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subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Design_and_construction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Flight_deck_arrangements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flight_deck_arrangements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Flight deck arrangements</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flight_deck_arrangements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Armament_and_armor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Armament_and_armor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Armament and armor</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Armament_and_armor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Propulsion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Propulsion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Propulsion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Propulsion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_service_and_development_of_carrier_doctrine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_service_and_development_of_carrier_doctrine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Early service and development of carrier doctrine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_service_and_development_of_carrier_doctrine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reconstruction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reconstruction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Reconstruction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reconstruction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sino-Japanese_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sino-Japanese_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Sino-Japanese War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sino-Japanese_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_War_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>World War II</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-World_War_II-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle World War II subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-World_War_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pearl_Harbor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pearl_Harbor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Pearl Harbor</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pearl_Harbor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pacific_conquest" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pacific_conquest"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Pacific conquest</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pacific_conquest-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Battle_of_Midway" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battle_of_Midway"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Battle of Midway</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Battle_of_Midway-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Midway_raid" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Midway_raid"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.1</span> <span>Midway raid</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Midway_raid-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sinking" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sinking"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.2</span> <span>Sinking</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sinking-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wreck_survey" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wreck_survey"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Wreck survey</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wreck_survey-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Footnotes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Japanese aircraft carrier <i>Kaga</i></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 28 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-28" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">28 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%84%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%A7" title="حاملة الطائرات اليابانية كاجا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حاملة الطائرات اليابانية كاجا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0_(%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1,_1921)" title="Кага (линеен кораб, 1921) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Кага (линеен кораб, 1921)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portaavions_Kaga" title="Portaavions Kaga – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Portaavions Kaga" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaga_(1921)" title="Kaga (1921) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kaga (1921)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaga_(Schiff,_1928)" title="Kaga (Schiff, 1928) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kaga (Schiff, 1928)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaga_(1929)" title="Kaga (1929) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Kaga (1929)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaga" title="Kaga – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Kaga" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%88_%D9%87%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%BE%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B1_%DA%A9%D8%A7%DA%AF%D8%A7" title="ناو هواپیمابر کاگا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ناو هواپیمابر کاگا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaga_(porte-avions)" title="Kaga (porte-avions) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Kaga (porte-avions)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B0%80%EA%B0%80_(%ED%95%AD%EA%B3%B5%EB%AA%A8%ED%95%A8)" title="가가 (항공모함) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="가가 (항공모함)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapal_induk_Jepang_Kaga" title="Kapal induk Jepang Kaga – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kapal induk Jepang Kaga" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaga_(portaerei)" title="Kaga (portaerei) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Kaga (portaerei)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%90%D7%92%D7%94" title="קאגה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קאגה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaga_(rep%C3%BCl%C5%91g%C3%A9p-hordoz%C3%B3)" title="Kaga (repülőgép-hordozó) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kaga (repülőgép-hordozó)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaga_(schip,_1928)" title="Kaga (schip, 1928) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Kaga (schip, 1928)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E8%B3%80_(%E7%A9%BA%E6%AF%8D)" title="加賀 (空母) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="加賀 (空母)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaga_(1921)" title="Kaga (1921) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kaga (1921)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaga_(porta-avi%C3%B5es)" title="Kaga (porta-aviões) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Kaga (porta-aviões)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0_(%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%86)" title="Кага (авианосец) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Кага (авианосец)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaga" title="Kaga – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Kaga" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%88%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%87_%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Јапански носач авиона Кага – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Јапански носач авиона Кага" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaga_(laiva)" title="Kaga (laiva) – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kaga (laiva)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaga_(hangarfartyg)" title="Kaga (hangarfartyg) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kaga (hangarfartyg)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B7%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%B0" title="เรือบรรทุกเครื่องบินคางะ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เรือบรรทุกเครื่องบินคางะ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaga_(u%C3%A7ak_gemisi)" title="Kaga (uçak gemisi) – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kaga (uçak gemisi)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D2%91%D0%B0_(%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%86%D1%8C)" title="Каґа (авіаносець) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Каґа (авіаносець)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaga_(t%C3%A0u_s%C3%A2n_bay_Nh%E1%BA%ADt)" title="Kaga (tàu sân bay Nhật) – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Kaga (tàu sân bay Nhật)" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a 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href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Japanese_aircraft_carrier_Kaga&params=30_23_N_179_17_W_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">30°23′N</span> <span class="longitude">179°17′W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">30.383°N 179.283°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">30.383; -179.283</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-featured-star" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Featured_articles*" title="This is a featured article. Click here for more information."><img alt="Featured article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/20px-Cscr-featured.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/30px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/40px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="443" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Aircraft carrier of the Imperial Japanese Navy</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other ships with the same name, see <a href="/wiki/Japanese_ship_Kaga" title="Japanese ship Kaga">Japanese ship Kaga</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <table class="infobox" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;line-height:1.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Japanese_Navy_Aircraft_Carrier_Kaga.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Japanese_Navy_Aircraft_Carrier_Kaga.jpg/300px-Japanese_Navy_Aircraft_Carrier_Kaga.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Japanese_Navy_Aircraft_Carrier_Kaga.jpg/450px-Japanese_Navy_Aircraft_Carrier_Kaga.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Japanese_Navy_Aircraft_Carrier_Kaga.jpg/600px-Japanese_Navy_Aircraft_Carrier_Kaga.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2424" data-file-height="1310" /></a></span><div><i>Kaga</i> after her modernization, with her distinctive downward-facing <a href="/wiki/Funnel_(ship)" title="Funnel (ship)">funnel</a></div> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Class overview</th></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">Operators</td><td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Naval_ensign_of_the_Empire_of_Japan.svg/23px-Naval_ensign_of_the_Empire_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Naval_ensign_of_the_Empire_of_Japan.svg/35px-Naval_ensign_of_the_Empire_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Naval_ensign_of_the_Empire_of_Japan.svg/46px-Naval_ensign_of_the_Empire_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy" title="Imperial Japanese Navy">Imperial Japanese Navy</a></td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">Preceded by</td><td><a href="/wiki/Japanese_aircraft_carrier_Akagi" title="Japanese aircraft carrier Akagi"><i>Akagi</i></a></td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">Succeeded by</td><td><a href="/wiki/Japanese_aircraft_carrier_Ry%C5%ABj%C5%8D" title="Japanese aircraft carrier Ryūjō"><i>Ryūjō</i></a></td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">Built</td><td>1920–1928</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">In service</td><td>1928–1942</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">In commission</td><td>1928–1942</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">Completed</td><td>1</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">Lost</td><td>1</td></tr> <tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">History</th></tr> <tr><th height="30" colspan="2" style="background-color:#B0C4DE;color:inherit;text-align:left;padding-left:2px;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;"><span class="flagicon"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Naval_ensign_of_the_Empire_of_Japan.svg/42px-Naval_ensign_of_the_Empire_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Naval_ensign_of_the_Empire_of_Japan.svg/63px-Naval_ensign_of_the_Empire_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Naval_ensign_of_the_Empire_of_Japan.svg/84px-Naval_ensign_of_the_Empire_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span style="padding-left:1em"><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Japan</a></span></th></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">Name</td><td><i>Kaga</i></td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">Namesake</td><td><a href="/wiki/Kaga_Province" title="Kaga Province">Kaga Province</a></td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">Builder</td><td><a href="/wiki/Kawasaki_Heavy_Industries" title="Kawasaki Heavy Industries">Kawasaki</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yokosuka_Naval_Arsenal" title="Yokosuka Naval Arsenal">Yokosuka Naval Arsenal</a></td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">Cost</td><td><a href="/wiki/Japanese_yen" title="Japanese yen">¥</a>53 million (<a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">$</a>36.45 million)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">Laid down</td><td>19 July 1920</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">Launched</td><td>17 November 1921</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">Completed</td><td>31 March 1928</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">Commissioned</td><td>30 November 1929</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">Reclassified</td><td>21 November 1923 as an aircraft carrier</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">Refit</td><td>20 October 1933 – 25 June 1935</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">Stricken</td><td>10 August 1942</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">Fate</td><td>Sunk by <a href="/wiki/Dive_bombers" class="mw-redirect" title="Dive bombers">dive bombers</a> from the <a href="/wiki/USS_Enterprise_(CV-6)" title="USS Enterprise (CV-6)">USS <i>Enterprise</i></a> during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Midway" title="Battle of Midway">Battle of Midway</a>, 4 June 1942</td></tr> <tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">General characteristics (after 1935 modernization)</th></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">Type</td><td><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_carrier" title="Aircraft carrier">Aircraft carrier</a></td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">Displacement</td><td>38,200 <a href="/wiki/Long_ton" title="Long ton">long tons</a> (38,813 <a href="/wiki/Tonne" title="Tonne">t</a>) (<a href="/wiki/Displacement_(ship)#Standard_displacement" title="Displacement (ship)">standard</a>)</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">Length</td><td>247.65 m (812 ft 6 in)</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">Beam</td><td>32.5 m (106 ft 8 in)</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">Draft</td><td>9.48 m (31 ft 1 in)</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">Installed power</td><td><ul style="list-style:none; margin:0;"> <li style="padding-left: .4em; text-indent: -.4em;">8 Kampon <a href="/wiki/Water-tube_boiler" title="Water-tube boiler">water-tube boilers</a></li> <li style="padding-left: .4em; text-indent: -.4em;">127,400 <a href="/wiki/Horsepower#Shaft_horsepower" title="Horsepower">shp</a> (95,000 <a href="/wiki/Kilowatt" class="mw-redirect" title="Kilowatt">kW</a>)</li> </ul></td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">Propulsion</td><td>4 shafts; 4 geared <a href="/wiki/Steam_turbine" title="Steam turbine">steam turbines</a></td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">Speed</td><td>28 <a href="/wiki/Knot_(unit)" title="Knot (unit)">knots</a> (52 km/h; 32 mph)</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">Endurance</td><td>10,000 <a href="/wiki/Nautical_mile" title="Nautical mile">nmi</a> (19,000 km; 12,000 mi) at 15 knots (28 km/h; 17 mph)</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">Complement</td><td>1,708 (after reconstruction)</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">Armament</td><td><ul style="list-style:none; margin:0;"> <li style="padding-left: .4em; text-indent: -.4em;">10 × single <a href="/wiki/20_cm/50_3rd_Year_Type_naval_gun" title="20 cm/50 3rd Year Type naval gun">200 mm (7.9 in) guns</a></li> <li style="padding-left: .4em; text-indent: -.4em;">8 × twin <a href="/wiki/12.7_cm/40_Type_89_naval_gun" title="12.7 cm/40 Type 89 naval gun">127 mm (5 in)</a> <a href="/wiki/DP_gun" class="mw-redirect" title="DP gun">DP guns</a></li> <li style="padding-left: .4em; text-indent: -.4em;">11 × twin <a href="/wiki/Type_96_25_mm_AT/AA_Gun" class="mw-redirect" title="Type 96 25 mm AT/AA Gun">Type 96 25 mm (1 in)</a> <a href="/wiki/AA_gun" class="mw-redirect" title="AA gun">AA guns</a></li> </ul></td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">Armor</td><td><ul style="list-style:none; margin:0;"> <li style="padding-left: .4em; text-indent: -.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Belt_armor" title="Belt armor">Belt</a>: 152 mm (6 in)</li> <li style="padding-left: .4em; text-indent: -.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Deck_(ship)" title="Deck (ship)">Deck</a>: 38 mm (1.5 in)</li> </ul></td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">Aircraft carried</td><td><ul style="list-style:none; margin:0;"> <li style="padding-left: .4em; text-indent: -.4em;">90 (total); 72 (+ 18 in storage) (1936)</li> <li style="padding-left: .4em; text-indent: -.4em;">21 <a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_A6M_Zero" title="Mitsubishi A6M Zero">Mitsubishi A6M Zero</a>,</li> <li style="padding-left: .4em; text-indent: -.4em;">27 <a href="/wiki/Aichi_D3A" title="Aichi D3A">Aichi D3A</a>,</li> <li style="padding-left: .4em; text-indent: -.4em;">27 <a href="/wiki/Nakajima_B5N" title="Nakajima B5N">Nakajima B5N</a> (7 Dec 1941)</li> </ul></td></tr> </tbody></table> <p><i><b>Kaga</b></i><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a>: <span lang="ja">加賀</span>, named after the ancient <a href="/wiki/Kaga_Province" title="Kaga Province">Kaga Province</a>)</span> was an <a href="/wiki/Aircraft_carrier" title="Aircraft carrier">aircraft carrier</a> built for the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy" title="Imperial Japanese Navy">Imperial Japanese Navy</a> (IJN). Originally intended to be one of two <a href="/wiki/Tosa-class_battleship" title="Tosa-class battleship"><i>Tosa</i>-class</a> battleships, <i>Kaga</i> was converted under the terms of the <a href="/wiki/Washington_Naval_Treaty" title="Washington Naval Treaty">Washington Naval Treaty</a> to an aircraft carrier as the replacement for the battlecruiser <a href="/wiki/Amagi-class_battlecruiser" title="Amagi-class battlecruiser"><i>Amagi</i></a>, which had been irreparably damaged during the <a href="/wiki/1923_Great_Kant%C5%8D_earthquake" title="1923 Great Kantō earthquake">1923 Great Kantō earthquake</a>. <i>Kaga</i> was rebuilt in 1933–1935, increasing her top speed, improving her exhaust systems, and adapting her flight decks to accommodate more modern, heavier aircraft. </p><p>The ship figured prominently in the development of the IJN's carrier striking force doctrine, which grouped carriers together to give greater mass and concentration to their air power. A revolutionary strategic concept at the time, the employment of the doctrine was crucial in enabling <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Japan</a> to attain its initial strategic goals during the first six months of the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_War" title="Pacific War">Pacific War</a>. </p><p><i>Kaga</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s aircraft first supported Japanese troops in <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">China</a> during the <a href="/wiki/28_January_Incident" class="mw-redirect" title="28 January Incident">Shanghai Incident</a> of 1932 and participated in the <a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a> in the late 1930s. With other carriers, she took part in the <a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">attack on Pearl Harbor</a> in December 1941 and the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rabaul_(1942)" title="Battle of Rabaul (1942)">invasion of Rabaul</a> in the Southwest Pacific in January 1942. The following month her aircraft participated in a <a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Darwin" title="Bombing of Darwin">combined carrier airstrike</a> on <a href="/wiki/Darwin,_Northern_Territory" title="Darwin, Northern Territory">Darwin</a>, Australia, and helping secure the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies_campaign" title="Dutch East Indies campaign">conquest</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies" title="Dutch East Indies">Dutch East Indies</a> by Japanese forces. She missed the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_raid" title="Indian Ocean raid">Indian Ocean raid</a> in April as she had to return to Japan for repairs after hitting a <a href="/wiki/Reef" title="Reef">reef</a> in February. </p><p>Following repairs, <i>Kaga</i> rejoined the <a href="/wiki/1st_Air_Fleet_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Navy" class="mw-redirect" title="1st Air Fleet of the Imperial Japanese Navy">1st Air Fleet</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Midway" title="Battle of Midway">Battle of Midway</a> in June 1942. After bombarding American forces on <a href="/wiki/Midway_Atoll" title="Midway Atoll">Midway Atoll</a>, <i>Kaga</i> and three other IJN carriers were attacked by American aircraft from Midway and the carriers <a href="/wiki/USS_Enterprise_(CV-6)" title="USS Enterprise (CV-6)"><i>Enterprise</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/USS_Hornet_(CV-8)" title="USS Hornet (CV-8)"><i>Hornet</i></a>, and <a href="/wiki/USS_Yorktown_(CV-5)" title="USS Yorktown (CV-5)"><i>Yorktown</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Dive_bomber" title="Dive bomber">Dive bombers</a> from <i>Enterprise</i> severely damaged <i>Kaga</i>; when it became obvious she could not be saved, she was <a href="/wiki/Scuttling" title="Scuttling">scuttled</a> by Japanese <a href="/wiki/Destroyer" title="Destroyer">destroyers</a> to prevent her from falling into enemy hands. The loss of <i>Kaga</i> and three other IJN carriers at Midway was a crucial setback for Japan, and contributed significantly to Japan's ultimate defeat. In 1999, debris from <i>Kaga</i> including a large section of her <a href="/wiki/Hull_(watercraft)" title="Hull (watercraft)">hull</a> was located on the ocean floor northwest of Midway Island.