Russia">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folklore_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Folklore of Russia">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_traditions_and_superstitions" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian traditions and superstitions">Traditions and superstitions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_forms_of_addressing" title="Russian forms of addressing">Forms of addressing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graffiti_in_Russia" title="Graffiti in Russia">Graffiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_heraldry" title="Russian heraldry">Heraldry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_Russia" title="Internet in Russia">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Russian_innovation" title="Timeline of Russian innovation">Inventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_literature" title="Russian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_martial_arts" title="Russian martial arts">Martial arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Russia" title="Mass media in Russia">Mass media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Russia" title="Music of Russia">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_Rus%CA%B9,_Russia_and_Ruthenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Names of Rusʹ, Russia and Ruthenia">Names of Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_given_name" title="Russian given name">Russian given name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_nobility" title="Russian nobility">Nobility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Russia" title="National symbols of Russia">National symbols</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_anthem_of_Russia" title="National anthem of Russia">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Russia" title="Coat of arms of Russia">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Russia" title="Flag of Russia">Flag</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regalia_of_the_Russian_tsars" title="Regalia of the Russian tsars">Russian tsars regalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_opera" title="Russian opera">Opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personification_of_Russia" title="Personification of Russia">Personification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_playing_cards" title="Russian playing cards">Playing cards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Russian_philosophers" title="List of Russian philosophers">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_political_jokes" title="Russian political jokes">Political jokes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Russia" title="Public holidays in Russia">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_tea_culture" title="Russian tea culture">tea culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Russia" title="Television in Russia">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Wonders_of_Russia" title="Seven Wonders of Russia">Seven Wonders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Russia" title="Sport in Russia">Sports</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unified_Sports_Classification_System_of_Russia" title="Unified Sports Classification System of Russia">Unified Sports Classification System</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Russia" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Russia">World Heritage sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Russia" title="Outline of Russia">Outline</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Russia" title="Category:Russia">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Russia" title="Portal:Russia">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Belarus_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Belarus_topics" title="Template:Belarus topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Belarus_topics" title="Template talk:Belarus topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Belarus_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Belarus topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Belarus_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Belarus-related_topics" title="List of Belarus-related topics">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Belarus" title="History of Belarus">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neuri" title="Neuri">Neuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Androphagi" title="Androphagi">Androphagi</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kievan Rus'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Polotsk" title="Principality of Polotsk">Principality of Polotsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Turov" title="Principality of Turov">Principality of Turov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania" title="Grand Duchy of Lithuania">Grand Duchy of Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_history_in_the_Russian_Empire" title="Belarusian history in the Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russification_of_Belarus" title="Russification of Belarus">Russification</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Democratic_Republic" title="Belarusian Democratic Republic">Belarusian Democratic Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byelorussian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic">Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Belorussia" title="Western Belorussia">Western Belorussia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_annexation_of_Western_Belorussia" title="Soviet annexation of Western Belorussia">Annexation of Western Belarus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Belarus#Republic_of_Belarus" title="History of Belarus">Republic of Belarus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Belarus" title="Geography of Belarus">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_largest_towns_in_Belarus" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities and largest towns in Belarus">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extreme_points_of_Belarus" title="List of extreme points of Belarus">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Belarus" title="Geology of Belarus">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_Belarus" title="Protected areas of Belarus">Protected areas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_Network_of_Biosphere_Reserves_in_Europe_and_North_America#Belarus" title="World Network of Biosphere Reserves in Europe and North America">Biosphere Reserves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_Belarus" title="List of national parks of Belarus">National parks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Belarus" title="List of rivers of Belarus">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swamps_of_Belarus" title="Swamps of Belarus">Swamps</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Belarus" title="Politics of Belarus">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Belarus" title="Regions of Belarus">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Belarus" title="Censorship in Belarus">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Belarus" title="Constitution of Belarus">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Belarus" title="Elections in Belarus">Elections</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Election_Commission_of_Belarus" title="Central