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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Known susceptibility to attack</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor_Japanese_planes_view.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor_Japanese_planes_view.jpg/220px-Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor_Japanese_planes_view.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor_Japanese_planes_view.jpg/330px-Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor_Japanese_planes_view.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor_Japanese_planes_view.jpg/440px-Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor_Japanese_planes_view.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6404" data-file-height="4543" /></a><figcaption>Pearl Harbor as viewed by Japanese planes during the attack</figcaption></figure> <p> Several reports prior to <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Japan</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">attack on Pearl Harbor</a> in 1941 indicated that the base was vulnerable to attack. This has sometimes been noted in <a href="/wiki/Pearl_Harbor_advance-knowledge_conspiracy_theory" title="Pearl Harbor advance-knowledge conspiracy theory">Pearl Harbor advance-knowledge conspiracy theories</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Perceived_threat_to_Pearl_Harbor">Perceived threat to Pearl Harbor</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vulnerability_of_Pearl_Harbor_in_1941&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Perceived threat to Pearl Harbor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pearl_harbor_Battleship_row_after_the_attack_high_level_aerial_view_80G387565.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Pearl_harbor_Battleship_row_after_the_attack_high_level_aerial_view_80G387565.jpg/220px-Pearl_harbor_Battleship_row_after_the_attack_high_level_aerial_view_80G387565.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Pearl_harbor_Battleship_row_after_the_attack_high_level_aerial_view_80G387565.jpg/330px-Pearl_harbor_Battleship_row_after_the_attack_high_level_aerial_view_80G387565.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Pearl_harbor_Battleship_row_after_the_attack_high_level_aerial_view_80G387565.jpg/440px-Pearl_harbor_Battleship_row_after_the_attack_high_level_aerial_view_80G387565.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5690" data-file-height="4506" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Battleship_Row" title="Battleship Row">Battleship Row</a> at Pearl Harbor after the attack</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1925, Gen. <a href="/wiki/Billy_Mitchell" title="Billy Mitchell">Billy Mitchell</a> published a report called Winged Defense revealing the vulnerability of Pearl Harbor to a surprise air attack. Mitchell predicted that such an attack would effectively neutralize the Pacific fleet as part of a Japanese invasion of the Philippines.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Two mock air attacks on Pearl Harbor during war games in the 1930s were judged to have been a success.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shortly after taking office, Navy Secretary Knox wrote an overview memo which specifically noted the possibility of an attack at Pearl Harbor. However, neither observation led to formal policy recommendations to forestall such an attack. Admiral <a href="/wiki/James_O._Richardson" title="James O. Richardson">James O. Richardson</a>, who was fired by President Roosevelt for complaining about the President's order to station the Pacific Fleet in Pearl Harbor instead of its normal berthing on the U.S. West Coast,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> blamed the President for the "initial defeats in the Pacific" as "direct, real and personal."<sup id="cite_ref-fleming_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fleming-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Richardson believed stationing the fleet in Pearl Harbor made the ships extremely vulnerable against attack and provided a poor and unstrategic defense.<sup id="cite_ref-texas_handbook_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-texas_handbook-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Development_of_torpedoes">Development of torpedoes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vulnerability_of_Pearl_Harbor_in_1941&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Development of torpedoes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Royal_Navy_during_the_Second_World_War_A17353.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/The_Royal_Navy_during_the_Second_World_War_A17353.jpg/220px-The_Royal_Navy_during_the_Second_World_War_A17353.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/The_Royal_Navy_during_the_Second_World_War_A17353.jpg/330px-The_Royal_Navy_during_the_Second_World_War_A17353.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/The_Royal_Navy_during_the_Second_World_War_A17353.jpg/440px-The_Royal_Navy_during_the_Second_World_War_A17353.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="620" /></a><figcaption>British ship with deployed torpedo nets during WWII</figcaption></figure> <p>The British proved that <a href="/wiki/Torpedo" title="Torpedo">torpedoes</a> could be effective in their attack on the <i><a href="/wiki/Regia_Marina" title="Regia Marina">Regia Marina</a></i> at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Taranto" title="Battle of Taranto">Taranto</a> on November 11, 1940. The U.S. Navy discussed this new development as can be seen in a June 1941 memo.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The British attack method was not considered relevant to a torpedo attack at Pearl, as Taranto was about 75 ft (23 m) deep and Pearl less than 40 ft (12 m). </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a> had used <a href="/wiki/Fairey_Swordfish" title="Fairey Swordfish">Swordfish</a> torpedo biplanes, and their low speed was part of the reason the Taranto attack succeeded. The <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy" title="Imperial Japanese Navy">Imperial Japanese Navy</a> no longer had any similar planes, so they had to develop other methods, both hardware and delivery technique. They independently developed shallow water torpedo modifications (called "Thunder Fish") during the planning and training for the attack in 1941. Wooden fins were added to the tail and anti-roll "flippers" kept the torpedo upright once in the water. The fins kept the torpedo's nose level in the air and broke off on entering the water. The flatter "flight" trajectory helped keep them from diving so deeply as to encounter bottom mud. (Despite these modifications, some Japanese torpedoes did indeed reach the bottom and several remain unaccounted for.) These simple modifications were not anticipated by the USN, and Admiral <a href="/wiki/Claude_C._Bloch" title="Claude C. Bloch">Claude C. Bloch</a> (commander of the Pearl Harbor Naval District) did not push to install <a href="/wiki/Torpedo_nets" class="mw-redirect" title="Torpedo nets">torpedo nets</a> or baffles at Pearl. Nor, it seems, did anyone else. Practical considerations also were an influence. Due to the shallow anchorage (which continues to require regular dredging), installation of torpedo nets would have severely restricted the mobility of vessels in the harbor. </p><p>Kimmel and his staff testified regarding torpedo nets and booms: "(m) Fact XV ... The decision not to install baffles appears to have been made by the Navy Department."