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Disponible en 17 llengües" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-17" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">17 llengües</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luengas_berbers_orientals" title="Luengas berbers orientals - aragonès" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Luengas berbers orientals" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragonès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A3%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%BA%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="لغات أمازيغية شرقية - àrab" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="لغات أمازيغية شرقية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="àrab" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%D8%BA%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A3%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%BA%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="لوغات أمازيغية شرقية - Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="لوغات أمازيغية شرقية" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lling%C3%BCes_bereberes_orientales" title="Llingües bereberes orientales - asturià" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Llingües bereberes orientales" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturià" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yezho%C3%B9_berberek_ar_reter" title="Yezhoù berberek ar reter - bretó" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Yezhoù berberek ar reter" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="bretó" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Berber_languages" title="Eastern Berber languages - anglès" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Eastern Berber languages" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="anglès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenguas_bereberes_orientales" title="Lenguas bereberes orientales - espanyol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Lenguas bereberes orientales" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="espanyol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langues_berb%C3%A8res_de_l%27Est" title="Langues berbères de l'Est - francès" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Langues berbères de l'Est" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isto%C4%8Dnoberberski_jezici" title="Istočnoberberski jezici - croat" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Istočnoberberski jezici" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="croat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/As%E1%BB%A5s%E1%BB%A5_nd%E1%BB%8B_Berber_nke_%E1%BB%8Cw%E1%BB%A5wa_Anyanw%E1%BB%A5" title="Asụsụ ndị Berber nke Ọwụwa Anyanwụ - igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Asụsụ ndị Berber nke Ọwụwa Anyanwụ" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tutlayin_timazi%C9%A3in_tisemranin" title="Tutlayin timaziɣin tisemranin - cabilenc" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Tutlayin timaziɣin tisemranin" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="cabilenc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiteny_berbera_atsinanana" title="Fiteny berbera atsinanana - malgaix" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fiteny berbera atsinanana" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="malgaix" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%B1_%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%DA%BA" title="مشرقی بربر زباناں - Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="مشرقی بربر زباناں" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Восточноберберские языки - rus" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Восточноберберские языки" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="rus" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isto%C4%8Dnoberberski_jezici" title="Istočnoberberski jezici - serbocroat" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Istočnoberberski jezici" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbocroat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tutlayin_timazi%C9%A3in_tigmu%E1%B8%8Danin" title="Tutlayin timaziɣin tigmuḍanin - taixelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Tutlayin timaziɣin tigmuḍanin" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="taixelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taclḥit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%B1_%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%BA" title="مشرقی بربر زبانیں - urdú" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="مشرقی بربر زبانیں" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdú" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2511788#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Modifica enllaços interlingües" class="wbc-editpage">Modifica els enllaços</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Espais de noms"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" 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font-size:120%;"><span style="float:left; margin-left: 3px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Infotaula de família lingüística"><img alt="Infotaula de família lingüística" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Octicons-comment.svg/20px-Octicons-comment.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Octicons-comment.svg/30px-Octicons-comment.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Octicons-comment.svg/40px-Octicons-comment.