Assessing Amnesties and Re-assimilation in Northeast Syria

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href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/phillipsroger/" title="Profile and articles by Roger Lu Phillips" class="author url fn" rel="author">Roger Lu Phillips</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/hajialan/" title="Profile and articles by Alan Haji" class="author url fn" rel="author">Alan Haji</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/aldalatijudi/" title="Profile and articles by Judi Aldalati" class="author url fn" rel="author">Judi Aldalati</a></p><p class="date">November 7, 2024</p><div class="sharedaddy sd-sharing-enabled"><div class="robots-nocontent sd-block sd-social sd-social-icon sd-sharing"><h3 class="sd-title">Share this:</h3><div class="sd-content"><ul><li class="share-bluesky"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" data-shared="sharing-bluesky-104707" class="share-bluesky sd-button share-icon no-text" href="https://www.justsecurity.org/104707/northeast-syria-reassimilation/?share=bluesky" target="_blank" title="Click to share on Bluesky" ><span></span><span class="sharing-screen-reader-text">Click to share on Bluesky (Opens in new window)</span></a></li><li class="share-twitter"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" data-shared="sharing-twitter-104707" class="share-twitter sd-button share-icon no-text" href="https://www.justsecurity.org/104707/northeast-syria-reassimilation/?share=twitter" target="_blank" title="Click to share on Twitter" ><span></span><span class="sharing-screen-reader-text">Click to share on Twitter (Opens in new window)</span></a></li><li class="share-facebook"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" data-shared="sharing-facebook-104707" class="share-facebook sd-button share-icon no-text" href="https://www.justsecurity.org/104707/northeast-syria-reassimilation/?share=facebook" target="_blank" title="Click to share on Facebook" ><span></span><span class="sharing-screen-reader-text">Click to share on Facebook (Opens in new window)</span></a></li><li class="share-linkedin"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" data-shared="sharing-linkedin-104707" class="share-linkedin sd-button share-icon no-text" href="https://www.justsecurity.org/104707/northeast-syria-reassimilation/?share=linkedin" target="_blank" title="Click to share on LinkedIn" ><span></span><span class="sharing-screen-reader-text">Click to share on LinkedIn (Opens in new window)</span></a></li><li class="share-reddit"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" data-shared="" class="share-reddit sd-button share-icon no-text" href="https://www.justsecurity.org/104707/northeast-syria-reassimilation/?share=reddit" target="_blank" title="Click to share on Reddit" ><span></span><span class="sharing-screen-reader-text">Click to share on Reddit (Opens in new window)</span></a></li><li class="share-print"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" data-shared="" class="share-print sd-button share-icon no-text" href="https://www.justsecurity.org/104707/northeast-syria-reassimilation/#print" target="_blank" title="Click to print" ><span></span><span class="sharing-screen-reader-text">Click to print (Opens in new window)</span></a></li><li class="share-end"></li></ul></div></div></div><div class="post-tags"><h3>Filed under:</h3><p><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/amnesty/" rel="tag">amnesty</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/detention/" rel="tag">Detention</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/human-rights/" rel="tag">Human Rights</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/international-humanitarian-law/" rel="tag">International Humanitarian Law (IHL)</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/international-law/" rel="tag">International Law</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/isis/" rel="tag">ISIS</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/isis-detainees/" rel="tag">ISIS detainees</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/non-international-armed-conflict/" rel="tag">Non-international Armed Conflict</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/northeast-syria/" rel="tag">northeast Syria</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/syria/" rel="tag">Syria</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/sdf/" rel="tag">Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF)</a></p></div></div><main id="primary" tabindex="-1" class="content-body clearfix" role="main"><article class="client-ui clearfix"><div class="print-authors"><p class="authors">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/phillipsroger/" title="Profile and articles by Roger Lu Phillips" class="author url fn" rel="author">Roger Lu Phillips</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/hajialan/" title="Profile and articles by Alan Haji" class="author url fn" rel="author">Alan Haji</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/aldalatijudi/" title="Profile and articles by Judi Aldalati" class="author url fn" rel="author">Judi Aldalati</a></p><p class="date">November 7, 2024</p></div><p style="font-weight: 400;">Over 50,000 people, the vestiges of an ISIS “caliphate” in Syria and Iraq, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/96221/syria-after-isis-deaths-torture-us-responsibility/">remain in prisons</a> and camps in northeast Syria administered by the Autonomous Administration of Northeast Syria (AANES). Prisoners have no reasonable prospect of being brought to trial and women and children in <a href="https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2024/03/18/the-open-air-prison-for-isis-supporters-and-victims">Al-Hol camp</a> live in bleak conditions with no clear path to resettlement. For years, <a href="https://www.hrw.org/news/2023/01/27/revictimizing-victims-children-unlawfully-detained-northeast-syria">international NGOs</a> and United Nations Special <a href="https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2023/07/syria-un-expert-calls-end-mass-arbitrary-and-indefinite-detentions-and-urges">Rapporteurs</a> have <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/75544/a-tribunal-for-isis-fighters-a-national-security-and-human-rights-emergency/">urged</a> the international community to take action and the AANES to try former ISIS fighters and release women and children. These calls were largely unheeded. As Amnesty International reiterated in an April 2024 <a href="https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/mde24/7752/2024/en/">report</a>, the indefinite detention of alleged ISIS affiliates is not consistent with international humanitarian law (IHL) and international human rights law (IHRL).</p> <p style="font-weight: 400;">In April 2024, however, the <a href="https://hawarnews.com/ar/%D9%86%D8%B5-%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%81%D9%88-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%85-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B0%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%82%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%85-%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84-%D9%88%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82-%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7">AANES</a> issued an <a href="https://www.voanews.com/a/aanes-s-amnesty-for-isis-related-prisoners-sparks-mixed-reaction-/7714202.html">amnesty</a> for domestic crimes, such as misdemeanor theft and assault, paving the way for the <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C0G1pfMeoH8">release</a> of 1,500 detainees from Al-Hol and detainees from Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF) prisons in the ensuing months. The releases made a small but meaningful dent in the total number of detainees. The AANES amnesty, on its own, will not be adequate to alter the fates of most of those who remain in Al-Hol and SDF prisons. A more comprehensive program is required to expedite the fair processing of ISIS cases. Any such approach must incorporate the views of the Syrian communities most impacted by potential trials, and the release and reintegration of former ISIS affiliates.