CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Out-of-body experience - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"a4e92f89-1aae-4719-8a9c-2d05c749b13a","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Out-of-body_experience","wgTitle":"Out-of-body experience","wgCurRevisionId":1269801257,"wgRevisionId":1269801257,"wgArticleId":122329,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["All articles with dead external links","Articles with dead external links from October 2023","Articles with permanently dead external links","Webarchive template wayback links","CS1 maint: ignored DOI errors","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Use mdy dates from April 2020","All articles lacking reliable references","Articles lacking reliable references from March 2024", "Wikipedia articles in need of updating from February 2023","All Wikipedia articles in need of updating","Spirituality","Lucid dreams","Near-death experiences","Symptoms and signs of mental disorders"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Out-of-body_experience","wgRelevantArticleId":122329,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":80000,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition": "interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q790012","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=[ "ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.16"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6e/Astral_640.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="900"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6e/Astral_640.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="600"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="480"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Out-of-body experience - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Out-of-body_experience"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Out-of-body_experience&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Out-of-body_experience"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Out-of-body_experience rootpage-Out-of-body_experience skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" title="Main menu" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Main menu </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z">Main page</a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia">Contents</a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events">Current events</a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x">Random article</a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works">About Wikipedia</a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia">Contact us</a></li><li id="n-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages">Special pages</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia">Help</a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia">Learn to edit</a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors">Community portal</a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r">Recent changes</a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia">Upload file</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> Search </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Appearance </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class="">Donate</a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Out-of-body+experience" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class="">Create account</a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Out-of-body+experience" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class="">Log in</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Personal tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en">Donate</a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Out-of-body+experience" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"> Create account</a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Out-of-body+experience" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"> Log in</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing">learn more</a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y">Contributions</a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Origin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 Origin </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spontaneous_OBEs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spontaneous_OBEs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Spontaneous OBEs </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Spontaneous_OBEs-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Spontaneous OBEs subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Spontaneous_OBEs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-During/near_sleep" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#During/near_sleep"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 During/near sleep </div> </a> <ul id="toc-During/near_sleep-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Near-death_experiences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Near-death_experiences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Near-death experiences </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Near-death_experiences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Resulting_from_extreme_physical_effort" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Resulting_from_extreme_physical_effort"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Resulting from extreme physical effort </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Resulting_from_extreme_physical_effort-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Induced_OBEs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Induced_OBEs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Induced OBEs </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Induced_OBEs-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Induced OBEs subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Induced_OBEs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Chemical" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chemical"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Chemical </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chemical-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mental_induction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mental_induction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Mental induction </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mental_induction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mechanical_induction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mechanical_induction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Mechanical induction </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mechanical_induction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-OBE_theories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#OBE_theories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 OBE theories </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-OBE_theories-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle OBE theories subsection </button> <ul id="toc-OBE_theories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Psychological" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Psychological"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Psychological </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Psychological-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Neurological" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Neurological"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Neurological </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Neurological-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Paranormal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Paranormal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Paranormal </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Paranormal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Astral_projection" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Astral_projection"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.1 Astral projection </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Astral_projection-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-OBE_studies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#OBE_studies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 OBE studies </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-OBE_studies-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle OBE studies subsection </button> <ul id="toc-OBE_studies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-International_Academy_of_Consciousness_-_Global_Survey" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_Academy_of_Consciousness_-_Global_Survey"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 International Academy of Consciousness - Global Survey </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_Academy_of_Consciousness_-_Global_Survey-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Miss_Z_study" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Miss_Z_study"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Miss Z study </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Miss_Z_study-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Neurology_and_OBE-like_experiences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Neurology_and_OBE-like_experiences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Neurology and OBE-like experiences </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Neurology_and_OBE-like_experiences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Olaf_Blanke_studies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Olaf_Blanke_studies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3.1 Olaf Blanke studies </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Olaf_Blanke_studies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ehrsson_study" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ehrsson_study"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3.2 Ehrsson study </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ehrsson_study-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Awareness_during_Resuscitation_Study" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Awareness_during_Resuscitation_Study"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3.3 Awareness during Resuscitation Study </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Awareness_during_Resuscitation_Study-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-AWARE_Study_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#AWARE_Study_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3.4 AWARE Study II </div> </a> <ul id="toc-AWARE_Study_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Smith_&_Messier" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Smith_&_Messier"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3.5 Smith & Messier </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Smith_&_Messier-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-OBE_training_and_research_facilities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#OBE_training_and_research_facilities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 OBE training and research facilities </div> </a> <ul id="toc-OBE_training_and_research_facilities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Out-of-body experience</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 34 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-34" aria-hidden="true" > 34 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buiteliggaamlike_ervaring" title="Buiteliggaamlike ervaring – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Buiteliggaamlike ervaring" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AC_%D9%85%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%B3%D8%AF" title="الخروج من الجسد – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الخروج من الجسد" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B7%D0%B2%D1%8A%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%B2%D1%8F%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Извънтелесно преживяване – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Извънтелесно преживяване" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experi%C3%A8ncia_extracorporal" title="Experiència extracorporal – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Experiència extracorporal" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mimot%C4%9Bln%C3%AD_zku%C5%A1enosti" title="Mimotělní zkušenosti – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Mimotělní zkušenosti" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ud-af-kroppen-oplevelse" title="Ud-af-kroppen-oplevelse – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Ud-af-kroppen-oplevelse" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Au%C3%9Ferk%C3%B6rperliche_Erfahrung" title="Außerkörperliche Erfahrung – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Außerkörperliche Erfahrung" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CE%BE%CF%89%CF%83%CF%89%CE%BC%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%B5%CE%BC%CF%80%CE%B5%CE%B9%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Εξωσωματική εμπειρία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Εξωσωματική εμπειρία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experiencia_extracorporal" title="Experiencia extracorporal – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Experiencia extracorporal" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%87_%D8%AE%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AC_%D8%A7%D8%B2_%D8%A8%D8%AF%D9%86" title="تجربه خروج از بدن – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تجربه خروج از بدن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exp%C3%A9rience_de_hors-corps" title="Expérience de hors-corps – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Expérience de hors-corps" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9C%A0%EC%B2%B4%EC%9D%B4%ED%83%88" title="유체이탈 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="유체이탈" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izvantjelesno_iskustvo" title="Izvantjelesno iskustvo – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Izvantjelesno iskustvo" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esperienza_extracorporea" title="Esperienza extracorporea – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Esperienza extracorporea" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%97%D7%95%D7%95%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%97%D7%95%D7%A5-%D7%92%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%AA" title="חוויה חוץ-גופית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="חוויה חוץ-גופית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%80rpus%C4%B7erme%C5%86a_pieredze" title="Ārpusķermeņa pieredze – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Ārpusķermeņa pieredze" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testen_k%C3%ADv%C3%BCli_%C3%A9lm%C3%A9ny" title="Testen kívüli élmény – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Testen kívüli élmény" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uittreding_(parapsychologie)" title="Uittreding (parapsychologie) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Uittreding (parapsychologie)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BD%93%E5%A4%96%E9%9B%A2%E8%84%B1" title="体外離脱 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="体外離脱" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ut_av_kroppen-opplevelse" title="Ut av kroppen-opplevelse – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Ut av kroppen-opplevelse" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eksterioryzacja" title="Eksterioryzacja – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Eksterioryzacja" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experi%C3%AAncia_fora-do-corpo" title="Experiência fora-do-corpo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Experiência fora-do-corpo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experien%C8%9B%C4%83_extracorporal%C4%83" title="Experiență extracorporală – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Experiență extracorporală" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Внетелесное переживание – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Внетелесное переживание" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Out_of_body_experience" title="Out of body experience – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Out of body experience" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B8%D0%B7_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Искуства изласка из тела – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Искуства изласка из тела" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kehostapoistumiskokemus" title="Kehostapoistumiskokemus – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kehostapoistumiskokemus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utanf%C3%B6r_kroppen-upplevelse" title="Utanför kroppen-upplevelse – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Utanför kroppen-upplevelse" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beden_d%C4%B1%C5%9F%C4%B1_deneyim" title="Beden dışı deneyim – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Beden dışı deneyim" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B4_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BC" title="Досвід поза тілом – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Досвід поза тілом" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%A8%DB%81_%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%AC%D8%B3%D9%85" title="تجربہ بیرون جسم – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="تجربہ بیرون جسم" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A3i_nghi%E1%BB%87m_ngo%C3%A0i_c%C6%A1_th%E1%BB%83" title="Trải nghiệm ngoài cơ thể – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Trải nghiệm ngoài cơ thể" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9D%88%E9%AD%82%E5%87%BA%E7%AB%85" title="靈魂出竅 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="靈魂出竅" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9D%88%E9%AD%82%E5%87%BA%E7%AB%85" title="靈魂出竅 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="靈魂出竅" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q790012#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Out-of-body_experience" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Out-of-body_experience" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >English </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Out-of-body_experience">Read</a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Out-of-body_experience&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Out-of-body_experience&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >Tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Out-of-body_experience">Read</a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Out-of-body_experience&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Out-of-body_experience&action=history">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Out-of-body_experience" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j">What links here</a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Out-of-body_experience" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k">Related changes</a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u">Upload file</a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Out-of-body_experience&oldid=1269801257" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page">Permanent link</a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Out-of-body_experience&action=info" title="More information about this page">Page information</a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Out-of-body_experience&id=1269801257&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page">Cite this page</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FOut-of-body_experience">Get shortened URL</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FOut-of-body_experience">Download QR code</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Out-of-body_experience&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file">Download as PDF</a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Out-of-body_experience&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p">Printable version</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Out-of-body_experiences" hreflang="en">Wikimedia Commons</a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikiquote mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Out-of-body_experience" hreflang="en">Wikiquote</a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q790012" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g">Wikidata item</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Phenomenon in which the soul (astral body) is said to exit the physical body</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Astral_640.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Astral_640.jpg/300px-Astral_640.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Astral_640.jpg/450px-Astral_640.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Astral_640.jpg/600px-Astral_640.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Artist's depiction of the separation stage of an out-of-body experience, which often precedes free movement</figcaption></figure> An out-of-body experience (OBE or sometimes OOBE) is a <a href="/wiki/Phenomenon" title="Phenomenon">phenomenon</a> in which a person perceives the world as if from a location outside their physical body. An OBE is a form of <a href="/wiki/Autoscopy" title="Autoscopy">autoscopy</a> (literally "seeing self"), although this term is more commonly used to refer to the pathological condition of seeing a second self, or <a href="/wiki/Doppelg%C3%A4nger" title="Doppelgänger">doppelgänger</a>. The term out-of-body experience was introduced in 1943 by <a href="/wiki/George_Nugent_Merle_Tyrrell" title="George Nugent Merle Tyrrell">G. N. M. Tyrrell</a> in his book Apparitions,<a href="#cite_note-Tyrrell_1943-1">[1]</a> and was adopted by researchers such as <a href="/wiki/Celia_Green" title="Celia Green">Celia Green</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Green1968-2">[2]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Monroe" title="Robert Monroe">Robert Monroe</a>,<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> as an alternative to belief-centric labels such as "<a href="/wiki/Astral_projection" title="Astral projection">astral projection</a>" or "spirit walking". OBEs can be induced by <a href="/wiki/Traumatic_brain_injury" title="Traumatic brain injury">traumatic brain injuries</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sensory_deprivation" title="Sensory deprivation">sensory deprivation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Near-death_experience" title="Near-death experience">near-death experiences</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dissociative" title="Dissociative">dissociative</a> and <a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_drug" title="Psychedelic drug">psychedelic drugs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dehydration" title="Dehydration">dehydration</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sleep_disorder" title="Sleep disorder">sleep disorders</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dream" title="Dream">dreaming</a>, and electrical stimulation of the brain,<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> among other causes. It can also be deliberately induced by some.<a href="#cite_note-Brent,_S._B._1979_pp._89-_123-5">[5]</a> One in ten people has an OBE once, or more commonly, several times in their life.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> <a href="/wiki/Psychologist" title="Psychologist">Psychologists</a> and <a href="/wiki/Neuroscientist" title="Neuroscientist">neuroscientists</a> regard OBEs as <a href="/wiki/Dissociation_(psychology)" title="Dissociation (psychology)">dissociative</a> experiences occurring along different <a href="/wiki/Psychology" title="Psychology">psychological</a> and <a href="/wiki/Neurology" title="Neurology">neurological</a> factors.<a href="#cite_note-Brent,_S._B._1979_pp._89-_123-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-Zusne,_L._1989-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-Blanke_2004-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-Meyerson-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cheyne-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-Blanke-14">[14]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origin">Origin</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Out-of-body_experience&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Origin">edit</a>]</div> British psychical researcher <a href="/wiki/J._Arthur_Hill" title="J. Arthur Hill">J. Arthur Hill</a> was the first to use the term "out-of-the-body experience" in his 1918 book Man is a Spirit.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> The term out-of-body experience was first introduced by G. N. M. Tyrell in his book Apparitions, published in 1943.<a href="#cite_note-Tyrrell_1943-1">[1]</a> Some of the earliest researchers to write on the subject were <a href="/wiki/Ernesto_Bozzano" title="Ernesto Bozzano">Ernesto Bozzano</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hereward_Carrington" title="Hereward Carrington">Hereward Carrington</a>, Sylvan J. Muldoon, <a href="/wiki/Arthur_E._Powell" title="Arthur E. Powell">Arthur E. Powell</a> and <a href="/wiki/Francis_Prevost" title="Francis Prevost">Francis Prevost</a>.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Spontaneous_OBEs">Spontaneous OBEs</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Out-of-body_experience&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Spontaneous OBEs">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="During/near_sleep">During/near sleep</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Out-of-body_experience&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: During/near sleep">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sleep_paralysis" title="Sleep paralysis">Sleep paralysis</a></div> Those experiencing OBEs sometimes report (among other types of immediate and spontaneous experience) a preceding and initiating <a href="/wiki/Lucid_dream" title="Lucid dream">lucid-dream</a> state. In many cases, people who claim to have had an OBE report being on the verge of sleep, or being already asleep shortly before the experience. A large percentage of these cases refer to situations where the sleep was not particularly deep (due to illness, noises in other rooms, emotional stress, exhaustion from overworking, frequent re-awakening, etc.). In most of these cases subjects perceive themselves as being awake; about half of them note a feeling of <a href="/wiki/Sleep_paralysis" title="Sleep paralysis">sleep paralysis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-oberf-17">[17]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Near-death_experiences">Near-death experiences</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Out-of-body_experience&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Near-death experiences">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Near-death_experience" title="Near-death experience">Near-death experience</a></div> Another form of spontaneous OBE is the near-death experience (NDE). Some subjects report having had an OBE at times of severe <a href="/wiki/Physical_trauma" class="mw-redirect" title="Physical trauma">physical trauma</a> such as near-drownings or major surgery. Near-death experiences may include subjective impressions of being outside the physical body, sometimes visions of deceased relatives and religious figures, and transcendence of ego and <a href="/wiki/Spacetime" title="Spacetime">spatiotemporal</a> boundaries.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> The experience typically includes such factors as: a sense of being dead; a feeling of peace and painlessness; hearing of various non-physical sounds, an out-of-body experience; a tunnel experience (the sense of moving up or through a narrow passageway); encountering "beings of light" and a <a href="/wiki/God" title="God">God</a>-like figure or similar entities; being given a "<a href="/wiki/Life_review" title="Life review">life review</a>", and a reluctance to return to life.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Resulting_from_extreme_physical_effort">Resulting from extreme physical effort</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Out-of-body_experience&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Resulting from extreme physical effort">edit</a>]</div> Along the same lines as an NDE, extreme physical effort during activities such as high-altitude <a href="/wiki/Climbing" title="Climbing">climbing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marathon" title="Marathon">marathon</a> running can induce OBEs. A sense of <a href="/wiki/Bilocation" title="Bilocation">bilocation</a> may be experienced, with both ground and air-based perspectives being experienced simultaneously.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Induced_OBEs">Induced OBEs</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Out-of-body_experience&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Induced OBEs">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chemical">Chemical</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Out-of-body_experience&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Chemical">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>OBEs can be induced by hallucinogens (particularly <a href="/wiki/Dissociative" title="Dissociative">dissociatives</a> & <a href="/wiki/Psychedelic" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychedelic">psychedelics</a>) such as <a href="/wiki/Psilocybin" title="Psilocybin">psilocybin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ketamine" title="Ketamine">ketamine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dimethyltryptamine" class="mw-redirect" title="Dimethyltryptamine">DMT</a>, <a href="/wiki/3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine" title="3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine">MDA</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lysergic_acid_diethylamide" class="mw-redirect" title="Lysergic acid diethylamide">LSD</a>.