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="896" data-file-height="1024" /></span></span></span>Llengües amazigues orientals</caption><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left;background:#eeeeee">Tipus</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Fam%C3%ADlia_ling%C3%BC%C3%ADstica" title="Família lingüística">família lingüística</a> i <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q11820611" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/Q11820611">subfamília lingüística</a> <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2511788?uselang=ca#P31" title="Modifica el valor a Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica el valor a Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left;background:#eeeeee">Distribució geogràfica</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Líbia"><img alt="Líbia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_Libya_%282-3%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Libya_%282-3%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_Libya_%282-3%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Libya_%282-3%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_Libya_%282-3%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Libya_%282-3%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="480" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/L%C3%ADbia" title="Líbia">Líbia</a>, <span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Egipte"><img alt="Egipte" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/23px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/35px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/46px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Egipte" title="Egipte">Egipte</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:center;background:Moccasin">Classificació lingüística</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data infobox-data" style="text-align:center"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q20162172" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/Q20162172">llengua humana</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Lleng%C3%BCes_afroasi%C3%A0tiques" title="Llengües afroasiàtiques">llengües afroasiàtiques</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Amazic" title="Amazic">amazic</a> <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2511788?uselang=ca#P279" title="Modifica el valor a Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica el valor a Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:center;background:Moccasin">Subdivisions</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data infobox-data" style="text-align:center"><div></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Siwi" title="Siwi">Siwi</a>-<a href="/wiki/Sokna" title="Sokna">Sokna</a>-<a href="/wiki/Nafusi" title="Nafusi">Nafusi</a></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Awjila" title="Awjila">Awjila</a>-<a href="/wiki/Ghadam%C3%A8s" title="Ghadamès">Ghadamès</a><br />(β-Berber)</div> <div></div> <div></div> <div></div> <div></div> <div></div> <div></div> <div></div> <div></div> <div></div> <div></div> <div></div> <div></div> <div></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:center;background:Moccasin">Distribució geogràfica</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data infobox-data" style="text-align:center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxer:Eastern_Berber.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Eastern_Berber.PNG/300px-Eastern_Berber.PNG" decoding="async" width="300" height="286" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Eastern_Berber.PNG/450px-Eastern_Berber.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Eastern_Berber.PNG/600px-Eastern_Berber.PNG 2x" data-file-width="752" data-file-height="718" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data infobox-data" style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:90%;"> </span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Les <b>llengües amazigues orientals</b> són un subgrup de les <a href="/wiki/Lleng%C3%BCes_amazigues" class="mw-redirect" title="Llengües amazigues">llengües amazigues</a>, parlades a parts de <a href="/wiki/L%C3%ADbia" title="Líbia">Líbia</a> i <a href="/wiki/Egipte" title="Egipte">Egipte</a>. Les llengües classificables com a amazigues orientals són el <a href="/wiki/Nafusi" title="Nafusi">nafusi</a>, el <a href="/wiki/Sokna" title="Sokna">sokna</a> (sawknah, foqaha), el siwi, l'awjilah i el ghadamès (<i>Ethnologue</i> classifica la primera i l'última com <a href="/wiki/Lleng%C3%BCes_zenetes" title="Llengües zenetes">llengües zenetes</a>). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classificació"><span id="Classificaci.C3.B3"></span>Classificació</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lleng%C3%BCes_amazigues_orientals&action=edit&section=1" title="Modifica la secció: Classificació"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>La posició de les llengües amazigues orientals dins de les <a href="/wiki/Lleng%C3%BCes_amazigues" class="mw-redirect" title="Llengües amazigues">llengües amazigues</a> resulta difícil. Per a alguns autors constitueixen una branca primària diferenciada de les altres branques. No obstant això, des del punt de vista de la similitud lèxica podrien formar juntament amb algunes les <a href="/wiki/Lleng%C3%BCes_zenetes" title="Llengües zenetes">llengües zenetes</a> més orientals un grup coordinat amb dins de l'<a href="/wiki/Lleng%C3%BCes_amazigues_septentrionals" title="Llengües amazigues septentrionals">amazic septentrional</a>. </p><p>La classificació interna també ha estat discutida. <i><a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a></i> classifica com a llengües orientals només tres llengües: el sawknah (sokna, foqaha), l'<a href="/wiki/Awjilah" class="mw-redirect" title="Awjilah">awjilah</a> i el <a href="/wiki/Siwi" title="Siwi">siwi</a> o siwa. Considerant que les dues primera formen un grup. No obstant això, la conservació del fonema /β/ del <a href="/wiki/Protoberber" title="Protoberber">protoberber</a> en ghadamès i awjila apunta al fet que la classificació