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class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhurta" title="Muhurta – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Muhurta" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AE%E0%AB%81%E0%AA%B9%E0%AB%81%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%A4" title="મુહુર્ત – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="મુહુર્ત" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4" title="मुहूर्त – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मुहूर्त" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" 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Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Muhurta%22">"Muhurta"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Muhurta%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Muhurta%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Muhurta%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Muhurta%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Muhurta%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2010</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Muhūrta</b> (<a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskrit language">Sanskrit</a>: <span lang="sa">मुहूर्त</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Sanskrit" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanization of Sanskrit">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Sanskrit-language romanization"><i lang="sa-Latn">muhūrtaṃ</i></span>)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a <a href="/wiki/Hindu_units_of_time" title="Hindu units of time">Hindu unit of time</a> along with <i>nimiṣa</i>, <i>kāṣṭhā</i>, and <i>kalā</i><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the <a href="/wiki/Hindu_calendar" title="Hindu calendar">Hindu calendar</a>. </p><p>In the <i><a href="/wiki/Br%C4%81hma%E1%B9%87as" class="mw-redirect" title="Brāhmaṇas">Brāhmaṇas</a></i>, <i>muhūrta</i> denotes a division of time: 1/30 of a day, or a period of 48 minutes.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An alternative meaning of "moment" is also common in the <i>Brāhmanạs</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <i><a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>muhūrta</i> exclusively means, "moment".<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Each muhūrta is further divided into 30 <i>kalā</i>, (1 <i>kalā</i> = 1.6 minutes or 96 seconds). Each <i>kalā</i> is further divided into 30 <i>kāṣṭhā</i> (1 kāṣṭhā ≈ 3.2 seconds). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muhurta&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Muhurta</i> is a combination of the Sanskrit root words <i>muhu</i> (moment/immediate) and <i>ṛta</i> (order). The Ṛg Ved III.33.5 accordingly mentions this descriptive term. <i><a href="/wiki/%E1%B9%9Ata" title="Ṛta">Ṛta</a></i> refers to the natural, yearly order of the seasons, so <i>muhūrta</i> refers to the daily reflection of these. Also, cf., <i>Śatapatha Brāhmaṇa</i> X.4.2.18, as below. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Annual_calibration">Annual calibration</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muhurta&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Annual calibration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Muhūrtas are traditionally calculated<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> by assuming sunrise at 06:00 am on the <a href="/wiki/March_equinox" title="March equinox">vernal equinox</a>, which is the Vedic New Year.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Not all of the constellations cross the zenith, so that it is not in every case clear which constellation presides over the Muhūrta. Yet it is clear that one or more prominent features of the correlate constellations, from which the later Muhūrtas draw their respective names, falls within the celestial longitude of the same, drawn from the polar axis. