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He is the Anne and Joel Ehrenkranz Professor of Law and Co-Director of the Reiss Center on Law and Security at New York University School of Law. He served as Special Counsel to the General Counsel of the Department of Defense (2015-16). Ryan is also a Professor of Politics and Professor of Sociology at NYU. He was the inaugural Rita E. Hauser Professor of Human Rights and Humanitarian Law at Harvard Law School. He received a J.D. from Yale Law School, a Ph.D. from Yale University, and a B.A. from the University of Texas at Austin. He is a member of the Department of State’s Advisory Committee on International Law, a member of the Council on Foreign Relations, a member of the US Naval War College’s Board of Advisers for International Law Studies, a Distinguished Fellow at the National Institute of Military Justice, and a former member of the Board of Editors of the American Journal of International Law. Ryan is also on LinkedIn. 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background-position:center center;"> <div class="overlay"></div> <div class="pagewidth pw1400"> <div class="title-wrap"> <h1>Heat Map of January 6th Defendants Across the United States </h1> </div> </div> </div><div class="columns-wrap pagewidth pw1400 clearfix"><div id="secondary-left" class="secondary"><p class="authors">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/goodmanryan/" title="Profile and articles by Ryan Goodman" class="author url fn" rel="author">Ryan Goodman</a></p><p class="date">October 17, 2024</p><div class="sharedaddy sd-sharing-enabled"><div class="robots-nocontent sd-block sd-social sd-social-icon sd-sharing"><h3 class="sd-title">Share this:</h3><div class="sd-content"><ul><li class="share-twitter"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" data-shared="sharing-twitter-104036" class="share-twitter sd-button share-icon no-text" href="https://www.justsecurity.org/104036/heat-map-january-6th-defendants-2/?share=twitter" target="_blank" title="Click to share on Twitter" ><span></span><span class="sharing-screen-reader-text">Click to share on Twitter (Opens in new window)</span></a></li><li class="share-facebook"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" data-shared="sharing-facebook-104036" class="share-facebook sd-button share-icon no-text" href="https://www.justsecurity.org/104036/heat-map-january-6th-defendants-2/?share=facebook" target="_blank" title="Click to share on Facebook" ><span></span><span class="sharing-screen-reader-text">Click to share on Facebook (Opens in new window)</span></a></li><li class="share-linkedin"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" data-shared="sharing-linkedin-104036" class="share-linkedin sd-button share-icon no-text" href="https://www.justsecurity.org/104036/heat-map-january-6th-defendants-2/?share=linkedin" target="_blank" title="Click to share on LinkedIn" ><span></span><span class="sharing-screen-reader-text">Click to share on LinkedIn (Opens in new window)</span></a></li><li class="share-reddit"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" data-shared="" class="share-reddit sd-button share-icon no-text" href="https://www.justsecurity.org/104036/heat-map-january-6th-defendants-2/?share=reddit" target="_blank" title="Click to share on Reddit" ><span></span><span class="sharing-screen-reader-text">Click to share on Reddit (Opens in new window)</span></a></li><li class="share-print"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" data-shared="" class="share-print sd-button share-icon no-text" href="https://www.justsecurity.org/104036/heat-map-january-6th-defendants-2/#print" target="_blank" title="Click to print" ><span></span><span class="sharing-screen-reader-text">Click to print (Opens in new window)</span></a></li><li class="share-end"></li></ul></div></div></div><div class="post-tags"><h3>Filed under:</h3><p><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/democracy/" rel="tag">Democracy</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/january-6th-attack-on-us-capitol/" rel="tag">January 6th Attack on US Capitol</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/pardons/" rel="tag">Pardons</a></p></div></div><main id="primary" tabindex="-1" class="content-body clearfix" role="main"><article class="client-ui clearfix"><div class="print-authors"><p class="authors">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/goodmanryan/" title="Profile and articles by Ryan Goodman" class="author url fn" rel="author">Ryan Goodman</a></p><p class="date">October 17, 2024</p></div><link rel='stylesheet' id='tablepress-default-css' href='https://www.justsecurity.org/wp-content/tablepress-combined.min.css?ver=23' type='text/css' media='all' /> <p>The graphic below is a “Heat Map” of the United States displaying the hometown origins of all the defendants charged for federal crimes allegedly committed in connection with the January 6th attack on the U.S. Capitol (identified by general location and <span style="text-decoration: underline;">not by name</span>). The map reflects the work of the largest criminal investigation in U.S. history. It shows the sprawling network of actors who participated, to different degrees, in an event that the Justice Department and FBI <a href="https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/R/R47229">define</a> as an act of domestic terrorism. A list of the most common federal offenses charged in the January 6th cases is provided below.</p> <p>The Heat Map can be toggled to show either (a) all of the approximately 1,500 defendants or (b) only the 100 defendants who are leaders, members or associates of the Proud Boys, the militia group with the most specific premeditated plan to attack the Capitol. We hope this information will be valuable to scholars, journalists, policymakers, and the general public.</p> <p>Users of the Heat Map may derive some direct lessons from the information provided, or use it as a building block along with other information in making assessments. In a <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/103956/proud-boys-threat-assessment">separate essay</a>, Tom Joscelyn relies on the Heat Map along with other research to assess the Proud Boys’ organizational structure, plans for January 6th, and future threats. Notably, previous <a href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/ps-political-science-and-politics/article/political-geography-of-the-january-6-insurrectionists/3C59F4E94F90B63F0E80A86DFB487D01#article">academic research</a> has used a dataset of home counties of individuals charged for January 6th-related crimes to try to explain the sociopolitical causes of the attack on the Capitol.</p> <p>In my view, three insights can be gleaned from the Heat Map’s information about the total population of January 6th defendants. I describe those three insights below the map, as well as some caveats about use of the data.</p> <h2 style="text-align: center;"><strong>Heat Map</strong></h2> <p style="text-align: center;"> <style>.wpgmza_table_marker { display: none; }</style><style>.wpgmza_table_address { display: none; }</style> <a name='map1'></a> <div class='wpgmza-marker-listing-category-filter' data-map-id='1' id='wpgmza_filter_1' style='text-align:left; margin-bottom:0px;'><span>Filter by</span><div style="overflow:auto; display:block; width:100%; height:auto; margin-top:10px;"><div class="wpgmza_cat_checkbox_holder wpgmza_cat_checkbox_1"><ul class="wpgmza_cat_ul wpgmza_cat_checkbox_item_holder"><li class="wpgmza_cat_checkbox_item_holder wpgmza_cat_checkbox_item_holder_1"><input type="checkbox" value="1" class="wpgmza_checkbox" id="wpgmza_cat_checkbox_1" name="wpgmza_cat_checkbox" mid="1"><label for="wpgmza_cat_checkbox_1">January 6th Defendants</label></li><li class="wpgmza_cat_checkbox_item_holder 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data-map-id='1' data-shortcode-attributes='{"id":"1"}'> </div> </p> <p style="text-align: left;"><em>We are grateful to the exceptional team at NPR for their detailed </em><a href="https://www.npr.org/2021/02/09/965472049/the-capitol-siege-the-arrested-and-their-stories"><em>database</em></a><em> of January 6th Capitol riot cases, from which we drew the data. All errors are our own.<br /> </em></p> <h2><strong>Heat Map Lesson 1. Mass mobilization of political violence and law-breaking</strong></h2> <p>The Heat Map shows the ability to spur political violence and law-breaking from across the United States. As a general matter, one of the difficulties in models that try to predict political violence is that a sudden catalyst can rapidly produce dangerous outcomes. The Heat Map provides evidence of how and to what extent that occurred in the United States, especially in the 18-day period between Dec. 19, 2020 and Jan. 6, 2021.