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2019, <a href="/wiki/RV_Petrel" title="RV Petrel">RV <i>Petrel</i></a> discovered her wreck on the ocean floor. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Design_and_construction">Design and construction</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_aircraft_carrier_Kaga&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Design and construction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Tosa-class_battleship" title="Tosa-class battleship">Tosa-class battleship</a></div> <p><i>Kaga</i> was laid down as a <a href="/wiki/Tosa-class_battleship" title="Tosa-class battleship"><i>Tosa</i>-class</a> battleship, and was launched on 17 November 1921 at the <a href="/wiki/Kawasaki_Heavy_Industries" title="Kawasaki Heavy Industries">Kawasaki Heavy Industries</a> shipyard in <a href="/wiki/Kobe" title="Kobe">Kobe</a>. On 5 February 1922 both <i>Tosa</i>-class ships were canceled and scheduled to be <a href="/wiki/Scrap" title="Scrap">scrapped</a> under the terms of the <a href="/wiki/Washington_Naval_Treaty" title="Washington Naval Treaty">Washington Naval Treaty</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Treaty authorized conversion of two battleship or battlecruiser hulls into aircraft carriers of up to 33,000 <a href="/wiki/Long_ton" title="Long ton">long tons</a> (34,000 <a href="/wiki/Tonne" title="Tonne">t</a>) standard displacement. The incomplete <a href="/wiki/Amagi-class_battlecruiser" title="Amagi-class battlecruiser">battlecruisers <i>Amagi</i></a> and <a href="/wiki/Japanese_aircraft_carrier_Akagi" title="Japanese aircraft carrier Akagi"><i>Akagi</i></a> were initially selected, but the <a href="/wiki/1923_Great_Kant%C5%8D_earthquake" title="1923 Great Kantō earthquake">Great Kantō earthquake</a> of 1923 damaged <i>Amagi</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s hull beyond economically feasible repair, and <i>Kaga</i> was selected as her replacement. The formal decision to convert <i>Kaga</i> to an aircraft carrier was issued 13 December 1923, but no work took place until 1925 as new plans were drafted and earthquake damage to the <a href="/wiki/Yokosuka_Naval_Arsenal" title="Yokosuka Naval Arsenal">Yokosuka Naval Arsenal</a> was repaired. She was officially commissioned on 31 March 1928, but this signified only the beginning of sea trials. She joined the <a href="/wiki/Combined_Fleet" title="Combined Fleet">Combined Fleet</a> (<i>Rengō Kantai</i>) on 30 November 1929 as the IJN's third carrier to enter service, after <a href="/wiki/Japanese_aircraft_carrier_H%C5%8Dsh%C5%8D" title="Japanese aircraft carrier Hōshō"><i>Hōshō</i></a> (1922) and <i>Akagi</i> (1927).<sup id="cite_ref-l8_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-l8-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Kaga</i> was completed with a length of 238.5 meters (782 ft 6 in) <a href="/wiki/Length_overall" title="Length overall">overall</a>. She had a <a href="/wiki/Beam_(nautical)" title="Beam (nautical)">beam</a> of 31.67 meters (103 ft 11 in) and a <a href="/wiki/Draft_(ship)" class="mw-redirect" title="Draft (ship)">draft</a> at full load of 7.92 meters (26 ft). She displaced 26,900 long tons (27,300 t) at <a href="/wiki/Displacement_(ship)#Standard_displacement" title="Displacement (ship)">standard</a> load, and 33,693 long tons (34,234 t) at <a href="/wiki/Full_load" class="mw-redirect" title="Full load">full load</a>, nearly 6,000 long tons (6,100 t) less than her designed displacement as a battleship.<sup id="cite_ref-l9_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-l9-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her complement totaled 1,340 crewmembers.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Flight_deck_arrangements">Flight deck arrangements</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_aircraft_carrier_Kaga&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Flight deck arrangements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kaga_Ikari_1930_B.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Kaga_Ikari_1930_B.jpg/220px-Kaga_Ikari_1930_B.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Kaga_Ikari_1930_B.jpg/330px-Kaga_Ikari_1930_B.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Kaga_Ikari_1930_B.jpg/440px-Kaga_Ikari_1930_B.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3133" data-file-height="2050" /></a><figcaption><i>Kaga</i> as completed, with all three flight decks visible</figcaption></figure> <p><i>Kaga</i>, like <i>Akagi</i>, was completed with three superimposed flight decks, the only carriers ever to be designed so. The British carriers converted from "large light cruisers", <a href="/wiki/HMS_Glorious" title="HMS Glorious"><i>Glorious</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/HMS_Courageous_(50)" title="HMS Courageous (50)"><i>Courageous</i></a>, and <a href="/wiki/HMS_Furious_(47)" title="HMS Furious (47)"><i>Furious</i></a>, each had two flight decks, but there is no evidence that the Japanese copied the British model. It is more likely that it was a case of the parallel designs converging in separate attempts to improve <a href="/wiki/Launch_and_recovery_cycle" title="Launch and recovery cycle">launch and recovery cycle</a> flexibility by allowing simultaneous launch and recovery of aircraft.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Kaga</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s main flight deck was 171.2 meters (561 ft 8 in) long and 30.5 meters (100 ft) wide,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> her middle flight deck was only about 15 meters (49 ft 3 in) long and started in front of the bridge, and her lower flight deck was approximately 55 meters (180 ft 5 in) long. The utility of her middle flight deck was questionable as it was so short that only some of the lightly loaded aircraft could use it, even in an era when the aircraft were much lighter and smaller than they were during World War II.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ever-increasing growth in aircraft performance, size and weight during the 1930s meant that even the bottom flight deck was no longer able to accommodate the take-off roll required for the new generations of aircraft being fielded and it was plated over when the ship was modernized in the mid-1930s.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Kaga</i> lacked an <a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(A-L)#island" class="mw-redirect" title="Glossary of nautical terms (A-L)">island</a> until one was added during the modernization.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As completed, the ship had two main hangar decks and a third auxiliary hangar with a total capacity of 60 aircraft. The hangars opened onto the middle and lower flight decks to allow aircraft to take off directly from the hangars while landing operations were in progress on the main flight deck above. No catapults were fitted.<sup id="cite_ref-ireland_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ireland-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her forward <a href="/wiki/Elevator#Aircraft_elevators" title="Elevator">aircraft elevator</a> was offset to starboard and 10.67 by 15.85 meters (35 by 52 ft) in size. Her aft elevator was on the centerline and 12.8 by 9.15 meters (42 by 30 ft). Her <a href="/wiki/Arresting_gear" title="Arresting gear">arresting gear</a> was a French transverse system as used on their aircraft carrier <a href="/wiki/French_aircraft_carrier_B%C3%A9arn" title="French aircraft carrier Béarn"><i>Béarn</i></a> and known as the Model Fju (<i>Fju shiki</i>) in the Japanese service.<sup id="cite_ref-l34_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-l34-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As originally completed, <i>Kaga</i> carried an air group of 28 <a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_B1M" title="Mitsubishi B1M">Mitsubishi B1M3 torpedo bombers</a>, 16 <a href="/wiki/Nakajima_A1N" title="Nakajima A1N">Nakajima A1N</a> fighters and 16 <a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_2MR" title="Mitsubishi 2MR">Mitsubishi 2MR</a> reconnaissance aircraft.<sup id="cite_ref-l9_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-l9-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Armament_and_armor">Armament and armor</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_aircraft_carrier_Kaga&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Armament and armor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Japanese_Navy_Aircraft_Carrier_Kaga_1928.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Japanese_Navy_Aircraft_Carrier_Kaga_1928.jpg/220px-Japanese_Navy_Aircraft_Carrier_Kaga_1928.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Japanese_Navy_Aircraft_Carrier_Kaga_1928.jpg/330px-Japanese_Navy_Aircraft_Carrier_Kaga_1928.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Japanese_Navy_Aircraft_Carrier_Kaga_1928.jpg/440px-Japanese_Navy_Aircraft_Carrier_Kaga_1928.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3510" data-file-height="2376" /></a><figcaption><i>Kaga</i> <a href="/wiki/Fitting-out" class="mw-redirect" title="Fitting-out">fitting-out</a> in 1928. This stern view shows the long funnel extending aft below the flight deck, and three 200 mm guns in casemates.</figcaption></figure> <p><i>Kaga</i> was armed with ten <a href="/wiki/20_cm/50_3rd_Year_Type_naval_gun" title="20 cm/50 3rd Year Type naval gun">20 cm (7.9 in) 3rd Year Type guns</a>, one twin-gun Type B turret on each side of the middle flight deck and six in <a href="/wiki/Casemate" title="Casemate">casemates</a> aft. They fired 110-kilogram (240 lb) projectiles at a rate of three to six rounds per minute with a <a href="/wiki/Muzzle_velocity" title="Muzzle velocity">muzzle velocity</a> of 870 m/s (2,900 ft/s); at 25°, they had a maximum range between 22,600 and 24,000 m (24,700 and 26,200 yd). The Type B turrets were nominally capable of 70° elevation to provide additional <a href="/wiki/Anti-aircraft_warfare" title="Anti-aircraft warfare">anti-aircraft</a> (AA) fire, but in practice the maximum elevation was only 55°. The slow rate of fire and the fixed 5° loading angle minimized any real anti-aircraft capability.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This heavy gun armament was provided in case she was surprised by enemy cruisers and forced to give battle, but her large and vulnerable flight deck, hangars, and other features made her more of a target in any surface action than a fighting warship. Carrier doctrine was still evolving at this time and the impracticability of carriers engaging in gun duels had not yet been realized.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>She was given an anti-aircraft armament of six twin 12-centimeter (4.7 in) 10th Year Type Model A2 gun mounts fitted on <a href="/wiki/Sponson" title="Sponson">sponsons</a> below the level of the funnels, where they could not fire across the flight deck, three mounts per side.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These guns fired 20.3-kilogram (45 lb) projectiles at a muzzle velocity of 825–830 m/s (2,707–2,723 ft/s); at 45° this provided a maximum range of 16,000 meters (17,000 yd), and they had a maximum ceiling of 10,000 meters (33,000 ft) at 75° elevation. Their effective rate of fire was 6 to 8 rounds per minute.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She had two Type 89 directors to control her 20 cm guns and two Type 91 manually powered anti-aircraft directors (<i>Kōshaki</i>) to control her 12 cm guns.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Kaga</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s <a href="/wiki/Belt_armor" title="Belt armor">waterline armored belt</a> was reduced from 280 to 152 mm (11 to 6 in) during her reconstruction and the upper part of her <a href="/wiki/Anti-torpedo_bulge" title="Anti-torpedo bulge">torpedo bulge</a> was given 127 mm (5 in) of armor. Her <a href="/wiki/Deck_(ship)" title="Deck (ship)">deck armor</a> was also reduced from 102 to 38 mm (4 to 1 in).<sup id="cite_ref-l34_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-l34-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Propulsion">Propulsion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_aircraft_carrier_Kaga&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Propulsion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kaga_Tateyama_Trials_1928.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Kaga_Tateyama_Trials_1928.jpg/220px-Kaga_Tateyama_Trials_1928.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Kaga_Tateyama_Trials_1928.jpg/330px-Kaga_Tateyama_Trials_1928.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Kaga_Tateyama_Trials_1928.jpg/440px-Kaga_Tateyama_Trials_1928.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3106" data-file-height="1999" /></a><figcaption><i>Kaga</i> undergoing post-launch trials off Tateyama, 15 September 1928</figcaption></figure> <p>When <i>Kaga</i> was being designed, the problem of how to deal with exhaust gases in carrier operations had not been resolved. The swiveling funnels of <i>Hōshō</i> had not proved successful and wind-tunnel testing had not provided an answer. As a result, <i>Akagi</i> and <i>Kaga</i> were given different exhaust systems to evaluate in real-world conditions. <i>Kaga</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s funnel gases were collected in a pair of long horizontal ducts which discharged at the rear of each side of the flight deck, in spite of predictions by a number of prominent naval architects that they would not keep the hot gases away from the flight deck. The predictions proved to be correct, not least because <i>Kaga</i> was slower than <i>Akagi</i>, which allowed the gases to rise and interfere with landing operations. Another drawback was that the heat of the gases made the crew's quarters located on the side of the ship by the funnels almost uninhabitable.<sup id="cite_ref-l34_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-l34-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Kaga</i> was completed with four Kawasaki Brown-Curtis geared <a href="/wiki/Steam_turbine" title="Steam turbine">steam turbines</a> with a total of 91,000 <a href="/wiki/Horsepower#Shaft_horsepower" title="Horsepower">shaft horsepower</a> (68,000 <a href="/wiki/Kilowatt" class="mw-redirect" title="Kilowatt">kW</a>) on four shafts. As a battleship her expected speed had been 26.5 <a href="/wiki/Knot_(unit)" title="Knot (unit)">knots</a> (49.1 km/h; 30.5 mph), but the reduction in displacement from 39,900 to 33,693 long tons (40,540 to 34,234 t) allowed this to increase to 27.5 knots (50.9 km/h; 31.6 mph), as demonstrated on her <a href="/wiki/Sea_trial" title="Sea trial">sea trials</a> on 15 September 1928. She had twelve Kampon Type B (Ro) boilers with a working pressure of 20 <a href="/wiki/Kilogram-force" title="Kilogram-force">kg/cm<sup>2</sup></a> (2,000 <a href="/wiki/Pascal_(unit)" title="Pascal (unit)">kPa</a>; 280 <a href="/wiki/Pound_per_square_inch" title="Pound per square inch">psi</a>), although only eight were oil-fired. The other four used a mix of oil and coal. She carried 8,000 long tons (8,128 t) of fuel oil and 1,700 long tons (1,727 t) of coal to give her a range of 8,000 <a href="/wiki/Nautical_mile" title="Nautical mile">nautical miles</a> (15,000 km; 9,200 mi) at 14 knots (26 km/h; 16 mph).<sup id="cite_ref-l34_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-l34-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_service_and_development_of_carrier_doctrine">Early service and development of carrier doctrine</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_aircraft_carrier_Kaga&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Early service and development of carrier doctrine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/January_28_Incident" class="mw-redirect" title="January 28 Incident">January 28 Incident</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kaga_air_ops_1930.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Kaga_air_ops_1930.jpg/220px-Kaga_air_ops_1930.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Kaga_air_ops_1930.jpg/330px-Kaga_air_ops_1930.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Kaga_air_ops_1930.jpg/440px-Kaga_air_ops_1930.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3133" data-file-height="2046" /></a><figcaption><i>Kaga</i> conducting air operations in 1930. On the upper deck are Mitsubishi B1M torpedo bombers preparing for takeoff. Nakajima A1N Type 3 fighters are parked on the lower deck forward.</figcaption></figure><p>On 1 December 1931 <i>Kaga</i> was assigned as the flagship of the <a href="/wiki/First_Carrier_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="First Carrier Division">First Carrier Division</a> under the command of Rear Admiral <a href="/w/index.php?title=Takayoshi_Kat%C5%8D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Takayoshi Katō (page does not exist)">Takayoshi Katō</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hata24_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hata24-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The First Carrier Division, along with <i>Hōshō</i>, departed for <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">Chinese</a> waters on 29 January 1932 to support <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army" title="Imperial Japanese Army">Imperial Japanese Army</a> troops during the <a href="/wiki/28_January_Incident" class="mw-redirect" title="28 January Incident">Shanghai Incident</a> as part of the IJN's <a href="/wiki/IJN_3rd_Fleet" class="mw-redirect" title="IJN 3rd Fleet">3rd Fleet</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-l72_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-l72-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The B1M3s carried by <i>Kaga</i> and <i>Hōshō</i> were the main bombers used during the brief combat over Shanghai.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ikuta_air_pt.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Ikuta_air_pt.jpg/220px-Ikuta_air_pt.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Ikuta_air_pt.jpg/330px-Ikuta_air_pt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Ikuta_air_pt.jpg/440px-Ikuta_air_pt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1116" /></a><figcaption>Ikuta, Kuroiwa, and Takeo pose in front of a Nakajima A1N2 Type 3</figcaption></figure> <p><i>Kaga</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s aircraft, operating from both the carrier and a temporary base at Kunda Airfield in Shanghai, flew missions in support of Japanese ground forces throughout February 1932. During one of these missions three of <i>Kaga</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s Nakajima A1N2 fighters, including one piloted by future ace <a href="/wiki/Toshio_Kuroiwa" title="Toshio Kuroiwa">Toshio Kuroiwa</a>, escorting three Mitsubishi B1M3 torpedo bombers, scored the IJN's first air-to-air combat victory on 22 February when they shot down a <a href="/wiki/Boeing_P-12" title="Boeing P-12">Boeing P-12</a> flown by an American volunteer pilot.<sup id="cite_ref-Hata24_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hata24-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Kaga</i> returned to home waters upon the declaration of the cease-fire on 3 March and resumed fleet training with the rest of the Combined Fleet.<sup id="cite_ref-Hata24_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hata24-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At this time, the IJN's developing carrier doctrine was still in its earliest stages. <i>Kaga</i> and the other carriers were initially given roles as tactical force multipliers supporting the fleet's battleships in the IJN's "<a href="/wiki/Kantai_Kessen" title="Kantai Kessen">decisive battle</a>" doctrine. In this role, <i>Kaga</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s aircraft were to attack enemy battleships with bombs and torpedoes. Aerial strikes against enemy carriers were later, beginning around 1932–1933, deemed of equal importance in order to establish <a href="/wiki/Air_superiority" class="mw-redirect" title="Air superiority">air superiority</a> during the initial stages of battle. The essential component in this strategy was that the Japanese carrier aircraft must be able to strike first with a massed aerial attack. As a result, in fleet training exercises the carriers began to operate together in front of or with the main battle line. This revolutionary strategy emphasized maximum speed from both the carriers and the aircraft they carried as well as larger aircraft with greater range. Thus, longer flight decks on the carriers were required in order to handle the newer, heavier aircraft which were entering service.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Kaga</i> was soon judged inferior to <i>Akagi</i> because of her slower speed, smaller flight deck (64 feet (19.5 m) shorter), and problematic funnel arrangement. Because of <i>Kaga</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s perceived limitations, she was given priority over <i>Akagi</i> for modernization.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Kaga</i> was relegated to reserve status on 20 October 1933 to begin a second major reconstruction, with an official start date of 25 June 1934.<sup id="cite_ref-l72_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-l72-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reconstruction">Reconstruction</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_aircraft_carrier_Kaga&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Reconstruction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During her second reconstruction <i>Kaga</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s two lower flight decks were converted into hangars and, along with the main flight deck, were extended to the bow. This increased the flight deck length to 248.55 meters (815 ft 5 in) and raised aircraft capacity to 90 (72 operational and 18 in storage).<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A third elevator forward, 11.5 by 12 meters (37 ft 9 in × 39 ft 4 in), serviced the extended hangars.<sup id="cite_ref-l9_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-l9-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bomb and <a href="/wiki/Torpedo" title="Torpedo">torpedo</a> elevators were modified to deliver their munitions directly to the flight deck. Her arrester gear was replaced by a Japanese-designed Type 1 system. A small starboard island superstructure was also installed.<sup id="cite_ref-ireland_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ireland-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aircraft_carrier_Kaga_sideview_IJN.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Aircraft_carrier_Kaga_sideview_IJN.jpg/220px-Aircraft_carrier_Kaga_sideview_IJN.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Aircraft_carrier_Kaga_sideview_IJN.jpg/330px-Aircraft_carrier_Kaga_sideview_IJN.