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id="toc-Early_years" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_years"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Early years</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_years-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Leningrad_and_Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Leningrad_and_Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Leningrad and Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Leningrad_and_Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-National_Scientific_Center_Kharkiv_Institute_of_Physics_and_Technology,_Kharkiv" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_Scientific_Center_Kharkiv_Institute_of_Physics_and_Technology,_Kharkiv"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>National Scientific Center Kharkiv Institute of Physics and Technology, Kharkiv</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-National_Scientific_Center_Kharkiv_Institute_of_Physics_and_Technology,_Kharkiv-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Institute_for_Physical_Problems,_Moscow" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Institute_for_Physical_Problems,_Moscow"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Institute for Physical Problems, Moscow</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Institute_for_Physical_Problems,_Moscow-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scientific_achievements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scientific_achievements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Scientific achievements</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scientific_achievements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_life_and_views" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_life_and_views"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Personal life and views</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_life_and_views-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Last_years" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Last_years"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>Last years</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Last_years-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8</span> <span>Death</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fields_of_contribution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fields_of_contribution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Fields of contribution</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Fields_of_contribution-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Fields of contribution subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Fields_of_contribution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pedagogy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pedagogy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Pedagogy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pedagogy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Landau's_ranking_of_physicists" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Landau's_ranking_of_physicists"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Landau's ranking of physicists</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Landau's_ranking_of_physicists-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>In popular culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Works</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Works-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Works subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Course_of_Theoretical_Physics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Course_of_Theoretical_Physics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span><i>Course of Theoretical Physics</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Course_of_Theoretical_Physics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Other</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Lev Landau</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 87 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-87" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">87 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lef_Landau" title="Lef Landau – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Lef Landau" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%81_%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%88" title="ليف لانداو – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ليف لانداو" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%27%E0%A6%AD_%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A3%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%89" title="লে'ভ লাণ্ডাউ – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="লে'ভ লাণ্ডাউ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lev_Land%C3%A1u" title="Lev Landáu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Lev Landáu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lev_Landau" title="Lev Landau – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Lev Landau" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88_%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%88" title="لو لانداو – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="لو لانداو" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AD_%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%89" title="ল্যেভ লান্দাউ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ল্যেভ লান্দাউ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lev_Landau" title="Lev Landau – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Lev Landau" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%83_%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%B2_%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" title="Ландау Лев Давидович – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Ландау Лев Давидович" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D1%9E_%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%87_%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%83" title="Леў Давідавіч Ландау – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Леў Давідавіч Ландау" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D1%9E_%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%9E" title="Леў Ландаў – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Леў Ландаў" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%B2_%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%83" title="Лев Ландау – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Лев Ландау" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lev_Landau" title="Lev Landau – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Lev Landau" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lev_Landau" title="Lev Landau – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Lev Landau" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%83_%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%B2_%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" title="Ландау Лев Давидович – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Ландау Лев Давидович" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lev_Davidovi%C4%8D_Landau" title="Lev Davidovič Landau – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Lev Davidovič Landau" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lev_Landau" title="Lev Landau – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Lev Landau" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lew_Dawidowitsch_Landau" title="Lew Dawidowitsch Landau – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Lew Dawidowitsch Landau" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lev_Landau" title="Lev Landau – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Lev Landau" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9B%CE%B5%CE%B2_%CE%9B%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%AC%CE%BF%CF%85" title="Λεβ Λαντάου – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Λεβ Λαντάου" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lev_Land%C3%A1u" title="Lev Landáu – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Lev Landáu" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lev_Landau" title="Lev Landau – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Lev Landau" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lev_Landau" title="Lev Landau – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Lev Landau" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88_%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%88" title="لو لانداو – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="لو لانداو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lev_Landau" title="Lev Landau – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Lev Landau" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lev_Davidovich_Landau" title="Lev Davidovich Landau – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Lev Davidovich Landau" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lev_Landau" title="Lev Landau – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Lev Landau" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lev_Landau" title="Lev Landau – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Lev Landau" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A0%88%ED%94%84_%EB%9E%80%EB%8B%A4%EC%9A%B0" title="레프 란다우 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="레프 란다우" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BC%D6%87_%D4%BC%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A4%D5%A1%D5%B8%D6%82" title="Լև Լանդաու – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Լև Լանդաու" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8C" title="लेव लाण्डौ – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="लेव लाण्डौ" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lev_Davidovi%C4%8D_Landau" title="Lev Davidovič Landau – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Lev Davidovič Landau" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lev_Davidovich_Landau" title="Lev Davidovich Landau – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Lev Davidovich Landau" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lev_Davidovich_Landau" title="Lev Davidovich Landau – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Lev Davidovich Landau" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lev_Davidovi%C4%8D_Landau" title="Lev Davidovič Landau – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lev Davidovič Landau" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9C%D7%91_%D7%9C%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%90%D7%95" title="לב לנדאו – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="לב לנדאו" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%B5%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A1%E0%B3%8C" title="ಲೆವ್ ಲ್ಯಾಂಡೌ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಲೆವ್ ಲ್ಯಾಂಡೌ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%95_%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%A3" title="ლევ ლანდაუ – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ლევ ლანდაუ" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%B2_%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87_%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%83" title="Лев Давыдович Ландау – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Лев Давыдович Ландау" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lev_Landau" title="Lev Landau – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Lev Landau" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lev_Davidovich_Landau" title="Lev Davidovich Landau – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Lev Davidovich Landau" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lev_Landau" title="Lev Landau – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Lev Landau" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%B2_%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%83" title="Лев Ландау – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Лев Ландау" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_Landau" title="Leo Landau – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Leo Landau" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%BBevs_Landaus" title="Ļevs Landaus – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Ļevs Landaus" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lev_Landau" title="Lev Landau – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Lev Landau" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lev_Davidovics_Landau" title="Lev Davidovics Landau – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Lev Davidovics Landau" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%B2_%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%83" title="Лав Ландау – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Лав Ландау" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lev_Landau" title="Lev Landau – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Lev Landau" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B9_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%89" title="लेव्ह लँडाउ – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="लेव्ह लँडाउ" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%95_%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%A3" title="ლევ ლანდაუ – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ლევ ლანდაუ" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%81_%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%88" title="ليف لانداو – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ليف لانداو" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88_%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%88" title="لو لانداو – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="لو لانداو" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lev_Landau" title="Lev Landau – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Lev Landau" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%B2_%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%83" title="Лев Ландау – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Лев Ландау" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lev_Landau" title="Lev Landau – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Lev Landau" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AD_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%89" title="लेभ लान्डाउ – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="लेभ लान्डाउ" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AC%E3%83%95%E3%83%BB%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%83%80%E3%82%A6" title="レフ・ランダウ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="レフ・ランダウ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lev_Landau" title="Lev Landau – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Lev Landau" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lev_Landau" title="Lev Landau – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Lev Landau" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lev_Davidovich_Landau" title="Lev Davidovich Landau – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Lev Davidovich Landau" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lev_Landau" title="Lev Landau – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Lev Landau" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%88_%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%A4" title="لیو لنداؤ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="لیو لنداؤ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lew_Landau" title="Lew Landau – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Lew Landau" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lev_Landau" title="Lev Landau – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Lev Landau" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lev_Landau" title="Lev Landau – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Lev Landau" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%83,_%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%B2_%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" title="Ландау, Лев Давидович – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ландау, Лев Давидович" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8C" title="लेव लाण्डौ – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="लेव लाण्डौ" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lev_Landau" title="Lev Landau – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Lev Landau" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lev_Davidovi%C4%8D_Landau" title="Lev Davidovič Landau – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Lev Davidovič Landau" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lev_Davidovi%C4%8D_Landau" title="Lev Davidovič Landau – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Lev Davidovič Landau" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%B2_%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%83" title="Лав Ландау – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Лав Ландау" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lav_Landau" title="Lav Landau – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Lav Landau" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lev_Landau" title="Lev Landau – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Lev Landau" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lev_Landau" title="Lev Landau – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Lev Landau" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%81" title="லேவ் லந்தாவு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="லேவ் லந்தாவு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%B2_%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%83" title="Лев Ландау – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Лев Ландау" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%9F_%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2" title="เลฟ ลันเดา – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เลฟ ลันเดา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%B2_%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%83" title="Лев Ландау – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Лев Ландау" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lev_Landau" title="Lev Landau – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Lev Landau" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%83_%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%B2_%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" title="Ландау Лев Давидович – 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navigation-not-searchable">For other people named Landau, see <a href="/wiki/Landau_(surname)" title="Landau (surname)">Landau (surname)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Lev Landau</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="nickname" lang="ru"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold">Лев Ландау</span></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Landau.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Landau.jpg/220px-Landau.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="311" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Landau.jpg/330px-Landau.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Landau.jpg/440px-Landau.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="1527" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Landau in 1962</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Lev Davidovich Landau</div><br /><span class="nowrap"> <span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1908-01-22</span>)</span>22 January 1908 </span><br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Baku" title="Baku">Baku</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caucasus_Viceroyalty_(1801%E2%80%931917)" title="Caucasus Viceroyalty (1801–1917)">Caucasus Viceroyalty</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap"> 1 April 1968<span style="display:none">(1968-04-01)</span> (aged 60) </span><br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Novodevichy_Cemetery" title="Novodevichy Cemetery">Novodevichy Cemetery</a>, Moscow</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data">Baku Economical Technical School</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Baku_State_University" title="Baku State University">Baku State University</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg_State_University" title="Saint Petersburg State University">Leningrad State University</a> (<a href="/wiki/Diploma" title="Diploma">diploma</a>, 1927)<br /><a href="/wiki/Ioffe_Physico-Technical_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Ioffe Physico-Technical Institute">Leningrad Physico-Technical Institute</a> (<a href="/wiki/D.Sc." class="mw-redirect" title="D.Sc.">D.Sc.