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id="toc-Emergence_of_various_kwans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Emergence_of_various_kwans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Emergence of various <i>kwans</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Emergence_of_various_kwans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Attempt_to_standardise_taekwondo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Attempt_to_standardise_taekwondo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Attempt to standardise taekwondo</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Attempt_to_standardise_taekwondo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Development_of_multiple_styles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Development_of_multiple_styles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Development of multiple styles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Development_of_multiple_styles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Features" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Features"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Features</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Features-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Features subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Features-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Typical_curriculum" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Typical_curriculum"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Typical curriculum</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Typical_curriculum-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Styles_and_organizations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Styles_and_organizations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Styles and organizations</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Styles_and_organizations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Styles and organizations subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Styles_and_organizations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1946:_Traditional_Taekwondo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1946:_Traditional_Taekwondo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>1946: Traditional Taekwondo</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1946:_Traditional_Taekwondo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1966:_ITF/Chang_Hon-style_Taekwondo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1966:_ITF/Chang_Hon-style_Taekwondo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>1966: ITF/Chang Hon-style Taekwondo</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1966:_ITF/Chang_Hon-style_Taekwondo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1969:_ATA/Songahm-style_Taekwondo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1969:_ATA/Songahm-style_Taekwondo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>1969: ATA/Songahm-style Taekwondo</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1969:_ATA/Songahm-style_Taekwondo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1970s:_Jhoon_Rhee-style_Taekwondo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1970s:_Jhoon_Rhee-style_Taekwondo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>1970s: Jhoon Rhee-style Taekwondo</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1970s:_Jhoon_Rhee-style_Taekwondo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1972:_Kukki-style_/_WT-Taekwondo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1972:_Kukki-style_/_WT-Taekwondo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>1972: Kukki-style / WT-Taekwondo</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1972:_Kukki-style_/_WT-Taekwondo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Extreme_Taekwondo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Extreme_Taekwondo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Extreme Taekwondo</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Extreme_Taekwondo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hup_Kwon_Do" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hup_Kwon_Do"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Hup Kwon Do</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hup_Kwon_Do-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Han_Moo_Do" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Han_Moo_Do"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.8</span> <span>Han Moo Do</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Han_Moo_Do-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Han_Mu_Do" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Han_Mu_Do"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.9</span> <span>Han Mu Do</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Han_Mu_Do-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Teuk_Gong_Moo_Sool" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Teuk_Gong_Moo_Sool"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.10</span> <span>Teuk Gong Moo Sool</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Teuk_Gong_Moo_Sool-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hoshin_Moosool" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hoshin_Moosool"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.11</span> <span>Hoshin Moosool</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hoshin_Moosool-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Equipment_and_facilities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Equipment_and_facilities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Equipment and facilities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Equipment_and_facilities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ranks,_belts,_and_promotion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ranks,_belts,_and_promotion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Ranks, belts, and promotion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ranks,_belts,_and_promotion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Forms_(patterns)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Forms_(patterns)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Forms (patterns)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Forms_(patterns)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Philosophy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Philosophy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Philosophy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Philosophy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Philosophy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Philosophy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Theory_of_power" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theory_of_power"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Theory of power</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theory_of_power-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Competitions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Competitions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Competitions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Competitions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Competitions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Competitions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-World_Taekwondo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_Taekwondo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>World Taekwondo</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_Taekwondo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_Taekwon-Do_Federation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_Taekwon-Do_Federation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>International Taekwon-Do Federation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_Taekwon-Do_Federation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Multi-discipline_competition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Multi-discipline_competition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Multi-discipline competition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Multi-discipline_competition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_organizations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_organizations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.4</span> <span>Other organizations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_organizations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-List_of_competitions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_competitions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>List of competitions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-List_of_competitions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle List of competitions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-List_of_competitions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-World_Taekwondo_competitions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_Taekwondo_competitions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>World Taekwondo competitions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_Taekwondo_competitions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_tournaments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_tournaments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Other tournaments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_tournaments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Weight_divisions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Weight_divisions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3</span> <span>Weight divisions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Weight_divisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Taekwondo_Korean_terms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Taekwondo_Korean_terms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Taekwondo Korean terms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Taekwondo_Korean_terms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_practitioners" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_practitioners"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Notable practitioners</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_practitioners-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Taekwondo</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 108 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-108" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">108 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taekwondo" title="Taekwondo – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Taekwondo" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A6gcwondo" title="Tægcwondo – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Tægcwondo" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%88" title="تايكوندو – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تايكوندو" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taekwondo" title="Taekwondo – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Taekwondo" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taekwondu" title="Taekwondu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Taekwondu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taekvondo" title="Taekvondo – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Taekvondo" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%88" title="تکواندو – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="تکواندو" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8B" title="তায়কোয়ান্দো – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="তায়কোয়ান্দো" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taekwondo" title="Taekwondo – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Taekwondo" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%85%D1%8D%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE" title="Тхэквондо – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Тхэквондо" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8D%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE" title="Тэквандо – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Тэквандо" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8D%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE" title="Тэквандо – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Тэквандо" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taekwondo" title="Taekwondo – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Taekwondo" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE" title="Таекуондо – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Таекуондо" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tekvando" title="Tekvando – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Tekvando" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taekwondo" title="Taekwondo – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Taekwondo" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taekwondo" title="Taekwondo – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Taekwondo" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taekwondo" title="Taekwondo – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Taekwondo" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taekwondo" title="Taekwondo – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Taekwondo" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taekwondo" title="Taekwondo – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Taekwondo" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Chavacano de Zamboanga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taekwondo" title="Taekwondo – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Taekwondo" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taekwondo" title="Taekwondo – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Taekwondo" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%88" title="تيكواندو – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="تيكواندو" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taekwondo" title="Taekwondo – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Taekwondo" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taekwondo" title="Taekwondo – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Taekwondo" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CE%AC%CE%B5_%CE%9A%CE%B2%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%9D%CF%84%CE%BF" title="Τάε Κβον Ντο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τάε Κβον Ντο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taekwondo" title="Taekwondo – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Taekwondo" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taekwondo" title="Taekwondo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Taekwondo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tekvondo" title="Tekvondo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Tekvondo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taekwondo" title="Taekwondo – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Taekwondo" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taekwondo" title="Taekwondo – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Taekwondo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%88" title="تکواندو – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تکواندو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taekwondo" title="Taekwondo – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Taekwondo" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tecund%C3%B2" title="Tecundò – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Tecundò" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taekwondo" title="Taekwondo – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Taekwondo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%83%9C%EA%B6%8C%EB%8F%84" title="태권도 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="태권도" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taekwondo" title="Taekwondo – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Taekwondo" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B9%D5%A5%D5%AF%D5%BE%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%A4%D5%B8" title="Թեկվոնդո – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Թեկվոնդո" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taekwondo" title="Taekwondo – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Taekwondo" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taekwondo" title="Taekwondo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Taekwondo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taekwondo" title="Taekwondo – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Taekwondo" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taekwondo" title="Taekwondo – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Taekwondo" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taekwondo" title="Taekwondo – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Taekwondo" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taekwondo" title="Taekwondo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Taekwondo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%90%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%95" title="טאקוונדו – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="טאקוונדו" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ta%C3%A9kwondho" title="Taékwondho – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Taékwondho" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A1%E0%B3%8B" title="ಟೇಕ್ವಾಂಡೋ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಟೇಕ್ವಾಂಡೋ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%94%E1%83%99%E1%83%95%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%9D" title="ტაეკვონდო – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ტაეკვონდო" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%85%D1%8D%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE" title="Тхэквондо – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Тхэквондо" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taekwondo" title="Taekwondo – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Taekwondo" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taekwondo" title="Taekwondo – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Taekwondo" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE" title="Таеквондо – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Таеквондо" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taekwondo" title="Taekwondo – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Taekwondo" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taequondo" title="Taequondo – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Taequondo" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tekvondo" title="Tekvondo – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Tekvondo" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tekvondo" title="Tekvondo – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Tekvondo" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taekwondo" title="Taekwondo – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Taekwondo" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taekwondo" title="Taekwondo – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Taekwondo" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taekwondo" title="Taekwondo – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Taekwondo" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8B" title="ताइक्वांडो – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="ताइक्वांडो" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE" title="Теквондо – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Теквондо" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8A%E0%B4%A3%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8B" title="തായ്കൊണ്ടോ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="തായ്കൊണ്ടോ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taekwondo" title="Taekwondo – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Taekwondo" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taekwondo" title="Taekwondo – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Taekwondo" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%90%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%80%E1%80%BD%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA%E1%80%92%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF" title="တိုက်ကွမ်ဒို – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="တိုက်ကွမ်ဒို" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taekwondo" title="Taekwondo – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Taekwondo" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%86%E3%82%B3%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E3%83%BC" title="テコンドー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="テコンドー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%85%D1%8D%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE" title="Тхэквондо – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Тхэквондо" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taekwondo" title="Taekwondo – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Taekwondo" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taekwondo" title="Taekwondo – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Taekwondo" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taekwondo" title="Taekwondo – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Taekwondo" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taegwondo" title="Taegwondo – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Taegwondo" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%9F%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%8F%E0%AC%95%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%A3%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A1%E0%AD%8B" title="ଟାଏକୋଣ୍ଡୋ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଟାଏକୋଣ୍ଡୋ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taekvondo" title="Taekvondo – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Taekvondo" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taekwondo" title="Taekwondo – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Taekwondo" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taekwondo" title="Taekwondo – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Taekwondo" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taekwondo" title="Taekwondo – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Taekwondo" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taekwondo" title="Taekwondo – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Taekwondo" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taekwondo" title="Taekwondo – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Taekwondo" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taekwondo" title="Taekwondo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Taekwondo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taekwando" title="Taekwando – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Taekwando" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taekwondo" title="Taekwondo – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Taekwondo" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%85%D1%8D%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE" title="Тхэквондо – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Тхэквондо" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%9B%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%AD%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%B3%E1%B1%B8%E1%B1%B0%E1%B1%B3" title="ᱛᱟᱭᱠᱳᱸᱰᱳ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱛᱟᱭᱠᱳᱸᱰᱳ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taekwondo" title="Taekwondo – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Taekwondo" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taekwondo" title="Taekwondo – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Taekwondo" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taekwondo" title="Taekwondo – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Taekwondo" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%A7%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%9C%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%A9%E0%B7%9D" title="ටයිකොන්ඩෝ – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ටයිකොන්ඩෝ" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taekwondo" title="Taekwondo – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Taekwondo" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taekwondo" title="Taekwondo – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Taekwondo" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tekvondo" title="Tekvondo – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Tekvondo" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%86" title="تایکواندۆ – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="تایکواندۆ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tekvondo" title="Tekvondo – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Tekvondo" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taekwondo" title="Taekwondo – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Taekwondo" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taekwondo" title="Taekwondo – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Taekwondo" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taekwondo" title="Taekwondo – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Taekwondo" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taekwondo" title="Taekwondo – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Taekwondo" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8B" title="டைக்குவாண்டோ – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="டைக்குவாண்டோ" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%88%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%A1%E0%B1%8B" title="టైక్వాండో – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="టైక్వాండో" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%94" title="เทควันโด – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เทควันโด" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tekvando" title="Tekvando – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Tekvando" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taekwando" title="Taekwando – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Taekwando" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE" title="Тхеквондо – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Тхеквондо" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taekwondo" title="Taekwondo – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Taekwondo" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taekwondo" title="Taekwondo – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Taekwondo" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B7%86%E6%8B%B3%E9%81%93" title="跆拳道 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="跆拳道" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B7%86%E6%8B%B3%E9%81%93" title="跆拳道 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="跆拳道" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B7%86%E6%8B%B3%E9%81%93" title="跆拳道 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="跆拳道" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q36389#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div 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Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Taekwondo%22">"Taekwondo"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Taekwondo%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Taekwondo%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Taekwondo%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Taekwondo%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Taekwondo%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Taekwondo</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Taekwondo_at_the_2020_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_58_kg_%E2%80%93_Hadipour_(IRI)_vs_Ochoa_(COL)_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Taekwondo_at_the_2020_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_58_kg_%E2%80%93_Hadipour_%28IRI%29_vs_Ochoa_%28COL%29_%282%29.jpg/200px-Taekwondo_at_the_2020_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_58_kg_%E2%80%93_Hadipour_%28IRI%29_vs_Ochoa_%28COL%29_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Taekwondo_at_the_2020_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_58_kg_%E2%80%93_Hadipour_%28IRI%29_vs_Ochoa_%28COL%29_%282%29.jpg/300px-Taekwondo_at_the_2020_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_58_kg_%E2%80%93_Hadipour_%28IRI%29_vs_Ochoa_%28COL%29_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Taekwondo_at_the_2020_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_58_kg_%E2%80%93_Hadipour_%28IRI%29_vs_Ochoa_%28COL%29_%282%29.jpg/400px-Taekwondo_at_the_2020_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_58_kg_%E2%80%93_Hadipour_%28IRI%29_vs_Ochoa_%28COL%29_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="688" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">A taekwondo match at the <a href="/wiki/2020_Summer_Olympics" title="2020 Summer Olympics">2020 Summer Olympics</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Also known as</th><td class="infobox-data">TKD, tae kwon do, tae kwon-do, taekwon-do, tae-kwon-do</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Focus</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Strike_(attack)" title="Strike (attack)">Striking</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kicking" class="mw-redirect" title="Kicking">kicking</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country of origin</th><td class="infobox-data">South Korea</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Creator</th><td class="infobox-data">No single creator; a collaborative effort by representatives from the <a href="/wiki/Kwan_(martial_arts)" title="Kwan (martial arts)">original nine Kwans</a>, initially supervised by <a href="/wiki/Choi_Hong-hi" title="Choi Hong-hi">Choi Hong-hi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Famous practitioners</th><td class="infobox-data">(see <a href="#Notable_practitioners">notable practitioners</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parenthood</th><td class="infobox-data">Mainly <a href="/wiki/Taekkyon" title="Taekkyon">taekkyon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Karate" title="Karate">karate</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Karate_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Karate-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> some <a href="/wiki/Chinese_martial_arts" title="Chinese martial arts">Chinese martial arts</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Olympic sport</th><td class="infobox-data">Since 2000 (<a href="/wiki/World_Taekwondo" title="World Taekwondo">World Taekwondo</a>) (demonstration sport in 1988)</td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn" style="padding-bottom:0.2em;">Sport</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Taekwondo_pictogram.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Taekwondo_pictogram.svg/150px-Taekwondo_pictogram.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Taekwondo_pictogram.svg/225px-Taekwondo_pictogram.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Taekwondo_pictogram.svg/300px-Taekwondo_pictogram.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-right:1.0em;">Highest <a href="/wiki/Sports_governing_body" title="Sports governing body">governing body</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/World_Taekwondo" title="World Taekwondo">World Taekwondo</a> (South Korea)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-right:1.0em;">First played</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Korea" title="Korea">Korea</a>,</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#eee;">Characteristics</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-right:1.0em;">Contact</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Martial_arts#Full-contact" title="Martial arts">Full-contact (WT)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Point_fighting" class="mw-redirect" title="Point fighting">Light and medium-contact (ITF, ITC, ATKDA, GBTF, GTF, ATA, TI,TCUK, TAGB)</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-right:1.0em;"><a href="/wiki/Mixed-sex_sports" title="Mixed-sex sports">Mixed-sex</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">Yes</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-right:1.0em;">Type</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Combat_sport" title="Combat sport">Combat sport</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-right:1.0em;">Equipment</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Hogu" title="Hogu">Hogu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Headgear_(martial_arts)" title="Headgear (martial arts)">headgear</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#eee;">Presence</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-right:1.0em;">Country or region</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">Worldwide</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-right:1.0em;"><a href="/wiki/Olympic_Games" title="Olympic Games">Olympic</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">Since <a href="/wiki/Taekwondo_at_the_2000_Summer_Olympics" title="Taekwondo at the 2000 Summer Olympics">2000</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-right:1.0em;"><a href="/wiki/Paralympic_Games" title="Paralympic Games">Paralympic</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">Since <a href="/wiki/Taekwondo_at_the_2020_Summer_Paralympics" title="Taekwondo at the 2020 Summer Paralympics">2020</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-right:1.0em;"><a href="/wiki/World_Games" title="World Games">World Games</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/1981_World_Games" title="1981 World Games">1981</a>–<a href="/wiki/1993_World_Games" title="1993 World Games">1993</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="infobox" style="width: 22em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size: 125%; color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Taekwondo</td></tr><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hangul" title="Hangul">Hangul</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display: inline; font-size: 1rem;"><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hang"><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%ED%83%9C%EA%B6%8C%EB%8F%84" class="extiw" title="wikt:태권도">태권도</a></span></span></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanja" title="Hanja">Hanja</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display: inline; font-size: 1rem;"><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hani"><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E8%B7%86%E6%8B%B3%E9%81%93" class="extiw" title="wikt:跆拳道">跆拳道</a></span></span></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Revised_Romanization_of_Korean" title="Revised Romanization of Korean">Revised Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Revised Romanization of Korean transliteration"><i lang="ko-Latn">taegwondo</i></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/McCune%E2%80%93Reischauer" title="McCune–Reischauer">McCune–Reischauer</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="McCune–Reischauer transliteration"><i lang="ko-Latn">t'aekwŏndo</i></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Korean" title="Help:IPA/Korean">IPA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ko-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Korean" title="Help:IPA/Korean">[t̪ʰɛ.k͈wʌ̹n.d̪o]</a></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/f\/ff\/%ED%83%9C%EA%B6%8C%EB%8F%84_%EB%B0%9C%EC%9D%8C.ogg\/%ED%83%9C%EA%B6%8C%EB%8F%84_%EB%B0%9C%EC%9D%8C.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"\ud0dc\uad8c\ub3c4 \ubc1c\uc74c.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/ff/%ED%83%9C%EA%B6%8C%EB%8F%84_%EB%B0%9C%EC%9D%8C.ogg/%ED%83%9C%EA%B6%8C%EB%8F%84_%EB%B0%9C%EC%9D%8C.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:%ED%83%9C%EA%B6%8C%EB%8F%84_%EB%B0%9C%EC%9D%8C.ogg" title="File:태권도 발음.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span></td></tr><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tbody></table> <p><b>Taekwondo</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˌ/: secondary stress follows">ˌ</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/aɪ/: 'i' in 'tide'">aɪ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="'w' in 'wind'">w</span><span title="/ɒ/: 'o' in 'body'">ɒ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span></span>,<span class="wrap"> </span><span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˌ/: secondary stress follows">ˌ</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/aɪ/: 'i' in 'tide'">aɪ</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="'w' in 'wind'">w</span><span title="/ɒ/: 'o' in 'body'">ɒ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span></span>,<span class="wrap"> </span><span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˌ/: secondary stress follows">ˌ</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/ɛ/: 'e' in 'dress'">ɛ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="'w' in 'wind'">w</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span></span>/</a></span></span>; <a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean</a>: <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hang">태권도</span></span>; <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ko-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Korean" title="Help:IPA/Korean">[t̪ʰɛ.k͈wʌ̹n.d̪o]</a></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-2" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/f\/ff\/%ED%83%9C%EA%B6%8C%EB%8F%84_%EB%B0%9C%EC%9D%8C.ogg\/%ED%83%9C%EA%B6%8C%EB%8F%84_%EB%B0%9C%EC%9D%8C.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"\ud0dc\uad8c\ub3c4 \ubc1c\uc74c.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/ff/%ED%83%9C%EA%B6%8C%EB%8F%84_%EB%B0%9C%EC%9D%8C.ogg/%ED%83%9C%EA%B6%8C%EB%8F%84_%EB%B0%9C%EC%9D%8C.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:%ED%83%9C%EA%B6%8C%EB%8F%84_%EB%B0%9C%EC%9D%8C.ogg" title="File:태권도 발음.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span>) is a <a href="/wiki/Korean_martial_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Korean martial art">Korean martial art</a> and <a href="/wiki/Combat_sport" title="Combat sport">combat sport</a> involving punching and kicking techniques.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Taekwondo" can be translated as <i>tae</i> ("strike with foot"), <i>kwon</i> ("strike with hand"), and <i>do</i> ("the art or way"). In addition to its five tenets of courtesy, integrity, perseverance, self-control and indomitable spirit, the sport requires three physical skills: <i>poomsae</i> (<span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hang">품새</span></span>), <i>kyorugi</i> (<span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hang">겨루기</span></span>) and <i>gyeokpa</i> (<span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hang">격파</span></span>). </p><p>Poomsae are patterns that demonstrate a range of kicking, punching and blocking techniques, kyorugi involves the kind of sparring seen in the Olympics, and gyeokpa is the art of breaking wooden boards. Taekwondo also sometimes involves the use of weapons such as swords and nun-chucks. Taekwondo practitioners wear a uniform known as a <span title="Korean-language romanization"><i lang="ko-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Dobok" title="Dobok">dobok</a></i></span>. </p><p>It is a <a href="/wiki/Combat_sport" title="Combat sport">combat sport</a> which was developed during the 1940s and 1950s by Korean martial artists with experience in martial arts such as <a href="/wiki/Karate" title="Karate">karate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chinese_martial_arts" title="Chinese martial arts">Chinese martial arts</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Brief_History_of_Taekwondo_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brief_History_of_Taekwondo-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The oldest governing body for taekwondo is the <a href="/wiki/Korea_Taekwondo_Association" title="Korea Taekwondo Association">Korea Taekwondo Association</a> (KTA), formed in 1959 through a collaborative effort by representatives from the nine original <a href="/wiki/Kwan_(martial_arts)#The_five_original_taekwondo_kwans" title="Kwan (martial arts)"><i>kwans</i></a>, or martial arts schools, in Korea. The main international organizational bodies for taekwondo today are various branches of the <a href="/wiki/International_Taekwon-Do_Federation" title="International Taekwon-Do Federation">International Taekwon-Do Federation</a> (ITF), originally founded by <a href="/wiki/Choi_Hong-hi" title="Choi Hong-hi">Choi Hong-hi</a> in 1966, and the partnership of the <a href="/wiki/Kukkiwon" title="Kukkiwon">Kukkiwon</a> and <a href="/wiki/World_Taekwondo" title="World Taekwondo">World Taekwondo</a> (WT, formerly World Taekwondo Federation or WTF), founded in 1972 and 1973 respectively by the <a href="/wiki/Korea_Taekwondo_Association" title="Korea Taekwondo Association">Korea Taekwondo Association</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-KANG_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KANG-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gyeorugi (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ko-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Korean" title="Help:IPA/Korean">[kjʌɾuɡi]</a></span>), a type of full-contact <a href="/wiki/Sparring" title="Sparring">sparring</a>, has been an <a href="/wiki/Taekwondo_at_the_Summer_Olympics" title="Taekwondo at the Summer Olympics">Olympic event</a> since 2000. In 2018, the South Korean government officially designated taekwondo as Korea's national martial art.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The governing body for taekwondo in the <a href="/wiki/Olympic_Games" title="Olympic Games">Olympics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paralympic_Games" title="Paralympic Games">Paralympics</a> is <a href="/wiki/World_Taekwondo" title="World Taekwondo">World Taekwondo</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taekwondo&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Korean_martial_arts#History" title="Korean martial arts">Korean martial arts § History</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Emergence_of_various_kwans">Emergence of various <i>kwans</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taekwondo&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Emergence of various kwans"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Beginning in 1945, shortly after the end of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Korea_under_Japanese_rule" title="Korea under Japanese rule">Japanese occupation</a>, new <a href="/wiki/Martial_arts" title="Martial arts">martial arts</a> schools called <a href="/wiki/Kwan_(martial_arts)" title="Kwan (martial arts)"><i>kwans</i></a> opened in <a href="/wiki/Seoul" title="Seoul">Seoul</a>. These schools were established by Korean martial artists with backgrounds in <a href="/wiki/Japanese_martial_arts" title="Japanese martial arts">Japanese</a><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Chinese_martial_arts" title="Chinese martial arts">Chinese martial arts</a>. </p><p>Early progenitors of taekwondo—the founders of the nine original <i>kwans</i>—who were able to study in Japan were exposed to <a href="/wiki/Japanese_martial_arts" title="Japanese martial arts">Japanese martial arts</a>, including karate, judo, and <a href="/wiki/Kendo" title="Kendo">kendo</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Park_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Park-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while others were exposed to the martial arts of China and Manchuria.<sup id="cite_ref-Brief_History_of_Taekwondo_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brief_History_of_Taekwondo-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Glen_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Glen-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Discussions around the historical influences of taekwondo have been controversial, with two main schools of thought: traditionalism and revisionism. Traditionalism holds that the origins of taekwondo are indigenous while revisionism, the prevailing theory, argues that taekwondo is rooted in karate.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In later years, the Korean government has been a significant supporter of traditionalist views as to divorce taekwondo from its link to Japan and give Korea a "legitimate cultural past".<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Attempt_to_standardise_taekwondo">Attempt to standardise taekwondo</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taekwondo&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Attempt to standardise taekwondo"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1952, South Korean president <a href="/wiki/Syngman_Rhee" title="Syngman Rhee">Syngman Rhee</a> witnessed a martial arts demonstration by <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Korea_Army" title="Republic of Korea Army">South Korean Army</a> officers <a href="/wiki/Choi_Hong-hi" title="Choi Hong-hi">Choi Hong-hi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nam_Tae_Hi" class="mw-redirect" title="Nam Tae Hi">Nam Tae-hi</a> from the 29th Infantry Division. He misrecognized the technique on display as <a href="/wiki/Taekkyon" title="Taekkyon">taekkyon</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Gillis_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gillis-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (August 2023)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and urged martial arts to be introduced to the army under a single system. Beginning in 1955 the leaders of the <i>kwans</i> began discussing in earnest the possibility of creating a unified Korean martial art. Until then, "<a href="/wiki/Tang_Soo_Do" title="Tang Soo Do">Tang Soo Do</a>" was the term used for Korean karate, using the Korean <a href="/wiki/Hanja" title="Hanja">hanja</a> pronunciation of the Japanese <a href="/wiki/Kanji" title="Kanji">kanji</a> <span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">唐手道</span></span>. The name "Tae Soo Do" (<span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">跆手道</span></span>) was also used to describe a unified style Korean martial arts. This name consists of the <a href="/wiki/Hanja" title="Hanja">hanja</a> <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E8%B7%86" class="extiw" title="wikt:跆">跆</a></span></span> <span title="Korean-language romanization"><i lang="ko-Latn">tae</i></span> "to stomp, trample", <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%89%8B" class="extiw" title="wikt:手">手</a></span></span> <span title="Korean-language romanization"><i lang="ko-Latn">su</i></span> "hand" and <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%81%93" class="extiw" title="wikt:道">道</a></span></span> <span title="Korean-language romanization"><i lang="ko-Latn">do</i></span> "<a href="/wiki/D%C5%8D_(martial_arts)" title="Dō (martial arts)">way, discipline</a>".