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Aircraft_carrier_Kaga_sideview_IJN.jpg/440px-Aircraft_carrier_Kaga_sideview_IJN.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1638" data-file-height="632" /></a><figcaption>A rear oblique view of <i>Kaga</i>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1935</figcaption></figure> <p>Her power plant was completely replaced as were her propellers. <i>Kaga</i> was equipped with eight improved oil-burning models of the Kampon Type B (Ro) with a working pressure of 22 kg/cm<sup>2</sup> (2,157 kPa; 313 psi) at a temperature of 300 °C (572 °F). New Kampon multi-stage geared turbines were fitted that increased her power from 91,000 to 127,400 shp (67,859 to 95,002 kW) during trials. The hull was lengthened by 10.3 meters (33 ft 10 in) at the stern to reduce drag and she was given another torpedo bulge above the side armor abreast the upper part of the existing bulge to increase her beam and lower her center of gravity as a result of lessons learned from the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_torpedo_boat_Tomozuru#The_Tomozuru_Incident" title="Japanese torpedo boat Tomozuru"><i>Tomozuru</i> Incident</a> in early 1934. This raised her standard displacement significantly, from 26,900 to 38,200 long tons (27,332 to 38,813 t). The extra power and the extra displacement roughly offset each other and her speed increased by less than a knot, up to 28.34 knots (52.49 km/h; 32.61 mph) on trials. Her fuel storage was increased to 7,500 long tons (7,620 t) of <a href="/wiki/Fuel_oil" title="Fuel oil">fuel oil</a> which increased her endurance to 10,000 nmi (19,000 km; 12,000 mi) at 16 knots (30 km/h; 18 mph). The lengthy funnel ducting was replaced by a single downturned starboard funnel modeled on that used by the <i>Akagi</i> with a water-cooling system for the exhaust gasses and a cover that could be raised to allow the exhaust gasses to escape if the ship developed a severe list and the mouth of the funnel touched the sea. The space freed up by the removal of the funnel ducts was divided into two decks and converted into living quarters for the expanded air group.<sup id="cite_ref-l7_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-l7-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The carrier's complement increased to 1708 crewmembers.<sup id="cite_ref-tp67_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tp67-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The two twin turrets on the middle flight deck were removed and four new 20 cm 3rd Year Type No. 1 guns in casemates were added forward. Her 12 cm anti-aircraft guns were replaced by eight 12.7-centimeter (5.0 in) Type 89 guns in twin mounts. They fired 23.45-kilogram (51.7 lb) projectiles at a rate between 8 and 14 rounds per minute at a muzzle velocity of 700–725 m/s (2,300–2,380 ft/s); at 45°, this provided a maximum range of 14,800 meters (16,200 yd), and a maximum ceiling of 9,400 meters (30,800 ft).<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their sponsons were raised one deck to allow them some measure of cross-deck fire. Eleven twin <a href="/wiki/Type_96_25_mm_AT/AA_Gun" class="mw-redirect" title="Type 96 25 mm AT/AA Gun">25 mm Type 96</a> gun mounts were added, also on sponsons. They fired 0.25-kilogram (0.55 lb) projectiles at a muzzle velocity of 900 m/s (3,000 ft/s); at 50°, this provided a maximum range of 7,500 meters (8,202 yd), and an effective ceiling of 5,500 meters (18,000 ft). The maximum effective rate of fire was only between 110 and 120 rounds per minute due to the frequent need to change the fifteen-round magazines.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Six 6.5-millimeter (0.26 in) <a href="/wiki/Type_11_Light_Machine_Gun" class="mw-redirect" title="Type 11 Light Machine Gun">Type 11</a> machine guns were also carried.<sup id="cite_ref-l7_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-l7-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Six Type 95 directors were fitted to control the new 25 mm guns, but <i>Kaga</i> retained her outdated Type 91 anti-aircraft directors.<sup id="cite_ref-tp67_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tp67-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Several major weaknesses in <i>Kaga</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s design were not rectified. <i>Kaga</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s aviation fuel tanks were incorporated directly into the structure of the carrier, meaning that shocks to the ship, such as those caused by bomb or shell hits, would be transmitted directly to the tanks, resulting in cracks or leaks. Also, the fully enclosed structure of the new hangar decks made fire suppression difficult, at least in part because fuel vapors could accumulate in the hangars. Adding to the danger was the requirement from the Japanese carrier doctrine that aircraft be serviced, fueled, and armed whenever possible on the hangar decks rather than on the flight deck. In addition, the carrier's hangar and flight decks carried little armor protection. Furthermore, there was no redundancy in the ship's fire-extinguishing systems. These weaknesses would later be crucial factors in the loss of the ship.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sino-Japanese_War">Sino-Japanese War</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_aircraft_carrier_Kaga&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Sino-Japanese War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a></div> <p><i>Kaga</i> returned to service in 1935 and was assigned to the <a href="/wiki/Second_Carrier_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Carrier Division">Second Carrier Division</a>. The carrier embarked a new set of aircraft, including 16 <a href="/wiki/Nakajima_A2N" title="Nakajima A2N">Nakajima A2N</a> Type 90 fighters, 16 <a href="/wiki/Aichi_D1A" title="Aichi D1A">Aichi D1A</a> Type 94/96 dive bombers, and 28 <a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_B2M" title="Mitsubishi B2M">Mitsubishi B2M</a> Type 89 torpedo bombers.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kaga_air_operations_full_deck_1937.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Kaga_air_operations_full_deck_1937.jpg/220px-Kaga_air_operations_full_deck_1937.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Kaga_air_operations_full_deck_1937.jpg/330px-Kaga_air_operations_full_deck_1937.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Kaga_air_operations_full_deck_1937.jpg/440px-Kaga_air_operations_full_deck_1937.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2573" data-file-height="2061" /></a><figcaption><i>Kaga</i> conducts air operations in 1937; on deck are Nakajima A2N, Aichi D1A, and Mitsubishi B2M aircraft</figcaption></figure> <p>The renewal of hostilities with China at the <a href="/wiki/Marco_Polo_Bridge_Incident" class="mw-redirect" title="Marco Polo Bridge Incident">Marco Polo Bridge</a> in July 1937 found <i>Kaga</i> in home waters. The ship's fighter squadron completed training at <a href="/wiki/%C5%8Cmura,_Nagasaki" title="Ōmura, Nagasaki">Ōmura, Nagasaki</a> then helped escort ships taking army reinforcements from Japan to China. On 15 August, along with <i>Hōshō</i> and <a href="/wiki/Japanese_aircraft_carrier_Ry%C5%ABj%C5%8D" title="Japanese aircraft carrier Ryūjō"><i>Ryūjō</i></a>, the ship took station in the <a href="/wiki/East_China_Sea" title="East China Sea">East China Sea</a> as part of the 3rd Fleet and began supporting Japanese military operations along the central China coast around Shanghai and further inland.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Kaga</i> aircraft fought their first battle on 15 August 1937, when thirteen Aichi D1A1 (Type 94) dive-bombers encountered <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_Air_Force" title="Republic of China Air Force">Chinese Air Force</a> <a href="/wiki/Curtiss_A-12_Shrike" title="Curtiss A-12 Shrike">Curtiss A-12 Shrike</a> attack-bombers of the <a href="/wiki/Development_of_Chinese_Nationalist_air_force_(1937%E2%80%931945)#Units_of_the_Chinese_Airforce_1937–1945" title="Development of Chinese Nationalist air force (1937–1945)">26th and 27th Squadrons</a> at Chao'er Airbase preparing for strikes against Japanese positions in Shanghai, and a dogfight duly ensued between the two unlikely dogfighting opponents; two D1A1s were shot down; a third badly shot-up D1A1 returned to <i>Kaga</i> with a fatally wounded crewman, while the D1A1 flight claimed three Shrikes.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 16 August 1937, six Type 90 fighters engaged four Chinese aircraft over <a href="/wiki/Jiangwan_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Jiangwan Airport">Jiangwan</a>, shooting down three without loss. Between 17 August and 7 September, <i>Kaga</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s Type 90 and two <a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_A5M" title="Mitsubishi A5M">Mitsubishi A5M</a> Type 96 fighters, which joined the carrier on 22 August, engaged Chinese aircraft on several more occasions. <i>Kaga</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s fighter pilots claimed to have shot down 10 Chinese aircraft in these encounters without loss.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 17 August twelve of the carrier's bombers attacked <a href="/wiki/Hangzhou" title="Hangzhou">Hangzhou</a> without fighter escort and 11 of them were shot down by Chinese fighters.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 7 September, three Type 96 (A5M) fighters escorted six Type 96 (D1A2) bombers and were engaged by three Chinese <a href="/wiki/Curtiss_BF2C_Goshawk" title="Curtiss BF2C Goshawk">Hawk IIIs</a> near <a href="/wiki/Lake_Tai" title="Lake Tai">Taihu Lake</a>; two Type 96 bombers were quickly shot down, but the ensuing half-hour long dogfight resulted in no further losses for either side despite claims.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beginning on 15 September, six Type 90 and six Type 96 fighters, 18 dive bombers, and 18 torpedo bombers were temporarily deployed to Kunda Airfield from the ship to support land operations.<sup id="cite_ref-Hata26_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hata26-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kaga_China_Incident.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Kaga_China_Incident.jpg/220px-Kaga_China_Incident.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Kaga_China_Incident.jpg/330px-Kaga_China_Incident.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Kaga_China_Incident.jpg/440px-Kaga_China_Incident.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1612" data-file-height="983" /></a><figcaption>An D1A2 dive bomber flies near <i>Kaga</i> during the China incident</figcaption></figure> <p>On 26 September the carrier went to <a href="/wiki/Sasebo,_Nagasaki" class="mw-redirect" title="Sasebo, Nagasaki">Sasebo</a> for reprovisioning. At Sasebo, the carrier received new replacement aircraft including 32 <a href="/wiki/Yokosuka_B4Y" title="Yokosuka B4Y">Yokosuka B4Y</a> Type 96 carrier attack planes (torpedo bombers), 16 <a href="/wiki/Aichi_D1A2" class="mw-redirect" title="Aichi D1A2">Aichi D1A2</a> Type 96 carrier bombers (dive bombers), and 16 more Type 96 fighters. Several <a href="/wiki/Nakajima_A4N" title="Nakajima A4N">Nakajima A4N</a> Type 95 fighter aircraft augmented the carrier's fighter group at an unspecified later date.<sup id="cite_ref-Hata26_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hata26-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Kaga</i> returned to the front in early October 1937, and except for two brief trips to Sasebo, remained off China until December 1938. Using <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a> (then part of the <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a>) as its base, the carrier steamed 29,048 nautical miles (53,797 km; 33,428 mi) supporting military operations from the <a href="/wiki/South_China_Sea" title="South China Sea">South</a> and East China Seas. During that time, <i>Kaga</i> bombers supported army operations by attacking enemy railroad bridges, airfields, and transportation vehicles. The carrier's fighter pilots claimed to have destroyed at least 17 Chinese aircraft in aerial combat while losing five aircraft themselves. On 12 December 1937 <i>Kaga</i> aircraft participated in the <a href="/wiki/Panay_incident" class="mw-redirect" title="Panay incident">Panay incident</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 11 November 1937, three Chinese Air Force <a href="/wiki/Northrop_Gamma" title="Northrop Gamma">Northrop Gamma 2ECs</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Development_of_Chinese_Nationalist_air_force_(1937%E2%80%931945)" title="Development of Chinese Nationalist air force (1937–1945)">2nd BG, 14th Squadron</a> led by Captain Yu Y.C. attacked <i>Kaga</i> off the Maanshan Islands near Shanghai; the bombs fell wide into <i>Kaga</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s wake, and the Chinese Gammas were pursued and intercepted by three A5Ms of <i>Kaga</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s <a href="/wiki/Combat_air_patrol" title="Combat air patrol">combat air patrol</a> (CAP) led by flight leader <a href="/wiki/Jir%C5%8D_Ch%C5%8Dno" title="Jirō Chōno">Jirō Chōno</a>, which shot down two of the Gammas, while Yu managed to escape into the clouds and return to base in his damaged Gamma.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Six <i>Kaga</i> fighters were assigned to land bases near Shanghai and Nanking between 9 December 1937 and 15 January 1938. Nine fighters were temporarily based out of Nanking from 3 March through 4 April 1938. On 13 April 1938, <i>Kaga</i> launched eighteen D1A1s and three each of A4Ns and A5Ms on a strike against <a href="/wiki/Guangzhou" title="Guangzhou">Canton</a>, and they were met by two squadrons of <a href="/wiki/Gloster_Gladiator" title="Gloster Gladiator">Gloster Gladiators</a> of the 5th Fighter Group led by Captain <a href="/wiki/John_Huang_Xinrui" class="mw-redirect" title="John Huang Xinrui">John Xinrui Huang</a> and Captain <a href="/wiki/Louie_Yim-qun" title="Louie Yim-qun">Louie Yim-qun</a>; Huang would score a triple kill in this battle against the <i>Kaga</i> raid, while Jirō Chōno (A5M) and <a href="/wiki/Hatsuo_Hidaka" title="Hatsuo Hidaka">Hatsuo Hidaka</a> (A4N) would each claim double kills, including Chōno's shooting-down of Huang, who was injured bailing out.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Kaga</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s fighter group at this time included future aces Jirō Chōno, <a href="/wiki/Osamu_Kud%C5%8D" title="Osamu Kudō">Osamu Kudō</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yoshio_Fukui" title="Yoshio Fukui">Yoshio Fukui</a>, <a href="/wiki/Watari_Handa" title="Watari Handa">Watari Handa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Masaichi_Kond%C5%8D" title="Masaichi Kondō">Masaichi Kondō</a>, Hatsuo Hidaka, <a href="/wiki/Kiichi_Oda" title="Kiichi Oda">Kiichi Oda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Satoru_Ono" title="Satoru Ono">Satoru Ono</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Chitoshi_Isozaki" title="Chitoshi Isozaki">Chitoshi Isozaki</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The US Navy decrypted an IJN message which reportedly indicated that the attack on the <a href="/wiki/USS_Panay_(PR-5)" title="USS Panay (PR-5)"><i>Panay</i></a> and other neutral ships in the <a href="/wiki/Yangtze_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Yangtze River">Yangtze River</a> had been knowingly and deliberately planned by an air officer on <i>Kaga</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Kaga</i> entered the shipyard on 15 December 1938, where her arresting gear was replaced by a Type 3 system and her bridge was modernized. The flight deck and hangar areas were enlarged, increasing the carrier's aircraft capacity. The ship was completely overhauled from 15 November 1939 to 15 November 1940 before returning to active service. In the meantime, a new generation of aircraft had entered service and <i>Kaga</i> embarked 12 A5M fighters, 24 D1A dive bombers and 36 B4Y torpedo bombers. Another 18 aircraft were carried in crates as spares.<sup id="cite_ref-l72_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-l72-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Note 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Japanese carriers' experiences off China had helped further develop the IJN's carrier doctrine. One lesson learned in China was the importance of concentration and mass in projecting naval air power ashore. Therefore, in April 1941 the IJN formed the <a href="/wiki/1st_Air_Fleet_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Navy" class="mw-redirect" title="1st Air Fleet of the Imperial Japanese Navy">First Air Fleet</a> to combine all of its fleet carriers under a single command. On 10 April 1941 <i>Kaga</i> was assigned to the First Carrier Division with <i>Akagi</i> as part of the new carrier fleet, which also included the Second and <a href="/wiki/Fifth_Carrier_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="Fifth Carrier Division">Fifth</a> carrier divisions. The IJN centered its doctrine on airstrikes that combined the air groups within carrier divisions, rather than each individual carrier. When more than one carrier division was operating together, the divisions' air groups were combined with each other. This doctrine of combined, massed, carrier air attack groups was the most advanced of its kind of all the world's navies. The IJN, however, remained concerned that concentrating all of its carriers together would render them vulnerable to being wiped out all at once by a massive enemy air or surface strike. Thus, the IJN developed a compromise solution in which the fleet carriers would operate closely together within their carrier divisions but the divisions themselves would operate in loose rectangular formations, with approximately 7,000 metres (7,700 yd) separating the carriers from each other.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Note 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although the concentration of so many fleet carriers into a single unit was a new and revolutionary offensive strategic concept, the First Air Fleet suffered from several defensive deficiencies which gave it, in <a href="/wiki/Mark_Peattie" title="Mark Peattie">Mark Peattie</a>'s words, a <span style="padding-right:.15em;">"</span>'<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/glass_jaw" class="extiw" title="wikt:glass jaw">glass jaw</a>': it could throw a punch but couldn't take one."<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Japanese carrier anti-aircraft guns and associated fire control systems had several design and configuration deficiencies which limited their effectiveness. The IJN's fleet CAP consisted of too few fighter aircraft and was hampered by an inadequate early warning system, including a lack of <a href="/wiki/Radar" title="Radar">radar</a>. Poor radio communications with the fighter aircraft inhibited effective command and control of the CAP. The carriers' escorting warships were deployed as visual scouts in a ring at long range, not as close anti-aircraft escorts, as they lacked training, doctrine, and sufficient anti-aircraft guns. These deficiencies would eventually doom <i>Kaga</i> and other First Air Fleet carriers.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="World_War_II">World War II</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_aircraft_carrier_Kaga&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: World War II"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pearl_Harbor">Pearl Harbor</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_aircraft_carrier_Kaga&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Pearl Harbor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">Attack on Pearl Harbor</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:372px;max-width:372px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:169px;max-width:169px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:110px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kaga_Pearl_Harbor_brief.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Kaga_Pearl_Harbor_brief.jpg/167px-Kaga_Pearl_Harbor_brief.jpg" decoding="async" width="167" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Kaga_Pearl_Harbor_brief.jpg/251px-Kaga_Pearl_Harbor_brief.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Kaga_Pearl_Harbor_brief.jpg/334px-Kaga_Pearl_Harbor_brief.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2237" data-file-height="1490" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:199px;max-width:199px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:110px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kaga_and_Zuikaku_Pearl_Harbor.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Kaga_and_Zuikaku_Pearl_Harbor.jpg/197px-Kaga_and_Zuikaku_Pearl_Harbor.jpg" decoding="async" width="197" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Kaga_and_Zuikaku_Pearl_Harbor.jpg/296px-Kaga_and_Zuikaku_Pearl_Harbor.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Kaga_and_Zuikaku_Pearl_Harbor.jpg/394px-Kaga_and_Zuikaku_Pearl_Harbor.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2236" data-file-height="1256" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Left: Lieutenant Ichirō Kitajima briefs his B5N crews on the carrier deck about the attack plan the day before the raid on Pearl Harbor. Right: <i>Kaga</i> (foreground), with <a href="/wiki/Japanese_aircraft_carrier_Zuikaku" title="Japanese aircraft carrier Zuikaku"><i>Zuikaku</i></a> (background), heads towards Pearl Harbor sometime between 26 November and 7 December 1941.</div></div></div></div> <p>In November 1941 the IJN's Combined Fleet, under <a href="/wiki/Isoroku_Yamamoto" title="Isoroku Yamamoto">Isoroku Yamamoto</a>, prepared to participate in Japan's initiation of a formal war with the United States by conducting a preemptive strike against the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">United States Navy</a>'s <a href="/wiki/United_States_Pacific_Fleet" title="United States Pacific Fleet">Pacific Fleet</a> base at <a href="/wiki/Pearl_Harbor" title="Pearl Harbor">Pearl Harbor</a>, Hawaii. On 17 November <i>Kaga</i>, under the command of Captain <a href="/wiki/Jisaku_Okada" title="Jisaku Okada">Jisaku Okada</a>, loaded 100 torpedoes at Saeki Bay, Hiroshima; these torpedoes were specially designed for use in the shallow waters of the Pearl Harbor anchorage. On 19 November, <i>Kaga</i> and the rest of the Combined Fleet's mobile strike force (<a href="/wiki/1st_Air_Fleet_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Navy#Kido_Butai" class="mw-redirect" title="1st Air Fleet of the Imperial Japanese Navy"><i>Kido Butai</i></a>), under <a href="/wiki/Chuichi_Nagumo" class="mw-redirect" title="Chuichi Nagumo">Chuichi Nagumo</a> and including six fleet carriers from the First, Second, and Fifth Carrier Divisions, assembled in Hitokappu Bay at <a href="/wiki/Etorofu_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Etorofu Island">Etorofu Island</a>. The fleet departed Etorofu on 26 November and followed a course across the north-central Pacific to avoid commercial shipping lanes.