d' <i><a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a></i> no és correcta. </p><p>Una classificació millor fonamentada considera que el grup oriental estaria constituït per dos subgrups:<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKossmann199929,_33_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKossmann199929,_33-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ghadam%C3%A8s" title="Ghadamès">Ghadamès</a>-<a href="/wiki/Awjila" title="Awjila">Awjila</a> (β-Berber). Aquestes dues llengües són les úniques llengües amazigues que conserven el fonema protoberber /β/ com /β/<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKossmann199961_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKossmann199961-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> que en la resta de l'amazic desapareix o passa a <i>h</i>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siwi" title="Siwi">Siwi</a>-<a href="/wiki/Sokna" title="Sokna">Sokna</a>-<a href="/wiki/Nafusi" title="Nafusi">Nafusi</a>. Aquest grup comparteix algunes innovacions amb les <a href="/wiki/Lleng%C3%BCes_zenetes" title="Llengües zenetes">llengües zenetes</a>, i uns altres (ex. el canvi de <i>ă</i> a <i>ə</i><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> i la pèrdua de β<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKossmann199961_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKossmann199961-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) amb les <a href="/wiki/Lleng%C3%BCes_amazigues_septentrionals" title="Llengües amazigues septentrionals">llengües amazigues septentrionals</a>.</li></ul> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roger_Blench&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Roger Blench (encara no existeix)">Blench</a> (ms, 2006) va llistar les següents com a llengües separades, amb els dialectes entre parèntesis: com a <i>Ethnologue</i>, classifica el nafusi com a <a href="/wiki/Lleng%C3%BCes_zenetes_orientals" title="Llengües zenetes orientals">zenete oriental</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siwi" title="Siwi">Siwi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awjila" title="Awjila">Awjila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sokna" title="Sokna">Sokna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghadam%C3%A8s" title="Ghadamès">Ghadamès</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zurg" title="Zurg">Zurg</a> (a <a href="/wiki/Kufra" title="Kufra">Kufra</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sokna" title="Sokna">Fezzan</a> (Tmessa, Al-Foqaha)</li></ul> <p>El "Lingvarium Project" (2005) cita dues llengües addicionals: la llengua extingida d'<a href="/wiki/Al-Jaghbub" title="Al-Jaghbub">Al-Jaghbub</a>, i l'encara parlada llengua amaziga de Tmessa, un oasi situat al nord del <a href="/w/index.php?title=Districte_de_Murzuq&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Districte de Murzuq (encara no existeix)">districte de Murzuq</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Blažek (1999) considera la llengua parlada a Tmessa un dialecte del <a href="/wiki/Sokna" title="Sokna">Fezzan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referències"><span id="Refer.C3.A8ncies"></span>Referències</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lleng%C3%BCes_amazigues_orientals&action=edit&section=2" title="Modifica la secció: Referències"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist {{#if: | references-column-count references-column-count-{{{col}}}" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Aikhenvald, Alexandra Y. & A. Ju. Militarev. 1984. Klassifikacija livijsko-guančskih jazykov. In <i>IV vsesojuznaja konferencija afrikanistov "Afrika v 80-e gody: itogi i perspektivy razvitija" (Moskva, 3-5 oktjabrja 1984 g.)</i>, vol. II, 83-85. (Tezisy Dokladov i Naučnyh Soobščenij IV). Moskva: Institut Afrika Akademii Nauk SSSR, as cited in Takács, Gábor. 1999. <i>Development of Afro-Asiatic (Semito-Hamitic) Comparative-Historical Linguistics in Russia and the Former Soviet Union</i>. (LINCOM Studies in Afroasiatic Linguistics 02). München: LINCOM Europa, p. 130</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKossmann199929,_33-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKossmann199929,_33_2-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKossmann1999">Kossmann, 1999</a>, p. 29, 33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKossmann199961-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKossmann199961_3-0">3,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKossmann199961_3-1">3,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKossmann1999">Kossmann, 1999</a>, p. 61.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Karl-G. Prasse. "The Reconstruction of Proto-Berber Short Vowels", in ed. James & Theodora Bynon, <i>Hamito-Semitica</i>, The Hague/Paris 1975.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rogerblench.info/Language/Afroasiatic/General/AALIST.pdf">AA list</a>, Blench, ms, 2006</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><sup title="Cal donar format a aquesta referència." class="noprint"><span class="noprint" style="color:blue;"><i>[<a href="/wiki/VP:REF" class="mw-redirect" title="VP:REF">enllaç sense format</a>]</i></span></sup> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://lingvarium.org/africa/Berber1.0.pdf">http://lingvarium.org/africa/Berber1.0.pdf</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Václav Blažek, "Numerals: Comparative-etymological Analyses of Numeral Systems and Their Implications : Saharan, Nubian, Egyptian, Berber, Kartvelian, Uralic, Altaic and Indo-European Languages", in: Filozofická Fakulta: Opera Universitatis Masarykianae vol. 332, p. 57, Facultas Philosophica - Masarykova Univerzita Brno, 1999 (<a href="/wiki/Especial:Fonts_bibliogr%C3%A0fiques/9788021020702" title="Especial:Fonts bibliogràfiques/9788021020702">ISBN 9788021020702</a>)</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliografia">Bibliografia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lleng%C3%BCes_amazigues_orientals&action=edit&section=3" title="Modifica la secció: Bibliografia"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="citation book" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFKossmann1999"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Kossmann</span>, Maarten. <i>Essai sur la phonologie du proto-berbère</i>.  