</p> <p style="font-weight: 400;">In order to better understand the needs of local communities, in June 2024, our organization, the <a href="https://syriaaccountability.org/">Syria Justice and Accountability Centre</a> (SJAC) conducted a series of <a href="https://syriaaccountability.org/perspectives-on-justice-reintegrating-former-isis-affiliates-in-northeast-syria/">focus groups</a> in northeast Syria. Opinions varied, but most Syrian communities agreed that the closure of camps and return of residents to local communities was necessary. They called for a combination of formal trials and customary justice consistent with tribal practices. As we argue below, such a phased approach including amnesties, trials, and customary “parole boards” would be consistent with the requirements of IHL and IHRL.</p> <h2 style="font-weight: 400;">International Justice Efforts for ISIS Crimes</h2> <p style="font-weight: 400;">Recent transitional justice mechanisms (particularly for crimes committed by ISIS affiliates) have been an exercise in the art of the possible. The International, Impartial, and Independent Mechanism (<a href="https://iiim.un.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/IIIM-Bulletin-12_ENG-Sept-2024-1.pdf">IIIM</a>) was created by a United Nations General Assembly <a href="https://documents.un.org/doc/undoc/gen/n16/462/01/pdf/n1646201.pdf">Resolution</a> in the face of Russian and Chinese <a href="https://press.un.org/en/2014/sc11407.doc.htm">vetoes</a> for the United Nations Security Council to refer the Syria situation to the International Criminal Court (ICC). It was a creative solution to work around the absence of international consensus for an ICC referral or creation of a stand-alone tribunal. But the IIIM has serious limitations. It <a href="https://documents.un.org/doc/undoc/gen/n16/462/01/pdf/n1646201.pdf">lacks</a> jurisdiction to prosecute crimes and does not have authorization to conduct investigations in Syria. It has been further weakened by a shortfall of donor funding, as a new Syria mechanism for the Independent Institution on Missing Persons (<a href="https://iimp.un.org/en/what-is-iimp">IIMP</a>) has <a href="https://iiim.un.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/IIIM-Bulletin-12_ENG-Sept-2024-1.pdf">divided</a> financial support. The IIMP – created in response to calls by Syrian families to ascertain the fate of their loved ones rendered missing during the Syrian conflict – is itself a compromised institution. There are at least tens of thousands of <a href="https://press.un.org/en/2023/ga12514.doc.htm">missing persons</a> in Syria, but most were rendered missing by the Syrian government, which is the only entity in possession of critical information that could clarify the status of those missing. It has refused to cooperate with all such investigative efforts in the past. The IIMP cannot <a href="https://english.enabbaladi.net/archives/2023/09/how-is-the-international-mechanism-going-to-reveal-the-fate-of-syrias-missing-persons/">operate</a> in Syria and therefore <a href="https://www.ejiltalk.org/the-un-independent-institution-on-missing-persons-in-the-syrian-arab-republic-a-marathon-a-sprint-or-a-hurdle-race/">lacks access</a> to government-controlled detention facilities or to the territory on which suspected graves are located.</p> <p style="font-weight: 400;">Similarly, the U.N. Investigative Team to Promote Accountability for Crimes Committed by Da’esh/ISIL (<a href="https://www.unitad.un.org/">UNITAD</a>) was created by a Security Council <a href="https://documents.un.org/doc/undoc/gen/n17/296/25/pdf/n1729625.pdf">Resolution</a> to investigate, but not prosecute, crimes committed by ISIS (also known as Da’esh or ISIL or the Islamic State). Though the Iraqi government had <a href="https://documents.un.org/doc/undoc/gen/n17/259/92/pdf/n1725992.pdf">requested</a> U.N. assistance to investigate crimes committed by the terrorist group, it stopped short of seeking criminal accountability through an international or hybrid institution. UNITAD was <a href="https://documents.un.org/doc/undoc/gen/n18/042/14/pdf/n1804214.pdf">mandated</a> to prepare the groundwork for the prosecution of members of ISIS for serious international crimes, including <a href="https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2024/08/ten-years-after-yazidi-genocide-un-syria-commission-inquiry-calls-justice">genocide</a> against the Yezidi people. But Iraq did not have a domestic <a href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3099932">legal framework</a> that criminalized war crimes, crimes against humanity, and genocide, and political will to pursue such crimes has largely evaporated. In fact, by 2023, the government of Iraq informed the U.N. that it would not authorize the renewal of UNITAD’s mandate beyond 2024. UNITAD has now <a href="https://www.unitad.un.org/news/statement-acting-special-adviser-and-head-unitad-conclusion-unitad-mandate">closed its doors</a>.</p> <p style="font-weight: 400;">It is too soon to make definitive pronouncements on the success or failure of these new mechanisms. The IIIM and UNITAD have already consolidated and preserved massive amounts of data, the value of which can only be determined if and when it forms the basis of comprehensive justice efforts. To date, however, accountability for former ISIS affiliates has been fragmented as prosecutions move forward using domestic terrorism law, and in some cases for <a href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/6/22/german-woman-jailed-for-nine-years-for-enslaving-yazidi-woman">core international crimes</a>, in several <a href="https://syriaaccountability.org/syria-related-criminal-cases/">States</a>, particularly <a href="https://www.dw.com/en/germany-charges-2-syrians-with-war-crimes-over-is-ties/a-67801760">Germany</a>, the <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/90225/syrian-regime-crimes-on-trial-in-the-netherlands/">Netherlands</a>, and <a href="https://balkaninsight.com/2019/11/29/repatriated-kosovar-pleads-guilty-to-belonging-to-isis/">Kosovo</a>, among others.</p> <p style="font-weight: 400;">Foreign fighters comprise approximately <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2019/10/12/inside-isis-prisons-controlled-by-syrian-kurds/">2,000</a> of the detainees in SDF prisons. Although a handful of States, such as <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/64402/time-to-bring-women-and-children-home-from-iraq-and-syria/">Kazakhstan</a>, have repatriated foreign fighters for prosecution or reintegration at home, most have <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/66502/returning-foreign-fighters-and-their-families-takes-on-new-urgency-after-trumps-syria-decision/">resisted</a> pressure to do so. In 2019, Sweden <a href="https://www.justiceinitiative.org/newsroom/ngos-challenge-swedens-proposal-for-an-isis-only-war-crimes-tribunal">convened</a> a meeting of government officials to discuss a proposal for an international tribunal to prosecute ISIS affiliates. The AANES supported the creation of a tribunal, but requested a <a href="https://x.com/RojavaIC/status/1372518844720353282">hybrid</a> institution. The proposal went nowhere.</p> <p style="font-weight: 400;">In 2021, SJAC <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/75544/a-tribunal-for-isis-fighters-a-national-security-and-human-rights-emergency/">proposed</a> the creation of a treaty-based terrorism court to be located in neighboring Iraq (in the Kurdistan Regional Government) to prosecute foreign fighters. As to the remaining Syrian and Iraqi fighters, SJAC proposed that the international community support local prosecutions with resources and expertise. Again, there was no movement.</p> <p style="font-weight: 400;">Since that time, the dynamics are unchanged, with the human rights community <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/96221/syria-after-isis-deaths-torture-us-responsibility/">insisting</a> that the issue should be resolved internationally and not be left to non-State actors such as the AANES, which has limited resources, capacity, and diplomatic standing. In its most recent report highlighting abuses in AANES detention facilities, Amnesty International notes the failure of repatriation of foreign fighters to resolve the crisis and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/96221/syria-after-isis-deaths-torture-us-responsibility/">calls</a> for the U.N. Secretary General to convene a discussion “to identify venues where perpetrators can be brought to justice in fair trials.” Since the international community has rejected similar proposals since 2019, it is unlikely that the current proposal will gain momentum. The terrorism <a href="https://syriaaccountability.org/syria-related-criminal-cases/">cases</a> which have moved forward against foreign fighters in European States have not made a significant dent in the detainee population in northeast Syria.