</a>, 1934)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>List</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Landau_damping" title="Landau damping">Landau damping</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Landau_distribution" title="Landau distribution">Landau distribution</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Landau_gauge" class="mw-redirect" title="Landau gauge">Landau gauge</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Landau_pole" title="Landau pole">Landau pole</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Diamagnetism" title="Diamagnetism">Landau susceptibility</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Landau_free_energy" class="mw-redirect" title="Landau free energy">Landau free energy</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Landau_levels" title="Landau levels">Landau levels</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Fermi_liquid_theory" title="Fermi liquid theory">Landau's Fermi liquid theory</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Landau_theory" title="Landau theory">Landau's phase transition theory</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Stuart%E2%80%93Landau_equation" title="Stuart–Landau equation">Stuart–Landau equation</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Ginzburg%E2%80%93Landau_theory" title="Ginzburg–Landau theory">Ginzburg–Landau theory</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Darrieus%E2%80%93Landau_instability" title="Darrieus–Landau instability">Darrieus–Landau instability</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Landau_kinetic_equation" title="Landau kinetic equation">Landau kinetic equation</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Landau%E2%80%93Peierls_instability" title="Landau–Peierls instability">Landau–Peierls instability</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">Landau singularities</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Landau%E2%80%93Raychaudhuri_equation" class="mw-redirect" title="Landau–Raychaudhuri equation">Landau–Raychaudhuri equation</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Landau%E2%80%93Zener_formula" title="Landau–Zener formula">Landau–Zener formula</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Landau%E2%80%93Squire_jet" title="Landau–Squire jet">Landau–Squire jet</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Landau%E2%80%93Levich_problem" title="Landau–Levich problem">Landau–Levich problem</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">Landau–Pekar equations</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">Landau–Teller model</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Molecular_diffusion#Non-equilibrium_system" title="Molecular diffusion">Landau–Lifshitz fluctuating hydrodynamics</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Landau%E2%80%93Lifshitz_model" title="Landau–Lifshitz model">Landau–Lifshitz model</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Landau%E2%80%93Lifshitz_pseudotensor" class="mw-redirect" title="Landau–Lifshitz pseudotensor">Landau–Lifshitz pseudotensor</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Landau%E2%80%93Lifshitz%E2%80%93Gilbert_equation" title="Landau–Lifshitz–Gilbert equation">Landau–Lifshitz–Gilbert equation</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Landau%E2%80%93Pomeranchuk%E2%80%93Migdal_effect" title="Landau–Pomeranchuk–Migdal effect">Landau–Pomeranchuk–Migdal effect</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Abraham%E2%80%93Lorentz_force#Landau–Lifshitz_radiation_damping_force" title="Abraham–Lorentz force">Landau–Lifshitz force</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Guderley%E2%80%93Landau%E2%80%93Stanyukovich_problem" title="Guderley–Landau–Stanyukovich problem">Guderley–Landau–Stanyukovich problem</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Landau%E2%80%93Placzek_ratio" title="Landau–Placzek ratio">Landau–Placzek ratio</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Landau%E2%80%93Yang_theorem" title="Landau–Yang theorem">Landau–Yang theorem</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Landau_derivative" title="Landau derivative">Landau derivative</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Ivanenko%E2%80%93Landau%E2%80%93K%C3%A4hler_equation" class="mw-redirect" title="Ivanenko–Landau–Kähler equation">Ivanenko–Landau–Kähler equation</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Aeroacoustics#Landau–Lifshitz_aeroacoustic_equation" title="Aeroacoustics">Landau–Lifshitz aeroacoustic equation</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Landau_principle" class="mw-redirect" title="Landau principle">Landau principle</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Landau%E2%80%93Hopf_theory_of_turbulence" title="Landau–Hopf theory of turbulence">Landau–Hopf theory of turbulence</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Density_matrix" title="Density matrix">Density matrix</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/DLVO_theory" title="DLVO theory">DLVO theory</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Open_quantum_system" title="Open quantum system">Open quantum system</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Polaron" title="Polaron">Polaron</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Roton" title="Roton">Roton</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Superfluidity" title="Superfluidity">Superfluidity</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Superconductivity" title="Superconductivity">Superconductivity</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><i><a href="/wiki/Course_of_Theoretical_Physics" title="Course of Theoretical Physics">Course of Theoretical Physics</a></i></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Quantum_hydrodynamics" title="Quantum hydrodynamics">Quantum hydrodynamics</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Quasiparticle" title="Quasiparticle">Quasiparticle theory</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Zero_sound" title="Zero sound">Zero sound</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Second_sound" title="Second sound">Second sound</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Antiferromagnetism" title="Antiferromagnetism">Antiferromagnetism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data">K. T. Drobanzeva (married 1937; 1 child) (1908–1984)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/State_Stalin_Prize" class="mw-redirect" title="State Stalin Prize">Stalin Prize</a> (1946) <br /> <a href="/wiki/Max_Planck_Medal" title="Max Planck Medal">Max Planck Medal</a> (1960)<br /> <a href="/wiki/Fritz_London_Memorial_Prize" class="mw-redirect" title="Fritz London Memorial Prize">Fritz London Memorial Prize</a> (1960)<br /> <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Nobel Prize in Physics</a> (1962)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><b>Scientific career</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fields</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Theoretical_physics" title="Theoretical physics">Theoretical physics</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Institutions</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Kharkiv_Polytechnic_Institute" title="Kharkiv Polytechnic Institute">Kharkiv Polytechnic Institute</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kharkiv_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Kharkiv University">Kharkiv University</a> <small>(later <a href="/wiki/Kharkiv_Institute_of_Physics_and_Technology" title="Kharkiv Institute of Physics and Technology">Kharkiv Institute of Physics and Technology</a>)</small><br /><a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Physical_Problems" title="Institute for Physical Problems">Institute for Physical Problems</a> (<a href="/wiki/Russian_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Russian Academy of Sciences">RAS</a>)<br /><a href="/wiki/MSU_Faculty_of_Physics" class="mw-redirect" title="MSU Faculty of Physics">MSU Faculty of Physics</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Academic advisors</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr">Niels Bohr</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Doctoral students</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alexei_Alexeyevich_Abrikosov" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexei Alexeyevich Abrikosov">Alexei Alexeyevich Abrikosov</a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Akhiezer" title="Aleksandr Akhiezer">Aleksandr Ilyich Akhiezer</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Igor_Ekhielevich_Dzyaloshinskii" class="mw-redirect" title="Igor Ekhielevich Dzyaloshinskii">Igor Ekhielevich Dzyaloshinskii</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Lev_Gor%27kov" title="Lev Gor'kov">Lev Gor'kov</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Isaak_Markovich_Khalatnikov" class="mw-redirect" title="Isaak Markovich Khalatnikov">Isaak Markovich Khalatnikov</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Lev_Pitaevskii" title="Lev Pitaevskii">Lev Petrovich Pitaevskii</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other notable students</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Evgeny_Lifshitz" title="Evgeny Lifshitz">Evgeny Lifshitz</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Lev Davidovich Landau</b> (<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <span lang="ru">Лев Дави́дович Ланда́у</span>; 22 January 1908 – 1 April 1968) was a Soviet <a href="/wiki/Physicist" title="Physicist">physicist</a> who made fundamental contributions to many areas of <a href="/wiki/Theoretical_physics" title="Theoretical physics">theoretical physics</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ScientificAmerican1997_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ScientificAmerican1997-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was considered as one of the last scientists who were universally well-versed and made seminal contributions to all branches of physics.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is credited with laying the foundations of twentieth century <a href="/wiki/Condensed_matter_physics" title="Condensed matter physics">condensed matter physics</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is also considered arguably the greatest Soviet theoretical physicist.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>His accomplishments include the independent co-discovery of the <a href="/wiki/Density_matrix" title="Density matrix">density matrix</a> method<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PT_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PT-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in <a href="/wiki/Quantum_mechanics" title="Quantum mechanics">quantum mechanics</a> (alongside <a href="/wiki/John_von_Neumann" title="John von Neumann">John von Neumann</a>), the quantum mechanical theory of <a href="/wiki/Diamagnetism" title="Diamagnetism">diamagnetism</a>, the theory of <a href="/wiki/Superfluidity" title="Superfluidity">superfluidity</a>, the theory of <a href="/wiki/Landau_theory" title="Landau theory">second-order phase transitions</a>, invention of <a href="/wiki/Order_parameter" class="mw-redirect" title="Order parameter">order parameter</a> technique,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Ginzburg%E2%80%93Landau_theory" title="Ginzburg–Landau theory">Ginzburg–Landau theory</a> of <a href="/wiki/Superconductivity" title="Superconductivity">superconductivity</a>, the theory of <a href="/wiki/Fermi_liquid" class="mw-redirect" title="Fermi liquid">Fermi liquids</a>, the explanation of <a href="/wiki/Landau_damping" title="Landau damping">Landau damping</a> in <a href="/wiki/Plasma_physics" class="mw-redirect" title="Plasma physics">plasma physics</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Landau_pole" title="Landau pole">Landau pole</a> in <a href="/wiki/Quantum_electrodynamics" title="Quantum electrodynamics">quantum electrodynamics</a>, the two-component theory of <a href="/wiki/Neutrino" title="Neutrino">neutrinos</a>, and Landau's equations for <a href="/wiki/S-matrix" title="S-matrix"><i>S</i>-matrix</a> singularities.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He received the 1962 <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Nobel Prize in Physics</a> for his development of a mathematical theory of <a href="/wiki/Superfluidity" title="Superfluidity">superfluidity</a> that accounts for the properties of <a href="/wiki/Liquid_helium" title="Liquid helium">liquid</a> <a href="/wiki/Helium_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Helium II">helium II</a> at a temperature below <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7000217000000000000♠"></span>2.17 <a href="/wiki/Kelvin" title="Kelvin">K</a></span> (<span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7000216999999999995♠"></span>−270.98 <a href="/wiki/Celsius" title="Celsius">°C</a></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-frs_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-frs-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Life">Life</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_years">Early years</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Landau1910.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Landau1910.jpg/170px-Landau1910.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="299" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5e/Landau1910.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="239" data-file-height="420" /></a><figcaption>Landau family in 1910</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rundyna5.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Rundyna5.jpg/170px-Rundyna5.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="279" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Rundyna5.jpg/255px-Rundyna5.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Rundyna5.jpg/340px-Rundyna5.jpg 2x" data-file-width="366" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Young Landau in 1914</figcaption></figure> <p>Landau was born on 22 January 1908 to <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jewish</a> parents<sup id="cite_ref-frs_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-frs-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in <a href="/wiki/Baku" title="Baku">Baku</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a>, in what is now <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a>. Landau's father, David Lvovich Landau, was an engineer with the local oil industry, and his mother, Lyubov Veniaminovna Garkavi-Landau, was a doctor. Both came to Baku from <a href="/wiki/Mogilev" title="Mogilev">Mogilev</a> and both graduated the Mogilev gymnasium.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He learned <a href="/wiki/Differential_calculus" title="Differential calculus">differential calculus</a> at age 12 and <a href="/wiki/Integral_calculus" class="mw-redirect" title="Integral calculus">integral calculus</a> at age 13. Landau graduated in 1920 at age 13 from <a href="/wiki/Gymnasium_(school)" title="Gymnasium (school)">gymnasium</a>. His parents considered him too young to attend university, so for a year he attended the Baku Economical Technical School. In 1922, at age 14, he <a href="/wiki/Matriculation" title="Matriculation">matriculated</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Baku_State_University" title="Baku State University">Baku State University</a>, studying in two departments simultaneously: the Departments of Physics and Mathematics, and the Department of Chemistry. Subsequently, he ceased studying chemistry, but remained interested in the field throughout his life. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Leningrad_and_Europe">Leningrad and Europe</h3></div> <p>In 1924, he moved to the main centre of Soviet physics at the time: the Physics Department of <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg_State_University" title="Saint Petersburg State University">Leningrad State University</a>, where he dedicated himself to the study of theoretical physics, graduating in 1927. Landau subsequently enrolled for post-graduate studies at the <a href="/wiki/Ioffe_Physico-Technical_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Ioffe Physico-Technical Institute">Leningrad Physico-Technical Institute</a> where he eventually received a doctorate in Physical and Mathematical Sciences in 1934.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Landau got his first chance to travel abroad during the period 1929–1931, on a Soviet government—<a href="/wiki/People%27s_Commissariat_for_Education" title="People's Commissariat for Education">People's Commissariat for Education</a>—travelling fellowship supplemented by a <a href="/wiki/Rockefeller_Foundation" title="Rockefeller Foundation">Rockefeller Foundation</a> fellowship. By that time he was fluent in German and French and could communicate in English.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He later improved his English and learned Danish.<sup id="cite_ref-bes_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bes-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After brief stays in <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6ttingen" title="Göttingen">Göttingen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Leipzig" title="Leipzig">Leipzig</a>, he went to <a href="/wiki/Copenhagen" title="Copenhagen">Copenhagen</a> on 8 April 1930 to work at the <a href="/wiki/Niels_Bohr_Institute" title="Niels Bohr Institute">Niels Bohr's Institute for Theoretical Physics</a>. He stayed there until 3 May of the same year. After the visit, Landau always considered himself a pupil of <a href="/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr">Niels Bohr</a> and Landau's approach to physics was greatly influenced by Bohr. After his stay in Copenhagen, he visited <a href="/wiki/Cambridge" title="Cambridge">Cambridge</a> (mid-1930), where he worked with <a href="/wiki/Paul_Dirac" title="Paul Dirac">Paul Dirac</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Mehra_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mehra-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Copenhagen (September to November 1930),<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Z%C3%BCrich" class="mw-redirect" title="Zürich">Zürich</a> (December 1930 to January 1931), where he worked with <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Pauli" title="Wolfgang Pauli">Wolfgang Pauli</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Mehra_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mehra-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From Zürich Landau went back to Copenhagen for the third time<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and stayed there from 25 February until 19 March 1931 before returning to Leningrad the same year.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="National_Scientific_Center_Kharkiv_Institute_of_Physics_and_Technology,_Kharkiv"><span id="National_Scientific_Center_Kharkiv_Institute_of_Physics_and_Technology.2C_Kharkiv"></span>National Scientific Center Kharkiv Institute of Physics and Technology, Kharkiv</h3></div> <p>Between 1932 and 1937, Landau headed the Department of Theoretical Physics at the National Scientific Center <a href="/wiki/Kharkiv_Institute_of_Physics_and_Technology" title="Kharkiv Institute of Physics and Technology">Kharkiv Institute of Physics and Technology</a>, and he lectured at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Kharkiv" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Kharkiv">University of Kharkiv</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Kharkiv_Polytechnic_Institute" title="Kharkiv Polytechnic Institute">Kharkiv Polytechnic Institute</a>. Apart from his theoretical accomplishments, Landau was the principal founder of a great tradition of theoretical physics in <a href="/wiki/Kharkiv" title="Kharkiv">Kharkiv</a>, Ukraine, sometimes referred to as the "Landau school". In Kharkiv, he and his friend and former student, <a href="/wiki/Evgeny_Lifshitz" title="Evgeny Lifshitz">Evgeny Lifshitz</a>, began writing the <i><a href="/wiki/Course_of_Theoretical_Physics" title="Course of Theoretical Physics">Course of Theoretical Physics</a></i>, ten volumes that together span the whole of the subject and are still widely used as <a href="/wiki/Graduate_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Graduate school">graduate</a>-level physics texts. During the <a href="/wiki/Great_Purge" title="Great Purge">Great Purge</a>, Landau was investigated within the <a href="/wiki/UPTI_Affair" title="UPTI Affair">UPTI Affair</a> in Kharkiv, but he managed to leave for <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a> to take up a new post.