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>No. </th> <th>Daily period </th> <th>Name (मुहूर्त) </th> <th>Translation </th> <th>Correlate constellation/star (Greek) </th> <th>Quality, or guṇa (गुण) </th></tr> <tr> <td>1 </td> <td>06:00–06:48 (sunrise) </td> <td>Rudra (रुद्र) </td> <td>"Cryer", "Howler" </td> <td>Unknown </td> <td>Inauspicious </td></tr> <tr> <td>2 </td> <td>06:48–07:36 </td> <td>Āhi (आहि) </td> <td>"Serpent" </td> <td>Lacerta </td> <td>Inauspicious </td></tr> <tr> <td>3 </td> <td>07:36–08:24 </td> <td>Mitra (मित्र) </td> <td>"Friend" </td> <td>Unknown </td> <td>Auspicious </td></tr> <tr> <td>4 </td> <td>08:24–09:12 </td> <td>Pitṝ (पितृ) </td> <td>"Father" </td> <td>Cepheus & Casseiopeia </td> <td>Inauspicious </td></tr> <tr> <td>5 </td> <td>09:12–10:00 </td> <td>Vasu (वसु) </td> <td>"Bright" </td> <td>Delphinus </td> <td>Auspicious </td></tr> <tr> <td>6 </td> <td>10:00–10:48 </td> <td>Vārāha (वाराह) </td> <td>"Boar" </td> <td>Unknown </td> <td>Auspicious </td></tr> <tr> <td>7 </td> <td>10:48–11:36 </td> <td>Viśvedevā (विश्वेदेवा) </td> <td>"Heavenly Lights in the Universe" </td> <td>Unknown </td> <td>Auspicious </td></tr> <tr> <td>8 </td> <td>11:36–12:24 </td> <td>Vidhi (विधि) </td> <td>"Insight" </td> <td>Unknown </td> <td>Auspicious, except Mondays and Fridays </td></tr> <tr> <td>9 </td> <td>12:24–13:12 </td> <td>Sutamukhī (सतमुखी) </td> <td>"Goat/Charioteer-Face" </td> <td>Auriga </td> <td>Auspicious </td></tr> <tr> <td>10 </td> <td>13:12–14:00 </td> <td>Puruhūta (पुरुहूत) </td> <td>"Many Offerings" </td> <td>Unknown (Taurus or Orion?) </td> <td>Inauspicious </td></tr> <tr> <td>11 </td> <td>14:00–14:48 </td> <td>Vāhinī (वाहिनी) </td> <td>"Possessed of Chariot" </td> <td>Unknown (Gemini?) </td> <td>Inauspicious </td></tr> <tr> <td>12 </td> <td>14:48–15:36 </td> <td>Naktanakarā (नक्तनकरा) </td> <td>"Night Maker" </td> <td>Unknown </td> <td>Inauspicious </td></tr> <tr> <td>13 </td> <td>15:36–16:24 </td> <td>Varuṇa (वरुण) </td> <td>"All-Enveloping Night Sky" </td> <td>Unknown </td> <td>Auspicious </td></tr> <tr> <td>14 </td> <td>16:24–17:12 </td> <td>Aryaman (अर्यमन्) </td> <td>"Possessed of Nobility" </td> <td>Unknown </td> <td>Auspicious, except Sundays </td></tr> <tr> <td>15 </td> <td>17:12–18:00 </td> <td>Bhaga (भग) </td> <td>"Share"/"Stake" </td> <td>Unknown </td> <td>Inauspicious </td></tr> <tr> <td>16 </td> <td>18:00–18:48 (sunset) </td> <td>Girīśa (गिरीश) </td> <td>"Lord who lifted the Mount (Krishna)" </td> <td>Unknown </td> <td>Auspicious </td></tr> <tr> <td>17 </td> <td>18:48–19:36 </td> <td>Ajapāda (अजपाद) </td> <td>"Unborn Foot"/"Goat Foot" </td> <td>Unknown </td> <td>Inauspicious </td></tr> <tr> <td>18 </td> <td>19:36–20:24 </td> <td>Ahir-Budhnya (अहिर्बुध्न्य) </td> <td>"Serpent at the Bottom" </td> <td>Hydra </td> <td>Auspicious </td></tr> <tr> <td>19 </td> <td>20:24–21:12 </td> <td>Puṣya (पुष्य) </td> <td>"Nourishment"/"Blossom" </td> <td>Unknown </td> <td>Auspicious </td></tr> <tr> <td>20 </td> <td>21:12–22:00 </td> <td>Aśvinī (अश्विनी) </td> <td>"Horsemen" </td> <td>Unknown </td> <td>Auspicious </td></tr> <tr> <td>21 </td> <td>22:00–22:48 </td> <td>Yama (यम) </td> <td>"Restrainer" (Death) </td> <td>Boötes (cf., Bhūteśa) </td> <td>Inauspicious </td></tr> <tr> <td>22 </td> <td>22:48–23:36 </td> <td>Agni (अग्नि) </td> <td>"Fire"/"Ignition" </td> <td>Ara </td> <td>Auspicious </td></tr> <tr> <td>23 </td> <td>23:36–00:24 </td> <td>Vidhātṛ (विधातृ) </td> <td>"Distributor" </td> <td>Unknown </td> <td>Auspicious </td></tr> <tr> <td>24 </td> <td>00:24–01:12 </td> <td>Kaṇḍa (क्ण्ड) </td> <td>"Ornament" </td> <td>Corona Borealis </td> <td>Auspicious </td></tr> <tr> <td>25 </td> <td>01:12–02:00 </td> <td>Aditi (अदिति) </td> <td>"Limitless"/"Boundless" </td> <td>goddess good time </td> <td>Auspicious </td></tr> <tr> <td>26 </td> <td>02:00–02:48 </td> <td>Jīva/Amṛta (जीव/अमृत) </td> <td>"Life"/"Immortal" </td> <td>Unknown </td> <td>Very Auspicious </td></tr> <tr> <td>27 </td> <td>02:48–03:36 </td> <td>Viṣṇu (विष्णु) </td> <td>"All Pervading" </td> <td>Hercules </td> <td>Auspicious </td></tr> <tr> <td>28 </td> <td>03:36–04:24 </td> <td>Dyumadgadyuti (द्युमद्गद्युति) </td> <td>"Resounding Light" </td> <td>Lyra </td> <td>Auspicious </td></tr> <tr> <td>29 </td> <td>04:24–05:12 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Brahmamuhurtha" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmamuhurtha">Brahma</a> (ब्रह्म) </td> <td>"Universe" </td> <td>Cygnus </td> <td>Very Auspicious<sup id="cite_ref-brahma-muhurta_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brahma-muhurta-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>30 </td> <td>05:12–06:00 </td> <td>Samudra (समुद्र) </td> <td>"Ocean" </td> <td>Deluge (region with several aqueous constellations) </td> <td>Auspicious </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literature">Literature</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muhurta&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term appears as early as the Ṛg Veda, where, according to Monier Williams, it means "a moment",<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but does not evidence any specification of an exact periodicity there as received in later works, such as the <i><a href="/wiki/Shatapatha_Brahmana" title="Shatapatha Brahmana">Śatapatha-Brāhmaṇa</a></i>, "The One Hundred Path Riddle" or the <i><a href="/wiki/Taittiriya_Brahmana" class="mw-redirect" title="Taittiriya Brahmana">Taittirīya-Brāhmaṇa</a></i>, "The Partridge's Riddle".<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pt. Vijay Shrikrishna Jakatdar points to two specific Ṛg Veda passages that employ the term, III.33.5, and III.53.8:<sup id="cite_ref-ebookbrowsee.net_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ebookbrowsee.net-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1157697682">.mw-parser-output .verse_translation .translated{padding-left:2em!important}@media only screen and (max-width:43.75em){.mw-parser-output .verse_translation.wrap_when_small td{display:block;padding-left:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .verse_translation.wrap_when_small .translated{padding-left:0.5em!important}}</style> <table role="presentation" class="verse_translation" style="margin-left:1em !important"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"> <td><div style="font-style:roman;text-align:left" lang="" class="poem"> <p>रमध्वं मे वचसे सोम्याय रतावरीरुप मुहूर्तमेवैः <br /> पर सिन्धुमछा बर्हती मनीषावस्युरह्वे कुशिकस्य सूनुः </p> </div> </td> <td class="translated"><div style="font-style:roman;text-align:left" lang="" class="poem"> <p>Linger a little at my friendly bidding rest, Holy Ones, a <i>moment</i> in your journey.<br /> With hymn sublime soliciting your favour Kuśika's son hath called unto the River.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>and </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1157697682"> <table role="presentation" class="verse_translation" style="margin-left:1em !important"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"> <td><div style="font-style:roman;text-align:left" lang="" class="poem"> <p>रूपं-रूपं मघवा बोभवीति मायाः कर्ण्वानस्तन्वं परि सवाम <br /> तरिर्यद दिवः परि मुहूर्तमागात सवैर्मन्त्रैरन्र्तुपा रतावा </p> </div> </td> <td class="translated"><div style="font-style:roman;text-align:left" lang="" class="poem"> <p>Maghavan weareth every shape at pleasure, effecting magic changes in his body,<br /> Holy One, drinker out of season, coming thrice, in a <i>moment</i>, through fit prayers, from heaven.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Taittirīya-Brāhmaṇa mentions the names of 15 muhūrtas as follows: </p> <ol><li>saṁjñānaṁ</li> <li>vijñānaṁ</li> <li>prajñānaṁ</li> <li>jānad</li> <li>abhijānat</li> <li>saṁkalpamānaṁ</li> <li>prakalpamānam</li> <li>upakalpamānam</li> <li>upakḷptaṁ</li> <li>kḷptam</li> <li>śreyo</li> <li>vasīya</li> <li>āyat</li> <li>saṁbhūtaṁ</li> <li>bhūtam |</li></ol> <p>Śatapatha Brāhmaṇa describes a muhūrta as 1/15th portion of a day: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><div class="poem"> <p>átʰa yaccáturviṃśatimātmáno'kuruta<br /> tásmāc-cátur-viṃśaty-ardʰa-māsaḥ saṃ-vatsaraḥ sá etaiś-cátur-viṃśatyā triṃ-śád-iṣṭakair-ātmábʰir-na vyábʰavat-sa páñca-daśā́hno rūpā́ṇy-apaśyad-ātmánas-tanvò muhūrtā́lokam-pr̥ṇāḥ páñca-daśaiva rā́tres-tadyán-muhu trā́yante tásmān-muhurtā átʰa yát-kṣudrāḥ sánta imā́ṃ-lokā́n-āpūráyanti tásmāl-lokam-pr̥ṇā́ḥ (X.4.2.18)<br /> <br /> saṃvatsarásya <i>muhūrtā́</i> yā́vanto <i>muhūrtā́s</i> tā́vanti páñcadaśa kŕ̥̄tvaḥ kṣiprā́ṇi yā́vanti kṣiprā́ṇi tā́vanti páñcadaśa kŕ̥̄tva etárhīṇi yā́vanty etárhīṇi tā́vanti páñcadaśa kŕ̥̄tva idā́nīni yā́vantīdā́nīni tā́vantaḥ páñcadaśa kŕ̥̄tvaḥ prā́ṇā́ yā́vantaḥ prā́ṇā́s tā́vanto 'nā́ yā́vanto 'nā́s tā́vanto nimeṣā́ yā́vanto nimeṣā́s tā́vanto lomagartā́ yā́vanto lomagartā́s tā́vanti svedā́yanā́ni yā́vanti svedā́yanā́ni tā́vanta eté stokā́ varṣanti (XII.3.2.5b) </p> </div></blockquote> <p>It is stated in <i><a href="/wiki/Manusm%E1%B9%9Bti" class="mw-redirect" title="Manusmṛti">Manusmṛti</a></i> that 18 <i>nimeṣas</i> ("twinklings of the eye") are 1 <i>kāṣṭhā</i>, 30 <i>kāṣṭhās</i> are 1 <i>kāla</i>, 30 <i>kālas</i> are one <i>muhūrta</i>, and 30 <i>muhūrtas</i> are one day and night. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Significance_(version_1)"><span id="Significance_.28version_1.29"></span>Significance (version 1)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muhurta&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Significance (version 1)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It is a common practice in Hinduism to perform or avoid activities like important religious ceremonies on the basis of the quality of a particular Muhūrta.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One or more Muhūrtas are recommended by the Vedic scriptures when performing rituals and other ceremonies.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is demonstrated in the way "Muhūrt" is used in present-day South Asia for calculating the most auspicious moment for a Vedic-Hindu Wedding ceremony. Astrologers are often hired to calculate a moment for the wedding so that any possible divinely-sourced problems can be averted. Jakatdar suggests a shift in the contemporary temperament regarding the traditional approach to calculating such events, to accommodate the ever increasing complexity of modern life.<sup id="cite_ref-ebookbrowsee.net_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ebookbrowsee.net-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The muhūrt has the same utility in the marriage rites in Hinduism.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another example is the so-called Brahma Muhūrta, which is about one and a half hours before sunrise. This particular time, which is associated with the constellations during the Vernal Equinox, is said to be auspicious for practicing yoga.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is also the case of <i>samayik</i>, which is part of the initiation rite for the <i>Svetambar</i> mendicants or those who pursue a perpetual state of heightened meditative awareness. They take the <i>samayik,</i> a vow for life taken for short periods, preferably one or two muhūrts, where one muhūrt constitutes forty minutes.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Significance_(version_2)"><span id="Significance_.28version_2.29"></span>Significance (version 2)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muhurta&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Significance (version 2)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Traditionally, it is common practice amongst <a href="/wiki/Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindus</a> to start or avoid starting significant tasks like religious ceremonies, etc. on the basis of the quality of a particular Muhūrta. The <a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedic scriptures</a> also generally recommend one or more Muhūrtas to perform rituals and practices. The most widely known example of this practice: </p><p><a href="/wiki/Brahma_muhurta" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahma muhurta">Brahma Muhūrta</a>, approximately one and a half hours before sunrise or more precisely is 1Hr 36 Mins. i.e. 96 Minutes = 2 Muhūrta or 4 Ghaṭīkā, is recommended in all practices of <a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">yoga</a> is traditionally considered most apt for <a href="/wiki/Meditation" title="Meditation">meditation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-brahma-muhurta_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brahma-muhurta-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, it is clear from the associations of the names with specific constellations that the present Brahma-Muhūrta starts just before 6:00 am during the Vernal Equinox. At present, Jīva-Amṛta and Viṣṇu comprise the two twilight muhūrtas prior to sunrise. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muhurta&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electional_astrology" title="Electional astrology">Electional astrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gudhi_Padwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Gudhi Padwa">Gudhi Padwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jyoti%E1%B9%A3a" class="mw-redirect" title="Jyotiṣa">Jyotiṣa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rahukaalam" class="mw-redirect" title="Rahukaalam">Rāhu-Kālam or Rāhu Kāla</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muhurta&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFScharf2003" class="citation book cs1">Scharf, Peter M. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1jRWziY9m4cC&dq=muhurtam+time+sanskrit&pg=PA354"><i>Rāmopākhyāna: The Story of Rāma in the Mahābhārata : an Independent-study Reader in Sanskrit</i></a>. Psychology Press. p. 354. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7007-1390-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7007-1390-5"><bdi>978-0-7007-1390-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=R%C4%81mop%C4%81khy%C4%81na%3A+The+Story+of+R%C4%81ma+in+the+Mah%C4%81bh%C4%81rata+%3A+an+Independent-study+Reader+in+Sanskrit&rft.pages=354&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-7007-1390-5&rft.aulast=Scharf&rft.aufirst=Peter+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1jRWziY9m4cC%26dq%3Dmuhurtam%2Btime%2Bsanskrit%26pg%3DPA354&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhurta" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVerma2008" class="citation book cs1">Verma, Dinesh (2008). <i>Hinduism for Children Activity Workbook</i>. Chanda Books. p. 101. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781440499913" title="Special:BookSources/9781440499913"><bdi>9781440499913</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hinduism+for+Children+Activity+Workbook&rft.pages=101&rft.pub=Chanda+Books&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9781440499913&rft.aulast=Verma&rft.aufirst=Dinesh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhurta" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Taittirīya Brāhmaṇa, iii. 10, I, I (for the names); 9, 7; 12, 9, 6; Śatapata Brāhmaṇa, x. 4, 2, 18. 25. 27; 3, 20; xii. 3, 2, 5; x. 4, 4, 4, etc.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <i>Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft, 9, 139 et seq.; Indische Streifen, I, 92, et seq.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rigveda iii. 33, 5: 53, 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Arthur Anthony Macdonnell and <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Berriedale_Keith" title="Arthur Berriedale Keith">Arthur Berriedale Keith</a>, <i>Vedic Index of Names and Subjects</i>, vol. 2, p. 169. Motilal Banarsidas, London 1912, reprint 1995.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-brahma-muhurta-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-brahma-muhurta_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-brahma-muhurta_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130508072845/http://nitaaiveda.com/NITAAI_Yoga_Forums/Swami's_Writings_and_Articles/Brahma-Muhurta_-_The_48_mins_from_1_hr_36_min_to_48_min_before_Sunrise.htm">"Major Religions of the World Ranked by Number of Adherents"</a>. nitaaiveda.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nitaaiveda.com/NITAAI_Yoga_Forums/Swami%27s_Writings_and_Articles/Brahma-Muhurta_-_The_48_mins_from_1_hr_36_min_to_48_min_before_Sunrise.htm">the original</a> on 2013-05-08<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-05-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Major+Religions+of+the+World+Ranked+by+Number+of+Adherents&rft.pub=nitaaiveda.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnitaaiveda.com%2FNITAAI_Yoga_Forums%2FSwami%2527s_Writings_and_Articles%2FBrahma-Muhurta_-_The_48_mins_from_1_hr_36_min_to_48_min_before_Sunrise.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhurta" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160514070609/http://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/cgi-bin/monier/serveimg.pl?file=%2Fscans%2FMWScan%2FMWScanjpg%2Fmw0825-mugdha.jpg">"Cologne Scan"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/cgi-bin/monier/serveimg.pl?file=%2Fscans%2FMWScan%2FMWScanjpg%2Fmw0825-mugdha.jpg">the original</a> on 2016-05-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-07-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cologne+Scan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de%2Fcgi-bin%2Fmonier%2Fserveimg.pl%3Ffile%3D%252Fscans%252FMWScan%252FMWScanjpg%252Fmw0825-mugdha.jpg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhurta" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArthur_Anthony_MacdonellArthur_Berriedale_Keith1995" class="citation book cs1">Arthur Anthony Macdonell; Arthur Berriedale Keith (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=U5GaKHfNzScC"><i>Vedic Index of Names and Subjects, Volume 2; Volume 5</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Motilal_Banarsidass" title="Motilal Banarsidass">Motilal Banarsidass</a>. p. 169. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788120813335" title="Special:BookSources/9788120813335"><bdi>9788120813335</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vedic+Index+of+Names+and+Subjects%2C+Volume+2%3B+Volume+5&rft.pages=169&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=9788120813335&rft.au=Arthur+Anthony+Macdonell&rft.au=Arthur+Berriedale+Keith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DU5GaKHfNzScC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhurta" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ebookbrowsee.net-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ebookbrowsee.net_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ebookbrowsee.net_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ebookbrowsee.net/filedownload-php-v-8-a-y-b-y-f-71-muhurtaaconcepttobeamendedaspermoderntimesbw-pdf-d169899279">"Ebookbrowsee.net"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ebookbrowsee.net&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Febookbrowsee.net%2Ffiledownload-php-v-8-a-y-b-y-f-71-muhurtaaconcepttobeamendedaspermoderntimesbw-pdf-d169899279&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhurta" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/rigveda/rv03033.htm">"Rig Veda: Rig-Veda, Book 3: HYMN XXXIII. 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Chennai: Notion Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781946515544" title="Special:BookSources/9781946515544"><bdi>9781946515544</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Demystifying+Brahminism+and+Re-Inventing+Hinduism%3A+Volume+1+-+Demystifying+Brahminism&rft.place=Chennai&rft.pub=Notion+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9781946515544&rft.aulast=Shri&rft.aufirst=Satya&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhurta" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSholapur1884" class="citation book cs1">Sholapur (1884). <i>Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency, Volume 20</i>. Bombay: Government Central Press. p. 110.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gazetteer+of+the+Bombay+Presidency%2C+Volume+20&rft.place=Bombay&rft.pages=110&rft.pub=Government+Central+Press&rft.date=1884&rft.au=Sholapur&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhurta" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCort2001" class="citation book cs1">Cort, John (2001). <i>Jains in the World: Religious Values and Ideology in India</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 123. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0195132343" title="Special:BookSources/0195132343"><bdi>0195132343</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jains+in+the+World%3A+Religious+Values+and+Ideology+in+India&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=123&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0195132343&rft.aulast=Cort&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhurta" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muhurta&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Dictionary of Hindu Lore and Legend</i> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-500-51088-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-500-51088-1">0-500-51088-1</a>) by Anna Dallapiccola</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muhurta&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Mahurat" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Mahurat">Mahurat</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.shyamasundaradasa.com/jyotish/resources/q&a/muhurta.html">Article on Importance of Muhurta</a> by Shyamasundara Dasa</li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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