</p> <p style="font-weight: 400;">Before the international community settles on any process, it must center the victims and survivors of these crimes. What do Syrians and Iraqis – those who suffered under the ISIS caliphate – prioritize in relation to justice and accountability? A handful of Syrians within the diaspora have access to U.N. institutions and diplomatic channels, which provide an important opportunity for the international community to hear Syrian voices. But what are the views of Syrians who live next to the remaining members of ISIS and who will be forced to coexist with them after their release? With these questions in mind, SJAC completed a series of focus groups in northeast Syria in June 2024.</p> <h2 style="font-weight: 400;">Syrians Want Trials and Customary Justice</h2> <p style="font-weight: 400;">Between June 10-26, 2024, SJAC <a href="https://syriaaccountability.org/perspectives-on-justice-reintegrating-former-isis-affiliates-in-northeast-syria/">hosted</a> six focus group discussions in the northeast Syrian cities of Deir Ezzor, Raqqa, and Al-Hasakah to explore local communities’ perspectives, demands, and concerns regarding the future of ISIS affiliates. Thirty-two community members participated in the focus group sessions and four additional interviews were conducted with tribal leaders and local NGO personnel. While the participants’ input may have been influenced by ethnic identities and socio-economic factors, local community members are keenly aware that the current management of populations in detention camps or AANES and SDF prisons is unsustainable and impedes the reintegration of Syrian ISIS affiliates into society, our report <a href="https://syriaaccountability.org/perspectives-on-justice-reintegrating-former-isis-affiliates-in-northeast-syria/">found</a>.</p> <p style="font-weight: 400;">When it comes to accountability measures, local communities across the three regions <a href="https://syriaaccountability.org/perspectives-on-justice-reintegrating-former-isis-affiliates-in-northeast-syria/">emphasized</a> that incarcerated ISIS affiliates should undergo trials. However, they expressed heightened skepticism about the ability of AANES and the SDF to conduct credible and transparent trials or acquire the necessary resources to do so. To build trust in these trials, the majority of participants suggested international expertise and support, including assistance in collecting evidence, training local judges, and monitoring trials. They also made clear distinctions between the varying levels of involvement with ISIS among those incarcerated, stressing that a one-size-fits-all trial or amnesty would neither be effective nor address the justice needs of local communities.</p> <p style="font-weight: 400;">Beyond retributive justice, locals from Deir Ezzor and Raqqa <a href="https://syriaaccountability.org/perspectives-on-justice-reintegrating-former-isis-affiliates-in-northeast-syria/">explained</a> that the tribal reconciliation system, deeply rooted in the regions’ history, had traditionally been used to address cases of murder, robbery, and assault. They argued that returnees to Deir Ezzor and Raqqa who were affiliated with ISIS should not bypass the tribal reconciliation process. This process typically involves negotiations between the tribe of the perpetrator and the tribe of the victim, mediated by tribal leaders and religious figures, the study participants said. Resolutions often include measures such as financial compensation known as <em>Diyya</em>, paid by the perpetrator’s tribe to the victim’s tribe. To adapt to the post-ISIS reconciliation context, a unified charter signed by the tribes currently includes crimes committed under ISIS and the appropriate financial compensation. In some cases, the victim’s tribe may demand the exile of the returnee for a specific period. Notably, participants <a href="https://syriaaccountability.org/perspectives-on-justice-reintegrating-former-isis-affiliates-in-northeast-syria/">argued</a> that the tribal reconciliation process should complement a prison sentence for those who committed serious crimes like murder, rape, and torture. In communities that endured ISIS’s brutal ethnic targeting, such as Al-Hasakah, there was a stronger preference for retributive justice measures, such as criminal trials, as these are believed to serve as a deterrent for future harms. Coincidentally, after SJAC completed its focus group work, the AANES issued a significant amnesty of ISIS fighters.</p> <h2 style="font-weight: 400;">AANES Amnesties</h2> <p style="font-weight: 400;">In July 2024, the AANES issued <a href="https://www.voanews.com/a/aanes-s-amnesty-for-isis-related-prisoners-sparks-mixed-reaction-/7714202.html">Amnesty Law No. 10</a> which identified <a href="https://www.facebook.com/story.php?story_fbid=883922143839245&id=100066644035141&mibextid=oFDknk&rdid=kC96JH6EfRWQz41E">1,520 detainees</a>, including 63 women to be released from AANES detention facilities and camps. Based upon SJAC’s documentation, there were two types of releases: (1) those detained on criminal charges must pay “bail” between $5 and $20; and (2) those charged with membership in ISIS “whose hands were not stained with blood” were released only with a guarantee from tribal leaders that the individual would not engage in future terrorism.</p> <p style="font-weight: 400;">Excluded from the amnesty were ISIS leaders, those accused of killing, and anyone who fought against the SDF. Our documentation indicates that releases began on July 18, 2024, from Raqqa central prison with many coming from Gweran prison and others from Hassakeh and Alaya prisons. There were also some releases from Al-Hol camp. However, the AANES did not announce a list of persons who would be released, creating some confusion among Syrians in the northeast region.</p> <p style="font-weight: 400;">Although some local news outlets reported on the process as it unfolded, AANES shared little information to prepare the local population ahead of the releases. The lack of transparency makes it difficult to evaluate whether the detainees received adequate due process protections and deprives victims of an opportunity to be included in the justice process. A formalized system for future amnesties could be helpful to involve local communities and facilitate the reintegration of former detainees. This should be based upon clear and consistent standards which could be modeled upon factors considered by <a href="https://paroleboard.nt.gov.au/about/factors-considered-by-the-parole-board">parole boards</a>. <a href="https://paroleboard.nt.gov.au/about/factors-considered-by-the-parole-board">Parole boards</a>, which are often part of prison systems, decide on whether a convicted person should be released and assess the readiness of an individual based upon statutory factors such as the nature of the offence, likelihood of recidivism, and victim safety. The AANES should formalize a system by which victims and tribal authorities can make submissions on the release of particular <a href="https://www.usip.org/publications/2020/11/what-will-become-iraqis-al-hol">individuals</a>.</p> <p style="font-weight: 400;">Releases must be part of the solution. Indeed Article 6(5) of the 1977 Additional Protocol (II) to the Geneva Conventions of 1949 <a href="https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/en/ihl-treaties/apii-1977/article-6?activeTab=">encourages</a> amnesties at the end of hostilities. But they will not resolve cases where ISIS affiliates are suspected of serious crimes. A fair judicial process, as identified by Syrians in SJAC’s <a href="https://syriaaccountability.org/perspectives-on-justice-reintegrating-former-isis-affiliates-in-northeast-syria/">focus groups</a>, must also form part of the solution. Syrians are not opposed to the idea of AANES trials, but consider that international support will be necessary for any such efforts to be transparent and fair. This begs the question of what trials require to meet international standards.