Election Commission of Belarus">Central Election Commission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Belarus" title="Foreign relations of Belarus">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Belarus" title="Government of Belarus">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Belarus" title="Human rights in Belarus">Human rights</a> (<a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Belarus" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Belarus">LGBT</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Belarus" title="Law enforcement in Belarus">Law enforcement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_Security_Committee_of_the_Republic_of_Belarus" title="State Security Committee of the Republic of Belarus">State Security Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Internal_Affairs_(Belarus)" title="Ministry of Internal Affairs (Belarus)">Ministry of Internal Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internal_Troops_of_Belarus" title="Internal Troops of Belarus">Internal Troops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Militsiya_(Belarus)" title="Militsiya (Belarus)">Militsiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_Security_Service_(Belarus)" title="Presidential Security Service (Belarus)">Presidential Security Service</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_Belarus" title="Armed Forces of Belarus">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_the_Republic_of_Belarus" title="National Assembly of the Republic of Belarus">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Belarus" title="List of political parties in Belarus">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Belarus" title="President of Belarus">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Belarus" title="Prime Minister of Belarus">Prime Minister</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Belarus" title="List of prime ministers of Belarus">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_State" title="Union State">Union State of Russia and Belarus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Belarus" title="Economy of Belarus">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Belarus" title="Agriculture in Belarus">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_banks_in_Belarus" title="List of banks in Belarus">Banking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Bank_of_the_Republic_of_Belarus" title="National Bank of the Republic of Belarus">Central bank</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_ruble" title="Belarusian ruble">Ruble <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Belarus" title="Telecommunications in Belarus">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Belarus" title="Energy in Belarus">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industry_of_Belarus" title="Industry of Belarus">Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_and_organizations_sanctioned_in_relation_to_human_rights_violations_in_Belarus" title="List of people and organizations sanctioned in relation to human rights violations in Belarus">International sanctions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Currency_and_Stock_Exchange" title="Belarusian Currency and Stock Exchange">Stock exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Belarus" title="Transport in Belarus">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Belarus" title="Category:Society of Belarus">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Belarus" title="Demographics of Belarus">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusians" title="Belarusians">Belarusians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Belarus" title="Education in Belarus">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Belarus" title="Healthcare in Belarus">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_language" title="Belarusian language">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Belarus" title="Religion in Belarus">Religion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Belarus" title="Culture of Belarus">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orders,_decorations,_and_medals_of_Belarus" title="Orders, decorations, and medals of Belarus">Awards and decorations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_name" title="Belarusian name">Belarusian names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_cuisine" title="Belarusian cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_folk_dance" title="Belarusian folk dance">Folk dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Belarus" title="Languages of Belarus">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_literature" title="Belarusian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Belarus" title="Music of Belarus">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Belarus" title="Cinema of Belarus">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Belarus" title="Mass media in Belarus">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Belarus" title="National symbols of Belarus">National symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Belarus" title="Public holidays in Belarus">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Belarus" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Belarus">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Belarus" title="Outline of Belarus">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Belarus-related_topics" title="List of Belarus-related topics">Index</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Belarusian_history" title="Bibliography of Belarusian history">Bibliography</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Belarus" title="Category:Belarus">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Belarus" title="Portal:Belarus">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_Europe" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Europe" title="Template:History of Europe"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Europe" title="Template talk:History of Europe"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Europe" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Europe"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_Europe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Europe" title="History of Europe">History of Europe</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Europe" title="Prehistoric Europe">Prehistory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paleolithic_Europe" title="Paleolithic Europe">Paleolithic Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Europe" title="Neolithic Europe">Neolithic Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_Europe" title="Bronze Age Europe">Bronze Age Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Age_Europe" title="Iron Age Europe">Iron Age Europe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">Classical antiquity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Greece" title="Classical Greece">Classical Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_late_antiquity" title="Christianity in late antiquity">Christianity in late antiquity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crisis_of_the_Third_Century" title="Crisis of the Third Century">Crisis of the Third Century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Western_Roman_Empire" title="Fall of the Western Roman Empire">Fall of the