Köln: Rüdiger Köppe, 1999.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Essai+sur+la+phonologie+du+proto-berb%C3%A8re&rft.aulast=Kossmann&rft.aufirst=Maarten&rft.date=1999&rft.pub=R%C3%BCdiger+K%C3%B6ppe&rft.place=K%C3%B6ln"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Enllaços_externs"><span id="Enlla.C3.A7os_externs"></span>Enllaços externs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lleng%C3%BCes_amazigues_orientals&action=edit&section=4" title="Modifica la secció: Enllaços externs"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ethnologue.com/show_family.asp?subid=90003">Entrada Ethnologue per les llengües berbers orientals</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://orientalberber.wordpress.com">"Oriental Berber", a collaborative blog on the Berber languages of Tunisia, Libya, and Egypt</a></li></ul> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Llengües_amazigues" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Plantilla:Amazic" title="Plantilla:Amazic"><img alt="Vegeu aquesta plantilla" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Commons-emblem-notice.svg/18px-Commons-emblem-notice.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Commons-emblem-notice.svg/27px-Commons-emblem-notice.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Commons-emblem-notice.svg/36px-Commons-emblem-notice.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></a></span></li></ul></div><div id="Llengües_amazigues" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Amazic" title="Amazic">Llengües amazigues</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Amazic" title="Amazic">Llengües</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;width:6.25em; font-weight:normal;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/Lleng%C3%BCes_hist%C3%B2riques" title="Llengües històriques">Històriques</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Protoberber" title="Protoberber">Protoberber</a><sup>†,R</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numidi" title="Numidi">Libi antic</a><sup>†</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;width:6.25em; font-weight:normal;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;">Guanxe</div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guanxe" title="Guanxe">Guanxe</a><sup>†</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;width:6.25em; font-weight:normal;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Oriental</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Awjila" title="Awjila">Awjila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sokna" title="Sokna">Sokna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghadam%C3%A8s" title="Ghadamès">Ghadamès</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaghbub" class="mw-redirect" title="Jaghbub">Jaghbub</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zurg" title="Zurg">Zurg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nafusi" title="Nafusi">Nafusi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siwi" title="Siwi">Siwi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;width:6.25em; font-weight:normal;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/Lleng%C3%BCes_amazigues_septentrionals" title="Llengües amazigues septentrionals">Septentrional</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;width:6.25em; font-weight:normal;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/Lleng%C3%BCes_zenetes" title="Llengües zenetes">Zenetes</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amazic_de_l%27Atles_Mitj%C3%A0_Oriental" title="Amazic de l'Atles Mitjà Oriental">Atles Mitjà Oriental</a><sup>TA</sup> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ait_Seghroucheni" title="Ait Seghroucheni">Ait Seghroucheni</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ait_Waraini&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ait Waraini (encara no existeix)">Ait Waraini</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lleng%C3%BCes_Mzab-Wargla" title="Llengües Mzab-Wargla">Sàhara Septentrional</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gurara" title="Gurara">Gurara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozabit" title="Mozabit">Mozabit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chelja_del_sud_oran%C3%A8s_i_de_Figuig" title="Chelja del sud oranès i de Figuig">Sud oranès i Figuig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tidikelt" title="Tidikelt">Tidikelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuwat" title="Tuwat">Tuwat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tugurt" title="Tugurt">Wad Righ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wargli" title="Wargli">Wargla</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rifeny" title="Rifeny">Rifeny</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rifeny_central&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rifeny central (encara no existeix)">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zenete_de_l%27Oriental_marroqu%C3%AD" title="Zenete de l'Oriental marroquí">Oriental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iznasen" title="Iznasen">Iznasen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beni_Snous" title="Beni Snous">Snouss</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rifeny_occidental&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rifeny