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hines_2003-24">[24]</a> These effects are believed to arise from interaction of these substances with a brain structure called the <a href="/wiki/Precuneus" title="Precuneus">precuneus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-j-hamilton-25">[25]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mental_induction">Mental induction</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Out-of-body_experience&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Mental induction">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Falling asleep physically without losing awareness. The "Mind Awake, Body Asleep" state is widely suggested as a cause of OBEs, voluntary and otherwise.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison">Thomas Edison</a> used this state to tackle problems while working on his inventions. He would rest a silver dollar on his head while sitting with a metal bucket in a chair. As he drifted off, the coin would noisily fall into the bucket, restoring some of his alertness.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> OBE pioneer <a href="/wiki/Sylvan_Muldoon" title="Sylvan Muldoon">Sylvan Muldoon</a> more simply used a forearm held perpendicular in bed as the falling object.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> <a href="/wiki/Salvador_Dal%C3%AD" title="Salvador Dalí">Salvador Dalí</a> was said to use a similar "<a href="/wiki/Paranoiac-critical" class="mw-redirect" title="Paranoiac-critical">paranoiac-critical</a>" method to gain odd visions which inspired his paintings. Deliberately teetering between awake and asleep states is known to cause spontaneous trance episodes at the <a href="/wiki/Sleep_onset" title="Sleep onset">onset of sleep</a> which are ultimately helpful when attempting to induce an OBE.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> By moving deeper and deeper into relaxation, one eventually encounters a "slipping" feeling if the mind is still alert. This slipping is reported to feel like leaving the physical body. Some consider <a href="/wiki/Progressive_muscle_relaxation" title="Progressive muscle relaxation">progressive muscle relaxation</a> as an active form of <a href="/wiki/Sensory_deprivation" title="Sensory deprivation">sensory deprivation</a>.</li> <li>Deep trance, <a href="/wiki/Meditation" title="Meditation">meditation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mental_image" title="Mental image">visualization</a>. The types of visualizations vary; some common analogies include climbing a rope to "pull out" of one's body, floating out of one's body, getting shot out of a cannon, and other similar approaches. This technique is considered hard to use for people who cannot properly relax. One example of such a technique is the popular <a href="/wiki/Hermetic_Order_of_the_Golden_Dawn" title="Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn">Golden Dawn</a> "<a href="/wiki/Body_of_Light" class="mw-redirect" title="Body of Light">Body of Light</a>" Technique.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mechanical_induction">Mechanical induction</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Out-of-body_experience&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Mechanical induction">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brainwave_synchronization" class="mw-redirect" title="Brainwave synchronization">Brainwave synchronization</a> via audio/visual stimulation. <a href="/wiki/Binaural_beats" class="mw-redirect" title="Binaural beats">Binaural beats</a> can be used to induce specific <a href="/wiki/Neural_oscillation" title="Neural oscillation">brainwave</a> frequencies,<a href="#cite_note-Sadigh-33">[33]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">unreliable source</a>] notably those predominant in various mind awake/body asleep states. Binaural induction of a "body asleep" 4 Hertz brainwave frequency was observed as effective by the <a href="/wiki/Monroe_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Monroe Institute">Monroe Institute</a>,<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> and some authors consider binaural beats to be significantly supportive of OBE initiation when used in conjunction with other techniques.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> Simultaneous introduction of "mind awake" beta frequencies (detectable in the brains of normal, relaxed awakened individuals) was also observed as constructive. Another popular technology uses sinusoidal wave pulses to achieve similar results, and the drumming accompanying Native American religious ceremonies is also believed to have heightened receptivity to "other worlds" through brainwave entrainment mechanisms.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a></li> <li>Direct stimulation of the <a href="/wiki/Vestibular_cortex" title="Vestibular cortex">vestibular cortex</a>.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a></li> <li>Electrical stimulation of the <a href="/wiki/Brain" title="Brain">brain</a>, particularly the <a href="/wiki/Temporoparietal_junction" title="Temporoparietal junction">temporoparietal junction</a> (see Blanke study below).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sensory_deprivation" title="Sensory deprivation">Sensory deprivation</a>. This approach aims to induce intense disorientation by removal of space and time references. Flotation tanks or <a href="/wiki/Pink_noise" title="Pink noise">pink noise</a> played through headphones are often employed for this purpose.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sensory_overload" title="Sensory overload">Sensory overload</a>, the opposite of <a href="/wiki/Sensory_deprivation" title="Sensory deprivation">sensory deprivation</a>. The subject can for instance be rocked for a long time in a specially designed <a href="/wiki/Bassinet" title="Bassinet">cradle</a>, or submitted to light forms of <a href="/wiki/Torture" title="Torture">torture</a>, to cause the brain to shut itself off from all sensory input. Both conditions tend to cause confusion and this disorientation often permits the subject to experience vivid, ethereal out-of-body experiences.<a href="#cite_note-Irwin,_Harvey_1985-40">[40]</a></li> <li>Strong <a href="/wiki/G-force" title="G-force">g-forces</a> that causes blood to drain from parts of the brain, as experienced for example in high-performance aircraft or <a href="/wiki/High-G_training" class="mw-redirect" title="High-G training">high-G training</a> for pilots and astronauts.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a></li> <li>An apparatus that uses a <a href="/wiki/Head-mounted_display" title="Head-mounted display">head-mounted display</a> and a touch that confuses the sense of <a href="/wiki/Proprioception" title="Proprioception">proprioception</a> (and which can also create the sensation of additional limbs).<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="OBE_theories">OBE theories</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Out-of-body_experience&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: OBE theories">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Psychological">Psychological</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Out-of-body_experience&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Psychological">edit</a>]</div> In the fields of <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_science" title="Cognitive science">cognitive science</a> and <a href="/wiki/Psychology" title="Psychology">psychology</a> OBEs are considered dissociative experiences arising from different <a href="/wiki/Psychological" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychological">psychological</a> and neurological factors.<a href="#cite_note-Brent,_S._B._1979_pp._89-_123-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-Zusne,_L._1989-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-Blanke_2004-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-Meyerson-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cheyne-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-Blanke-14">[14]</a> Scientists consider the OBE to be an experience from a mental state, like a dream or an <a href="/wiki/Altered_state_of_consciousness" title="Altered state of consciousness">altered state of consciousness</a> without recourse to the <a href="/wiki/Paranormal" title="Paranormal">paranormal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> <a href="/wiki/Charles_Richet" title="Charles Richet">Charles Richet</a> (1887) held that OBEs are created by the subject's <a href="/wiki/Memory" title="Memory">memory</a> and <a href="/wiki/Imagination" title="Imagination">imagination</a> processes and are no different from <a href="/wiki/Dreams" class="mw-redirect" title="Dreams">dreams</a>.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> <a href="/wiki/James_H._Hyslop" title="James H. Hyslop">James H. Hyslop</a> (1912) wrote that OBEs occur when the activity of the <a href="/wiki/Subconscious" title="Subconscious">subconscious mind</a> dramatizes certain images to give the impression the subject is in a different physical location.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> <a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A9ne_Osty" class="mw-redirect" title="Eugéne Osty">Eugéne Osty</a> (1930) considered OBEs to be nothing more than the product of <a href="/wiki/Imagination" title="Imagination">imagination</a>.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> Other early researchers (such as Schmeing, 1938) supported <a href="/wiki/Psychophysiology" title="Psychophysiology">psychophysiological</a> theories.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> <a href="/wiki/G._N._M._Tyrrell" class="mw-redirect" title="G. N. M. Tyrrell">G. N. M. Tyrrell</a> interpreted OBEs as hallucinatory constructs relating to subconscious levels of <a href="/wiki/Personality" title="Personality">personality</a>.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> <a href="/wiki/Donovan_Rawcliffe" class="mw-redirect" title="Donovan Rawcliffe">Donovan Rawcliffe</a> (1959) connected the OBE experience with <a href="/wiki/Psychosis" title="Psychosis">psychosis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hysteria" title="Hysteria">hysteria</a>.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> Other researchers have discussed the phenomena of the OBE in terms of a distortion of the body image (Horowitz, 1970) and <a href="/wiki/Depersonalization" title="Depersonalization">depersonalization</a> (Whitlock, 1978).<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> The psychologists <a href="/wiki/Nandor_Fodor" title="Nandor Fodor">Nandor Fodor</a> (1959) and <a href="/wiki/Jan_Ehrenwald" title="Jan Ehrenwald">Jan Ehrenwald</a> (1974) proposed that an OBE is a defense mechanism designed to deal with the threat of death.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> According to (Irin and Watt, 2007) Jan Ehrenwald had described the out-of-body experience (OBE) "as an imaginal confirmation of the quest for immortality, a delusory attempt to assure ourselves that we possess a soul that exists independently of the physical body".<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> The psychologists <a href="/wiki/Donald_O._Hebb" title="Donald O. Hebb">Donald Hebb</a> (1960) and <a href="/wiki/Cyril_Burt" title="Cyril Burt">Cyril Burt</a> (1968) wrote on the psychological interpretation of the OBE involving <a href="/wiki/Body_image" title="Body image">body image</a> and visual imagery.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> <a href="/wiki/Graham_Reed_(psychologist)" title="Graham Reed (psychologist)">Graham Reed</a> (1974) suggested that the OBE is a stress reaction to a painful situation, such as the loss of love.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> John Palmer (1978) wrote that the OBE is a response to a body image change causing a threat to <a href="/wiki/Personal_identity" title="Personal identity">personal identity</a>.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> <a href="/wiki/Carl_Sagan" title="Carl Sagan">Carl Sagan</a> (1977) and Barbara Honegger (1983) wrote that the OBE experience may be based on a rebirth fantasy or reliving of the birth process based on reports of tunnel-like passageways and a <a href="/wiki/Silver_cord" title="Silver cord">cord-like connection</a> by some OBErs which they compared to an <a href="/wiki/Umbilical_cord" title="Umbilical cord">umbilical cord</a>.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> <a href="/wiki/Susan_Blackmore" title="Susan Blackmore">Susan Blackmore</a> (1978) came to the conclusion that the OBE is a hallucinatory fantasy as it has the characteristics of imaginary perceptions, perceptual distortions and fantasy-like perceptions of the self (such as having no body).<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ronald_K._Siegel" title="Ronald K. Siegel">Ronald Siegel</a> (1980) also wrote that OBEs are hallucinatory fantasies.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> Harvey Irwin (1985) presented a theory of the OBE involving attentional cognitive processes and <a href="/wiki/Somatosensory_system" title="Somatosensory system">somatic sensory activity</a>. His theory involved a cognitive personality construct known as <a href="/wiki/Absorption_(psychology)" title="Absorption (psychology)">psychological absorption</a> and gave instances of the classification of an OBE as examples of <a href="/wiki/Autoscopy" title="Autoscopy">autoscopy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Depersonalization" title="Depersonalization">depersonalization</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dissociation_(psychology)" title="Dissociation (psychology)">mental dissociation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Irwin,_Harvey_1985-40">[40]</a> The psychophysiologist <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Laberge" class="mw-redirect" title="Stephen Laberge">Stephen Laberge</a> (1985) has written that the explanation for OBEs can be found in <a href="/wiki/Lucid_dreaming" class="mw-redirect" title="Lucid dreaming">lucid dreaming</a>.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> David Hufford (1989) linked the OBE experience with a phenomenon he described as a <a href="/wiki/Nightmare" title="Nightmare">nightmare</a> waking experience, a type of <a href="/wiki/Sleep_paralysis" title="Sleep paralysis">sleep paralysis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> Other scientists have also linked OBEs to cases of <a href="/wiki/Hypnagogia" title="Hypnagogia">hypnagogia</a> and sleep paralysis (<a href="/wiki/Cataplexy" title="Cataplexy">cataplexy</a>).<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> In case studies <a href="/wiki/Fantasy_(psychology)" title="Fantasy (psychology)">fantasy proneness</a> has been shown to be higher among OBErs than those who have not had an OBE.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> The data has shown a link between the OBE experience in some cases to <a href="/wiki/Fantasy_prone_personality" class="mw-redirect" title="Fantasy prone personality">fantasy prone personality</a> (FPP).<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> In a case study involving 167 participants the findings revealed that those who claimed to have experienced the OBE were "more fantasy prone, higher in their belief in the paranormal and displayed greater somatoform dissociation."<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> Research from studies has also suggested that OBEs are related to cognitive-perceptual <a href="/wiki/Schizotypy" title="Schizotypy">schizotypy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Neurological">Neurological</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Out-of-body_experience&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Neurological">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Neurology" title="Neurology">Neurology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_science" title="Cognitive science">Cognitive science</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Terence_Hines" title="Terence Hines">Terence Hines</a> (2003) has written that spontaneous out-of-body experiences can be generated by artificial stimulation of the brain and this strongly suggests that the OBE experience is caused from "temporary, minor brain malfunctions, not by the person's spirit actually leaving the body."<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> In a study review of <a href="/wiki/Neurology" title="Neurology">neurological</a> and <a href="/wiki/Neurocognitive" class="mw-redirect" title="Neurocognitive">neurocognitive</a> data (Bünning and Blanke, 2005) wrote that OBEs are due to "functional disintegration of lower-level <a href="/wiki/Multisensory_integration" title="Multisensory integration">multisensory processing</a> and abnormal higher-level self-processing at the <a href="/wiki/Temporoparietal_junction" title="Temporoparietal junction">temporoparietal junction</a>."<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> Some scientists suspect that OBEs are the result of a mismatch between visual and tactile signals.<a href="#cite_note-Out-of-body_experience_recreated-75">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> <a href="/wiki/Richard_Wiseman" title="Richard Wiseman">Richard Wiseman</a> (2011) has noted that OBE research has focused on finding a psychological explanation and "out-of-body experiences are not paranormal and do not provide evidence for the soul. Instead, they reveal something far more remarkable about the everyday workings of your brain and body."<a href="#cite_note-Wiseman_2011-77">[77]</a> A study conducted by Jason Braithwaite and colleagues (2011) linked the OBE to "neural instabilities in the brain's temporal lobes and to errors in the body's sense of itself".<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> Braithwaite et al. (2013) reported that the "current and dominant view is that the OBE occurs due to a temporary disruption in multi-sensory integration processes."<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> A study led by Josef Parvizi found that direct electrical stimulation of the anterior portion of the <a href="/wiki/Precuneus" title="Precuneus">precuneus</a> can induce an out-of-body experience.<a href="#cite_note-j-hamilton-25">[25]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Paranormal">Paranormal</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Out-of-body_experience&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Paranormal">edit</a>]</div> Writers in the fields of <a href="/wiki/Parapsychology" title="Parapsychology">parapsychology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Occultism" class="mw-redirect" title="Occultism">occultism</a> have written that OBEs are not psychological and that a <a href="/wiki/Soul" title="Soul">soul</a>, spirit or <a href="/wiki/Subtle_body" title="Subtle body">subtle body</a> can detach itself out of the body and visit distant locations. Out-of-the-body experiences were known during the Victorian period in <a href="/wiki/Spiritualism_(movement)" title="Spiritualism (movement)">spiritualist</a> literature as "travelling clairvoyance". In old Indian scriptures, such a state of consciousness is also referred to as <a href="/wiki/Turiya" title="Turiya">Turiya</a>, which can be achieved by deep yogic and meditative activities, during which yogis may be liberated from the duality of mind and body, allowing them to intentionally leave the body and then return to it. The body carrying out this journey is called "Vigyan dehi" ("Scientific body"). The psychical researcher <a href="/wiki/Frederic_W._H._Myers" title="Frederic W. H. Myers">Frederic Myers</a> referred to the OBE as a "psychical excursion".<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> An early study that described alleged cases of OBE was the two-volume <a href="/wiki/Phantasms_of_the_Living" class="mw-redirect" title="Phantasms of the Living">Phantasms of the Living</a>, published in 1886 by the psychical researchers <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Gurney" title="Edmund Gurney">Edmund Gurney</a>, Myers, and <a href="/wiki/Frank_Podmore" title="Frank Podmore">Frank Podmore</a>. The book was largely criticized by the scientific community because the anecdotal reports in almost every case lacked evidential substantiation.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Schiavonetti_Soul_leaving_body_1808.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Schiavonetti_Soul_leaving_body_1808.jpg/220px-Schiavonetti_Soul_leaving_body_1808.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Schiavonetti_Soul_leaving_body_1808.jpg/330px-Schiavonetti_Soul_leaving_body_1808.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Schiavonetti_Soul_leaving_body_1808.jpg/440px-Schiavonetti_Soul_leaving_body_1808.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1409" data-file-height="1182" /></a><figcaption>A 19th-century illustration of <a href="/wiki/Robert_Blair_(poet)" title="Robert Blair (poet)">Robert Blair</a>'s poem <a href="/wiki/The_Grave_(poem)" title="The Grave (poem)">The Grave</a>, depicting the soul leaving the body</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Theosophy" title="Theosophy">theosophist</a> <a href="/wiki/Arthur_E._Powell" title="Arthur E. Powell">Arthur Powell</a> (1927) was an early author to advocate the subtle body theory of OBEs.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sylvan_Muldoon" title="Sylvan Muldoon">Sylvan Muldoon</a> (1936) embraced the concept of an <a href="/wiki/Etheric_body" title="Etheric body">etheric body</a> to explain the OBE experience.<a href="#cite_note-Muldoon,_S._1936-85">[85]</a> The psychical researcher <a href="/wiki/Ernesto_Bozzano" title="Ernesto Bozzano">Ernesto Bozzano</a> (1938) had also supported a similar view describing the phenomena of the OBE experience in terms of <a href="/wiki/Bilocation" title="Bilocation">bilocation</a> in which an "etheric body" can release itself from the physical body in rare circumstances.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> The subtle body theory was also supported by occult writers such as Ralph Shirley (1938), <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Walker_(author)" title="Benjamin Walker (author)">Benjamin Walker</a> (1977), and Douglas Baker (1979).<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> James Baker (1954) wrote that a <a href="/wiki/Mental_body" title="Mental body">mental body</a> enters an "intercosmic region" during the OBE.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> Robert Crookall supported the subtle body theory of OBEs in several publications.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> The paranormal interpretation of OBEs has not been supported by all researchers within the study of parapsychology. <a href="/wiki/Gardner_Murphy" title="Gardner Murphy">Gardner Murphy</a> (1961) wrote that OBEs are "not very far from the known terrain of general psychology, which we are beginning to understand more and more without recourse to the paranormal".<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> In the 1970s, <a href="/wiki/Karlis_Osis" title="Karlis Osis">Karlis Osis</a> conducted many OBE experiments with the psychic Alex Tanous. In one series of these experiments, he was asked whilst in an OBE state whether he could identify coloured targets that were placed in remote locations. Osis reported that there were 114 hits in 197 trials. However, the controls for the experiments have been criticized and, according to <a href="/wiki/Susan_Blackmore" title="Susan Blackmore">Susan Blackmore</a>, the final result was not particularly significant since 108 hits would have been expected by chance alone. Blackmore noted that the results provide "no evidence for accurate perception in the OBE".<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> In April 1977, a patient from <a href="/wiki/Harborview_Medical_Center" title="Harborview Medical Center">Harborview Medical Center</a> known as Maria claimed to have experienced an out-of-body experience. During her OBE she claimed to have floated outside her body and outside the hospital. Maria later told her social worker Kimberly Clark that during the OBE she had observed a <a href="/wiki/Athletic_shoe" class="mw-redirect" title="Athletic shoe">tennis shoe</a> on the third floor window ledge to the north side of the building. Clark then went to the north wing of the building and by looking out of the window could see a tennis shoe on one of the ledges. Clark published the account in 1984. The story has since been used in many paranormal books as evidence that a spirit can leave the body.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-Wiseman_2011_pp.44-45-96">[96]</a> In 1996, Hayden Ebbern, Sean Mulligan and <a href="/wiki/Barry_Beyerstein" title="Barry Beyerstein">Barry Beyerstein</a> visited the Medical Center to investigate Clark's story. They placed a tennis shoe on the same ledge and found that it was visible from within the building and could easily have been observed by a patient lying in bed. They also discovered that the tennis shoe was easy to observe from outside the building and suggested that Maria may have overheard a comment about it during her three days in the hospital and then incorporated it into her OBE. They concluded "Maria's story merely reveals the naiveté and the power of wishful thinking" from OBE researchers seeking a paranormal explanation.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> Clark did not publish the description of the case until seven years after it happened, casting doubt on the story. <a href="/wiki/Richard_Wiseman" title="Richard Wiseman">Richard Wiseman</a> has said that although the story is not evidence for anything paranormal it has been "endlessly repeated by writers who either couldn't be bothered to check the facts, or were unwilling to present their readers with the more skeptical side of the story."<a href="#cite_note-Wiseman_2011_pp.44-45-96">[96]</a> Clark responded to the accusations made in a separate paper.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Astral_projection">Astral projection</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Out-of-body_experience&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Astral projection">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Astral_projection" title="Astral projection">Astral projection</a></div> Astral projection is a paranormal interpretation of out-of-body experiences that assumes the existence of one or more non-physical planes of existence and an associated body beyond the physical. Commonly such planes are called astral, <a href="/wiki/Etheric_body" title="Etheric body">etheric</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Spirituality" title="Spirituality">spiritual</a>. Astral projection is often experienced as the <a href="/wiki/Soul_(spirit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Soul (spirit)">spirit</a> or <a href="/wiki/Astral_body" title="Astral body">astral body</a> leaving the <a href="/wiki/Human_anatomy" title="Human anatomy">physical body</a> to travel in the spirit world or <a href="/wiki/Astral_plane" title="Astral plane">astral plane</a>.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="OBE_studies">OBE studies</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Out-of-body_experience&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: OBE studies">edit</a>]</div> Early collections of OBE cases had been made by <a href="/wiki/Ernesto_Bozzano" title="Ernesto Bozzano">Ernesto Bozzano</a> (Italy) and Robert Crookall (UK). Crookall approached the subject from a spiritualistic position, and collected his cases predominantly from spiritualist newspapers such as the <a href="/wiki/Psychic_News" title="Psychic News">Psychic News</a>, which appears to have biased his results in various ways. For example, the majority of his subjects reported seeing a <a href="/wiki/Silver_cord" title="Silver cord">cord</a> connecting the physical body and its observing counterpart; whereas Green (see below) found that less than 4% of her subjects noticed anything of this sort, and some 80% reported feeling they were a "disembodied consciousness", with no external body at all. The first extensive scientific study of OBEs was made by <a href="/wiki/Celia_Green" title="Celia Green">Celia Green</a> (1968).<a href="#cite_note-Green1968-2">[2]</a> She collected written, first-hand accounts from a total of 400 subjects, recruited by means of appeals in the mainstream media, and followed up by questionnaires. Her purpose was to provide a <a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(general)" class="mw-redirect" title="Taxonomy (general)">taxonomy</a> of the different types of OBE, viewed simply as an anomalous perceptual experience or <a href="/wiki/Hallucination" title="Hallucination">hallucination</a>, while leaving open the question of whether some of the cases might incorporate information derived by <a href="/wiki/Extrasensory_perception" title="Extrasensory perception">extrasensory perception</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="International_Academy_of_Consciousness_-_Global_Survey">International Academy of Consciousness - Global Survey</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Out-of-body_experience&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: International Academy of Consciousness - Global Survey">edit</a>]</div> In 1999, at the 1st International Forum of Consciousness Research in <a href="/wiki/Barcelona" title="Barcelona">Barcelona</a>, research-practitioners Wagner Alegretti and Nanci Trivellato presented preliminary findings of an online survey on the out-of-body experience answered by internet users interested in the subject; therefore, not a sample representative of the general population.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a><blockquote>1,007 (85%) of the first 1,185 respondents reported having had an OBE. 37% claimed to have had between two and ten OBEs. 5.5% claimed more than 100 such experiences. 45% of those who reported an OBE said they successfully induced at least one OBE by using a specific technique. 62% of participants claiming to have had an OBE also reported having enjoyed nonphysical flight; 40% reported experiencing the phenomenon of self-bilocation (i.e. seeing one's own physical body whilst outside the body); and 38% claimed having experienced self-permeability (passing through physical objects such as walls). The most commonly reported sensations experienced in connection with the OBE were falling, floating, repercussions e.g. myoclonia (the jerking of limbs, jerking awake), sinking, torpidity (numbness), intracranial sounds, tingling, clairvoyance, oscillation and serenity.</blockquote>Another reported common sensation related to OBE was temporary or projective <a href="/wiki/Catalepsy" title="Catalepsy">catalepsy</a>, a more common feature of sleep paralysis. The sleep paralysis and OBE correlation was later corroborated by the Out-of-Body Experience and Arousal study published in <a href="/wiki/Neurology_(journal)" title="Neurology (journal)">Neurology</a> by Kevin Nelson and his colleagues from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Kentucky" title="University of Kentucky">University of Kentucky</a> in 2007.