<sup id="cite_ref-Tully_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tully-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For the attack on Pearl Harbor, <i>Kaga</i> carried a total of 18 <a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_A6M_Zero" title="Mitsubishi A6M Zero">Mitsubishi A6M Zero</a> <a href="/wiki/Fighter_aircraft" title="Fighter aircraft">fighters</a>, 27 <a href="/wiki/Nakajima_B5N" title="Nakajima B5N">Nakajima B5N</a> torpedo bombers and 27 <a href="/wiki/Aichi_D3A" title="Aichi D3A">Aichi D3A</a><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Note 5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dive bombers, plus three crated aircraft of each type for the operation. During the morning of 7 December 1941 <i>Kaga</i> aircraft participated in both First Air Fleet strikes launched against <a href="/wiki/Oahu" title="Oahu">Oahu</a> from a position 230 nautical miles (430 km) north of the island. In the first strike of 183 total aircraft (six aborted), 26 <i>Kaga</i> B5N carrier attack bombers attacked the American ships at anchor with bombs and torpedoes, escorted by nine Zeros. In the second strike of 167 aircraft (four aborted), 26 <i>Kaga</i> D3A dive bombers targeted the airfield at <a href="/wiki/Ford_Island" title="Ford Island">Ford Island</a> in the middle of the harbor while nine Zeros provided escort and attacked aircraft on the ground.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A total of five B5Ns, four Zeros and six D3As from the ship were lost during the two strikes, along with their aircrews, a total of 31 personnel.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Kaga</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s bomber and torpedo crews claimed hits on the battleships <a href="/wiki/USS_Nevada_(BB-36)" title="USS Nevada (BB-36)"><i>Nevada</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/USS_Oklahoma_(BB-37)" title="USS Oklahoma (BB-37)"><i>Oklahoma</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/USS_Arizona" title="USS Arizona"><i>Arizona</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/USS_California_(BB-44)" title="USS California (BB-44)"><i>California</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/USS_West_Virginia_(BB-48)" title="USS West Virginia (BB-48)"><i>West Virginia</i></a>, and <a href="/wiki/USS_Maryland_(BB-46)" title="USS Maryland (BB-46)"><i>Maryland</i></a>.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ship's fighter pilots claimed to have shot down one US aircraft and destroyed 20 on the ground.<sup id="cite_ref-Hata,_p._28_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hata,_p._28-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Note 6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Upon completion of the attack, the First and Fifth Carrier divisions, including <i>Kaga</i>, returned immediately to Japan.<sup id="cite_ref-Tully_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tully-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pacific_conquest">Pacific conquest</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_aircraft_carrier_Kaga&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Pacific conquest"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Pacific_War" title="Pacific War">Pacific War</a></div> <p>In January 1942, together with the rest of the First and Fifth Carrier Division carriers and staging out of <a href="/wiki/Chuuk_Lagoon" title="Chuuk Lagoon">Truk</a> (now Chuuk) in Micronesia, <i>Kaga</i> supported the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rabaul_(1942)" title="Battle of Rabaul (1942)">invasion of Rabaul</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Bismarck_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Bismarck Islands">Bismarck Islands</a>. <i>Kaga</i> provided 27 bomb-carrying B5N and 9 Zeros for the initial airstrike on <a href="/wiki/Rabaul" title="Rabaul">Rabaul</a> on 20 January 1942, during which one B5N was shot down by anti-aircraft fire. The First Carrier Division attacked Allied positions at nearby <a href="/wiki/Kavieng" title="Kavieng">Kavieng</a> the following day, of which <i>Kaga</i> contributed nine Zeros and sixteen D3As. On the 22nd <i>Kaga</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s D3As and Zeros again attacked Rabaul and two dive bombers had to make emergency landings, but the crews were rescued. <i>Kaga</i> returned to Truk on 25 January and Rabaul and Kavieng were successfully occupied by Japanese forces by February.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 9 February <i>Kaga</i> hit a reef at <a href="/wiki/Palau" title="Palau">Palau</a> after she had unsuccessfully sortied against American carrier forces <a href="/wiki/Marshalls-Gilberts_raids" class="mw-redirect" title="Marshalls-Gilberts raids">attacking</a> the <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Islands" title="Marshall Islands">Marshall Islands</a> on 1 February. The damage reduced the carrier's speed to 18 knots.<sup id="cite_ref-Tully_52-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tully-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Note 7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After temporary repairs, she continued to the <a href="/wiki/Timor_Sea" title="Timor Sea">Timor Sea</a>, where on 19 February 1942 she, with the other carriers of the First and Second Carrier Divisions, launched <a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Darwin" title="Bombing of Darwin">air strikes</a> against <a href="/wiki/Darwin,_Northern_Territory" title="Darwin, Northern Territory">Darwin</a>, Australia, from a point 100 nautical miles (190 km) southeast of the easternmost tip of <a href="/wiki/Timor" title="Timor">Timor</a>. <i>Kaga</i> contributed 27 B5Ns (carrying bombs), 18 D3A, and 9 Zeros to the attack, which caught the defenders by surprise. Eight ships were sunk, including the <a href="/wiki/Destroyer" title="Destroyer">destroyer</a> <a href="/wiki/USS_Peary" title="USS Peary"><i>Peary</i></a>, and fourteen more were damaged, at a cost of only one of <i>Kaga</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s B5Ns. In March 1942, <i>Kaga</i>, based out of <a href="/wiki/Staring-baai" title="Staring-baai">Staring-baai</a>, helped cover the invasion of <a href="/wiki/Java_(island)" class="mw-redirect" title="Java (island)">Java</a>, although her only contribution appears to have been aircraft for the 5 March 1942 airstrike on <a href="/wiki/Cilacap_Regency" title="Cilacap Regency">Tjilatjap</a>. In that attack <i>Kaga</i> contributed 27 bomb-carrying B5N escorted by nine Zeros. The attacking aircraft bombed merchant ships in the harbor, sinking eight of them, and attacked anti-aircraft batteries and a warehouse without loss. Most of the Allied forces in the Dutch East Indies surrendered to the Japanese later in March. <i>Kaga</i> was unable to participate in the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_raid" title="Indian Ocean raid">Indian Ocean raid</a> in April because of the damage she had received in February. Instead, she sailed for Sasebo on 15 March for repairs, entering <a href="/wiki/Drydock" class="mw-redirect" title="Drydock">drydock</a> on 27 March. The repairs were completed on 4 May.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Note 8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Battle_of_Midway">Battle of Midway</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_aircraft_carrier_Kaga&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Battle of Midway"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Midway" title="Battle of Midway">Battle of Midway</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Midway_raid">Midway raid</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_aircraft_carrier_Kaga&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Midway raid"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Concerned by the US carrier strikes such as the <a href="/wiki/Doolittle_Raid" title="Doolittle Raid">Doolittle Raid</a>, on the Marshall Islands, and the <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Lae-Salamaua" class="mw-redirect" title="Invasion of Lae-Salamaua">Lae-Salamaua</a> raids, Yamamoto was determined to force the US Navy into a showdown to eliminate the American carrier threat. Yamamoto decided to invade and occupy <a href="/wiki/Midway_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Midway Island">Midway Island</a>, which he was sure would draw out the American carrier forces to battle. The Midway invasion was codenamed by the Japanese as Operation MI.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In support of <i>MI</i>, on 27 May 1942, <i>Kaga</i> departed the <a href="/wiki/Seto_Inland_Sea" title="Seto Inland Sea">Inland Sea</a> with the Combined Fleet on her final mission, in the company of carriers <i>Akagi</i>, <a href="/wiki/Japanese_aircraft_carrier_Hiry%C5%AB" title="Japanese aircraft carrier Hiryū"><i>Hiryū</i></a>, and <a href="/wiki/Japanese_aircraft_carrier_S%C5%8Dry%C5%AB" title="Japanese aircraft carrier Sōryū"><i>Sōryū</i></a> which constituted the First and Second Carrier Divisions. Her aircraft complement was 27 Zeros, 20 D3As, and 27 B5Ns.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Note 9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the fleet positioned 250 nmi (460 km; 290 mi) northwest of Midway Island at dawn on 4 June 1942, <i>Kaga</i> contributed eighteen D3As, commanded by Lieutenant Shōichi Ogawa, escorted by nine Zeros to the strike against the island. The carrier's B5Ns were armed with torpedoes and kept ready in case enemy ships were discovered during the Midway raid. One each of the D3As and Zeros was shot down by AA fire over Midway, and another four D3As were damaged. <i>Kaga</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s Zero pilots claimed to have shot down 12 US aircraft over Midway Island. One <i>Kaga</i> B5N was launched to augment the fleet's reconnaissance of the surrounding ocean.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Note 10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The carrier also put up two Zeros on CAP.<sup id="cite_ref-Hata,_p._28_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hata,_p._28-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another five Zeros reinforced her CAP at 07:00 and the seven fighters helped to defend the Kido Butai from the first US air attackers from Midway Island at 07:10. Unknown to the Japanese, the US Navy had divined the Japanese <i>MI</i> plan from <a href="/wiki/Signals_intelligence" title="Signals intelligence">signals intelligence</a> and had prepared an ambush using its three available carriers, positioned northeast of Midway.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At 07:15 <a href="/wiki/Ch%C5%ABichi_Nagumo" title="Chūichi Nagumo">Admiral Nagumo</a> ordered the B5Ns still on <i>Kaga</i> and <i>Akagi</i> rearmed with bombs for another attack on Midway itself. This process was limited by the number of ordnance carts used to handle the bombs and torpedoes and the limited number of ordnance elevators. Thus, the torpedoes could not be struck below until after all the bombs were moved up from their <a href="/wiki/Magazine_(artillery)" title="Magazine (artillery)">magazine</a>, assembled and mounted on the aircraft. This process normally took about an hour and a half; more time would be required to bring the aircraft up to the flight deck and warm up and launch the strike group. Around 07:40 Nagumo reversed his order when he received a message that American carriers had been spotted. At 07:30 <i>Kaga</i> recovered three of her CAP.<sup id="cite_ref-p8_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p8-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sinking">Sinking</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_aircraft_carrier_Kaga&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Sinking"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Kaga</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s four remaining CAP fighters were in the process of landing when 16 <a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps" title="United States Marine Corps">Marine</a> <a href="/wiki/SBD_Dauntless" class="mw-redirect" title="SBD Dauntless">SBD Dauntless</a> dive-bombers from Midway, led by <a href="/wiki/Lofton_R._Henderson" title="Lofton R. Henderson">Lofton R. Henderson</a>, attacked <a href="/wiki/Japanese_aircraft_carrier_Hiry%C5%AB" title="Japanese aircraft carrier Hiryū"><i>Hiryū</i></a> around 07:55 without result.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Five Zeros were launched at 08:15 and three intercepted a dozen Midway-based <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">United States Army</a> <a href="/wiki/B-17_Flying_Fortress" class="mw-redirect" title="B-17 Flying Fortress">B-17 Flying Fortresses</a> attempting to bomb the three other carriers from 20,000 feet (6,100 m), but only limited damage was inflicted on the heavy bombers, although their attacks all missed. Five D3As also joined the CAP around this time. Another trio of Zeros were launched at 08:30. <i>Kaga</i> began landing her returning Midway strike force aboard around 08:35 and was finished by 08:50; one Zero pilot died after crash-landing his aircraft.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The five Zeros launched at 08:15 were recovered aboard at 09:10 and replaced by six more Zeros launched at 09:20. They intercepted the first US carrier aircraft to attack, <a href="/wiki/TBD_Devastator" class="mw-redirect" title="TBD Devastator">TBD Devastator</a> torpedo-bombers of <a href="/wiki/VT-8" title="VT-8">VT-8</a> from the US carrier <a href="/wiki/USS_Hornet_(CV-8)" title="USS Hornet (CV-8)"><i>Hornet</i></a> at 09:22, and shot down all 15, leaving only a single survivor, <a href="/wiki/George_H._Gay,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="George H. Gay, Jr.">George H. Gay, Jr.</a>, treading water. Shortly thereafter, 14 Devastators from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Torpedo_Squadron_6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Torpedo Squadron 6 (page does not exist)">VT-6</a> from the US carrier <a href="/wiki/USS_Enterprise_(CV-6)" title="USS Enterprise (CV-6)"><i>Enterprise</i></a>, led by <a href="/wiki/Eugene_E._Lindsey" title="Eugene E. Lindsey">Eugene E. Lindsey</a>, were spotted. They tried to sandwich <i>Kaga</i>, but the CAP, reinforced by another six Zeros launched by <i>Kaga</i> at 10:00, shot down all but four of the Devastators, and the carrier dodged the torpedoes.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Soon after the torpedo plane attacks, American carrier dive bombers arrived over the Japanese carriers almost undetected and began their dives. At 10:22, 25 SBD Dauntless dive-bombers from <i>Enterprise</i>, led by <a href="/wiki/C._Wade_McClusky" title="C. Wade McClusky">C. Wade McClusky</a>, hit <i>Kaga</i> with one 1,000-pound (450 kg) bomb and at least three 500-pound (230 kg) bombs. The first landed near her rear elevator and set the berthing compartments on fire, and the next bomb hit the forward elevator and penetrated the upper hangar, setting off explosions and fires among the armed and fueled planes on her hangar deck. The third bomb exploded directly on the island, destroying the bridge, killing Okada and most of his command staff. The 1000-pound bomb hit amidships and penetrated the flight deck to explode on the upper hangar. The explosions ruptured the ship's <a href="/wiki/Avgas" title="Avgas">avgas</a> lines, damaged both her port and starboard fire mains and the emergency generator powering her fire pumps, as well as knocking out the <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a> fire suppression system.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fueled by the avgas pouring onto the hangar deck, the fires detonated the 80,000 pounds (36,000 kg) of bombs and torpedoes strewn across the hangar deck in a series of catastrophic multiple fuel-air explosions that blew out the hangar sides.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At nearly the same time, dive bombers hit and fatally damaged <i>Akagi</i> and <i>Sōryū</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Note 11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Unable to contain her fires, <i>Kaga</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'s</span> survivors were taken off by the destroyers <a href="/wiki/Japanese_destroyer_Hagikaze" title="Japanese destroyer Hagikaze"><i>Hagikaze</i></a> and <a href="/wiki/Japanese_destroyer_Maikaze" title="Japanese destroyer Maikaze"><i>Maikaze</i></a> between 14:00 and 17:00.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Note 12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Around 19:25 she was scuttled by two torpedoes from <i>Hagikaze</i> and sank stern-first at position <span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Japanese_aircraft_carrier_Kaga&params=30_23_N_179_17_W_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">30°23′N</span> <span class="longitude">179°17′W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">30.383°N 179.283°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">30.383; -179.283</span></span></span></a></span></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Warrant_Officer" class="mw-redirect" title="Warrant Officer">Warrant Officer</a> Takeshi Maeda, an injured <i>Kaga</i> B5N aircrew member rescued by <i>Hagikaze</i>, described the scene: "My comrade carried me up to the deck so I could see the last moments of our beloved carrier, which was nearby. Even though I was in pain tears started to run down my cheeks, and everyone around me was crying; it was a very sad sight."<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The carrier's crew suffered 811 fatalities, mainly among the aircraft mechanics and armorers stationed on the hangar decks and the ship's engineers, many of whom were trapped below in the boiler and engine rooms by uncontrolled fires raging on the decks above them. Twenty-one of the ship's aviators were killed.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Note 13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Kaga</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s surviving crewmembers were restricted incommunicado to an airbase in Kyūshū for one to two months after returning to Japan, to help conceal word of the Midway defeat from the Japanese public.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of the survivors were then transferred back to frontline units without being allowed to contact family. Some of the injured were quarantined in hospitals for almost a year.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was the highest loss of lives of all the Japanese carriers lost at Midway. </p><p>The loss of <i>Kaga</i> and the three other IJN carriers at Midway (<i>Hiryū</i> was also sunk during the battle), with their aircraft and veteran pilots, was a crucial strategic defeat for Japan and contributed significantly to Japan's ultimate defeat in the war.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Wreck_survey">Wreck survey</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_aircraft_carrier_Kaga&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Wreck survey"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In May 1999, the Nauticos Corporation, in partnership with the US Navy, discovered some wreckage from <i>Kaga</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They employed the research vessel <a href="/wiki/BRP_Gregorio_Velasquez" title="BRP Gregorio Velasquez"><i>Melville</i></a> during a survey of a fleet exercise area with the US Navy's recently modified SEAMAP acoustic imaging system. A follow-on search by <a href="/wiki/USNS_Sumner_(T-AGS-61)" title="USNS Sumner (T-AGS-61)">USNS <i>Sumner</i></a> in September 1999 located the wreckage and took photos of it.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The wreckage included a 50-foot (15 m) long section of hangar bulkhead, two 25 mm anti-aircraft gun tubs, and a landing light array. The artifacts were at a depth of 17,000 feet (5,200 m).<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 18 October 2019, the wreck of <i>Kaga</i> was located by the Director of Undersea Operations for <a href="/wiki/Vulcan_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="Vulcan Inc.">Vulcan Inc.</a> Rob Kraft, <a href="/wiki/David_W._Jourdan" title="David W. Jourdan">David W. Jourdan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Naval_History_and_Heritage_Command" title="Naval History and Heritage Command">Naval History and Heritage Command</a> historian Frank Thompson aboard <a href="/wiki/RV_Petrel" title="RV Petrel">RV <i>Petrel</i></a>. She sits upright at a depth of about 18,000 ft (5.4 km), buried up to the degaussing wires in the seafloor and with most of her superstructure and flight deck missing. The wreck is surrounded by a large debris field and has been heavily colonized by marine growth.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The wreck of <i>Akagi</i> was found by the same crew two days later.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A more extensive survey of the wreck was conducted by the <a href="/wiki/EV_Nautilus" title="EV Nautilus">EV <i>Nautilus</i></a> in September 2023.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_aircraft_carrier_Kaga&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hata, p. 24, gives the carrier's initial aircraft complement as 12 Type 3 fighters (plus three crated spares), six reconnaissance aircraft (with two spares), and 18 torpedo bombers (six spares).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">United States Navy</a> did much the same with the provision of four twin 8-inch (203 mm) gun turrets on their <a href="/wiki/Lexington-class_aircraft_carrier" title="Lexington-class aircraft carrier"><i>Lexington</i>-class</a> carriers. See Gardiner and Grey, p. 110.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hata, p. 27, gives <i>Kaga</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s aircraft complement after overhaul as 12 fighters with four spares, 18 dive bombers with six spares, and 48 torpedo bombers with 16 spares.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">According to Parshall and Tully, pp. 86–87, the Japanese would not usually launch their entire carrier air groups into a single massed attack. Instead, each carrier would launch a "deckload strike" of all its aircraft that could be spotted at one time on each flight deck. Subsequent attack waves consisted of the next deckload of aircraft. Thus, 1st Air Fleet air attacks would often consist of at least two, massed waves of aircraft. Peattie (p. 152) and <a href="/wiki/Jisabur%C5%8D_Ozawa" title="Jisaburō Ozawa">Jisaburō Ozawa</a> (Goldstein, pp. 78–80) emphasize that the First Air Fleet was <i>not</i> the IJN's primary strategic striking force. The IJN still considered the First Air Fleet an integral component in the Combined Fleet's decisive battle task force centered on battleships.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The <a href="/wiki/World_War_II_Allied_names_for_Japanese_aircraft" title="World War II Allied names for Japanese aircraft">Allied reporting name</a> for these aircraft were "Zeke", "Kate" and "Val" respectively.