</p> <p>The Office of the Presidency has an enormous potential to shape popular imaginations and be that catalyst. Having seen how Winston Churchill and Adolf Hitler used the modern radio to speak directly to a mass audience, Justice Robert Jackson expressed concerns about the power of the U.S. president over public opinion. In his famous <a href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/343/579/">concurrence</a> in <em>Youngstown Sheet v. Sawyer</em>, Jackson wrote, “No other personality in public life can begin to compete with him in access to the public mind through modern methods of communications. By his prestige as head of state and his influence upon public opinion, he exerts a leverage upon those who are supposed to check and balance his power which often cancels their effectiveness.” Today, social media is yet another method of mass communication capable of producing similar results.</p> <p>At 1:42 AM on Saturday, Dec. 19, 2020, Trump sent out his “Be there, will be wild!” tweet that focused the attention of his most violent supporters on the date of January 6th and the location of the nation’s capital. As Justin Hendrix and I <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/81468/surveying-evidence-of-how-trumps-actions-activated-jan-6-rioters/">have</a> <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/79813/thedonald-win-and-president-trumps-foreknowledge-of-the-attack-on-the-capitol/">documented</a>, the effect of Trump’s signal was observable on thedonald[.]win, a right-wing fringe online messaging board. Collecting many specific examples, we wrote:</p> <blockquote><p>The sharing of specific techniques, tactics, and procedures for the assault on the Capitol started on The Donald in earnest on December 19, 2020, the day Trump tweeted “Big protest in D.C. on January 6th … Be there, will be wild!” The ensuing weeks of communications on the site included information on how to use a flagpole as a weapon, how to smuggle firearms into DC, measurements for a guillotine, and maps of the tunnel systems under the Capitol building.</p></blockquote> <p>(Our analysis is cited in the House Select Committee’s <a href="https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-J6-REPORT/html-submitted/ch6.html">final report</a>.) The <em>Washington Post’s</em> Philip Bump has also <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2022/04/01/what-jan-6-filings-suggest-about-dec-19-trumps-will-be-wild/">documented</a> the frequency with which the date of Dec. 19th is referenced in court documents involving Jan. 6 defendants.</p> <p>The Heat Map along with communications by Jan. 6 defendants show the surge in nation-wide mobilization. The following ten examples, taken in significant part from the House Select Committee’s final report (see the <a href="https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-J6-REPORT/html-submitted/es.html">Executive Summary</a>, as well as Chapters <a href="https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-J6-REPORT/html-submitted/ch6.html">6</a> and <a href="https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-J6-REPORT/html-submitted/ch8.html">8</a>) and DOJ filings, indicate how quickly Trump mobilized violent supporters following his Dec. 19, 2020 tweet.</p> <p>1. <strong>Dec. 19, 2020: Matthew Greene </strong>(Syracuse, New York) (<a href="https://www.justice.gov/usao-dc/defendants/greene-matthew">pleaded guilty</a> to conspiracy and obstruction of an official proceeding)</p> <blockquote><p>“On December 19, 2021[sic], when Greene saw then-President Donald Trump’s tweet referencing a ‘wild’ protest to take place on January 6, 2021, he decided that he would attend the event, and he booked a hotel in Washington, D.C. for January 5-7, 2021.” (<a href="https://extremism.gwu.edu/sites/g/files/zaxdzs5746/files/Matthew%20Greene%20Statement%20of%20Offense.pdf#page=2">plea agreement</a>, para. 3)</p></blockquote> <p>2. <strong>Dec. 19, 2020: Kelly O’Brien </strong>(North Whitehall, Pennsylvania) (<a href="https://www.justice.gov/usao-dc/defendants/obrien-kelly">pleaded guilty</a> to entering and remaining in a restricted building)</p> <blockquote><p>O’Brien posted on Facebook: “CALLING ALL PATRIOTS! Be in Washington, D.C. January 6th. This wasn’t organized by any group. DJT has invited us and it’s going to be ‘wild.'” (DOJ <a href="https://storage.courtlistener.com/recap/gov.uscourts.dcd.236684/gov.uscourts.dcd.236684.24.0.pdf">Statement of Offense</a>, para. 9)</p></blockquote> <p>3. <strong>Dec. 19, 2020: Three Percenters, Alan Hostetter </strong>(San Clemente, California) (<a href="https://www.justice.gov/usao-dc/pr/texas-man-sentenced-more-11-years-prison-conspiracy-obstruct-congress-and-other-charges">sentenced</a> to 135 months of incarceration; <a href="https://www.justice.gov/usao-dc/pr/california-man-found-guilty-conspiracy-and-other-charges-related-jan-6-capitol-breach">convicted</a> of conspiracy to obstruct an official proceeding, obstruction of an official proceeding and aiding and abetting, entering and remaining in a restricted building and grounds with a deadly or dangerous weapon, and disorderly and disruptive conduct in a restricted building or grounds with a deadly or dangerous weapon) and<strong> Russell Taylor</strong> (<a href="https://apnews.com/article/russell-taylor-three-percenters-capitol-riot-sentence-a316b06feb728457dc2cd0a95a5c0dcb">Ladera Ranch, California</a>) (<a href="https://apnews.com/article/russell-taylor-three-percenters-capitol-riot-sentence-a316b06feb728457dc2cd0a95a5c0dcb">pleaded</a> guilty to conspiracy to obstruct an official proceeding)</p> <blockquote><p>“On December 19, 2020, TAYLOR posted to HOSTETTER’s Telegram chat a link to a Tweet that President Trump posted on Twitter earlier that day… Alongside the link, TAYLOR posted the message, ‘Who is going.’”</p> <p>“On December 19, 2020, HOSTETTER posted from his “americanphoenixproject” Instagram account explaining the reasons to travel to D.C. for January 6, 2021:</p> <p style="padding-left: 40px;">‘Late last night President Trump tweeted that all patriots should descend on Washington DC on Wednesday 1/6/2021. This is the date of the Joint Session of Congress in which they will either accept or reject the fake/phony/stolen electoral college votes. I will be there, bullhorns on fire, to let the swamp dwellers know we will not let them steal our country from us. I hope you can join me!! #fightfortrump #stopthesteal #savetherepublic’</p> <p>“On December 19, 2020, HOSTETTER and TAYLOR reserved rooms at the Kimpton George Hotel in Washington, D.C. (the “Kimpton”) for January 6, 2021….”<br /> (<a href="https://extremism.gwu.edu/sites/g/files/zaxdzs5746/files/Kinnison%20et%20al%20Indictment.pdf#page=7">Indictment</a>, paras 25-27))</p></blockquote> <p>4. <strong>Dec. 21, 2020, Oath Keeper Joshua James </strong>(Arab, Alabama) (<a href="https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/leader-alabama-chapter-oath-keepers-pleads-guilty-seditious-conspiracy-and-obstruction">pleaded guilty</a> to seditious conspiracy and obstruction of an official proceeding)</p> <blockquote><p>James sent a message to other Oath Keepers in an encrypted Signal group titled, “Leadership intel sharing secured.” James stated, “SE region is creating a NATIONAL CALL TO ACTION FOR DC JAN 6TH. . . . 4 states are mobilizing.” (<a href="https://www.justice.gov/usao-dc/case-multi-defendant/file/1514876/dl">Indictment</a>)</p></blockquote> <p>5. <strong>Dec. 22, 2020, Oath Keeper Kelly Meggs </strong>(Dunnellon, Florida) (<a href="https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/court-sentences-two-oath-keepers-leaders-seditious-conspiracy-and-other-charges-related-us">sentenced</a> to 12 years of incarceration after being <a href="https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/leader-oath-keepers-and-oath-keepers-member-found-guilty-seditious-conspiracy-and-other">convicted</a> of seditious conspiracy, conspiracy to obstruct an official proceeding, obstruction of an official proceeding, conspiracy to prevent an officer from discharging duties, and tampering with documents or proceedings)</p> <p>Meggs sent a Facebook message to another person:</p> <blockquote><p>Trump said It’s gonna be wild!!!!!!! It’s gonna be wild!!!!!!! He wants us to make it WILD that’s what he’s saying. He called us all to the Capitol and wants us to make it wild!!! Sir Yes Sir!!! Gentlemen we are heading to DC pack your shit!!” (<a href="https://www.justice.gov/usao-dc/press-release/file/1401076/dl">Fourth superseding indictment</a>)</p></blockquote> <p>6. <strong>Dec. 22, 2020: Charles Bradford Smith </strong>(Shippensburg, Pennsylvania) (<a href="https://www.justice.gov/usao-dc/pr/two-pennsylvania-men-sentenced-41-month-prison-terms-assaulting-officers-during-jan-6">sentenced</a> to 41 months of incarceration and three years of supervised release for assaulting law enforcement officers and conspiring to obstruct an official proceeding) and <strong>Marshall Neefe</strong> (Newville, Pennsylvania) (<a href="https://www.justice.gov/usao-dc/pr/two-pennsylvania-men-sentenced-41-month-prison-terms-assaulting-officers-during-jan-6">sentenced</a> to 41 months of incarceration and three years of supervised release for assaulting law enforcement officers and conspiring to obstruct an official proceeding)</p> <blockquote><p>Smith had the following exchange with another January 6th defendant over Facebook on Dec. 22, 2020:</p> <p style="padding-left: 40px;">SMITH: The call to action was put out to be in DC on January 6th from the Don himself. The reason is that’s the day pence counts them up and if the entire city is full of trump supporters it will stop the for sure riots from burning down the city at least for a while.