</p> <h2 style="font-weight: 400;">AANES Releases Under an IHL Regime</h2> <p style="font-weight: 400;">The protection status of detained individuals is clear under IHL. The law of non-international armed conflicts (NIACs), namely <a href="https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/en/ihl-treaties/gciii-1949/article-3">Common Article 3 of the 1949 Geneva Conventions</a> (CA 3), provides that detained individuals are considered <em>hors de combat</em>, and therefore protected persons who “shall in all circumstances be treated humanely, without any adverse distinction” based on certain criteria, including race or religion.</p> <p style="font-weight: 400;">The applicable principle is less clear when it comes to the establishment and administration of a criminal tribunal by non-State armed groups (NSAGs) during NIACs. Despite being a <a href="https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190912222.003.0001">common practice</a>, the legal basis for the establishment and administration of criminal tribunals by NSAGs remains <a href="https://doi.org/10.1093/jicj/mqy034">uncertain</a>. Although the IHL of NIAC does not explicitly <em>permit</em> the establishment and administration of criminal tribunals, this legal framework does not <em>prohibit</em> them from doing so.</p> <p style="font-weight: 400;">It is our view that in line with the “equality of belligerents <a href="https://casebook.icrc.org/a_to_z/glossary/equality-belligerents">principle</a>” which provides that “IHL applies equally to all parties to an armed conflict and imposes the same obligations on them,” NSAGs are entitled to lawfully establish criminal tribunals during NIACs particularly when the situation entails <em>de facto</em> territorial control by such groups. It is, however, essential to assess the lawfulness of such criminal proceedings based on facts on the ground. The obligation to afford the <a href="https://casebook.icrc.org/a_to_z/glossary/judicial-guarantees">fundamental judicial guarantees</a> in any criminal proceeding is considered a customary IHL norm binding all parties to an armed conflict, including NSAGs. Hence, to be considered lawful, such courts must satisfy and be able to (realistically) afford the minimum “<a href="https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/en/ihl-treaties/apii-1977/article-6/commentary/1987?activeTab=">essential [judicial] guarantees of independence and impartiality</a>” as outlined in <a href="https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/en/ihl-treaties/gciii-1949/article-3">CA3</a>, and further elaborated and clarified in <a href="https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/en/ihl-treaties/apii-1977/article-6?activeTab=">Article 6 of Additional Protocol II</a> (AP II). <a href="https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/en/ihl-treaties/geneva-finact-1977">Recognizing</a> the necessity for additional humanitarian rules to further protect the civilian populations from the effects of modern warfare, two Additional Protocols to the Geneva Conventions were introduced; so far AP II has been acceded/ratified by <a href="https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/en/ihl-treaties/apii-1977/state-parties?activeTab=">169 States</a>. In Article 6, Additional Protocol II enumerate some universally recognized fair trial standards, including for instance, the right of the accused to an independent an impartial tribunal, the right to information and defense, the right to be present at trial, the right against self-incrimination, in addition to the obligation of the parties (to the conflict) to respect the principles of individual responsibility, non-retroactivity, and the presumption of innocence. In short, AP II offers the minimum grounds for protection, not the ceiling.</p> <p style="font-weight: 400;">In addition to considering the legitimacy of its purposes and capacity to fulfill them, the lawfulness assessment of any court should also include the quality of the (substantive and procedural) laws applied in such a tribunal. In this regard, just a few months ago, the AANES <a href="https://aanesgov.org/?p=12844">issued</a> new amendments to its Anti-Terrorism Law (No. 7 of 2021) to assert jurisdiction over certain international crimes (excluding the crime of aggression). A newly introduced <a href="https://kurd-online.com/%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86-%D9%85%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%AD%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B1%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%A8-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%AF%D9%84-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1/">Article 17</a> gives the People’s Defense Tribunal jurisdiction over genocide, crimes against humanity, and war crimes, mirroring the language in Articles 6, 7, and 8 of <a href="https://www.icc-cpi.int/sites/default/files/2024-05/Rome-Statute-eng.pdf">the 1988 Rome Statute of the ICC</a>. Furthermore, <a href="https://kurd-online.com/%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86-%D9%85%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%AD%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B1%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%A8-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%AF%D9%84-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1/">Article 18</a> of the new amendments recognizes the absence of a statute of limitations for such crimes. This is an important and practical opportunity for international legal scholars and practitioners to observe the <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/96464/rebel-laws-in-conflict/">law-making process</a> as well as domestic implementation of international law by non-State actors. Introducing the substantive requirements to prosecute international crimes is a major step forward, though insufficient on its own to guarantee a procedure consistent with international legal requirements. There must be additional judicial guarantees as noted above. With few <a href="https://www.france24.com/en/video/20180224-anti-terrorist-trials-kurdish-syria">exceptions</a>, the AANES has not allowed the public to observe the trials that have proceeded. Even in such cases, access was limited. Transparency and unhindered access to public trials and monitoring would be indispensable to determine the lawfulness and legitimacy of such processes.</p> <p style="font-weight: 400;">Even if such processes are found to meet international standards, the <a href="https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/en/ihl-treaties/gciii-1949/article-86/commentary/2020">double jeopardy rule</a>, which provides that no person should be tried twice for the same illegal act by a single sovereign entity, might permit the retrial of such individuals. Given the <a href="https://www.routledge.com/The-Principle-of-ne-bis-in-idem-in-International-Criminal-Law-Balancing-the-Interests-of-Individuals-States-and-the-International-Community/Nuridzhanian/p/book/9781032553641">limited and non-customary nature</a> of the double jeopardy principle, and no statute of limitations for international crimes, any judicial or non-judicial process resulting in the conviction or acquittal of a suspect (including amnesties), will not necessarily shield such suspects from being tried later by another court of appropriate jurisdiction, nor would it bar any other State from criminally pursuing such suspects. For example, Britain <a href="https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-67379065">prosecuted</a> a former ISIS fighter, Aine Davis, who had already served a sentence for other ISIS crimes in Turkey. The <a href="https://www.routledge.com/The-Principle-of-ne-bis-in-idem-in-International-Criminal-Law-Balancing-the-Interests-of-Individuals-States-and-the-International-Community/Nuridzhanian/p/book/9781032553641">applicability or inapplicability of double jeopardy</a> could have important ramifications for the ability to charge similarly situated defendants.