<sup id="cite_ref-ScientificAmerican1997_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ScientificAmerican1997-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Landau developed a famous comprehensive exam called the "Theoretical Minimum" which students were expected to pass before admission to the school. The exam covered all aspects of theoretical physics, and between 1934 and 1961 only 43 candidates passed, but those who did later became quite notable theoretical physicists.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1932, Landau computed the <a href="/wiki/Chandrasekhar_limit" title="Chandrasekhar limit">Chandrasekhar limit</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> however, he did not apply it to white dwarf stars.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Institute_for_Physical_Problems,_Moscow"><span id="Institute_for_Physical_Problems.2C_Moscow"></span>Institute for Physical Problems, Moscow</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%A5%D0%A4%D0%A2%D0%98.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/%D0%A5%D0%A4%D0%A2%D0%98.jpg/220px-%D0%A5%D0%A4%D0%A2%D0%98.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/%D0%A5%D0%A4%D0%A2%D0%98.jpg/330px-%D0%A5%D0%A4%D0%A2%D0%98.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/%D0%A5%D0%A4%D0%A2%D0%98.jpg/440px-%D0%A5%D0%A4%D0%A2%D0%98.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="473" /></a><figcaption>At the Kharkiv Institute, 1934</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1938-LandauL.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/1938-LandauL.jpg/220px-1938-LandauL.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/1938-LandauL.jpg/330px-1938-LandauL.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/1938-LandauL.jpg/440px-1938-LandauL.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="560" /></a><figcaption>Photo in prison, 1938-1939</figcaption></figure> <p>From 1937 until 1962, Landau was the head of the Theoretical Division at the <a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Physical_Problems" title="Institute for Physical Problems">Institute for Physical Problems</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Dorozynsk_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dorozynsk-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 27 April 1938, Landau was arrested for the possession of a <a href="/wiki/Korets%E2%80%93Landau_leaflet" title="Korets–Landau leaflet">leaflet</a> which compared <a href="/wiki/Stalinism" title="Stalinism">Stalinism</a> to <a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">German Nazism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Italian_fascism" title="Italian fascism">Italian Fascism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ScientificAmerican1997_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ScientificAmerican1997-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was held in the <a href="/wiki/NKVD" title="NKVD">NKVD</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Lubyanka_Building" title="Lubyanka Building">Lubyanka prison</a> until his release, on 29 April 1939, after <a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Kapitsa" title="Pyotr Kapitsa">Pyotr Kapitsa</a> (an <a href="/wiki/Experimental_physics" title="Experimental physics">experimental</a> low-temperature physicist and the founder and head of the institute) and Bohr wrote letters to <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kapitsa personally vouched for Landau's behaviour and threatened to quit the institute if Landau was not released.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After his release, Landau discovered how to explain Kapitsa's superfluidity using sound waves, or <a href="/wiki/Phonon" title="Phonon">phonons</a>, and a new excitation called a <a href="/wiki/Roton" title="Roton">roton</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ScientificAmerican1997_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ScientificAmerican1997-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Landau led a team of mathematicians supporting Soviet atomic and hydrogen bomb development. He calculated the dynamics of the first Soviet thermonuclear bomb, including predicting the <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapon_yield" title="Nuclear weapon yield">yield</a>. For this work Landau received the <a href="/wiki/USSR_State_Prize" title="USSR State Prize">Stalin Prize</a> in 1949 and 1953, and was awarded the title "<a href="/wiki/Hero_of_Socialist_Labour" title="Hero of Socialist Labour">Hero of Socialist Labour</a>" in 1954.<sup id="cite_ref-ScientificAmerican1997_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ScientificAmerican1997-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Landau's students included <a href="/wiki/Lev_Pitaevskii" title="Lev Pitaevskii">Lev Pitaevskii</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alexei_Abrikosov_(physicist)" title="Alexei Abrikosov (physicist)">Alexei Abrikosov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Akhiezer" title="Aleksandr Akhiezer">Aleksandr Akhiezer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Igor_Dzyaloshinskii" title="Igor Dzyaloshinskii">Igor Dzyaloshinskii</a>, <a href="/wiki/Evgeny_Lifshitz" title="Evgeny Lifshitz">Evgeny Lifshitz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lev_Gor%27kov" title="Lev Gor'kov">Lev Gor'kov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Isaak_Khalatnikov" title="Isaak Khalatnikov">Isaak Khalatnikov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roald_Sagdeev" title="Roald Sagdeev">Roald Sagdeev</a> and <a href="/wiki/Isaak_Pomeranchuk" title="Isaak Pomeranchuk">Isaak Pomeranchuk</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scientific_achievements">Scientific achievements</h3></div> <p>Landau's accomplishments include the independent co-discovery of the <a href="/wiki/Density_matrix" title="Density matrix">density matrix</a> method in quantum mechanics (alongside <a href="/wiki/John_von_Neumann" title="John von Neumann">John von Neumann</a>), the quantum mechanical theory of <a href="/wiki/Diamagnetism" title="Diamagnetism">diamagnetism</a>, the theory of <a href="/wiki/Superfluidity" title="Superfluidity">superfluidity</a>, the theory of <a href="/wiki/Phase_transition" title="Phase transition">second-order phase transitions</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ginzburg%E2%80%93Landau_theory" title="Ginzburg–Landau theory">Ginzburg–Landau theory</a> of superconductivity, the theory of <a href="/wiki/Fermi_liquid_theory" title="Fermi liquid theory">Fermi liquids</a>, the explanation of <a href="/wiki/Landau_damping" title="Landau damping">Landau damping</a> in plasma physics, the <a href="/wiki/Landau_pole" title="Landau pole">Landau pole</a> in quantum electrodynamics, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Two-component_theory_of_neutrinos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Two-component theory of neutrinos (page does not exist)">two-component theory of neutrinos</a>, the explanation of flame instability (the <a href="/wiki/Darrieus-Landau_instability" class="mw-redirect" title="Darrieus-Landau instability">Darrieus-Landau instability</a>), and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Landau%27s_equations_for_S_matrix_singularities&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Landau's equations for S matrix singularities (page does not exist)">Landau's equations for S matrix singularities</a>. </p><p>Landau received the 1962 Nobel Prize in Physics for his development of a mathematical theory of superfluidity that accounts for the properties of liquid helium II at a temperature below 2.17 K (−270.98 °C)."<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Personal_life_and_views">Personal life and views</h3></div> <p>In 1937, Landau married Kora T. Drobanzeva from Kharkiv.<sup id="cite_ref-y_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-y-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their son Igor (1946–2011) became a theoretical physicist. Lev Landau believed in "<a href="/wiki/Free_love" title="Free love">free love</a>" rather than monogamy and encouraged his wife and his students to practise "free love". However, his wife was not enthusiastic.<sup id="cite_ref-ScientificAmerican1997_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ScientificAmerican1997-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Landau is generally described as an atheist,<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although when Soviet filmmaker <a href="/wiki/Andrei_Tarkovsky" title="Andrei Tarkovsky">Andrei Tarkovsky</a> asked Landau whether he believed in the existence of God, Landau pondered the matter in silence for three minutes before responding, "I think so."<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1957, a lengthy report to the <a href="/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">CPSU Central Committee</a> by the KGB recorded Landau's views on the <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1956" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1956">1956 Hungarian Uprising</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</a> and what he termed "red fascism".<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Hendrik_Casimir" title="Hendrik Casimir">Hendrik Casimir</a> recalls him as a passionate communist, emboldened by his revolutionary ideology. Landau's drive in establishing Soviet science was in part due to his devotion to socialism. In 1935 he published a piece titled “Bourgeoisie and Contemporary Physics” in the Soviet newspaper <i><a href="/wiki/Izvestia" title="Izvestia">Izvestia</a></i> in which he criticized religious superstition and the dominance of capital, which he saw as bourgeois tendencies, citing “unprecedented opportunities for the development of physics in our country, provided by the Party and the government.” <sup id="cite_ref-ScientificAmerican1997_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ScientificAmerican1997-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Last_years">Last years</h3></div> <p>On 7 January 1962, Landau's car collided with an oncoming truck. He was severely injured and spent two months in a <a href="/wiki/Coma" title="Coma">coma</a>. Although Landau recovered in many ways, his scientific creativity was destroyed,<sup id="cite_ref-Dorozynsk_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dorozynsk-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and he never returned fully to scientific work. His injuries prevented him from accepting the 1962 <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Nobel Prize in Physics</a> in person.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Throughout his life Landau was known for his sharp humour, as illustrated by the following dialogue with a psychologist, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Luria" title="Alexander Luria">Alexander Luria</a>, who tried to test for possible brain damage while Landau was recovering from the car crash:<sup id="cite_ref-bes_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bes-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Drobantseva_Luria_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Drobantseva_Luria-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd>Luria: "Please draw me a circle"</dd> <dd>Landau draws a cross</dd> <dd>Luria: "Hm, now draw me a cross"</dd> <dd>Landau draws a circle</dd> <dd>Luria: "Landau, why don't you do what I ask?"</dd> <dd>Landau: "If I did, you might come to think I've become mentally retarded".</dd></dl> <p>In 1965 former students and co-workers of Landau founded the <a href="/wiki/Landau_Institute_for_Theoretical_Physics" title="Landau Institute for Theoretical Physics">Landau Institute for Theoretical Physics</a>, located in the town of <a href="/wiki/Chernogolovka" title="Chernogolovka">Chernogolovka</a> near <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a>, and led for the following three decades by <a href="/wiki/Isaak_Khalatnikov" title="Isaak Khalatnikov">Isaak Khalatnikov</a>. </p><p>In June 1965, Lev Landau and <a href="/wiki/Evsei_Liberman" title="Evsei Liberman">Evsei Liberman</a> published a letter in the <i>New York Times</i>, stating that as <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="History of the Jews in the Soviet Union">Soviet Jews</a> they opposed U.S. intervention on behalf of the <a href="/wiki/Student_Struggle_for_Soviet_Jewry" title="Student Struggle for Soviet Jewry">Student Struggle for Soviet Jewry</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, there are doubts that Landau authored this letter.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Death">Death</h3></div> <p>Landau died on 1 April 1968, aged 60, from complications of the injuries sustained in the car accident six years earlier. He was buried at the <a href="/wiki/Novodevichy_Cemetery" title="Novodevichy Cemetery">Novodevichy Cemetery</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fields_of_contribution">Fields of contribution</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 18em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DLVO_theory" title="DLVO theory">DLVO theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fermi_liquid_theory" title="Fermi liquid theory">Fermi liquid theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quasiparticle" title="Quasiparticle">Quasiparticle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivanenko%E2%80%93Landau%E2%80%93K%C3%A4hler_equation" class="mw-redirect" title="Ivanenko–Landau–Kähler equation">Ivanenko–Landau–Kähler equation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landau_damping" title="Landau damping">Landau damping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landau_distribution" title="Landau distribution">Landau distribution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landau_gauge" class="mw-redirect" title="Landau gauge">Landau gauge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landau_kinetic_equation" title="Landau kinetic equation">Landau kinetic equation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landau_pole" title="Landau pole">Landau pole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diamagnetism" title="Diamagnetism">Landau susceptibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landau_potential" class="mw-redirect" title="Landau potential">Landau potential</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landau_quantization" class="mw-redirect" title="Landau quantization">Landau quantization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landau_theory" title="Landau theory">Landau theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landau%E2%80%93Squire_jet" title="Landau–Squire jet">Landau–Squire jet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landau%E2%80%93Levich_problem" title="Landau–Levich problem">Landau–Levich problem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landau%E2%80%93Hopf_theory_of_turbulence" title="Landau–Hopf theory of turbulence">Landau–Hopf theory of turbulence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ginzburg%E2%80%93Landau_theory" title="Ginzburg–Landau theory">Ginzburg–Landau theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darrieus%E2%80%93Landau_instability" title="Darrieus–Landau instability">Darrieus–Landau instability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aeroacoustics" title="Aeroacoustics">Landau–Lifshitz aeroacoustic equation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landau%E2%80%93Raychaudhuri_equation" class="mw-redirect" title="Landau–Raychaudhuri equation">Landau–Raychaudhuri equation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landau%E2%80%93Zener_formula" title="Landau–Zener formula">Landau–Zener formula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landau%E2%80%93Lifshitz_model" title="Landau–Lifshitz model">Landau–Lifshitz model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landau%E2%80%93Lifshitz_pseudotensor" class="mw-redirect" title="Landau–Lifshitz pseudotensor">Landau–Lifshitz pseudotensor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landau%E2%80%93Lifshitz%E2%80%93Gilbert_equation" title="Landau–Lifshitz–Gilbert equation">Landau–Lifshitz–Gilbert equation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landau%E2%80%93Pomeranchuk%E2%80%93Migdal_effect" title="Landau–Pomeranchuk–Migdal effect">Landau–Pomeranchuk–Migdal effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landau%E2%80%93Yang_theorem" title="Landau–Yang theorem">Landau–Yang theorem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landau_principle" class="mw-redirect" title="Landau principle">Landau principle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuart%E2%80%93Landau_equation" title="Stuart–Landau equation">Stuart–Landau equation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superfluidity" title="Superfluidity">Superfluidity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superconductivity" title="Superconductivity">Superconductivity</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pedagogy">Pedagogy</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 18em;"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Course_of_Theoretical_Physics" title="Course of Theoretical Physics">Course of Theoretical Physics</a></i></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RR5110-0083R.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/RR5110-0083R.png/170px-RR5110-0083R.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/RR5110-0083R.png/255px-RR5110-0083R.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/RR5110-0083R.png/340px-RR5110-0083R.png 2x" data-file-width="390" data-file-height="390" /></a><figcaption>A commemorative Russian silver coin dedicated to the 100th anniversary of Landau's birth</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2008._%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B8_stamp_hi12735121754be840efc8511.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/2008._%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B8_stamp_hi12735121754be840efc8511.jpg/220px-2008._%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B8_stamp_hi12735121754be840efc8511.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/2008._%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B8_stamp_hi12735121754be840efc8511.jpg/330px-2008._%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B8_stamp_hi12735121754be840efc8511.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ef/2008._%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B8_stamp_hi12735121754be840efc8511.jpg 2x" data-file-width="392" data-file-height="392" /></a><figcaption>Landau on a 2008 Russian stamp</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:UA035-10.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/UA035-10.jpg/170px-UA035-10.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="241" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/UA035-10.jpg/255px-UA035-10.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/UA035-10.jpg/340px-UA035-10.jpg 2x" data-file-width="612" data-file-height="869" /></a><figcaption>Landau in 1962<sup id="cite_ref-bes_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bes-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on a 2010 Ukrainian stamp</figcaption></figure> <p>Two celestial objects are named in his honour: </p> <ul><li>the <a href="/wiki/Minor_planet" title="Minor planet">minor planet</a> <a href="/wiki/2142_Landau" class="mw-redirect" title="2142 Landau">2142 Landau</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/Lunar_craters" title="Lunar craters">lunar crater</a> <a href="/wiki/Landau_(crater)" title="Landau (crater)">Landau</a>.