<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Choi Hong-hi advocated the use of the name "Tae Kwon Do", replacing <i>su</i> "hand" with <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%8B%B3" class="extiw" title="wikt:拳">拳</a></span></span> <span title="Korean-language romanization"><i lang="ko-Latn">kwon</i></span> (<a href="/wiki/Revised_Romanization_of_Korean" title="Revised Romanization of Korean">Revised Romanization</a>: <span title="Revised Romanization of Korean transliteration"><i lang="ko-Latn">gwon</i></span>; <a href="/wiki/McCune%E2%80%93Reischauer" title="McCune–Reischauer">McCune–Reischauer</a>: <span title="McCune–Reischauer transliteration"><i lang="ko-Latn">kwŏn</i></span>) "fist", the term also used for "martial arts" in <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a> <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">quán</i></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-:3_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The name was also the closest to the pronunciation of "taekkyon",<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gillis_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gillis-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (August 2023)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The new name was initially slow to catch on among the leaders of the <i>kwans</i>. During this time taekwondo was also adopted for use by the South Korean military, which increased its popularity among civilian martial arts schools.<sup id="cite_ref-KANG_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KANG-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (August 2023)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gillis_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gillis-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (August 2023)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Development_of_multiple_styles">Development of multiple styles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taekwondo&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Development of multiple styles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1959, the Korea Tang Soo Do Association (later <a href="/wiki/Korea_Taekwondo_Association" title="Korea Taekwondo Association">Korea Taekwondo Association</a> or KTA) was established to facilitate the unification of Korean martial arts. Choi wanted all the other member <i>kwans</i> of the KTA to adopt his own Chan Hon-style of taekwondo, as a unified style. This was, however, met with resistance as the other <i>kwans</i> instead wanted a unified style to be created based on inputs from all the <i>kwans</i>, to serve as a way to bring on the heritage and characteristics of all of the styles, not just the style of a single <i>kwan</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-KANG_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KANG-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (August 2023)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> As a response to this, along with political disagreements about teaching taekwondo in North Korea and unifying the whole Korean Peninsula, Choi broke with the (South Korea) KTA in 1966, in order to establish the <a href="/wiki/International_Taekwon-Do_Federation" title="International Taekwon-Do Federation">International Taekwon-Do Federation</a> (ITF)— a separate governing body devoted to institutionalizing his Chan Hon-style of taekwondo in Canada.<sup id="cite_ref-KANG_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KANG-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (August 2023)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gillis_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gillis-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Initially, the South Korean president gave Choi's ITF limited support, due to their personal relationship.<sup id="cite_ref-KANG_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KANG-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (August 2023)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> However, Choi and the government later split on the issue of whether to accept North Korean influence on the martial art. In 1972, South Korea withdrew its support for the ITF. The ITF continued to function as an independent federation, then headquartered in <a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto</a>, Canada. Choi continued to develop the ITF-style, notably with the 1983 publication of his <i>Encyclopedia of Taekwon-Do</i>. After his retirement, the ITF split in 2001 and then again in 2002 to create three separate ITF federations, each of which continues to operate today under the same name.<sup id="cite_ref-KANG_8-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KANG-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (August 2023)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 1972, the KTA and the South Korean government's <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Culture,_Sports_and_Tourism" title="Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism">Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism</a> established the <a href="/wiki/Kukkiwon" title="Kukkiwon">Kukkiwon</a> as the new national academy for taekwondo. Kukkiwon now serves many of the functions previously served by the KTA, in terms of defining a government-sponsored unified style of taekwondo. In 1973 the KTA and Kukkiwon supported the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/World_Taekwondo" title="World Taekwondo">World Taekwondo Federation</a> (WTF), which later changed its name to "World Taekwondo" (WT) in 2017 due to the previous initialism overlapping with <a href="/wiki/WTF_(Internet_slang)" class="mw-redirect" title="WTF (Internet slang)">an internet slang term</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the Kukkiwon focus on the martial art and self-defence aspects of Kukki-Taekwondo, the WT promoted the sportive side, and its competitions employ a subset of the techniqes present in the Kukkiwon-style taekwondo.<sup id="cite_ref-KANG_8-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KANG-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (August 2023)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kukkiwon_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kukkiwon-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For this reason, Kukkiwon-style Taekwondo is often referred to as WT-style Taekwondo, sport-style Taekwondo, or Olympic-style Taekwondo, though in reality the style is defined by the Kukkiwon, not the WT.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Since 2000, taekwondo has been one of three Asian martial arts (the others being <a href="/wiki/Judo" title="Judo">judo</a> and karate), and one of six total (the others being the previously mentioned, Greco-Roman wrestling, freestyle wrestling, and boxing) included in the <a href="/wiki/Olympic_Games" title="Olympic Games">Olympic Games</a>. It started as a demonstration event at the 1988 games in Seoul, a year after becoming a medal event at the <a href="/wiki/Taekwondo_at_the_Pan_American_Games" title="Taekwondo at the Pan American Games">Pan Am Games</a>, and became an official medal event at the 2000 games in Sydney. In 2010, taekwondo was accepted as a <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Games" title="Commonwealth Games">Commonwealth Games</a> sport.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Features">Features</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taekwondo&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Features"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flying_Double_Side_Kick_in_Martial_Arts.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flying_Double_Side_Kick_in_Martial_Arts.JPG/250px-Flying_Double_Side_Kick_in_Martial_Arts.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flying_Double_Side_Kick_in_Martial_Arts.JPG/375px-Flying_Double_Side_Kick_in_Martial_Arts.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flying_Double_Side_Kick_in_Martial_Arts.JPG/500px-Flying_Double_Side_Kick_in_Martial_Arts.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2222" data-file-height="2222" /></a><figcaption>Flying twin foot side kick</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Master_Scott_Leonard.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/42/Master_Scott_Leonard.jpg/250px-Master_Scott_Leonard.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/42/Master_Scott_Leonard.jpg/375px-Master_Scott_Leonard.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/42/Master_Scott_Leonard.jpg/500px-Master_Scott_Leonard.jpg 2x" data-file-width="604" data-file-height="468" /></a><figcaption>A jumping reverse hook kick</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Taekwondo_techniques" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Taekwondo techniques">List of Taekwondo techniques</a></div> <p>Taekwondo is characterized by its emphasis on head-height kicks, jumping and spinning kicks, and fast kicking techniques. In fact, WT sparring competitions award additional points for strikes that incorporate spinning kicks, kicks to the head, or both.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Typical_curriculum">Typical curriculum</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taekwondo&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Typical curriculum"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TAEKWONDO_PRACTICIONER_KORYO.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/TAEKWONDO_PRACTICIONER_KORYO.jpg/220px-TAEKWONDO_PRACTICIONER_KORYO.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="312" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/TAEKWONDO_PRACTICIONER_KORYO.jpg/330px-TAEKWONDO_PRACTICIONER_KORYO.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/TAEKWONDO_PRACTICIONER_KORYO.jpg/440px-TAEKWONDO_PRACTICIONER_KORYO.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3209" data-file-height="4548" /></a><figcaption>A young red/black-belt performs Koryo</figcaption></figure> <p>While organisations such as ITF or Kukkiwon define the general style of taekwondo, individual clubs and schools tend to tailor their taekwondo practices. Although each taekwondo club or school is different, a student typically takes part in most or all of the following:<sup id="cite_ref-Kim_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kim-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Poomsae" class="mw-redirect" title="Poomsae">Forms</a> (<span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hang">품새</span></span>; <span title="Korean-language romanization"><i lang="ko-Latn">pumsae</i></span> or <span title="Korean-language romanization"><i lang="ko-Latn">poomsae</i></span>, also <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hang">형</span></span>; <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hani">型</span></span>; <span title="Korean-language romanization"><i lang="ko-Latn">hyeong</i></span>; <span title="Korean-language romanization"><i lang="ko-Latn">hyung</i></span>, and <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hang">틀</span></span>; <span title="Korean-language romanization"><i lang="ko-Latn">teul</i></span>; <span title="Korean-language romanization"><i lang="ko-Latn">tul</i></span>): these serve the same function as <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Kata" title="Kata">kata</a></i></span> in the study of karate</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sparring" title="Sparring">Sparring</a> (<span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hang">겨루기</span></span>; <span title="Korean-language romanization"><i lang="ko-Latn">gyeorugi</i></span> or <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hang">맞서기</span></span>; <span title="Korean-language romanization"><i lang="ko-Latn">matseogi</i></span>): sparring includes variations such as freestyle sparring (in which competitors spar without interruption for several minutes); seven-, three-, two-, and one-step sparring (in which students practice pre-arranged sparring combinations); and point sparring (in which sparring is interrupted and then resumed after each point is scored)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breaking_(martial_arts)" title="Breaking (martial arts)">Breaking</a> (<span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hang">격파</span></span>; <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hani">擊破</span></span>; <span title="Korean-language romanization"><i lang="ko-Latn">gyeokpa</i></span> or <span title="Korean-language romanization"><i lang="ko-Latn">weerok</i></span>): the breaking of boards is used for testing, training, and martial arts demonstrations. Demonstrations often also incorporate bricks, tiles, and blocks of ice or other materials. These techniques can be separated into three types: <ul><li>Power breaking – using straightforward techniques to break as many boards as possible</li> <li>Speed breaking – boards are held loosely by one edge, putting special focus on the speed required to perform the break</li> <li>Special techniques – breaking fewer boards but by using jumping or <a href="/wiki/Flying_kick" title="Flying kick">flying</a> techniques to attain greater height, distance, or to clear obstacles</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-defense" title="Self-defense">Self-defense techniques</a> (<span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hang">호신술</span></span>; <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hani">護身術</span></span>; <span title="Korean-language romanization"><i lang="ko-Latn">hosinsul</i></span>)</li> <li>Throwing and/or falling techniques (<span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hang">던지기</span></span>; <span title="Korean-language romanization"><i lang="ko-Latn">deonjigi</i></span> or <span title="Korean-language romanization"><i lang="ko-Latn">tteoreojigi</i></span> <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hang">떨어지기</span></span>)</li> <li>Both <a href="/wiki/Anaerobic_exercise" title="Anaerobic exercise">anaerobic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aerobic_exercise" title="Aerobic exercise">aerobic</a> workout, including stretching</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relaxation_technique" title="Relaxation technique">Relaxation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Meditation" title="Meditation">meditation</a> exercises, as well as <a href="/wiki/Breathing" title="Breathing">breathing</a> control</li> <li>A focus on mental and ethical <a href="/wiki/Discipline" title="Discipline">discipline</a>, <a href="/wiki/Etiquette" title="Etiquette">etiquette</a>, <a href="/wiki/Justice" title="Justice">justice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Respect" title="Respect">respect</a>, <a href="/wiki/Self-confidence" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-confidence">self-confidence</a>, and leadership skills</li> <li>Examinations to progress to the next rank</li></ul> <p>Though weapons training is not a formal part of most taekwondo federation curriculum, individual schools will often incorporate additional training with weapons such as <a href="/wiki/B%C5%8D" title="Bō">staffs</a>, knives, and sticks. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Styles_and_organizations">Styles and organizations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taekwondo&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Styles and organizations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are a number of major taekwondo styles as well as a few niche styles. Most styles are associated with a governing body or federation that defines the style.<sup id="cite_ref-Different_styles_of_Taekwondo_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Different_styles_of_Taekwondo-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The major technical differences among taekwondo styles and organizations generally revolve around: </p> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Hyeong" title="Hyeong">patterns</a> practiced by each style (called <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hang">형</span></span>; <span title="Korean-language romanization"><i lang="ko-Latn">hyeong</i></span>, <i>pumsae</i> <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hang">품새</span></span>, or <span title="Marathi-language romanization"><i lang="mr-Latn">tul</i></span> <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hang">틀</span></span>, depending on the style); these are sets of prescribed formal sequences of movements that demonstrate mastery of posture, positioning, and technique</li> <li>Differences in the sparring rules for competition.</li> <li>Martial arts philosophy.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1946:_Traditional_Taekwondo">1946: Traditional Taekwondo</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taekwondo&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: 1946: Traditional Taekwondo"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>"Traditional Taekwondo" refers to the 1940s and 1950s martial arts by the nine original <i>kwans</i>. They used a number of different names such as Tang Soo Do (Chinese Hand Way),<sup id="cite_ref-Tang_Soo_Do_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tang_Soo_Do-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kong Soo Do (Empty Hand Way)<sup id="cite_ref-Kong_Soo_Do_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kong_Soo_Do-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Tae Soo Do (Foot Hand Way).<sup id="cite_ref-Tae_Soo_Do_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tae_Soo_Do-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Traditional Taekwondo is still practised today but generally under names like <a href="/wiki/Tang_Soo_Do" title="Tang Soo Do">Tang Soo Do</a> and <a href="/wiki/Soo_Bahk_Do" title="Soo Bahk Do">Soo Bahk Do</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-KANG_8-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KANG-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gillis_16-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gillis-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1959, the name <i>taekwondo</i> was agreed upon by the nine original <i>kwans</i> as a common term for their martial arts. As part of the unification process, The Korea Taekwondo Association (KTA) was formed through a collaborative effort by representatives from all the <i>kwans</i>, and the work began on a common curriculum, which eventually resulted in the Kukkiwon and the Kukki Style of Taekwondo. The original <i>kwans</i> that formed KTA continues to exist today, but as independent fraternal membership organizations that support the <a href="/wiki/World_Taekwondo" title="World Taekwondo">World Taekwondo</a> and Kukkiwon. The <i>kwans</i> also function as a channel for the issuing of Kukkiwon dan and poom certification (black belt ranks) for their members. The official curriculum of those <i>kwans</i> that joined the unification is that of the Kukkiwon, with the notable exception of half the Oh Do Kwan which joined the ITF instead and therefore uses the Chan Hon curriculum.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1966:_ITF/Chang_Hon-style_Taekwondo"><span id="1966:_ITF.2FChang_Hon-style_Taekwondo"></span>1966: ITF/Chang Hon-style Taekwondo</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taekwondo&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: 1966: ITF/Chang Hon-style Taekwondo"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/International_Taekwon-Do_Federation" title="International Taekwon-Do Federation">International Taekwon-Do Federation</a> (ITF)-style Taekwondo, more accurately known as Chang Hon-style Taekwondo, is defined by <a href="/wiki/Choi_Hong-hi" title="Choi Hong-hi">Choi Hong-hi</a>'s <i>Encyclopedia of Taekwon-Do</i> published in 1983.<sup id="cite_ref-Choi_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Choi-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1990, the <a href="/wiki/Global_Taekwondo_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="Global Taekwondo Federation">Global Taekwondo Federation</a> (GTF) split from the ITF due to the political controversies surrounding the ITF; the GTF continues to practice ITF-style Taekwondo, however, with additional elements incorporated into the style. Likewise, the ITF itself split in 2001 and again in 2002 into three separate federations, headquartered in Austria, the United Kingdom, and Spain respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The GTF and all three ITFs practice Choi's ITF-style Taekwondo. In ITF-style Taekwondo, the word used for "forms" is <i><a href="/wiki/Hyeong" title="Hyeong">tul</a></i>; the specific set of tul used by the ITF is called <i>Chang Hon</i>. Choi defined 24 <i>Chang Hon</i> tul. The names and symbolism of the Chang Hon tul refer to elements of <a href="/wiki/History_of_Korea" title="History of Korea">Korean history</a>, culture and religious philosophy. The GTF-variant of ITF practices an additional six tul.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Within the ITF taekwondo tradition there are two sub-styles: </p> <ul><li>The style of taekwondo practised by the ITF before its 1973 split with the KTA is sometimes called by ITF practitioners "Traditional Taekwondo", though a more accurate term would be <i>Traditional ITF Taekwondo</i>.</li> <li>After the 1973 split, Choi Hong-hi continued to develop and refine the style, ultimately publishing his work in his 1983 <i>Encyclopedia of Taekwondo</i>. Among the refinements incorporated into this new sub-style is the "sine wave"; one of Choi Hong-hi's later principles of taekwondo is that the body's centre of gravity should be raised-and-lowered throughout a movement.</li></ul> <p>Some ITF schools adopt the sine wave style, while others do not. Essentially all ITF schools do, however, use the patterns (tul) defined in the Encyclopedia, with some exceptions related to the forms <i>Juche</i> and <i>Ko-Dang</i>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1969:_ATA/Songahm-style_Taekwondo"><span id="1969:_ATA.2FSongahm-style_Taekwondo"></span>1969: ATA/Songahm-style Taekwondo</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taekwondo&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: 1969: ATA/Songahm-style Taekwondo"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1969, <a href="/wiki/Haeng_Ung_Lee" class="mw-redirect" title="Haeng Ung Lee">Haeng Ung Lee</a>, a former Taekwondo instructor in the South Korean military, relocated to Omaha, Nebraska and established a chain of martial arts schools in the United States under the banner of the <a href="/wiki/American_Taekwondo_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="American Taekwondo Association">American Taekwondo Association</a> (ATA). Like Jhoon Rhee Taekwondo, ATA Taekwondo has its roots in traditional taekwondo. The style of Taekwondo practised by the ATA is called <i>Songahm Taekwondo</i>. The ATA went on to become one of the largest chains of Taekwondo schools in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The ATA established international spin-offs called the <a href="/wiki/Songahm_Taekwondo_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="Songahm Taekwondo Federation">Songahm Taekwondo Federation</a> (STF) and the <a href="/wiki/World_Traditional_Taekwondo_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="World Traditional Taekwondo Union">World Traditional Taekwondo Union</a> (WTTU) to promote the practice of Songahm Taekwondo internationally. In 2015, all the spin-offs were reunited under the umbrella of ATA International.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1970s:_Jhoon_Rhee-style_Taekwondo">1970s: Jhoon Rhee-style Taekwondo</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taekwondo&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: 1970s: Jhoon Rhee-style Taekwondo"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Rhee_Taekwon-Do" title="Rhee Taekwon-Do">Rhee Taekwon-Do</a>.