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> The study discovered that people who have out-of-body experiences are more likely to experience <a href="/wiki/Sleep_paralysis" title="Sleep paralysis">sleep paralysis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> Also noteworthy, is the Waterloo Unusual Sleep Experiences Questionnaire<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> that further illustrates the correlation. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Miss_Z_study">Miss Z study</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Out-of-body_experience&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Miss Z study">edit</a>]</div> In 1968, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Tart" title="Charles Tart">Charles Tart</a> conducted an OBE experiment with a subject known as Miss Z for four nights in his sleep laboratory. The subject was attached to an <a href="/wiki/Electroencephalography" title="Electroencephalography">EEG machine</a> and a five-digit code was placed on a shelf above her bed. She did not claim to see the number on the first three nights but on the fourth gave the number correctly.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> The psychologist <a href="/wiki/James_Alcock" title="James Alcock">James Alcock</a> criticized the experiment for inadequate controls and questioned why the subject was not visually monitored by a <a href="/wiki/Video_camera" title="Video camera">video camera</a>.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> <a href="/wiki/Martin_Gardner" title="Martin Gardner">Martin Gardner</a> has written the experiment was not evidence for an OBE and suggested that whilst Tart was "snoring behind the window, Miss Z simply stood up in bed, without detaching the electrodes, and peeked."<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> <a href="/wiki/Susan_Blackmore" title="Susan Blackmore">Susan Blackmore</a> wrote "If Miss Z had tried to climb up, the brain-wave record would have showed a pattern of interference. And that was exactly what it did show."<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Neurology_and_OBE-like_experiences">Neurology and OBE-like experiences</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Out-of-body_experience&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Neurology and OBE-like experiences">edit</a>]</div> There are several possible physiological explanations for parts of the OBE. OBE-like experiences have been induced by stimulation of the brain. OBE-like experience has also been induced through stimulation of the posterior part of the right superior temporal gyrus in a patient.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> <a href="/wiki/Positron-emission_tomography" class="mw-redirect" title="Positron-emission tomography">Positron-emission tomography</a> was also used in this study to identify brain regions affected by this stimulation. The term OBE-like is used above because the experiences described in these experiments either lacked some of the clarity or details of normal OBEs, or were described by subjects who had never experienced an OBE before. Such subjects were therefore not qualified to make claims about the authenticity of the experimentally-induced OBE. British psychologist <a href="/wiki/Susan_Blackmore" title="Susan Blackmore">Susan Blackmore</a> and others suggest that an OBE begins when a person loses contact with sensory input from the body while remaining conscious.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> The person retains the illusion of having a body, but that perception is no longer derived from the senses. The perceived world may resemble the world he or she generally inhabits while awake, but this perception does not come from the senses either. The vivid body and world is made by our brain's ability to create fully convincing realms, even in the absence of sensory information. This process is witnessed by each of us every night in our dreams, though OBEs are claimed to be far more vivid than even a <a href="/wiki/Lucid_dream" title="Lucid dream">lucid dream</a>. Irwin<a href="#cite_note-Irwin,_Harvey_1985-40">[40]</a> pointed out that OBEs appear to occur under conditions of either very high or very low <a href="/wiki/Arousal" title="Arousal">arousal</a>. For example, Green<a href="#cite_note-Green1968-2">[2]</a> found that three quarters of a group of 176 subjects reporting a single OBE were lying down at the time of the experience, and of these 12% considered they had been asleep when it started. By contrast, a substantial minority of her cases occurred under conditions of maximum arousal, such as a rock-climbing fall, a traffic accident, or childbirth. McCreery<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> has suggested that this paradox may be explained by reference to the fact that sleep can supervene as a reaction to extreme stress or hyper-arousal.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> He proposes that OBEs under both conditions, relaxation and hyper-arousal, represent a form of "waking dream", or the intrusion of Stage 1 <a href="/wiki/Sleep" title="Sleep">sleep</a> processes into waking consciousness. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Olaf_Blanke_studies">Olaf Blanke studies</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Out-of-body_experience&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Olaf Blanke studies">edit</a>]</div> Research by <a href="/wiki/Olaf_Blanke" title="Olaf Blanke">Olaf Blanke</a> in <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a> found that it is possible to reliably elicit experiences somewhat similar to the OBE by stimulating regions of the brain called the right <a href="/wiki/Temporoparietal_junction" title="Temporoparietal junction">temporoparietal junction</a> (TPJ; a region where the <a href="/wiki/Temporal_lobe" title="Temporal lobe">temporal lobe</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Parietal_lobe" title="Parietal lobe">parietal lobe</a> of the brain come together). Blanke and his collaborators in Switzerland have explored the neural basis of OBEs by showing that they are reliably associated with <a href="/wiki/Lesions" class="mw-redirect" title="Lesions">lesions</a> in the right TPJ region<a href="#cite_note-Blanke2004-114">[114]</a> and that they can be reliably elicited with electrical stimulation of this region in a patient with epilepsy.<a href="#cite_note-Blanke2002-115">[115]</a> These elicited experiences may include perceptions of transformations of the patient's arms and legs (complex somatosensory responses) and whole-body displacements (vestibular responses).<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> In neurologically normal subjects, Blanke and colleagues then showed that the conscious experience of the self and body being in the same location depends on <a href="/wiki/Multisensory_integration" title="Multisensory integration">multisensory integration</a> in the TPJ. Using <a href="/wiki/Event-related_potential" title="Event-related potential">event-related potentials</a>, Blanke and colleagues showed the selective activation of the TPJ 330–400 ms after stimulus onset when healthy volunteers imagined themselves in the position and visual perspective that generally are reported by people experiencing spontaneous OBEs. <a href="/wiki/Transcranial_magnetic_stimulation" title="Transcranial magnetic stimulation">Transcranial magnetic stimulation</a> in the same subjects impaired mental transformation of the participant's own body. No such effects were found with stimulation of another site or for imagined spatial transformations of external objects, suggesting the selective implication of the TPJ in mental imagery of one's own body.<a href="#cite_note-Blanke2005-118">[118]</a> In a follow-up study, Arzy et al. showed that the location and timing of brain activation depended on whether mental imagery is performed with mentally embodied or disembodied self location. When subjects performed mental imagery with an embodied location, there was increased activation of a region called the "extrastriate body area" (EBA), but when subjects performed mental imagery with a disembodied location, as reported in OBEs, there was increased activation in the region of the TPJ. This leads Arzy et al. to argue that "these data show that distributed brain activity at the EBA and TPJ as well as their timing are crucial for the coding of the self as embodied and as spatially situated within the human body."<a href="#cite_note-Arzy2006-119">[119]</a> Blanke and colleagues thus propose that the right temporal-parietal junction is important for the sense of spatial location of the self, and that when these normal processes go awry, an OBE arises.<a href="#cite_note-BlankeArzy-120">[120]</a> In August 2007 Blanke's lab published research in Science demonstrating that conflicting visual-somatosensory input in <a href="/wiki/Virtual_reality" title="Virtual reality">virtual reality</a> could disrupt the spatial unity between the self and the body. During multisensory conflict, participants felt as if a virtual body seen in front of them was their own body and mislocalized themselves toward the virtual body, to a position outside their bodily borders. This indicates that spatial unity and bodily self-consciousness can be studied experimentally and is based on multisensory and cognitive processing of bodily information.<a href="#cite_note-Lenggenhager-121">[121]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ehrsson_study">Ehrsson study</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Out-of-body_experience&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Ehrsson study">edit</a>]</div> In August 2007, Henrik Ehrsson, then at the <a href="/wiki/UCL_Institute_of_Neurology" class="mw-redirect" title="UCL Institute of Neurology">Institute of Neurology</a> at <a href="/wiki/University_College_of_London" class="mw-redirect" title="University College of London">University College of London</a> (now at the <a href="/wiki/Karolinska_Institute" title="Karolinska Institute">Karolinska Institute</a> in Sweden), published research in <a href="/wiki/Science_(magazine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Science (magazine)">Science</a> demonstrating the first experimental method that, according to the scientist's claims in the publication, induced an out-of-body experience in healthy participants.<a href="#cite_note-Ehrsson-122">[122]</a> The experiment was conducted in the following way: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">The study participant sits in a chair wearing a pair of head-mounted video displays. These have two small screens over each eye, which show a live film recorded by two video cameras placed beside each other two metres behind the participant's head. The image from the left video camera is presented on the left-eye display and the image from the right camera on the right-eye display. The participant sees these as one "<a href="/wiki/Stereoscopy" title="Stereoscopy">stereoscopic</a>" (3D) image, so they see their own back displayed from the perspective of someone sitting behind them. The researcher then stands just beside the participant (in their view) and uses two plastic rods to simultaneously touch the participant's actual chest out-of-view and the chest of the illusory body, moving this second rod towards where the illusory chest would be located, just below the camera's view. The participants confirmed that they had experienced sitting behind their physical body and looking at it from that location.<a href="#cite_note-Out-of-body_experience_recreated-75">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-Eurekalert-123">[123]</a></blockquote> Both critics and the experimenter himself note that the study fell short of replicating "full-blown" OBEs. As with previous experiments which induced sensations of floating outside of the body, Ehrsson's work does not explain how a brain malfunction might cause an OBE. Essentially, Ehrsson created an illusion that fits a definition of an OBE in which "a person who is awake sees his or her body from a location outside the physical body."<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Awareness_during_Resuscitation_Study">Awareness during Resuscitation Study</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Out-of-body_experience&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Awareness during Resuscitation Study">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg/42px-Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg/63px-Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg/84px-Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (February 2023)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> In 2001, <a href="/wiki/Sam_Parnia" title="Sam Parnia">Sam Parnia</a> and colleagues investigated out of body claims by placing figures on suspended boards facing the ceiling, not visible from the floor. Parnia wrote "anybody who claimed to have left their body and be near the ceiling during resuscitation attempts would be expected to identify those targets. If, however, such perceptions are psychological, then one would obviously not expect the targets to be identified."<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> The philosopher Keith Augustine, who examined Parnia's study, has written that all target identification experiments have produced negative results.<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> Psychologist <a href="/wiki/Chris_French" title="Chris French">Chris French</a> wrote regarding the study "unfortunately, and somewhat atypically, none of the survivors in this sample experienced an OBE."<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> In the autumn of 2008, 25 UK and US hospitals began participation in a study, coordinated by Sam Parnia and <a href="/wiki/Southampton_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Southampton University">Southampton University</a> known as the AWARE study (AWAreness during REsuscitation). Following on from the work of <a href="/wiki/Pim_van_Lommel" title="Pim van Lommel">Pim van Lommel</a> in the Netherlands, the study aims to examine <a href="/wiki/Near-death_experiences" class="mw-redirect" title="Near-death experiences">near-death experiences</a> in 1,500 <a href="/wiki/Cardiac_arrest" title="Cardiac arrest">cardiac arrest</a> survivors and so determine whether people without a heartbeat or brain activity can have documentable out-of-body experiences.<a href="#cite_note-Dreaper2008-129">[129]</a> As part of the study Parnia and colleagues have investigated out of body claims by using hidden targets placed on shelves that could only be seen from above.<a href="#cite_note-Dreaper2008-129">[129]</a> Parnia has written "if no one sees the pictures, it shows these experiences are illusions or false memories".<a href="#cite_note-Dreaper2008-129">[129]</a> In 2014 Parnia issued a statement indicating that the first phase of the project has been completed and the results are undergoing peer review for publication in a medical journal.<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> No subjects saw the images mounted out of sight according to Parnia's early report of the results of the study at an <a href="/wiki/American_Heart_Association" title="American Heart Association">American Heart Association</a> meeting in November 2013. Only two out of the 152 patients reported any visual experiences, and one of them described events that could be verified (as the other one's condition worsened before the detailed interview).<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> The two NDEs occurred in an area where "no visual targets had been placed".<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> On October 6, 2014, the results of the study were published in the journal Resuscitation. Less than 20% of cardiac arrest patients were able to be interviewed, as most of them died or were too sick even after successful resuscitation. Among those who reported a perception of awareness and completed further interviews, 46% experienced a broad range of mental recollections in relation to death that were not compatible with the commonly used term of NDEs. These included fearful and persecutory experiences. Only 9% had experiences compatible with NDEs and 2% exhibited full awareness compatible with OBEs with explicit recall of 'seeing' and 'hearing' events. One case was validated and timed using auditory stimuli during cardiac arrest.<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Caroline_Watt" title="Caroline Watt">Caroline Watt</a> "The one 'verifiable period of conscious awareness' that Parnia was able to report did not relate to this objective test. Rather, it was a patient giving a supposedly accurate report of events during his resuscitation. He didn't identify the pictures, he described the defibrillator machine noise. But that's not very impressive since many people know what goes on in an emergency room setting from seeing recreations on television."<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> However, it was impossible for him to describe any hidden targets, as there were none in the room where his OBE occurred, and the rest of his description was also very precise, including the description and later correct identification of a doctor who took part in his resuscitation. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="AWARE_Study_II">AWARE Study II</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Out-of-body_experience&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: AWARE Study II">edit</a>]</div> As of May 2016, a posting at the UK Clinical Trials Gateway website describes plans for AWARE II, a two-year multicenter observational study of 900–1,500 patients experiencing cardiac arrest, with subjects being recruited starting on 1 August 2014 and that the scheduled end date was 31 May 2017.<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> The study was extended, continuing until 2020.<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> Results have been published in 2023.<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Smith_&_Messier">Smith & Messier</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Out-of-body_experience&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Smith & Messier">edit</a>]</div> In 2014, a functional imaging study reported the case of a woman who could experience out of body experience at will. She reported developing the ability as a child and associated it with difficulties in falling sleep. Her OBEs continued into adulthood but became less frequent. She was able to see herself rotating in the air above her body, lying flat, and rolling in the horizontal plane. She reported sometimes watching herself move from above but remained aware of her unmoving "real" body. The participant reported no particular emotions linked to the experience. "[T]he brain functional changes associated with the reported extra-corporeal experience (ECE) were different than those observed in motor imagery. Activations were mainly left-sided and involved the left supplementary motor area and supramarginal and posterior superior temporal gyri, the last two overlapping with the temporal parietal junction that has been associated with out-of-body experiences. The cerebellum also showed activation that is consistent with the participant's report of the impression of movement during the ECE. There was also left middle and superior orbital frontal gyri activity, regions often associated with action monitoring."<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="OBE_training_and_research_facilities">OBE training and research facilities</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Out-of-body_experience&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: OBE training and research facilities">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/The_Monroe_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="The Monroe Institute">The Monroe Institute</a>'s Nancy Penn Center is a facility specializing in out-of-body experience induction. The Center for Higher Studies of the Consciousness in Brazil is another large OBE training facility. Olaf Blanke's Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience has become a well-known laboratory for OBE research.<a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Out-of-body_experience&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alice_in_Wonderland_syndrome" title="Alice in Wonderland syndrome">Alice in Wonderland syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soul_flight" title="Soul flight">Soul flight</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Out-of-body_experience&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Tyrrell_1943-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tyrrell_1943_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tyrrell_1943_1-1">b</a> G. N. M. Tyrrell, Apparitions, Gerald Duckworth and Co. Ltd, London, 1943, pp. 149. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1169831537" title="Special:BookSources/978-1169831537">978-1169831537</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Green1968-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Green1968_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Green1968_2-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Green1968_2-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreen1968" class="citation book cs1">Green, C.E. (1968). Out-of-the-body Experiences. London: Hamish Hamilton. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0345248435" title="Special:BookSources/978-0345248435"><bdi>978-0345248435</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Out-of-the-body+Experiences&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Hamish+Hamilton&rft.date=1968&rft.isbn=978-0345248435&rft.aulast=Green&rft.aufirst=C.E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOut-of-body+experience" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMonroe1971" class="citation book cs1">Monroe, Robert (1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/journeysoutofbod00monr">Journeys Out of the Body</a>. Harmony/Rodale. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-385-00861-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-385-00861-9"><bdi>0-385-00861-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Journeys+Out+of+the+Body&rft.pub=Harmony%2FRodale&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=0-385-00861-9&rft.aulast=Monroe&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjourneysoutofbod00monr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOut-of-body+experience" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAspellBlanke2009" class="citation book cs1">Aspell, Jane; Blanke, Olaf (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://infoscience.epfl.ch/record/154802/files/2009_Aspell(chap)_understanding%20the%20obe%20from%20a%20neuroscientific%20perspective.pdf">"Understanding the out-of-body experience from a neuroscientific perspective"</a> (PDF). In Murray, Craig D. (ed.). Psychological Scientific Perspectives on Out of Body and Near Death Experiences. Psychology Research Progress. New York: Nova Science Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60741-705-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60741-705-7"><bdi>978-1-60741-705-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Understanding+the+out-of-body+experience+from+a+neuroscientific+perspective&rft.btitle=Psychological+Scientific+Perspectives+on+Out+of+Body+and+Near+Death+Experiences&rft.place=New+York&rft.series=Psychology+Research+Progress&rft.pub=Nova+Science+Publishers&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-60741-705-7&rft.aulast=Aspell&rft.aufirst=Jane&rft.au=Blanke%2C+Olaf&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Finfoscience.epfl.ch%2Frecord%2F154802%2Ffiles%2F2009_Aspell%28chap%29_understanding%2520the%2520obe%2520from%2520a%2520neuroscientific%2520perspective.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOut-of-body+experience" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brent,_S._B._1979_pp._89-_123-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Brent,_S._B._1979_pp._89-_123_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brent,_S._B._1979_pp._89-_123_5-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brent,_S._B._1979_pp._89-_123_5-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrent1979" class="citation book cs1">Brent, S. B. (1979). "Deliberately induced, premortem, out-of-body experiences: An experimental and theoretical approach". In Kastenbaum, B. (ed.). Between life and death. New York: Springer. pp. 89–123. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0826125408" title="Special:BookSources/978-0826125408"><bdi>978-0826125408</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Deliberately+induced%2C+premortem%2C+out-of-body+experiences%3A+An+experimental+and+theoretical+approach&rft.btitle=Between+life+and+death&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E89-%3C%2Fspan%3E123&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=978-0826125408&rft.aulast=Brent&rft.aufirst=S.+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOut-of-body+experience" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Susan_Blackmore" title="Susan Blackmore">Blackmore, Susan</a> (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.susanblackmore.co.uk/Articles/PDFs/JSPR%201984.pdf">"A Postal Survey of OBEs and Other Experiences"</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2007/08/070823141057.htm">"(Aug. 24, 2007) First Out-of-body Experience Induced In Laboratory Setting"</a>. ScienceDaily. August 24, 2007. Retrieved October 6, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ScienceDaily&rft.atitle=%28Aug.+24%2C+2007%29+First+Out-of-body+Experience+Induced+In+Laboratory+Setting&rft.date=2007-08-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedaily.com%2Freleases%2F2007%2F08%2F070823141057.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOut-of-body+experience" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceB-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_8-1">b</a> Gabbard, G. O., & Twemlow, A. W. (1984). With the eyes of the mind: An empirical analysis of out-of-body states. New York: Praeger Scientific. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0030689260" title="Special:BookSources/978-0030689260">978-0030689260</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zusne,_L._1989-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Zusne,_L._1989_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zusne,_L._1989_9-1">b</a> Leonard Zusne, Warren H. Jones (1989). Anomalistic Psychology: A Study of Magical Thinking. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8058-0508-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-8058-0508-7">0-8058-0508-7</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Blanke_2004-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Blanke_2004_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Blanke_2004_10-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlankeLandisSeeck2004" class="citation journal cs1">Blanke O, Landis T, Seeck M (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fbrain%2Fawh040">"Out-of-body experience and autoscopy of neurological origin"</a>. Brain. 127 (2): 243–258. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fbrain%2Fawh040">10.1093/brain/awh040</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14662516">14662516</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Brain&rft.atitle=Out-of-body+experience+and+autoscopy+of+neurological+origin&rft.volume=127&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E243-%3C%2Fspan%3E258&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fbrain%2Fawh040&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F14662516&rft.aulast=Blanke&rft.aufirst=O&rft.au=Landis%2C+T&rft.au=Seeck%2C+M&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%252Fbrain%252Fawh040&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOut-of-body+experience" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlankeMohr2005" class="citation journal cs1">Blanke O, Mohr C (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://infoscience.epfl.ch/record/154891">"Out-of-body experience, heautoscopy, and autoscopic hallucination of neurological origin. Implications for mechanisms of corporeal awareness and self consciousness"</a>. Brain Research Reviews. 50 (1): 184–199. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.brainresrev.2005.05.008">10.1016/j.brainresrev.2005.05.008</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16019077">16019077</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:10376314">10376314</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Brain+Research+Reviews&rft.atitle=Out-of-body+experience%2C+heautoscopy%2C+and+autoscopic+hallucination+of+neurological+origin.+Implications+for+mechanisms+of+corporeal+awareness+and+self+consciousness&rft.volume=50&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E184-%3C%2Fspan%3E199&rft.date=2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A10376314%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16019077&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.brainresrev.2005.05.008&rft.aulast=Blanke&rft.aufirst=O&rft.au=Mohr%2C+C&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Finfoscience.epfl.ch%2Frecord%2F154891&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOut-of-body+experience" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Meyerson-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Meyerson_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Meyerson_12-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeyerson,_JosephGelkopf,_Marc2004" class="citation journal cs1">Meyerson, Joseph; Gelkopf, Marc (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/read/1P3-623520141">"Therapeutic Utilization of Spontaneous Out-of-Body Experiences in Hypnotherapy"</a>. American Journal of Psychotherapy. 58 (1): 90–102. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1176%2Fappi.psychotherapy.2004.58.1.90">10.1176/appi.psychotherapy.2004.58.1.90</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15106402">15106402</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Psychotherapy&rft.atitle=Therapeutic+Utilization+of+Spontaneous+Out-of-Body+Experiences+in+Hypnotherapy&rft.volume=58&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E90-%3C%2Fspan%3E102&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1176%2Fappi.psychotherapy.2004.58.1.90&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15106402&rft.au=Meyerson%2C+Joseph&rft.au=Gelkopf%2C+Marc&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.questia.com%2Fread%2F1P3-623520141&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOut-of-body+experience" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-Cheyne-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cheyne_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cheyne_13-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCheyne,_James_Allan2008" class="citation journal cs1">Cheyne, James Allan (Fall 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/read/1G1-190099336">"When Is an OBE Not an OBE? A New Look at Out-of-Body Experiences"</a>. Skeptic.