</p> <p style="padding-left: 40px;">NEEFE: We goin? . . . Cause hot damn son i really wanna crack some commie skulls.</p> <p style="padding-left: 40px;">SMITH: Yeah I”m going 100%. This is way more important than the last one actually. This one’s literally to save the city from chaos while they do their thing in the capital (<a href="https://www.justice.gov/usao-dc/case-multi-defendant/file/1432686/dl">Indictment</a>)</p> <p>In another Facebook message that day, Smith wrote, “Trump is asking everyone to go” on the 6th. “It’s the only time hes[sic] ever specifically asked for people to show up.” (<a href="https://www.justice.gov/usao-dc/case-multi-defendant/file/1432686/dl">Indictment</a>)</p></blockquote> <p>7. <strong>Dec. 23, 2020: Oath Keeper Stewart Rhodes</strong> (Granbury, Texas) (<a href="https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/leader-oath-keepers-and-10-other-individuals-indicted-federal-court-seditious-conspiracy-and">sentenced</a> to 18 years of incarceration for seditious conspiracy and other charges)</p> <blockquote><p>Rhodes posted an <a href="https://www.justice.gov/usao-dc/case-multi-defendant/file/1514876/dl">open letter</a> on the Oath Keepers website <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2022/01/19/us/oath-keepers-capitol-riot.html">stating</a>:</p> <p style="padding-left: 40px;">“[T]ens of thousands of patriot Americans, both veterans and non-veterans, will already be in Washington D.C., and many of us will have our mission-critical gear stowed nearby just outside D.C.” “If you fail to do your duty, you will leave We the People no choice but to walk in the Founders footsteps … And, like the Founding generation, we will take to arms in defense of our God given liberty.”</p> </blockquote> <p>8. <strong>Dec. 23, 2020: Derek Sulenta</strong> (Long Beach, California) (<a href="https://www.newsweek.com/full-list-capitol-rioters-jailed-sentences-january-6-1826075">pleaded guilty</a> to the charge of parading, demonstrating or picketing in a Capitol building)</p> <blockquote><p>Sulenta posted to Facebook: “I’ll be there Jan 6th to support the president no matter what happens” and “That’s the day he called for patriots to show up.” (DOJ <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/derek-sulenta-statement-of-facts-United-States-v.-Sulenta-No.-1-22-mj-00129-ZMF-D.D.C.-June-6-2022.pdf">Statement of Facts</a>, at p. 3)</p></blockquote> <p>9.<strong> Dec. 23, 2020: Kenneth Grayson</strong> (Bridgeville, Pennsylvania) (<a href="https://www.justice.gov/usao-dc/pr/pennsylvania-man-sentenced-actions-during-jan-6-capitol-breach">pleaded guilty</a> to interfering with a law enforcement officer during a civil disorder).</p> <blockquote><p>“GRAYSON also communicated with several family members and associates regarding his travel plans and intentions for being at the U.S. Capitol on or about January 6, 2021, including the following: ‘…IM THERE IF TRUMP TELLS US TO STORM THE FUKIN CAPITAL IMA DO THAT THEN!’” (DOJ <a href="https://storage.courtlistener.com/recap/gov.uscourts.dcd.228968/gov.uscourts.dcd.228968.1.1_2.pdf">Statement of Facts</a>, p. 8; <a href="https://americangulag.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/44-STATEMENT-OF-OFFENSE-by-USA-and-KENNETH-GRAYSON-as-to-KENNETH-GRAYSON.pdf">Statement of Offense</a>, para. 8)</p></blockquote> <p>10. <strong>Dec. 31, 2020: Robert Morss </strong>(Glenshaw, Pennsylvania) (<a href="https://www.justice.gov/usao-dc/pr/pennsylvania-man-sentenced-assaulting-officers-during-jan-6-capitol-breach-0">sentenced</a> to 66 months of incarceration, 24 months of supervised release for robbery, assaulting, resisting or impeding certain officers, and obstruction of an official proceeding)</p> <blockquote><p>“On December 31,2020, defendant Morss texted an individual that he was ‘excited for the 6th.’ When that individual asked ‘What’s the 6th?”, defendant Morss sent screen capture of a Tweet with an image of the text: ‘America Will Not Be “Reset” America Will Be Reborn” and ‘1776 Will Commence Again January 6th,2021, Washington, D.C.’ and a picture of former President Trump next to the words ‘Be there, Will be Wild.’ Defendant Morss followed up this image with the text to that individual, ‘lT’S GOING DOWWWWWWN!!!!!’” (<a href="https://extremism.gwu.edu/sites/g/files/zaxdzs5746/files/Robert%20Morss%20Statement%20of%20Facts%20for%20Stipulated%20Trial.pdf">Statement of Facts for Stipulated Files</a>, at p. 7)</p></blockquote> <blockquote class="twitter-tweet"> <p dir="ltr" lang="en">Trump’s call to arms on Twitter was interpreted as exactly that.</p> <p>Many posted online that they were ready to die for Trump’s lie and wondered whether the police were willing to die defending Congress and the Vice President against Trump’s mob. <a href="https://t.co/OpZa7Hzdkl">pic.twitter.com/OpZa7Hzdkl</a></p> <p>— January 6th Committee (@January6thCmte) <a href="https://twitter.com/January6thCmte/status/1547244794472185857?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">July 13, 2022</a></p></blockquote> <p><a href="https://platform.twitter.com/widgets.js">https://platform.twitter.com/widgets.js</a></p> <p>Of course, Trump was not alone in mobilizing these forces. Within hours of his tweet, <a href="https://www.cnn.com/videos/politics/2022/07/12/right-wing-commentators-supporters-trump-tweet-reaction-sot-3-2022-january-6-hearings-vpx.cnn">far-right media personalities</a> – including InfoWars host Alex Jones (see the House Select Committee’s <a href="https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-J6-REPORT/html-submitted/ch6.html">description</a> of Jones’s Proud Boys <a href="https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-J6-REPORT/html-submitted/ch8.html">connections</a>) and YouTube personality Tim Pool (see Pool’s<a href="https://www.newsweek.com/january-6-committee-misrepresented-me-opinion-1724357"> denial</a> of pre-Jan. 6 statements; and for further context, the 2024<a href="https://www.npr.org/2024/09/05/nx-s1-5100829/russia-election-influencers-youtube"> federal indictment</a> of Russian government actors’ indirect funding) – took to their channels to promote Trump’s call for descending on Washington, DC on Jan. 6.</p> <p>As a House Select Committee video <a href="https://www.cnn.com/videos/politics/2022/07/12/right-wing-commentators-supporters-trump-tweet-reaction-sot-3-2022-january-6-hearings-vpx.cnn">shows</a>, one right-wing media personality stated, “It’s going to be a red wedding going down January 6th,” a reference to a violent, mass slaughter. Another (InfoWars guest host Matt Bracken) said, “We are going to only be saved by millions of Americans moving to Washington, occupying the entire area, if necessary, storming right into the Capitol.” Over the following weeks, Rep. Jim Jordan (R-Oh) took to right-wing and far right-wing media as well as his own social media accounts to <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/77852/timeline-rep-jim-jordan-a-systematic-disinformation-campaign-and-january-6/">spread</a> disinformation about the reliability of the election results. Pointing his audience toward Jan. 6 as the mark, Jordan repeatedly described it as “the ultimate date of significance.”</p> <p>Then, on Jan. 5, Steve Bannon (Trump’s 2016 campaign manager) helped ignite the fire for those who had come to DC. After <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2022/01/19/us/oath-keepers-capitol-riot.html">speaking</a> with Trump that morning, Bannon took to his popular podcast <a href="https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-J6-DOC-CTRL0000082317/pdf/GPO-J6-DOC-CTRL0000082317.pdf">saying</a>, “All hell is going to break loose tomorrow. Just understand this: All hell is going to break loose tomorrow. It’s going to be moving, it’s going to be quick … It’s the fog of war.” Bannon <a href="https://www.congress.gov/congressional-report/117th-congress/house-report/152">continued</a>, “It’s not going to happen like you think it’s going to happen. OK, it’s going to be quite extraordinarily different, and all I can say is, strap in.”