</li></ul> <p>The highest prize in theoretical physics awarded by the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Russian Academy of Sciences">Russian Academy of Sciences</a> is named in his honour: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Landau_Gold_Medal" title="Landau Gold Medal">Landau Gold Medal</a></li></ul> <p>On 22 January 2019, <a href="/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a> celebrated what would have been Landau's 111th birthday with a <a href="/wiki/Google_Doodle" title="Google Doodle">Google Doodle</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Landau-Spitzer Award (American Physical Society), which recognizes outstanding contributions to plasma physics and European-United States collaboration, is named in-part in his honor.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Landau's_ranking_of_physicists"><span id="Landau.27s_ranking_of_physicists"></span>Landau's ranking of physicists</h2></div> <p>Landau kept a list of names of <a href="/wiki/Physicist" title="Physicist">physicists</a> which he ranked on a logarithmic scale of productivity and <a href="/wiki/Genius" title="Genius">genius</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Creativity" title="Creativity">creativity</a> and innate <a href="/wiki/Aptitude" title="Aptitude">talent</a>, ranging from 0 to 5.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The highest ranking, 0, was assigned to <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Isaac Newton</a>. <a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einstein</a> was ranked 0.5. A rank of 1 was awarded to the founding fathers of <a href="/wiki/Quantum_mechanics" title="Quantum mechanics">quantum mechanics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr">Niels Bohr</a>, <a href="/wiki/Werner_Heisenberg" title="Werner Heisenberg">Werner Heisenberg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Satyendra_Nath_Bose" title="Satyendra Nath Bose">Satyendra Nath Bose</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Dirac" title="Paul Dirac">Paul Dirac</a> and <a href="/wiki/Erwin_Schr%C3%B6dinger" title="Erwin Schrödinger">Erwin Schrödinger</a>, and others, while members of rank of 5 were deemed "pathologists".<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Landau ranked himself as a 2.5 but later promoted to a 2. <a href="/wiki/N._David_Mermin" title="N. David Mermin">N. David Mermin</a>, writing about Landau, referred to the scale, and ranked himself in the fourth division, in the article "My Life with Landau: Homage of a 4.5 to a 2".<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Landau had a lesser known scale to measure the genius of a scientist using diagrams instead. He had four classes of diagrams, with the first being a simple triangle, which included those who were the most original and brilliant, such as Dirac and Einstein. The diagrams were formed by two parallel lines, bottom representing tenacity, while the top measured genius and originality.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2></div> <ul><li>The Russian television film <i>My Husband — the Genius</i> (translation of the Russian title <i>Мой муж — гений</i>) released in 2008 tells the biography of Landau (played by <a href="/wiki/Daniil_Spivakovsky" title="Daniil Spivakovsky">Daniil Spivakovsky</a>), mostly focusing on his private life. It was generally panned by critics. People who had personally met Landau, including famous Russian scientist <a href="/wiki/Vitaly_Ginzburg" title="Vitaly Ginzburg">Vitaly Ginzburg</a>, said that the film was not only terrible, but also false in historical facts.</li> <li>Another film about Landau, <i><a href="/wiki/Dau_(film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dau (film)">Dau</a></i>, is directed by <a href="/wiki/Ilya_Khrzhanovsky" title="Ilya Khrzhanovsky">Ilya Khrzhanovsky</a> with non-professional actor <a href="/wiki/Teodor_Currentzis" title="Teodor Currentzis">Teodor Currentzis</a> (an orchestra conductor) as Landau. Dau was a common nickname of Lev Landau.<sup id="cite_ref-dau_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dau-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The film was part of the multidisciplinary art project <i><a href="/wiki/DAU_(project)" title="DAU (project)">DAU</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works">Works</h2></div> <p>Landau wrote his first paper <i><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/On_the_derivation_of_Klein%E2%80%93Fock_equation" class="extiw" title="s:On the derivation of Klein–Fock equation">On the derivation of Klein–Fock equation</a></i>, co-authored with <a href="/wiki/Dmitri_Ivanenko" title="Dmitri Ivanenko">Dmitri Ivanenko</a> in 1926, when he was 18 years old. His last paper titled <i>Fundamental problems</i> appeared in 1960 in an edited version of tributes to <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Pauli" title="Wolfgang Pauli">Wolfgang Pauli</a>. A complete list of Landau's works appeared in 1998 in the Russian journal <i>Physics-Uspekhi</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Landau would allow himself to be listed as a co-author of a journal article on two conditions: 1) he brought up the idea of the work, partly or entirely, and 2) he performed at least some calculations presented in the article. Consequently, he removed his name from numerous publications of his students where his contribution was less significant.<sup id="cite_ref-dau_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dau-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Course_of_Theoretical_Physics"><i>Course of Theoretical Physics</i></h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Course_of_Theoretical_Physics" title="Course of Theoretical Physics">Course of Theoretical Physics</a></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFL._D._Landau,_E._M._Lifshitz1976" class="citation book cs1">L. D. Landau, <a href="/wiki/Evgeny_Lifshitz" title="Evgeny Lifshitz">E. M. Lifshitz</a> (1976). <i>Mechanics</i>. Vol. 1 (3rd ed.). Butterworth–Heinemann. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7506-2896-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7506-2896-9"><bdi>978-0-7506-2896-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mechanics&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Butterworth%E2%80%93Heinemann&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=978-0-7506-2896-9&rft.au=L.+D.+Landau%2C+E.+M.+Lifshitz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALev+Landau" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFL._D._LandauE._M._Lifshitz1975" class="citation book cs1">L. D. Landau; E. M. Lifshitz (1975). <i>The Classical Theory of Fields</i>. Vol. 2 (4th ed.). Butterworth–Heinemann. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7506-2768-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7506-2768-9"><bdi>978-0-7506-2768-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Classical+Theory+of+Fields&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Butterworth%E2%80%93Heinemann&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=978-0-7506-2768-9&rft.au=L.+D.+Landau&rft.au=E.+M.+Lifshitz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALev+Landau" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFL._D._LandauE._M._Lifshitz1977" class="citation book cs1">L. D. Landau; E. M. Lifshitz (1977). <i>Quantum Mechanics: Non-Relativistic Theory</i>. Vol. 3 (3rd ed.). Pergamon Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-08-020940-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-08-020940-1"><bdi>978-0-08-020940-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Quantum+Mechanics%3A+Non-Relativistic+Theory&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Pergamon+Press&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=978-0-08-020940-1&rft.au=L.+D.+Landau&rft.au=E.+M.+Lifshitz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALev+Landau" class="Z3988"></span> — <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/download/QuantumMechanics_104/LandauLifshitz-QuantumMechanics_text.pdf">2nd ed. (1965)</a> at <a href="/wiki/Archive.org" class="mw-redirect" title="Archive.org">archive.org</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFV._B._BerestetskiiE._M._LifshitzL._P._Pitaevskii1982" class="citation book cs1">V. B. Berestetskii; E. M. Lifshitz; <a href="/wiki/Lev_Pitaevskii" title="Lev Pitaevskii">L. P. Pitaevskii</a> (1982). <i>Quantum Electrodynamics</i>. Vol. 4 (2nd ed.). Butterworth–Heinemann. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7506-3371-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7506-3371-0"><bdi>978-0-7506-3371-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Quantum+Electrodynamics&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Butterworth%E2%80%93Heinemann&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-0-7506-3371-0&rft.au=V.+B.+Berestetskii&rft.au=E.+M.+Lifshitz&rft.au=L.+P.+Pitaevskii&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALev+Landau" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFL._D._LandauE._M._Lifshitz1980" class="citation book cs1">L. D. Landau; E. M. Lifshitz (1980). <i>Statistical Physics, Part 1</i>. Vol. 5 (3rd ed.). Butterworth–Heinemann. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7506-3372-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7506-3372-7"><bdi>978-0-7506-3372-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Statistical+Physics%2C+Part+1&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Butterworth%E2%80%93Heinemann&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-0-7506-3372-7&rft.au=L.+D.+Landau&rft.au=E.+M.+Lifshitz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALev+Landau" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFL._D._LandauE._M._Lifshitz1987" class="citation book cs1">L. D. Landau; E. M. Lifshitz (1987). <i>Fluid Mechanics</i>. Vol. 6 (2nd ed.). Butterworth–Heinemann. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-08-033933-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-08-033933-7"><bdi>978-0-08-033933-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fluid+Mechanics&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Butterworth%E2%80%93Heinemann&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-08-033933-7&rft.au=L.+D.+Landau&rft.au=E.+M.+Lifshitz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALev+Landau" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFL._D._LandauE._M._Lifshitz1986" class="citation book cs1">L. D. Landau; E. M. Lifshitz (1986). <i>Theory of Elasticity</i>. Vol. 7 (3rd ed.). Butterworth–Heinemann. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7506-2633-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7506-2633-0"><bdi>978-0-7506-2633-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Theory+of+Elasticity&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Butterworth%E2%80%93Heinemann&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-7506-2633-0&rft.au=L.+D.+Landau&rft.au=E.+M.+Lifshitz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALev+Landau" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFL._D._LandauE._M._LifshitzL._P._Pitaevskii1984" class="citation book cs1">L. D. Landau; E. M. Lifshitz; L. P. Pitaevskii (1984). <i>Electrodynamics of Continuous Media</i>. Vol. 8 (2nd ed.). Butterworth–Heinemann. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7506-2634-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7506-2634-7"><bdi>978-0-7506-2634-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Electrodynamics+of+Continuous+Media&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Butterworth%E2%80%93Heinemann&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-7506-2634-7&rft.au=L.+D.+Landau&rft.au=E.+M.+Lifshitz&rft.au=L.+P.+Pitaevskii&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALev+Landau" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFL._P._PitaevskiiE._M._Lifshitz1980" class="citation book cs1">L. P. Pitaevskii; E. M. Lifshitz (1980). <i>Statistical Physics, Part 2</i>. Vol. 9 (1st ed.). Butterworth–Heinemann. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7506-2636-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7506-2636-1"><bdi>978-0-7506-2636-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Statistical+Physics%2C+Part+2&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Butterworth%E2%80%93Heinemann&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-0-7506-2636-1&rft.au=L.+P.+Pitaevskii&rft.au=E.+M.+Lifshitz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALev+Landau" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFL._P._PitaevskiiE._M._Lifshitz1981" class="citation book cs1">L. P. Pitaevskii; E. M. Lifshitz (1981). <i>Physical Kinetics</i>. Vol. 10 (1st ed.). Pergamon Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7506-2635-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7506-2635-4"><bdi>978-0-7506-2635-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Physical+Kinetics&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Pergamon+Press&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-0-7506-2635-4&rft.au=L.+P.+Pitaevskii&rft.au=E.+M.+Lifshitz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALev+Landau" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <p>Landau and Lifshitz suggested in the third volume of the <i>Course of Theoretical Physics</i> that the then-standard periodic table had a mistake in it, and that <a href="/wiki/Lutetium" title="Lutetium">lutetium</a> should be regarded as a d-block rather than an f-block element. Their suggestion was fully vindicated by later findings,<sup id="cite_ref-Wittig_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wittig-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Matthias_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Matthias-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Jensen1982_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jensen1982-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in 1988 was endorsed by a report of the <a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry" title="International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry">International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry</a> (IUPAC).<sup id="cite_ref-Fluck_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fluck-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other">Other</h3></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFL._D._LandauA._S._Kompaneets1965" class="citation book cs1">L. D. Landau; <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Solomonovich_Kompaneyets" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Solomonovich Kompaneyets">A. S. Kompaneets</a> (1965) [1935]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780080105864501061">"Appendix A"</a>. <i>The electrical conductivity of metals</i>. ONTI, Kharkiv. pp. <span class="nowrap">803–</span>832. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FB978-0-08-010586-4.50106-1">10.1016/B978-0-08-010586-4.50106-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780080105864" title="Special:BookSources/9780080105864"><bdi>9780080105864</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Appendix+A&rft.btitle=The+electrical+conductivity+of+metals&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E803-%3C%2Fspan%3E832&rft.pub=ONTI%2C+Kharkiv&rft.date=1965&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FB978-0-08-010586-4.50106-1&rft.isbn=9780080105864&rft.au=L.+D.+Landau&rft.au=A.+S.+Kompaneets&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fpii%2FB9780080105864501061&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALev+Landau" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFL._D._LandauYa._Smorodinsky2011" class="citation book cs1">L. D. Landau; Ya. Smorodinsky (2011) [1958]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QrgACAAAQBAJ"><i>Lectures on Nuclear Theory</i></a>. Dover Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0486675138" title="Special:BookSources/978-0486675138"><bdi>978-0486675138</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lectures+on+Nuclear+Theory&rft.pub=Dover+Publications&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0486675138&rft.au=L.+D.+Landau&rft.au=Ya.+Smorodinsky&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQrgACAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALev+Landau" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFL._D._LandauG._B._Rumer2003" class="citation book cs1">L. D. Landau; G. B. Rumer (2003) [1960]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PATCAgAAQBAJ"><i>What is Relativity?</i></a>. Dover Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-48-616348-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-48-616348-2"><bdi>978-0-48-616348-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=What+is+Relativity%3F&rft.pub=Dover+Publications&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-48-616348-2&rft.au=L.+D.+Landau&rft.au=G.+B.+Rumer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPATCAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALev+Landau" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFL._D._LandauA._I._AkhiezerE._M._Lifshitz1967" class="citation book cs1">L. D. Landau; <a href="/wiki/Aleksander_Akhiezer" class="mw-redirect" title="Aleksander Akhiezer">A. I. Akhiezer</a>; E. M. Lifshitz (1967). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/generalphysicsme0000land"><i>General Physics, Mechanics and Molecular Physics</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Pergamon_Press" title="Pergamon Press">Pergamon Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-08-009106-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-08-009106-8"><bdi>978-0-08-009106-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=General+Physics%2C+Mechanics+and+Molecular+Physics&rft.pub=Pergamon+Press&rft.date=1967&rft.isbn=978-0-08-009106-8&rft.au=L.+D.+Landau&rft.au=A.+I.+Akhiezer&rft.au=E.+M.+Lifshitz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgeneralphysicsme0000land&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALev+Landau" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFL._D._LandauA._I._Kitaigorodsky1978" class="citation book cs1">L. D. Landau; A. I. Kitaigorodsky (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/PhysicsForEveryone-Book1-PhysicalBodies"><i>Physics for Everyone</i></a>. Mir Publishers Moscow.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Physics+for+Everyone&rft.pub=Mir+Publishers+Moscow&rft.date=1978&rft.au=L.+D.+Landau&rft.au=A.+I.+Kitaigorodsky&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FPhysicsForEveryone-Book1-PhysicalBodies&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALev+Landau" class="Z3988"></span> in 4 volumes: volume 1 <i>Physical bodies</i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-82-851716-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-82-851716-4">978-0-82-851716-4</a>; volume 2 <i>Molecules</i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-82-851725-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-82-851725-6">978-0-82-851725-6</a>; volume 3 <i>Electrons</i> and volume 4 <i>Photons and nuclei</i>; vols. 3 & 4 by Kitaigorodsky alone</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jewish_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Jewish Nobel laureates">List of Jewish Nobel laureates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_things_named_after_Lev_Landau" title="List of things named after Lev Landau">List of things named after Lev Landau</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCauley1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Martin_McCauley_(historian)" title="Martin McCauley (historian)">McCauley, Martin</a> (1997). <i>Who's Who in Russia Since 1900</i>. Routledge. p. 128. <q>Landau, Lev Davydovich (1908-68), a brilliant Soviet theoretical physicist, who was born into a Jewish family in Baku and graduated from Leningrad State University in 1927.