<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That is, in Washington, DC, rather than in Hawaii. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vulnerability_of_Pearl_Harbor_in_1941&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFTroy2015" class="citation web cs1">Troy, Michael (December 5, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://unlearnedhistory.blogspot.com/2015/12/rehearsals-for-pearl-harbor.html">"Rehearsals for Pearl Harbor"</a>. <i>Unlearned History</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 6,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Unlearned+History&rft.atitle=Rehearsals+for+Pearl+Harbor&rft.date=2015-12-05&rft.aulast=Troy&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Funlearnedhistory.blogspot.com%2F2015%2F12%2Frehearsals-for-pearl-harbor.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVulnerability+of+Pearl+Harbor+in+1941" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lt. Stephen Jurika, <i>Saturday Evening Post</i>, January 21, 1930. (Reports USS Saratoga simulated attack on Pearl Harbor.)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Pearl Harbor Countdown: Admiral James O. Richardson</i>, by Skipper Steely, Pelican Publishing Company, 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fleming-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-fleming_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFleming2001" class="citation web cs1">Fleming, Thomas (June 10, 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090421052932/http://www.hnn.us/articles/89.html">"Pearl Harbor Hype"</a>. History News Network. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hnn.us/articles/89.html">the original</a> on April 21, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 21,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pearl+Harbor+Hype&rft.pub=History+News+Network&rft.date=2001-06-10&rft.aulast=Fleming&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hnn.us%2Farticles%2F89.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVulnerability+of+Pearl+Harbor+in+1941" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-texas_handbook-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-texas_handbook_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLong2008" class="citation web cs1">Long, Christoper (January 18, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/fri38">"Richardson, James Otto"</a>. The Handbook of Texas Online<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 11,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Richardson%2C+James+Otto&rft.pub=The+Handbook+of+Texas+Online&rft.date=2008-01-18&rft.aulast=Long&rft.aufirst=Christoper&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tshaonline.org%2Fhandbook%2Fonline%2Farticles%2Ffri38&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVulnerability+of+Pearl+Harbor+in+1941" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibiblio.org/pha/pha/hart/xha-019.html">"Exhibit No. 19 (Hart Inquiry)"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Exhibit+No.+19+%28Hart+Inquiry%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibiblio.org%2Fpha%2Fpha%2Fhart%2Fxha-019.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVulnerability+of+Pearl+Harbor+in+1941" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Statement of Facts</i>, Part 39, and Navy Court of Inquiry Parts 32 and 33.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pearl_Harbor_attack" title="Template talk:Pearl Harbor attack"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pearl_Harbor_attack" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pearl Harbor attack"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Pearl_Harbor_attack" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">Pearl Harbor attack</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Attack</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prelude_to_the_attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Prelude to the attack on Pearl Harbor">Prelude to the attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_battle_of_the_Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of battle of the Attack on Pearl Harbor">Order of battle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Navy_ships_present_at_Pearl_Harbor,_December_7,_1941" title="List of United States Navy ships present at Pearl Harbor, December 7, 1941">Present US ships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battleship_Row" title="Battleship Row">Battleship Row</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niihau_incident" title="Niihau incident">Niihau incident</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Japanese<br />carriers<br />involved</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Japanese_aircraft_carrier_Akagi" title="Japanese aircraft carrier Akagi">Akagi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Japanese_aircraft_carrier_Kaga" title="Japanese aircraft carrier Kaga">Kaga</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Japanese_aircraft_carrier_S%C5%8Dry%C5%AB" title="Japanese aircraft carrier Sōryū">Sōryū</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Japanese_aircraft_carrier_Hiry%C5%AB" title="Japanese aircraft carrier Hiryū">Hiryū</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Japanese_aircraft_carrier_Sh%C5%8Dkaku" title="Japanese aircraft carrier Shōkaku">Shōkaku</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Japanese_aircraft_carrier_Zuikaku" title="Japanese aircraft carrier Zuikaku">Zuikaku</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United States<br />ships sunk</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/USS_Arizona_(BB-39)" class="mw-redirect" title="USS Arizona (BB-39)"><i>Arizona</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/USS_Arizona_salvaged_artifacts" title="USS Arizona salvaged artifacts">salvaged artifacts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_California_(BB-44)" title="USS California (BB-44)"><i>California</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Oglala" title="USS Oglala"><i>Oglala</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Oklahoma_(BB-37)" title="USS