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fourteen of the B5N in the first wave carried bombs and the other 12 torpedoes. A 15th bomb-carrying B5N aborted due to engine trouble. Five torpedo planes and two Zeros were lost in the first wave and two Zeros and the six dive bombers in the second wave (Werneth, p. 111).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Takeshi Maeda, a B5N crewmember on <i>Kaga</i>, states that the carrier grounded at Staring Bay in March, not at Palau in February. The discrepancy is not explained in the sources. (Werneth, p. 116)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">While <i>Kaga</i> was in drydock on 18 April 12 Zeros from the carrier's air group based at <a href="/wiki/Kisarazu_Air_Field" title="Kisarazu Air Field">Kisarazu Air Field</a> participated in the failed counterattack against the US carriers which had launched the <a href="/wiki/Doolittle_raid" class="mw-redirect" title="Doolittle raid">Doolittle raid</a> bombers. The attack group, including 29 land bombers and 12 Zeros from the <a href="/wiki/26th_Air_Flotilla" title="26th Air Flotilla">26th Air Flotilla</a> in addition to the <i>Kaga</i> fighters, flew east for 600 nmi (1,100 km; 690 mi) before turning back after being unable to locate the American carriers, which had already departed the area (Hata, p. 148). After the Indian Ocean raid, <i>Kaga</i> was used for limited air operations training by all the First Air Fleet air units in May as the other carriers were in the shipyard for refitting. (Parshall and Tully, p. 88)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nine of the Zeros were intended to be stationed on Midway after the invasion and belonged to the 6th Air Group. Two of the D3As were in crates and were either replacements for <i>Sōryū</i> or also members of the 6th Air Group. (Parshall and Tully, p. 451)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Twenty-five total US aircraft were lost over Midway during the air raid. (Willmott, p. 380)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/USS_Nautilus_(SS-168)" title="USS Nautilus (SS-168)">USS <i>Nautilus</i></a> fired four torpedoes at the carrier; one misfired, two others missed, and one hit the burning <i>Kaga</i> around 14:05, but it was a <a href="/wiki/Dud" title="Dud">dud</a>. (Parshall and Tully, pp. 302–303) The torpedo broke in two and the warhead portion sank. The floating half was later used as a life preserver by several <i>Kaga</i> survivors. (Willmott, p. 427)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Parshall and Tully (p. 337) state that the two destroyers rescued over 700 of the carrier's crew. Since the carrier reportedly had a complement of 1708 (Parshall and Tully, p. 467), there should have been around 900 survivors, but the discrepancy in the numbers is not explained by the sources.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Peattie, p. 338, states that eight <i>Kaga</i> airmen were killed in the air and 13 died aboard the ship. Of the 15 <i>Kaga</i> CAP Zeros airborne at the time the carrier was hit, five were destroyed in aerial combat and the remainder were recovered by <i>Hiryū</i>. Two subsequently participated in the second <i>Hiryū</i> airstrike on <a href="/wiki/USS_Yorktown_(CV-5)" title="USS Yorktown (CV-5)"><i>Yorktown</i></a> while four others augmented the remaining carrier's CAP. All 10 pilots survived (Parshall and Tully, pp. 502–503; Lundstrom, pp. 351, 414).</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_aircraft_carrier_Kaga&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Footnotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Parshall and Tully, p. 535</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nauticos</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gardiner and Gray, p. 232; Jentschura, p. 35</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-l8-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-l8_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lengerer, p. 128</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-l9-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-l9_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-l9_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-l9_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Lengerer, p. 129</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jentschura, p. 42</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brown, p. 2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Peattie, p. 231</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lengerer, pp. 130, 134</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lengerer, pp. 130, 136</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Peattie, pp. 54–55</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ireland-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ireland_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ireland_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ireland, pp. 102–103</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-l34-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-l34_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-l34_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-l34_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-l34_13-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Lengerer, p. 134</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Campbell, p. 187</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Peattie, pp. 53, 55</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lengerer, p. 131</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Campbell, p. 194</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Parshall and Tully, pp. 140, 467</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hata24-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hata24_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hata24_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hata24_21-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hata, p. 24</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-l72-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-l72_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-l72_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-l72_22-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Lengerer, p. 172</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Peattie, p. 37</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Peattie, pp. 50–51</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Peattie, pp. 72–76, 152; Stille, p. 13; Goldstein (<a href="/wiki/Jisabur%C5%8D_Ozawa" title="Jisaburō Ozawa">Jisaburō Ozawa</a>), pp. 76–78</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Peattie, pp. 55–56</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Peattie, p. 56</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-l7-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-l7_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-l7_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Lengerer, p. 137</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tp67-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tp67_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tp67_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Parshall and Tully, p. 467</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Campbell, pp. 192–193</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Campbell, p. 200</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Peattie, pp. 65, 70, 159; Stille, pp. 15–16; Willmott, p. 415; Parshall and Tully, p. 245</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hata, pp. 24–25</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Peattie, pp. 103–104</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hata, p. 25</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cheung, p. 15</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hata, pp. 25–26</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Howarth, p. 213</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGustavsson" class="citation web cs1">Gustavsson, Hakans. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://surfcity.kund.dalnet.se/china_ji-chun.htm">"Chinese biplane fighter aces – Lu Ji-Chun"</a>. <i>Biplane Fighter Aces – China</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 November</span> 2020</span>. <q>On 7 September three Type 96 (A5M) fighters led by Lt. Igarashi escorted six Type 96 (D1A2) carrier bombers from the <i>Kaga</i>... they were intercepted by a three-aircraft formation of Curtiss Hawk IIIs led by Lt. Lu Ji-chun, Lt. Lai Ming-Tang and Chou Geng-Hsu near Tai Hu. Lu and Chou attacked the bombers and claimed one each... they were then engaged by the A5Ms and tangled with them for half an hour before all breaking off... while Igarashi claimed "three Hawks" and PO1c Handa claiming one, none of the Chinese fighters were actually lost in that engagement.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Biplane+Fighter+Aces+%E2%80%93+China&rft.atitle=Chinese+biplane+fighter+aces+%E2%80%93+Lu+Ji-Chun&rft.aulast=Gustavsson&rft.aufirst=Hakans&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsurfcity.kund.dalnet.se%2Fchina_ji-chun.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+aircraft+carrier+Kaga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hata26-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hata26_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hata26_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hata, p. 26</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hata, pp. 26–27; Werneth, p. 160; Toland, p. 49</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGustavsson" class="citation web cs1">Gustavsson, Håkan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://surfcity.kund.dalnet.se/japan_hidaka.htm">"Lieutenant (junior grade) Hatsu-o Hidaka"</a>. <i>Biplane Fighter Aces from the Second World War</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Biplane+Fighter+Aces+from+the+Second+World+War&rft.atitle=Lieutenant+%28junior+grade%29+Hatsu-o+Hidaka&rft.aulast=Gustavsson&rft.aufirst=H%C3%A5kan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsurfcity.kund.dalnet.se%2Fjapan_hidaka.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+aircraft+carrier+Kaga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cheung, p. 65</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hata, pp. 28, 322, 346, 353, 361, 366, 368</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Toland, p. 49</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hata, p. 27</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Parshall and Tully, pp. 82, 86, 137–138, and 416; Peattie, pp. 124–125, 147–153; Tully; Stille, pp. 13–14</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Peattie, p. 159</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Parshall and Tully, pp. 85 and 136–145; Peattie, pp. 155–159; Stille, pp. 14–15, 50–51</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tully-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tully_52-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tully_52-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tully_52-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Tully</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Zim, p. 153</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lengerer, p. 174; Stille, p. 19; Werneth, p. 111; Evans and Fuchida, p. 54</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lengerer, p. 175</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hata,_p._28-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hata,_p._28_57-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hata,_p._28_57-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hata, p. 28</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lengerer, pp. 175–176; Werneth, p. 140</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lengerer, pp. 176–177, 305–307; Tully; Werneth, p. 140; Gill, p. 590</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stille, p. 22</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Parshall and Tully, pp. 450–451</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Parshall and Tully, pp. 126, 515; Evans and Fuchida, p. 138; Lundstrom, pp. 330–331</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Parshall and Tully, pp. 151, 154; Stille, p. 59</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-p8-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-p8_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Parshall and Tully, pp. 156–159, 508</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Parshall and Tully, p. 180</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Parshall and Tully, pp. 196, 199</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Parshall and Tully, pp. 213–214; Stille, p. 62</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Parshall and Tully, pp. 228, 234–236, 248–250; Stille, pp. 62–63</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Parshall and Tully, pp. 255–256; Willmott, pp. 426–427</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stille, p. 63</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Parshall and Tully, p. 338; Tully; Werneth, p. 142</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Werneth, p. 121</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Parshall and Tully, p. 476</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Werneth, p. 156</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Parshall and Tully, pp. 386–387</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fuchida and Okumiya, p. 231</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110305092121/http://www.nauticos.com/midway/IJNwreckanalysis-kaga.htm">"IJN Carrier Wreckage- Identification Analysis"</a>. Nauticos Corporation. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nauticos.com/midway/IJNwreckanalysis-kaga.htm">the original</a> on 5 March 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 May</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=IJN+Carrier+Wreckage-+Identification+Analysis&rft.pub=Nauticos+Corporation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nauticos.com%2Fmidway%2FIJNwreckanalysis-kaga.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+aircraft+carrier+Kaga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101215172540/http://www.nauticos.com/press/10-29-99.htm">"Navy and Industry Collaborate for Historical Find"</a>. Nauticos Corporation. 20 February 2001. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nauticos.com/press/10-29-99.htm">the original</a> on 15 December 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 May</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Navy+and+Industry+Collaborate+for+Historical+Find&rft.pub=Nauticos+Corporation&rft.date=2001-02-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nauticos.com%2Fpress%2F10-29-99.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+aircraft+carrier+Kaga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Parshall and Tully, pp. 491–493</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSharman2019" class="citation web cs1">Sharman, Jon (18 October 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/rv-petrel-battle-midway-kaga-wreck-aircraft-carrier-ww2-paul-allen-a9161481.html">"Deep-sea Explorers Find Wreck of Japanese Second World War Aircraft Carrier Sunk in Pivotal Battle of Midway"</a>. <i>The Independent</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Deep-sea+Explorers+Find+Wreck+of+Japanese+Second+World+War+Aircraft+Carrier+Sunk+in+Pivotal+Battle+of+Midway&rft.date=2019-10-18&rft.aulast=Sharman&rft.aufirst=Jon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Famericas%2Frv-petrel-battle-midway-kaga-wreck-aircraft-carrier-ww2-paul-allen-a9161481.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+aircraft+carrier+Kaga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeaumont2019" class="citation news cs1">Beaumont, Peter (21 October 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/oct/21/humbling-wreckage-of-japanese-ships-from-battle-of-midway-found-in-pacific">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Humbling' Wreckage of Japanese Ships From Battle of Midway Found in Pacific"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077">0261-3077</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=%27Humbling%27+Wreckage+of+Japanese+Ships+From+Battle+of+Midway+Found+in+Pacific&rft.date=2019-10-21&rft.issn=0261-3077&rft.aulast=Beaumont&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2019%2Foct%2F21%2Fhumbling-wreckage-of-japanese-ships-from-battle-of-midway-found-in-pacific&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+aircraft+carrier+Kaga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rousselle, Christine, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.foxnews.com/lifestyle/undersea-video-lost-wwii-aircraft-carriers-provides-clues-last-moments">Undersea video of lost WWII aircraft carriers provides new clues about their dramatic last moments</a>", <i><a href="/wiki/Fox_News" title="Fox News">Fox News</a></i>, 7 October 2023</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_aircraft_carrier_Kaga&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown1977" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_K._Brown" title="David K. Brown">Brown, David</a> (1977). <i>Aircraft Carriers</i>. New York: Arco Publishing Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-668-04164-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-668-04164-1"><bdi>0-668-04164-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aircraft+Carriers&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Arco+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=0-668-04164-1&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+aircraft+carrier+Kaga" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampbell1985" class="citation book cs1">Campbell, John (1985). <i>Naval Weapons of World War Two</i>. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87021-459-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-87021-459-4"><bdi>0-87021-459-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Naval+Weapons+of+World+War+Two&rft.place=Annapolis%2C+Maryland&rft.pub=Naval+Institute+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=0-87021-459-4&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+aircraft+carrier+Kaga" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCheungDavey2015" class="citation book cs1">Cheung, Raymond; Davey, Chris (2015). <i>Aces of the Republic of China Air Force</i>. Aircraft of the Aces. Vol. 126. Oxford, UK: Osprey Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4728-0561-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4728-0561-4"><bdi>978-1-4728-0561-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aces+of+the+Republic+of+China+Air+Force&rft.place=Oxford%2C+UK&rft.series=Aircraft+of+the+Aces&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-4728-0561-4&rft.aulast=Cheung&rft.aufirst=Raymond&rft.au=Davey%2C+Chris&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+aircraft+carrier+Kaga" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCressmanSteve_EwingBarrett_TillmanMark_Horan1990" class="citation book cs1">Cressman, Robert J.; Steve Ewing; <a href="/wiki/Barrett_Tillman" title="Barrett Tillman">Barrett Tillman</a>; Mark Horan; <a href="/wiki/Clark_G._Reynolds" title="Clark G. Reynolds">Clark G. Reynolds</a>; Stan Cohen (1990). <i>A Glorious Page in our History: The Battle of Midway 4–6 June 1942</i>. Missoula, Montana: Pictorial Histories Publishing Company, Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-929521-40-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-929521-40-4"><bdi>978-0-929521-40-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Glorious+Page+in+our+History%3A+The+Battle+of+Midway+4%E2%80%936+June+1942&rft.place=Missoula%2C+Montana&rft.pub=Pictorial+Histories+Publishing+Company%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-929521-40-4&rft.aulast=Cressman&rft.aufirst=Robert+J.&rft.au=Steve+Ewing&rft.au=Barrett+Tillman&rft.au=Mark+Horan&rft.au=Clark+G.+Reynolds&rft.au=Stan+Cohen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+aircraft+carrier+Kaga" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFuchida1986" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mitsuo_Fuchida" title="Mitsuo Fuchida">Fuchida, Mitsuo</a> (1986). Evans, David C. (ed.). <i>The Japanese Navy in World War II: In the Words of Former Japanese Naval Officers</i> (2nd ed.). Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87021-316-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-87021-316-4"><bdi>0-87021-316-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Japanese+Navy+in+World+War+II%3A+In+the+Words+of+Former+Japanese+Naval+Officers&rft.place=Annapolis%2C+Maryland&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Naval+Institute+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=0-87021-316-4&rft.aulast=Fuchida&rft.aufirst=Mitsuo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+aircraft+carrier+Kaga" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFuchidaMasatake_Okumiya1955" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mitsuo_Fuchida" title="Mitsuo Fuchida">Fuchida, Mitsuo</a>; <a href="/wiki/Masatake_Okumiya" title="Masatake Okumiya">Masatake Okumiya</a> (1955). <i>Midway: The Battle That Doomed Japan, The Japanese Navy's Story</i>. Annapolis, Maryland: United States Naval Institute. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/607018642">607018642</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Midway%3A+The+Battle+That+Doomed+Japan%2C+The+Japanese+Navy%27s+Story&rft.place=Annapolis%2C+Maryland&rft.pub=United+States+Naval+Institute&rft.date=1955&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F607018642&rft.aulast=Fuchida&rft.aufirst=Mitsuo&rft.au=Masatake+Okumiya&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+aircraft+carrier+Kaga" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGardinerGray1985" class="citation book cs1">Gardiner, Robert; Gray, Randal, eds. (1985). <i>Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1906–1921</i>. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85177-245-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-85177-245-5"><bdi>0-85177-245-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Conway%27s+All+the+World%27s+Fighting+Ships+1906%E2%80%931921&rft.place=Annapolis%2C+Maryland&rft.pub=Naval+Institute+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=0-85177-245-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+aircraft+carrier+Kaga" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGill1957" class="citation book cs1">Gill, G. Hermon (1957). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090525001721/http://www.awm.gov.au/histories/second_world_war/volume.asp?levelID=67910"><i>Volume I – Royal Australian Navy, 1939–1942</i></a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Australia_in_the_War_of_1939%E2%80%931945" title="Australia in the War of 1939–1945">Australia in the War of 1939–1945</a></i>, Series 2: Navy (1st ed.). Canberra: <a href="/wiki/Australian_War_Memorial" title="Australian War Memorial">Australian War Memorial</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.awm.gov.au/histories/second_world_war/volume.asp?levelID=67910">the original</a> on 25 May 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Volume+I+%E2%80%93+Royal+Australian+Navy%2C+1939%E2%80%931942&rft.place=Canberra&rft.series=%27%27Australia+in+the+War+of+1939%E2%80%931945%27%27%2C+Series+2%3A+Navy&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Australian+War+Memorial&rft.date=1957&rft.aulast=Gill&rft.aufirst=G.