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Skeptic&rft.atitle=When+Is+an+OBE+Not+an+OBE%3F+A+New+Look+at+Out-of-Body+Experiences&rft.ssn=fall&rft.date=2008&rft.au=Cheyne%2C+James+Allan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.questia.com%2Fread%2F1G1-190099336&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOut-of-body+experience" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-Blanke-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Blanke_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Blanke_14-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlanke,_Olaf2004" class="citation journal cs1">Blanke, Olaf (December 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC535951">"Out Of Body Experiences And Their Neural Basis: They Are Linked To Multisensory And Cognitive Processing In The Brain"</a>. British Medical Journal. 329 (7480): 1414–1415. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fbmj.329.7480.1414">10.1136/bmj.329.7480.1414</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25469629">25469629</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC535951">535951</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15604159">15604159</a>. <q>The reviewed evidence from neurological patients experiencing this striking dissociation between self and body shows that out of body experiences are culturally invariant phenomena that can be investigated scientifically.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=British+Medical+Journal&rft.atitle=Out+Of+Body+Experiences+And+Their+Neural+Basis%3A+They+Are+Linked+To+Multisensory+And+Cognitive+Processing+In+The+Brain&rft.volume=329&rft.issue=7480&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1414-%3C%2Fspan%3E1415&rft.date=2004-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC535951%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15604159&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25469629%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1136%2Fbmj.329.7480.1414&rft.au=Blanke%2C+Olaf&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC535951&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOut-of-body+experience" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchlieter2018" class="citation book cs1">Schlieter, Jens (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1hhnDwAAQBAJ">What Is it Like to Be Dead?: Near-Death Experiences, Christianity, and the Occult</a>. Oxford University Press. p. 146. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0190888855" title="Special:BookSources/978-0190888855"><bdi>978-0190888855</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=What+Is+it+Like+to+Be+Dead%3F%3A+Near-Death+Experiences%2C+Christianity%2C+and+the+Occult&rft.pages=146&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0190888855&rft.aulast=Schlieter&rft.aufirst=Jens&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1hhnDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOut-of-body+experience" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050309180331/http://obebibliography.info/general.htm">"General Treatments of OBE"</a>. OBE Bibliography. 2003. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://obebibliography.info/general.htm">the original</a> on March 9, 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=OBE+Bibliography.&rft.atitle=General+Treatments+of+OBE&rft.date=2003&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fobebibliography.info%2Fgeneral.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOut-of-body+experience" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-oberf-17"><a href="#cite_ref-oberf_17-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oberf.org/sobe_stories.htm">"SOBEs"</a>. Oberf.org. Retrieved October 6, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=SOBEs&rft.pub=Oberf.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oberf.org%2Fsobe_stories.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOut-of-body+experience" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreyson_Bruce2003" class="citation journal cs1">Greyson Bruce (2003). "Near-Death Experiences in a Psychiatric Outpatient Clinic Population". Psychiatr Serv. 54 (12): 1649–1651. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1176%2Fappi.ps.54.12.1649">10.1176/appi.ps.54.12.1649</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14645808">14645808</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Psychiatr+Serv&rft.atitle=Near-Death+Experiences+in+a+Psychiatric+Outpatient+Clinic+Population&rft.volume=54&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1649-%3C%2Fspan%3E1651&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1176%2Fappi.ps.54.12.1649&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F14645808&rft.au=Greyson+Bruce&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOut-of-body+experience" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> Mauro, James. (1992). Bright lights, big Mystery. Psychology Today. </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> Metzinger (citing Alvarado), 2005 "Out-of-Body Experiences as the Origin of the Concept of a 'Soul'", Mind & Matter 3(1), p. 65. </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSiegel_Ronald1980" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ronald_K._Siegel" title="Ronald K. Siegel">Siegel Ronald</a> (1980). "The Psychology of Life after Death". American Psychologist. 35 (10): 911–931. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1037%2F0003-066x.35.10.911">10.1037/0003-066x.35.10.911</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7436117">7436117</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Psychologist&rft.atitle=The+Psychology+of+Life+after+Death&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E911-%3C%2Fspan%3E931&rft.date=1980&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1037%2F0003-066x.35.10.911&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F7436117&rft.au=Siegel+Ronald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOut-of-body+experience" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBressloffCowanGolubitskyThomas2002" class="citation journal cs1">Bressloff PC, Cowan JD, Golubitsky M, Thomas PJ, Wiener M (2002). "What geometric visual hallucinations tell us about the visual cortex". Neural Computation. 14 (3): 473–491. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.146.572">10.1.1.146.572</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1162%2F089976602317250861">10.1162/089976602317250861</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11860679">11860679</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:207683037">207683037</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Neural+Computation&rft.atitle=What+geometric+visual+hallucinations+tell+us+about+the+visual+cortex&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E473-%3C%2Fspan%3E491&rft.date=2002&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.146.572%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A207683037%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11860679&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1162%2F089976602317250861&rft.aulast=Bressloff&rft.aufirst=PC&rft.au=Cowan%2C+JD&rft.au=Golubitsky%2C+M&rft.au=Thomas%2C+PJ&rft.au=Wiener%2C+M&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOut-of-body+experience" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShermer2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Shermer" title="Michael Shermer">Shermer, Michael B.</a> (2002) [1997]. <a href="/wiki/Why_People_Believe_Weird_Things" title="Why People Believe Weird Things">Why People Believe Weird Things: Pseudoscience, Superstition, and Other Confusions of Our Time</a> (Revised & enlarged ed.). New York: Henry Holt and Company. p. 80. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-7089-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-7089-7"><bdi>978-0-8050-7089-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Why+People+Believe+Weird+Things%3A+Pseudoscience%2C+Superstition%2C+and+Other+Confusions+of+Our+Time&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=80&rft.edition=Revised+%26+enlarged&rft.pub=Henry+Holt+and+Company&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-8050-7089-7&rft.aulast=Shermer&rft.aufirst=Michael+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOut-of-body+experience" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hines_2003-24"><a href="#cite_ref-Hines_2003_24-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHines2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Terence_Hines" title="Terence Hines">Hines, Terence</a> (2003). Pseudoscience and the Paranormal (2nd ed.). Amherst, NY: Prometheus Books. pp. 102–103. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57392-979-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57392-979-0"><bdi>978-1-57392-979-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pseudoscience+and+the+Paranormal&rft.place=Amherst%2C+NY&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E102-%3C%2Fspan%3E103&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Prometheus+Books&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-57392-979-0&rft.aulast=Hines&rft.aufirst=Terence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOut-of-body+experience" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-j-hamilton-25">^ <a href="#cite_ref-j-hamilton_25-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-j-hamilton_25-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJon_Hamilton2023" class="citation news cs1">Jon Hamilton (August 4, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/2023/07/28/1190816885/this-sausage-shaped-part-of-your-brain-causes-out-of-body-experiences">"This sausage-shaped part of your brain causes out-of-body experiences"</a>. Short Wave. NPR.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Short+Wave&rft.atitle=This+sausage-shaped+part+of+your+brain+causes+out-of-body+experiences&rft.date=2023-08-04&rft.au=Jon+Hamilton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2F2023%2F07%2F28%2F1190816885%2Fthis-sausage-shaped-part-of-your-brain-causes-out-of-body-experiences&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOut-of-body+experience" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrederick_Aardema2012" class="citation web cs1">Frederick Aardema (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070812185916/http://www.explorations-in-consciousness.com/focus10.html">"Focus 10: Mind Awake/Body Asleep"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.explorations-in-consciousness.com/focus10.html">the original</a> on August 12, 2007. Retrieved June 18, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Focus+10%3A+Mind+Awake%2FBody+Asleep&rft.date=2012&rft.au=Frederick+Aardema&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.explorations-in-consciousness.com%2Ffocus10.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOut-of-body+experience" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> Pre-Grams of Tomorrow dreams as pathway to a New World Perspective: Forrer, Kurt </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> Hereward Carrington, Sylvan Muldoon. (1981). The Projection Of The Astral Body. Weiser Books. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87728-069-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87728-069-9">978-0-87728-069-9</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMonroe1972" class="citation book cs1">Monroe, Robert (1972). Journeys out of the Body. Souvenir. pp. 207–210. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-285-62753-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-285-62753-8"><bdi>0-285-62753-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Journeys+out+of+the+Body&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E207-%3C%2Fspan%3E210&rft.pub=Souvenir&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=0-285-62753-8&rft.aulast=Monroe&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOut-of-body+experience" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBruce2009" class="citation book cs1">Bruce, Robert (2009). Astral Dynamics: The Complete Book of Out-of-Body Experiences. Hampton Roads Publishing Company. pp. 208–9. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57174-616-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57174-616-0"><bdi>978-1-57174-616-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Astral+Dynamics%3A+The+Complete+Book+of+Out-of-Body+Experiences&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E208-%3C%2Fspan%3E9&rft.pub=Hampton+Roads+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-57174-616-0&rft.aulast=Bruce&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOut-of-body+experience" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrederick_Aardema2012" class="citation book cs1">Frederick Aardema (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180321113935/http://www.beyond-body.com/vigil_method.html">"The Vigil Method"</a>. Explorations In Consciousness: A New Approach To Out-of-Body Experiences. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.beyond-body.com/vigil_method.html">the original</a> on March 21, 2018. Retrieved June 27, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Vigil+Method&rft.btitle=Explorations+In+Consciousness%3A+A+New+Approach+To+Out-of-Body+Experiences&rft.date=2012&rft.au=Frederick+Aardema&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.beyond-body.com%2Fvigil_method.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOut-of-body+experience" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOphiel1974" class="citation book cs1">Ophiel (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/artpracticeofast00ophirich">The Art and Practice of Astral Projection</a>. Weiser Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87728-246-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87728-246-4"><bdi>978-0-87728-246-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Art+and+Practice+of+Astral+Projection&rft.pub=Weiser+Books&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=978-0-87728-246-4&rft.au=Ophiel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fartpracticeofast00ophirich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOut-of-body+experience" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sadigh-33"><a href="#cite_ref-Sadigh_33-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSadighKozicky" class="citation web cs1">Sadigh, M. R.; Kozicky, P. W. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hemi-sync.com/hemi-sync-technology/research-papers-articles/the-effects-of-hemi-sync-on-electrocortical-activity-a-review-of-three-empirical-studies/">"The Effects of Hemi-Sync® on Electrocortical Activity: A Review of Three Empirical Studies"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170329050906/https://www.hemi-sync.com/hemi-sync-technology/research-papers-articles/the-effects-of-hemi-sync-on-electrocortical-activity-a-review-of-three-empirical-studies/">Archived</a> from the original on March 29, 2017. Retrieved March 29, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Effects+of+Hemi-Sync%C2%AE+on+Electrocortical+Activity%3A+A+Review+of+Three+Empirical+Studies&rft.aulast=Sadigh&rft.aufirst=M.+R.&rft.au=Kozicky%2C+P.+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hemi-sync.com%2Fhemi-sync-technology%2Fresearch-papers-articles%2Fthe-effects-of-hemi-sync-on-electrocortical-activity-a-review-of-three-empirical-studies%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOut-of-body+experience" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampbell2007" class="citation book cs1">Campbell, Thomas (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mybigtoeawakenin00camp">My Big TOE</a>. Lightning Strike Books. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mybigtoeawakenin00camp/page/n75">75</a>, 79. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9725094-6-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9725094-6-6"><bdi>978-0-9725094-6-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=My+Big+TOE&rft.pages=75%2C+79&rft.pub=Lightning+Strike+Books&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-9725094-6-6&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmybigtoeawakenin00camp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOut-of-body+experience" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuhlman2001" class="citation book cs1">Buhlman, William (2001). The Secret of the Soul. Harper Collins. p. 198. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-251671-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-251671-8"><bdi>978-0-06-251671-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Secret+of+the+Soul&rft.pages=198&rft.pub=Harper+Collins&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-06-251671-8&rft.aulast=Buhlman&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOut-of-body+experience" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBruce2009" class="citation book cs1">Bruce, Robert (2009). Astral Dynamics: The Complete Book of Out-of-Body Experiences. Hampton Roads Publishing Company. p. 164. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57174-616-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57174-616-0"><bdi>978-1-57174-616-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Astral+Dynamics%3A+The+Complete+Book+of+Out-of-Body+Experiences&rft.pages=164&rft.pub=Hampton+Roads+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-57174-616-0&rft.aulast=Bruce&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOut-of-body+experience" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> Haven, Janine. (2006). At a Glance' Religious and Spiritual Competency for Psychotherapists. AuthorHouse. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1425906849" title="Special:BookSources/978-1425906849">978-1425906849</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCheyne_J._A.Girard_T._A.2009" class="citation journal cs1">Cheyne J. A.; Girard T. A. (2009). "The body unbound: vestibular-motor hallucinations and out-of-body experiences". Cortex. 45 (2): 201–215. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cortex.2007.05.002">10.1016/j.cortex.2007.05.002</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18621363">18621363</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:7501305">7501305</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cortex&rft.atitle=The+body+unbound%3A+vestibular-motor+hallucinations+and+out-of-body+experiences&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E201-%3C%2Fspan%3E215&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A7501305%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18621363&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.cortex.2007.05.002&rft.au=Cheyne+J.+A.&rft.au=Girard+T.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOut-of-body+experience" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> Nicholls, Graham. (2012). Navigating the Out-of-Body Experience: Radical New Techniques. Llewellyn Publications. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0738727615" title="Special:BookSources/978-0738727615">978-0738727615</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Irwin,_Harvey_1985-40">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Irwin,_Harvey_1985_40-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Irwin,_Harvey_1985_40-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Irwin,_Harvey_1985_40-2">c</a> Irwin, Harvey. (1985). Flight of Mind: A Psychological Study of the Out-Of-Body Experience. Metuchen, NJ: Scarecrow Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0810817371" title="Special:BookSources/978-0810817371">978-0810817371</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.radiolab.org/story/91527-out-of-body-roger/">"Out of Body, Roger"</a>. Retrieved December 12, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Out+of+Body%2C+Roger&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.radiolab.org%2Fstory%2F91527-out-of-body-roger%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOut-of-body+experience" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/2011/02/25/134059271/creating-the-illusion-of-a-different-body">"Creating The Illusion Of A Different Body"</a>. February 25, 2011. Retrieved December 12, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Creating+The+Illusion+Of+A+Different+Body&rft.date=2011-02-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2F2011%2F02%2F25%2F134059271%2Fcreating-the-illusion-of-a-different-body&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOut-of-body+experience" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlackmore2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Susan_Blackmore" title="Susan Blackmore">Blackmore, Susan J.</a> (2002). "Out-of-Body Experiences". In <a href="/wiki/Michael_Shermer" title="Michael Shermer">Shermer, Michael</a> (ed.). <a href="/wiki/The_Skeptic_Encyclopedia_of_Pseudoscience" title="The Skeptic Encyclopedia of Pseudoscience">The Skeptic Encyclopedia of Pseudoscience</a>. ABC-CLIO. pp. 164–169. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-653-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-653-8"><bdi>978-1-57607-653-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Out-of-Body+Experiences&rft.btitle=The+Skeptic+Encyclopedia+of+Pseudoscience&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E164-%3C%2Fspan%3E169&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-57607-653-8&rft.aulast=Blackmore&rft.aufirst=Susan+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOut-of-body+experience" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> Richet, C. (1887). L 'homme et l'intelligence: Fragments de physiologie et de psychologie (2nd ed.). Paris: Felix Alcan. </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> Richet, C. (1922). Traith de metapsychique. Paris: Felix Alcan. </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHyslop1912" class="citation journal cs1">Hyslop JH (1912). "A review, a record and a discussion". Journal of the American Society for Psychical Research. 6: 490–516.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Society+for+Psychical+Research&rft.atitle=A+review%2C+a+record+and+a+discussion&rft.volume=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E490-%3C%2Fspan%3E516&rft.date=1912&rft.aulast=Hyslop&rft.aufirst=JH&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOut-of-body+experience" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> Osty, E. (1930). La vision de soi. Revue metapsychique. No. 3, 185-197. </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> Schmeing, K. (1938). Flugtraiume und "Exkursion des Ich. Archiv für die Gesamte Psychologie. </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> Tyrrell, G. N. M. (1953). Apparitions. London: Gerald Duckworth. (Originally published, 1942.) </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> Rawcliffe, D.H. (1959). Illusions and Delusions of the Supernatural and the Occult. New York, NY: Dover. (Original work published 1952). </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> Horowitz, M. J. (1970). Image formation and cognition. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts. </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhitlock1978" class="citation journal cs1">Whitlock FA (1978). "The psychiatry and psychopathology of paranormal phenomena". Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry. 12 (1): 11–19. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3109%2F00048677809159583">10.3109/00048677809159583</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/277171">277171</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:34344069">34344069</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Australian+and+New+Zealand+Journal+of+Psychiatry&rft.atitle=The+psychiatry+and+psychopathology+of+paranormal+phenomena&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E11-%3C%2Fspan%3E19&rft.date=1978&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A34344069%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F277171&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3109%2F00048677809159583&rft.aulast=Whitlock&rft.aufirst=FA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOut-of-body+experience" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> Fodor, N. (1959). The Haunted Mind. New York: Helix Press. </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEhrenwald1974" class="citation journal cs1">Ehrenwald J (1974). "Out-of-the-body experiences and the denial of death". Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease. 159 (4): 227–233. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1097%2F00005053-197410000-00001">10.1097/00005053-197410000-00001</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4422769">4422769</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:26493164">26493164</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Nervous+and+Mental+Disease&rft.atitle=Out-of-the-body+experiences+and+the+denial+of+death&rft.volume=159&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E227-%3C%2Fspan%3E233&rft.date=1974&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A26493164%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F4422769&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1097%2F00005053-197410000-00001&rft.aulast=Ehrenwald&rft.aufirst=J&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOut-of-body+experience" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> Harvey J. Irwin, Caroline Watt An Introduction to Parapsychology 2007, p. 188 </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHebb1960" class="citation journal cs1">Hebb DO (1960). "The American Revolution". American Psychologist. 15 (12): 735–745. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1037%2Fh0043506">10.1037/h0043506</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Psychologist&rft.atitle=The+American+Revolution&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E735-%3C%2Fspan%3E745&rft.date=1960&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1037%2Fh0043506&rft.aulast=Hebb&rft.aufirst=DO&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOut-of-body+experience" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> Burt, C. (1968). Psychology and Psychical Research. London: Society for Psychical Research. </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> Reed, Graham. (1974). The Psychology of Anomalous Experience. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPalmer1978" class="citation journal cs1">Palmer J (1978). "The out-of-body experience: A psychological theory". Parapsychology Review. 9 (5): 19–22.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Parapsychology+Review&rft.atitle=The+out-of-body+experience%3A+A+psychological+theory&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E19-%3C%2Fspan%3E22&rft.date=1978&rft.aulast=Palmer&rft.aufirst=J&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOut-of-body+experience" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> Sagan, C. (1977). Broca's Brain. Random House. </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> Honegger, B. (1983). The OBE as a near-birth experience. In Roll, W. G., Beloff, J., and White, R. A. (Eds.), Research in Parapsychology. Scarecrow Press. pp. 230-231. </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Susan_Blackmore" title="Susan Blackmore">Blackmore, Susan</a> (1978). Parapsychology and out-of-the-body experiences. London: Transpersonal Books/Society for Psychical Research. </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> Sheikh, Anees. (1983). Imagery: Current Theory, Research, and Application. John Wiley & Sons. p. 372. "Blackmore (1978) reviewed the evidence that indicates that out-of-the- body experiences have the following characteristics that can be expected of hallucinatory fantasies: (1) imaginary perceptions; (2) errors in perception; (3) perceptual distortions (such as seeing through things); (4) instantaneous traveling to distant locations; and (5) fantasy like perceptions of self such as not having a body, having a replica of one's body, and perceiving oneself as a point or a ball of light. She concluded from the data that out-of-the-body experiences should be viewed as hallucinatory fantasies." </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSiegel1980" class="citation journal cs1">Siegel RK (1980). "The Psychology of Life After Death". American Psychologist. 35 (10): 911–931. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1037%2F0003-066x.35.10.911">10.1037/0003-066x.35.10.911</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7436117">7436117</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Psychologist&rft.atitle=The+Psychology+of+Life+After+Death&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E911-%3C%2Fspan%3E931&rft.date=1980&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1037%2F0003-066x.35.10.911&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F7436117&rft.aulast=Siegel&rft.aufirst=RK&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOut-of-body+experience" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> LaBerge, S. (1985). Lucid Dreaming. Los Angeles: Jeremy P. Tarcher. </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> Hufford, David. (1989) The Terror That Comes in the Night: An Experience-Centered Study of Supernatural Assault Traditions (Publications of the American Folklore Society). University of Pennsylvania Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0812213058" title="Special:BookSources/978-0812213058">978-0812213058</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> Adler, Shelley. (2010) Sleep Paralysis: Night-mares, Nocebos, and the Mind-Body Connection (Studies in Medical Anthropology). Rutgers University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0813548869" title="Special:BookSources/978-0813548869">978-0813548869</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> Mavromatis, Andreas. (2010). Hypnagogia: The Unique State of Consciousness Between Wakefulness and Sleep. Thyrsos Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0955305214" title="Special:BookSources/978-0955305214">978-0955305214</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> Myers. S. A., Austrin, H. R., Grisso, J. T., & Nickeson, R. C. (1983). Personality Characteristics as related to the out-of-body experience. Journal of Parapsychology, 47. 