</p> <h2><strong>Heat Map Lesson 2.</strong> <strong>Coming to a hometown near you</strong></h2> <p>The Heat Map shows the hometowns and geographic centers likely to be most directly affected by a release of January 6th defendants under a Trump pardon, as the former president has promised to do if re-elected. Not all points on the map, however, count in that regard. Many January 6th defendants have already served their sentences, especially if they were convicted or pleaded guilty for more minor offenses. Others were not incarcerated at all.</p> <p>At a certain point, most of the January 6th defendants will complete their sentences in any case, and may well return to their hometowns or neighboring areas. But those releases will occur on a staggered basis and after each individual has paid their debt to society. Their criminal records will also stay with them, rather than being expunged.</p> <p>In terms of the sociopolitical impact, a presidential pardon is an entirely different proposition than that baseline status quo. As a policy matter, a general pardon would instantly release a wave of individuals in a triumphalist spirit with the powerful backing of the Office of the President of the United States. That has potential implications for the hometowns of these individuals – effects that may be even more pronounced in smaller population centers where the effects of such a “catch and release” program will be less diluted. A simultaneous release may also facilitate some of the released individuals’ renewing violent extremist network ties rather than seeking rehabilitation.</p> <h2><strong>Heat Map Lesson 3.</strong> <strong>The local and national socio-political effects of presidential pardons</strong></h2> <p>A presidential pardon of January 6th defendants could also have more general implications in legitimizing and encouraging political violence. In his separate essay, Joscelyn describes the stimulation that presidential pardons could specifically provide to rightwing extremists groups like the Proud Boys. The Heat Map shows the national spread of such a signal more generally, where local newspapers have been tracking arrests, releases, and other developments in the cases of January 6th defendants from their areas. Presidential pardons would be a salient event covered nationally and locally, amplifying their social effects.</p> <h2><strong>Caveats: What Statistics Can’t Tell Us</strong></h2> <p>Academic research on the individuals who stormed the Capitol suffers from several constraints. One of the most significant is the underinclusive nature of using data derived from individuals charged by the Department of Justice. “More than 2,000 [individuals] gained access to the interior of the Capitol building” on January 6th (see the House Select Committee <a href="https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-J6-REPORT/pdf/GPO-J6-REPORT.pdf">final report</a>, p. 73), and the Department of Justice has charged approximately <a href="https://www.justice.gov/usao-dc/44-months-jan-6-attack-us-capitol">1,532</a> individuals for January 6th-related offenses. In other words, a quarter or more of the 2,000 individuals are potentially missing.</p> <p>There may also be systematic bias in which individuals have or have not been charged such as: individuals with a greater presence on social media being more easily discovered, individuals who wore masks and other face coverings on January 6th being less easily identified, individuals who committed violent crimes being prioritized by federal investigators and prosecutors. In addition, “approximately 10,000 people came onto Capitol grounds, with many engaging in violent clashes with officers trying to protect the building and lawmakers inside,” as <a href="https://abc7.com/jan-6-insurrection-us-capitol-riot/11428976/">ABC News</a> reported. That makes the 1,532 charged individuals potentially even less representative of the whole, depending on what one considers the whole and for what purpose.</p> <h2 id="tablepress-30-name" class="tablepress-table-name tablepress-table-name-id-30">Most Common Federal Offenses Charged in January 6th Capitol Riot Cases</h2> <table id="tablepress-30" class="tablepress tablepress-id-30" aria-labelledby="tablepress-30-name"> <tbody class="row-striping"> <tr class="row-1"> <td class="column-1"><span style="color: #ff0000;"><strong>FELONIES</strong></span></td><td class="column-2"></td><td class="column-3"></td> </tr> <tr class="row-2"> <td class="column-1"><a href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/18/111" rel="noopener" target="_blank">18 U.S. Code § 111</a></td><td class="column-2">Assaulting, resisting, or impeding certain officers or employees</td><td class="column-3"><ul><li>assaulting, resisting, or impeding law enforcement officers</li><br /> <li>inflicting bodily injury on certain officers</li></ul></td> </tr> <tr class="row-3"> <td class="column-1"><a href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/18/231" rel="noopener" target="_blank">18 U.S. Code § 231</a></td><td class="column-2">Civil disorders</td><td class="column-3"><ul><li>civil disorder</li><br /> <li>interfering with a law enforcement officer during a civil disorder</li></ul></td> </tr> <tr class="row-4"> <td class="column-1"><a href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/18/372" rel="noopener" target="_blank">18 U.S. Code § 372</a></td><td class="column-2">Conspiracy to impede or injure officer </td><td class="column-3"><ul><li>conspiring to prevent an officer of the United States from discharging a duty</li></ul></td> </tr> <tr class="row-5"> <td class="column-1"><a href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/18/1519#:~:text=Whoever%20knowingly%20alters%2C%20destroys%2C%20mutilates,or%20agency%20of%20the%20United" rel="noopener" target="_blank">18 U.S. Code § 1519</a></td><td class="column-2">Destruction, alteration, or falsification of records in Federal investigations and bankruptcy </td><td class="column-3"><ul><li>corruptly altering, destroying, mutilating or concealing a record</li></ul></td> </tr> <tr class="row-6"> <td class="column-1"><a href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/18/1361" rel="noopener" target="_blank">18 U.S. Code § 1361</a></td><td class="column-2">Government property or contracts </td><td class="column-3"><ul><li>destruction of government property (if over $1,000)</li></ul></td> </tr> <tr class="row-7"> <td class="column-1"><a href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/18/641" rel="noopener" target="_blank">18 U.S. Code § 641</a></td><td class="column-2">Public money, property or records </td><td class="column-3"><ul><li>theft of government property (if over $1,000)</li></ul></td> </tr> <tr class="row-8"> <td class="column-1"><a href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/18/1752" rel="noopener" target="_blank">18 U.S. Code § 1752</a></td><td class="column-2">Restricted building or grounds</td><td class="column-3"><ul><li>entering and remaining in a restricted building or grounds if done with use or carrying a deadly or dangerous weapon or firearm or if done with result of significant bodily injury</li><br /> <li>disorderly and disruptive conduct in a restricted building or grounds if done with use or carrying a deadly or dangerous weapon or firearm or if done with result of significant bodily injury</li><br /> <li>engaging in physical violence in a restricted building or grounds if done with use or carrying a deadly or dangerous weapon or firearm or if done with result of significant bodily injury</li></ul></td> </tr> <tr class="row-9"> <td class="column-1"><a href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/18/2384" rel="noopener" target="_blank">18 U.S. Code § 2384</a></td><td class="column-2">Seditious conspiracy</td><td class="column-3"><ul><li>Seditious conspiracy</li></ul></td> </tr> <tr class="row-10"> <td class="column-1"><a href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/18/1512" rel="noopener" target="_blank">18 U.S. Code § 1512</a></td><td class="column-2">Tampering with a witness, victim, or an informant</td><td class="column-3"><ul><li>tampering with documents or proceedings</li></ul></td> </tr> <tr class="row-11"> <td class="column-1"><span style="color: #ff0000;"><strong>MISDEMEANORS</strong></span></td><td class="column-2"></td><td class="column-3"></td> </tr> <tr class="row-12"> <td class="column-1"><a href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/18/1361" rel="noopener" target="_blank">18 U.S. Code § 1361</a></td><td class="column-2">Government property or contracts</td><td class="column-3"><ul><li>destruction