+Hermon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.awm.gov.au%2Fhistories%2Fsecond_world_war%2Fvolume.asp%3FlevelID%3D67910&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+aircraft+carrier+Kaga" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldsteinDillon2004" class="citation book cs1">Goldstein, Donald M.; Dillon, Katherine V., eds. (2004). <i>The Pacific War Papers: Japanese Documents of World War II</i>. <a href="/wiki/Dulles,_Virginia" title="Dulles, Virginia">Dulles</a>, Virginia: Potomac Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57488-632-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-57488-632-0"><bdi>1-57488-632-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Pacific+War+Papers%3A+Japanese+Documents+of+World+War+II&rft.place=Dulles%2C+Virginia&rft.pub=Potomac+Books&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=1-57488-632-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+aircraft+carrier+Kaga" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHataIzawa,_Yasuho1989" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ikuhiko_Hata" title="Ikuhiko Hata">Hata, Ikuhiko</a>; Izawa, Yasuho (1989) [1975]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/japanesenavalace00hata"><i>Japanese Naval Aces and Fighter Units in World War II</i></a>. Translated by Don Cyril Gorham. <a href="/wiki/Annapolis,_Maryland" title="Annapolis, Maryland">Annapolis</a>, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87021-315-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-87021-315-6"><bdi>0-87021-315-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Japanese+Naval+Aces+and+Fighter+Units+in+World+War+II&rft.place=Annapolis%2C+Maryland&rft.pub=Naval+Institute+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=0-87021-315-6&rft.aulast=Hata&rft.aufirst=Ikuhiko&rft.au=Izawa%2C+Yasuho&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjapanesenavalace00hata&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+aircraft+carrier+Kaga" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHowarth1983" class="citation book cs1">Howarth, Stephen (1983). <i>The Fighting Ships of the Rising Sun: The Drama of the Imperial Japanese Navy 1895–1945</i>. Fairfield, Pennsylvania: Fairfield Graphics. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-689-11402-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-689-11402-8"><bdi>0-689-11402-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Fighting+Ships+of+the+Rising+Sun%3A+The+Drama+of+the+Imperial+Japanese+Navy+1895%E2%80%931945&rft.place=Fairfield%2C+Pennsylvania&rft.pub=Fairfield+Graphics&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=0-689-11402-8&rft.aulast=Howarth&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+aircraft+carrier+Kaga" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIreland2007" class="citation book cs1">Ireland, Bernard (2007). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/aircraftcarriers0000irel"><i>Aircraft Carriers of the World</i></a></span>. London: Southwater. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84476-363-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84476-363-4"><bdi>978-1-84476-363-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aircraft+Carriers+of+the+World&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Southwater&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-84476-363-4&rft.aulast=Ireland&rft.aufirst=Bernard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Faircraftcarriers0000irel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+aircraft+carrier+Kaga" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJentschuraJung,_DieterMickel,_Peter1977" class="citation book cs1">Jentschura, Hansgeorg; Jung, Dieter; Mickel, Peter (1977). <i>Warships of the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1869–1945</i>. <a href="/wiki/Annapolis,_Maryland" title="Annapolis, Maryland">Annapolis</a>, Maryland: United States Naval Institute. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87021-893-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-87021-893-X"><bdi>0-87021-893-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Warships+of+the+Imperial+Japanese+Navy%2C+1869%E2%80%931945&rft.place=Annapolis%2C+Maryland&rft.pub=United+States+Naval+Institute&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=0-87021-893-X&rft.aulast=Jentschura&rft.aufirst=Hansgeorg&rft.au=Jung%2C+Dieter&rft.au=Mickel%2C+Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+aircraft+carrier+Kaga" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLengerer1982" class="citation book cs1">Lengerer, Hans (1982). "Akagi & Kaga". In Roberts, John (ed.). <i>Warship VI</i>. London: Conway Maritime Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87021-981-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-87021-981-2"><bdi>0-87021-981-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Akagi+%26+Kaga&rft.btitle=Warship+VI&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Conway+Maritime+Press&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=0-87021-981-2&rft.aulast=Lengerer&rft.aufirst=Hans&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+aircraft+carrier+Kaga" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLundstrom2005" class="citation book cs1">Lundstrom, John B. (2005). <i>The First Team: Pacific Naval Air Combat from Pearl Harbor to Midway</i> (New ed.). Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87021-189-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-87021-189-7"><bdi>0-87021-189-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+First+Team%3A+Pacific+Naval+Air+Combat+from+Pearl+Harbor+to+Midway&rft.place=Annapolis%2C+Maryland&rft.edition=New&rft.pub=Naval+Institute+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-87021-189-7&rft.aulast=Lundstrom&rft.aufirst=John+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+aircraft+carrier+Kaga" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParshallTully2005" class="citation book cs1">Parshall, Jonathan; Tully, Anthony (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/shatteredswordun0000pars"><i>Shattered Sword: The Untold Story of the Battle of Midway</i></a>. Dulles, Virginia: Potomac Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57488-923-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-57488-923-0"><bdi>1-57488-923-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shattered+Sword%3A+The+Untold+Story+of+the+Battle+of+Midway&rft.place=Dulles%2C+Virginia&rft.pub=Potomac+Books&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=1-57488-923-0&rft.aulast=Parshall&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft.au=Tully%2C+Anthony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fshatteredswordun0000pars&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+aircraft+carrier+Kaga" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeattie2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mark_Peattie" title="Mark Peattie">Peattie, Mark</a> (2001). <i>Sunburst: The Rise of Japanese Naval Air Power 1909–1941</i>. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55750-432-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-55750-432-6"><bdi>1-55750-432-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sunburst%3A+The+Rise+of+Japanese+Naval+Air+Power+1909%E2%80%931941&rft.place=Annapolis%2C+Maryland&rft.pub=Naval+Institute+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=1-55750-432-6&rft.aulast=Peattie&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+aircraft+carrier+Kaga" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSakaida2002" class="citation book cs1">Sakaida, Henry (2002). <i>Aces of the Rising Sun, 1937–1945</i>. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84176-618-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-84176-618-6"><bdi>1-84176-618-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aces+of+the+Rising+Sun%2C+1937%E2%80%931945&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=1-84176-618-6&rft.aulast=Sakaida&rft.aufirst=Henry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+aircraft+carrier+Kaga" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStille2007" class="citation book cs1">Stille, Mark (2007). <i>USN Carriers vs IJN Carriers: The Pacific 1942</i>. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84603-248-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84603-248-6"><bdi>978-1-84603-248-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=USN+Carriers+vs+IJN+Carriers%3A+The+Pacific+1942&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-84603-248-6&rft.aulast=Stille&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+aircraft+carrier+Kaga" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFToland2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Toland_(author)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Toland (author)">Toland, John</a> (2003) [1970]. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Rising_Sun:_The_Decline_and_Fall_of_the_Japanese_Empire,_1936%E2%80%931945" class="mw-redirect" title="The Rising Sun: The Decline and Fall of the Japanese Empire, 1936–1945">The Rising Sun: The Decline and Fall of the Japanese Empire, 1936–1945</a></i>. New York: The Modern Library. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8129-6858-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8129-6858-1"><bdi>0-8129-6858-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rising+Sun%3A+The+Decline+and+Fall+of+the+Japanese+Empire%2C+1936%E2%80%931945&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=The+Modern+Library&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-8129-6858-1&rft.aulast=Toland&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+aircraft+carrier+Kaga" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTully2000" class="citation web cs1">Tully, Anthony P. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.combinedfleet.com/kaga.htm">"IJN Kaga: Tabular Record of Movement"</a>. <i>Kido Butai</i>. Combinedfleet.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 June</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kido+Butai&rft.atitle=IJN+Kaga%3A+Tabular+Record+of+Movement&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Tully&rft.aufirst=Anthony+P.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.combinedfleet.com%2Fkaga.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+aircraft+carrier+Kaga" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNauticos_LLC1999" class="citation web cs1">Nauticos LLC (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130817064225/http://www.nauticos.com/midway/IJNwreckanalysis-exec.htm">"IJN Carrier Wreckage- Identification Analysis"</a>. nauticos.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nauticos.com/midway/IJNwreckanalysis-exec.htm">the original</a> on 17 August 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 June</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=IJN+Carrier+Wreckage-+Identification+Analysis&rft.pub=nauticos.com&rft.date=1999&rft.au=Nauticos+LLC&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nauticos.com%2Fmidway%2FIJNwreckanalysis-exec.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+aircraft+carrier+Kaga" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWerneth2008" class="citation book cs1">Werneth, Ron (2008). <i>Beyond Pearl Harbor: The Untold Stories of Japan's Naval Airmen</i>. Atglen, Pennsylvania: Schiffer Military History. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7643-2932-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7643-2932-6"><bdi>978-0-7643-2932-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beyond+Pearl+Harbor%3A+The+Untold+Stories+of+Japan%27s+Naval+Airmen&rft.place=Atglen%2C+Pennsylvania&rft.pub=Schiffer+Military+History&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-7643-2932-6&rft.aulast=Werneth&rft.aufirst=Ron&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+aircraft+carrier+Kaga" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWillmott1983" class="citation book cs1">Willmott, H. P. (1983). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/barrierjavelin00hpwi"><i>The Barrier and the Javelin: Japanese and Allied Pacific Strategies, February to June 1942</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Annapolis,_Maryland" title="Annapolis, Maryland">Annapolis</a>, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59114-949-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59114-949-1"><bdi>978-1-59114-949-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Barrier+and+the+Javelin%3A+Japanese+and+Allied+Pacific+Strategies%2C+February+to+June+1942&rft.place=Annapolis%2C+Maryland&rft.pub=Naval+Institute+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-1-59114-949-1&rft.aulast=Willmott&rft.aufirst=H.+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbarrierjavelin00hpwi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+aircraft+carrier+Kaga" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZimm2011" class="citation book cs1">Zimm, Alan D. (2011). <i>Attack on Pearl Harbor: Strategy, Combat, Myths, Deceptions</i>. Havertown, Pennsylvania: Casemate Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61200-010-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61200-010-7"><bdi>978-1-61200-010-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Attack+on+Pearl+Harbor%3A+Strategy%2C+Combat%2C+Myths%2C+Deceptions&rft.place=Havertown%2C+Pennsylvania&rft.pub=Casemate+Publishers&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-61200-010-7&rft.aulast=Zimm&rft.aufirst=Alan+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+aircraft+carrier+Kaga" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_aircraft_carrier_Kaga&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWorth2010" class="citation journal cs1">Worth, Richard. (2010). "Question 13/46: Catapults on WW II Japanese Aircraft Carriers". <i>Warship International</i>. <b>XLVII</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">102–</span>03. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0043-0374">0043-0374</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Warship+International&rft.atitle=Question+13%2F46%3A+Catapults+on+WW+II+Japanese+Aircraft+Carriers&rft.volume=XLVII&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E102-%3C%2Fspan%3E03&rft.date=2010&rft.issn=0043-0374&rft.aulast=Worth&rft.aufirst=Richard.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+aircraft+carrier+Kaga" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Tosa_class_battleships" title="Template:Tosa class battleships"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Tosa_class_battleships" title="Template talk:Tosa class battleships"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Tosa_class_battleships" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Tosa class battleships"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Tosa-class_battleship482" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Tosa-class_battleship" title="Tosa-class battleship"><i>Tosa</i>-class battleship</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_battleship_Tosa" title="Japanese battleship Tosa"><i>Tosa</i></a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><i>Kaga</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Preceded by: <a href="/wiki/Nagato-class_battleship" title="Nagato-class battleship"><i>Nagato</i> class</a></li> <li>Followed by: <a href="/wiki/Kii-class_battleship" title="Kii-class battleship"><i>Kii</i> class</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_battleships_of_Japan" title="List of battleships of Japan">List of battleships of Japan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Japanese_naval_ship_classes_of_World_War_II2285" style="wide;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:WWII_Japanese_ships" title="Template:WWII Japanese ships"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a 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href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy" title="Imperial Japanese Navy">Imperial Japanese Navy</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_carrier" title="Aircraft carrier">Aircraft carriers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_aircraft_carrier_Akagi" title="Japanese aircraft carrier Akagi"><i>Akagi</i></a><span style="padding-left:0.12em;"><sup>SC</sup></span></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><i>Kaga</i></a><span style="padding-left:0.12em;"><sup>SC</sup></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_aircraft_carrier_S%C5%8Dry%C5%AB" title="Japanese aircraft carrier Sōryū"><i>Sōryū</i></a><span style="padding-left:0.12em;"><sup>S</sup></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_aircraft_carrier_Hiry%C5%AB" title="Japanese aircraft carrier Hiryū"><i>Hiryū</i></a><span style="padding-left:0.12em;"><sup>S</sup></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dkaku-class_aircraft_carrier" title="Shōkaku-class aircraft carrier"><i>Shōkaku</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiy%C5%8D-class_aircraft_carrier" title="Hiyō-class aircraft carrier"><i>Hiyō</i></a><span style="padding-left:0.12em;"><sup>C</sup></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_aircraft_carrier_Taih%C5%8D" title="Japanese aircraft carrier Taihō"><i>Taihō</i></a><span style="padding-left:0.12em;"><sup>S</sup></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unry%C5%AB-class_aircraft_carrier" title="Unryū-class aircraft carrier"><i>Unryū</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_aircraft_carrier_Shinano" title="Japanese aircraft carrier Shinano"><i>Shinano</i></a><span style="padding-left:0.12em;"><sup>SC</sup></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Light_aircraft_carrier" title="Light aircraft carrier">Light aircraft carriers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_aircraft_carrier_H%C5%8Dsh%C5%8D" title="Japanese aircraft carrier Hōshō"><i>Hōshō</i></a><span style="padding-left:0.12em;"><sup>S</sup></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_aircraft_carrier_Ry%C5%ABj%C5%8D" title="Japanese aircraft carrier Ryūjō"><i>Ryūjō</i></a><span style="padding-left:0.12em;"><sup>S</sup></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zuih%C5%8D-class_aircraft_carrier" title="Zuihō-class aircraft carrier"><i>Zuihō</i></a><span style="padding-left:0.12em;"><sup>C</sup></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_aircraft_carrier_Ry%C5%ABh%C5%8D" title="Japanese aircraft carrier Ryūhō"><i>Ryūhō</i></a><span style="padding-left:0.12em;"><sup>SC</sup></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chitose-class_aircraft_carrier" title="Chitose-class aircraft carrier"><i>Chitose</i></a><span style="padding-left:0.12em;"><sup>C</sup></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_cruiser_Ibuki_(1943)" title="Japanese cruiser Ibuki (1943)"><i>Ibuki</i></a><span style="padding-left:0.12em;"><sup>SCI</sup></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Escort_carrier" title="Escort carrier">Escort carriers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taiy%C5%8D-class_escort_carrier" title="Taiyō-class escort carrier"><i>Taiyō</i></a><span style="padding-left:0.12em;"><sup>C</sup></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_aircraft_carrier_Kaiy%C5%8D" title="Japanese aircraft carrier Kaiyō"><i>Kaiyō</i></a><span style="padding-left:0.12em;"><sup>SC</sup></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_aircraft_carrier_Shin%27y%C5%8D" title="Japanese aircraft carrier Shin'yō"><i>Shin'yō</i></a><span style="padding-left:0.12em;"><sup>SC</sup></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shimane_Maru-class_escort_carrier" title="Shimane Maru-class escort carrier"><i>Shimane Maru</i></a><span style="padding-left:0.12em;"><sup>C</sup></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Battleship" title="Battleship">Battleships</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kawachi-class_battleship" title="Kawachi-class battleship"><i>Kawachi</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kong%C5%8D-class_battlecruiser" title="Kongō-class battlecruiser"><i>Kongō</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fus%C5%8D-class_battleship" title="Fusō-class battleship"><i>Fusō</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ise-class_battleship" title="Ise-class battleship"><i>Ise</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagato-class_battleship" title="Nagato-class battleship"><i>Nagato</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamato-class_battleship" title="Yamato-class battleship"><i>Yamato</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_A-150_battleship" title="Design A-150 battleship">Design A-150</a><span style="padding-left:0.12em;"><sup>X</sup></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Heavy_cruiser" title="Heavy cruiser">Heavy cruisers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Furutaka-class_cruiser" title="Furutaka-class cruiser"><i>Furutaka</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aoba-class_cruiser" title="Aoba-class cruiser"><i>Aoba</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/My%C5%8Dk%C5%8D-class_cruiser" title="Myōkō-class cruiser"><i>Myōkō</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takao-class_cruiser" title="Takao-class cruiser"><i>Takao</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mogami-class_cruiser" title="Mogami-class cruiser"><i>Mogami</i></a><span style="padding-left:0.12em;"><sup>L</sup></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tone-class_cruiser" title="Tone-class cruiser"><i>Tone</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibuki-class_cruiser" title="Ibuki-class cruiser"><i>Ibuki</i></a><span style="padding-left:0.12em;"><sup>I</sup></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Armored_cruiser" title="Armored cruiser">Armored cruisers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_cruiser_Asama" title="Japanese cruiser Asama"><i>Asama</i></a><span style="padding-left:0.12em;"><sup>S</sup></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_cruiser_Yakumo" title="Japanese cruiser Yakumo"><i>Yakumo</i></a><span style="padding-left:0.12em;"><sup>S</sup></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Izumo-class_cruiser" title="Izumo-class cruiser"><i>Izumo</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Light_cruiser" title="Light cruiser">Light cruisers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tenry%C5%AB-class_cruiser" title="Tenryū-class cruiser"><i>Tenryū</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuma-class_cruiser" title="Kuma-class cruiser"><i>Kuma</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagara-class_cruiser" title="Nagara-class cruiser"><i>Nagara</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_cruiser_Y%C5%ABbari" title="Japanese cruiser Yūbari"><i>Yūbari</i></a><span