</div> <p>In 1962 <a href="/wiki/Jhoon_Rhee" title="Jhoon Rhee">Jhoon Rhee</a>, upon graduating from college in Texas, relocated to and established a chain of martial arts schools in the <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a> area that practiced Traditional Taekwondo.<sup id="cite_ref-Jhoon_Rhee_Traditional_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jhoon_Rhee_Traditional-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1970s, at the urging of <a href="/wiki/Choi_Hong-hi" title="Choi Hong-hi">Choi Hong-hi</a>, Rhee adopted ITF-style Taekwondo within his chain of schools, but like the GTF later departed from the ITF due to the political controversies surrounding Choi and the ITF. Rhee went on to develop his own style of taekwondo called Jhoon Rhee-style Taekwondo, incorporating elements of both traditional and ITF-style Taekwondo as well as original elements.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1972:_Kukki-style_/_WT-Taekwondo"><span id="1972:_Kukki-style_.2F_WT-Taekwondo"></span>1972: Kukki-style / WT-Taekwondo</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taekwondo&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: 1972: Kukki-style / WT-Taekwondo"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kukkiwon_PoomDan_Comparison.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Kukkiwon_PoomDan_Comparison.png/300px-Kukkiwon_PoomDan_Comparison.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Kukkiwon_PoomDan_Comparison.png/450px-Kukkiwon_PoomDan_Comparison.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Kukkiwon_PoomDan_Comparison.png/600px-Kukkiwon_PoomDan_Comparison.png 2x" data-file-width="4080" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>Relative popularity of Kukkiwon-style Taekwondo around the world</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1972 the <a href="/wiki/Korea_Taekwondo_Association" title="Korea Taekwondo Association">Korea Taekwondo Association</a> (KTA) Central Dojang opened in Seoul; in 1973 the name was changed to <a href="/wiki/Kukkiwon" title="Kukkiwon">Kukkiwon</a>. Under the sponsorship of the South Korean government's <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Culture,_Sports_and_Tourism" title="Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism">Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism</a> the Kukkiwon became the new national academy for Taekwondo, thereby establishing a new "unified" style of Taekwondo.<sup id="cite_ref-Kukkiwon_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kukkiwon-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1973 the KTA established the <a href="/wiki/World_Taekwondo_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="World Taekwondo Federation">World Taekwondo Federation</a> (WTF, now called <a href="/wiki/World_Taekwondo" title="World Taekwondo">World Taekwondo</a>, WT) to promote the sportive side of Kukki-Taekwondo. The <a href="/wiki/International_Olympic_Committee" title="International Olympic Committee">International Olympic Committee</a> recognized the WT and Taekwondo sparring in 1980. For this reason, the Kukkiwon-defined style of Taekwondo is sometimes referred to as <i>Sport-style Taekwondo</i>, <i>Olympic-style Taekwondo</i>, or <i>WT-style Taekwondo</i>, but the style itself is defined by the Kukkiwon, not by the WT, and the WT competition ruleset itself only allows the use of a very small number of the total number of techniques included in the style.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Extreme_Taekwondo">Extreme Taekwondo</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taekwondo&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Extreme Taekwondo"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Extreme Taekwondo is a hybrid style created in 2008, by Taekwondo practitioner Shin-Min Cheol, who also founded Mirme Korea in 2012, a production company that helped spreading his style. His company is based on promoting TKD tournaments, in a style which mixed other martial arts like Karate and Capoeira.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hup_Kwon_Do">Hup Kwon Do</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taekwondo&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Hup Kwon Do"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hup Kwon Do is a hybrid style of Taekwondo created by a Malayan martial artist called Grandmaster Lee in 1989. He opened his first school in Penang, and originally developed this system as a self-defense technique, mixing Taekwondo with a multitude of other martial arts, such as Kendo, Bokken, Wado Shimpo, Kickboxing and Karate. It is mainly governed by the World Hupkwondo Council (WHC).<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Han_Moo_Do">Han Moo Do</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taekwondo&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Han Moo Do"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Han Moo Doo is a hybrid martial art created by Korean practitioner Yoon Sung Hwang in 1989, in Kauhava, Finland. Like other variations of Taekwondo, it first started out as a method of self-defense before spreading across Northern countries such as Sweden, Norway and Denmark. It combines Taekwondo with other Korean martial arts like Hapkido and Hoi Jeon Moo Sool. It mixes striking and grappling techniques, and some schools also incorporate weapons training into it.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Han_Mu_Do">Han Mu Do</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taekwondo&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Han Mu Do"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Han Mu Do is a martial art developed by Korean practitioner Dr. Young Kimm, who founded the World Hanmudo Association to assure the preservation of his style. Its ideals are mostly based on the Han philosophy, mainly about the mind balance of the practitioner. Young Kimm studied Taekwondo, Tang Soo Do, Kuk Sul, Hapkido, Korean Judo and Kum Do, mixing all of their techniques together to create his own style.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Teuk_Gong_Moo_Sool">Teuk Gong Moo Sool</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taekwondo&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Teuk Gong Moo Sool"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Teukgong Moosool is a combat system developed in South Korea by the special forces units that is projected to stop the opponent as quickly as possible, although it was also used in sports competition. It is a hybrid style that mixes Taekwondo, Judo, Hapkido, Sanda (and other Chinese wushu styles) and Korean Kickboxing and it follows the Yin-Yang and five elements philosophy. Its origins date back to the 1960s–70s, but it was only introduced in special forces training in 1979.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hoshin_Moosool">Hoshin Moosool</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taekwondo&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Hoshin Moosool"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hoshin Moosool is a martial art and combat system founded by Taekwondo Grandmaster <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Kwan-Young" class="extiw" title="fr:Lee Kwan-Young">Kwan-Young Lee</a>. Its techniques and method are inspired from Master Lee's experience as a close combat instructor during the Vietnam war, instructor for the French Police Elite Unit (<a href="/wiki/RAID_(French_police_unit)" title="RAID (French police unit)">RAID</a>) and time as a member of the Korean and French intelligence service.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Equipment_and_facilities">Equipment and facilities</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taekwondo&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Equipment and facilities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dobok-_ITF.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Dobok-_ITF.jpg/250px-Dobok-_ITF.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Dobok-_ITF.jpg/375px-Dobok-_ITF.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Dobok-_ITF.jpg/500px-Dobok-_ITF.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="804" /></a><figcaption>A WT-style <i><a href="/wiki/Dobok" title="Dobok">dobok</a></i></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dojang_photo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Dojang_photo.jpg/250px-Dojang_photo.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Dojang_photo.jpg/375px-Dojang_photo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Dojang_photo.jpg/500px-Dojang_photo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>A <i><a href="/wiki/Dojang" title="Dojang">dojang</a></i></figcaption></figure><p>A Taekwondo practitioner typically wears a <span title="Revised Romanization of Korean transliteration"><i lang="ko-Latn">dobok</i></span> (<span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hang">도복</span></span>; <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hani">道服</span></span>) uniform with a belt tied around the waist. </p><p>When sparring, padded equipment is usually worn. In the ITF tradition, typically only the hands and feet are padded. In the Kukkiwon/WT tradition, full-contact sparring is facilitated by the employment of more extensive equipment: padded helmets called <span title="Korean-language romanization"><i lang="ko-Latn">homyun</i></span> are always worn, as are padded torso protectors called <span title="Korean-language romanization"><i lang="ko-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Hogu" title="Hogu">hogu</a></i></span>; feet, shins, groins, hands, and forearms protectors are also worn.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The school or place where instruction is given is called a <span title="Korean-language romanization"><i lang="ko-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Dojang" title="Dojang">dojang</a></i></span> (<span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hang">도장</span></span>; <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hani">道場</span></span>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ranks,_belts,_and_promotion"><span id="Ranks.2C_belts.2C_and_promotion"></span><span class="anchor" id="Ranks"></span> Ranks, belts, and promotion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taekwondo&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Ranks, belts, and promotion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:04232012box_pilates059.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/04232012box_pilates059.JPG/220px-04232012box_pilates059.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/04232012box_pilates059.JPG/330px-04232012box_pilates059.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/04232012box_pilates059.JPG/440px-04232012box_pilates059.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Exhibition of taekwondo students at the <a href="/wiki/Monterrey_Institute_of_Technology_and_Higher_Education,_Mexico_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Monterrey Institute of Technology and Higher Education, Mexico City">Monterrey Institute of Technology and Higher Education, Mexico City</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Taekwondo ranks vary from style to style and are not standardized. For junior ranks, ranks are indicated by a number and the term (<span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hang">급</span></span>; <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hani">級</span></span>; <span title="Korean-language romanization"><i lang="ko-Latn">geup</i></span>, <i>gup</i>, or <i>kup</i>), which represents belt color. A belt color may have a stripe in it. Ranks typically count down from higher numbers to lower ones. For senior ranks ("<a href="/wiki/Black_belt_(martial_arts)" title="Black belt (martial arts)">black belt</a>" ranks), each rank is called a <a href="/wiki/Dan_(rank)" title="Dan (rank)"><span title="Revised Romanization of Korean transliteration"><i lang="ko-Latn">dan</i></span></a> <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">단 (段)</span></span> or "degree" and counts upwards.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Students must pass tests to advance ranks, and promotions happen at a progressive rate depending on the school.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Titles can also come with ranks. For example, in the <a href="/wiki/International_Taekwon-Do_Federation" title="International Taekwon-Do Federation">International Taekwon-Do Federation</a>, instructors holding 1st to 3rd <span title="Revised Romanization of Korean transliteration"><i lang="ko-Latn">dan</i></span> are called <span title="Korean-language romanization"><i lang="ko-Latn">boosabum</i></span> (<span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hang">부사범</span></span>; <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hani">副師範</span></span>; "assistant instructor"), those holding 4th to 6th <i>dan</i> are called <span title="Korean-language romanization"><i lang="ko-Latn">sabum</i></span> (<span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hang">사범</span></span>; <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hani">師範</span></span>; "instructor"), those holding 7th to 8th <i>dan</i> are called <span title="Korean-language romanization"><i lang="ko-Latn">sahyun</i></span> (<span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hang">사현</span></span>; <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hani">師賢</span></span>; "master"), and those holding 9th <i>dan</i> are called <span title="Korean-language romanization"><i lang="ko-Latn">saseong</i></span> (<span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hang">사성</span></span>; <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hani">師聖</span></span>; "grandmaster").<sup id="cite_ref-Choi1993-1.122_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Choi1993-1.122-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In WT/Kukki-Taekwondo, instructors holding 1st. to 3rd. <i>dan</i> are considered assistant instructors (<span title="Korean-language romanization"><i lang="ko-Latn">kyosa-nim</i></span>), are not yet allowed to issue ranks, and are generally thought of as still having much to learn. Instructors who hold a 4th. to 6th. <i>dan</i> are considered master instructors (<span title="Korean-language romanization"><i lang="ko-Latn">sabum-nim</i></span>), and are allowed to grade students to ranks beneath their own. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation cs2"><i>Rules of Taekwondo Promotion Test</i>, Kukkiwon</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rules+of+Taekwondo+Promotion+Test&rft.pub=Kukkiwon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaekwondo" class="Z3988"></span> Those who hold a 7th–9th <i>dan</i> are considered Grandmasters. Kukkiwon-issued ranks also hold an age requirement, with grandmaster ranks requiring an age of over forty.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Forms_(patterns)"><span id="Forms_.28patterns.29"></span>Forms (patterns)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taekwondo&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Forms (patterns)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Taekwondo_techniques#Patterns,_poomsae,_hyung,_tul" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Taekwondo techniques">List of Taekwondo techniques § Patterns, poomsae, hyung, tul</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kuopio-halli.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Kuopio-halli.jpg/220px-Kuopio-halli.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="253" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Kuopio-halli.jpg/330px-Kuopio-halli.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Kuopio-halli.jpg/440px-Kuopio-halli.jpg 2x" data-file-width="648" data-file-height="744" /></a><figcaption>A demonstration at Kuopio-halli in <a href="/wiki/Kuopio" title="Kuopio">Kuopio</a>, Finland</figcaption></figure> <p>Three Korean terms may be used with reference to taekwondo forms or patterns. These forms are equivalent to <i><a href="/wiki/Kata" title="Kata">kata</a></i> in karate. </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Hyeong" title="Hyeong">Hyeong</a></i> (sometimes <i>hyung</i>; <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hang">형</span></span>; <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hani">形</span></span>) is the term usually used in Traditional Taekwondo (i.e., 1950s–1960s styles of Korean martial arts).</li> <li><span title="Korean-language romanization"><i lang="ko-Latn">Poomsae</i></span> (sometimes <span title="Revised Romanization of Korean transliteration"><i lang="ko-Latn">pumsae</i></span> or formerly <i>poomse</i>; <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hang">품새</span></span>; <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hani">品勢</span></span>) is the term officially used by Kukkiwon/WT-style and ATA-style Taekwondo.</li> <li><i>Teul</i> (officially romanized as <i>tul</i>; <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hang">틀</span></span>) is the term usually used in ITF/Chang Hon-style Taekwondo.</li></ul> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Hyeong" title="Hyeong">hyeong</a> is a systematic, prearranged sequence of martial techniques that is performed either with or without the use of a weapon.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Different taekwondo styles and associations (ATA, ITF, GTF, WT, etc.) use different taekwondo forms.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Philosophy">Philosophy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taekwondo&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Philosophy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Different styles of Taekwondo adopt different philosophical underpinnings. Many of these underpinnings however refer back to the Five Commandments of the <a href="/wiki/Hwarang" title="Hwarang">Hwarang</a> as a historical referent. For example, Choi Hong-hi expressed his philosophical basis for taekwondo as the <a href="/wiki/International_Taekwon-Do_Federation#Philosophy" title="International Taekwon-Do Federation">Five Tenets of Taekwondo</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-The_Tenants_Of_Tae_Kwon_Do_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Tenants_Of_Tae_Kwon_Do-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Courtesy (<span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hang">예의</span></span>; <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hani">禮儀</span></span>; <span title="Korean-language romanization"><i lang="ko-Latn">yeui</i></span>)</li> <li>Integrity (<span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hang">염치</span></span>; <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hani">廉恥</span></span>; <span title="Korean-language romanization"><i lang="ko-Latn">yeomchi</i></span>)</li> <li>Perseverance (<span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hang">인내</span></span>; <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hani">忍耐</span></span>; <span title="Korean-language romanization"><i lang="ko-Latn">innae</i></span>)</li> <li>Self-control (<span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hang">극기</span></span>; <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hani">克己</span></span>; <span title="Korean-language romanization"><i lang="ko-Latn">geukgi</i></span>)</li> <li>Indomitable spirit (<span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hang">백절불굴</span></span>; <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hani">百折不屈</span></span>; <span title="Korean-language romanization"><i lang="ko-Latn">baekjeolbulgul</i></span>)</li></ul> <p>These tenets are further articulated in a taekwondo oath, also authored by Choi: </p> <ul><li>I shall observe the tenets of taekwondo</li> <li>I shall respect the instructor and seniors</li> <li>I shall never misuse taekwondo</li> <li>I shall be a champion of freedom and justice</li> <li>I shall build a more peaceful world</li></ul> <p>Modern ITF organizations have continued to update and expand upon this philosophy.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The World Taekwondo Federation (WTF) also refers to the commandments of the Hwarang in the articulation of its taekwondo philosophy.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Like the ITF philosophy, it centers on the development of a peaceful society as one of the overarching goals for the practice of taekwondo. The WT's stated philosophy is that this goal can be furthered by adoption of the Hwarang spirit, by behaving rationally ("education in accordance with the reason of heaven"), and by recognition of the philosophies embodied in the <span title="Revised Romanization of Korean transliteration"><i lang="ko-Latn">taegeuk</i></span> (the yin and the yang, i.e., "the unity of opposites") and the <a href="/wiki/Taegeuk#Tricolored_taegeuk" title="Taegeuk">sam taegeuk</a> (understanding change in the world as the interactions of the heavens, the Earth, and Man). The philosophical position articulated by the Kukkiwon is likewise based on the Hwarang tradition.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Theory_of_power">Theory of power</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taekwondo&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Theory of power"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The emphasis on speed and agility is a defining characteristic of taekwondo and has its origins in analyses undertaken by Choi Hong-hi. The results of that analysis are known by ITF practitioners as Choi's <i>Theory of Power</i>. Choi based his understanding of power on <a href="/wiki/Biomechanics" title="Biomechanics">biomechanics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Classical_mechanics" title="Classical mechanics">Newtonian physics</a> as well as Chinese martial arts. For example, Choi observed that the kinetic energy of a strike increases quadratically with the speed of the strike, but increases only linearly with the mass of the striking object. In other words, speed is more important than size in terms of generating power. This principle was incorporated into the early design of taekwondo and is still used.<sup id="cite_ref-Gillis_16-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gillis-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Choi_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Choi-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Choi also advocated a "relax/strike" principle for taekwondo; in other words, between blocks, kicks, and strikes the practitioner should relax the body, then tense the muscles only while performing the technique. It is believed that the relax/strike principle increases the power of the technique, by conserving the body's energy. He expanded on this principle with his advocacy of the "sine wave" technique. This involves raising one's centre of gravity between techniques, then lowering it as the technique is performed, producing the up-and-down movement from which the term "sine wave" is derived.<sup id="cite_ref-Choi_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Choi-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The components of the Theory of Power include:<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Reaction Force: the principle that as the striking limb is brought forward, other parts of the body should be brought backwards in order to provide more power to the striking limb. As an example, if the right leg is brought forward in a <a href="/wiki/Roundhouse_kick" title="Roundhouse kick">roundhouse kick</a>, the right arm is brought backwards to provide the reaction force.