131-144. </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> Wilson, S. C., & Barber T. X. (1982). The fantasy-prone personality: Implications for understanding imagery, hypnosis, and parapsychological phenomena. In A. A. Sheikh (Ed.) Imagery: Current theory, Research and Application. New York: John Wiley. </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> Gow, K., Lang, T. and Chant, D. (2004). Fantasy proneness, paranormal beliefs and personality features in out-of-body experiences. Contemp. Hypnosis, 21: 107–125. </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> Parra, Alejandro. (2009). Out-of-Body Experiences and Hallucinatory Experiences: A Psychological Approach. Journal: Imagination, Cognition and Personality, vol. 29, no. 3, pp. 211-223 </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHines2003">Hines 2003</a>, pp. 104–106 </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBünning_S.,_Blanke_O.2005" class="citation book cs1">Bünning S., Blanke O. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://infoscience.epfl.ch/record/154893">"The out-of body experience: precipitating factors and neural correlates"</a>. The Boundaries of Consciousness: Neurobiology and Neuropathology. Progress in Brain Research. Vol. 150. pp. 331–50. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0079-6123%2805%2950024-4">10.1016/S0079-6123(05)50024-4</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780444518514" title="Special:BookSources/9780444518514"><bdi>9780444518514</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16186034">16186034</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+out-of+body+experience%3A+precipitating+factors+and+neural+correlates&rft.btitle=The+Boundaries+of+Consciousness%3A+Neurobiology+and+Neuropathology&rft.series=Progress+in+Brain+Research&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E331-%3C%2Fspan%3E50&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16186034&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0079-6123%2805%2950024-4&rft.isbn=9780444518514&rft.au=B%C3%BCnning+S.%2C+Blanke+O.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Finfoscience.epfl.ch%2Frecord%2F154893&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOut-of-body+experience" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Out-of-body_experience_recreated-75">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Out-of-body_experience_recreated_75-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Out-of-body_experience_recreated_75-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/6960612.stm">"Out-of-body experience recreated"</a>. BBC News. August 24, 2007. Retrieved May 20, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Out-of-body+experience+recreated&rft.date=2007-08-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fhealth%2F6960612.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOut-of-body+experience" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlakeslee2006" class="citation news cs1">Blakeslee, Sandra (October 3, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2006/10/03/health/psychology/03shad.html?pagewanted=1&_r=1">"Out-of-Body Experience? Your Brain Is to Blame"</a>. The New York Times. Retrieved October 6, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Out-of-Body+Experience%3F+Your+Brain+Is+to+Blame&rft.date=2006-10-03&rft.aulast=Blakeslee&rft.aufirst=Sandra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2006%2F10%2F03%2Fhealth%2Fpsychology%2F03shad.html%3Fpagewanted%3D1%26_r%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOut-of-body+experience" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wiseman_2011-77"><a href="#cite_ref-Wiseman_2011_77-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWiseman2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Wiseman" title="Richard Wiseman">Wiseman, Richard</a> (2011). Paranormality: Why We See What Isn't There. Macmillan. p. 60. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-75298-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-230-75298-6"><bdi>978-0-230-75298-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Paranormality%3A+Why+We+See+What+Isn%27t+There&rft.pages=60&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-230-75298-6&rft.aulast=Wiseman&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOut-of-body+experience" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBraithwaite_Jason_J.Samson_DanaApperly_IanBroglia_Emma2011" class="citation journal cs1">Braithwaite Jason J.; Samson Dana; Apperly Ian; Broglia Emma; Hulleman Johan (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/publications/cognitive-correlates-of-the-spontaneous-outofbody-experience-obe-in-the-psychologically-normal-population-evidence-for-an-increased-role-of-temporallobe-instability-bodydistortion-processing-and-impairments-in-ownbody-transformations(9faf12dc-e369-41bc-af03-84498e4c6f75).html">"Cognitive correlates of the spontaneous out-of-body experience (OBE) in the psychologically normal population: Evidence for an increased role of temporal-lobe instability, body-distortion processing, and impairments in own-body transformations"</a>. Cortex. 47 (7): 839–853. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cortex.2010.05.002">10.1016/j.cortex.2010.05.002</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20598679">20598679</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:206983737">206983737</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cortex&rft.atitle=Cognitive+correlates+of+the+spontaneous+out-of-body+experience+%28OBE%29+in+the+psychologically+normal+population%3A+Evidence+for+an+increased+role+of+temporal-lobe+instability%2C+body-distortion+processing%2C+and+impairments+in+own-body+transformations&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E839-%3C%2Fspan%3E853&rft.date=2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A206983737%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20598679&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.cortex.2010.05.002&rft.au=Braithwaite+Jason+J.&rft.au=Samson+Dana&rft.au=Apperly+Ian&rft.au=Broglia+Emma&rft.au=Hulleman+Johan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.research.manchester.ac.uk%2Fportal%2Fen%2Fpublications%2Fcognitive-correlates-of-the-spontaneous-outofbody-experience-obe-in-the-psychologically-normal-population-evidence-for-an-increased-role-of-temporallobe-instability-bodydistortion-processing-and-impairments-in-ownbody-transformations%289faf12dc-e369-41bc-af03-84498e4c6f75%29.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOut-of-body+experience" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/07/110711081249.htm">"Out-of-body experiences linked to neural instability and biases in body representation"</a>. <a href="/wiki/ScienceDaily" title="ScienceDaily">ScienceDaily</a>. July 11, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ScienceDaily&rft.atitle=Out-of-body+experiences+linked+to+neural+instability+and+biases+in+body+representation&rft.date=2011-07-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedaily.com%2Freleases%2F2011%2F07%2F110711081249.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOut-of-body+experience" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBraithwaiteJamesDeweMedford2013" class="citation journal cs1">Braithwaite JJ, James K, Dewe H, Medford N, Takahashi C, Kessler K (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3812871">"Fractionating the unitary notion of dissociation: Disembodied but not embodied dissociative experiences are associated with exocentric perspective-taking"</a>. Frontiers in Neuroscience. 7: 719. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffnhum.2013.00719">10.3389/fnhum.2013.00719</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3812871">3812871</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24198776">24198776</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Frontiers+in+Neuroscience&rft.atitle=Fractionating+the+unitary+notion+of+dissociation%3A+Disembodied+but+not+embodied+dissociative+experiences+are+associated+with+exocentric+perspective-taking&rft.volume=7&rft.pages=719&rft.date=2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3812871%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24198776&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3389%2Ffnhum.2013.00719&rft.aulast=Braithwaite&rft.aufirst=JJ&rft.au=James%2C+K&rft.au=Dewe%2C+H&rft.au=Medford%2C+N&rft.au=Takahashi%2C+C&rft.au=Kessler%2C+K&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3812871&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOut-of-body+experience" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPearsall2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Pearsall" title="Ronald Pearsall">Pearsall, Ronald J.</a> (2004) [1972]. Table-Rappers: The Victorians and the Occult (New ed.). The History Press Ltd. p. 197. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-75-093684-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-75-093684-2"><bdi>978-0-75-093684-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Table-Rappers%3A+The+Victorians+and+the+Occult&rft.pages=197&rft.edition=New&rft.pub=The+History+Press+Ltd&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-75-093684-2&rft.aulast=Pearsall&rft.aufirst=Ronald+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOut-of-body+experience" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInnes1887" class="citation magazine cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Taylor_Innes" title="Alexander Taylor Innes">Innes, Alexander Taylor</a> (1887). "Where Are the Letters? A Cross-Examination of Certain Phantasms". <a href="/wiki/The_Nineteenth_Century_(periodical)" title="The Nineteenth Century (periodical)">The Nineteenth Century</a>. No. 22. pp. 174–194.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Nineteenth+Century&rft.atitle=Where+Are+the+Letters%3F+A+Cross-Examination+of+Certain+Phantasms&rft.issue=22&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E174-%3C%2Fspan%3E194&rft.date=1887&rft.aulast=Innes&rft.aufirst=Alexander+Taylor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOut-of-body+experience" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeirce1958" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Sanders_Peirce" title="Charles Sanders Peirce">Peirce, Charles Sanders</a> (1958). Collected Papers of Charles Sanders Peirce, Volume 4. Harvard University Press. p. 360.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Collected+Papers+of+Charles+Sanders+Peirce%2C+Volume+4&rft.pages=360&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1958&rft.aulast=Peirce&rft.aufirst=Charles+Sanders&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOut-of-body+experience" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPowell2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_E._Powell" title="Arthur E. Powell">Powell, Arthur</a> (2010) [1927]. The Astral Body and Other Astral Phenomena. Kessinger Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-162-57095-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-162-57095-2"><bdi>978-1-162-57095-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Astral+Body+and+Other+Astral+Phenomena&rft.pub=Kessinger+Publishing&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-162-57095-2&rft.aulast=Powell&rft.aufirst=Arthur&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOut-of-body+experience" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Muldoon,_S._1936-85"><a href="#cite_ref-Muldoon,_S._1936_85-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMuldoon2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sylvan_Muldoon" title="Sylvan Muldoon">Muldoon, Sylvan</a> (2010) [1936]. The Case for Astral Projection: Hallucination or Reality!. Kessinger Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-162-73868-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-162-73868-0"><bdi>978-1-162-73868-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Case+for+Astral+Projection%3A+Hallucination+or+Reality%21&rft.pub=Kessinger+Publishing&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-162-73868-0&rft.aulast=Muldoon&rft.aufirst=Sylvan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOut-of-body+experience" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBozzano1938" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ernesto_Bozzano" title="Ernesto Bozzano">Bozzano, Ernesto</a> (August 27, 1938). "Discarnate Influence in Human Life: A review of the case for spirit intervention". <a href="/wiki/Nature_(journal)" title="Nature (journal)">Nature</a>. 142 (3591): 376–ff. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F142376c0">10.1038/142376c0</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4023701">4023701</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Discarnate+Influence+in+Human+Life%3A+A+review+of+the+case+for+spirit+intervention&rft.volume=142&rft.issue=3591&rft.pages=376-ff&rft.date=1938-08-27&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F142376c0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4023701%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Bozzano&rft.aufirst=Ernesto&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOut-of-body+experience" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShirley2010" class="citation book cs1">Shirley, Ralph (2010) [1938]. The Mystery of the Human Double: The Case for Astral Projection. Kessinger Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-162-73867-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-162-73867-3"><bdi>978-1-162-73867-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mystery+of+the+Human+Double%3A+The+Case+for+Astral+Projection&rft.pub=Kessinger+Publishing&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-162-73867-3&rft.aulast=Shirley&rft.aufirst=Ralph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOut-of-body+experience" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalker1977" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Walker_(author)" title="Benjamin Walker (author)">Walker, Benjamin</a> (1977). Beyond the Body: Human Double and the Astral Planes. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7100-8581-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7100-8581-8"><bdi>978-0-7100-8581-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beyond+the+Body%3A+Human+Double+and+the+Astral+Planes&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=978-0-7100-8581-8&rft.aulast=Walker&rft.aufirst=Benjamin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOut-of-body+experience" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaker1977" class="citation book cs1">Baker, Douglas (1977). Practical Techniques of Astral Projection. Red Wheel Weiser. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87728-321-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87728-321-8"><bdi>978-0-87728-321-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Practical+Techniques+of+Astral+Projection&rft.pub=Red+Wheel+Weiser&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=978-0-87728-321-8&rft.aulast=Baker&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOut-of-body+experience" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaker1954" class="citation book cs1">Baker, James Jr. (1954). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015030974268#page/1/mode/1up">The exteriorization of the mental body: A scientific interpretation of the out-of-the-body experience known as pneumakinesis</a>. New York: The William-Frederick Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+exteriorization+of+the+mental+body%3A+A+scientific+interpretation+of+the+out-of-the-body+experience+known+as+pneumakinesis&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=The+William-Frederick+Press&rft.date=1954&rft.aulast=Baker&rft.aufirst=James+Jr.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Dmdp.39015030974268%23page%2F1%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOut-of-body+experience" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrookall2011" class="citation book cs1">Crookall, Robert (2011) [1961]. The Study and Practice of Astral Projection. Whitefish, MT: Literary Licensing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-258-00883-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-258-00883-3"><bdi>978-1-258-00883-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Study+and+Practice+of+Astral+Projection&rft.place=Whitefish%2C+MT&rft.pub=Literary+Licensing&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-258-00883-3&rft.aulast=Crookall&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOut-of-body+experience" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrookall1987" class="citation book cs1">Crookall, Robert (1987) [1965]. Intimations of Immortality: 'Seeing' that leads to 'believing'. Cambridge, UK: James Clarke & Co Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-227-67662-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-227-67662-2"><bdi>978-0-227-67662-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Intimations+of+Immortality%3A+%27Seeing%27+that+leads+to+%27believing%27&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+UK&rft.pub=James+Clarke+%26+Co+Ltd&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-227-67662-2&rft.aulast=Crookall&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOut-of-body+experience" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurphy1979" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gardner_Murphy" title="Gardner Murphy">Murphy, Gardner</a> (1979) [1961]. Challenge of Psychical Research: Primer of Parapsychology (New ed.). Praeger Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-31320944-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-31320944-4"><bdi>978-0-31320944-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Challenge+of+Psychical+Research%3A+Primer+of+Parapsychology&rft.edition=New&rft.pub=Praeger+Publishers&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=978-0-31320944-4&rft.aulast=Murphy&rft.aufirst=Gardner&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOut-of-body+experience" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlackmore1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Susan_Blackmore" title="Susan Blackmore">Blackmore, Susan J.</a> (1992) [1983]. <a href="/wiki/Beyond_the_Body:_An_Investigation_of_Out-of-the-Body_Experiences" title="Beyond the Body: An Investigation of Out-of-the-Body Experiences">Beyond the Body: An Investigation of Out-of-the-Body Experiences</a> (illustrated, reprint ed.). Academy Chicago Publishers. pp. 193–195. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89733-344-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89733-344-3"><bdi>978-0-89733-344-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beyond+the+Body%3A+An+Investigation+of+Out-of-the-Body+Experiences&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E193-%3C%2Fspan%3E195&rft.edition=illustrated%2C+reprint&rft.pub=Academy+Chicago+Publishers&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-89733-344-3&rft.aulast=Blackmore&rft.aufirst=Susan+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOut-of-body+experience" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClark1984" class="citation book cs1">Clark, Kimberly (1984). "Clinical Interventions with Near-Death Experiencers". In <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Greyson" title="Bruce Greyson">Greyson, Bruce</a>; Flynn, Charles P. (eds.). The Near-Death Experience: Problems, Prospects, Perspectives. Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas Publishers. pp. 242–255. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-398-05008-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-398-05008-5"><bdi>978-0-398-05008-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Clinical+Interventions+with+Near-Death+Experiencers&rft.btitle=The+Near-Death+Experience%3A+Problems%2C+Prospects%2C+Perspectives&rft.place=Springfield%2C+IL&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E242-%3C%2Fspan%3E255&rft.pub=Charles+C.+Thomas+Publishers&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-398-05008-5&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.aufirst=Kimberly&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOut-of-body+experience" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wiseman_2011_pp.44-45-96">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wiseman_2011_pp.44-45_96-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wiseman_2011_pp.44-45_96-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFWiseman2011">Wiseman 2011</a>, pp. 44–45 </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEbbernMulliganBeyerstein1996" class="citation journal cs1">Ebbern, Hayden; Mulligan, Sean; <a href="/wiki/Barry_Beyerstein" title="Barry Beyerstein">Beyerstein, Barry</a> (July–August 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://malvma.viu.ca/www/ipp/pdf/NDE.pdf">"Maria's Near-Death Experience: Waiting for the Other Shoe to Drop"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Skeptical_Inquirer" title="Skeptical Inquirer">Skeptical Inquirer</a>. 20 (4): 27–33. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200926091436/https://malvma.viu.ca/www/ipp/pdf/NDE.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on September 26, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Skeptical+Inquirer&rft.atitle=Maria%27s+Near-Death+Experience%3A+Waiting+for+the+Other+Shoe+to+Drop&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E27-%3C%2Fspan%3E33&rft.date=1996-07%2F1996-08&rft.aulast=Ebbern&rft.aufirst=Hayden&rft.au=Mulligan%2C+Sean&rft.au=Beyerstein%2C+Barry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmalvma.viu.ca%2Fwww%2Fipp%2Fpdf%2FNDE.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOut-of-body+experience" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClark" class="citation web cs1">Clark, Kimberley. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc798924/m2/1/high_res_d/vol25-no4-245.pdf">"The Other Shoe Drops: Commentary on "Does Paranormal Perception Occur in Near-Death Experiences?""</a> (PDF). University of North Texas Libraries. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180725004310/https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc798924/m2/1/high_res_d/vol25-no4-245.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on July 25, 2018. Retrieved September 13, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Other+Shoe+Drops%3A+Commentary+on+%22Does+Paranormal+Perception+Occur+in+Near-Death+Experiences%3F%22&rft.pub=University+of+North+Texas+Libraries&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.aufirst=Kimberley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigital.library.unt.edu%2Fark%3A%2F67531%2Fmetadc798924%2Fm2%2F1%2Fhigh_res_d%2Fvol25-no4-245.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOut-of-body+experience" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030219182148/http://parapsych.org/historical_terms.html">"Historical Terms Glossary – ASTRAL BODY"</a>. parapsych.org. <a href="/wiki/Parapsychological_Association" title="Parapsychological Association">Parapsychological Association</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://parapsych.org/historical_terms.html">the original</a> on February 19, 2003. Retrieved October 6, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=parapsych.org&rft.atitle=Historical+Terms+Glossary+%E2%80%93+ASTRAL+BODY&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fparapsych.org%2Fhistorical_terms.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOut-of-body+experience" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080925103034/http://out-of-body-experience.org/articles/surveyhtml.htm">"preliminary findings"</a>. Out-of-body-experience.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://out-of-body-experience.org/articles/surveyhtml.htm">the original</a> on September 25, 2008. Retrieved October 6, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=preliminary+findings&rft.pub=Out-of-body-experience.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fout-of-body-experience.org%2Farticles%2Fsurveyhtml.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOut-of-body+experience" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.neurology.org/cgi/content/citation/68/10/794">"Out-of-body experience and arousal"</a>. Neurology.org. March 6, 2007. Retrieved October 6, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Out-of-body+experience+and+arousal&rft.pub=Neurology.org&rft.date=2007-03-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.neurology.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fcitation%2F68%2F10%2F794&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOut-of-body+experience" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> Highfield, Roger. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130317061211/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/science/science-news/3351798/What-really-happens-in-out-of-body-experiences.html">What really happens in out of body experiences</a>. The Telegraph. </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111011122009/http://watarts.uwaterloo.ca/~acheyne/spquest01.html">"Waterloo Unusual Sleep Experiences Questionnaire"</a>. Watarts.uwaterloo.ca. June 25, 1940. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://watarts.uwaterloo.ca/~acheyne/spquest01.html">the original</a> on October 11, 2011. Retrieved October 6, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Waterloo+Unusual+Sleep+Experiences+Questionnaire&rft.pub=Watarts.uwaterloo.ca&rft.date=1940-06-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwatarts.uwaterloo.ca%2F~acheyne%2Fspquest01.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOut-of-body+experience" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> Zusne, Leonard; Jones, Warren. (1989). Anomalistic Psychology: A Study of Magical Thinking. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. p. 126. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8058-0508-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-8058-0508-7">0-8058-0508-7</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarroll2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Todd_Carroll" title="Robert Todd Carroll">Carroll, Robert Todd</a> (2003). The Skeptic's Dictionary: A Collection of Strange Beliefs, Amusing Deceptions, and Dangerous Delusions (Illustrated ed.). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons. p. 110. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-471-27242-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-471-27242-7"><bdi>978-0-471-27242-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Skeptic%27s+Dictionary%3A+A+Collection+of+Strange+Beliefs%2C+Amusing+Deceptions%2C+and+Dangerous+Delusions&rft.place=Hoboken%2C+NJ&rft.pages=110&rft.edition=Illustrated&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-471-27242-7&rft.aulast=Carroll&rft.aufirst=Robert+Todd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOut-of-body+experience" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlcock1981" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Alcock" title="James Alcock">Alcock, James E.</a> (1981). Parapsychology, Science or Magic?: A Psychological Perspective. Pergamon Press. pp. 130–131. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-08-025773-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-08-025773-0"><bdi>978-0-08-025773-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Parapsychology%2C+Science+or+Magic%3F%3A+A+Psychological+Perspective&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E130-%3C%2Fspan%3E131&rft.pub=Pergamon+Press&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-0-08-025773-0&rft.aulast=Alcock&rft.aufirst=James+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOut-of-body+experience" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGardner1989" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Gardner" title="Martin Gardner">Gardner, Martin</a> (1989). How Not to Test a Psychic: Ten Years of Remarkable Experiments with Renowned Clairvoyant Pavel Stepanek. Prometheus Books. p. 246. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87975-512-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87975-512-6"><bdi>978-0-87975-512-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+Not+to+Test+a+Psychic%3A+Ten+Years+of+Remarkable+Experiments+with+Renowned+Clairvoyant+Pavel+Stepanek&rft.pages=246&rft.pub=Prometheus+Books&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-87975-512-6&rft.aulast=Gardner&rft.aufirst=Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOut-of-body+experience" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlackmore1986" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Susan_Blackmore" title="Susan Blackmore">Blackmore, Susan J.</a> (1986). The Adventures of a Parapsychologist. Buffalo, NY: Prometheus Books. p. 176. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87975-360-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87975-360-3"><bdi>978-0-87975-360-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Adventures+of+a+Parapsychologist&rft.place=Buffalo%2C+NY&rft.pages=176&rft.pub=Prometheus+Books&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-87975-360-3&rft.aulast=Blackmore&rft.aufirst=Susan+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOut-of-body+experience" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> De Ridder D, Van Laere K, Dupont P, Menovsky T, Van de Heyning P. Visualizing out-of-body experience in the brain. N Engl J Med. 2007 Nov 1;357(18):1829–33. </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> Blackmore, Susan. (1992). <a href="/wiki/Beyond_the_Body:_An_Investigation_of_Out-of-the-Body_Experiences" title="Beyond the Body: An Investigation of Out-of-the-Body Experiences">Beyond the Body: An Investigation of Out-of-the-Body Experiences</a>. Chicago: Academy Chicago Publishers. </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCreery,_C.1997" class="citation book cs1">McCreery, C. (1997). "Hallucinations and arousability: pointers to a theory of psychosis". In Claridge, G. (ed.). Schizotypy, Implications for Illness and Health. Oxford: Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hallucinations+and+arousability%3A+pointers+to+a+theory+of+psychosis&rft.btitle=Schizotypy%2C+Implications+for+Illness+and+Health&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.au=McCreery%2C+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOut-of-body+experience" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCreery,_C.2008" class="citation book cs1">McCreery, C. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190204005825/http://www.celiagreen.com/charlesmccreery/dreams-and-psychosis.pdf">Dreams and psychosis: a new look at an old hypothesis</a> (PDF). Psychological Paper No. 2008–1. Oxford: Oxford Forum. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-09536772-83" title="Special:BookSources/978-09536772-83"><bdi>978-09536772-83</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.celiagreen.com/charlesmccreery/dreams-and-psychosis.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on February 4, 2019. Retrieved March 25, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dreams+and+psychosis%3A+a+new+look+at+an+old+hypothesis&rft.place=Oxford&rft.series=Psychological+Paper+No.