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Who%27s+Who+in+Russia+Since+1900&rft.pages=128&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=McCauley&rft.aufirst=Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALev+Landau" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZubok2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Vladislav_Zubok" class="mw-redirect" title="Vladislav Zubok">Zubok, Vladislav</a> (2012). "Soviet Intellectuals after Stalin's Death and Their Visions of the Cold War's End". In <a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Bozo" title="Frédéric Bozo">Bozo, Frédéric</a>; Rey, Marie-Pierre; Rother, Bernd; Ludlow, N. Piers (eds.). <i>Visions of the End of the Cold War in Europe, 1945-1990</i>. Berghahn Books. p. 78.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Soviet+Intellectuals+after+Stalin%27s+Death+and+Their+Visions+of+the+Cold+War%27s+End&rft.btitle=Visions+of+the+End+of+the+Cold+War+in+Europe%2C+1945-1990&rft.pages=78&rft.pub=Berghahn+Books&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Zubok&rft.aufirst=Vladislav&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALev+Landau" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ScientificAmerican1997-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ScientificAmerican1997_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ScientificAmerican1997_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ScientificAmerican1997_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ScientificAmerican1997_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ScientificAmerican1997_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ScientificAmerican1997_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ScientificAmerican1997_3-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGorelik1997" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gennady_Gorelik" title="Gennady Gorelik">Gorelik, Gennady</a> (August 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180618075613/https://www.scientificamerican.com/magazine/sa/1997/08-01/">"The Top-Secret Life of Lev Landau"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Scientific_American" title="Scientific American">Scientific American</a></i>. <b>277</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">72–</span>77. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997SciAm.277b..72G">1997SciAm.277b..72G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fscientificamerican0897-72">10.1038/scientificamerican0897-72</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24995874">24995874</a>. Archived from <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scientificamerican.com/magazine/sa/1997/08-01/">the original</a></span> on 18 June 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 June</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scientific+American&rft.atitle=The+Top-Secret+Life+of+Lev+Landau&rft.volume=277&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E72-%3C%2Fspan%3E77&rft.date=1997-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24995874%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fscientificamerican0897-72&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1997SciAm.277b..72G&rft.aulast=Gorelik&rft.aufirst=Gennady&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scientificamerican.com%2Fmagazine%2Fsa%2F1997%2F08-01%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALev+Landau" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmilga2017" class="citation book cs1">Smilga, Andrei V. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_ehEDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA250"><i>Digestible Quantum Field Theory</i></a>. Cham: Springer. p. 250. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-59922-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-319-59922-9"><bdi>978-3-319-59922-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Digestible+Quantum+Field+Theory&rft.place=Cham&rft.pages=250&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-3-319-59922-9&rft.aulast=Smilga&rft.aufirst=Andrei+V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_ehEDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA250&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALev+Landau" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGorelik1997" class="citation journal cs1">Gorelik, Gennady (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24995874">"The Top-Secret Life of Lev Landau"</a>. <i>Scientific American</i>. <b>277</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">72–</span>77. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997SciAm.277b..72G">1997SciAm.277b..72G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fscientificamerican0897-72">10.1038/scientificamerican0897-72</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0036-8733">0036-8733</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24995874">24995874</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scientific+American&rft.atitle=The+Top-Secret+Life+of+Lev+Landau&rft.volume=277&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E72-%3C%2Fspan%3E77&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fscientificamerican0897-72&rft.issn=0036-8733&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24995874%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1997SciAm.277b..72G&rft.aulast=Gorelik&rft.aufirst=Gennady&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24995874&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALev+Landau" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRyndina2004" class="citation journal cs1">Ryndina, Ella (1 February 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubs.aip.org/physicstoday/article/57/2/53/931789/Family-Lines-Sketched-in-the-Portrait-of-Lev">"Family Lines Sketched in the Portrait of Lev Landau"</a>. <i>Physics Today</i>. <b>57</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">53–</span>59. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004PhT....57b..53R">2004PhT....57b..53R</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1063%2F1.1688070">10.1063/1.1688070</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0031-9228">0031-9228</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physics+Today&rft.atitle=Family+Lines+Sketched+in+the+Portrait+of+Lev+Landau&rft.volume=57&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E53-%3C%2Fspan%3E59&rft.date=2004-02-01&rft.issn=0031-9228&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1063%2F1.1688070&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2004PhT....57b..53R&rft.aulast=Ryndina&rft.aufirst=Ella&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubs.aip.org%2Fphysicstoday%2Farticle%2F57%2F2%2F53%2F931789%2FFamily-Lines-Sketched-in-the-Portrait-of-Lev&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALev+Landau" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLev_Landau1927" class="citation journal cs1">Lev Landau (1927). "Das Dämpfungsproblem in der Wellenmechanik (The Damping Problem in Wave Mechanics)". <i>Zeitschrift für Physik</i>. <b>45</b> (<span class="nowrap">5–</span>6): <span class="nowrap">430–</span>441. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1927ZPhy...45..430L">1927ZPhy...45..430L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fbf01343064">10.1007/bf01343064</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:125732617">125732617</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zeitschrift+f%C3%BCr+Physik&rft.atitle=Das+D%C3%A4mpfungsproblem+in+der+Wellenmechanik+%28The+Damping+Problem+in+Wave+Mechanics%29&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E5%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E430-%3C%2Fspan%3E441&rft.date=1927&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A125732617%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fbf01343064&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1927ZPhy...45..430L&rft.au=Lev+Landau&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALev+Landau" class="Z3988"></span> English translation reprinted in: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFD._Ter_Haar1965" class="citation book cs1">D. Ter Haar, ed. (1965). <i>Collected papers of L.D. Landau</i>. Oxford: Pergamon Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Collected+papers+of+L.D.+Landau&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Pergamon+Press&rft.date=1965&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALev+Landau" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PT-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PT_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchlüter,_MichaelLu_Jeu_Sham1982" class="citation journal cs1">Schlüter, Michael; Lu Jeu Sham (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130415142204/http://www.physicstoday.org/resource/1/phtoad/v35/i2/p36_s1">"Density functional theory"</a>. <i>Physics Today</i>. <b>35</b> (2): 36. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1982PhT....35b..36S">1982PhT....35b..36S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1063%2F1.2914933">10.1063/1.2914933</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:126232754">126232754</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.physicstoday.org/resource/1/phtoad/v35/i2/p36_s1">the original</a> on 15 April 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physics+Today&rft.atitle=Density+functional+theory&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=36&rft.date=1982&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A126232754%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1063%2F1.2914933&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1982PhT....35b..36S&rft.au=Schl%C3%BCter%2C+Michael&rft.au=Lu+Jeu+Sham&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.physicstoday.org%2Fresource%2F1%2Fphtoad%2Fv35%2Fi2%2Fp36_s1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALev+Landau" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFisher1998" class="citation journal cs1">Fisher, Michael E. (1 April 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/RevModPhys.70.653">"Renormalization group theory: Its basis and formulation in statistical physics"</a>. <i>Reviews of Modern Physics</i>. <b>70</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">653–</span>681. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998RvMP...70..653F">1998RvMP...70..653F</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2FRevModPhys.70.653">10.1103/RevModPhys.70.653</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reviews+of+Modern+Physics&rft.atitle=Renormalization+group+theory%3A+Its+basis+and+formulation+in+statistical+physics&rft.volume=70&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E653-%3C%2Fspan%3E681&rft.date=1998-04-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1103%2FRevModPhys.70.653&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1998RvMP...70..653F&rft.aulast=Fisher&rft.aufirst=Michael+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.aps.org%2Fdoi%2F10.1103%2FRevModPhys.70.653&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALev+Landau" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShifman2013" class="citation book cs1">Shifman, M., ed. (2013). <i>Under the Spell of Landau: When Theoretical Physics was Shaping Destinies</i>. World Scientific. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1142%2F8641">10.1142/8641</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-4436-56-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-4436-56-4"><bdi>978-981-4436-56-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Under+the+Spell+of+Landau%3A+When+Theoretical+Physics+was+Shaping+Destinies&rft.pub=World+Scientific&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1142%2F8641&rft.isbn=978-981-4436-56-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALev+Landau" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-frs-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-frs_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-frs_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKapitzaLifshitz1969" class="citation journal cs1">Kapitza, P. L.; Lifshitz, E. M. (1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frsbm.1969.0007">"Lev Davydovitch Landau 1908–1968"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Biographical_Memoirs_of_Fellows_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society">Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society</a></i>. <b>15</b>: <span class="nowrap">140–</span>158. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frsbm.1969.0007">10.1098/rsbm.1969.0007</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biographical+Memoirs+of+Fellows+of+the+Royal+Society&rft.atitle=Lev+Davydovitch+Landau+1908%E2%80%931968&rft.volume=15&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E140-%3C%2Fspan%3E158&rft.date=1969&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frsbm.1969.0007&rft.aulast=Kapitza&rft.aufirst=P.+L.&rft.au=Lifshitz%2C+E.+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1098%252Frsbm.1969.0007&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALev+Landau" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Gilbert" title="Martin Gilbert">Martin Gilbert</a>, <i>The Jews in the Twentieth Century: An Illustrated History</i>, Schocken Books, 2001, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0805241906" title="Special:BookSources/0805241906">0805241906</a> p. 284</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Frontiers of physics: proceedings of the Landau Memorial Conference</i>, Tel Aviv, Israel, 6–10 June 1988, (Pergamon Press, 1990) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0080369391" title="Special:BookSources/0080369391">0080369391</a>, pp. 13–14</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Edward Teller, <i>Memoirs: A Twentieth Century Journey In Science And Politics</i>, Basic Books 2002, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0738207780" title="Special:BookSources/0738207780">0738207780</a> p. 124</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190610020427/http://vestnikkavkaza.net/articles/Great-Baku-native-Lev-Landau.html">"Great Baku native Lev Landau"</a>. <i>Vestnik Kavkaza</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vestnikkavkaza.net/articles/Great-Baku-native-Lev-Landau.html">the original</a> on 10 June 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Vestnik+Kavkaza&rft.atitle=Great+Baku+native+Lev+Landau&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvestnikkavkaza.net%2Farticles%2FGreat-Baku-native-Lev-Landau.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALev+Landau" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.petergen.com/history/moggim.shtml">"Выпускники Могилевской гимназии"</a>. <i>www.petergen.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.petergen.com&rft.atitle=%D0%92%D1%8B%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8+%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B8&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.petergen.com%2Fhistory%2Fmoggim.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALev+Landau" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">František Janouch, <i>Lev Landau: A Portrait of a Theoretical Physicist, 1908–1988</i>, Research Institute for Physics, 1988, p. 17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Yuriy_Rumer" class="mw-redirect" title="Yuriy Rumer">Rumer, Yuriy</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.berkovich-zametki.com/AStarina/Nomer7/Rumer1.htm">ЛАНДАУ</a>. berkovich-zametki.com</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bes-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bes_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bes_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bes_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1,_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%8F_%D0%AF%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0" class="extiw" title="ru:Бессараб, Майя Яковлевна">Bessarab, Maya</a> (1971) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ega-math.narod.ru/Landau/Dau1971.htm">Страницы жизни Ландау</a>. <i><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%B9" class="extiw" title="ru:Московский рабочий">Московский рабочий</a></i>. Moscow</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mehra-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mehra_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mehra_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Jagdish_Mehra" title="Jagdish Mehra">Mehra, Jagdish</a> (2001) <i>The Golden Age of Theoretical Physics</i>, Boxed Set of 2 Volumes, World Scientific, p. 952. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9810243421" title="Special:BookSources/9810243421">9810243421</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">During this period Landau visitied Copenhagen three times: 8 April to 3 May 1930, from 20 September to 22 November 1930, and from 25 February to 19 March 1931 (see <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Landau_Lev.html">Landau Lev biography – MacTutor History of Mathematics</a>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sykes, J. B. (2013) <i>Landau: The Physicist and the Man: Recollections of L. D. Landau</i>, Elsevier, p. 81. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781483286884" title="Special:BookSources/9781483286884">9781483286884</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Haensel, P.; Potekhin, A. Y. and Yakovlev, D. G. (2007) <i>Neutron Stars 1: Equation of State and Structure</i>, Springer Science & Business Media, p. 2. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0387335439" title="Special:BookSources/0387335439">0387335439</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlundell,_Stephen_J.2009" class="citation book cs1">Blundell, Stephen J. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GxUWMrm4dxsC&pg=PA67"><i>Superconductivity: A Very Short Introduction</i></a>. Oxford U. Press. p. 67. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780191579097" title="Special:BookSources/9780191579097"><bdi>9780191579097</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Superconductivity%3A+A+Very+Short+Introduction&rft.pages=67&rft.pub=Oxford+U.+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780191579097&rft.au=Blundell%2C+Stephen+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGxUWMrm4dxsC%26pg%3DPA67&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALev+Landau" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIoffe2002" class="citation web cs1">Ioffe, B. L. (25 April 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/hep-ph/0204295">"Landau's Theoretical Minimum, Landau's Seminar, ITEP in the Beginning of the 1950's"</a>. <i>arXiv.org</i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.48550%2FARXIV.HEP-PH%2F0204295">10.48550/ARXIV.HEP-PH/0204295</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 February</span> 2025</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=arXiv.org&rft.atitle=Landau%27s+Theoretical+Minimum%2C+Landau%27s+Seminar%2C+ITEP+in+the+Beginning+of+the+1950%27s&rft.date=2002-04-25&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.48550%2FARXIV.HEP-PH%2F0204295&rft.aulast=Ioffe&rft.aufirst=B.+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farxiv.org%2Fabs%2Fhep-ph%2F0204295&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALev+Landau" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">On the Theory of Stars, in <i>Collected Papers of L. D. Landau</i>, ed. and with an introduction by <a href="/wiki/D._ter_Haar" class="mw-redirect" title="D. ter Haar">D. ter Haar</a>, New York: Gordon and Breach, 1965; originally published in <i>Phys. Z. Sowjet.</i> <b>1</b> (1932), 285.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYakovlevHaensel2013" class="citation journal cs1">Yakovlev, Dmitrii; Haensel, Pawel (2013). "Lev Landau and the concept of neutron stars". <i>Physics-Uspekhi</i>. <b>56</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">289–</span>295. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1210.0682">1210.0682</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013PhyU...56..289Y">2013PhyU...56..289Y</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3367%2FUFNe.0183.201303f.0307">10.3367/UFNe.0183.201303f.0307</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:119282067">119282067</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physics-Uspekhi&rft.atitle=Lev+Landau+and+the+concept+of+neutron+stars&rft.volume=56&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E289-%3C%2Fspan%3E295&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1210.0682&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A119282067%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3367%2FUFNe.0183.201303f.0307&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2013PhyU...56..289Y&rft.aulast=Yakovlev&rft.aufirst=Dmitrii&rft.au=Haensel%2C+Pawel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALev+Landau" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dorozynsk-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dorozynsk_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dorozynsk_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDorozynsk,_Alexander1965" class="citation book cs1">Dorozynsk, Alexander (1965). <i>The Man They Wouldn't Let Die</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Man+They+Wouldn%27t+Let+Die&rft.date=1965&rft.au=Dorozynsk%2C+Alexander&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALev+Landau" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kapitza.ras.ru/museum/history.htm">Музей-кабинет Петра Леонидовича Капицы (Peter Kapitza Memorial Museum-Study)</a>, <i>Академик Капица: Биографический очерк (a biographical sketch of Academician Kapitza)</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">O'Connor, 2014</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Yakovlev, 2012</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Rhodes" title="Richard Rhodes">Richard Rhodes</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.powells.com/biblio?show=TRADE%20PAPER:USED:9780684824147:9.50&page=excerpt"><i>Dark Sun: The Making of the Hydrogen Bomb</i></a>, pub Simon & Schuster, 1995, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0684824140" title="Special:BookSources/0684824140">0684824140</a> p. 33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">"Lev Davidovich Landau, Soviet physicist and Nobel laureate". <i>Physics Today</i>. <b>57</b> (2): 62. 2004. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004PhT....57Q..62.">2004PhT....57Q..62.</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1063%2F1.2408530">10.1063/1.2408530</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physics+Today&rft.atitle=Lev+Davidovich+Landau%2C+Soviet+physicist+and+Nobel+laureate&rft.volume=57&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=62&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1063%2F1.2408530&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2004PhT....57Q..62.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALev+Landau" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-y-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-y_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Petr_Leonidovich_Kapitsa" class="mw-redirect" title="Petr Leonidovich Kapitsa">Petr Leonidovich Kapitsa</a>, <i>Experiment, Theory, Practice: Articles and Addresses</i>, Springer, 1980, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9027710619" title="Special:BookSources/9027710619">9027710619</a>, p. 329.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchaefer,_Henry_F.2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Henry_F._Schaefer_III" title="Henry F. Schaefer III">Schaefer, Henry F.</a> (2003). <i>Science and Christianity: Conflict Or Coherence?</i>. The Apollos Trust. p. 9. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780974297507" title="Special:BookSources/9780974297507"><bdi>9780974297507</bdi></a>. <q>I present here two examples of notable atheists. The first is Lev Landau, the most brilliant Soviet physicist of the twentieth century.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Science+and+Christianity%3A+Conflict+Or+Coherence%3F&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=The+Apollos+Trust&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9780974297507&rft.au=Schaefer%2C+Henry+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALev+Landau" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nndb.com/people/793/000099496/">"Lev Landau"</a>. Soylent Communications. 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 May</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lev+Landau&rft.pub=Soylent+Communications&rft.date=2012&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nndb.com%2Fpeople%2F793%2F000099496%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALev+Landau" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames_D._PattersonBernard_C._Bailey2019" class="citation book cs1">James D. Patterson; Bernard C. Bailey (20 February 2019). <i>Solid-State Physics: Introduction to the Theory</i>. Lev Landau - The Soviet Grand Master: Springer. p. 190. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783319753225" title="Special:BookSources/9783319753225"><bdi>9783319753225</bdi></a>. <q>Landau's theoretical minimum exam was famous and only about forty students passed it in his time. This was Landau's entry-level exam for theoretical physics. It contained what Landau felt was necessary to work in that field. Like many Soviet era physicists he was an atheist.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Solid-State+Physics%3A+Introduction+to+the+Theory&rft.place=Lev+Landau+-+The+Soviet+Grand+Master&rft.pages=190&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2019-02-20&rft.isbn=9783319753225&rft.au=James+D.+Patterson&rft.au=Bernard+C.+Bailey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALev+Landau" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTarkovsky1987" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Andrei_Tarkovsky" title="Andrei Tarkovsky">Tarkovsky, Andrei</a> (1987). <a href="/wiki/Sculpting_in_Time" title="Sculpting in Time"><i>Sculpting in Time: The Great Russian Filmmaker Discusses His Art</i></a>. Translated by Hunter-Blair, Kitty. University of Texas Press. p. 229. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-292-77624-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-292-77624-1"><bdi>0-292-77624-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sculpting+in+Time%3A+The+Great+Russian+Filmmaker+Discusses+His+Art&rft.pages=229&rft.pub=University+of+Texas+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=0-292-77624-1&rft.aulast=Tarkovsky&rft.aufirst=Andrei&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALev+Landau" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bukovsky-archives.net/pdfs/sovter74/land-17.pdf">19 December 1957* (no number)</a>. The Bukovsky Archives.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1962/press.html">Nobel Presentation speech by Professor I. Waller, member of the Swedish Academy of Sciences</a>. Nobelprize.org. Retrieved on 28 January 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Drobantseva_Luria-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Drobantseva_Luria_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://biography.wikireading.ru/60550">Kora Drobantseva's memoirs</a>, Chapter 38, "The way we lived"; the episode with <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Luria" title="Alexander Luria">Alexander Luria</a> (in the original Russian text, referred to as <i>Лурье</i>) testing Lev Landau on intellectual abilities</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Yaacov Ro'i, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vvfIq0aJ_1oC&pg=PA199"><i>The Struggle for Soviet Jewish Emigration, 1948–1967</i></a>, Cambridge University Press 2003, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521522447" title="Special:BookSources/0521522447">0521522447</a> p. 199</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://booknik.ru/yesterday/history-of-protest/esli-nujen-vor-ego-i-s-viselitsy-snimayut/">«Если нужен вор, его и с виселицы снимают»</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://novodevichye.com/landau/">Obelisk at the Novodevichye Cemetery</a>. novodevichye.com (26 October 2008). Retrieved on 28 January 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchmadel,_Lutz_D.2003" class="citation book cs1">Schmadel, Lutz D. (2003). <i>Dictionary of Minor Planet Names</i> (5th ed.). <a href="/wiki/Springer_Verlag" class="mw-redirect" title="Springer Verlag">Springer Verlag</a>. p. 174. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-540-00238-3" title="Special:BookSources/3-540-00238-3"><bdi>3-540-00238-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Minor+Planet+Names&rft.pages=174&rft.edition=5th&rft.pub=Springer+Verlag&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=3-540-00238-3&rft.au=Schmadel%2C+Lutz+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALev+Landau" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBest2019" class="citation web cs1">Best, Shivali (22 January 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mirror.co.uk/science/who-lev-landau-google-doodle-13887780">"Google Doodle celebrates 111th birthday of theoretical physicist Lev Landau"</a>. <i>mirror</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=mirror&rft.atitle=Google+Doodle+celebrates+111th+birthday+of+theoretical+physicist+Lev+Landau&rft.date=2019-01-22&rft.aulast=Best&rft.aufirst=Shivali&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mirror.co.uk%2Fscience%2Fwho-lev-landau-google-doodle-13887780&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALev+Landau" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aps.org/programs/honors/prizes/landau-spitzer.cfm">"Landau-Spitzer Award"</a>. <i>APS.org</i>. <a href="/wiki/American_Physical_Society" title="American Physical Society">American Physical Society</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=APS.org&rft.atitle=Landau-Spitzer+Award&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aps.org%2Fprograms%2Fhonors%2Fprizes%2Flandau-spitzer.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALev+Landau" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldberg2018" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Elkhonon_Goldberg" title="Elkhonon Goldberg">Goldberg, Elkhonon</a> (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Rr9EDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA166"><i>Creativity: The Human Brain in the Age of Innovation</i></a>. 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New York: Simon & Schuster. p. 214. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-9821-8296-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-9821-8296-0"><bdi>978-1-9821-8296-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anatomy+of+a+Breakthrough%3A+How+to+Get+Unstuck+When+It+Matters+Most&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=214&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-1-9821-8296-0&rft.aulast=Alter&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyI4CEQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA214&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALev+Landau" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnna_Livanova1983" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Anna Livanova (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sgtnd.narod.ru/wts/rus/Landau.htm"><i>Ландау</i></a> [<i>Landau</i>] (in Russian) (2nd expanded ed.). Znanie<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%83&rft.edition=2nd+expanded&rft.pub=Znanie&rft.date=1983&rft.au=Anna+Livanova&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsgtnd.narod.ru%2Fwts%2Frus%2FLandau.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALev+Landau" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFN._David_Mermin1990" class="citation book cs1">N. 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Cham: Springer International Publishing AG. pp. <span class="nowrap">115–</span>117. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-030-55168-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-030-55168-1"><bdi>978-3-030-55168-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+ABC%27s+of+Science&rft.place=Cham&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E115-%3C%2Fspan%3E117&rft.pub=Springer+International+Publishing+AG&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-3-030-55168-1&rft.aulast=Mussardo&rft.aufirst=Giuseppe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnGcHEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA115&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALev+Landau" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dau-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dau_55-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dau_55-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://orange.strf.ru/client/news.aspx?ob_no=7074">Дао Ландау</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151007183002/http://orange.strf.ru/client/news.aspx?ob_no=7074">Archived</a> 7 October 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. strf.ru (25 January 2008)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www2.bfi.org.uk/news-opinion/sight-sound-magazine/features/dau-ilya-khrzhanovsky-report-and-first-look">Dau: a never-ending experiment in a Soviet laboratory</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.russianartandculture.com/dau-film-review-2/">DAU: Strange, Repellent, Mesmerising, Addictive</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ufn.ru/en/articles/1998/6/k/references.html">"Complete list of L D Landau's works"</a>. <i>Phys. 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June 1998. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998PhyU...41..621.">1998PhyU...41..621.</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1070%2FPU1998v041n06ABEH000413">10.1070/PU1998v041n06ABEH000413</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Phys.+Usp.&rft.atitle=Complete+list+of+L+D+Landau%27s+works&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E621-%3C%2Fspan%3E623&rft.date=1998-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1070%2FPU1998v041n06ABEH000413&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1998PhyU...41..621.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fufn.ru%2Fen%2Farticles%2F1998%2F6%2Fk%2Freferences.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALev+Landau" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wittig-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wittig_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWittig1973" class="citation book cs1">Wittig, Jörg (1973). "The pressure variable in solid state physics: What about 4f-band superconductors?". In H. J. Queisser (ed.). <i>Festkörper Probleme: Plenary Lectures of the Divisions Semiconductor Physics, Surface Physics, Low Temperature Physics, High Polymers, Thermodynamics and Statistical Mechanics, of the German Physical Society, Münster, March 19–24, 1973</i>. Advances in Solid State Physics. Vol. 13. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer. pp. <span class="nowrap">375–</span>396. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBFb0108579">10.1007/BFb0108579</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-528-08019-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-528-08019-8"><bdi>978-3-528-08019-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+pressure+variable+in+solid+state+physics%3A+What+about+4f-band+superconductors%3F&rft.btitle=Festk%C3%B6rper+Probleme%3A+Plenary+Lectures+of+the+Divisions+Semiconductor+Physics%2C+Surface+Physics%2C+Low+Temperature+Physics%2C+High+Polymers%2C+Thermodynamics+and+Statistical+Mechanics%2C+of+the+German+Physical+Society%2C+M%C3%BCnster%2C+March+19%E2%80%9324%2C+1973&rft.place=Berlin%2C+Heidelberg&rft.series=Advances+in+Solid+State+Physics&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E375-%3C%2Fspan%3E396&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=1973&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBFb0108579&rft.isbn=978-3-528-08019-8&rft.aulast=Wittig&rft.aufirst=J%C3%B6rg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALev+Landau" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Matthias-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Matthias_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatthias1969" class="citation book cs1">Matthias, B. T. (1969). "Systematics of Super Conductivity". In Wallace, P. R. (ed.). <i>Superconductivity</i>. Vol. 1. Gordon and Breach. pp. <span class="nowrap">225–</span>294. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780677138107" title="Special:BookSources/9780677138107"><bdi>9780677138107</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Systematics+of+Super+Conductivity&rft.btitle=Superconductivity&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E225-%3C%2Fspan%3E294&rft.pub=Gordon+and+Breach&rft.date=1969&rft.isbn=9780677138107&rft.aulast=Matthias&rft.aufirst=B.+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALev+Landau" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jensen1982-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Jensen1982_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliam_B._Jensen1982" class="citation journal cs1">William B. Jensen (1982). "The Positions of Lanthanum (Actinium) and Lutetium (Lawrencium) in the Periodic Table". <i>J. Chem. Educ</i>. <b>59</b> (8): <span class="nowrap">634–</span>636. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1982JChEd..59..634J">1982JChEd..59..634J</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fed059p634">10.1021/ed059p634</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J.+Chem.+Educ.&rft.atitle=The+Positions+of+Lanthanum+%28Actinium%29+and+Lutetium+%28Lawrencium%29+in+the+Periodic+Table&rft.volume=59&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E634-%3C%2Fspan%3E636&rft.date=1982&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fed059p634&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1982JChEd..59..634J&rft.au=William+B.+Jensen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALev+Landau" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Eric_Scerri" title="Eric Scerri">Scerri, Eric R</a> (2020). <i>The Periodic Table, Its Story and Its Significance</i>, 2nd edition, Oxford University Press, New York, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0190914363" title="Special:BookSources/978-0190914363">978-0190914363</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fluck-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fluck_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFluck1988" class="citation journal cs1">Fluck, E. (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iupac.org/publications/pac/1988/pdf/6003x0431.pdf">"New Notations in the Periodic Table"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry" title="Pure and Applied Chemistry">Pure Appl. Chem.</a></i> <b>60</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">431–</span>436. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1351%2Fpac198860030431">10.1351/pac198860030431</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:96704008">96704008</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120325152951/https://www.iupac.org/publications/pac/1988/pdf/6003x0431.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 25 March 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 March</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pure+Appl.+Chem.&rft.atitle=New+Notations+in+the+Periodic+Table&rft.volume=60&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E431-%3C%2Fspan%3E436&rft.date=1988&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1351%2Fpac198860030431&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A96704008%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Fluck&rft.aufirst=E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iupac.org%2Fpublications%2Fpac%2F1988%2Fpdf%2F6003x0431.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALev+Landau" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <dl><dt>Books</dt></dl> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDorozynski1965" class="citation book cs1">Dorozynski, Alexander (1965). <i>The Man They Wouldn't Let Die</i>. <a href="/wiki/Secker_and_Warburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Secker and Warburg">Secker and Warburg</a>. <a href="/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ASIN (identifier)">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0006DC8BA">B0006DC8BA</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Man+They+Wouldn%27t+Let+Die&rft.pub=Secker+and+Warburg&rft.date=1965&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2Fdp%2FB0006DC8BA%23id-name%3DASIN&rft.aulast=Dorozynski&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALev+Landau" class="Z3988"></span> (After Landau's 1962 car accident, the physics community around him rallied to attempt to save his life. They managed to prolong his life until 1968.)