</p> <h2 style="font-weight: 400;">Comprehensive Solutions</h2> <p style="font-weight: 400;">The international community has failed to identify a comprehensive solution to the indefinite detention of the remaining members of ISIS in northeast Syria. For now, a wholly international solution is politically out of reach. The AANES release of 1,500 detainees to tribal authorities through a formal amnesty is a positive step towards resolving a monumental challenge. But greater transparency is required in future releases. The AANES should pass a law setting forth a statutory framework for the creation of “Parole Boards,” composed of AANES authorities and local community members. These Boards must take into account the views of victims who suffered under ISIS rule and request written input from tribal leaders on the potential release of individuals.</p> <p style="font-weight: 400;">The AANES has also promised on multiple occasions to expand trials of ISIS affiliates. As we have noted above, such a process could be consistent with IHL. Unfortunately, all parties agree that the AANES lacks adequate capacity and resources. The international community should end its policy of ambivalence and initiate support for AANES-led trials. International experts should support local authorities in building cases against former ISIS affiliates suspected of the most serious crimes. Other experts could also assist judges in the procedure and administration of such trials. Furthermore, the AANES should permit trials to be observed by neutral monitors to ensure essential guarantees of independence and impartiality. Where evidence is lacking, a phased approach should be pursued for the release of prisoners to their communities.</p> <p style="font-weight: 400;">The present indecision amid calls for additional deliberations serves neither human rights nor national security interests. A more practical approach should be adopted that accepts current realities and seeks to address this long-festering problem.</p> <h6><em>IMAGE: Syrian families sit in a truck after being released from the Kurdish-run Al-Hol camp, which holds relatives of suspected Islamic State (IS) group fighters, in the northeastern Syrian Hasakeh governorate, on June 2, 2021. (Photo by DELIL SOULEIMAN/AFP via Getty Images)</em></h6> <div class="icon-end-post"></div><div class="mobile-post-tags"><div class="post-tags"><h3>Filed under:</h3><p><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/amnesty/" rel="tag">amnesty</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/detention/" rel="tag">Detention</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/human-rights/" rel="tag">Human Rights</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/international-humanitarian-law/" rel="tag">International Humanitarian Law (IHL)</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/international-law/" rel="tag">International Law</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/isis/" rel="tag">ISIS</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/isis-detainees/" rel="tag">ISIS detainees</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/non-international-armed-conflict/" rel="tag">Non-international Armed Conflict</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/northeast-syria/" rel="tag">northeast Syria</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/syria/" rel="tag">Syria</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/sdf/" rel="tag">Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF)</a></p></div></div></article></main><div id="secondary-right" class="secondary" role="complementary"><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/early-edition-signup/" class="button has-icon icon-pm">Signups for A.M. & P.M. 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Kramer</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/kellyian/" title="Profile and articles by Ambassador (ret) Ian Kelly" class="author url fn" rel="author">Ambassador (ret) Ian Kelly</a></p> <p class="date">Dec 11th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/105627/syria-freedom-governance-local-approach-constitutionalism/">Syrians’ Pursuit of Freedom and Self-Governance: Prioritizing a Locally-Driven and Incremental Approach to Constitutionalism</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/alrwishdideyaa/" title="Profile and articles by Deyaa Alrwishdi" class="author url fn" rel="author">Deyaa Alrwishdi</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/hamiltonrebecca/" title="Profile and articles by Rebecca Hamilton" class="author url fn" rel="author">Rebecca Hamilton</a></p> <p class="date">Dec 11th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/105593/foreign-agent-laws-impact/">The Spreading Impact of Restrictive ‘Foreign Agent’ Laws and How to Stop Them</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/cameronjasmine/" title="Profile and articles by Jasmine D. 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Nicola</a></p> <p class="date">Dec 10th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/105064/mapping-state-reactions-icc/">Mapping State Reactions to the ICC Arrest Warrants for Netanyahu and Gallant</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/ingberrebecca/" title="Profile and articles by Rebecca Ingber" class="author url fn" rel="author">Rebecca Ingber</a></p> <p class="date">Dec 10th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/105552/public-framing-mass-deportation/">The Public Framing of Mass Deportation</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/coxadam/" title="Profile and articles by Adam Cox" class="author url fn" rel="author">Adam Cox</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/goodmanryan/" title="Profile and articles by Ryan Goodman" class="author url fn" rel="author">Ryan Goodman</a></p> <p class="date">Dec 9th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/105538/interpol-transparency-reform/">Interpol General Assembly Inches Forward on Transparency, Still Needs Reform Strategy</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/bromundted/" title="Profile and articles by Ted R. 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Herbst</a></p> <p class="date">Dec 3rd, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/105321/military-immigration-enforcement-deportation/">Deployment of the U.S. Military for Immigration Enforcement: A Primer</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/goiteinelizabeth/" title="Profile and articles by Elizabeth Goitein" class="author url fn" rel="author">Elizabeth Goitein</a></p> <p class="date">Dec 3rd, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/105181/drones-graves-mexicos-disappeared/">Camera-Fitted Drones May Help Locate Graves of Mexico’s Disappeared</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/garciareyeskarina/" title="Profile and articles by Karina García-Reyes" class="author url fn" rel="author">Karina García-Reyes</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/moctezumamiguel/" title="Profile and articles by Miguel Moctezuma" class="author url fn" rel="author">Miguel Moctezuma</a></p> <p class="date">Nov 26th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/105176/birthright-citizenship-undocumented-immigrants-2/">Birthright Citizenship and Undocumented Immigrants</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/sominilya/" title="Profile and articles by Ilya Somin" class="author url fn" rel="author">Ilya Somin</a></p> <p class="date">Nov 25th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/105048/icc-arrest-warrants/">Nuts & Bolts of the International Criminal Court Arrest Warrants in the ‘Situation in Palestine’</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/dannenbaumtom/" title="Profile and articles by Tom Dannenbaum" class="author url fn" rel="author">Tom Dannenbaum</a></p> <p class="date">Nov 22nd, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/105019/trump-ukraine-policy-peace-talks/">To ‘End’ War in Ukraine, Trump Might Be Tougher on Putin Than Critics Think</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/violagienger/" title="Profile and articles by Viola Gienger" class="author url fn" rel="author">Viola Gienger</a></p> <p class="date">Nov 21st, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/104929/ukraine-biden-trump-missiles/">Biden’s Final Efforts on Ukraine — and Trump’s First Moves</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/frieddaniel/" title="Profile and articles by Ambassador Daniel Fried" class="author url fn" rel="author">Ambassador Daniel Fried</a></p> <p class="date">Nov 19th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/104770/new-technology-atrocity-prevention/">Thinking Beyond Risks: A Symposium on Tech and Atrocity Prevention</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/whiddengwendolyn/" title="Profile and articles by Gwendolyn Whidden" class="author url fn" rel="author">Gwendolyn Whidden</a></p> <p class="date">Nov 19th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/104800/sanctions-effectiveness-models/">Do Sanctions Work? It Depends. Burma and the West Bank Might Be Models.