</li> <li>Concentration: the principle of bringing as many muscles as possible to bear on a strike, concentrating the area of impact into as small an area as possible.</li> <li>Equilibrium: maintaining a correct centre-of-balance throughout a technique.</li> <li>Breath Control: the idea that during a strike one should exhale, with the exhalation concluding at the moment of impact.</li> <li>Mass: the principle of bringing as much of the body to bear on a strike as possible; again using the turning kick as an example, the idea would be to rotate the hip as well as the leg during the kick in order to take advantage of the hip's additional mass in terms of providing power to the kick.</li> <li>Speed: as previously noted, the speed of execution of a technique in taekwondo is deemed to be even more important than mass in terms of providing power.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Competitions">Competitions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taekwondo&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Competitions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Class_sparring.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Class_sparring.jpg/220px-Class_sparring.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Class_sparring.jpg/330px-Class_sparring.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Class_sparring.jpg/440px-Class_sparring.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>Sparring in a taekwondo class</figcaption></figure> <p>Taekwondo competitions typically involve <a href="/wiki/Sparring" title="Sparring">sparring</a>, <a href="/wiki/Breaking_(martial_arts)" title="Breaking (martial arts)">breaking</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hyeong" title="Hyeong">patterns</a>; some tournaments also include special events such as demonstration teams and self-defense (<i>hosinsul</i>). In Olympic taekwondo competitions, however, only sparring (using WT competition rules) is performed.<sup id="cite_ref-WTF-rules_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WTF-rules-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are two kinds of competition sparring: point sparring, in which all strikes are light contact and the clock is stopped when a point is scored; and Olympic sparring, where all strikes are full contact and the clock continues when points are scored.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_Taekwondo">World Taekwondo</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taekwondo&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: World Taekwondo"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Proteccionestkd.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Proteccionestkd.JPG/220px-Proteccionestkd.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Proteccionestkd.JPG/330px-Proteccionestkd.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Proteccionestkd.JPG/440px-Proteccionestkd.JPG 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>Official WT trunk protector (<span title="Korean-language romanization"><i lang="ko-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Hogu" title="Hogu">hogu</a></i></span>), forearm guards and shin guards</figcaption></figure> <p>Under World Taekwondo (WT, formerly WTF) and Olympic rules, sparring is a full-contact event, employing a continuous scoring system where the fighters are allowed to continue after scoring each technique, taking place between two competitors in either an area measuring 8 meters square or an octagon of similar size.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Competitors are matched within gender and weight division—eight divisions for World Championships that are condensed to four for the Olympics. A win can occur by points, or if one competitor is unable to continue (knockout). However, there are several decisions that can lead to a win, as well, including superiority, withdrawal, disqualification, or even a referee's punitive declaration.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each match consists of three two-minute rounds, with one minute rest between rounds, though these are often abbreviated or shortened for some junior and regional tournaments.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Competitors must wear a <i>hogu</i>, head protector, shin pads, foot socks, forearm guards, hand gloves, a mouthpiece, and a groin cup. Tournaments sanctioned by national governing bodies or the WT, including the Olympics and World Championship, use electronic <i>hogus</i>, electronic foot socks, and electronic head protectors to register and determine scoring techniques, with human judges used to assess and score technical (spinning) techniques and score punches.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_58-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Points are awarded for permitted techniques delivered to the legal scoring areas as determined by an electronic scoring system, which assesses the strength and location of the contact. The only techniques allowed are kicks (delivering a strike using an area of the foot below the ankle), punches (delivering a strike using the closed fist), and pushes. In some smaller tournaments, and in the past, points were awarded by three corner judges using electronic scoring tallies. All major national and international tournaments have moved fully (as of 2017) to electronic scoring, including the use of electronic headgear. This limits corner judges to scoring only technical points and punches. Some believe that the new electronic scoring system reduces controversy concerning judging decisions,<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but this technology is still not universally accepted.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In particular, the move to electronic headgear has replaced controversy over judging with controversy over how the technology has changed the sport. Because the headgear is not able to determine if a kick was a correct taekwondo technique, and the pressure threshold for sensor activation for headgear is kept low for safety reasons, athletes who improvised ways of placing their foot on their opponents head were able to score points, regardless of how true to taekwondo those techniques were.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Techniques are divided into three categories: scoring techniques (such as a kick to the <i>hogu</i>), permitted but non-scoring techniques (such as a kick that strikes an arm), and not-permitted techniques (such as a kick below the waist). </p> <ul><li>A punch that makes strong contact with the opponent's <i>hogu</i> scores 1 point. The punch must be a straight punch with arm extended; jabs, hooks, uppercuts, etc. are permitted but do not score. Punches to the head are not allowed.</li> <li>A regular kick (no turning or spinning) to the <i>hogu</i> scores 2 points.</li> <li>A regular kick (no turning or spinning) to the head scores 3 points</li> <li>A technical kick (a kick that involves turning or spinning) to the <i>hogu</i> scores 4 points.</li> <li>A technical kick to the head scores 5 points. <ul><li>As of October 2010, 4 points were awarded if a turning kick was used to execute this attack. As of June 2018, this was changed to 5 points.<sup id="cite_ref-WTFCompetitionRulesInterpretation2010b_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WTFCompetitionRulesInterpretation2010b-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li></ul> <p>The referee can give penalties at any time for rule-breaking, such as hitting an area not recognized as a target, usually the legs or neck. Penalties, called "Gam-jeom" are counted as an addition of one point for the opposing contestant. Following 10 "Gam-jeom" a player is declared the loser by referee's punitive declaration<sup id="cite_ref-:0_58-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the end of three rounds, the competitor with most points wins the match. In the event of a tie, a fourth "sudden death" overtime round, sometimes called a "Golden Point", is held to determine the winner after a one-minute rest period. In this round, the first competitor to score a point wins the match. If there is no score in the additional round, the winner is decided by superiority, as determined by the refereeing officials<sup id="cite_ref-WTFCompetitionRulesInterpretation2010b_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WTFCompetitionRulesInterpretation2010b-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or number of fouls committed during that round. If a competitor has a 20-point lead at the end of the second round or achieves a 20-point lead at any point in the third round, then the match is over and that competitor is declared the winner.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_58-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition to sparring competition, World Taekwondo sanctions competition in <i>poomsae</i> or forms, although this is not an Olympic event. Single competitors perform a designated pattern of movements, and are assessed by judges for accuracy (accuracy of movements, balance, precision of details) and presentation (speed and power, rhythm, energy), both of which receive numerical scores, with deductions made for errors.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pair and team competition is also recognized, where two or more competitors perform the same form at the same time. In addition to competition with the traditional forms, there is experimentation with freestyle forms that allow more creativity.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="International_Taekwon-Do_Federation">International Taekwon-Do Federation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taekwondo&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: International Taekwon-Do Federation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ITF_TaeKwon-Do_Sparring_Gear.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/28/ITF_TaeKwon-Do_Sparring_Gear.JPG/220px-ITF_TaeKwon-Do_Sparring_Gear.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/28/ITF_TaeKwon-Do_Sparring_Gear.JPG/330px-ITF_TaeKwon-Do_Sparring_Gear.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/28/ITF_TaeKwon-Do_Sparring_Gear.JPG/440px-ITF_TaeKwon-Do_Sparring_Gear.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Common styles of ITF point sparring equipment</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/International_Taekwon-Do_Federation" title="International Taekwon-Do Federation">International Taekwon-Do Federation</a> (ITF) has sparring rules similar to the WT's, but they differ in some ways: </p> <ul><li>Hand attacks to the head are allowed.<sup id="cite_ref-itf_information10c_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-itf_information10c-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The competition is not full contact, and excessive contact is not allowed.</li> <li>Competitors are penalized with disqualification if they injure their opponent and he can no longer continue (knockout).</li> <li>The scoring system is: <ul><li>1 point for Punch to the body or head.</li> <li>2 points for Jumping kick to the body or kick to the head, or a jumping punch to the head</li> <li>3 points for Jumping kick to the head</li></ul></li> <li>The competition area is 9×9 meters for international events.</li></ul> <p>Competitors do not wear the <i>hogu</i> (although they are required to wear approved foot and hand protection equipment, as well as optional head guards). This scoring system varies between individual organisations within the ITF; for example, in the TAGB, punches to the head or body score 1 point, kicks to the body score 2 points, and kicks to the head score 3 points. </p><p>A continuous point system is utilized in ITF competition, where the fighters are allowed to continue after scoring a technique. Excessive contact is generally not allowed according to the official ruleset, and judges penalize any competitor with disqualification if they injure their opponent and he can no longer continue (although these rules vary between ITF organizations). At the end of two minutes (or some other specified time), the competitor with more scoring techniques wins. </p><p>Fouls in ITF sparring include: attacking a fallen opponent, leg sweeping, holding/grabbing, or intentional attack to a target other than the opponent.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>ITF competitions also feature performances of patterns, <a href="/wiki/Breaking_(martial_arts)" title="Breaking (martial arts)">breaking</a>, and 'special techniques' (where competitors perform prescribed board breaks at great heights). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Multi-discipline_competition">Multi-discipline competition</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taekwondo&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Multi-discipline competition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some organizations deliver multi-discipline competitions, for example the <a href="/wiki/British_Student_Taekwondo_Federation" title="British Student Taekwondo Federation">British Student Taekwondo Federation</a>'s inter-university competitions, which have included separate WT rules sparring, ITF rules sparring, Kukkiwon patterns and Chang-Hon patterns events run in parallel since 1992.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_organizations">Other organizations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taekwondo&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Other organizations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">American</a> <a href="/wiki/Amateur_Athletic_Union" title="Amateur Athletic Union">Amateur Athletic Union</a> (AAU) competitions are very similar, except that different styles of pads and gear are allowed.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_competitions">List of competitions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taekwondo&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: List of competitions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_Taekwondo_competitions">World Taekwondo competitions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taekwondo&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: World Taekwondo competitions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>World Taekwondo (WT) directly sanctions the following competitions:<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>World Taekwondo Poomsae Championships</li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Taekwondo_Championships" title="World Taekwondo Championships">World Taekwondo Championships</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=World_Para_Taekwondo_Championships&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="World Para Taekwondo Championships (page does not exist)">World Para Taekwondo Championships</a> (since 2009)<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>World Taekwondo Cadet Championships</li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Taekwondo_Junior_Championships" class="mw-redirect" title="World Taekwondo Junior Championships">World Taekwondo Junior Championships</a></li> <li>World Taekwondo Team Championships</li> <li>World Taekwondo Para Championships</li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Taekwondo_Grand_Prix" title="World Taekwondo Grand Prix">World Taekwondo Grand Prix</a></li> <li>World Taekwondo Grand Slam</li> <li>World Taekwondo Beach Championships</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taekwondo_at_the_Summer_Olympics" title="Taekwondo at the Summer Olympics">Olympic Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paralympic_Games" title="Paralympic Games">Paralympic Games</a> (debut in 2020 Tokyo Paralympics)<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_tournaments">Other tournaments</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taekwondo&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Other tournaments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>These feature WT Taekwondo only:<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Games" title="African Games">African Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Games" title="Asian Games">Asian Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Games" title="European Games">European Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Games" title="Pacific Games">Pacific Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan_American_Games" title="Pan American Games">Pan American Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universiade" class="mw-redirect" title="Universiade">Universiade</a></li></ul> <p>Taekwondo is also an optional sport at the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Games" title="Commonwealth Games">Commonwealth Games</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Weight_divisions">Weight divisions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taekwondo&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Weight divisions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The following <a href="/wiki/Weight_divisions" class="mw-redirect" title="Weight divisions">weight divisions</a> are in effect due to the WT<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and ITF<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> tournament rules and regulations: </p> <table class="wikitable" style="float:left; margin-right:1.4em; clear:left;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">Olympics </th></tr> <tr> <th class="nowrap ts-vertical-header is-valign-bottom" style=""><div style=""><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1221560606">@supports(writing-mode:vertical-rl){.mw-parser-output .ts-vertical-header{line-height:1;max-width:1em;padding:0.4em;vertical-align:bottom;width:1em}html.client-js .mw-parser-output .sortable:not(.jquery-tablesorter) .ts-vertical-header:not(.unsortable),html.client-js .mw-parser-output .ts-vertical-header.headerSort{background-position:50%.4em;padding-right:0.4em;padding-top:21px}.mw-parser-output .ts-vertical-header.is-valign-top{vertical-align:top}.mw-parser-output .ts-vertical-header.is-valign-middle{vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ts-vertical-header.is-normal{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ts-vertical-header>*{display:inline-block;transform:rotate(180deg);writing-mode:vertical-rl}@supports(writing-mode:sideways-lr){.mw-parser-output .ts-vertical-header>*{transform:none;writing-mode:sideways-lr}}}</style>Male</div></th> <th class="nowrap ts-vertical-header is-valign-bottom" style=""><div style=""><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1221560606">Female</div> </th></tr> <tr> <td>−58 kg</td> <td>−49 kg </td></tr> <tr> <td>−68 kg</td> <td>−57 kg </td></tr> <tr> <td>−80 kg</td> <td>−67 kg </td></tr> <tr> <td>+80 kg</td> <td>+67 kg </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable" style="float:left; margin-right:1.4em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">WT Male<br />Championships </th></tr> <tr> <th class="nowrap ts-vertical-header is-valign-bottom" style=""><div style=""><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1221560606">Juniors</div></th> <th class="nowrap ts-vertical-header is-valign-bottom" style=""><div style=""><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1221560606">Adults</div> </th></tr> <tr> <td>−45 kg</td> <td rowspan="4">−54 kg </td></tr> <tr> <td>−48 kg </td></tr> <tr> <td>−51 kg </td></tr> <tr> <td>−55 kg </td></tr> <tr> <td>−59 kg</td> <td>−58 kg </td></tr> <tr> <td>−63 kg</td> <td>−63 kg </td></tr> <tr> <td>−68 kg</td> <td>−68 kg </td></tr> <tr> <td>−73 kg</td> <td rowspan="2">−74 kg </td></tr> <tr> <td>−78 kg </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">+78 kg</td> <td>−80 kg </td></tr> <tr> <td>−87 kg </td></tr> <tr> <td>+87 kg </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable" style="float:left; margin-right:1.4em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">WT Female<br />Championships </th></tr> <tr> <th class="nowrap ts-vertical-header is-valign-bottom" style=""><div style=""><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1221560606">Juniors</div></th> <th class="nowrap ts-vertical-header is-valign-bottom" style=""><div style=""><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1221560606">Adults</div> </th></tr> <tr> <td>−42 kg</td> <td rowspan="2">−46 kg </td></tr> <tr> <td>−44 kg </td></tr> <tr> <td>−46 kg</td> <td rowspan="2">−49 kg </td></tr> <tr> <td>−49 kg </td></tr> <tr> <td>−52 kg</td> <td rowspan="2">−53 kg </td></tr> <tr> <td>−55 kg </td></tr> <tr> <td>−59 kg</td> <td>−57 kg </td></tr> <tr> <td>−63 kg</td> <td>−62 kg </td></tr> <tr> <td>−68 kg</td> <td>−67 kg </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">+68 kg</td> <td>−73 kg </td></tr> <tr> <td>+73 kg </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable" style="float:left; margin-right:1.4em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="4">ITF Male Championships </th></tr> <tr> <th class="nowrap ts-vertical-header is-valign-bottom" style=""><div style=""><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1221560606">Juniors</div></th> <th class="nowrap ts-vertical-header is-valign-bottom" style=""><div style=""><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1221560606">Adults (18–39 yrs)</div></th> <th class="nowrap ts-vertical-header is-valign-bottom" style=""><div style=""><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1221560606">Veterans over 40</div></th> <th class="nowrap ts-vertical-header is-valign-bottom" style=""><div style=""><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1221560606">Veterans over 50</div> </th></tr> <tr> <td>−45 kg</td> <td>−50 kg</td> <td rowspan="2">−64 kg</td> <td rowspan="4">−66 kg </td></tr> <tr> <td>−51 kg</td> <td>−57 kg </td></tr> <tr> <td>−57 kg</td> <td>−64 kg</td> <td rowspan="2">−73 kg </td></tr> <tr> <td>−63 kg</td> <td>−71 kg </td></tr> <tr> <td>−69 kg</td> <td>−78 kg</td> <td>−80 kg</td> <td rowspan="2">−80 kg </td></tr> <tr> <td>−75 kg</td> <td>−85 kg</td> <td>−90 kg </td></tr> <tr> <td>+75 kg</td> <td>+85 kg</td> <td>+90 kg</td> <td>+80 kg </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable" style="float:left;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="4">ITF Female Championships </th></tr> <tr> <th class="nowrap ts-vertical-header is-valign-bottom" style=""><div style=""><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1221560606">Juniors</div></th> <th class="nowrap ts-vertical-header is-valign-bottom" style=""><div style=""><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1221560606">Adults (18–39 yrs)</div></th> <th class="nowrap ts-vertical-header is-valign-bottom" style=""><div style=""><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1221560606">Veterans over 40</div></th> <th class="nowrap ts-vertical-header is-valign-bottom" style=""><div style=""><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1221560606">Veterans over 50</div> </th></tr> <tr> <td>−40 kg</td> <td>−45 kg</td> <td rowspan="2">−54 kg</td> <td rowspan="4">−60 kg </td></tr> <tr> <td>−46 kg</td> <td>−51 kg </td></tr> <tr> <td>−52 kg</td> <td>−57 kg</td> <td rowspan="2">−61 kg </td></tr> <tr> <td>−58 kg</td> <td>−63 kg </td></tr> <tr> <td>−64 kg</td> <td>−69 kg</td> <td>−68 kg</td> <td rowspan="2">−75 kg </td></tr> <tr> <td>−70 kg</td> <td>−75 kg</td> <td>−75 kg </td></tr> <tr> <td>+70 kg</td> <td>+75 kg</td> <td>+75 kg</td> <td>+75 kg </td></tr></tbody></table><div style="clear:both;"></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Taekwondo_Korean_terms">Taekwondo Korean terms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taekwondo&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Taekwondo Korean terms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Taekwondo_Vocabulary.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Taekwondo_Vocabulary.png/250px-Taekwondo_Vocabulary.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Taekwondo_Vocabulary.png/375px-Taekwondo_Vocabulary.