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJanouch1979" class="citation book cs1">Janouch, Frantisek (1979). <i>Lev D. Landau: His life and work</i>. <a href="/wiki/CERN" title="CERN">CERN</a>. <a href="/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ASIN (identifier)">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0007AUCL0">B0007AUCL0</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lev+D.+Landau%3A+His+life+and+work&rft.pub=CERN&rft.date=1979&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2Fdp%2FB0007AUCL0%23id-name%3DASIN&rft.aulast=Janouch&rft.aufirst=Frantisek&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALev+Landau" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhalatnikov,_I._M.1989" class="citation book cs1">Khalatnikov, I. M., ed. (1989). <i>Landau. The physicist and the man. Recollections of L. D. Landau</i>. Sykes, J. B. (trans.). <a href="/wiki/Pergamon_Press" title="Pergamon Press">Pergamon Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-08-036383-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-08-036383-0"><bdi>0-08-036383-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Landau.+The+physicist+and+the+man.+Recollections+of+L.+D.+Landau&rft.pub=Pergamon+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=0-08-036383-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALev+Landau" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKojevnikov2004" class="citation book cs1">Kojevnikov, Alexei B. (2004). <i>Stalin's Great Science: The Times and Adventures of Soviet Physicists</i>. History of Modern Physical Sciences. <a href="/wiki/Imperial_College_Press" title="Imperial College Press">Imperial College Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-86094-420-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-86094-420-5"><bdi>1-86094-420-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stalin%27s+Great+Science%3A+The+Times+and+Adventures+of+Soviet+Physicists&rft.series=History+of+Modern+Physical+Sciences&rft.pub=Imperial+College+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=1-86094-420-5&rft.aulast=Kojevnikov&rft.aufirst=Alexei+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALev+Landau" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLandau-Drobantseva1999" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Landau-Drobantseva, Kora (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050504045057/http://lib.ru/MEMUARY/LANDAU/landau.txt"><i>Professor Landau: How We Lived</i></a> (in Russian). <a href="/wiki/AST_(publisher)" title="AST (publisher)">AST</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/5-8159-0019-2" title="Special:BookSources/5-8159-0019-2"><bdi>5-8159-0019-2</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lib.ru/MEMUARY/LANDAU/landau.txt">the original</a> on 4 May 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Professor+Landau%3A+How+We+Lived&rft.pub=AST&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=5-8159-0019-2&rft.aulast=Landau-Drobantseva&rft.aufirst=Kora&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flib.ru%2FMEMUARY%2FLANDAU%2Flandau.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALev+Landau" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLivanova1980" class="citation book cs1">Livanova, Anna (1980). <i>Landau: A Great Physicist and Teacher</i>. Burlington: Pergamon. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-08-023076-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-08-023076-4"><bdi>978-0-08-023076-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Landau%3A+A+Great+Physicist+and+Teacher&rft.place=Burlington&rft.pub=Pergamon&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-0-08-023076-4&rft.aulast=Livanova&rft.aufirst=Anna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALev+Landau" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShifman2013" class="citation book cs1">Shifman, M., ed. (2013). <i>Under the Spell of Landau: When Theoretical Physics was Shaping Destinies</i>. World Scientific. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1142%2F8641">10.1142/8641</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-4436-56-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-4436-56-4"><bdi>978-981-4436-56-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Under+the+Spell+of+Landau%3A+When+Theoretical+Physics+was+Shaping+Destinies&rft.pub=World+Scientific&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1142%2F8641&rft.isbn=978-981-4436-56-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALev+Landau" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <dl><dt>Articles</dt></dl> <ul><li>Karl Hufbauer, "Landau's youthful sallies into stellar theory: Their origins, claims, and receptions", <i>Historical Studies in the Physical and Biological Sciences</i>, 37 (2007), 337–354.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131109195944/http://www.en.globaltalentnews.com/current_news/reports/3609/As-a-student-Landau-dared-to-correct-Einstein-in-a-lecture.html">"As a student, Landau dared to correct Einstein in a lecture". Global Talent News.</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'ConnorRobertson" class="citation cs2">O'Connor, John J.; <a href="/wiki/Edmund_F._Robertson" class="mw-redirect" title="Edmund F. Robertson">Robertson, Edmund F.</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Landau_Lev.html">"Lev Landau"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/MacTutor_History_of_Mathematics_Archive" title="MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive">MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_St_Andrews" title="University of St Andrews">University of St Andrews</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Lev+Landau&rft.btitle=MacTutor+History+of+Mathematics+Archive&rft.pub=University+of+St+Andrews&rft.aulast=O%27Connor&rft.aufirst=John+J.&rft.au=Robertson%2C+Edmund+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk%2FBiographies%2FLandau_Lev.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALev+Landau" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nobel-winners.com/Physics/lev_davidovich_landau.html">Lev Davidovich Landau. Nobel-Winners.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/hep-ph/0204295v1">Landau's Theoretical Minimum, Landau's Seminar, ITEP in the Beginning of the 1950s</a> by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Boris_L._Ioffe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boris L. Ioffe (page does not exist)">Boris L. Ioffe</a>, Concluding talk at the workshop <i>QCD at the Threshold of the Fourth Decade/Ioeffest</i>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081205002835/http://www.ejtp.info/landau.html">EJTP Landau Issue 2008.</a></li> <li>Ammar Sakaji and <a href="/wiki/Ignazio_Licata" title="Ignazio Licata">Ignazio Licata</a> (eds), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110717205824/https://www.novapublishers.com/catalog/product_info.php?products_id=9382">Lev Davidovich Landau and his Impact on Contemporary Theoretical Physics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nova_Science_Publishers" title="Nova Science Publishers">Nova Science Publishers</a>, New York, 2009, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60692-908-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60692-908-7">978-1-60692-908-7</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gennady_Gorelik" title="Gennady Gorelik">Gennady Gorelik</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://academic.evergreen.edu/z/zita/articles/History/landau.pdf">"The Top Secret Life of Lev Landau"</a>, <i>Scientific American</i>, Aug. 1997, vol. 277(2), 53–57, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24995874">JSTOR link</a>.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maya_Bessarab&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maya Bessarab (page does not exist)">Maya Bessarab</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ega-math.narod.ru/Landau/Dau1971.htm">"Landau's Life Pages(in Russian)"</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235611614">.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia{border:1px solid 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aria-labelledby="Laureates_of_the_Nobel_Prize_in_Physics145" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar 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href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nobel Prize in Physics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Laureates_of_the_Nobel_Prize_in_Physics145" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates_in_Physics" title="List of Nobel laureates in Physics">Laureates</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Nobel Prize in Physics</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1901–1925</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1901: <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6ntgen" title="Wilhelm Röntgen">Röntgen</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1902: <a href="/wiki/Hendrik_Lorentz" title="Hendrik Lorentz">Lorentz</a> / <a href="/wiki/Pieter_Zeeman" title="Pieter Zeeman">Zeeman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1903: <a href="/wiki/Henri_Becquerel" title="Henri Becquerel">Becquerel</a> / <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Curie" title="Pierre Curie">P. Curie</a> / <a href="/wiki/Marie_Curie" title="Marie Curie">M. Curie</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1904: <a href="/wiki/John_William_Strutt,_3rd_Baron_Rayleigh" title="John William Strutt, 3rd Baron Rayleigh">Rayleigh</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1905: <a href="/wiki/Philipp_Lenard" title="Philipp Lenard">Lenard</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1906: <a href="/wiki/J._J._Thomson" title="J. J. Thomson">J. J. Thomson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1907: <a href="/wiki/Albert_A._Michelson" title="Albert A. Michelson">Michelson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1908: <a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Lippmann" title="Gabriel Lippmann">Lippmann</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1909: <a href="/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi">Marconi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Karl_Ferdinand_Braun" title="Karl Ferdinand Braun">Braun</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1910: <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Diderik_van_der_Waals" title="Johannes Diderik van der Waals">Van der Waals</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1911: <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Wien" title="Wilhelm Wien">Wien</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1912: <a href="/wiki/Gustaf_Dal%C3%A9n" title="Gustaf Dalén">Dalén</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1913: <a href="/wiki/Heike_Kamerlingh_Onnes" title="Heike Kamerlingh Onnes">Kamerlingh Onnes</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1914: <a href="/wiki/Max_von_Laue" title="Max von Laue">Laue</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1915: <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Bragg" title="Lawrence Bragg">W. L. Bragg</a> / <a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Bragg" title="William Henry Bragg">W. H. Bragg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1916</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1917: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Glover_Barkla" title="Charles Glover Barkla">Barkla</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1918: <a href="/wiki/Max_Planck" title="Max Planck">Planck</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1919: <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Stark" title="Johannes Stark">Stark</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1920: <a href="/wiki/Charles_%C3%89douard_Guillaume" title="Charles Édouard Guillaume">Guillaume</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1921: <a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Einstein</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1922: <a href="/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr">N. Bohr</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1923: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Andrews_Millikan" title="Robert Andrews Millikan">Millikan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1924: <a href="/wiki/Manne_Siegbahn" title="Manne Siegbahn">M. Siegbahn</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1925: <a href="/wiki/James_Franck" title="James Franck">Franck</a> / <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Ludwig_Hertz" title="Gustav Ludwig Hertz">Hertz</a></span></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/80px-Nobel_Prize.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/120px-Nobel_Prize.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/160px-Nobel_Prize.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="492" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1926–1950</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1926: <a href="/wiki/Jean_Baptiste_Perrin" title="Jean Baptiste Perrin">Perrin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1927: <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Compton" title="Arthur Compton">Compton</a> / <a href="/wiki/Charles_Thomson_Rees_Wilson" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Thomson Rees Wilson">C. Wilson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1928: <a href="/wiki/Owen_Willans_Richardson" class="mw-redirect" title="Owen Willans Richardson">O. Richardson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1929: <a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Broglie" title="Louis de Broglie">De Broglie</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1930: <a href="/wiki/C._V._Raman" title="C. V. Raman">Raman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1931</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1932: <a href="/wiki/Werner_Heisenberg" title="Werner Heisenberg">Heisenberg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1933: <a href="/wiki/Erwin_Schr%C3%B6dinger" title="Erwin Schrödinger">Schrödinger</a> / <a href="/wiki/Paul_Dirac" title="Paul Dirac">Dirac</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1934</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1935: <a href="/wiki/James_Chadwick" title="James Chadwick">Chadwick</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1936: <a href="/wiki/Victor_Francis_Hess" title="Victor Francis Hess">Hess</a> / <a href="/wiki/Carl_David_Anderson" title="Carl David Anderson">C. D. Anderson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1937: <a href="/wiki/Clinton_Davisson" title="Clinton Davisson">Davisson</a> / <a href="/wiki/George_Paget_Thomson" title="George Paget Thomson">G. P. Thomson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1938: <a href="/wiki/Enrico_Fermi" title="Enrico Fermi">Fermi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1939: <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Lawrence" title="Ernest Lawrence">Lawrence</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1940</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1941</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1942</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1943: <a href="/wiki/Otto_Stern" title="Otto Stern">Stern</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1944: <a href="/wiki/Isidor_Isaac_Rabi" title="Isidor Isaac Rabi">Rabi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1945: <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Pauli" title="Wolfgang Pauli">Pauli</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1946: <a href="/wiki/Percy_Williams_Bridgman" title="Percy Williams Bridgman">Bridgman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1947: <a href="/wiki/Edward_Victor_Appleton" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward Victor Appleton">Appleton</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1948: <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Blackett" title="Patrick Blackett">Blackett</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1949: <a href="/wiki/Hideki_Yukawa" title="Hideki Yukawa">Yukawa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1950: <a href="/wiki/C._F._Powell" title="C. F. Powell">Powell</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1951–1975</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1951: <a href="/wiki/John_Cockcroft" title="John Cockcroft">Cockcroft</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Walton" title="Ernest Walton">Walton</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1952: <a href="/wiki/Felix_Bloch" title="Felix Bloch">Bloch</a> / <a href="/wiki/Edward_Mills_Purcell" title="Edward Mills Purcell">Purcell</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1953: <a href="/wiki/Frits_Zernike" title="Frits Zernike">Zernike</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1954: <a href="/wiki/Max_Born" title="Max Born">Born</a> / <a href="/wiki/Walther_Bothe" title="Walther Bothe">Bothe</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1955: <a href="/wiki/Willis_Lamb" title="Willis Lamb">Lamb</a> / <a href="/wiki/Polykarp_Kusch" title="Polykarp Kusch">Kusch</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1956: <a href="/wiki/William_Shockley" title="William Shockley">Shockley</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Bardeen" title="John Bardeen">Bardeen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Walter_Houser_Brattain" title="Walter Houser Brattain">Brattain</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1957: <a href="/wiki/Yang_Chen-Ning" title="Yang Chen-Ning">C. N. Yang</a> / <a href="/wiki/Tsung-Dao_Lee" title="Tsung-Dao Lee">T. D. Lee</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1958: <a href="/wiki/Pavel_Cherenkov" title="Pavel Cherenkov">Cherenkov</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ilya_Frank" title="Ilya Frank">Frank</a> / <a href="/wiki/Igor_Tamm" title="Igor Tamm">Tamm</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1959: <a href="/wiki/Emilio_Segr%C3%A8" title="Emilio Segrè">Segrè</a> / <a href="/wiki/Owen_Chamberlain" title="Owen Chamberlain">Chamberlain</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1960: <a href="/wiki/Donald_A._Glaser" title="Donald A. Glaser">Glaser</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1961: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Hofstadter" title="Robert Hofstadter">Hofstadter</a> / <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_M%C3%B6ssbauer" title="Rudolf Mössbauer">Mössbauer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1962: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Landau</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1963: <a href="/wiki/Eugene_Wigner" title="Eugene Wigner">Wigner</a> / <a href="/wiki/Maria_Goeppert_Mayer" title="Maria Goeppert Mayer">Goeppert Mayer</a> / <a href="/wiki/J._Hans_D._Jensen" title="J. Hans D. Jensen">Jensen</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1964: <a href="/wiki/Charles_H._Townes" title="Charles H. Townes">Townes</a> / <a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Basov" title="Nikolay Basov">Basov</a> / <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Prokhorov" title="Alexander Prokhorov">Prokhorov</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1965: <a href="/wiki/Shin%27ichir%C5%8D_Tomonaga" title="Shin'ichirō Tomonaga">Tomonaga</a> / <a href="/wiki/Julian_Schwinger" title="Julian Schwinger">Schwinger</a> / <a href="/wiki/Richard_Feynman" title="Richard Feynman">Feynman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1966: <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Kastler" title="Alfred Kastler">Kastler</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1967: <a href="/wiki/Hans_Bethe" title="Hans Bethe">Bethe</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1968: <a href="/wiki/Luis_Walter_Alvarez" title="Luis Walter Alvarez">Alvarez</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1969: <a