Western Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_antiquity" title="Late antiquity">Late antiquity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages" title="Early Middle Ages">Early Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migration_Period" title="Migration Period">Migration Period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Christianity in the Middle Ages">Christianity in the Middle Ages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianization" title="Christianization">Christianization</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francia" title="Francia">Francia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Anglo-Saxon_England" title="History of Anglo-Saxon England">Anglo-Saxon England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></li> <li>Bulgarian Empire <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Bulgarian_Empire" title="First Bulgarian Empire">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Bulgarian_Empire" title="Second Bulgarian Empire">Second</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_republics" title="Maritime republics">Maritime republics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Venice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Genoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Pisa" title="Republic of Pisa">Pisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Amalfi" title="Duchy of Amalfi">Amalfi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_Age" title="Viking Age">Viking Age</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kievan Rus'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Aragon" title="Crown of Aragon">Crown of Aragon</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aragon" title="Kingdom of Aragon">Aragon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Catalonia" title="Principality of Catalonia">Catalonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Valencia" title="Kingdom of Valencia">Valencia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Majorca" title="Kingdom of Majorca">Majorca</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Middle_Ages" title="High Middle Ages">High Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Florence" title="Republic of Florence">Republic of Florence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">Feudalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Europe" title="Mongol invasion of Europe">Mongol invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Empire" title="Serbian Empire">Serbian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_Middle_Ages" title="Late Middle Ages">Late Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Death" title="Black Death">Black Death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hundred_Years%27_War" title="Hundred Years' War">Hundred Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalmar_Union" title="Kalmar Union">Kalmar Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modern_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern period">Modern period</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_Europe" title="Early modern Europe">Early modern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_modern_era" title="Christianity in the modern era">Christianity in the modern era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Discovery" title="Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baroque" title="Baroque">Baroque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany" title="Grand Duchy of Tuscany">Grand Duchy of Tuscany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">Absolute monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Early modern France">Early modern France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cossack_Hetmanate" title="Cossack Hetmanate">Cossack Hetmanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Empire" title="Swedish Empire">Swedish Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">Dutch Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habsburg_monarchy" title="Habsburg monarchy">Habsburg monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Divergence" title="Great Divergence">Great Divergence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rise_of_nationalism_in_Europe" title="Rise of nationalism in Europe">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848" title="Revolutions of 1848">Revolutions of 1848</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interwar_period" title="Interwar period">Interwar period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_integration" title="European integration">European integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_debt_crisis" title="European debt crisis">European debt crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Europe">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russian invasion of Ukraine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Europe" title="Art of Europe">Art of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_European_history" title="Bibliography of European history">Bibliography of European history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_Europe" title="Genetic history of Europe">Genetic history of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity" title="History of Christianity">History of Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Mediterranean_region" title="History of the Mediterranean region">History of the Mediterranean region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_European_Union" title="History of the European Union">History of the European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Western_civilization" title="History of Western civilization">History of Western civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_history_of_Europe" title="Maritime history of Europe">Maritime history of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Europe" title="Military history of Europe">Military history of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusading_movement" title="Crusading movement">Crusading movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1108445#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1108445#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1108445#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12357159m">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12357159m">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Kyjevská Rus"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge129725&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810643699805606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007565229205171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages\K\Y\KyivanRushDA">Internet Encyclopedia of Ukraine</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p><span class="geo-inline-hidden noexcerpt"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kievan_Rus%27&params=50.450_N_30.525_E_type:country"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">50°27′00″N</span> <span class="longitude">30°31′30″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">50.450°N 30.525°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">50.450; 30.525</span></span></span></a></span></span> </p>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kievan_Rus%27&oldid=1256349211">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kievan_Rus%27&oldid=1256349211</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a 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