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Taekwondo_Vocabulary.png/500px-Taekwondo_Vocabulary.png 2x" data-file-width="6116" data-file-height="4591" /></a><figcaption>Some common taekwondo terminology and parts of the body</figcaption></figure> <p>In taekwondo schools—even outside Korea—Korean language commands and vocabulary are often used. <a href="/wiki/Korean_numerals" title="Korean numerals">Korean numerals</a> may be used as prompts for commands or for counting repetition exercises. Different schools and associations will use different vocabulary, however, and may even refer to entirely different techniques by the same name. As one example, in Kukkiwon/WT-style Taekwondo, the term <i>ap seogi</i> refers to an upright walking stance, while in ITF/Chang Hon-style Taekwondo <i>ap seogi</i> refers to a long, low, front stance. Korean vocabulary commonly used in taekwondo schools includes: </p> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="4">Basic Commands </th></tr> <tr> <th>English</th> <th>Hangul</th> <th>Hanja</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Revised_Romanization" class="mw-redirect" title="Revised Romanization">Revised Romanization</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Attention</td> <td>차렷</td> <td></td> <td>Charyeot </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ready</td> <td>준비</td> <td>準備</td> <td>Junbi </td></tr> <tr> <td>Begin</td> <td>시작</td> <td>始作</td> <td>Sijak </td></tr> <tr> <td>Finish / Stop</td> <td>그만</td> <td></td> <td>Geuman </td></tr> <tr> <td>Bow</td> <td>경례</td> <td>敬禮</td> <td>Gyeonglye </td></tr> <tr> <td>Resume / Continue</td> <td>계속</td> <td>繼續</td> <td>Gyesok </td></tr> <tr> <td>Return to ready</td> <td>바로</td> <td></td> <td>Baro </td></tr> <tr> <td>Relax / At ease</td> <td>쉬어</td> <td></td> <td>Swieo </td></tr> <tr> <td>Rest / Take a break</td> <td>휴식</td> <td>休息</td> <td>Hyusik </td></tr> <tr> <td>Turn around / About face</td> <td>뒤로돌아</td> <td></td> <td>Dwirodora </td></tr> <tr> <td>Yell</td> <td>기합</td> <td>氣合</td> <td>Gihap </td></tr> <tr> <td>Look / Focus</td> <td>시선</td> <td>視線</td> <td>Siseon </td></tr> <tr> <td>By the count</td> <td>구령에 맞춰서</td> <td>口令에 맞춰서</td> <td>Guryeong-e majchwoseo </td></tr> <tr> <td>Without count</td> <td>구령 없이</td> <td>口令 없이</td> <td>Guryeong eobs-i </td></tr> <tr> <td>Switch feet</td> <td>발 바꿔</td> <td></td> <td>Bal bakkwo </td></tr> <tr> <td>Dismissed</td> <td>해산</td> <td>解散</td> <td>Haesan </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="4">Hand Techniques </th></tr> <tr> <th>English</th> <th>Hangul</th> <th>Hanja</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Revised_Romanization" class="mw-redirect" title="Revised Romanization">Revised Romanization</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Hand Techniques</td> <td>수 기</td> <td>手技</td> <td>Su gi </td></tr> <tr> <td>Attack / Strike / Hit</td> <td>공격</td> <td>攻擊</td> <td>Gong-gyeog </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left: 1em">Strike</td> <td>치기</td> <td></td> <td>Chigi </td></tr> <tr> <td>Block</td> <td>막기</td> <td></td> <td>Magki </td></tr> <tr> <td>Punch/hit</td> <td>권</td> <td>拳</td> <td>Gwon </td></tr> <tr> <td>Punch </td> <td>지르기 </td> <td> </td> <td>Jireugi </td></tr> <tr> <td>Middle punch</td> <td>중 권</td> <td>中拳</td> <td>Jung gwon </td></tr> <tr> <td>Middle Punch </td> <td>몸통 지르기 </td> <td> </td> <td>Momtong jireugi </td></tr> <tr> <td>Back fist</td> <td>갑 권</td> <td>甲拳 / 角拳</td> <td>Gab gwon </td></tr> <tr> <td>Back fist </td> <td>등주먹 </td> <td> </td> <td>Deungjumeog </td></tr> <tr> <td>Knife hand (edge)</td> <td>수도</td> <td>手刀</td> <td>Su Do </td></tr> <tr> <td>Knife hand (edge) </td> <td>손날 </td> <td> </td> <td>Son Kal </td></tr> <tr> <td>Thrust / spear</td> <td>관</td> <td>貫</td> <td>Gwan </td></tr> <tr> <td>Thrust / spear </td> <td>찌르기 </td> <td> </td> <td>Jjileugi </td></tr> <tr> <td>Spear hand</td> <td>관 수</td> <td>貫手</td> <td>Gwan su </td></tr> <tr> <td>Spear hand (lit. fingertip) </td> <td>손끝 </td> <td> </td> <td>Sonkkeut </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ridge hand</td> <td>역 수도</td> <td>逆手刀</td> <td>Yeog su do </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ridge hand (lit. reverse hand blade) </td> <td>손날등 </td> <td> </td> <td>Sonnaldeung </td></tr> <tr> <td>Hammer fist</td> <td>권도</td> <td>拳刀 / 拳槌</td> <td>Gweon do </td></tr> <tr> <td>Pliers hand</td> <td>집게 손</td> <td></td> <td>Jibge son </td></tr> <tr> <td>Palm heel</td> <td>장관</td> <td>掌貫</td> <td>Jang gwan </td></tr> <tr> <td>Palm heel </td> <td>바탕손 </td> <td> </td> <td>Batangson </td></tr> <tr> <td>Elbow</td> <td>팔꿈</td> <td></td> <td>Palkkum </td></tr> <tr> <td>Gooseneck</td> <td>손목 등</td> <td></td> <td>Sonmog deung </td></tr> <tr> <td>Side punch</td> <td>횡진 공격</td> <td>橫進攻擊</td> <td>Hoengjin gong gyeog </td></tr> <tr> <td>Side punch </td> <td>옆 지르기 </td> <td> </td> <td>Yeop jileugi </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mountain block</td> <td>산 막기</td> <td>山막기</td> <td>San maggi </td></tr> <tr> <td>One finger fist</td> <td>일 지 권</td> <td>一指拳</td> <td>il ji gwon </td></tr> <tr> <td>1 finger spear hand</td> <td>일 지관 수</td> <td>一指貫手</td> <td>il ji gwan su </td></tr> <tr> <td>2 finger spear hand</td> <td>이지관수</td> <td>二指貫手</td> <td>i ji gwan su </td></tr> <tr> <td>Double back fist</td> <td>장갑권</td> <td>長甲拳</td> <td>Jang gab gwon </td></tr> <tr> <td>Double hammer fist</td> <td>장 권도</td> <td>長拳刀</td> <td>Jang gwon do </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="4">Foot Techniques </th></tr> <tr> <th>English</th> <th>Hangul</th> <th>Hanja</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Revised_Romanization" class="mw-redirect" title="Revised Romanization">Revised Romanization</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Foot Techniques</td> <td>족기</td> <td>足技</td> <td>Jog gi </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kick</td> <td>차기</td> <td></td> <td>Chagi </td></tr> <tr> <td>Front snap kick</td> <td>앞 차기</td> <td></td> <td>Ap chagi </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left: 1em">...also Front snap kick</td> <td>앞 차넣기</td> <td></td> <td>Ap chaneohgi </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left: 1em">...also Front snap kick</td> <td>앞 뻗어 차기</td> <td></td> <td>Ap ppeod-eo chagi </td></tr> <tr> <td>Inside-out heel kick or outside crescent kick</td> <td>안에서 밖으로 차기</td> <td></td> <td>An-eseo bakk-eulo chagi </td></tr> <tr> <td>Outside-in heel kick or inside crescent kick</td> <td>밖에서 안으로 차기</td> <td></td> <td>Baggeso aneuro chagi </td></tr> <tr> <td>Stretching front kick</td> <td>앞 뻗어 올리 기</td> <td></td> <td>Ap ppeod-eo olli gi </td></tr> <tr> <td>Roundhouse kick</td> <td>돌려 차기</td> <td></td> <td>Dollyeo chagi </td></tr> <tr> <td>...also Roundhouse kick </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Ap dollyeo chagi </td></tr> <tr> <td>Side kick</td> <td>옆 차기</td> <td></td> <td>Yeop chagi </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left: 1em">...also Snap Side kick</td> <td>옆 뻗어 차기</td> <td></td> <td>Yeop ppeod-eo chagi </td></tr> <tr> <td>Hook kick</td> <td>후려기 차기</td> <td></td> <td>Hulyeogi chagi </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left: 1em">...also hook kick</td> <td>후려 차기</td> <td></td> <td>Huryeo chagi </td></tr> <tr> <td>Back kick</td> <td>뒤 차기</td> <td></td> <td>Dwi chagi </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left: 1em">...also Spin Back kick</td> <td>뒤 돌려 차기</td> <td></td> <td>Dwi dollyeo chagi </td></tr> <tr> <td>Spin hook kick</td> <td>뒤 돌려 후려기 차기</td> <td></td> <td>Dwi dollyeo hulyeogi chagi </td></tr> <tr> <td>Knee strike</td> <td>무릎 차기</td> <td></td> <td>Mu reup chagi </td></tr> <tr> <td>Reverse round kick</td> <td>빗 차기</td> <td></td> <td>Bit chagi </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="4">Stances </th></tr> <tr> <th>English</th> <th>Hangul (한글)</th> <th>Hanja (한자/漢字)</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Revised_Romanization" class="mw-redirect" title="Revised Romanization">Revised Romanization</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Stances</td> <td>자세</td> <td>姿勢</td> <td>Seogi (stance) or Jase (posture) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ready stance</td> <td>준비 자세</td> <td>準備姿勢</td> <td>Junbi seogi (or jase) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Front Stance</td> <td>전굴 자세</td> <td>前屈姿勢</td> <td>Jeongul seogi (or jase) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Back Stance</td> <td>후굴 자세</td> <td>後屈姿勢</td> <td>Hugul seogi (or jase) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Horse-riding Stance</td> <td>기마 자세</td> <td>騎馬姿勢</td> <td>Gima seogi (or jase) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left: 1em">...also Horse-riding Stance</td> <td>기마립 자세</td> <td>騎馬立姿勢</td> <td>Gimalip seogi (or jase) </td></tr> <tr> <td>...also Horse-riding Stance </td> <td>주춤 서기 </td> <td> </td> <td>Juchum seogi </td></tr> <tr> <td>Side Stance</td> <td>사고립 자세</td> <td>四股立姿勢</td> <td>Sagolib seogi (or jase) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Cross legged stance</td> <td>교차 립 자세</td> <td>交(叉/差)立姿勢</td> <td>Gyocha lib seogi (or jase) </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="4">Technique Direction </th></tr> <tr> <th>English</th> <th>Hangul</th> <th>Hanja</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Revised_Romanization" class="mw-redirect" title="Revised Romanization">Revised Romanization</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Moving forward</td> <td>전진</td> <td>推進</td> <td>Jeonjin </td></tr> <tr> <td>Backing up / retreat</td> <td>후진</td> <td>後進</td> <td>Hujin </td></tr> <tr> <td>Sideways/laterally</td> <td>횡진</td> <td>橫進</td> <td>Hoengjin </td></tr> <tr> <td>Reverse (hand/foot)</td> <td>역진</td> <td>逆進</td> <td>Yeogjin </td></tr> <tr> <td>Lower</td> <td>하단</td> <td>下段</td> <td>Hadan </td></tr> <tr> <td>Middle</td> <td>중단</td> <td>中段</td> <td>Jungdan </td></tr> <tr> <td>Upper</td> <td>상단</td> <td>上段</td> <td>Sangdan </td></tr> <tr> <td>Two handed</td> <td>쌍수</td> <td>雙手</td> <td>Ssangsu </td></tr> <tr> <td>Both hands</td> <td>양수</td> <td>兩手</td> <td>Yangsu </td></tr> <tr> <td>Lowest</td> <td>최 하단</td> <td>最下段</td> <td>Choe hadan </td></tr> <tr> <td>Right side</td> <td>오른 쪽</td> <td></td> <td>Oleun jjog </td></tr> <tr> <td>Left side</td> <td>왼 쪽</td> <td></td> <td>Oen jjog </td></tr> <tr> <td>Other side/Twist</td> <td>틀어</td> <td></td> <td>Teul-eo </td></tr> <tr> <td>Inside-outside</td> <td>안에서 밖으로</td> <td></td> <td>An-eseo bakk-eulo </td></tr> <tr> <td>Outside inside</td> <td>밖에서 안으로</td> <td></td> <td>Bakk-eseo an-eulo </td></tr> <tr> <td>Jumping / 2nd level</td> <td>이단</td> <td>二段</td> <td>Idan </td></tr> <tr> <td>Hopping / Skipping</td> <td>뜀을</td> <td></td> <td>Ttwim-eul </td></tr> <tr> <td>Double kick</td> <td>두 발</td> <td></td> <td>Du bal </td></tr> <tr> <td>Combo kick</td> <td>연속</td> <td>連續</td> <td>Yeonsog </td></tr> <tr> <td>Same foot</td> <td>같은 발</td> <td></td> <td>Gat-eun bal </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="4">Titles </th></tr> <tr> <th>English</th> <th>Hangul</th> <th>Hanja</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Revised_Romanization" class="mw-redirect" title="Revised Romanization">Revised Romanization</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Founder/President</td> <td>관장 님</td> <td>館長님</td> <td>Gwanjang nim </td></tr> <tr> <td>Master instructor</td> <td>사범 님</td> <td>師範님</td> <td>Sabeom nim </td></tr> <tr> <td>Teacher</td> <td>교사 님</td> <td>敎師님</td> <td>Gyosa nim </td></tr> <tr> <td>Black Belt</td> <td>단</td> <td>段</td> <td>Dan </td></tr> <tr> <td>Student or Color Belt</td> <td>급</td> <td>級</td> <td>Geup </td></tr> <tr> <td>Master level</td> <td>고단자</td> <td>高段者</td> <td>Godanja </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="4">Other/Miscellaneous </th></tr> <tr> <th>English</th> <th>Hangul</th> <th>Hanja</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Revised_Romanization" class="mw-redirect" title="Revised Romanization">Revised Romanization</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>School</td> <td>관</td> <td>館</td> <td>Gwan (<i>kwan</i>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Country Flag</td> <td>국기</td> <td>國旗</td> <td>Guggi </td></tr> <tr> <td>Salute the flag</td> <td>국기 배례</td> <td>國旗拜禮</td> <td>Guggi baerye </td></tr> <tr> <td>Pay respect / bow</td> <td>경례</td> <td>敬禮</td> <td>Gyeongnye </td></tr> <tr> <td>Moment of silence</td> <td>묵념</td> <td>默念</td> <td>Mugnyeom </td></tr> <tr> <td>Sit down!</td> <td>앉아!</td> <td></td> <td>Anj-a! </td></tr> <tr> <td>Thank you</td> <td>감사합니다</td> <td>感謝합니다</td> <td>Gamsa habnida </td></tr> <tr> <td>Informal thank you</td> <td>고맙습니다</td> <td></td> <td>Gomabseubnida </td></tr> <tr> <td>You're welcome</td> <td>천만에요</td> <td></td> <td>Cheonman-eyo </td></tr> <tr> <td>Uniform</td> <td>도복</td> <td>道服</td> <td>Dobok </td></tr> <tr> <td>Belt</td> <td>띠</td> <td>帶</td> <td>Tti </td></tr> <tr> <td>Studio / School / Gym</td> <td>도장</td> <td>道場</td> <td>Dojang </td></tr> <tr> <td>Test</td> <td>심사</td> <td>審査</td> <td>Simsa </td></tr> <tr> <td>Self Defense</td> <td>호신술</td> <td>護身術</td> <td>Hosinsul </td></tr> <tr> <td>Sparring (Kukkiwon/WT-style)</td> <td>겨루기</td> <td></td> <td>Gyeorugi </td></tr> <tr> <td>...also Sparring (Chang Hon/ITF-style) </td> <td>맞서기 </td> <td> </td> <td>Matseogi </td></tr> <tr> <td>...also Sparring </td> <td>대련 </td> <td>對練 </td> <td>Daelyeon </td></tr> <tr> <td>Free sparring</td> <td>자유 대련</td> <td>自由對練</td> <td>Jayu daelyeon </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ground Sparring</td> <td>좌 대련</td> <td>座對練</td> <td>Jwa daelyeon </td></tr> <tr> <td>One step sparring</td> <td>일 수식 대련</td> <td>一數式對練</td> <td>il su sig daelyeon </td></tr> <tr> <td>Three step sparring</td> <td>삼 수식 대련</td> <td>三數式對練</td> <td>Sam su sig daelyeon </td></tr> <tr> <td>Board Breaking</td> <td>격파</td> <td>擊破</td> <td>Gyeog pa </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_practitioners">Notable practitioners</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taekwondo&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Notable practitioners"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Taekwondo_practitioners" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Taekwondo practitioners">List of Taekwondo practitioners</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taekwondo&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Social_sciences.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/32px-Social_sciences.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/48px-Social_sciences.svg.png 1.5x, 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portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Para_Taekwondo" class="mw-redirect" title="Para Taekwondo">Para Taekwondo</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tae_Kwon_Do_Life_Magazine" title="Tae Kwon Do Life Magazine">Tae Kwon Do Life Magazine</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taekwondo_student_oath" title="Taekwondo student oath">Taekwondo student oath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taekwondo_in_India" title="Taekwondo in India">Taekwondo in India</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taekwondo&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Karate-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Karate_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Namely <a href="/wiki/Shotokan" title="Shotokan">Shotokan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shudokan" class="mw-redirect" title="Shudokan">Shudokan</a>, which served as basis for styles practiced by the <a href="/wiki/Kwan_(martial_arts)" title="Kwan (martial arts)">original nine Kwans</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tang_Soo_Do-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tang_Soo_Do_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Used by <a href="/wiki/Chung_Do_Kwan" title="Chung Do Kwan">Chung Do Kwan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Moo_Duk_Kwan" title="Moo Duk Kwan">Moo Duk Kwan</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kong_Soo_Do-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kong_Soo_Do_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Used by <a href="/wiki/Yun_Mu_Kwan" title="Yun Mu Kwan">Yun Mu Kwan</a>/<a href="/wiki/Jidokwan" title="Jidokwan">Jidokwan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chang_Moo_Kwan" title="Chang Moo Kwan">YMCA Kwon Bop Bu/Chang Moo Kwan</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tae_Soo_Do-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tae_Soo_Do_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Was an early name of taekwondo before Choi Hong-hi managed to convince the organization to adopt the name <i>taekwondo</i> instead.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jhoon_Rhee_Traditional-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Jhoon_Rhee_Traditional_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Tang_Soo_Do" title="Tang Soo Do">Tang Soo Do</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chung_Do_Kwan" title="Chung Do Kwan">Chung Do Kwan</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taekwondo&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kang, Won Sik; Lee, Kyong Myung (1999). A Modern History of Taekwondo. Seoul: Pogyŏng Munhwasa. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-89-358-0124-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-89-358-0124-4">978-89-358-0124-4</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170109022557/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/tae_kwon_do">"tae kwon do"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/OxfordDictionaries.com" class="mw-redirect" title="OxfordDictionaries.com">OxfordDictionaries.com</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/tae_kwon_do">the original</a> on January 9, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=OxfordDictionaries.com&rft.atitle=tae+kwon+do&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.oxforddictionaries.com%2Fdefinition%2Ftae_kwon_do&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaekwondo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/taekwondo">"tae kwon do"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Merriam-Webster" title="Merriam-Webster">Merriam-Webster</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170821170905/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/taekwondo">Archived</a> from the original on 21 August 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Merriam-Webster&rft.atitle=tae+kwon+do&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Ftaekwondo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaekwondo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/tae-kwon-do">"tae kwon do"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Cambridge_English_Dictionary" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambridge English Dictionary">Cambridge English Dictionary</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170109022612/http://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/tae-kwon-do">Archived</a> from the original on 9 January 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cambridge+English+Dictionary&rft.atitle=tae+kwon+do&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdictionary.cambridge.org%2Fdictionary%2Fenglish%2Ftae-kwon-do&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaekwondo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fightland.vice.com/blog/flying-kicks-the-roots-of-taekwondo-and-the-future-of-martial-arts">"Flying Kicks: The Roots of Taekwondo and the Future of Martial Arts"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190301054128/http://fightland.vice.com/blog/flying-kicks-the-roots-of-taekwondo-and-the-future-of-martial-arts">Archived</a> from the original on 1 March 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 February</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Flying+Kicks%3A+The+Roots+of+Taekwondo+and+the+Future+of+Martial+Arts&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffightland.vice.com%2Fblog%2Fflying-kicks-the-roots-of-taekwondo-and-the-future-of-martial-arts&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaekwondo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brief_History_of_Taekwondo-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Brief_History_of_Taekwondo_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brief_History_of_Taekwondo_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=LB&p_theme=lb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=10ADF88FD5D15A6B&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM">"Brief History of Taekwondo"</a>. <i>Long Beach Press-Telegram</i>. 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110815191959/http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=LB&p_theme=lb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=10ADF88FD5D15A6B&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM">Archived</a> from the original on 2011-08-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-07-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Long+Beach+Press-Telegram&rft.atitle=Brief+History+of+Taekwondo&rft.date=2005&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnl.newsbank.com%2Fnl-search%2Fwe%2FArchives%3Fp_product%3DLB%26p_theme%3Dlb%26p_action%3Dsearch%26p_maxdocs%3D200%26p_topdoc%3D1%26p_text_direct-0%3D10ADF88FD5D15A6B%26p_field_direct-0%3Ddocument_id%26p_perpage%3D10%26p_sort%3DYMD_date%3AD%26s_trackval%3DGooglePM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaekwondo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-KANG-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-KANG_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-KANG_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-KANG_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-KANG_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-KANG_8-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-KANG_8-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-KANG_8-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-KANG_8-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKangLee,_Kyong_Myung1999" class="citation book cs1">Kang, Won Sik; Lee, Kyong Myung (1999). <i>A Modern History of Taekwondo</i>. Seoul: Pogyŏng Munhwasa. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-89-358-0124-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-89-358-0124-4"><bdi>978-89-358-0124-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Modern+History+of+Taekwondo&rft.place=Seoul&rft.pub=Pogy%C5%8Fng+Munhwasa&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-89-358-0124-4&rft.aulast=Kang&rft.aufirst=Won+Sik&rft.au=Lee%2C+Kyong+Myung&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaekwondo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20180402000916">"Korea officially designates taekwondo as nat'l martial art"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Korea_Herald" title="The Korea Herald">The Korea Herald</a></i>. 2 April 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220815182913/https://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20180402000916">Archived</a> from the original on 15 August 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Korea+Herald&rft.atitle=Korea+officially+designates+taekwondo+as+nat%27l+martial+art&rft.date=2018-04-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.koreaherald.com%2Fview.php%3Fud%3D20180402000916&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaekwondo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.koreaorbit.com/korea-culture/korean-martial-arts.html">"Korea: Korean Martial Arts"</a>. <i>www.koreaorbit.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190620152230/http://www.koreaorbit.com/korea-culture/korean-martial-arts.