+2008%E2%80%931&rft.pub=Oxford+Forum&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-09536772-83&rft.au=McCreery%2C+C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.celiagreen.com%2Fcharlesmccreery%2Fdreams-and-psychosis.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOut-of-body+experience" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> Oswald, I. (1962). Sleeping and Waking: Physiology and Psychology. Amsterdam: Elsevier. </li> <li id="cite_note-Blanke2004-114"><a href="#cite_ref-Blanke2004_114-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlanke_O.Landis_T.Spinelli_L.Seeck_M.2004" class="citation journal cs1">Blanke O.; Landis T.; Spinelli L.; Seeck M. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fbrain%2Fawh040">"Out-of-body experience and autoscopy of neurological origin"</a>. Brain. 127 (2): 243–258. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fbrain%2Fawh040">10.1093/brain/awh040</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14662516">14662516</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Brain&rft.atitle=Out-of-body+experience+and+autoscopy+of+neurological+origin&rft.volume=127&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E243-%3C%2Fspan%3E258&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fbrain%2Fawh040&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F14662516&rft.au=Blanke+O.&rft.au=Landis+T.&rft.au=Spinelli+L.&rft.au=Seeck+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%252Fbrain%252Fawh040&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOut-of-body+experience" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Blanke2002-115"><a href="#cite_ref-Blanke2002_115-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlankeOrtigueLandisSeeck2002" class="citation journal cs1">Blanke, O.; Ortigue, S.; Landis, T.; Seeck, M. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170830061807/https://hpenlaboratory.uchicago.edu/sites/caciopponeurolab.uchicago.edu/files/uploads/Ortigue_Nature%202002.pdf">"Stimulating illusory own-body perceptions"</a> (PDF). Nature. 419 (6904): 269–270. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002Natur.419..269B">2002Natur.419..269B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F419269a">10.1038/419269a</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12239558">12239558</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4427138">4427138</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hpenlaboratory.uchicago.edu/sites/caciopponeurolab.uchicago.edu/files/uploads/Ortigue_Nature%202002.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on August 30, 2017. Retrieved August 25, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Stimulating+illusory+own-body+perceptions&rft.volume=419&rft.issue=6904&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E269-%3C%2Fspan%3E270&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F419269a&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4427138%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12239558&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2002Natur.419..269B&rft.aulast=Blanke&rft.aufirst=O.&rft.au=Ortigue%2C+S.&rft.au=Landis%2C+T.&rft.au=Seeck%2C+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhpenlaboratory.uchicago.edu%2Fsites%2Fcaciopponeurolab.uchicago.edu%2Ffiles%2Fuploads%2FOrtigue_Nature%25202002.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOut-of-body+experience" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience at Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://lnco.epfl.ch/">http://lnco.epfl.ch/</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJan_HoldenJeff_LongJason_MacLurg" class="citation journal cs1">Jan Holden; Jeff Long; Jason MacLurg. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iands.org/research/nde-research/important-research-articles/69-out-of-body-experiences-all-in-the-brain.html?showall=1">"Out-of-Body Experiences: All in the Brain?"</a>. Vital Signs. 21 (3). Retrieved April 26, 2020 – via International Association for Near-Death Studies.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Vital+Signs&rft.atitle=Out-of-Body+Experiences%3A+All+in+the+Brain%3F&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=3&rft.au=Jan+Holden&rft.au=Jeff+Long&rft.au=Jason+MacLurg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fiands.org%2Fresearch%2Fnde-research%2Fimportant-research-articles%2F69-out-of-body-experiences-all-in-the-brain.html%3Fshowall%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOut-of-body+experience" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Blanke2005-118"><a href="#cite_ref-Blanke2005_118-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlankeMohrMichelPascual-Leone2005" class="citation journal cs1">Blanke O, Mohr C, Michel CM, Pascual-Leone A, Brugger P, Seeck M, Landis T, Thut G (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6725328">"Linking out-of-body experience and self processing to mental own-body imagery at the temporoparietal junction"</a>. Journal of Neuroscience. 25 (3): 550–557. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1523%2FJNEUROSCI.2612-04.2005">10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2612-04.2005</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6725328">6725328</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15659590">15659590</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Neuroscience&rft.atitle=Linking+out-of-body+experience+and+self+processing+to+mental+own-body+imagery+at+the+temporoparietal+junction&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E550-%3C%2Fspan%3E557&rft.date=2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6725328%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15659590&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1523%2FJNEUROSCI.2612-04.2005&rft.aulast=Blanke&rft.aufirst=O&rft.au=Mohr%2C+C&rft.au=Michel%2C+CM&rft.au=Pascual-Leone%2C+A&rft.au=Brugger%2C+P&rft.au=Seeck%2C+M&rft.au=Landis%2C+T&rft.au=Thut%2C+G&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6725328&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOut-of-body+experience" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Arzy2006-119"><a href="#cite_ref-Arzy2006_119-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArzyThutMohrMichel2006" class="citation journal cs1">Arzy, S.; Thut, G.; Mohr, C.; Michel, C.M.; Blanke, O. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6673771">"Neural basis of embodiment: Distinct contributions of temporoparietal junction and extrastriate body area"</a>. Journal of Neuroscience. 26 (31): 8074–8081. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1523%2FJNEUROSCI.0745-06.2006">10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0745-06.2006</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6673771">6673771</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16885221">16885221</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Neuroscience&rft.atitle=Neural+basis+of+embodiment%3A+Distinct+contributions+of+temporoparietal+junction+and+extrastriate+body+area&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=31&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E8074-%3C%2Fspan%3E8081&rft.date=2006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6673771%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16885221&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1523%2FJNEUROSCI.0745-06.2006&rft.aulast=Arzy&rft.aufirst=S.&rft.au=Thut%2C+G.&rft.au=Mohr%2C+C.&rft.au=Michel%2C+C.M.&rft.au=Blanke%2C+O.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6673771&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOut-of-body+experience" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BlankeArzy-120"><a href="#cite_ref-BlankeArzy_120-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlankeArzy2005" class="citation journal cs1">Blanke, O.; Arzy, S. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://infoscience.epfl.ch/record/154867">"The out-of-body experience: Disturbed self-processing at the temporo-parietal junction"</a>. Neuroscientist. 11 (1): 16–24. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1073858404270885">10.1177/1073858404270885</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15632275">15632275</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:8172076">8172076</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Neuroscientist&rft.atitle=The+out-of-body+experience%3A+Disturbed+self-processing+at+the+temporo-parietal+junction&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E16-%3C%2Fspan%3E24&rft.date=2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A8172076%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15632275&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F1073858404270885&rft.aulast=Blanke&rft.aufirst=O.&rft.au=Arzy%2C+S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Finfoscience.epfl.ch%2Frecord%2F154867&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOut-of-body+experience" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lenggenhager-121"><a href="#cite_ref-Lenggenhager_121-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLenggenhagerTadiMetzingerBlanke2007" class="citation journal cs1">Lenggenhager, Bigna; Tadi, Tej; Metzinger, Thomas; Blanke, Olaf (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://infoscience.epfl.ch/record/154869/files/2007_Lenggenhager_S_video%20ergo%20sum-manipulating%20bodily%20self-consciousness.pdf">"Video Ergo Sum: Manipulating Bodily Self-Consciousness"</a> (PDF). Science. 317 (5841): 1096–1099. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007Sci...317.1096L">2007Sci...317.1096L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1143439">10.1126/science.1143439</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17717189">17717189</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:22240455">22240455</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170823092943/https://infoscience.epfl.ch/record/154869/files/2007_Lenggenhager_S_video%20ergo%20sum-manipulating%20bodily%20self-consciousness.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on August 23, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Video+Ergo+Sum%3A+Manipulating+Bodily+Self-Consciousness&rft.volume=317&rft.issue=5841&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1096-%3C%2Fspan%3E1099&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1143439&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A22240455%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17717189&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2007Sci...317.1096L&rft.aulast=Lenggenhager&rft.aufirst=Bigna&rft.au=Tadi%2C+Tej&rft.au=Metzinger%2C+Thomas&rft.au=Blanke%2C+Olaf&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Finfoscience.epfl.ch%2Frecord%2F154869%2Ffiles%2F2007_Lenggenhager_S_video%2520ergo%2520sum-manipulating%2520bodily%2520self-consciousness.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOut-of-body+experience" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ehrsson-122"><a href="#cite_ref-Ehrsson_122-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEhrsson2007" class="citation journal cs1">Ehrsson HH (2007). "The Experimental Induction of Out-of-Body Experiences". Science. 317 (5841): 1048. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007Sci...317.1048E">2007Sci...317.1048E</a>. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.455.9381">10.1.1.455.9381</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1142175">10.1126/science.1142175</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17717177">17717177</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:18673240">18673240</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=The+Experimental+Induction+of+Out-of-Body+Experiences&rft.volume=317&rft.issue=5841&rft.pages=1048&rft.date=2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A18673240%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2007Sci...317.1048E&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.455.9381%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17717177&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1142175&rft.aulast=Ehrsson&rft.aufirst=HH&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOut-of-body+experience" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Eurekalert-123"><a href="#cite_ref-Eurekalert_123-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://search.eurekalert.org/e3/query.html?qt=out+of+body&col=ev3rel&qc=ev3rel&x=0&y=0">First out-of-body experience induced in laboratory setting</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170630132441/http://search.eurekalert.org/e3/query.html?qt=out+of+body&col=ev3rel&qc=ev3rel&x=0&y=0">Archived</a> June 30, 2017, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, August 23, 2007, EurekAlert! </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081203023130/http://www.enlightennext.org/magazine/j39/out-of-body.asp">""Out of Body. Be Back Soon.", EnlightenmentNext, Feb–April 2008"</a>. Enlightennext.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.enlightennext.org/magazine/j39/out-of-body.asp">the original</a> on December 3, 2008. Retrieved October 6, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22Out+of+Body.+Be+Back+Soon.%22%2C+EnlightenmentNext%2C+Feb%E2%80%93April+2008&rft.pub=Enlightennext.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.enlightennext.org%2Fmagazine%2Fj39%2Fout-of-body.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOut-of-body+experience" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParnia_SWaller_D._GYeates_RFenwick_P.2001" class="citation journal cs1">Parnia S; Waller D. G; Yeates R; Fenwick P. (2001). "A Qualitative and Quantitative Study of the Incidence, Features and Aetiology of Near-Death Experiences in Cardiac Arrest Survivors". Resuscitation. 48 (2): 149–156. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs0300-9572%2800%2900328-2">10.1016/s0300-9572(00)00328-2</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11426476">11426476</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Resuscitation&rft.atitle=A+Qualitative+and+Quantitative+Study+of+the+Incidence%2C+Features+and+Aetiology+of+Near-Death+Experiences+in+Cardiac+Arrest+Survivors&rft.volume=48&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E149-%3C%2Fspan%3E156&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fs0300-9572%2800%2900328-2&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11426476&rft.au=Parnia+S&rft.au=Waller+D.+G&rft.au=Yeates+R&rft.au=Fenwick+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOut-of-body+experience" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> Keith Augustine. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://infidels.org/library/modern/keith_augustine/HNDEs.html#experiments">"Hallucinatory Near-Death Experiences"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Internet_Infidels" title="Internet Infidels">Internet Infidels</a>. Retrieved 2014-06-03. </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAugustine2019" class="citation book cs1">Augustine, Keith (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://emktg.cengage.com/marketing/sample_chapters/2018/9780028664460_sample_2.pdf#page=12">"Near-Death Experiences are Not Evidence for Either Theism or Atheism"</a> (PDF). Theism and Atheism: Opposing Arguments in Philosophy. Macmillan Reference USA. pp. 594–596. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-0286-6445-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-0286-6445-3"><bdi>978-0-0286-6445-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201031051311/http://emktg.cengage.com/marketing/sample_chapters/2018/9780028664460_sample_2.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on October 31, 2020. Retrieved February 14, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Near-Death+Experiences+are+Not+Evidence+for+Either+Theism+or+Atheism&rft.btitle=Theism+and+Atheism%3A+Opposing+Arguments+in+Philosophy&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E594-%3C%2Fspan%3E596&rft.pub=Macmillan+Reference+USA&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-0-0286-6445-3&rft.aulast=Augustine&rft.aufirst=Keith&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Femktg.cengage.com%2Fmarketing%2Fsample_chapters%2F2018%2F9780028664460_sample_2.pdf%23page%3D12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOut-of-body+experience" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrench2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Chris_French" title="Chris French">French, Chris</a> (2005). "Near-Death Experiences in Cardiac Arrest Survivors". The Boundaries of Consciousness: Neurobiology and Neuropathology. Progress in Brain Research. Vol. 150. pp. 351–367. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0079-6123%2805%2950025-6">10.1016/S0079-6123(05)50025-6</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780444518514" title="Special:BookSources/9780444518514"><bdi>9780444518514</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16186035">16186035</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Near-Death+Experiences+in+Cardiac+Arrest+Survivors&rft.btitle=The+Boundaries+of+Consciousness%3A+Neurobiology+and+Neuropathology&rft.series=Progress+in+Brain+Research&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E351-%3C%2Fspan%3E367&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16186035&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0079-6123%2805%2950025-6&rft.isbn=9780444518514&rft.aulast=French&rft.aufirst=Chris&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOut-of-body+experience" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dreaper2008-129">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dreaper2008_129-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dreaper2008_129-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dreaper2008_129-2">c</a> Jane Dreaper. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/7621608.stm">"Study into near-death experiences"</a>. BBC News. Retrieved 2014-06-03. </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140307190814/http://www.horizonresearch.org/main_page.php?cat_id=293">"AWARE Study Update 2014"</a>. Horizon Research Foundation. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.horizonresearch.org/main_page.php?cat_id=293">the original</a> on March 7, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=AWARE+Study+Update+2014&rft.pub=Horizon+Research+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.horizonresearch.org%2Fmain_page.php%3Fcat_id%3D293&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOut-of-body+experience" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBowman2013" class="citation news cs1">Bowman, Lee (December 20, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131223021330/http://www.newsnet5.com/news/science-tech/scientists-looking-closer-at-what-happens-when-body-dies">"Scientists looking closer at what happens when body dies; edge closer to new understanding"</a>. <a href="/wiki/WEWS-TV" title="WEWS-TV">WEWS-TV</a>. <a href="/wiki/E._W._Scripps_Company" title="E. W. Scripps Company">Scripps Howard News Service</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newsnet5.com/news/science-tech/scientists-looking-closer-at-what-happens-when-body-dies">the original</a> on December 23, 2013. Retrieved May 24, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Scientists+looking+closer+at+what+happens+when+body+dies%3B+edge+closer+to+new+understanding&rft.date=2013-12-20&rft.aulast=Bowman&rft.aufirst=Lee&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newsnet5.com%2Fnews%2Fscience-tech%2Fscientists-looking-closer-at-what-happens-when-body-dies&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOut-of-body+experience" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaysMays2015" class="citation journal cs1">Mays, Robert George; Mays, Suzanne B. (December 1, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210308071546/https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/e9a9/9a56e264840b718342f7cfc8049bd8ef3ba0.pdf">"Explaining Near-Death Experiences: Physical or Non-Physical Causation?"</a> (PDF). Journal of Near-Death Studies. 33 (3): 225–149. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17514%2FJNDS-2015-33-3-p125-149.">10.17514/JNDS-2015-33-3-p125-149.</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0891-4494">0891-4494</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:55010580">55010580</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/e9a9/9a56e264840b718342f7cfc8049bd8ef3ba0.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on March 8, 2021. Retrieved April 26, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Near-Death+Studies&rft.atitle=Explaining+Near-Death+Experiences%3A+Physical+or+Non-Physical+Causation%3F&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E225-%3C%2Fspan%3E149&rft.date=2015-12-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A55010580%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0891-4494&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17514%2FJNDS-2015-33-3-p125-149.&rft.aulast=Mays&rft.aufirst=Robert+George&rft.au=Mays%2C+Suzanne+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpdfs.semanticscholar.org%2Fe9a9%2F9a56e264840b718342f7cfc8049bd8ef3ba0.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOut-of-body+experience" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: ignored DOI errors (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_ignored_DOI_errors" title="Category:CS1 maint: ignored DOI errors">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> Parnia et al. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.resuscitationjournal.com/article/S0300-9572%2814%2900739-4/abstract">"AWARE—AWAreness during REsuscitation—A prospective study"</a>. Resuscitation. </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141216073502/http://doubtfulnews.com/2014/10/one-not-too-impressive-study-does-not-prove-life-after-death/">"One not too impressive study does not prove life after death"</a>. Doubtful News. October 7, 2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://doubtfulnews.com/2014/10/one-not-too-impressive-study-does-not-prove-life-after-death/">the original</a> on December 16, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Doubtful+News&rft.atitle=One+not+too+impressive+study+does+not+prove+life+after+death&rft.date=2014-10-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdoubtfulnews.com%2F2014%2F10%2Fone-not-too-impressive-study-does-not-prove-life-after-death%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOut-of-body+experience" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHill2014" class="citation web cs1">Hill, Sharon (October 8, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.randi.org/swift/no-this-study-is-not-evidence-for-life-after-death">"No, this study is not evidence for "life after death""</a>. randi.org. <a href="/wiki/James_Randi_Educational_Foundation" title="James Randi Educational Foundation">James Randi Educational Foundation</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=randi.org&rft.atitle=No%2C+this+study+is+not+evidence+for+%22life+after+death%22&rft.date=2014-10-08&rft.aulast=Hill&rft.aufirst=Sharon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.randi.org%2Fswift%2Fno-this-study-is-not-evidence-for-life-after-death&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOut-of-body+experience" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> UK Clinical Trials Gateway. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160509201054/https://www.ukctg.nihr.ac.uk/trials/trial-details/trial-details?trialId=31651">Primary Trial ID Number 17129</a>, entitled "AWARE II (AWAreness during REsuscitation) A Multi-Centre Observational Study of the Relationship between the Quality of Brain Resuscitation and Consciousness, Neurological, Functional and Cognitive Outcomes following Cardiac Arrest" Last updated May 3, 2016. Page archived May 9, 2016 </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://psi-encyclopedia.spr.ac.uk/articles/aware-nde-study">"AWARE NDE Study | Psi Encyclopedia"</a>. psi-encyclopedia.spr.ac.uk. Retrieved September 30, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=psi-encyclopedia.spr.ac.uk&rft.atitle=AWARE+NDE+Study+%7C+Psi+Encyclopedia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpsi-encyclopedia.spr.ac.uk%2Farticles%2Faware-nde-study&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOut-of-body+experience" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParniaKeshavarz_ShiraziPatelTran2023" class="citation journal cs1">Parnia, Sam; Keshavarz Shirazi, Tara; Patel, Jignesh; Tran, Linh; Sinha, Niraj; O'Neill, Caitlin; Roellke, Emma; Mengotto, Amanda; Findlay, Shannon; McBrine, Michael; Spiegel, Rebecca; Tarpey, Thaddeus; Huppert, Elise; Jaffe, Ian; Gonzales, Anelly M. (July 7, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.resuscitation.2023.109903">"AWAreness during REsuscitation - II: A multi-center study of consciousness and awareness in cardiac arrest"</a>. Resuscitation. 191: 109903. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.resuscitation.2023.109903">10.1016/j.resuscitation.2023.109903</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0300-9572">0300-9572</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37423492">37423492</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Resuscitation&rft.atitle=AWAreness+during+REsuscitation+-+II%3A+A+multi-center+study+of+consciousness+and+awareness+in+cardiac+arrest&rft.volume=191&rft.pages=109903&rft.date=2023-07-07&rft.issn=0300-9572&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F37423492&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.resuscitation.2023.109903&rft.aulast=Parnia&rft.aufirst=Sam&rft.au=Keshavarz+Shirazi%2C+Tara&rft.au=Patel%2C+Jignesh&rft.au=Tran%2C+Linh&rft.au=Sinha%2C+Niraj&rft.au=O%27Neill%2C+Caitlin&rft.au=Roellke%2C+Emma&rft.au=Mengotto%2C+Amanda&rft.au=Findlay%2C+Shannon&rft.au=McBrine%2C+Michael&rft.au=Spiegel%2C+Rebecca&rft.au=Tarpey%2C+Thaddeus&rft.au=Huppert%2C+Elise&rft.au=Jaffe%2C+Ian&rft.au=Gonzales%2C+Anelly+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.resuscitation.2023.109903&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOut-of-body+experience" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmithMessier2014" class="citation journal cs1">Smith, A. M.; Messier, C. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3918960">"Voluntary Out-of-Body Experience: An fMRI Study"</a>. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience. 8: 70. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffnhum.2014.00070">10.3389/fnhum.2014.00070</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3918960">3918960</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24575000">24575000</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Frontiers+in+Human+Neuroscience&rft.atitle=Voluntary+Out-of-Body+Experience%3A+An+fMRI+Study&rft.volume=8&rft.pages=70&rft.date=2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3918960%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24575000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3389%2Ffnhum.2014.00070&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=A.+M.&rft.au=Messier%2C+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3918960&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOut-of-body+experience" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> Laureys, Steven. (2005). The Boundaries of Consciousness: Neurobiology and Neuropathology, Volume 150 (Progress in Brain Research). Elsevier Science. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0444518514" title="Special:BookSources/978-0444518514">978-0444518514</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Out-of-body_experience&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlackmore_Susan1984" class="citation journal cs1">Blackmore Susan (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.susanblackmore.co.uk/Articles/PDFs/JP%201984.pdf">"A psychological theory of the out-of-body experience"</a> (PDF). Journal of Parapsychology. 48: 201–218.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Parapsychology&rft.atitle=A+psychological+theory+of+the+out-of-body+experience&rft.volume=48&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E201-%3C%2Fspan%3E218&rft.date=1984&rft.au=Blackmore+Susan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.susanblackmore.co.uk%2FArticles%2FPDFs%2FJP%25201984.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOut-of-body+experience" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Blackmore, Susan. (1982). <a href="/wiki/Beyond_the_Body:_An_Investigation_of_Out-of-the-Body_Experiences" title="Beyond the Body: An Investigation of Out-of-the-Body Experiences">Beyond the Body: An Investigation of Out-of-the-Body Experiences</a>. London: Heinemann. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0897333443" title="Special:BookSources/978-0897333443">978-0897333443</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlankeOrtigueLandisSeeck2002" class="citation journal cs1">Blanke O, Ortigue S, Landis T, Seeck M (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170830061807/https://hpenlaboratory.uchicago.edu/sites/caciopponeurolab.uchicago.edu/files/uploads/Ortigue_Nature%202002.pdf">"Stimulating illusory own-body perceptions"</a> (PDF). Nature. 419 (6904): 269–270. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002Natur.419..269B">2002Natur.419..269B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F419269a">10.1038/419269a</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12239558">12239558</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4427138">4427138</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hpenlaboratory.uchicago.edu/sites/caciopponeurolab.uchicago.edu/files/uploads/Ortigue_Nature%202002.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on August 30, 2017. Retrieved August 25, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Stimulating+illusory+own-body+perceptions&rft.volume=419&rft.issue=6904&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E269-%3C%2Fspan%3E270&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F419269a&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4427138%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12239558&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2002Natur.419..269B&rft.aulast=Blanke&rft.aufirst=O&rft.au=Ortigue%2C+S&rft.au=Landis%2C+T&rft.au=Seeck%2C+M&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhpenlaboratory.uchicago.edu%2Fsites%2Fcaciopponeurolab.uchicago.edu%2Ffiles%2Fuploads%2FOrtigue_Nature%25202002.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOut-of-body+experience" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlankeLandisSeeck2004" class="citation journal cs1">Blanke O, Landis T, Seeck M (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fbrain%2Fawh040">"Out-of-body experience and autoscopy of neurological origin"</a>. Brain. 