of government property (if under $1,000)</li></ul></td> </tr> <tr class="row-13"> <td class="column-1"><a href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/18/641" rel="noopener" target="_blank">18 U.S. Code § 641</a></td><td class="column-2">Public money, property or records</td><td class="column-3"><ul><li>theft of government property (if under $1,000) (examples: theft of an “area closed” sign, an American flag, a flagpole)</li></ul></td> </tr> <tr class="row-14"> <td class="column-1"><a href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/18/1752" rel="noopener" target="_blank">18 U.S. Code § 1752</a></td><td class="column-2">Restricted building or grounds</td><td class="column-3"><ul><li>entering and remaining in a restricted building or grounds</li><br /> <li>disorderly and disruptive conduct in a restricted building or grounds</li><br /> <li>engaging in physical violence in a restricted building or grounds</li></ul></td> </tr> <tr class="row-15"> <td class="column-1"><a href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/40/5104" rel="noopener" target="_blank">40 U.S. Code § 5104</a></td><td class="column-2">Unlawful activities</td><td class="column-3"><ul><li>disorderly conduct in a Capitol Building</li><br /> <li>entering and remaining on the floor of congress</li><br /> <li>entering and remaining in the gallery of congress</li><br /> <li>committing an act of violence in the Capitol Building or grounds</li><br /> <li>parading, demonstrating, or picketing in a Capitol Building</li><br /> <li>stepping, climbing, removing, or injuring property on capitol grounds</li></ul></td> </tr> </tbody> </table>  <div class="icon-end-post"></div><div class="mobile-post-tags"><div class="post-tags"><h3>Filed under:</h3><p><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/democracy/" rel="tag">Democracy</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/january-6th-attack-on-us-capitol/" rel="tag">January 6th Attack on US Capitol</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/pardons/" rel="tag">Pardons</a></p></div></div></article></main><div id="secondary-right" class="secondary" role="complementary"><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/early-edition-signup/" class="button has-icon icon-pm">Signups for A.M. & P.M. 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Eisen</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/angelsamara/" title="Profile and articles by Samara Angel" class="author url fn" rel="author">Samara Angel</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/booneclare/" title="Profile and articles by Clare Boone" class="author url fn" rel="author">Clare Boone</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 23rd, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/104130/rule-of-law-index-2024/">Rule of Law Index Shows Some Rays of Hope Amidst Continuing Global Recession</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/andersenelizabeth/" title="Profile and articles by Elizabeth Andersen" class="author url fn" rel="author">Elizabeth Andersen</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/evangelidesalicia/" title="Profile and articles by Alicia Evangelides" class="author url fn" rel="author">Alicia Evangelides</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 23rd, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/104036/heat-map-january-6th-defendants-2/">Heat Map of January 6th Defendants Across the United States</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/goodmanryan/" title="Profile and articles by Ryan Goodman" class="author url fn" rel="author">Ryan Goodman</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 17th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/103956/proud-boys-threat-assessment/">Proud Boys Threat Assessment: From the Planning of January 6th to Future Scenarios</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/joscelyntom/" title="Profile and articles by Tom Joscelyn" class="author url fn" rel="author">Tom Joscelyn</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 17th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/103773/top-10-election-litigation/">Top 10 Election Litigation Cases in 2024 Implicating the Rule of Law</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/eisennorman/" title="Profile and articles by Norman L. Eisen" class="author url fn" rel="author">Norman L. Eisen</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/angelsamara/" title="Profile and articles by Samara Angel" class="author url fn" rel="author">Samara Angel</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/booneclare/" title="Profile and articles by Clare Boone" class="author url fn" rel="author">Clare Boone</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 16th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/103743/lifting-russia-sanctions/">Lifting Russia Sanctions – What Can a President Do Unilaterally?</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/markustaisa/" title="Profile and articles by Taisa Markus" class="author url fn" rel="author">Taisa Markus</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 16th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/103918/jack-goldsmith-jack-smith-explanation/">Refuting the Latest Baseless Attacks Against Special Counsel Jack Smith</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/weissmannandrew/" title="Profile and articles by Andrew Weissmann" class="author url fn" rel="author">Andrew Weissmann</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/goodmanryan/" title="Profile and articles by Ryan Goodman" class="author url fn" rel="author">Ryan Goodman</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 15th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/103838/un-future-summit-can-teach/">What the UN’s Summit of the Future Can Teach Us – When the Dust Settles</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/streetjordan/" title="Profile and articles by Jordan Street" class="author url fn" rel="author">Jordan Street</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 11th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/103818/scenario-planning-january-6th/">The “War Game” Documentary, and Simulating a Worse January 6th</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/rudesilldakota/" title="Profile and articles by Dakota S. Rudesill" class="author url fn" rel="author">Dakota S. Rudesill</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 10th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/103777/maintaining-the-rule-of-law-in-the-age-of-ai/">Maintaining the Rule of Law in the Age of AI</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/szilagyikatie/" title="Profile and articles by Katie Szilagyi" class="author url fn" rel="author">Katie Szilagyi</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 9th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/103478/2024-election-litigation-top-10/">Top 10 Election Litigation Cases in 2024 Implicating the Rule of Law</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/eisennorman/" title="Profile and articles by Norman L. Eisen" class="author url fn" rel="author">Norman L. Eisen</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/angelsamara/" title="Profile and articles by Samara Angel" class="author url fn" rel="author">Samara Angel</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/booneclare/" title="Profile and articles by Clare Boone" class="author url fn" rel="author">Clare Boone</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 8th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/103317/shattering-illusions-how-cyber-threat-intelligence-augments-legal-action-against-russias-influence-operations/">Shattering Illusions: How Cyber Threat Intelligence Augments Legal Action against Russia’s Influence Operations</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/kruschmasonw/" title="Profile and articles by Mason W. Krusch" class="author url fn" rel="author">Mason W. Krusch</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 8th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/103464/beyond-law-reaffirming-the-centrality-of-ethics-in-war/">Beyond Law: Reaffirming the Centrality of Ethics in War</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/schwarzelke/" title="Profile and articles by Elke Schwarz" class="author url fn" rel="author">Elke Schwarz</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/renicneil/" title="Profile and articles by Neil Renic" class="author url fn" rel="author">Neil Renic</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 7th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/103533/whos-who-jack-smith-immunity-brief/">Who’s Who in Jack Smith’s Immunity Brief</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/klasfeldadam/" title="Profile and articles by Adam Klasfeld" class="author url fn" rel="author">Adam Klasfeld</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 4th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/103433/unlawful-private-militias-government-response/">The Threat from Unlawful Private Militias Has Evolved. The Federal Government’s Response Must Evolve Too.