href="/wiki/Murray_Gell-Mann" title="Murray Gell-Mann">Gell-Mann</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1970: <a href="/wiki/Hannes_Alfv%C3%A9n" title="Hannes Alfvén">Alfvén</a> / <a href="/wiki/Louis_N%C3%A9el" title="Louis Néel">Néel</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1971: <a href="/wiki/Dennis_Gabor" title="Dennis Gabor">Gabor</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1972: <a href="/wiki/John_Bardeen" title="John Bardeen">Bardeen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Leon_Cooper" title="Leon Cooper">Cooper</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Robert_Schrieffer" title="John Robert Schrieffer">Schrieffer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1973: <a href="/wiki/Leo_Esaki" title="Leo Esaki">Esaki</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ivar_Giaever" title="Ivar Giaever">Giaever</a> / <a href="/wiki/Brian_Josephson" title="Brian Josephson">Josephson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1974: <a href="/wiki/Martin_Ryle" title="Martin Ryle">Ryle</a> / <a href="/wiki/Antony_Hewish" title="Antony Hewish">Hewish</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1975: <a href="/wiki/Aage_Bohr" title="Aage Bohr">A. Bohr</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ben_Roy_Mottelson" title="Ben Roy Mottelson">Mottelson</a> / <a href="/wiki/James_Rainwater" title="James Rainwater">Rainwater</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1976–2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1976: <a href="/wiki/Burton_Richter" title="Burton Richter">Richter</a> / <a href="/wiki/Samuel_C._C._Ting" title="Samuel C. C. Ting">Ting</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1977: <a href="/wiki/Philip_W._Anderson" title="Philip W. Anderson">P. W. Anderson</a> / <a href="/wiki/Nevill_Francis_Mott" class="mw-redirect" title="Nevill Francis Mott">Mott</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Hasbrouck_Van_Vleck" title="John Hasbrouck Van Vleck">Van Vleck</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1978: <a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Kapitsa" title="Pyotr Kapitsa">Kapitsa</a> / <a href="/wiki/Arno_Allan_Penzias" title="Arno Allan Penzias">Penzias</a> / <a href="/wiki/Robert_Woodrow_Wilson" title="Robert Woodrow Wilson">R. Wilson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1979: <a href="/wiki/Sheldon_Glashow" title="Sheldon Glashow">Glashow</a> / <a href="/wiki/Abdus_Salam" title="Abdus Salam">Salam</a> / <a href="/wiki/Steven_Weinberg" title="Steven Weinberg">Weinberg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1980: <a href="/wiki/James_Cronin" title="James Cronin">Cronin</a> / <a href="/wiki/Val_Logsdon_Fitch" title="Val Logsdon Fitch">Fitch</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1981: <a href="/wiki/Nicolaas_Bloembergen" title="Nicolaas Bloembergen">Bloembergen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Leonard_Schawlow" title="Arthur Leonard Schawlow">Schawlow</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kai_Siegbahn" title="Kai Siegbahn">K. Siegbahn</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1982: <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_G._Wilson" title="Kenneth G. Wilson">K. Wilson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1983: <a href="/wiki/Subrahmanyan_Chandrasekhar" title="Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar">Chandrasekhar</a> / <a href="/wiki/William_Alfred_Fowler" title="William Alfred Fowler">Fowler</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1984: <a href="/wiki/Carlo_Rubbia" title="Carlo Rubbia">Rubbia</a> / <a href="/wiki/Simon_van_der_Meer" title="Simon van der Meer">Van der Meer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1985: <a href="/wiki/Klaus_von_Klitzing" title="Klaus von Klitzing">von Klitzing</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1986: <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Ruska" title="Ernst Ruska">Ruska</a> / <a href="/wiki/Gerd_Binnig" title="Gerd Binnig">Binnig</a> / <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Rohrer" title="Heinrich Rohrer">Rohrer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1987: <a href="/wiki/Georg_Bednorz" title="Georg Bednorz">Bednorz</a> / <a href="/wiki/K._Alex_M%C3%BCller" title="K. Alex Müller">Müller</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1988: <a href="/wiki/Leon_M._Lederman" title="Leon M. Lederman">Lederman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Melvin_Schwartz" title="Melvin Schwartz">Schwartz</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jack_Steinberger" title="Jack Steinberger">Steinberger</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1989: <a href="/wiki/Norman_Ramsey_Jr." title="Norman Ramsey Jr.">Ramsey</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hans_Georg_Dehmelt" title="Hans Georg Dehmelt">Dehmelt</a> / <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Paul" title="Wolfgang Paul">Paul</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1990: <a href="/wiki/Jerome_Isaac_Friedman" title="Jerome Isaac Friedman">Friedman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Henry_Way_Kendall" title="Henry Way Kendall">Kendall</a> / <a href="/wiki/Richard_E._Taylor" title="Richard E. Taylor">R. Taylor</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1991: <a href="/wiki/Pierre-Gilles_de_Gennes" title="Pierre-Gilles de Gennes">de Gennes</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1992: <a href="/wiki/Georges_Charpak" title="Georges Charpak">Charpak</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1993: <a href="/wiki/Russell_Alan_Hulse" title="Russell Alan Hulse">Hulse</a> / <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Hooton_Taylor_Jr." title="Joseph Hooton Taylor Jr.">J. Taylor</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1994: <a href="/wiki/Bertram_Brockhouse" title="Bertram Brockhouse">Brockhouse</a> / <a href="/wiki/Clifford_Shull" title="Clifford Shull">Shull</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1995: <a href="/wiki/Martin_Lewis_Perl" title="Martin Lewis Perl">Perl</a> / <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Reines" title="Frederick Reines">Reines</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1996: <a href="/wiki/David_Lee_(physicist)" title="David Lee (physicist)">D. Lee</a> / <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Osheroff" title="Douglas Osheroff">Osheroff</a> / <a href="/wiki/Robert_Coleman_Richardson" title="Robert Coleman Richardson">R. Richardson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1997: <a href="/wiki/Steven_Chu" title="Steven Chu">Chu</a> / <a href="/wiki/Claude_Cohen-Tannoudji" title="Claude Cohen-Tannoudji">Cohen-Tannoudji</a> / <a href="/wiki/William_Daniel_Phillips" title="William Daniel Phillips">Phillips</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1998: <a href="/wiki/Robert_B._Laughlin" title="Robert B. Laughlin">Laughlin</a> / <a href="/wiki/Horst_Ludwig_St%C3%B6rmer" title="Horst Ludwig Störmer">Störmer</a> / <a href="/wiki/Daniel_C._Tsui" title="Daniel C. Tsui">Tsui</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1999: <a href="/wiki/Gerard_%27t_Hooft" title="Gerard 't Hooft">'t Hooft</a> / <a href="/wiki/Martinus_J._G._Veltman" title="Martinus J. G. Veltman">Veltman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2000: <a href="/wiki/Zhores_Alferov" title="Zhores Alferov">Alferov</a> / <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Kroemer" title="Herbert Kroemer">Kroemer</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jack_Kilby" title="Jack Kilby">Kilby</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2001–<br />present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">2001: <a href="/wiki/Eric_Allin_Cornell" title="Eric Allin Cornell">Cornell</a> / <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Ketterle" title="Wolfgang Ketterle">Ketterle</a> / <a href="/wiki/Carl_Wieman" title="Carl Wieman">Wieman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2002: <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Davis_Jr." title="Raymond Davis Jr.">Davis</a> / <a href="/wiki/Masatoshi_Koshiba" title="Masatoshi Koshiba">Koshiba</a> / <a href="/wiki/Riccardo_Giacconi" title="Riccardo Giacconi">Giacconi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2003: <a href="/wiki/Alexei_Abrikosov_(physicist)" title="Alexei Abrikosov (physicist)">Abrikosov</a> / <a href="/wiki/Vitaly_Ginzburg" title="Vitaly Ginzburg">Ginzburg</a> / <a href="/wiki/Anthony_James_Leggett" title="Anthony James Leggett">Leggett</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2004: <a href="/wiki/David_Gross" title="David Gross">Gross</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hugh_David_Politzer" title="Hugh David Politzer">Politzer</a> / <a href="/wiki/Frank_Wilczek" title="Frank Wilczek">Wilczek</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2005: <a href="/wiki/Roy_J._Glauber" title="Roy J. Glauber">Glauber</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_L._Hall" title="John L. Hall">Hall</a> / <a href="/wiki/Theodor_W._H%C3%A4nsch" title="Theodor W. Hänsch">Hänsch</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2006: <a href="/wiki/John_C._Mather" title="John C. Mather">Mather</a> / <a href="/wiki/George_Smoot" title="George Smoot">Smoot</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2007: <a href="/wiki/Albert_Fert" title="Albert Fert">Fert</a> / <a href="/wiki/Peter_Gr%C3%BCnberg" title="Peter Grünberg">Grünberg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2008: <a href="/wiki/Yoichiro_Nambu" title="Yoichiro Nambu">Nambu</a> / <a href="/wiki/Makoto_Kobayashi_(physicist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Makoto Kobayashi (physicist)">Kobayashi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Toshihide_Maskawa" title="Toshihide Maskawa">Maskawa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2009: <a href="/wiki/Charles_K._Kao" title="Charles K. Kao">Kao</a> / <a href="/wiki/Willard_Boyle" title="Willard Boyle">Boyle</a> / <a href="/wiki/George_E._Smith" title="George E. Smith">Smith</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2010: <a href="/wiki/Andre_Geim" title="Andre Geim">Geim</a> / <a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Novoselov" title="Konstantin Novoselov">Novoselov</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2011: <a href="/wiki/Saul_Perlmutter" title="Saul Perlmutter">Perlmutter</a> / <a href="/wiki/Brian_Schmidt" title="Brian Schmidt">Schmidt</a> / <a href="/wiki/Adam_Riess" title="Adam Riess">Riess</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2012: <a href="/wiki/David_J._Wineland" title="David J. Wineland">Wineland</a> / <a href="/wiki/Serge_Haroche" title="Serge Haroche">Haroche</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2013: <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Englert" title="François Englert">Englert</a> / <a href="/wiki/Peter_Higgs" title="Peter Higgs">Higgs</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2014: <a href="/wiki/Isamu_Akasaki" title="Isamu Akasaki">Akasaki</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hiroshi_Amano" title="Hiroshi Amano">Amano</a> / <a href="/wiki/Shuji_Nakamura" title="Shuji Nakamura">Nakamura</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2015: <a href="/wiki/Takaaki_Kajita" title="Takaaki Kajita">Kajita</a> / <a href="/wiki/Arthur_B._McDonald" title="Arthur B. McDonald">McDonald</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2016: <a href="/wiki/David_J._Thouless" class="mw-redirect" title="David J. Thouless">Thouless</a> / <a href="/wiki/Duncan_Haldane" title="Duncan Haldane">Haldane</a> / <a href="/wiki/J._Michael_Kosterlitz" title="J. Michael Kosterlitz">Kosterlitz</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2017: <a href="/wiki/Rainer_Weiss" title="Rainer Weiss">Weiss</a> / <a href="/wiki/Barry_Barish" title="Barry Barish">Barish</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kip_Thorne" title="Kip Thorne">Thorne</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2018: <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Ashkin" title="Arthur Ashkin">Ashkin</a> / <a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_Mourou" title="Gérard Mourou">Mourou</a> / <a href="/wiki/Donna_Strickland" title="Donna Strickland">Strickland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2019: <a href="/wiki/Jim_Peebles" title="Jim Peebles">Peebles</a> / <a href="/wiki/Michel_Mayor" title="Michel Mayor">Mayor</a> / <a href="/wiki/Didier_Queloz" title="Didier Queloz">Queloz</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2020: <a href="/wiki/Roger_Penrose" title="Roger Penrose">Penrose</a> / <a href="/wiki/Reinhard_Genzel" title="Reinhard Genzel">Genzel</a> / <a href="/wiki/Andrea_M._Ghez" title="Andrea M. Ghez">Ghez</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2021: <a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Parisi" title="Giorgio Parisi">Parisi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Klaus_Hasselmann" title="Klaus Hasselmann">Hasselmann</a> / <a href="/wiki/Syukuro_Manabe" title="Syukuro Manabe">Manabe</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2022: <a href="/wiki/Alain_Aspect" title="Alain Aspect">Aspect</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Clauser" title="John Clauser">Clauser</a> / <a href="/wiki/Anton_Zeilinger" title="Anton Zeilinger">Zeilinger</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2023: <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Agostini" title="Pierre Agostini">Agostini</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ferenc_Krausz" title="Ferenc Krausz">Krausz</a> / <a href="/wiki/Anne_L%27Huillier" title="Anne L'Huillier">L'Huillier</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2024: <a href="/wiki/John_Hopfield" title="John Hopfield">Hopfield</a> / <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Hinton" title="Geoffrey Hinton">Hinton</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="1962_Nobel_Prize_laureates913" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:1962_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1962 Nobel Prize winners"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:1962_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template talk:1962 Nobel Prize winners"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:1962_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Special:EditPage/Template:1962 Nobel Prize winners"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="1962_Nobel_Prize_laureates913" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">1962 <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize" title="Nobel Prize">Nobel Prize</a> laureates</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry" title="Nobel Prize in Chemistry">Chemistry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Max_Perutz" title="Max Perutz">Max Perutz</a> (Great Britain)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Kendrew" title="John Kendrew">John Kendrew</a> (Great Britain)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Nobel Prize in Literature">Literature</a> (<a href="/wiki/1962_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1962 Nobel Prize in Literature">1962</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Steinbeck" title="John Steinbeck">John Steinbeck</a> (United States)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Peace</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linus_Pauling" title="Linus Pauling">Linus Pauling</a> (United States)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Physics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lev Landau</a> (Soviet Union)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">Physiology or Medicine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Crick" title="Francis Crick">Francis Crick</a> (Great Britain)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Watson" title="James Watson">James D. Watson</a> (United States)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Wilkins" title="Maurice Wilkins">Maurice Wilkins</a> (Great Britain/Australia)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Nobel laureates">Nobel Prize recipients</a></span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1957_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1957 Nobel Prize winners">1957</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1958_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1958 Nobel Prize winners">1958</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1959_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1959 Nobel Prize winners">1959</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1960_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1960 Nobel Prize winners">1960</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1961_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1961 Nobel Prize winners">1961</a></dd> <dd><b>1962 </b></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1963_Nobel_Prize_winners" 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aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133267#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata4293" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133267#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata4293" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133267#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000081483016">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/68968503">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/13393/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJjRWrtHd36HdMrgF9mKh3">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118569066">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50039212">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12159123r">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12159123r">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00446770">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Landau, Lev Davidovič"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/CFIV049701">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35289590">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn19990210366&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX982521">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/60741">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p069374740">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90058704">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000113670&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000046978&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bncatalogo.cl/F?func=direct&local_base=red10&doc_number=000087513">Chile</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=73454">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC199615841">Korea</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/gdsvwsd03sthmdc">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810603941805606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007264264505171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA00102598?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mathgenealogy.org/id.php?id=105773">Mathematics Genealogy Project</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=22989096000">Scopus</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zbmath.org/authors/?q=ai:landau.lev-d">zbMATH</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet/MRAuthorID/191299">MathSciNet</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.leopoldina.org/mitgliederverzeichnis/mitglieder/member/Member/show/lev-d-landau/">Leopoldina</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/c249f7ee-27bd-431c-a2c5-ef33853cfe3c">MusicBrainz</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biografischportaal.nl/en/persoon/54402164">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/899240">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/118569066.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118569066">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/030109590">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w65q4xkx">SNAC</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://esu.com.ua/search_articles.php?id=53140">Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div 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