127 (2): 243–258. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fbrain%2Fawh040">10.1093/brain/awh040</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14662516">14662516</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Brain&rft.atitle=Out-of-body+experience+and+autoscopy+of+neurological+origin&rft.volume=127&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E243-%3C%2Fspan%3E258&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fbrain%2Fawh040&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F14662516&rft.aulast=Blanke&rft.aufirst=O&rft.au=Landis%2C+T&rft.au=Seeck%2C+M&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%252Fbrain%252Fawh040&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOut-of-body+experience" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlankeMohr2005" class="citation journal cs1">Blanke O, Mohr C (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140630195503/http://lnco.epfl.ch/webdav/site/lnco/shared/publications/lnco/2005_Blanke_BRR_obe%20heautoscopy%20and%20autoscopic%20hallucination%20of%20neurological%20origin.pdf">"Out-of-body experience, heautoscopy, and autoscopic hallucination of neurological origin. Implications for mechanisms of corporeal awareness and self consciousness"</a> (PDF). Brain Research Reviews. 50 (1): 184–199. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.brainresrev.2005.05.008">10.1016/j.brainresrev.2005.05.008</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16019077">16019077</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:10376314">10376314</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lnco.epfl.ch/webdav/site/lnco/shared/publications/lnco/2005_Blanke_BRR_obe%20heautoscopy%20and%20autoscopic%20hallucination%20of%20neurological%20origin.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on June 30, 2014. Retrieved May 24, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Brain+Research+Reviews&rft.atitle=Out-of-body+experience%2C+heautoscopy%2C+and+autoscopic+hallucination+of+neurological+origin.+Implications+for+mechanisms+of+corporeal+awareness+and+self+consciousness&rft.volume=50&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E184-%3C%2Fspan%3E199&rft.date=2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A10376314%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16019077&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.brainresrev.2005.05.008&rft.aulast=Blanke&rft.aufirst=O&rft.au=Mohr%2C+C&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flnco.epfl.ch%2Fwebdav%2Fsite%2Flnco%2Fshared%2Fpublications%2Flnco%2F2005_Blanke_BRR_obe%2520heautoscopy%2520and%2520autoscopic%2520hallucination%2520of%2520neurological%2520origin.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOut-of-body+experience" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlankeArzy2005" class="citation journal cs1">Blanke O, Arzy S (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://infoscience.epfl.ch/record/154867">"The out-of-body experience: Disturbed self-processing at the temporal-parietal junction"</a>. Neuroscientist. 11 (1): 16–24. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1073858404270885">10.1177/1073858404270885</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15632275">15632275</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:8172076">8172076</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Neuroscientist&rft.atitle=The+out-of-body+experience%3A+Disturbed+self-processing+at+the+temporal-parietal+junction&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E16-%3C%2Fspan%3E24&rft.date=2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A8172076%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15632275&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F1073858404270885&rft.aulast=Blanke&rft.aufirst=O&rft.au=Arzy%2C+S&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Finfoscience.epfl.ch%2Frecord%2F154867&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOut-of-body+experience" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Bunning, S; Blanke, O. (2005). The out-of-body experience: precipitating factors and neural correlates. In Laureys, S. The boundaries of consciousness: Neurobiology and neuropathology. Progress in Brain Research, The Netherlands: Elsevier. 150: 331–350. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0444528766" title="Special:BookSources/978-0444528766">978-0444528766</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBruggerRegardLandis1997" class="citation journal cs1">Brugger P, Regard M, Landis T (1997). "Illusory reduplication of one's own body: phenomenology and classification of autoscopic phenomena". Cognitive Neuropsychiatry. 2 (1): 19–38. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F135468097396397">10.1080/135468097396397</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25420137">25420137</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cognitive+Neuropsychiatry&rft.atitle=Illusory+reduplication+of+one%27s+own+body%3A+phenomenology+and+classification+of+autoscopic+phenomena&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E19-%3C%2Fspan%3E38&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F135468097396397&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25420137&rft.aulast=Brugger&rft.aufirst=P&rft.au=Regard%2C+M&rft.au=Landis%2C+T&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOut-of-body+experience" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrugger2002" class="citation journal cs1">Brugger P (2002). "Reflective mirrors: Perspective-taking in autoscopic phenomena". Cognitive Neuropsychiatry. 7 (3): 179–194. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13546800244000076">10.1080/13546800244000076</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16571536">16571536</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:26514494">26514494</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cognitive+Neuropsychiatry&rft.atitle=Reflective+mirrors%3A+Perspective-taking+in+autoscopic+phenomena&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E179-%3C%2Fspan%3E194&rft.date=2002&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A26514494%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16571536&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F13546800244000076&rft.aulast=Brugger&rft.aufirst=P&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOut-of-body+experience" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCheyne_J._AGirard_T._A.2009" class="citation journal cs1">Cheyne J. A; Girard T. A. (2009). "The body unbound: vestibular-motor hallucination and out of body experiences". Cortex. 45 (2): 201–215. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cortex.2007.05.002">10.1016/j.cortex.2007.05.002</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18621363">18621363</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:7501305">7501305</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cortex&rft.atitle=The+body+unbound%3A+vestibular-motor+hallucination+and+out+of+body+experiences&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E201-%3C%2Fspan%3E215&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A7501305%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18621363&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.cortex.2007.05.002&rft.au=Cheyne+J.+A&rft.au=Girard+T.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOut-of-body+experience" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Gabbard, G. O; Twemlow, A. W. (1984). With the eyes of the mind: An empirical analysis of out-of-body states. New York: Praeger Scientific. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0030689260" title="Special:BookSources/978-0030689260">978-0030689260</a></li> <li>Irwin, Harvey. (1985). Flight of Mind: A Psychological Study of the Out-Of-Body Experience. Metuchen, NJ: Scarecrow Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0810817371" title="Special:BookSources/978-0810817371">978-0810817371</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMetzinger2003" class="citation web cs1">Metzinger, Thomas (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180106140327/http://www.philosophie.uni-mainz.de/metzinger/publikationen/The%20Soul-Hypothesis.htm">"The pre-scientific concept of a 'soul': A neurophenomenological hypothesis about its origin"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.philosophie.uni-mainz.de/metzinger/publikationen/The%20Soul-Hypothesis.htm">the original</a> on January 6, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+pre-scientific+concept+of+a+%27soul%27%3A+A+neurophenomenological+hypothesis+about+its+origin&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Metzinger&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.philosophie.uni-mainz.de%2Fmetzinger%2Fpublikationen%2FThe%2520Soul-Hypothesis.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOut-of-body+experience" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Reed, Graham. (1988). The Psychology of Anomalous Experience: A Cognitive Approach. Prometheus Books. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0879754358" title="Special:BookSources/978-0879754358">978-0879754358</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchwabe_L.Blanke_O.2008" class="citation journal cs1">Schwabe L.; Blanke O. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2610253">"The Vestibular Component in Out-Of-Body Experiences: A Computational Approach"</a>. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience. 2: 17. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3389%2Fneuro.09.017.2008">10.3389/neuro.09.017.2008</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2610253">2610253</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19115017">19115017</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Frontiers+in+Human+Neuroscience&rft.atitle=The+Vestibular+Component+in+Out-Of-Body+Experiences%3A+A+Computational+Approach&rft.volume=2&rft.pages=17&rft.date=2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2610253%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19115017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3389%2Fneuro.09.017.2008&rft.au=Schwabe+L.&rft.au=Blanke+O.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2610253&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOut-of-body+experience" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTerhune2009" class="citation journal cs1">Terhune DB (2009). "The incidence and determinants of visual phenomenology during out-of-body experiences". Cortex. 45 (2): 236–242. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cortex.2007.06.007">10.1016/j.cortex.2007.06.007</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18621365">18621365</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:874982">874982</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cortex&rft.atitle=The+incidence+and+determinants+of+visual+phenomenology+during+out-of-body+experiences&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E236-%3C%2Fspan%3E242&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A874982%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18621365&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.cortex.2007.06.007&rft.aulast=Terhune&rft.aufirst=DB&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOut-of-body+experience" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Out-of-body_experience&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikiquote-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Out-of-body_experience" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Out-of-body experience">Out-of-body experience</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.psychologicalscience.org/index.php/news/releases/visualized-heartbeat-can-trigger-out-of-body-experience.html">Visualized Heartbeat Can Trigger 'Out-of-Body Experience'</a>. <a href="/wiki/Association_for_Psychological_Science" title="Association for Psychological Science">Association for Psychological Science</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/6960612.stm">Out-of-body experience recreated</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://skepdic.com/essays/blanke.htm">Out of body experiences and their neural basis</a>. Olaf Blanke.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nature.com/news/2002/020916/full/news020916-8.html">Electrodes trigger out-of-body experience</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nature_(journal)" title="Nature (journal)">Nature</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nature.com/news/out-of-body-experience-master-of-illusion-1.9569">Out-of-body experience: Master of illusion</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nature_(journal)" title="Nature (journal)">Nature</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn12531-outofbody-experiences-are-all-in-the-mind.html#.VFa8Hc8fz4g">Out-of-body experiences are 'all in the mind'</a>. <a href="/wiki/New_Scientist" title="New Scientist">New Scientist</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://skepdic.com/obe.html">Out-of-body experience</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Skeptic%27s_Dictionary" title="The Skeptic's Dictionary">The Skeptic's Dictionary</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2006/10/03/health/psychology/03shad.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0">Out-of-Body Experience? Your Brain Is to Blame</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Death315" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Death" title="Template:Death"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Death" title="Template talk:Death"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Death" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Death"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Death315" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Death" title="Death">Death</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In medicine</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Cell_death14" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cell_death" title="Cell death">Cell death</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Necrosis" title="Necrosis">Necrosis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avascular_necrosis" title="Avascular necrosis">Avascular necrosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coagulative_necrosis" title="Coagulative necrosis">Coagulative necrosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquefactive_necrosis" title="Liquefactive necrosis">Liquefactive necrosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gangrene" title="Gangrene">Gangrenous necrosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caseous_necrosis" title="Caseous necrosis">Caseous necrosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fat_necrosis" title="Fat necrosis">Fat necrosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fibrinoid_necrosis" title="Fibrinoid necrosis">Fibrinoid necrosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temporal_lobe_necrosis" title="Temporal lobe necrosis">Temporal lobe necrosis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programmed_cell_death" title="Programmed cell death">Programmed cell death</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Activation-induced_cell_death" title="Activation-induced cell death">AICD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anoikis" title="Anoikis">Anoikis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apoptosis" title="Apoptosis">Apoptosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autophagy" title="Autophagy">Autophagy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intrinsic_apoptosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Intrinsic apoptosis">Intrinsic apoptosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necroptosis" title="Necroptosis">Necroptosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraptosis" title="Paraptosis">Paraptosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthanatos" title="Parthanatos">Parthanatos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenoptosis" title="Phenoptosis">Phenoptosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudoapoptosis" title="Pseudoapoptosis">Pseudoapoptosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyroptosis" title="Pyroptosis">Pyroptosis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autolysis_(biology)" title="Autolysis (biology)">Autolysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autoschizis" title="Autoschizis">Autoschizis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eschar" title="Eschar">Eschar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immunogenic_cell_death" title="Immunogenic cell death">Immunogenic cell death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ischemic_cell_death" title="Ischemic cell death">Ischemic cell death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyknosis" title="Pyknosis">Pyknosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karyorrhexis" title="Karyorrhexis">Karyorrhexis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karyolysis" title="Karyolysis">Karyolysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitotic_catastrophe" title="Mitotic catastrophe">Mitotic catastrophe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_gene" title="Suicide gene">Suicide gene</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion" title="Abortion">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accidental_death" title="Accidental death">Accidental death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autopsy" title="Autopsy">Autopsy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brain_death" title="Brain death">Brain death</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brainstem_death" title="Brainstem death">Brainstem death</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_death" title="Clinical death">Clinical death</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dead_on_arrival" title="Dead on arrival">DOA</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manner_of_death" title="Manner of death">Death by natural causes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_rattle" title="Death rattle">Death rattle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dysthanasia" title="Dysthanasia">Dysthanasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/End-of-life_care" title="End-of-life care">End-of-life care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthanasia" title="Euthanasia">Euthanasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lazarus_sign" title="Lazarus sign">Lazarus sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lazarus_syndrome" title="Lazarus syndrome">Lazarus syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_death#Medical_declaration" title="Legal death">Medical declaration of death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organ_donation" title="Organ donation">Organ donation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terminal_illness" title="Terminal illness">Terminal illness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manner_of_death" title="Manner of death">Unnatural death</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Death-related_lists" title="Category:Death-related lists">Lists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_causes_of_death_by_rate" title="List of causes of death by rate">Causes of death by rate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_deaths_by_year" title="Lists of deaths by year">Notable deaths by year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_expressions_related_to_death" class="mw-redirect" title="List of expressions related to death">Expressions related to death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_natural_disasters_by_death_toll" title="List of natural disasters by death toll">Natural disasters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_people_by_cause_of_death" title="Lists of people by cause of death">People by cause of death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_premature_obituaries" class="mw-redirect" title="List of premature obituaries">Premature obituaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preventable_causes_of_death" title="Preventable causes of death">Preventable causes of death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_unusual_deaths" class="mw-redirect" title="List of unusual deaths">Unusual deaths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ways_people_dishonor_the_dead" title="List of ways people dishonor the dead">List of ways people dishonor the dead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ways_people_honor_the_dead" class="mw-redirect" title="List of ways people honor the dead">List of ways people honor the dead</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mortality</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Birthday_effect" title="Birthday effect">Birthday effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_mortality" title="Child mortality">Child mortality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Excess_mortality" title="Excess mortality">Excess mortality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gompertz%E2%80%93Makeham_law_of_mortality" title="Gompertz–Makeham law of mortality">Gompertz–Makeham law of mortality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infant_mortality" title="Infant mortality">Infant mortality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karoshi" title="Karoshi">Karoshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maternal_death" title="Maternal death">Maternal death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maternal_mortality_in_fiction" title="Maternal mortality in fiction">Maternal mortality in fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memento_mori" title="Memento mori">Memento mori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micromort" title="Micromort">Micromort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortality_rate" title="Mortality rate">Mortality rate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Risk_adjusted_mortality_rate" title="Risk adjusted mortality rate">RAMR</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortality_salience" title="Mortality salience">Mortality salience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perinatal_mortality" title="Perinatal mortality">Perinatal mortality</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">After death</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Cadaver" title="Cadaver">Body</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Stages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pallor_mortis" title="Pallor mortis">Pallor mortis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livor_mortis" title="Livor mortis">Livor mortis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algor_mortis" title="Algor mortis">Algor mortis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rigor_mortis" title="Rigor mortis">Rigor mortis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Putrefaction" title="Putrefaction">Putrefaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decomposition" title="Decomposition">Decomposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skeletonization" title="Skeletonization">Skeletonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fossil" title="Fossil">Fossilization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Preservation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cryopreservation" title="Cryopreservation">Cryopreservation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cryonics" title="Cryonics">Cryonics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuropreservation" class="mw-redirect" title="Neuropreservation">Neuropreservation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embalming" title="Embalming">Embalming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maceration_(bone)" title="Maceration (bone)">Maceration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mummy" title="Mummy">Mummification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastination" title="Plastination">Plastination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosection" title="Prosection">Prosection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxidermy" title="Taxidermy">Taxidermy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Disposal_of_human_corpses" title="Disposal of human corpses">Disposal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burial" title="Burial">Burial</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natural_burial" title="Natural burial">Natural burial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sky_burial" title="Sky burial">Sky burial</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cremation" title="Cremation">Cremation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dismemberment" title="Dismemberment">Dismemberment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Excarnation" title="Excarnation">Excarnation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promession" title="Promession">Promession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alkaline_hydrolysis_(body_disposal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Alkaline hydrolysis (body disposal)">Resomation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beating_heart_cadaver" title="Beating heart cadaver">Beating heart cadaver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_donation" title="Body donation">Body donation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cadaveric_spasm" title="Cadaveric spasm">Cadaveric spasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coffin_birth" title="Coffin birth">Coffin birth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_erection" title="Death erection">Death erection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissection" title="Dissection">Dissection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibbeting" title="Gibbeting">Gibbeting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postmortem_caloricity" title="Postmortem caloricity">Postmortem caloricity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-mortem_interval" title="Post-mortem interval">Post-mortem interval</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other aspects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carrion" title="Carrion">Carrion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cemetery" title="Cemetery">Cemetery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consciousness_after_death" class="mw-redirect" title="Consciousness after death">Consciousness after death</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afterlife" title="Afterlife">Afterlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tukdam" title="Tukdam">Tukdam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Death_customs" title="Category:Death customs">Customs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crematorium" title="Crematorium">Crematorium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desecration_of_graves" class="mw-redirect" title="Desecration of graves">Desecration of graves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eternal_oblivion" title="Eternal oblivion">Eternal oblivion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_examiner" title="Medical examiner">Examination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funeral" title="Funeral">Funeral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grief" title="Grief">Grief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_and_the_Internet" title="Death and the Internet">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_midwife" title="Death midwife">Midwife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mourning" title="Mourning">Mourning</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Online_mourning" title="Online mourning">Online mourning</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obituary" title="Obituary">Obituary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reincarnation" title="Reincarnation">Reincarnation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Palingenesis" title="Palingenesis">Palingenesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra" title="Saṃsāra">Saṃsāra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection" title="Resurrection">Resurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underworld" title="Underworld">Underworld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vigil" title="Vigil">Vigil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Paranormal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ghost" title="Ghost">Ghosts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near-death_experience" title="Near-death experience">Near-death experience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near-death_studies" title="Near-death studies">Near-death studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necromancy" title="Necromancy">Necromancy</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Out-of-body experience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Reincarnation_research" title="Template:Reincarnation research">Reincarnation research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9ance" title="Séance">Séance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_law" title="Abortion law">Abortion law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Administration_(probate_law)" title="Administration (probate law)">Administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment" title="Capital punishment">Capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cause_of_death" title="Cause of death">Cause of death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_death" title="Civil death">Civil death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coroner" title="Coroner">Coroner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death-qualified_jury" title="Death-qualified jury">Death-qualified jury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_certificate" title="Death certificate">Death certificate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presumption_of_death" title="Presumption of death">Declared death in absentia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_row" title="Death row">Death row</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dying_declaration" title="Dying declaration">Dying declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inquest" title="Inquest">Inquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_death" title="Legal death">Legal death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murder" title="Murder">Murder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necropolitics" title="Necropolitics">Necropolitics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prohibition_of_dying" title="Prohibition of dying">Prohibition of