</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/mccordmary/" title="Profile and articles by Mary B. McCord" class="author url fn" rel="author">Mary B. McCord</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/glickjacob/" title="Profile and articles by Jacob Glick" class="author url fn" rel="author">Jacob Glick</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 4th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/103348/afghanistan-protect-allies/">US Should Learn from Afghanistan and Vietnam Withdrawals to Better Protect Vulnerable Allies</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/rscottadams12/" title="Profile and articles by R. Scott Adams" class="author url fn" rel="author">R. Scott Adams</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 3rd, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/103406/iran-israel-escalation/">Threats and Response Options in the Escalating Israel-Iran Conflict</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/rosenbrianna/" title="Profile and articles by Brianna Rosen" class="author url fn" rel="author">Brianna Rosen</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 2nd, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/103380/un-future-pact-reform/">The UN’s New Pact for the Future: A Milestone That Can Set a Path for Change</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/ponziorichard/" title="Profile and articles by Richard Ponzio" class="author url fn" rel="author">Richard Ponzio</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 2nd, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/103339/artificial-intelligence-at-2024-united-nations/">AI at UNGA79: Recapping Key Themes</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/aptclara/" title="Profile and articles by Clara Apt" class="author url fn" rel="author">Clara Apt</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 1st, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/88039/trumps-legal-and-political-calendar-all-the-dates-you-need-to-know/">Master Calendar of Trump Court Dates: Criminal and Civil Cases</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/eisennorman/" title="Profile and articles by Norman L. Eisen" class="author url fn" rel="author">Norman L. 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Michael Kirby" class="author url fn" rel="author">The Hon. Michael Kirby</a></p> <p class="date">Aug 29th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98855/good-moral-character-trump-immigrants/">‘Good Moral Character?’ Holding Trump to the Same Standards as the Immigrants He Vilifies</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/chenedgar/" title="Profile and articles by Edgar Chen" class="author url fn" rel="author">Edgar Chen</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/rossdan/" title="Profile and articles by Dan Ross" class="author url fn" rel="author">Dan Ross</a></p> <p class="date">Aug 28th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/99069/artificial-intelligence-democracy-effects/">Don’t Downplay Risks of AI for Democracy</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/nosselsuzanne/" title="Profile and articles by Suzanne Nossel" class="author url fn" rel="author">Suzanne Nossel</a></p> <p class="date">Aug 28th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98844/dont-sanction-icc/">Don’t Sanction the ICC for Doing its Job</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/mayamichael/" title="Profile and articles by Michael Maya" class="author url fn" rel="author">Michael Maya</a></p> <p class="date">Aug 27th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/81789/russias-eliminationist-rhetoric-against-ukraine-a-collection/">Russia’s Eliminationist Rhetoric Against Ukraine: A Collection</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/aptclara/" title="Profile and articles by Clara Apt" class="author url fn" rel="author">Clara Apt</a></p> <p class="date">Aug 26th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98895/presidential-immunity-congressional-contempt/">Presidential Immunity Decision May Have Implications for Congressional-Executive Divide on Criminal Contempt</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/wrightandy/" title="Profile and articles by Andy Wright" class="author url fn" rel="author">Andy Wright</a></p> <p class="date">Aug 26th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98847/kursk-incursion-international-law/">Ukraine’s Incursion into Kursk Oblast: A Lawful Case of Defensive Invasion?</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/omearachris/" title="Profile and articles by Chris O'Meara" class="author url fn" rel="author">Chris O'Meara</a></p> <p class="date">Aug 23rd, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98812/icc-amicus-brief-israel-palestine/">Expert Explainer: The US for the first time submits a formal brief to the International Criminal Court on the ‘Situation in Palestine’</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/buchwaldtodd/" title="Profile and articles by Todd Buchwald" class="author url fn" rel="author">Todd Buchwald</a></p> <p class="date">Aug 22nd, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98787/icc-disability-slave-trade/">Time for the International Criminal Court to Recognize Persons with Disabilities and the Slave Trade</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/lordjanet/" title="Profile and articles by Janet Lord" class="author url fn" rel="author">Janet Lord</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/schwarzpace/" title="Profile and articles by Pace Schwarz" class="author url fn" rel="author">Pace Schwarz</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/smithmatthew/" title="Profile and articles by Matthew "Hezzy" Smith" class="author url fn" rel="author">Matthew "Hezzy" Smith</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/steinmichael/" title="Profile and articles by Michael Ashley Stein" class="author url fn" rel="author">Michael Ashley Stein</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/greenalex/" title="Profile and articles by Alex Green" class="author url fn" rel="author">Alex Green</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/kayessrosemary/" title="Profile and articles by Rosemary Kayess" class="author url fn" rel="author">Rosemary Kayess</a></p> <p class="date">Aug 21st, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98801/podcast-international-law-israel-palestine/">The Just Security Podcast: Assessing the Recent Response of International Law and Institutions in Palestine and Israel</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/imseisardi/" title="Profile and articles by Ardi Imseis" class="author url fn" rel="author">Ardi Imseis</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/hammourishahd/" title="Profile and articles by Shahd Hammouri" class="author url fn" rel="author">Shahd Hammouri</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/kattanvictor/" title="Profile and articles by Victor Kattan" class="author url fn" rel="author">Victor Kattan</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/sirleafmatiangai/" title="Profile and articles by Matiangai Sirleaf" class="author url fn" rel="author">Matiangai Sirleaf</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/shahparas/" title="Profile and articles by Paras Shah" class="author url fn" rel="author">Paras Shah</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/aptclara/" title="Profile and articles by Clara Apt" class="author url fn" rel="author">Clara Apt</a></p> <p class="date">Aug 21st, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98754/biden-end-iraq-war/">A Presidential Proclamation to End the Iraq War: Unilateral Executive Action to Defang a Zombie AUMF</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/finucanebrian/" title="Profile and articles by Brian Finucane" class="author url fn" rel="author">Brian Finucane</a></p> <p class="date">Aug 20th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98733/ukraine-icc-ratification/">Unforced Error: Article 124 and the Regrettable Caveat to Ukraine’s Proposed Ratification of the ICC Statute</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/dannenbaumtom/" title="Profile and articles by Tom Dannenbaum" class="author url fn" rel="author">Tom Dannenbaum</a></p> <p class="date">Aug 20th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98674/911-plea-deals-revoked/">Revoking