style="padding-left:0.12em;"><sup>S</sup></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sendai-class_cruiser" title="Sendai-class cruiser"><i>Sendai</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katori-class_cruiser" title="Katori-class cruiser"><i>Katori</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agano-class_cruiser" title="Agano-class cruiser"><i>Agano</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_cruiser_%C5%8Cyodo" title="Japanese cruiser Ōyodo"><i>Ōyodo</i></a><span style="padding-left:0.12em;"><sup>S</sup></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ioshima-class_cruiser" title="Ioshima-class cruiser"><i>Ioshima</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Protected_cruiser" title="Protected cruiser">Protected cruisers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yodo-class_cruiser" title="Yodo-class cruiser"><i>Yodo</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chikuma-class_cruiser" title="Chikuma-class cruiser"><i>Chikuma</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Destroyer" title="Destroyer">Destroyers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1st class</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minekaze-class_destroyer" title="Minekaze-class destroyer"><i>Minekaze</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamikaze-class_destroyer_(1922)" title="Kamikaze-class destroyer (1922)"><i>Kamikaze</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutsuki-class_destroyer" title="Mutsuki-class destroyer"><i>Mutsuki</i></a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th id="Type_Special331" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Type Special</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fubuki-class_destroyer" title="Fubuki-class destroyer"><i>Fubuki</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fubuki-class_destroyer#Type_II_(Ayanami)" title="Fubuki-class destroyer"><i>Ayanami</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akatsuki-class_destroyer_(1931)" title="Akatsuki-class destroyer (1931)"><i>Akatsuki</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hatsuharu-class_destroyer" title="Hatsuharu-class destroyer"><i>Hatsuharu</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiratsuyu-class_destroyer" title="Shiratsuyu-class destroyer"><i>Shiratsuyu</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asashio-class_destroyer" title="Asashio-class destroyer"><i>Asashio</i></a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Type A</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kager%C5%8D-class_destroyer" title="Kagerō-class destroyer"><i>Kagerō</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y%C5%ABgumo-class_destroyer" title="Yūgumo-class destroyer"><i>Yūgumo</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Type B</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akizuki-class_destroyer_(1942)" title="Akizuki-class destroyer (1942)"><i>Akizuki</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akizuki-class_destroyer_(1942)#Fuyutsuki_class" title="Akizuki-class destroyer (1942)"><i>Fuyutsuki</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akizuki-class_destroyer_(1942)#Michitsuki_class" title="Akizuki-class destroyer (1942)"><i>Michitsuki</i></a><span style="padding-left:0.12em;"><sup>S</sup></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super_Akizuki-class_destroyer" title="Super Akizuki-class destroyer">Super <i>Akizuki</i></a><span style="padding-left:0.12em;"><sup>X</sup></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Type C</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_destroyer_Shimakaze_(1942)" title="Japanese destroyer Shimakaze (1942)"><i>Shimakaze</i></a><span style="padding-left:0.12em;"><sup>S</sup></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super_Shimakaze-class_destroyer" title="Super Shimakaze-class destroyer">Super <i>Shimakaze</i></a><span style="padding-left:0.12em;"><sup>X</sup></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Type D</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matsu-class_destroyer" title="Matsu-class destroyer"><i>Matsu</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tachibana-class_destroyer" class="mw-redirect" title="Tachibana-class destroyer"><i>Tachibana</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">2nd class</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Momo-class_destroyer" title="Momo-class destroyer"><i>Momo</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Momi-class_destroyer" title="Momi-class destroyer"><i>Momi</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wakatake-class_destroyer" title="Wakatake-class destroyer"><i>Wakatake</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Torpedo_boat" title="Torpedo boat">Torpedo boats</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chidori-class_torpedo_boat" title="Chidori-class torpedo boat"><i>Chidori</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%8Ctori-class_torpedo_boat" title="Ōtori-class torpedo boat"><i>Ōtori</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Kaib%C5%8Dkan" title="Kaibōkan">Escort ships</a><br />(Kaibōkan)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Type A</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shimushu-class_escort_ship" title="Shimushu-class escort ship"><i>Shimushu</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etorofu-class_escort_ship" title="Etorofu-class escort ship"><i>Etorofu</i></a> (A Kai)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Type B</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mikura-class_escort_ship" title="Mikura-class escort ship"><i>Mikura</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiburi-class_escort_ship" title="Hiburi-class escort ship"><i>Hiburi</i></a> (B bis)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukuru-class_escort_ship" title="Ukuru-class escort ship"><i>Ukuru</i></a> (B Kai)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Type C</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Type_C_escort_ship" title="Type C escort ship"><i>Number 1</i></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Type D</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Type_D_escort_ship" title="Type D escort ship"><i>Number 2</i></a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ioshima-class_cruiser" title="Ioshima-class cruiser"><i>Ioshima</i></a><span style="padding-left:0.12em;"><sup>C</sup></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Submarine" title="Submarine">Submarines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1st class</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Kaidai_type_submarine" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaidai type submarine">Kaidai Type</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaidai-type_submarine#Kaidai_I_(I-51_class)" title="Kaidai-type submarine"><i>I-51</i> (KD1)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaidai-type_submarine#Kaidai_II_(I-152_class)" title="Kaidai-type submarine"><i>I-152</i> (KD2)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaidai-type_submarine#Kaidai_IIIa/b_(I-153_class_and_I-156_class)" title="Kaidai-type submarine"><i>I-153</i> (KD3)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaidai-type_submarine#Kaidai_IV_(I-61/162_class)" title="Kaidai-type submarine"><i>I-162</i> (KD4)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaidai-type_submarine#Kaidai_V_(I-165_class)" title="Kaidai-type submarine"><i>I-165</i> (KD5)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaidai-type_submarine#Kaidai_VIa/b_(I-168_class_and_I-174_class)" title="Kaidai-type submarine"><i>I-168</i> (KD6)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaidai-type_submarine#Kaidai_VII_(I-176_class)" title="Kaidai-type submarine"><i>I-176</i> (KD7)</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Junsen_type_submarine" title="Junsen type submarine">Junsen Type</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Type_J1_submarine" title="Type J1 submarine"><i>I-1</i> (J1)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junsen_type_submarine#Junsen_I_Mod_(I-5_class)" title="Junsen type submarine"><i>I-5</i> (J1 Kai)</a><span style="padding-left:0.12em;"><sup>S</sup></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junsen_type_submarine#Junsen_II_(I-6_class)" title="Junsen type submarine"><i>I-6</i> (J2)</a><span style="padding-left:0.12em;"><sup>S</sup></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junsen_type_submarine#Junsen_III_(I-7_class)" title="Junsen type submarine"><i>I-7</i> (J3)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Type_A_submarine" title="Type A submarine">Junsen Type A</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Type_A1_submarine" title="Type A1 submarine"><i>I-9</i> (A1)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_A2_submarine" class="mw-redirect" title="Type A2 submarine"><i>I-12</i> (A Kai 1)</a><span style="padding-left:0.12em;"><sup>S</sup></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_AM_submarine" class="mw-redirect" title="Type AM submarine"><i>I-13</i> (A Kai 2)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Type_B_submarine" title="Type B submarine">Junsen Type B</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Type_B1_submarine" title="Type B1 submarine"><i>I-15</i> (B)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_B1_submarine#Type-B_Mod.1" title="Type B1 submarine"><i>I-40</i> (B Kai 1)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_B1_submarine#Type-B_Mod.2_(I-54_class)" title="Type B1 submarine"><i>I-54</i> (B Kai 2)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Type_C_submarine" title="Type C submarine">Junsen Type C</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Type_C_submarine" title="Type C submarine"><i>I-16</i> (C)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I-52-class_submarine" title="I-52-class submarine"><i>I-52</i> (C Kai)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Type_D_submarine" title="Type D submarine">Type D/Sen'yu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Type_D_submarine#I-361_class" title="Type D submarine"><i>I-361</i> (D)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_D_submarine#I-372_class" title="Type D submarine"><i>I-372</i> (D Kai)</a><span style="padding-left:0.12em;"><sup>S</sup></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_D_submarine#I-373_class" title="Type D submarine"><i>I-373</i> (D2)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/I-121-class_submarine" title="I-121-class submarine"><i>I-121</i> (Kiraisen Type)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I-351-class_submarine" title="I-351-class submarine"><i>I-351</i> (Senho Type)</a><span style="padding-left:0.12em;"><sup>S</sup></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I-201-class_submarine" title="I-201-class submarine"><i>I-201</i> (Sentaka-Dai Type)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I-400-class_submarine" title="I-400-class submarine"><i>I-400</i> (Sentoku Type)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_submarine_U-181" title="German submarine U-181"><i>I-501</i></a><span style="padding-left:0.12em;"><sup>S</sup></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_submarine_U-862" title="German submarine U-862"><i>I-502</i></a><span style="padding-left:0.12em;"><sup>S</sup></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_submarine_Comandante_Cappellini" title="Italian submarine Comandante Cappellini"><i>I-503</i></a><span style="padding-left:0.12em;"><sup>S</sup></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_submarine_Luigi_Torelli" title="Italian submarine Luigi Torelli"><i>I-504</i></a><span style="padding-left:0.12em;"><sup>S</sup></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_submarine_U-219" title="German submarine U-219"><i>I-505</i></a><span style="padding-left:0.12em;"><sup>S</sup></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_submarine_U-195" title="German submarine U-195"><i>I-506</i></a><span style="padding-left:0.12em;"><sup>S</sup></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">2nd class</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Kaich%C5%AB_type_submarine" title="Kaichū type submarine">Kaichū Type</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaich%C5%AB_type_submarine#Kaichū_I_(Ro-11_class)" title="Kaichū type submarine"><i>Ro-11</i> (K1)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaich%C5%AB_type_submarine#Kaichū_II_(Ro-13_class)" title="Kaichū type submarine"><i>Ro-13</i> (K2)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaich%C5%AB_type_submarine#Kaichū_III_(Ro-16_class)" title="Kaichū type submarine"><i>Ro-16</i> (K3)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaich%C5%AB_type_submarine#Kaichū_IV_(Ro-26_class)" title="Kaichū type submarine"><i>Ro-26</i> (K4)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaich%C5%AB_type_submarine#Kaichū_V_(Toku-Chū,_Ro-29_class)" title="Kaichū type submarine"><i>Ro-29</i> (K5/Toku-Chū)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaich%C5%AB_type_submarine#Kaichū_VI_(Ro-33_class)" title="Kaichū type submarine"><i>Ro-33</i> (K6)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaich%C5%AB_type_submarine#Kaichū_VII_(Sen-Chū,_Ro-35_class)" title="Kaichū type submarine"><i>Ro-35</i> (K7/Sen-Chū)</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Type_L_submarine" title="Japanese Type L submarine">Type L</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Type_L_submarine#Type_L1_(Ro-51-class)" title="Japanese Type L submarine"><i>Ro-51</i> (L1)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Type_L_submarine#Type_L2_(Ro-53-class)" title="Japanese Type L submarine"><i>Ro-53</i> (L2)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Type_L_submarine#Type_L3_(Ro-57-class)" title="Japanese Type L submarine"><i>Ro-57</i> (L3)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Type_L_submarine#Type_L4_(Ro-60-class)" title="Japanese Type L submarine"><i>Ro-60</i> (L4)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ro-100-class_submarine" title="Ro-100-class submarine"><i>Ro-100</i> (Sen-Shō Type)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ha-101-class_submarine" title="Ha-101-class submarine"><i>Ha-101</i> (Sen'yu-Shō Type)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ha-201-class_submarine" title="Ha-201-class submarine"><i>Ha-201</i> (Sentaka-Shō Type)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_submarine_U-511" title="German submarine U-511"><i>Ro-500</i></a><span style="padding-left:0.12em;"><sup>S</sup></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_submarine_U-1224" title="German submarine U-1224"><i>Ro-501</i></a><span style="padding-left:0.12em;"><sup>S</sup></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Midget_submarine" title="Midget submarine">Midget</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_A_K%C5%8D-hy%C5%8Dteki-class_submarine" title="Type A Kō-hyōteki-class submarine">Kō-hyōteki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kairy%C5%AB-class_submarine" title="Kairyū-class submarine">Kairyū</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaiten" title="Kaiten">Kaiten</a> (suicide <a href="/wiki/Torpedo" title="Torpedo">torpedo</a>)</li> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Submarine_tender" title="Submarine tender">Submarine tenders</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_submarine_tender_Komahashi" title="Japanese submarine tender Komahashi"><i>Komahashi</i></a><span style="padding-left:0.12em;"><sup>SC</sup></span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Japanese_aircraft_carrier_Ry%C5%ABh%C5%8D#as_the_submarine_tender_Taigei" title="Japanese aircraft carrier Ryūhō">Taigei</a></i><span style="padding-left:0.12em;"><sup>S</sup></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jingei-class_submarine_tender" title="Jingei-class submarine tender"><i>Jingei</i></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Heian_Maru_(1930)" title="Heian Maru (1930)">Heian Maru</a></i><span style="padding-left:0.12em;"><sup>SC</sup></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Seaplane_tender" title="Seaplane tender">Seaplane tenders</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_seaplane_tender_Notoro" title="Japanese seaplane tender Notoro"><i>Notoro</i></a><span style="padding-left:0.12em;"><sup>SC</sup></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_seaplane_tender_Kamoi" title="Japanese seaplane tender Kamoi"><i>Kamoi</i></a><span style="padding-left:0.12em;"><sup>SC</sup></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chitose-class_aircraft_carrier" title="Chitose-class aircraft carrier"><i>Chitose</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_seaplane_carrier_Mizuho" title="Japanese seaplane carrier Mizuho"><i>Mizuho</i></a><span style="padding-left:0.12em;"><sup>S</sup></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_seaplane_carrier_Nisshin" title="Japanese seaplane carrier Nisshin"><i>Nisshin</i></a><span style="padding-left:0.12em;"><sup>S</sup></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_seaplane_tender_Akitsushima" title="Japanese seaplane tender Akitsushima"><i>Akitsushima</i></a><span style="padding-left:0.12em;"><sup>S</sup></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamikawa_Maru-class_seaplane_tender" title="Kamikawa Maru-class seaplane tender"><i>Kamikawa Maru</i></a><span style="padding-left:0.12em;"><sup>C</sup></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Gunboat" title="Gunboat">Gunboats</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Ocean</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_gunboat_Saga" title="Japanese gunboat Saga"><i>Saga</i></a><span style="padding-left:0.12em;"><sup>S</sup></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_gunboat_Ataka" title="Japanese gunboat Ataka"><i>Ataka</i></a><span style="padding-left:0.12em;"><sup>S</sup></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hashidate-class_gunboat" title="Hashidate-class gunboat"><i>Hashidate</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_minelayer_Lepanto" title="Italian minelayer Lepanto"><i>Okitsu</i></a><span style="padding-left:0.12em;"><sup>S</sup></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">River</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_gunboat_Toba" title="Japanese gunboat Toba"><i>Toba</i></a><span style="padding-left:0.12em;"><sup>S</sup></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seta-class_gunboat" title="Seta-class gunboat"><i>Seta</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atami-class_gunboat" title="Atami-class gunboat"><i>Atami</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fushimi-class_gunboat" title="Fushimi-class gunboat"><i>Fushimi</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_gunboat_Kotaka" title="Japanese gunboat Kotaka"><i>Kotaka</i></a><span style="padding-left:0.12em;"><sup>S</sup></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Luzon_(PG-47)" title="USS Luzon (PG-47)"><i>Karatsu</i></a><span style="padding-left:0.12em;"><sup>S</sup></span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_gunboat_Macau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Portuguese gunboat Macau (page does not exist)"><i>Maiko</i></a><span style="padding-left:0.12em;"><sup>S</sup></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_gunboat_Ermanno_Carlotto" title="Italian gunboat Ermanno Carlotto"><i>Narumi</i></a><span style="padding-left:0.12em;"><sup>S</sup></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Moth_(1915)" title="HMS Moth (1915)"><i>Suma</i></a><span style="padding-left:0.12em;"><sup>S</sup></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Wake_(PR-3)" class="mw-redirect" title="USS Wake (PR-3)"><i>Tatara</i></a><span style="padding-left:0.12em;"><sup>S</sup></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Small craft</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Toku_Daihatsu-class_landing_craft" title="Toku Daihatsu-class landing craft">Toku Daihatsu</a> (landing craft)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shin%27y%C5%8D-class_suicide_motorboat" class="mw-redirect" title="Shin'yō-class suicide motorboat">Shin'yō</a> (suicide boat)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Imperial_Japanese_Army2285" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army" title="Imperial Japanese Army">Imperial Japanese Army</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Escort_carrier" title="Escort carrier">Escort carriers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yamashio_Maru-class_escort_carrier" title="Yamashio Maru-class escort carrier"><i>Yamashio Maru</i></a><span style="padding-left:0.12em;"><sup>SC</sup></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Landing_craft_carrier" title="Landing craft carrier">Landing craft carriers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_amphibious_assault_ship_Shinsh%C5%AB_Maru" title="Japanese amphibious assault ship Shinshū Maru"><i>Shinshū Maru</i></a><span style="padding-left:0.12em;"><sup>S</sup></span> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Type C</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_aircraft_carrier_Akitsu_Maru" title="Japanese aircraft carrier Akitsu Maru"><i>Akitsu Maru</i></a><span style="padding-left:0.12em;"><sup>SC</sup></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_landing_craft_carrier_Nigitsu_Maru" title="Japanese landing craft carrier Nigitsu Maru"><i>Nigitsu Maru</i></a><span style="padding-left:0.12em;"><sup>SC</sup></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">M Type C</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_aircraft_carrier_Kumano_Maru" title="Japanese aircraft carrier Kumano Maru"><i>Kumano Maru</i></a><span style="padding-left:0.12em;"><sup>SC</sup></span></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tokitsu_Maru&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tokitsu Maru (page does not exist)">Tokitsu Maru</a></i> <span style="padding-left:0.12em;"><sup>SCI</sup></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Type A</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Mayasan_Maru" title="Mayasan Maru">Mayasan Maru</a></i> <span style="padding-left:0.12em;"><sup>SC</sup></span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tamatsu_Maru" title="Tamatsu Maru">Tamatsu Maru</a></i><span style="padding-left:0.12em;"><sup>SC</sup></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">M Type A</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kibitsu_Maru&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kibitsu Maru (page does not exist)">Kibitsu Maru</a></i> <span style="padding-left:0.12em;"><sup>SC</sup></span></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hyug%C5%AB_Maru&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hyugū Maru (page does not exist)">Hyugū Maru</a></i> <span style="padding-left:0.12em;"><sup>SC</sup></span></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Settsu_Maru&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Settsu Maru (page does not exist)">Settsu Maru</a></i> <span style="padding-left:0.12em;"><sup>SC</sup></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Type B</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Takatsu_Maru&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Takatsu