dying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_die" title="Right to die">Right to die</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suspicious_death" title="Suspicious death">Suspicious death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trust_(law)" title="Trust (law)">Trust law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Will_and_testament" title="Will and testament">Will</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fields</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Death_tech&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Death tech (page does not exist)">Death tech</a> [<a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_Tech" class="extiw" title="pt:Death Tech">pt</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forensic_pathology" title="Forensic pathology">Forensic pathology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funeral_director" title="Funeral director">Funeral director</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortuary_science" title="Mortuary science">Mortuary science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cell_death" title="Cell death">Necrobiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-mortem_chemistry" title="Post-mortem chemistry">Post-mortem chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-mortem_photography" title="Post-mortem photography">Post-mortem photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taphonomy" title="Taphonomy">Taphonomy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biostratinomy" title="Biostratinomy">Biostratinomy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thanatology" title="Thanatology">Thanatology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apparent_death" title="Apparent death">Apparent death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_burial_money" title="Chinese burial money">Chinese burial money</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coins_for_the_dead" title="Coins for the dead">Coins for the dead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_tourism" title="Dark tourism">Dark tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darwin_Awards" title="Darwin Awards">Darwin Awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_and_culture" title="Death and culture">Death and culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_anniversary" title="Death anniversary">Death anniversary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_anxiety" title="Death anxiety">Death anxiety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_death_deities" title="List of death deities">Death deity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Personifications_of_death" title="Personifications of death">Personification of death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dying-and-rising_deity" class="mw-redirect" title="Dying-and-rising deity">Dying-and-rising god</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychopomp" title="Psychopomp">Psychopomp</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extermination_camp" title="Extermination camp">Death camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_drive" title="Death drive">Death drive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_education" title="Death education">Death education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_from_laughter" title="Death from laughter">Death from laughter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_hoax" title="Death hoax">Death hoax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_knell" title="Death knell">Death knell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_march" title="Death march">Death march</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_messenger" title="Death messenger">Death messenger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_notification" title="Death notification">Death notification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_panel" title="Death panel">Death panel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_poem" title="Death poem">Death poem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opisthotonic_death_pose" title="Opisthotonic death pose">Death pose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death-positive_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Death-positive movement">Death-positive movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_squad" title="Death squad">Death squad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_threat" title="Death threat">Death threat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_trajectory" title="Death trajectory">Death trajectory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dignified_death" title="Dignified death">Dignified death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extinction" title="Extinction">Extinction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Festival_of_the_Dead" title="Festival of the Dead">Festival of the Dead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascination_with_death" title="Fascination with death">Fascination with death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hierarchy_of_death" title="Hierarchy of death">Hierarchy of death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homicide" title="Homicide">Homicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immortality" title="Immortality">Immortality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Last_rites" title="Last rites">Last rites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longevity" title="Longevity">Longevity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyr" title="Martyr">Martyr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Death" title="Museum of Death">Museum of Death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necronym" title="Necronym">Necronym</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necrophilia" title="Necrophilia">Necrophilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necrophobia" title="Necrophobia">Necrophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_death" title="Philosophy of death">Philosophy of death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Predation" title="Predation">Predation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacrifice" title="Sacrifice">Sacrifice</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_sacrifice" title="Human sacrifice">human</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide" title="Suicide">Suicide</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assisted_suicide" title="Assisted suicide">Assisted suicide</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thanabot&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thanabot (page does not exist)">Thanabot</a> [<a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grief_bot" class="extiw" title="ca:Grief bot">ca</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thanatosensitivity" title="Thanatosensitivity">Thanatosensitivity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Death" title="Category:Death">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_death" title="Outline of death">Outline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Parapsychology368" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Parapsychology" title="Template:Parapsychology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Parapsychology" title="Template talk:Parapsychology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Parapsychology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Parapsychology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Parapsychology368" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Parapsychology" title="Parapsychology">Parapsychology</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_parapsychology" title="Outline of parapsychology">Outline</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apparitional_experience" title="Apparitional experience">Apparitional experience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astral_projection" title="Astral projection">Astral projection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aura_(paranormal)" title="Aura (paranormal)">Auras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bilocation" title="Bilocation">Bilocation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clairvoyance" title="Clairvoyance">Clairvoyance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deathbed_phenomena" title="Deathbed phenomena">Deathbed phenomena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dermo-optical_perception" title="Dermo-optical perception">Dermo-optical perception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dream_telepathy" title="Dream telepathy">Dream telepathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ectoplasm_(paranormal)" title="Ectoplasm (paranormal)">Ectoplasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_voice_phenomenon" title="Electronic voice phenomenon">Electronic voice phenomenon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extrasensory_perception" title="Extrasensory perception">Extrasensory perception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganzfeld_experiment" title="Ganzfeld experiment">Ganzfeld experiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost" title="Ghost">Ghosts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirlian_photography" title="Kirlian photography">Kirlian photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levitation_(paranormal)" title="Levitation (paranormal)">Levitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Materialization_(paranormal)" title="Materialization (paranormal)">Materialization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediumship" title="Mediumship">Mediumship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near-death_experience" title="Near-death experience">Near-death experience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orb_(paranormal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Orb (paranormal)">Orb</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Out-of-body experience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pam_Reynolds_case" title="Pam Reynolds case">Pam Reynolds case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paranormal" title="Paranormal">Paranormal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parapsychology_research_at_SRI" title="Parapsychology research at SRI">Parapsychology research at SRI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Past_life_regression" title="Past life regression">Past life regression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_perception_(paranormal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Plant perception (paranormal)">Plant perception (paranormal)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poltergeist" title="Poltergeist">Poltergeist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precognition" title="Precognition">Precognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychic" title="Psychic">Psychic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychic_detective" title="Psychic detective">Psychic detective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychic_reading" title="Psychic reading">Psychic reading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychic_surgery" title="Psychic surgery">Psychic surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychometry_(paranormal)" title="Psychometry (paranormal)">Psychometry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrokinesis" title="Pyrokinesis">Pyrokinesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reincarnation" title="Reincarnation">Reincarnation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remote_viewing" title="Remote viewing">Remote viewing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retrocognition" title="Retrocognition">Retrocognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_sight" class="mw-redirect" title="Second sight">Second sight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sensory_leakage" title="Sensory leakage">Sensory leakage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spoon_bending" title="Spoon bending">Spoon bending</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superconscious" title="Superconscious">Superconscious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telekinesis" title="Telekinesis">Telekinesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telepathy" title="Telepathy">Telepathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thoughtography" title="Thoughtography">Thoughtography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenoglossy" title="Xenoglossy">Xenoglossy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zener_cards" title="Zener cards">Zener cards</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Active organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Society_for_Psychical_Research" title="American Society for Psychical Research">American Society for Psychical Research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_for_the_Scientific_Study_of_Anomalous_Phenomena" title="Association for the Scientific Study of Anomalous Phenomena">Association for the Scientific Study of Anomalous Phenomena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/College_of_Psychic_Studies" title="College of Psychic Studies">College of Psychic Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institut_M%C3%A9tapsychique_International" title="Institut Métapsychique International">Institut Métapsychique International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Noetic_Sciences" title="Institute of Noetic Sciences">Institute of Noetic Sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Association_for_Near-Death_Studies" title="International Association for Near-Death Studies">International Association for Near-Death Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koestler_Parapsychology_Unit" title="Koestler Parapsychology Unit">Koestler Parapsychology Unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parapsychological_Association" title="Parapsychological Association">Parapsychological Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parapsychology_Foundation" title="Parapsychology Foundation">Parapsychology Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhine_Research_Center" title="Rhine Research Center">Rhine Research Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_for_Psychical_Research" title="Society for Psychical Research">Society for Psychical Research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Ghost_Club" title="The Ghost Club">The Ghost Club</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Defunct organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Psychical_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="American Psychical Institute">American Psychical Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_College_of_Psychic_Science" class="mw-redirect" title="British College of Psychic Science">British College of Psychic Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambridge_Ghost_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambridge Ghost Society">Cambridge Ghost Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Institute_for_Psychical_Research" title="International Institute for Psychical Research">International Institute for Psychical Research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Dialectical_Society" title="London Dialectical Society">London Dialectical Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Psychical_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Metropolitan Psychical Society">Metropolitan Psychical Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Laboratory_of_Psychical_Research" title="National Laboratory of Psychical Research">National Laboratory of Psychical Research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxford_Phasmatological_Society" title="Oxford Phasmatological Society">Oxford Phasmatological Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princeton_Engineering_Anomalies_Research_Lab" title="Princeton Engineering Anomalies Research Lab">Princeton Engineering Anomalies Research Laboratory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_for_the_Study_of_Supernormal_Pictures" title="Society for the Study of Supernormal Pictures">Society for the Study of Supernormal Pictures</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_parapsychologists" class="mw-redirect" title="List of parapsychologists">List of parapsychologists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skeptics_of_parapsychology" class="mw-redirect" title="Skeptics of parapsychology">Skeptics of parapsychology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Publications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/An_Experiment_with_Time" title="An Experiment with Time">An Experiment with Time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extrasensory_Perception_(book)" title="Extrasensory Perception (book)">Extrasensory Perception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irreducible_Mind" title="Irreducible Mind">Irreducible Mind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Near-Death_Studies" title="Journal of Near-Death Studies">Journal of Near-Death Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Parapsychology" title="Journal of Parapsychology">Journal of Parapsychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Scientific_Exploration" class="mw-redirect" title="Journal of Scientific Exploration">Journal of Scientific Exploration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_After_Life_(Moody_book)" title="Life After Life (Moody book)">Life After Life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_Before_Life" title="Life Before Life">Life Before Life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_Radio" title="Mental Radio">Mental Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Souls_(book)" title="Old Souls (book)">Old Souls: The Scientific Evidence for Past Lives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parapsychology:_Frontier_Science_of_the_Mind" title="Parapsychology: Frontier Science of the Mind">Parapsychology: Frontier Science of the Mind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Roots_of_Coincidence" title="The Roots of Coincidence">The Roots of Coincidence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twenty_Cases_Suggestive_of_Reincarnation" title="Twenty Cases Suggestive of Reincarnation">Twenty Cases Suggestive of Reincarnation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varieties_of_Anomalous_Experience" title="Varieties of Anomalous Experience">Varieties of Anomalous Experience</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Parapsychology" title="Category:Parapsychology">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Parapsychology" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Parapsychology">Commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox390" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q790012#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4127786-7">Germany</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Out-of-body_experience&oldid=1269801257">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Out-of-body_experience&oldid=1269801257</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Spirituality" title="Category:Spirituality">Spirituality</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lucid_dreams" title="Category:Lucid dreams">Lucid dreams</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Near-death_experiences" title="Category:Near-death experiences">Near-death experiences</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Symptoms_and_signs_of_mental_disorders" title="Category:Symptoms and signs of mental disorders">Symptoms and signs of mental disorders</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_dead_external_links" title="Category:All articles with dead external links">All articles with dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_October_2023" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from October 2023">Articles with dead external links from October 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_permanently_dead_external_links" title="Category:Articles with permanently dead external links">Articles with permanently dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_ignored_DOI_errors" title="Category:CS1 maint: ignored DOI errors">CS1 maint: ignored DOI errors</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_mdy_dates_from_April_2020" title="Category:Use mdy dates from April 2020">Use mdy dates from April 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_lacking_reliable_references" title="Category:All articles lacking reliable references">All articles lacking reliable references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_lacking_reliable_references_from_March_2024" title="Category:Articles lacking reliable references from March 2024">Articles lacking reliable references from March 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_in_need_of_updating_from_February_2023" title="Category:Wikipedia articles in need of updating from February 2023">Wikipedia articles in need of updating from February 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_Wikipedia_articles_in_need_of_updating" title="Category:All Wikipedia articles in need of updating">All Wikipedia articles in need of updating</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 16 January 2025, at 13:34 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Out-of-body_experience&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" lang="en" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" width="88" height="31"><img src="/w/resources/assets/mediawiki_compact.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="25" height="25" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-header-container vector-sticky-header-container"> <div id="vector-sticky-header" class="vector-sticky-header"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-start"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-start vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" aria-hidden="true"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-sticky-header-search-toggle" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.vector-sticky-search-form.icon"> Search </button> </div> <div role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box"> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="vector-sticky-search-form" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia"> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-sticky-header-toc vector-sticky-header-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-sticky-header-toc-label" for="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar-primary" aria-hidden="true" >Out-of-body experience</div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"> 34 languages </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"> Add topic </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-b766959bd-f4fp5","wgBackendResponseTime":139,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.268","walltime":"1.485","ppvisitednodes":{"value":10811,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":308859,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":8090,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":17,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":12,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":454383,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1272.007 1 -total"," 57.93% 736.880 1 Template:Reflist"," 16.33% 207.738 38 Template:Cite_book"," 16.05% 204.145 41 Template:Cite_journal"," 9.84% 125.140 5 Template:Navbox"," 9.30% 118.346 1 Template:Death"," 8.39% 106.781 17 Template:ISBN"," 7.22% 91.782 1 Template:Short_description"," 5.96% 75.855 2 Template:Harvnb"," 5.49% 69.867 18 Template:Cite_web"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.780","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":8510715,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAlcock1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFArzyThutMohrMichel2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAspellBlanke2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAugustine2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBaker1954\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBaker1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBlackmore1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBlackmore1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBlackmore2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBlackmore_Susan1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBlakeslee2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBlanke,_Olaf2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBlankeArzy2005\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFBlankeLandisSeeck2004\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFBlankeMohr2005\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFBlankeMohrMichelPascual-Leone2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBlankeOrtigueLandisSeeck2002\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFBlanke_O.Landis_T.Spinelli_L.Seeck_M.2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBowman2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBozzano1938\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBraithwaiteJamesDeweMedford2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBraithwaite_Jason_J.Samson_DanaApperly_IanBroglia_Emma2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrent1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBressloffCowanGolubitskyThomas2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBruce2009\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFBrugger2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBruggerRegardLandis1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBuhlman2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBünning_S.,_Blanke_O.2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCampbell2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCarroll2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCheyne,_James_Allan2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCheyne_J._A.Girard_T._A.2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCheyne_J._AGirard_T._A.2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClark\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClark1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCrookall1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCrookall2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEbbernMulliganBeyerstein1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEhrenwald1974\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEhrsson2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrederick_Aardema2012\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFFrench2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGardner1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGreen1968\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGreyson_Bruce2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHebb1960\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHill2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHines2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHyslop1912\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFInnes1887\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJan_HoldenJeff_LongJason_MacLurg\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJon_Hamilton2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLenggenhagerTadiMetzingerBlanke2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaysMays2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcCreery,_C.1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcCreery,_C.2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMetzinger2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMeyerson,_JosephGelkopf,_Marc2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMonroe1971\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMonroe1972\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMuldoon2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMurphy1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOphiel1974\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPalmer1978\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFParniaKeshavarz_ShiraziPatelTran2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFParnia_SWaller_D._GYeates_RFenwick_P.2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPearsall2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPeirce1958\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPowell2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSadighKozicky\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchlieter2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchwabe_L.Blanke_O.2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShermer2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShirley2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSiegel1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSiegel_Ronald1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmithMessier2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTerhune2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWalker1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWhitlock1978\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWiseman2011\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 1,\n [\"'\\\"\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 38,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 41,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 5,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 18,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Out-Of-Body Experience\"] = 1,\n [\"Dead link\"] = 2,\n [\"Death\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 2,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 17,\n [\"Main\"] = 3,\n [\"Parapsychology\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 1,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Unreliable source?\"] = 1,\n [\"Update\"] = 1,\n [\"Use mdy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 1,\n [\"Wikiquote\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.eqiad.main-868759585b-9zt7t","timestamp":"20250214040459","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Out-of-body experience","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Out-of-body_experience","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q790012","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q790012","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2002-10-21T19:02:00Z","dateModified":"2025-01-16T13:34:00Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/6\/6e\/Astral_640.jpg","headline":"A phenomenon in which the soul (astral body) is said to exit the physical body"}</script> </body> </html>