</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/bradbrooksrubin/" title="Profile and articles by Brad Brooks-Rubin" class="author url fn" rel="author">Brad Brooks-Rubin</a></p> <p class="date">Nov 13th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/104728/ukraine-constitution-conscientious-objectors/">As Ukraine Struggles for Troops, Its Constitutional Court Considers the Rights of Conscientious Objectors</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/nekoliakandrii/" title="Profile and articles by Andrii Nekoliak" class="author url fn" rel="author">Andrii Nekoliak</a></p> <p class="date">Nov 12th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/104676/american-ai-leadership-requires-support-open-source/">The United States Must Win The Global Open Source AI Race</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/mcbridekeegan/" title="Profile and articles by Keegan McBride" class="author url fn" rel="author">Keegan McBride</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/woodleyballdean/" title="Profile and articles by Dean W. Ball" class="author url fn" rel="author">Dean W. Ball</a></p> <p class="date">Nov 7th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/104622/journalist-in-exile-laments-kyrgyzstan-crackdown-now-extending-to-his-12-year-old-son/">Journalist in Exile Laments Kyrgyzstan Crackdown, Now Extending to His 12-Year-Old Son</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/temirovbolot/" title="Profile and articles by Bolot Temirov" class="author url fn" rel="author">Bolot Temirov</a></p> <p class="date">Nov 6th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/104655/real-time-litigation-tracker-election/">Election 2024 Real-Time Litigation Tracker</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/eisennorman/" title="Profile and articles by Norman L. Eisen" class="author url fn" rel="author">Norman L. Eisen</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/vancejoyce/" title="Profile and articles by Joyce Vance" class="author url fn" rel="author">Joyce Vance</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/angelsamara/" title="Profile and articles by Samara Angel" class="author url fn" rel="author">Samara Angel</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/booneclare/" title="Profile and articles by Clare Boone" class="author url fn" rel="author">Clare Boone</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/geemadison/" title="Profile and articles by Madison Gee" class="author url fn" rel="author">Madison Gee</a></p> <p class="date">Nov 5th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/104564/election-top-10-nov-4/">Top 10 Election Litigation Cases in 2024 Implicating the Rule of Law</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/eisennorman/" title="Profile and articles by Norman L. Eisen" class="author url fn" rel="author">Norman L. Eisen</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/angelsamara/" title="Profile and articles by Samara Angel" class="author url fn" rel="author">Samara Angel</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/booneclare/" title="Profile and articles by Clare Boone" class="author url fn" rel="author">Clare Boone</a></p> <p class="date">Nov 4th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/104448/older-people-human-rights-africa/">A Historic Day for Older People and Human Rights Across Africa</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/mugabowishemaelie/" title="Profile and articles by Elie Mugabowishema" class="author url fn" rel="author">Elie Mugabowishema</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/buchananjane/" title="Profile and articles by Jane Buchanan" class="author url fn" rel="author">Jane Buchanan</a></p> <p class="date">Nov 4th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/104398/new-interpol-chief-abuses-reforms/">As Interpol Gets New Secretary General, What are the Risks of Abuses Over Reforms?</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/bromundted/" title="Profile and articles by Ted R. Bromund" class="author url fn" rel="author">Ted R. Bromund</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/grossmansandra/" title="Profile and articles by Sandra Grossman" class="author url fn" rel="author">Sandra Grossman</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/greenbergilan/" title="Profile and articles by Ilan Greenberg" class="author url fn" rel="author">Ilan Greenberg</a></p> <p class="date">Nov 1st, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/104416/congress-protect-americans-transnational-repression/">Congress Should Protect Americans from Transnational Repression</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/ahmedrasheed/" title="Profile and articles by Rasheed Ahmed" class="author url fn" rel="author">Rasheed Ahmed</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 31st, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/104451/pentagon-plan-protect-civilians-promises/">Is The Pentagon’s Plan to Protect Civilians Living up to its Promises?</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/hunkemadison/" title="Profile and articles by Madison Hunke" class="author url fn" rel="author">Madison Hunke</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 31st, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/104393/election-top-10-oct-29/">Top 10 Election Litigation Cases in 2024 Implicating the Rule of Law</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/eisennorman/" title="Profile and articles by Norman L. Eisen" class="author url fn" rel="author">Norman L. Eisen</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/angelsamara/" title="Profile and articles by Samara Angel" class="author url fn" rel="author">Samara Angel</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/booneclare/" title="Profile and articles by Clare Boone" class="author url fn" rel="author">Clare Boone</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 30th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/104407/authoritarianism-plutocracy-press-freedom/">Rising Authoritarianism and Plutocracy Are a Dangerous Mix for Press Freedom</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/kleinfeldrachel/" title="Profile and articles by Rachel Kleinfeld" class="author url fn" rel="author">Rachel Kleinfeld</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 30th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/104385/presumptive-privilege-trump-pence/">Does a “Presumptive” Privilege Protect President Trump from Prosecution for Pressuring Pence?