Maru (page does not exist)">Takatsu Maru</a></i><span style="padding-left:0.12em;"><sup>S</sup></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Submarine" title="Submarine">Submarines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Type_3_submergence_transport_vehicle" title="Type 3 submergence transport vehicle"><i>Maru Yu</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Small craft</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daihatsu-class_landing_craft" title="Daihatsu-class landing craft">Daihatsu</a> (landing craft)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C5%8Dk%C5%8Dtei-class_armored_boat" class="mw-redirect" title="Sōkōtei-class armored boat">Sōkōtei</a> (armored <a href="/wiki/Gunboat" title="Gunboat">gunboat</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="nowrap"><b>S</b>: Single ship in class</span> <span class="nowrap"><b>C</b>: Converted to ship type</span> <span class="nowrap"><b>L</b>: Officially classed as light cruisers until 1939 refits</span> <span class="nowrap"><b>I</b>: Incomplete until the end of the war</span> <span class="nowrap"><b>X</b>: Cancelled</span><br /> Japanese transcription: <b>class/type</b><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">型</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">"Gata"</i></span><span style="margin-left:.09em">)</span></span>, <b>(re)model/mark</b><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">改</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">"Kai"</i></span><span style="margin-left:.09em">)</span></span>, <b>A</b><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">甲</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">"Kō"</i></span><span style="margin-left:.09em">)</span></span>, <b>B</b><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">乙</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">"Otsu"</i></span><span style="margin-left:.09em">)</span></span>, <b>C</b><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">丙</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">"Hei"</i></span><span style="margin-left:.09em">)</span></span>, <b>D</b><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">丁</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">"Tei"</i></span><span style="margin-left:.09em">)</span></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Pearl_Harbor_attack149" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pearl_Harbor_attack" title="Template:Pearl Harbor attack"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pearl_Harbor_attack" title="Template talk:Pearl Harbor attack"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pearl_Harbor_attack" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pearl Harbor attack"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Pearl_Harbor_attack149" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">Pearl Harbor attack</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Attack</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prelude_to_the_attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Prelude to the attack on Pearl Harbor">Prelude to the attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_battle_of_the_Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of battle of the Attack on Pearl Harbor">Order of battle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Navy_ships_present_at_Pearl_Harbor,_December_7,_1941" title="List of United States Navy ships present at Pearl Harbor, December 7, 1941">Present US ships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battleship_Row" title="Battleship Row">Battleship Row</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niihau_incident" title="Niihau incident">Niihau incident</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Japanese<br />carriers<br />involved</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Japanese_aircraft_carrier_Akagi" title="Japanese aircraft carrier Akagi">Akagi</a></i></li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kaga</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Japanese_aircraft_carrier_S%C5%8Dry%C5%AB" title="Japanese aircraft carrier Sōryū">Sōryū</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Japanese_aircraft_carrier_Hiry%C5%AB" title="Japanese aircraft carrier Hiryū">Hiryū</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Japanese_aircraft_carrier_Sh%C5%8Dkaku" title="Japanese aircraft carrier Shōkaku">Shōkaku</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Japanese_aircraft_carrier_Zuikaku" title="Japanese aircraft carrier Zuikaku">Zuikaku</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United States<br />ships sunk</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/USS_Arizona_(BB-39)" class="mw-redirect" title="USS Arizona (BB-39)"><i>Arizona</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/USS_Arizona_salvaged_artifacts" title="USS Arizona salvaged artifacts">salvaged artifacts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_California_(BB-44)" title="USS California (BB-44)"><i>California</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Oglala" title="USS Oglala"><i>Oglala</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Oklahoma_(BB-37)" title="USS Oklahoma (BB-37)"><i>Oklahoma</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Shaw_(DD-373)" title="USS Shaw (DD-373)"><i>Shaw</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Sotoyomo_(YTM-9)" title="USS Sotoyomo (YTM-9)"><i>Sotoyomo</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Utah_(BB-31)" title="USS Utah (BB-31)"><i>Utah</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_West_Virginia_(BB-48)" title="USS West Virginia (BB-48)"><i>West Virginia</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YFD-2" title="YFD-2"><i>YFD-2</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Aftermath</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consequences_of_the_attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Consequences of the attack on Pearl Harbor">Consequences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isoroku_Yamamoto%27s_sleeping_giant_quote" title="Isoroku Yamamoto's sleeping giant quote">Sleeping giant quote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Day_of_Infamy_speech" title="Day of Infamy speech">Day of Infamy speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_declaration_of_war_on_Japan" title="United States declaration of war on Japan">U.S. declaration of war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_declaration_of_war_on_Japan" title="United Kingdom declaration of war on Japan">U.K. declaration of war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roberts_Commissions" title="Roberts Commissions">Roberts Commissions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Congressional_Joint_Committee_on_the_Investigation_of_the_Pearl_Harbor_Attack" title="United States Congressional Joint Committee on the Investigation of the Pearl Harbor Attack">Pearl Harbor Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Medal_of_Honor_recipients_for_the_Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="List of Medal of Honor recipients for the Attack on Pearl Harbor">Medal of Honor recipients</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Remembrance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Pearl_Harbor_Remembrance_Day" title="National Pearl Harbor Remembrance Day">Remembrance Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Arizona_Memorial" title="USS Arizona Memorial">USS <i>Arizona</i> Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pearl_Harbor_Survivors_Association" title="Pearl Harbor Survivors Association">Survivors Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pearl_Harbor_Commemorative_Medal" title="Pearl Harbor Commemorative Medal">Commemorative Medal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Books</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Crisis:_The_Japanese_Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor_and_Southeast_Asia" title="Crisis: The Japanese Attack on Pearl Harbor and Southeast Asia">Crisis: The Japanese Attack on Pearl Harbor and Southeast Asia</a></i> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Days_of_Infamy_series" title="Days of Infamy series"><i>Days of Infamy</i> series</a> (2004–05)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_War_series" title="Pacific War series"><i>Pacific War</i> series</a> (2007–08)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Films</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Secret_Agent_of_Japan" title="Secret Agent of Japan">Secret Agent of Japan</a></i> (1942)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_War_at_Sea_from_Hawaii_to_Malaya" title="The War at Sea from Hawaii to Malaya">The War at Sea from Hawaii to Malaya</a></i> (1942)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Air_Force_(film)" title="Air Force (film)">Air Force</a></i> (1943)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/This_Is_the_Army" title="This Is the Army">This Is the Army</a></i> (1943)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/December_7th_(film)" title="December 7th (film)">December 7th</a></i> (1943)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Task_Force_(film)" title="Task Force (film)">Task Force</a></i> (1949)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/From_Here_to_Eternity" title="From Here to Eternity">From Here to Eternity</a></i> (1953)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Revolt_of_Mamie_Stover_(film)" title="The Revolt of Mamie Stover (film)">The Revolt of Mamie Stover</a></i> (1956)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Storm_Over_the_Pacific" title="Storm Over the Pacific">Storm Over the Pacific</a></i> (1960)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/In_Harm%27s_Way" title="In Harm's Way">In Harm's Way</a></i> (1965)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tora!_Tora!_Tora!" title="Tora! Tora! Tora!">Tora! Tora! Tora!</a></i> (1970)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/1941_(film)" title="1941 (film)">1941</a></i> (1979)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Final_Countdown_(film)" title="The Final Countdown (film)">The Final Countdown</a></i> (1980)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pearl_Harbor_(film)" title="Pearl Harbor (film)">Pearl Harbor</a></i> (2001)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Midway_(2019_film)" title="Midway (2019 film)">Midway</a></i> (2019)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vulnerability_of_Pearl_Harbor_in_1941" title="Vulnerability of Pearl Harbor in 1941">Vulnerability of Pearl Harbor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pearl_Harbor_advance-knowledge_conspiracy_theory" title="Pearl Harbor advance-knowledge conspiracy theory">Advance-knowledge conspiracy theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor_in_popular_culture" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor in popular culture">In popular culture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Shipwrecks_and_maritime_incidents_in_June_1942599" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:June_1942_shipwrecks" title="Template:June 1942 shipwrecks"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:June_1942_shipwrecks" title="Template talk:June 1942 shipwrecks"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:June_1942_shipwrecks" title="Special:EditPage/Template:June 1942 shipwrecks"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Shipwrecks_and_maritime_incidents_in_June_1942599" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Shipwrecks and maritime incidents in June 1942</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_shipwrecks_in_June_1942" title="List of shipwrecks in June 1942">Shipwrecks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1 Jun: <a href="/wiki/HMAS_Kuttabul_(ship)" title="HMAS Kuttabul (ship)">HMAS <i>Kuttabul</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/SS_Malm%C3%B6_(1918)" title="SS Malmö (1918)"><i>Malmö</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2 Jun: <a href="/wiki/German_submarine_U-652" title="German submarine U-652"><i>U-652</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">3 Jun: <a href="/wiki/USS_Bunting_(AMc-7)" title="USS Bunting (AMc-7)">USS <i>Bunting</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/SS_Iron_Chieftain" title="SS Iron Chieftain"><i>Iron Chieftain</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/SS_Northwestern" title="SS Northwestern"><i>Northwestern</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">4 Jun: <a href="/wiki/SS_Iron_Crown" title="SS Iron Crown"><i>Iron Crown</i></a>, <a class="mw-selflink selflink"><i>Kaga</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/Japanese_aircraft_carrier_S%C5%8Dry%C5%AB" title="Japanese aircraft carrier Sōryū"><i>Sōryū</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">5 Jun: <a href="/wiki/Japanese_aircraft_carrier_Akagi" title="Japanese aircraft carrier Akagi"><i>Akagi</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/MV_C._O._Stillman" title="MV C. O. Stillman"><i>C.O. Stillman</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/Japanese_aircraft_carrier_Hiry%C5%AB" title="Japanese aircraft carrier Hiryū"><i>Hiryū</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">6 Jun: <a href="/wiki/USS_Hammann_(DD-412)" title="USS Hammann (DD-412)">USS <i>Hammann</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/Japanese_cruiser_Mikuma" title="Japanese cruiser Mikuma"><i>Mikuma</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">7 Jun: <a href="/wiki/SS_Coast_Trader" title="SS Coast Trader"><i>Coast Trader</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/USS_Edith_(ID-3459)" title="USS Edith (ID-3459)"><i>Edith</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/USS_Gannet_(AM-41)" title="USS Gannet (AM-41)">USS <i>Gannet</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/USS_Yorktown_(CV-5)" title="USS Yorktown (CV-5)">USS <i>Yorktown</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">8 Jun: <a href="/wiki/SS_Agios_Georgios_IV" title="SS Agios Georgios IV"><i>Agios Georgios IV</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/SS_Said" title="SS Said"><i>Said</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">10 Jun: <a href="/wiki/MS_Abkhazia" title="MS Abkhazia"><i>Abkhazia</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/SS_Empire_Clough" title="SS Empire Clough"><i>Empire Clough</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">12 Jun: <a href="/wiki/HMS_Grove_(L77)" title="HMS Grove (L77)">HMS <i>Grove</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">13 Jun: <a href="/wiki/MS_Gruziya" title="MS Gruziya"><i>Gruziya</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/SS_Supetar" title="SS Supetar"><i>Supetar</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/German_submarine_U-157_(1941)" title="German submarine U-157 (1941)"><i>U-157</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">15 Jun: <a href="/wiki/HMS_Airedale" title="HMS Airedale">HMS <i>Airedale</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/HMS_Bedouin" title="HMS Bedouin">HMS <i>Bedouin</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/SS_City_of_Oxford" title="SS City of Oxford"><i>City of Oxford</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/HMS_Hasty_(H24)" title="HMS Hasty (H24)">HMS <i>Hasty</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/SS_Thurso" title="SS Thurso"><i>Thurso</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/Italian_cruiser_Trento" title="Italian cruiser Trento"><i>Trento</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">16 Jun: <a href="/wiki/SS_Argo_(1898_Napier)" title="SS Argo (1898 Napier)"><i>Argo</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/HMS_Hermione_(74)" title="HMS Hermione (74)">HMS <i>Hermione</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/ORP_Kujawiak_(L72)" title="ORP Kujawiak (L72)">ORP <i>Kujawiak</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/SS_Managua_(1919)" title="SS Managua (1919)"><i>Managua</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/HMAS_Nestor_(G02)" title="HMAS Nestor (G02)">HMAS <i>Nestor</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/SS_Port_Nicholson_(1918)" title="SS Port Nicholson (1918)"><i>Port Nicholson</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">17 Jun: <a href="/wiki/HMS_Wild_Swan_(D62)" title="HMS Wild Swan (D62)">HMS <i>Wild Swan</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">18 Jun: <a href="/wiki/MV_Macdhui_(1930)" title="MV Macdhui (1930)"><i>Macdhui</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">19 Jun: <a href="/wiki/USS_S-27" title="USS S-27">USS <i>S-27</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/Soviet_submarine_Shch-214" title="Soviet submarine Shch-214"><i>Shch-214</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/USS_YP-389" title="USS YP-389">USS <i>YP-389</i></a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Nissan_Maru" title="Nissan Maru">Nissan Maru</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">20 Jun: <a href="/wiki/SS_Fort_Camosun" title="SS Fort Camosun"><i>Fort Camosun</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">21 Jun: <a href="/wiki/USS_R-19_(SS-96)" class="mw-redirect" title="USS R-19 (SS-96)">HMS <i>P514</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/HMSAS_Parktown_(T39)" title="HMSAS Parktown (T39)">HMSAS <i>Parktown</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">22 Jun: <a href="/wiki/SS_Rio_Tercero" title="SS Rio Tercero"><i>Rio Tercero</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">23 Jun: <a href="/wiki/USS_West_Elcasco_(ID-3661)" class="mw-redirect" title="USS West Elcasco (ID-3661)">USAT <i>Major General Henry Gibbins</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/Resolute_(schooner)" title="Resolute (schooner)"><i>Resolute</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">25 Jun: <a href="/wiki/Japanese_destroyer_Yamakaze_(1936)" title="Japanese destroyer Yamakaze (1936)"><i>Yamakaze</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">26 Jun: <a href="/wiki/MV_Putney_Hill" title="MV Putney Hill"><i>Putney Hill</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">27 Jun: <a href="/wiki/SS_Las_Choapas" title="SS Las Choapas"><i>Las Choapas</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/SS_Tuxpam_(Mexican_oil_tanker)" title="SS Tuxpam (Mexican oil tanker)"><i>Tuxpam</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">29 Jun: <a href="/wiki/Italian_aviso_Diana" title="Italian aviso Diana"><i>Diana</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/SS_Everalda" title="SS Everalda"><i>Everalda</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/SS_Thomas_McKean" title="SS Thomas McKean"><i>Thomas McKean</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/SS_William_Rockefeller" title="SS William Rockefeller"><i>William Rockefeller</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">30 Jun: <a href="/wiki/SS_Express_(1940)" title="SS Express (1940)"><i>Express</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/USS_Hornbill_(AMc-13)" title="USS Hornbill (AMc-13)">USS <i>Hornbill</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/HMS_Medway_(1928)" title="HMS Medway (1928)">HMS <i>Medway</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/German_submarine_U-158_(1941)" title="German submarine U-158 (1941)"><i>U-158</i></a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other incidents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">3 Jun: <a href="/wiki/Italian_submarine_Luigi_Torelli" title="Italian submarine Luigi Torelli"><i>Luigi Torelli</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">6 Jun: <a href="/wiki/Italian_submarine_Luigi_Torelli" title="Italian submarine Luigi Torelli"><i>Luigi Torelli</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">7 Jun: <a href="/wiki/USS_Grayling_(SS-209)" title="USS Grayling (SS-209)">USS <i>Grayling</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">9 Jun: <a href="/wiki/MV_Kronprinsen" title="MV Kronprinsen"><i>Kronprinsen</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">11 Jun: <a href="/wiki/USS_S-28" title="USS S-28">USS <i>S-28</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">14 Jun: <a href="/wiki/HMS_Liverpool_(C11)" title="HMS Liverpool (C11)">HMS <i>Liverpool</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">15 Jun: <a href="/wiki/HMS_Newcastle_(C76)" title="HMS Newcastle (C76)">HMS <i>Newcastle</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">21 Jun: <a href="/wiki/Italian_destroyer_Strale_(1931)" title="Italian destroyer Strale (1931)"><i>Strale</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">26 Jun: <i><a href="/wiki/USS_Osborne_(DD-295)" class="mw-redirect" title="USS Osborne (DD-295)">Matagalpa</a></i></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_shipwrecks_in_1941" title="List of shipwrecks in 1941">1941</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/List_of_shipwrecks_in_1941" title="List of shipwrecks in 1941"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Arrow_Blue_Left_001.svg/12px-Arrow_Blue_Left_001.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Arrow_Blue_Left_001.svg/18px-Arrow_Blue_Left_001.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Arrow_Blue_Left_001.svg/24px-Arrow_Blue_Left_001.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_shipwrecks_in_1942" title="List of shipwrecks in 1942">1942</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/List_of_shipwrecks_in_1943" title="List of shipwrecks in 1943"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Arrow_Blue_Right_001.svg/12px-Arrow_Blue_Right_001.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Arrow_Blue_Right_001.svg/18px-Arrow_Blue_Right_001.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Arrow_Blue_Right_001.svg/24px-Arrow_Blue_Right_001.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_shipwrecks_in_1943" title="List of shipwrecks in 1943">1943</a> <br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_shipwrecks_in_May_1942" title="List of shipwrecks in May 1942">May 1942</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/List_of_shipwrecks_in_May_1942" title="List of shipwrecks in May 1942"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Arrow_Blue_Left_001.svg/12px-Arrow_Blue_Left_001.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Arrow_Blue_Left_001.svg/18px-Arrow_Blue_Left_001.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Arrow_Blue_Left_001.svg/24px-Arrow_Blue_Left_001.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/List_of_shipwrecks_in_July_1942" title="List of shipwrecks in July 1942"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Arrow_Blue_Right_001.svg/12px-Arrow_Blue_Right_001.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Arrow_Blue_Right_001.svg/18px-Arrow_Blue_Right_001.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Arrow_Blue_Right_001.svg/24px-Arrow_Blue_Right_001.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_shipwrecks_in_July_1942" title="List of shipwrecks in July 1942">July 1942</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p>    </div><noscript><img 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