occidental (encara no existeix)">Occidental</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shawiya" title="Shawiya">Shawiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lleng%C3%BCes_zenetes_orientals" title="Llengües zenetes orientals">Tunisià-Zuwara</a><sup>TE</sup> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gerbi" title="Gerbi">Gerbi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matmata_(llengua)" title="Matmata (llengua)">Matmata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sened_(llengua)" title="Sened (llengua)">Sened</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tataouine_(llengua)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tataouine (llengua) (encara no existeix)">Tataouine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zuwara" title="Zuwara">Zuwara</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zenete_d%27Alg%C3%A8ria_occidental" title="Zenete d'Algèria occidental">Algèria occidental</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gouraya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gouraya (encara no existeix)">Gouraya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shelif" title="Shelif">Shelif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shenwa" title="Shenwa">Shenwa</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;width:6.25em; font-weight:normal;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;">No Zenetes</div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lleng%C3%BCes_amazigues_de_l%27Atles" title="Llengües amazigues de l'Atles">Atles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tamazic" title="Tamazic">Tamazic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisan_al-Gharbi" title="Lisan al-Gharbi">Gharb</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghomara" title="Ghomara">Ghomara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeoamazic" title="Judeoamazic">Judeoamazic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanhaji_de_Srayr" title="Sanhaji de Srayr">Sanhaji de Srayr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taixelhit" title="Taixelhit">Taixelhit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabilenc" title="Cabilenc">Cabilenc</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;width:6.25em; font-weight:normal;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/Llengua_est%C3%A0ndard" title="Llengua estàndard">Estàndard</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amazic_est%C3%A0ndard_marroqu%C3%AD" title="Amazic estàndard marroquí">Amazic marroquí</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;width:6.25em; font-weight:normal;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/Lleng%C3%BCes_tuareg" title="Llengües tuareg">Tuareg</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tamahaq" title="Tamahaq">Tamahaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamashek" title="Tamashek">Tamashek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tawellemmet" title="Tawellemmet">Tawellemmet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_Tamajeq" title="Air Tamajeq">Tayart</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;width:6.25em; font-weight:normal;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/Lleng%C3%BCes_amazigues_occidentals" title="Llengües amazigues occidentals">Sud-occidental</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tetserret" title="Tetserret">Tetserret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zenaga" title="Zenaga">Zenaga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ortografia_amaziga&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ortografia amaziga (encara no existeix)">Ortografia</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tifinagh" class="mw-redirect" title="Tifinagh">Tifinagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfabet_amazic_ar%C3%A0bic" title="Alfabet amazic aràbic">Alfabet amazic aràbic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeoamazic" title="Judeoamazic">Alfabet judeoamazic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfabet_amazic_llat%C3%AD" title="Alfabet amazic llatí">Alfabet amazic llatí</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Institucions</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;width:6.25em; font-weight:normal;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;">Governmental</div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Institut_Reial_de_la_Cultura_Amaziga" title="Institut Reial de la Cultura Amaziga">IRCAM (Marroc)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direcci%C3%B3_Nacional_de_l%E2%80%99Alfabetitzaci%C3%B3_Funcional_i_de_la_Ling%C3%BC%C3%ADstica_Aplicada" title="Direcció Nacional de l’Alfabetització Funcional i de la Lingüística Aplicada">DNAFLA (Mali)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alt_Comissariat_de_l%E2%80%99Amaziguitat" class="mw-redirect" title="Alt Comissariat de l’Amaziguitat">HCA (Algèria)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre_de_Recerca_Berber" title="Centre de Recerca Berber">CRB (França)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;width:6.25em; font-weight:normal;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;">NGOs</div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acad%C3%A8mia_Berber" title="Acadèmia Berber">Acadèmia Berber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congr%C3%A9s_Mundial_Amazic" title="Congrés Mundial Amazic">Congrés Mundial Amazic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><sup>TE</sup> Transicional a Oriental <b>·</b> <sup>TA</sup> Transicional a Atles <b>·</b> <sup>†</sup> <a href="/wiki/Llengua_morta" title="Llengua morta">morta</a> <b>·</b> <sup>R</sup> <a href="/wiki/Reconstrucci%C3%B3_ling%C3%BC%C3%ADstica" title="Reconstrucció lingüística">Reconstruïda</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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