</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/alschuleralbert/" title="Profile and articles by Albert W. Alschuler" class="author url fn" rel="author">Albert W. Alschuler</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 29th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/104255/frictionless-government-national-security-constitution/">Frictionless Government and the National Security Constitution</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/deeksashley/" title="Profile and articles by Ashley Deeks" class="author url fn" rel="author">Ashley Deeks</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/eichensehrkristen/" title="Profile and articles by Kristen Eichensehr" class="author url fn" rel="author">Kristen Eichensehr</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 28th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/104348/israel-strikes-against-iran/">Making Sense of International Law in Light of Israel and Iran’s Latest Round of “Retaliation”</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/lieblicheliav/" title="Profile and articles by Eliav Lieblich" class="author url fn" rel="author">Eliav Lieblich</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 26th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/104334/washington-post-endorsement-bezos/">On Dictatorship and Self-Censorship: Lessons the Owner of a Sudanese Newspaper Could Give Jeff Bezos</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/hamiltonrebecca/" title="Profile and articles by Rebecca Hamilton" class="author url fn" rel="author">Rebecca Hamilton</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 25th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/104328/dod-directive-changes/">Much Ado About Nothing: Recent Changes to Department of Defense Directive 5240.01</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/nunnjoseph/" title="Profile and articles by Joseph Nunn" class="author url fn" rel="author">Joseph Nunn</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/goiteinelizabeth/" title="Profile and articles by Elizabeth Goitein" class="author url fn" rel="author">Elizabeth Goitein</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 25th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/104242/memorandum-ai-national-security/">The U.S. National Security Memorandum on AI: Leading Experts Weigh In</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/just-security-admin/" title="Profile and articles by Just Security" class="author url fn" rel="author">Just Security</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 25th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/104206/fair-fast-asylum-processing-switzerland/">Fair and Fast Asylum Processing: Lessons from Switzerland</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/ghezelbashdaniel/" title="Profile and articles by Daniel Ghezelbash" class="author url fn" rel="author">Daniel Ghezelbash</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/hruschkaconstantin/" title="Profile and articles by Constantin Hruschka" class="author url fn" rel="author">Constantin Hruschka</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 24th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/104174/election-top-10-oct-23/">Top 10 Election Litigation Cases in 2024 Implicating the Rule of Law</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/eisennorman/" title="Profile and articles by Norman L. 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Eisen" class="author url fn" rel="author">Norman L. Eisen</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/angelsamara/" title="Profile and articles by Samara Angel" class="author url fn" rel="author">Samara Angel</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/booneclare/" title="Profile and articles by Clare Boone" class="author url fn" rel="author">Clare Boone</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 16th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/103743/lifting-russia-sanctions/">Lifting Russia Sanctions – What Can a President Do Unilaterally?</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/markustaisa/" title="Profile and articles by Taisa Markus" class="author url fn" rel="author">Taisa Markus</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 16th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/103918/jack-goldsmith-jack-smith-explanation/">Refuting the Latest Baseless Attacks Against Special Counsel Jack Smith</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/weissmannandrew/" title="Profile and articles by Andrew Weissmann" class="author url fn" rel="author">Andrew Weissmann</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/goodmanryan/" title="Profile and articles by Ryan Goodman" class="author url fn" rel="author">Ryan Goodman</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 15th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/103838/un-future-summit-can-teach/">What the UN’s Summit of the Future Can Teach Us – When the Dust Settles</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/streetjordan/" title="Profile and articles by Jordan Street" class="author url fn" rel="author">Jordan Street</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 11th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/103818/scenario-planning-january-6th/">The “War Game” Documentary, and Simulating a Worse January 6th</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/rudesilldakota/" title="Profile and articles by Dakota S. Rudesill" class="author url fn" rel="author">Dakota S. Rudesill</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 10th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/103777/maintaining-the-rule-of-law-in-the-age-of-ai/">Maintaining the Rule of Law in the Age of AI</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/szilagyikatie/" title="Profile and articles by Katie Szilagyi" class="author url fn" rel="author">Katie Szilagyi</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 9th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/103478/2024-election-litigation-top-10/">Top 10 Election Litigation Cases in 2024 Implicating the Rule of Law</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/eisennorman/" title="Profile and articles by Norman L. Eisen" class="author url fn" rel="author">Norman L. Eisen</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/angelsamara/" title="Profile and articles by Samara Angel" class="author url fn" rel="author">Samara Angel</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/booneclare/" title="Profile and articles by Clare Boone" class="author url fn" rel="author">Clare Boone</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 8th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/103317/shattering-illusions-how-cyber-threat-intelligence-augments-legal-action-against-russias-influence-operations/">Shattering Illusions: How Cyber Threat Intelligence Augments Legal Action against Russia’s Influence Operations</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/kruschmasonw/" title="Profile and articles by Mason W. Krusch" class="author url fn" rel="author">Mason W. Krusch</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 8th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/103464/beyond-law-reaffirming-the-centrality-of-ethics-in-war/">Beyond Law: Reaffirming the Centrality of Ethics in War</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/schwarzelke/" title="Profile and articles by Elke Schwarz" class="author url fn" rel="author">Elke Schwarz</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/renicneil/" title="Profile and articles by Neil Renic" class="author url fn" rel="author">Neil Renic</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 7th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/103533/whos-who-jack-smith-immunity-brief/">Who’s Who in Jack Smith’s Immunity Brief</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/klasfeldadam/" title="Profile and articles by Adam Klasfeld" class="author url fn" rel="author">Adam Klasfeld</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 4th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/103433/unlawful-private-militias-government-response/">The Threat from Unlawful Private Militias Has Evolved. 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Scott Adams</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 3rd, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/103406/iran-israel-escalation/">Threats and Response Options in the Escalating Israel-Iran Conflict</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/rosenbrianna/" title="Profile and articles by Brianna Rosen" class="author url fn" rel="author">Brianna Rosen</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 2nd, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/103380/un-future-pact-reform/">The UN’s New Pact for the Future: A Milestone That Can Set a Path for Change</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/ponziorichard/" title="Profile and articles by Richard Ponzio" class="author url fn" rel="author">Richard Ponzio</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 2nd, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/103339/artificial-intelligence-at-2024-united-nations/">AI at UNGA79: Recapping Key Themes</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/aptclara/" title="Profile and articles by Clara Apt" class="author url fn" rel="author">Clara Apt</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 1st, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/88039/trumps-legal-and-political-calendar-all-the-dates-you-need-to-know/">Master Calendar of Trump Court Dates: Criminal and Civil Cases</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/eisennorman/" title="Profile and articles by Norman L. 