the 9/11 Plea Deals: Human Rights Consequences</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/niaolainfionnuala/" title="Profile and articles by Fionnuala Ní Aoláin" class="author url fn" rel="author">Fionnuala Ní Aoláin</a></p> <p class="date">Aug 16th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98652/afghanistan-taliban-third-anniversary/">Collecting Just Security’s Afghanistan Coverage on Third Anniversary of Taliban Takeover</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/nirmaya/" title="Profile and articles by Maya Nir" class="author url fn" rel="author">Maya Nir</a></p> <p class="date">Aug 15th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98592/sudan-talks-deadlock/">Breaking the Deadlock: New Talks Needed to Help End Sudan’s Violence and Offer a Glimmer of Hope</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/abdulshafiquscondy/" title="Profile and articles by Quscondy Abdulshafi" class="author url fn" rel="author">Quscondy Abdulshafi</a></p> <p class="date">Aug 13th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98543/fara-sue-mi-terry/">The Perils of Expertise: How the DOJ Indictment of Sue Mi Terry Can Chill the Think Tank World</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/craiggregory/" title="Profile and articles by Gregory B. Craig" class="author url fn" rel="author">Gregory B. Craig</a></p> <p class="date">Aug 12th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98501/israel-trans-border-torture/">Justice for Trans-border Torture Requires Rethinking the International Criminal Court’s Jurisdiction in the Israel-Palestine Conflict</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/ben-natansmadar/" title="Profile and articles by Smadar Ben-Natan" class="author url fn" rel="author">Smadar Ben-Natan</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/mannitamar/" title="Profile and articles by Itamar Mann" class="author url fn" rel="author">Itamar Mann</a></p> <p class="date">Aug 7th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98445/our-lives-depend-on-cloud/">Our Lives Depend on the Cloud. Now What?</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/pendletonjohn/" title="Profile and articles by John Pendleton" class="author url fn" rel="author">John Pendleton</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/leviteariel/" title="Profile and articles by Ariel Levite" class="author url fn" rel="author">Ariel Levite</a></p> <p class="date">Aug 6th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98429/security-council-report-isis-qaeda/">Wake Up Call: UN Security Council’s Report on ISIS and al-Qaeda</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/joscelyntom/" title="Profile and articles by Tom Joscelyn" class="author url fn" rel="author">Tom Joscelyn</a></p> <p class="date">Aug 5th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98378/podcast-assessing-laws-of-war/">The Just Security Podcast: Assessing the Laws of War</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/droegecordula/" title="Profile and articles by Cordula Droege" class="author url fn" rel="author">Cordula Droege</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/bridgemantess/" title="Profile and articles by Tess Bridgeman" class="author url fn" rel="author">Tess Bridgeman</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/shahparas/" title="Profile and articles by Paras Shah" class="author url fn" rel="author">Paras Shah</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/blankharrison/" title="Profile and articles by Harrison Blank" class="author url fn" rel="author">Harrison Blank</a></p> <p class="date">Aug 2nd, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98313/podcast-hostage-policy/">The Just Security Podcast: The Evolution of U.S. Hostage Policy</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/foleydiane/" title="Profile and articles by Diane Foley" class="author url fn" rel="author">Diane Foley</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/hartigluke/" title="Profile and articles by Luke Hartig" class="author url fn" rel="author">Luke Hartig</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/violagienger/" title="Profile and articles by Viola Gienger" class="author url fn" rel="author">Viola Gienger</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/shahparas/" title="Profile and articles by Paras Shah" class="author url fn" rel="author">Paras Shah</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/blankharrison/" title="Profile and articles by Harrison Blank" class="author url fn" rel="author">Harrison Blank</a></p> <p class="date">Aug 1st, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98273/the-aftermath-of-the-haniyeh-killing-how-to-avoid-a-new-middle-east-war/">The Aftermath of the Haniyeh Killing: How to Avoid a New Middle East War</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/rosenbrianna/" title="Profile and articles by Brianna Rosen" class="author url fn" rel="author">Brianna Rosen</a></p> <p class="date">Jul 31st, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98261/disability-think-differently-trump/">Donald Trump’s Dangerous Views on Disability and the Power to Think Differently</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/shahparas/" title="Profile and articles by Paras Shah" class="author url fn" rel="author">Paras Shah</a></p> <p class="date">Jul 31st, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/97738/just-security-analysis-supreme-court/">Collecting Just Security’s Analysis of the Supreme Court’s Term</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/blankharrison/" title="Profile and articles by Harrison Blank" class="author url fn" rel="author">Harrison Blank</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/bridgemantess/" title="Profile and articles by Tess Bridgeman" class="author url fn" rel="author">Tess Bridgeman</a></p> <p class="date">Jul 29th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98205/prudential-trump-v-united-states/">A Prudential Way Forward in <i>Trump v. United States</i></a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/bobbittphilip/" title="Profile and articles by Philip Bobbitt" class="author url fn" rel="author">Philip Bobbitt</a></p> <p class="date">Jul 29th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98091/negotiations-with-iran-now/">Space May be Opening for Negotiations with Iran</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/brewgregory/" title="Profile and articles by Gregory Brew" class="author url fn" rel="author">Gregory Brew</a></p> <p class="date">Jul 29th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98128/united-nations-pact-for-future/">What the Draft UN “Pact for the Future” Tells Us About International Insecurity</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/gowanrichard/" title="Profile and articles by Richard Gowan" class="author url fn" rel="author">Richard Gowan</a></p> <p class="date">Jul 26th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98082/international-court-of-justices-call-on-all-states-to-end-israels-occupation-and-find-a-path-to-peace/">International Court of Justice’s Call on All States to End Israel’s Occupation and Find a Path to Peace</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/nowrojeebinaifer/" title="Profile and articles by Binaifer Nowrojee" class="author url fn" rel="author">Binaifer Nowrojee</a></p> <p class="date">Jul 25th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98037/doj-special-counsel/"><i> United States v. Nixon </i> at Fifty: Why Judge Cannon Is Wrong About the Attorney General’s Authority to Select a Special Counsel</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/ledermanmarty/" title="Profile and articles by Marty Lederman" class="author url fn" rel="author">Marty Lederman</a></p> <p class="date">Jul 24th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/97937/azerbaijan-arbitrary-detentions-host-cop29/">Azerbaijan’s Aliyev Extends Arbitrary Detentions Even as He Prepares to Host Global Climate Conference COP29</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/bayramovazhala/" title="Profile and articles by Zhala Bayramova" class="author url fn" rel="author">Zhala Bayramova</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/bayramovibad/" title="Profile and articles by Ibad Bayramov" class="author url fn" rel="author">Ibad Bayramov</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/bayramliemin/" title="Profile and articles by Emin Bayramli" class="author url fn" rel="author">Emin Bayramli</a></p> <p class="date">Jul 23rd, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/92714/american-autocracy-threat-tracker/">American Autocracy Threat Tracker</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/eisennorman/" title="Profile