Oklahoma (BB-37)"><i>Oklahoma</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Shaw_(DD-373)" title="USS Shaw (DD-373)"><i>Shaw</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Sotoyomo_(YTM-9)" title="USS Sotoyomo (YTM-9)"><i>Sotoyomo</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Utah_(BB-31)" title="USS Utah (BB-31)"><i>Utah</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_West_Virginia_(BB-48)" title="USS West Virginia (BB-48)"><i>West Virginia</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YFD-2" title="YFD-2"><i>YFD-2</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Aftermath</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consequences_of_the_attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Consequences of the attack on Pearl Harbor">Consequences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isoroku_Yamamoto%27s_sleeping_giant_quote" title="Isoroku Yamamoto's sleeping giant quote">Sleeping giant quote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Day_of_Infamy_speech" title="Day of Infamy speech">Day of Infamy speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_declaration_of_war_on_Japan" title="United States declaration of war on Japan">U.S. declaration of war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_declaration_of_war_on_Japan" title="United Kingdom declaration of war on Japan">U.K. declaration of war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roberts_Commissions" title="Roberts Commissions">Roberts Commissions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Congressional_Joint_Committee_on_the_Investigation_of_the_Pearl_Harbor_Attack" title="United States Congressional Joint Committee on the Investigation of the Pearl Harbor Attack">Pearl Harbor Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Medal_of_Honor_recipients_for_the_Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="List of Medal of Honor recipients for the Attack on Pearl Harbor">Medal of Honor recipients</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Remembrance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Pearl_Harbor_Remembrance_Day" title="National Pearl Harbor Remembrance Day">Remembrance Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Arizona_Memorial" title="USS Arizona Memorial">USS <i>Arizona</i> Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pearl_Harbor_Survivors_Association" title="Pearl Harbor Survivors Association">Survivors Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pearl_Harbor_Commemorative_Medal" title="Pearl Harbor Commemorative Medal">Commemorative Medal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Books</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Crisis:_The_Japanese_Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor_and_Southeast_Asia" title="Crisis: The Japanese Attack on Pearl Harbor and Southeast Asia">Crisis: The Japanese Attack on Pearl Harbor and Southeast Asia</a></i> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Days_of_Infamy_series" title="Days of Infamy series"><i>Days of Infamy</i> series</a> (2004–05)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_War_series" title="Pacific War series"><i>Pacific War</i> series</a> (2007–08)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Films</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Secret_Agent_of_Japan" title="Secret Agent of Japan">Secret Agent of Japan</a></i> (1942)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_War_at_Sea_from_Hawaii_to_Malaya" title="The War at Sea from Hawaii to Malaya">The War at Sea from Hawaii to Malaya</a></i> (1942)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Air_Force_(film)" title="Air Force (film)">Air Force</a></i> (1943)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/This_Is_the_Army" title="This Is the Army">This Is the Army</a></i> (1943)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/December_7th_(film)" title="December 7th (film)">December 7th</a></i> (1943)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Task_Force_(film)" title="Task Force (film)">Task Force</a></i> (1949)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/From_Here_to_Eternity" title="From Here to Eternity">From Here to Eternity</a></i> (1953)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Revolt_of_Mamie_Stover_(film)" title="The Revolt of Mamie Stover (film)">The Revolt of Mamie Stover</a></i> (1956)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Storm_Over_the_Pacific" title="Storm Over the Pacific">Storm Over the Pacific</a></i> (1960)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/In_Harm%27s_Way" title="In Harm's Way">In Harm's Way</a></i> (1965)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tora!_Tora!_Tora!" title="Tora! Tora! Tora!">Tora! Tora! Tora!</a></i> (1970)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/1941_(film)" title="1941 (film)">1941</a></i> (1979)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Final_Countdown_(film)" title="The Final Countdown (film)">The Final Countdown</a></i> (1980)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pearl_Harbor_(film)" title="Pearl Harbor (film)">Pearl Harbor</a></i> (2001)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Midway_(2019_film)" title="Midway (2019 film)">Midway</a></i> (2019)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Vulnerability of Pearl Harbor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pearl_Harbor_advance-knowledge_conspiracy_theory" title="Pearl Harbor advance-knowledge conspiracy theory">Advance-knowledge conspiracy theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor_in_popular_culture" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor in popular culture">In popular culture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vulnerability_of_Pearl_Harbor_in_1941&oldid=1236273142">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vulnerability_of_Pearl_Harbor_in_1941&oldid=1236273142</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Category:Attack on Pearl Harbor">Attack on Pearl Harbor</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pacific_War" title="Category:Pacific War">Pacific War</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_mdy_dates_from_July_2018" title="Category:Use mdy dates from July 2018">Use mdy dates from July 2018</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_American_English_from_July_2018" title="Category:Use American English from July 2018">Use American English from July 2018</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_Wikipedia_articles_written_in_American_English" title="Category:All Wikipedia articles written in American English">All Wikipedia articles written in American English</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 23 July 2024, at 20:24<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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