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href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/just-security-admin/" title="Profile and articles by Just Security" class="author url fn" rel="author">Just Security</a></p> <p class="date">Feb 14th, 2025</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/107087/tracker-litigation-legal-challenges-trump-administration/">Litigation Tracker: Legal Challenges to Trump Administration Actions</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/just-security-admin/" title="Profile and articles by Just Security" class="author url fn" rel="author">Just Security</a></p> <p class="date">Feb 16th, 2025</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/105064/mapping-state-reactions-icc/">Mapping State Reactions to the ICC Arrest Warrants for Netanyahu and Gallant</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/ingberrebecca/" title="Profile and articles by Rebecca Ingber" class="author url fn" rel="author">Rebecca Ingber</a></p> <p class="date">Dec 10th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/81789/russias-eliminationist-rhetoric-against-ukraine-a-collection/">Russia’s Eliminationist Rhetoric Against Ukraine: A Collection</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/aptclara/" title="Profile and articles by Clara Apt" class="author url fn" rel="author">Clara Apt</a></p> <p class="date">Aug 26th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/100235/unga-79-expert-analysis-resources/">UNGA 79: Expert Analysis & Resources</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/aptclara/" title="Profile and articles by Clara Apt" class="author url fn" rel="author">Clara Apt</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/nirmaya/" title="Profile and articles by Maya Nir" class="author url fn" rel="author">Maya Nir</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/violagienger/" title="Profile and articles by Viola Gienger" class="author url fn" rel="author">Viola Gienger</a></p> <p class="date">Sep 19th, 2024</p> </li></ul></div></aside><aside id="js-scrolling-content-6" class="widget js-scrolling-content clearfix"><h3 class="flexible-content-title">Series</h3><div class="flexible-content posts custom-scroll clearfix" style="height:350px;"><ul class="posts-list-min"><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/104770/new-technology-atrocity-prevention/">Thinking Beyond Risks: A Symposium on Tech and Atrocity Prevention</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/whiddengwendolyn/" title="Profile and articles by Gwendolyn Whidden" class="author url fn" rel="author">Gwendolyn Whidden</a></p> <p class="date">Nov 19th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/96975/icc-prosecutor-policy-complementarity-cooperation/">Symposium: ICC Prosecutor Launches Policy on Complementarity and Cooperation</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a 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Barela" class="author url fn" rel="author">Steven J. Barela</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/fallonmark/" title="Profile and articles by Mark Fallon" class="author url fn" rel="author">Mark Fallon</a></p> <p class="date">Jun 1st, 2021</p> </li></ul></div></aside><div class="capitol-breaker"><h3 class="widget-title">Key Topics</h3><div class="sub-title">Scroll within to view all topics.</div></div><aside id="js-scrolling-content-2" class="widget js-scrolling-content clearfix"><div class="flexible-content links custom-scroll clearfix" style="height:255px;"><ul class="link-list"><li><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/artificial-intelligence/">Artificial Intelligence (AI)</a></li><li><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/84303/just-securitys-climate-archive/">Climate Change</a></li><li><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/congressional-oversight/">Congressional Oversight</a></li><li><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/counterterrorism/">Counterterrorism</a></li><li><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/cybersecurity/">Cybersecurity</a></li><li><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/democracy/">Democracy</a></li><li><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/diplomacy/">Diplomacy</a></li><li><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/disinformation/">Disinformation</a></li><li><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/human-rights/">Human Rights</a></li><li><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/immigration/">Immigration</a></li><li><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/intelligence/">Intelligence activities</a></li><li><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/international-criminal-law/">International Criminal Law</a></li><li><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/category/armed-conflict/israel-hamas-war/">Israel-Hamas War</a></li><li><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/january-6th-attack-on-us-capitol/">January 6th Attack on US Capitol</a></li><li><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/law-of-armed-conflict-loac/">Law of Armed Conflict (LOAC)</a></li><li><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/local-voices/">Local Voices</a></li><li><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/racial-justice/">Racial Justice</a></li><li><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/social-media-platforms/">Social Media Platforms</a></li><li><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/united-nations/">United Nations (UN)</a></li><li><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/use-of-force/">Use of Force</a></li></ul></div></aside></div></div><div id="post-meta-after" class="pagewidth pw1400 clearfix"><div class="post-bottom-row about-authors clearfix"><div class="secondary-left"><h3>About the Author(s)</h3></div><div class="primary"><div class="post-author-bio"><h4 title="Read bio and view posts by this author"><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/phillipsroger/">Roger <span>Lu Phillips</span></a></h4><p>Legal Director at the Syria Justice and Accountability Centre (SJAC).</p> </div><div class="post-author-bio"><h4 title="Read bio and view posts by this author"><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/hajialan/">Alan <span>Haji</span></a></h4><p>Alan is the Team Lead for the Case-Building project at the Syria Justice and Accountability Centre (SJAC). </p> </div><div class="post-author-bio"><h4 title="Read bio and view posts by this author"><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/aldalatijudi/">Judi <span>Aldalati</span></a></h4><p>Judi Aldalati is a Human Rights Researcher and Research Fellow at the Syria Justice and Accountability Centre.</p> </div><p class="clearfix"> <a href="mailto:lte@justsecurity.org" class="button has-icon icon-fa"> <i class="fa fa-envelope-o" aria-hidden="true"></i> Send A Letter To The Editor </a> </p></div></div><div class="post-bottom-row related-posts clearfix"><div class="secondary-left"><h3>Read these related stories next:</h3></div><div class="primary archive-wrap"><div class="result-entry type-post"> <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/105451/trumps-endgame-ukraine-war/" class="thumb" style="background-image:url(https://i0.wp.com/www.justsecurity.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/GettyImages-1152460290-scaled-e1733326565387.jpg?fit=768%2C372&ssl=1);"></a> <h3><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/105451/trumps-endgame-ukraine-war/">Trump’s Endgame for the War in Ukraine</a></h3> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/kelly/" title="Profile and articles by Michael J. 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Assessing Amnesties and Re-assimilation in Northeast Syria