and articles by Norman L. Eisen" class="author url fn" rel="author">Norman L. Eisen</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/ben-ghiatruth/" title="Profile and articles by Ruth Ben-Ghiat" class="author url fn" rel="author">Ruth Ben-Ghiat</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/wattsiven/" title="Profile and articles by Siven Watt" class="author url fn" rel="author">Siven Watt</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/kolbjoshua/" title="Profile and articles by Joshua Kolb" class="author url fn" rel="author">Joshua Kolb</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/warrenandrew/" title="Profile and articles by Andrew Warren" class="author url fn" rel="author">Andrew Warren</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/kovacs-goodmanjacob/" title="Profile and articles by Jacob Kovacs-Goodman" class="author url fn" rel="author">Jacob Kovacs-Goodman</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/barrilleauxfrancois/" title="Profile and articles by Francois Barrilleaux" class="author url fn" rel="author">Francois Barrilleaux</a></p> <p class="date">Jul 22nd, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/97922/non-state-civilian-political-institutions/">Assessing the Civilian and Political Institutions of Armed Non-State Actors under International Law</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/fortinkatharine/" title="Profile and articles by Katharine Fortin" class="author url fn" rel="author">Katharine Fortin</a></p> <p class="date">Jul 22nd, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/97826/state-departments-civilian-harm-incident-response/">The State Department’s Civilian Harm Incident Response Guidance: How to Make a Good Thing Better</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/blahacharles/" title="Profile and articles by Charles O. (Cob) Blaha" class="author url fn" rel="author">Charles O. (Cob) Blaha</a></p> <p class="date">Jul 18th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/97781/three-flaws-supreme-court-immunity/">Three Flaws in the Supreme Court’s Decision on Presidential Criminal Immunity</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/weissmannandrew/" title="Profile and articles by Andrew Weissmann" class="author url fn" rel="author">Andrew Weissmann</a></p> <p class="date">Jul 17th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/97760/economic-security-presidential-power/">How ‘Economic Security’ is Re-shaping Presidential Power</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/claussenkathleen/" title="Profile and articles by Kathleen Claussen" class="author url fn" rel="author">Kathleen Claussen</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/meyertimothy/" title="Profile and articles by Timothy Meyer" class="author url fn" rel="author">Timothy Meyer</a></p> <p class="date">Jul 16th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/97747/trump-docs-case-dismissed/">Judge Cannon Finds Special Counsel Unconstitutional in Trump Classified Documents Case: What’s Next for Jack Smith?</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/klasfeldadam/" title="Profile and articles by Adam Klasfeld" class="author url fn" rel="author">Adam Klasfeld</a></p> <p class="date">Jul 15th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/97718/nato-summit-ukraine-russia-china/">After the NATO Summit, Allies Need to Step Up Their Game on Ukraine, Russia, and China</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/kramerdavidj/" title="Profile and articles by David J. Kramer" class="author url fn" rel="author">David J. Kramer</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/kellyian/" title="Profile and articles by Ambassador (ret) Ian Kelly" class="author url fn" rel="author">Ambassador (ret) Ian Kelly</a></p> <p class="date">Jul 15th, 2024</p> </li></ul></div></aside><div class="capitol-breaker"><h3 class="widget-title">Resources</h3></div><aside id="js-scrolling-content-4" class="widget js-scrolling-content clearfix"><h3 class="flexible-content-title">Trackers</h3><div class="flexible-content posts clearfix" style="height:auto;"><ul class="posts-list-min"><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/81789/russias-eliminationist-rhetoric-against-ukraine-a-collection/">Russia’s Eliminationist Rhetoric Against Ukraine: A Collection</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/aptclara/" title="Profile and articles by Clara Apt" class="author url fn" rel="author">Clara Apt</a></p> <p class="date">Aug 26th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/100235/unga-79-expert-analysis-resources/">UNGA 79: Expert Analysis & Resources</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/aptclara/" title="Profile and articles by Clara Apt" class="author url fn" rel="author">Clara Apt</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/nirmaya/" title="Profile and articles by Maya Nir" class="author url fn" rel="author">Maya Nir</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/violagienger/" title="Profile and articles by Viola Gienger" class="author url fn" rel="author">Viola Gienger</a></p> <p class="date">Sep 19th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/77022/january-6-clearinghouse/">January 6 Clearinghouse</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/goodmanryan/" title="Profile and articles by Ryan Goodman" class="author url fn" rel="author">Ryan Goodman</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/hendrixjustin/" title="Profile and articles by Justin Hendrix" class="author url fn" rel="author">Justin Hendrix</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/eisennorman/" title="Profile and articles by Norman L. Eisen" class="author url fn" rel="author">Norman L. Eisen</a></p> <p class="date">Mar 14th, 2024</p> </li></ul></div></aside><aside id="js-scrolling-content-6" class="widget js-scrolling-content clearfix"><h3 class="flexible-content-title">Series</h3><div class="flexible-content posts custom-scroll clearfix" style="height:350px;"><ul class="posts-list-min"><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/96975/icc-prosecutor-policy-complementarity-cooperation/">Symposium: ICC Prosecutor Launches Policy on Complementarity and Cooperation</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/uruenarene/" title="Profile and articles by René Urueña" class="author url fn" rel="author">René Urueña</a></p> <p class="date">Jun 20th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/96881/symposium-on-ai-and-human-rights/">Introducing the Symposium on AI and Human Rights</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/peakejessica/" title="Profile and articles by Jessica Peake" 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Barela</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/fallonmark/" title="Profile and articles by Mark Fallon" class="author url fn" rel="author">Mark Fallon</a></p> <p class="date">Jun 1st, 2021</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/76692/introduction-to-just-securitys-series-on-tulsa-race-massacre-of-1921/">Introduction to Just Security’s Series on Tulsa Race Massacre of 1921</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/bergerchristine/" title="Profile and articles by Christine Berger" class="author url fn" rel="author">Christine Berger</a></p> <p class="date">May 29th, 2021</p> </li></ul></div></aside><div class="capitol-breaker"><h3 class="widget-title">Key Topics</h3><div class="sub-title">Scroll within to view all topics.</div></div><aside id="js-scrolling-content-2" class="widget js-scrolling-content clearfix"><div class="flexible-content links custom-scroll clearfix" style="height:255px;"><ul class="link-list"><li><a 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clearfix"><div class="secondary-left"><h3>About the Author(s)</h3></div><div class="primary"><div class="post-author-bio"><h4 title="Read bio and view posts by this author"><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/goodmanryan/">Ryan <span>Goodman</span></a></h4><p>Ryan Goodman (<a href="https://twitter.com/rgoodlaw">@rgoodlaw</a>) is co-editor-in-chief of Just Security and Anne and Joel Ehrenkranz Professor of Law at New York University School of Law.</p> </div><p class="clearfix"> <a href="mailto:lte@justsecurity.org" class="button has-icon icon-fa"> <i class="fa fa-envelope-o" aria-hidden="true"></i> Send A Letter To The Editor </a> </p></div></div><div class="post-bottom-row related-posts clearfix"><div class="secondary-left"><h3>Read these related stories next:</h3></div><div class="primary archive-wrap"><div class="result-entry type-post"> <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/84303/just-securitys-climate-archive/" class="thumb" 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