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-06-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-07-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.koreaorbit.com&rft.atitle=Korea%3A+Korean+Martial+Arts&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.koreaorbit.com%2Fkorea-culture%2Fkorean-martial-arts.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaekwondo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Park-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Park_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Park, S. W. (1993): About the author. In H. H. Choi: <i>Taekwon-Do: The Korean art of self-defence</i>, 3rd ed. (Vol. 1, pp. 241–274). Mississauga: International Taekwon-Do Federation</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Glen-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Glen_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlen_R._Morris" class="citation web cs1">Glen R. Morris. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldtaekwondo.com/history.htm">"The History of Taekwondo"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170709083607/http://www.worldtaekwondo.com/history.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-07-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-06-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Taekwondo&rft.au=Glen+R.+Morris&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldtaekwondo.com%2Fhistory.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaekwondo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCook2006" class="citation book cs1">Cook, Doug (2006). "Chapter 3: The Formative Years of Taekwondo". <i>Traditional Taekwondo: Core Techniques, History and Philosophy</i>. Boston: YMAA Publication Center. p. 19. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59439-066-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59439-066-1"><bdi>978-1-59439-066-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+3%3A+The+Formative+Years+of+Taekwondo&rft.btitle=Traditional+Taekwondo%3A+Core+Techniques%2C+History+and+Philosophy&rft.place=Boston&rft.pages=19&rft.pub=YMAA+Publication+Center&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-59439-066-1&rft.aulast=Cook&rft.aufirst=Doug&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaekwondo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParkKim2016" class="citation journal cs1">Park, Cindy; Kim, Tae Yang (2016-06-12). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080/09523367.2016.1233867">"Historical Views on the Origins of Korea's Taekwondo"</a>. <i>The International Journal of the History of Sport</i>. <b>33</b> (9): 978–989. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09523367.2016.1233867">10.1080/09523367.2016.1233867</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0952-3367">0952-3367</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:151514066">151514066</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230403234951/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09523367.2016.1233867">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-04-03<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-03-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+International+Journal+of+the+History+of+Sport&rft.atitle=Historical+Views+on+the+Origins+of+Korea%27s+Taekwondo&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=978-989&rft.date=2016-06-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A151514066%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0952-3367&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F09523367.2016.1233867&rft.aulast=Park&rft.aufirst=Cindy&rft.au=Kim%2C+Tae+Yang&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%2F09523367.2016.1233867&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaekwondo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoenig" class="citation web cs1">Moenig, Udo. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://benjamins.com/catalog/ao.81.2.10moe">"The Influence of Korean Nationalism on the Formational Process of T'aekwŏndo in South Korea"</a>. <i>ao.81.2.10moe</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201025002239/https://benjamins.com/catalog/ao.81.2.10moe">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-10-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-05-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ao.81.2.10moe&rft.atitle=The+Influence+of+Korean+Nationalism+on+the+Formational+Process+of+T%27aekw%C5%8Fndo+in+South+Korea&rft.aulast=Moenig&rft.aufirst=Udo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbenjamins.com%2Fcatalog%2Fao.81.2.10moe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaekwondo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gillis-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gillis_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gillis_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gillis_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gillis_16-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gillis_16-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gillis_16-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGillis2008" class="citation book cs1">Gillis, Alex (2008). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/killingartuntold0000gill"><i>A Killing Art: The Untold History of Tae Kwon Do</i></a></span>. ECW Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1550228250" title="Special:BookSources/978-1550228250"><bdi>978-1550228250</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Killing+Art%3A+The+Untold+History+of+Tae+Kwon+Do&rft.pub=ECW+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1550228250&rft.aulast=Gillis&rft.aufirst=Alex&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fkillingartuntold0000gill&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaekwondo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:2_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLo" class="citation web cs1">Lo, David. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.members.itkd.co.nz/reference/essays/6-broken_family.pdf">"Taekwon-do: A Broken Family?"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Thesis prepared for 4th dan granting requirements. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171201032414/https://www.members.itkd.co.nz/reference/essays/6-broken_family.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on December 1, 2017. <q>The President was amazed and asked General Choi what the new martial art is called. President Rhee was a nationalist, hated the Japanese and would not approve the soldiers practicing Japanese martial arts such as Tang Soo Do or Korean Karate. Someone said to the President that it was Tang Soo Do. 'No, it's T'aekkyon' the President countered. The president later instructed General Choi to teach the T'aekkyon martial art to more Korean soldiers.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Taekwon-do%3A+A+Broken+Family%3F&rft.aulast=Lo&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.members.itkd.co.nz%2Freference%2Fessays%2F6-broken_family.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaekwondo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.koreaworldtimes.com/topics/news/9663/"><bdi lang="ja">テコンドーの歴史も2千年？空手の親？消された創始者（1/3）</bdi></a>. <i>KoreaWorldTimes</i> (in Japanese). 2021-07-23. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220620045731/https://www.koreaworldtimes.com/topics/news/9663/">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-06-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-09-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=KoreaWorldTimes&rft.atitle=%E3%83%86%E3%82%B3%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E3%83%BC%E3%81%AE%E6%AD%B4%E5%8F%B2%E3%82%822%E5%8D%83%E5%B9%B4%EF%BC%9F+%E7%A9%BA%E6%89%8B%E3%81%AE%E8%A6%AA%EF%BC%9F+%E6%B6%88%E3%81%95%E3%82%8C%E3%81%9F%E5%89%B5%E5%A7%8B%E8%80%85%EF%BC%881%2F3%EF%BC%89&rft.date=2021-07-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.koreaworldtimes.com%2Ftopics%2Fnews%2F9663%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaekwondo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:3_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gtaitf-india.com/general-choi-hong-hi/">"General Choi, utilizing both his advanced education and Calligraphy skills that involved extensive knowledge of Chinese characters and language, searched for and later conceived of the new term Tae Kwon Do. This label more accurately reflected the shifting emphasis on the use of the legs for kicking"</a>. <i>General Choi Taekwon-do Association (India) website</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190605152342/https://gtaitf-india.com/general-choi-hong-hi/">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-06-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-06-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=General+Choi+Taekwon-do+Association+%28India%29+website&rft.atitle=General+Choi%2C+utilizing+both+his+advanced+education+and+Calligraphy+skills+that+involved+extensive+knowledge+of+Chinese+characters+and+language%2C+searched+for+and+later+conceived+of+the+new+term+Tae+Kwon+Do.+This+label+more+accurately+reflected+the+shifting+emphasis+on+the+use+of+the+legs+for+kicking.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgtaitf-india.com%2Fgeneral-choi-hong-hi%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaekwondo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://akillingart.com/namtaehialexgillistaekwondo-namedi-n-1955-2min/">"Interview with Nam Tae-Hi making it clear that Tae Kwon Do came from Korean Karate (also known as "Shotokan Karate," "Tang Soo Do" and "Kong Soo Do"). At a martial arts meeting in 1955, Choi presented a fictional argument connecting Taekwon-Do to Taekkyon, an old martial art"</a>. 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190701161705/https://akillingart.com/namtaehialexgillistaekwondo-namedi-n-1955-2min/">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-07-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-06-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Interview+with+Nam+Tae-Hi+making+it+clear+that+Tae+Kwon+Do+came+from+Korean+Karate+%28also+known+as+%22Shotokan+Karate%2C%22+%22Tang+Soo+Do%22+and+%22Kong+Soo+Do%22%29.+At+a+martial+arts+meeting+in+1955%2C+Choi+presented+a+fictional+argument+connecting+Taekwon-Do+to+Taekkyon%2C+an+old+martial+art.&rft.date=2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fakillingart.com%2Fnamtaehialexgillistaekwondo-namedi-n-1955-2min%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaekwondo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLo" class="citation web cs1">Lo, David. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.members.itkd.co.nz/reference/essays/6-broken_family.pdf">"Nam and General Choi faced a dilemma as they could not teach the Koreans Karate and call it Taekkyeon. They needed a new name urgently but the President liked the name Taekkyon"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Thesis prepared for 4th dan granting requirements</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171201032414/https://www.members.itkd.co.nz/reference/essays/6-broken_family.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on December 1, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Thesis+prepared+for+4th+dan+granting+requirements&rft.atitle=Nam+and+General+Choi+faced+a+dilemma+as+they+could+not+teach+the+Koreans+Karate+and+call+it+Taekkyeon.+They+needed+a+new+name+urgently+but+the+President+liked+the+name+Taekkyon.&rft.aulast=Lo&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.members.itkd.co.nz%2Freference%2Fessays%2F6-broken_family.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaekwondo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/sport/taekwondo/40391326">"World Taekwondo Federation changes name over 'negative connotations'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>BBC Sport</i>. 2017-06-24. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191002155357/https://www.bbc.com/sport/taekwondo/40391326">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-10-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-10-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+Sport&rft.atitle=World+Taekwondo+Federation+changes+name+over+%27negative+connotations%27&rft.date=2017-06-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fsport%2Ftaekwondo%2F40391326&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaekwondo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kukkiwon-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kukkiwon_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kukkiwon_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kukkiwon.or.kr/front/pageView.action?cmd=%2Feng%2Fintroduce%2Fhistory">"Kukkiwon History"</a>. <i>Kukkiwon.or.kr</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140903191215/http://www.kukkiwon.or.kr/front/pageView.action?cmd=%2Feng%2Fintroduce%2Fhistory">Archived</a> from the original on September 3, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 7,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kukkiwon.or.kr&rft.atitle=Kukkiwon+History&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkukkiwon.or.kr%2Ffront%2FpageView.action%3Fcmd%3D%252Feng%252Fintroduce%252Fhistory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaekwondo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2010" class="citation news cs1">Williams, Bob (23 June 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101016025701/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/othersports/taekwondo/7849693/Taekwondo-set-to-join-2018-Commonwealth-Games-after-category-two-classification.html">"Taekwondo set to join 2018 Commonwealth Games after 'category two' classification"</a>. <i>The Telegraph</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/othersports/taekwondo/7849693/Taekwondo-set-to-join-2018-Commonwealth-Games-after-category-two-classification.html">the original</a> on 16 October 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 November</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Taekwondo+set+to+join+2018+Commonwealth+Games+after+%27category+two%27+classification&rft.date=2010-06-23&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Bob&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fsport%2Fothersports%2Ftaekwondo%2F7849693%2FTaekwondo-set-to-join-2018-Commonwealth-Games-after-category-two-classification.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaekwondo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldtaekwondo.org/wtf_eng/site/rules/competition.html">"WT Competition Rules"</a>. <i>WorldTaekwondo.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 7,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WorldTaekwondo.org&rft.atitle=WT+Competition+Rules&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldtaekwondo.org%2Fwtf_eng%2Fsite%2Frules%2Fcompetition.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaekwondo" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged March 2018">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kim-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kim_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKim2002" class="citation book cs1">Kim, Sang H. (2002). <i>Martial Arts Instructors Desk Reference: A Complete Guide to Martial Arts Administration</i>. Turtle Press. <a href="/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ASIN (identifier)">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B001GIOGL4">B001GIOGL4</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Martial+Arts+Instructors+Desk+Reference%3A+A+Complete+Guide+to+Martial+Arts+Administration&rft.pub=Turtle+Press&rft.date=2002&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2Fdp%2FB001GIOGL4%23id-name%3DASIN&rft.aulast=Kim&rft.aufirst=Sang+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaekwondo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Different_styles_of_Taekwondo-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Different_styles_of_Taekwondo_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.myactivesg.com/Sports/Taekwondo/Training-Method/Develop-Your-Game/Different-styles-of-Taekwondo">"Different styles of Taekwondo"</a>. <i>ActiveSG</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210120225319/https://www.myactivesg.com/Sports/Taekwondo/Training-Method/Develop-Your-Game/Different-styles-of-Taekwondo">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-01-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-05-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ActiveSG&rft.atitle=Different+styles+of+Taekwondo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.myactivesg.com%2FSports%2FTaekwondo%2FTraining-Method%2FDevelop-Your-Game%2FDifferent-styles-of-Taekwondo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaekwondo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Choi-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Choi_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Choi_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Choi_31-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChoi1983" class="citation book cs1">Choi, Hong Hi (1983). <i>Encyclopedia of Taekwon-Do</i>. International Taekwon-Do Federation. <a href="/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ASIN (identifier)">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B008UAO292">B008UAO292</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Taekwon-Do&rft.pub=International+Taekwon-Do+Federation&rft.date=1983&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2Fdp%2FB008UAO292%23id-name%3DASIN&rft.aulast=Choi&rft.aufirst=Hong+Hi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaekwondo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itf-tkd.org/">"ITF Austria"</a>. <i>itf-tkd.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201023030417/https://www.itf-tkd.org/">Archived</a> from the original on October 23, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 25,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=itf-tkd.org&rft.atitle=ITF+Austria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.itf-tkd.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaekwondo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.itf-administration.com/">"ITF United Kingdom"</a>. <i>Itf-administration.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120807032337/http://www.itf-administration.com/">Archived</a> from the original on August 7, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 16,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Itf-administration.com&rft.atitle=ITF+United+Kingdom&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.itf-administration.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaekwondo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200123042126/https://www.taekwondoitf.org/">"ITF Spain"</a>. <i>taekwondoitf.org</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.taekwondoitf.org/">the original</a> on January 23, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 7,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ataon%3Bine.com&rft.atitle=ATA+History&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ataonline.com%2Ftaekwondo%2Fhistory.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaekwondo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150218144156/http://jhoonrhee.com/bio.html">"The Jhoon Rhee Story"</a>. <i>Jhoonrhee.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jhoonrhee.com/bio.html">the original</a> on February 18, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hupkwondo.org/f-a-q/">"Questions"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Questions&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hupkwondo.org%2Ff-a-q%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaekwondo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.borealhanmoodo.com/in-english/">"Hanmoodo"</a>. 12 October 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldtaekwondo.org/site/rules/competition.htm">the original</a> on 2007-07-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-08-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Rules&rft.atitle=Kyorugi+rules&rft.date=2004&rft.au=World+Taekwondo+Federation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldtaekwondo.org%2Fsite%2Frules%2Fcompetition.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaekwondo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_58-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_58-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_58-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_58-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_58-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldtaekwondo.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/WTF-Competition-Rules-Interpretation-Nov-15-2016-Burnaby-Canada.pdf">"WORLD TAEKWONDO FEDERATION COMPETITION RULES & INTERPRETATION"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>World Taekwondo</i>. October 1, 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170809021714/http://www.worldtaekwondo.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/WTF-Competition-Rules-Interpretation-Nov-15-2016-Burnaby-Canada.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on August 9, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Taekwondo&rft.atitle=WORLD+TAEKWONDO+FEDERATION+COMPETITION+RULES+%26+INTERPRETATION&rft.date=2017-10-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldtaekwondo.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2017%2F01%2FWTF-Competition-Rules-Interpretation-Nov-15-2016-Burnaby-Canada.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaekwondo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170803222416/https://martialartsweaponstraining.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/WTF-Competition-Rules-Interpretation-Nov-15-2016-Burnaby-Canada.pdf">"Taekwondo Rules"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>martialartsweaponstraining.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://martialartsweaponstraining.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/WTF-Competition-Rules-Interpretation-Nov-15-2016-Burnaby-Canada.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2017-08-03.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=martialartsweaponstraining.com&rft.atitle=Taekwondo+Rules&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmartialartsweaponstraining.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2017%2F08%2FWTF-Competition-Rules-Interpretation-Nov-15-2016-Burnaby-Canada.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaekwondo" class="Z3988"></span>(24 June 2017, p. 38)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGomez2009" class="citation news cs1">Gomez, Brian (August 23, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131202234821/http://gazette.com/article/60680">"New taekwondo scoring system reduces controversy"</a>. <i>The Gazette</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gazette.com/article/60680">the original</a> on 2013-12-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-05-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Gazette&rft.atitle=New+taekwondo+scoring+system+reduces+controversy&rft.date=2009-08-23&rft.aulast=Gomez&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgazette.com%2Farticle%2F60680&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaekwondo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101226022442/http://www.morethanthegames.co.uk/summer-sports/0610695-british-taekwondo-chief-says-new-judging-system-far-flawless">"British taekwondo chief says new judging system is far from flawless"</a>. <i>morethanthegames.co.uk</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.morethanthegames.co.uk/summer-sports/0610695-british-taekwondo-chief-says-new-judging-system-far-flawless">the original</a> on 26 December 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=morethanthegames.co.uk&rft.atitle=British+taekwondo+chief+says+new+judging+system+is+far+from+flawless&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.morethanthegames.co.uk%2Fsummer-sports%2F0610695-british-taekwondo-chief-says-new-judging-system-far-flawless&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaekwondo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMARIA_CHENG" class="citation news cs1">MARIA CHENG. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/sdut-is-that-a-kick-taekwondo-fighters-devise-new-ways-2016aug20-story.html">"Is that a kick? Taekwondo fighters devise new ways to score"</a>. <i>sandiegouniontribune.com</i>. Associated Press. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171002071143/http://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/sdut-is-that-a-kick-taekwondo-fighters-devise-new-ways-2016aug20-story.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-10-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-10-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=sandiegouniontribune.com&rft.atitle=Is+that+a+kick%3F+Taekwondo+fighters+devise+new+ways+to+score&rft.au=MARIA+CHENG&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sandiegouniontribune.com%2Fsdut-is-that-a-kick-taekwondo-fighters-devise-new-ways-2016aug20-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaekwondo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WTFCompetitionRulesInterpretation2010b-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WTFCompetitionRulesInterpretation2010b_63-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WTFCompetitionRulesInterpretation2010b_63-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">World Taekwondo Federation (Oct 7, 2010): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldtaekwondo.org/wtf_eng/site/rules/file/Competition_Rules_(Tashkent_version_final_2010).pdf">Competition rules & interpretation</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged March 2018">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup> (7 October 2010, pp. 31–32). Retrieved on 27 November 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_64-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_64-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldtaekwondo.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/WTF-Poomsae-Competition-Rules-Interpretation-March-19-2014.pdf">"WORLD TAEKWONDO FEDERATION POOMSAE COMPETITION RULES & INTERPRETATION"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>World Taekwondo</i>. October 1, 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171002070722/http://www.worldtaekwondo.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/WTF-Poomsae-Competition-Rules-Interpretation-March-19-2014.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on October 2, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Taekwondo&rft.atitle=WORLD+TAEKWONDO+FEDERATION+POOMSAE+COMPETITION+RULES+%26+INTERPRETATION&rft.date=2017-10-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldtaekwondo.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2016%2F10%2FWTF-Poomsae-Competition-Rules-Interpretation-March-19-2014.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaekwondo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-itf_information10c-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-itf_information10c_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120613192706/http://www.itf-information.com/information10c.htm">"itf-information.com"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.itf-information.com/information10c.htm">the original</a> on 2012-06-13<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-01-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=itf-information.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.itf-information.com%2Finformation10c.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaekwondo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">ITF World Junior & Senior Tournament Rules—Rules and Regulations</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bstf.org.uk/info/30-years-of-student-national-taekwondo-championships/">"30 Years of the Student National Taekwondo Championships"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180602172147/http://bstf.org.uk/info/30-years-of-student-national-taekwondo-championships/">Archived</a> from the original on 2 June 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 February</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=30+Years+of+the+Student+National+Taekwondo+Championships&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbstf.org.uk%2Finfo%2F30-years-of-student-national-taekwondo-championships%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaekwondo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150619063036/http://aautaekwondo.org/RulesInfo/RulesHandbook/2015AAUTaekwondoHandbookDividedBySections.aspx">"AAU Taekwondo > Rules/Info > Rules Handbook > 2015 AAU Taekwondo Handbook Divided By Sections"</a>. <i>Aautaekwondo.org</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aautaekwondo.org/RulesInfo/RulesHandbook/2015AAUTaekwondoHandbookDividedBySections.aspx">the original</a> on 2015-06-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-06-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Aautaekwondo.org&rft.atitle=AAU+Taekwondo+%3E+Rules%2FInfo+%3E+Rules+Handbook+%3E+2015+AAU+Taekwondo+Handbook+Divided+By+Sections&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aautaekwondo.org%2FRulesInfo%2FRulesHandbook%2F2015AAUTaekwondoHandbookDividedBySections.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaekwondo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldtaekwondofederation.net/">"Main—World Taekwondo Federation"</a>. <i>World Taekwondo Federation</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140903173538/http://www.worldtaekwondofederation.net/">Archived</a> from the original on 2014-09-03<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-04-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Taekwondo+Federation&rft.atitle=Main%E2%80%94World+Taekwondo+Federation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldtaekwondofederation.net%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaekwondo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190215030910/http://www.worldtaekwondo.org/competition/wtf-world-para-taekwondo-championships/london-2017/information/">"information"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldtaekwondo.org/competition/wtf-world-para-taekwondo-championships/london-2017/information/">the original</a> on 15 February 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 February</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=information&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldtaekwondo.org%2Fcompetition%2Fwtf-world-para-taekwondo-championships%2Flondon-2017%2Finformation%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaekwondo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tokyo2020.org/en/games/sport/paralympic/taekwondo/">"Paralympic Sports : Taekwondo｜The Tokyo Organising Committee of the Olympic and Paralympic Games"</a>. <i>The Tokyo Organising Committee of the Olympic and Paralympic Games</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180914132519/https://tokyo2020.org/en/games/sport/paralympic/taekwondo/">Archived</a> from the original on 14 September 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 February</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Tokyo+Organising+Committee+of+the+Olympic+and+Paralympic+Games&rft.atitle=Paralympic+Sports+%3A+Taekwondo%EF%BD%9CThe+Tokyo+Organising+Committee+of+the+Olympic+and+Paralympic+Games&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftokyo2020.org%2Fen%2Fgames%2Fsport%2Fparalympic%2Ftaekwondo%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaekwondo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldtaekwondo.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/Outline_2018_WTJC_YOG_Qualification_Tournament_1801291.pdf">Taekwondo World Qualification Tournament Outline</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180219222013/http://www.worldtaekwondo.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/Outline_2018_WTJC_YOG_Qualification_Tournament_1801291.pdf">Archived</a> February 19, 2018, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, page 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150218011539/http://www.itftkd.org/pics/texte/ITF_Tournament_Rules__092014.pdf">ITF TOURNAMENT RULES</a>, pages 21–22.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taekwondo&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/taekwondo" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/taekwondo">taekwondo</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" 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id="Korean_martial_arts" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Korean_martial_arts" title="Korean martial arts">Korean martial arts</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Grappling" title="Grappling">Grappling</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GongKwon_Yusul" title="GongKwon Yusul">GongKwon Yusul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hapkido" title="Hapkido">Hapkido</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hapki_Kochido_Musool" title="Hapki Kochido Musool">Hapki Kochido Musool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hapki_yusul" title="Hapki yusul">Hapki yusul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sin_Moo_Hapkido" title="Sin Moo Hapkido">Sin Moo Hapkido</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ssireum" title="Ssireum">Ssireum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yongmudo" title="Yongmudo">Yongmudo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Strike_(attack)" title="Strike (attack)">Strike (attack)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Choi_Kwang_Do" title="Choi Kwang Do">Choi Kwang Do</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwonbeop" title="Gwonbeop">Gwonbeop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kong_Soo_Do" title="Kong Soo Do">Kong Soo Do</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyokushin" title="Kyokushin">Kyokushin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moo_Duk_Kwan" title="Moo Duk Kwan">Moo Duk Kwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simmudo" title="Simmudo">Simmudo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soo_Bahk_Do" title="Soo Bahk Do">Soo Bahk Do</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subak" title="Subak">Subak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taekkyon" title="Taekkyon">Taekkyon</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Taekwondo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tae_Soo_Do" title="Tae Soo Do">Tae Soo Do</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tang_Soo_Do" title="Tang Soo Do">Tang Soo Do</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yun_Mu_Kwan" title="Yun Mu Kwan">Yun Mu Kwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Melee weapon</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hankumdo" title="Hankumdo">Hankumdo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_fighting_fan" title="Korean fighting fan">Korean fighting fan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_sword" title="Korean sword">Korean sword</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_swordsmanship" title="Korean swordsmanship">Korean swordsmanship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumdo" title="Kumdo">Kumdo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simgumdo" title="Simgumdo">Simgumdo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ranged_weapon" title="Ranged weapon">Ranged weapon</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gakgung" title="Gakgung">Gakgung</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_martial_arts" title="Hybrid martial arts">Hybrid martial arts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hwa_Rang_Do" title="Hwa Rang Do">Hwa Rang Do</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuk_Sool_Won" title="Kuk Sool Won">Kuk Sool Won</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyeok_Sul_Do" title="Kyeok Sul Do">Kyeok Sul Do</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sib_Pal_Gi_Association" title="Sib Pal Gi Association">Sib Pal Gi Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundo" title="Sundo">Sundo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunmudo" title="Sunmudo">Sunmudo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dobok" title="Dobok">Dobok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dojang" title="Dojang">Dojang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyeong" title="Hyeong">Hyeong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwan_(martial_arts)" title="Kwan (martial arts)">Kwan (martial arts)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muyedobotongji" title="Muyedobotongji">Muyedobotongji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muyejebo" title="Muyejebo">Muyejebo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muyesinbo" title="Muyesinbo">Muyesinbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sesok-ogye" title="Sesok-ogye">Sesok-ogye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Song_Deok-gi" title="Song Deok-gi">Song Deok-gi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ssaurabi" title="Ssaurabi">Ssaurabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wae_Gong" title="Wae Gong">Wae Gong</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Martial_arts" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:LightPurple"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Martial_arts" title="Template:Martial arts"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Martial_arts" title="Template talk:Martial arts"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Martial_arts" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Martial arts"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Martial_arts" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Martial_arts" title="Martial arts">Martial arts</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_martial_arts" title="List of martial arts">List of styles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_martial_arts" title="History of martial arts">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martial_arts_timeline" title="Martial arts timeline">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mixed_martial_arts_records" title="List of mixed martial arts records">Records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hard_and_soft_techniques" title="Hard and soft techniques">Hard and soft</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color: LightPurple;"><div id="Classification" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Classification</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_martial_arts" title="List of martial arts">Regional origin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_martial_arts" title="Chinese martial arts">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_European_martial_arts" title="Historical European martial arts">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_martial_arts" title="Indian martial arts">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_martial_arts" title="Indonesian martial arts">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_martial_arts" title="Italian martial arts">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_martial_arts" title="Irish martial arts">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_martial_arts" title="Japanese martial arts">Japan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Okinawan_martial_arts" title="Okinawan martial arts">Okinawa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_martial_arts" title="Korean martial arts">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainland_Southeast_Asia_martial_arts" title="Mainland Southeast Asia martial arts">Mainland Southeast Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_martial_arts" title="Filipino martial arts">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_martial_arts" title="Russian martial arts">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_martial_arts" title="Vietnamese martial arts">Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hand-to-hand_combat" title="Hand-to-hand combat">Unarmed <br />techniques</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Arm strikes <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chokehold" title="Chokehold">Chokehold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punch_(combat)" title="Punch (combat)">Punch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elbow_(strike)" title="Elbow (strike)">Elbow strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinch_fighting" title="Clinch fighting">Clinch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ground_fighting" title="Ground fighting">Ground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Headbutt" title="Headbutt">Headbutt</a></li></ul></li> <li>Leg strikes <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Footwork_(martial_arts)" title="Footwork (martial arts)">Footwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kick" title="Kick">Kick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flying_kick" title="Flying kick">Flying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knee_(strike)" title="Knee (strike)">Knee strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stomp_(strike)" title="Stomp (strike)">Stomp</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grappling" title="Grappling">Grappling</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grappling_hold" title="Grappling hold">Hold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_lock" title="Joint lock">Joint lock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweep_(martial_arts)" title="Sweep (martial arts)">Sweep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takedown_(grappling)" title="Takedown (grappling)">Takedown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Throw_(grappling)" title="Throw (grappling)">Throw</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stand-up_fighting" title="Stand-up fighting">Stand-up</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_martial_arts_weapons" title="List of martial arts weapons">Weapons</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duel" title="Duel">Duel</a></li> <li>Melee weapons <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Knife_fight" title="Knife fight">Knife fighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stick-fighting" title="Stick-fighting">Stick-fighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swordsmanship" title="Swordsmanship">Swordsmanship</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranged_weapon" title="Ranged weapon">Ranged weapons</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archery" title="Archery">Archery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shooting" title="Shooting">Shooting</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Training" title="Training">Training</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kata" title="Kata">Kata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boxing_glove" title="Boxing glove">Boxing glove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_practice_weapons" title="List of practice weapons">Practice weapon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punching_bag" title="Punching bag">Punching bag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pushing_hands" title="Pushing hands">Pushing hands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Randori" title="Randori">Randori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sparring" title="Sparring">Sparring</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Grappling" title="Grappling">Grappling</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barr%C3%B3g" title="Barróg">Barróg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_jiu-jitsu" title="Brazilian jiu-jitsu">Brazilian jiu-jitsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judo" title="Judo">Judo</a> (<a href="/wiki/Para_judo" title="Para judo">Para judo</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jujutsu" title="Jujutsu">Jujutsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luta_Livre" title="Luta Livre">Luta Livre esportiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malla-yuddha" title="Malla-yuddha">Malla-yuddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pehlwani" title="Pehlwani">Pehlwani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sambo_(martial_art)" title="Sambo (martial art)">Sambo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuai_jiao" title="Shuai jiao">Shuai jiao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumo" title="Sumo">Sumo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wrestling" title="Wrestling">Wrestling</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catch_wrestling" title="Catch wrestling">catch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_wrestling" title="Cornish wrestling">Cornish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_wrestling" title="Folk wrestling">folk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freestyle_wrestling" title="Freestyle wrestling">freestyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Roman_wrestling" title="Greco-Roman wrestling">Greco-Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_wrestling" title="Mongolian wrestling">Mongolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_wrestling" title="Oil wrestling">oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoot_wrestling" title="Shoot wrestling">shoot</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Strike_(attack)" title="Strike (attack)">Striking</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bando" title="Bando">Bando</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boxing" title="Boxing">Boxing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capoeira" title="Capoeira">Capoeira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chess_boxing" title="Chess boxing">Chess boxing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choi_Kwang_Do" title="Choi Kwang Do">Choi Kwang Do</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dambe" title="Dambe">Dambe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karate" title="Karate">Karate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kickboxing" title="Kickboxing">Kickboxing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kun_Khmer" title="Kun Khmer">Kun Khmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lethwei" title="Lethwei">Lethwei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muay_Thai" title="Muay Thai">Muay Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Praying_Mantis" title="Northern Praying Mantis">Northern Praying Mantis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_boxing" title="Russian boxing">Russian boxing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanda_(sport)" title="Sanda (sport)">Sanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaolin_kung_fu" title="Shaolin kung fu">Shaolin kung fu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoot_boxing" title="Shoot boxing">Shoot boxing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savate" title="Savate">Savate</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Taekwondo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tang_Soo_Do" title="Tang Soo Do">Tang Soo Do</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tien_Shan_Pai" title="Tien Shan Pai">Tien Shan Pai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vovinam" title="Vovinam">Vovinam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wudangquan" title="Wudangquan">Wudangquan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoshukai_Karate" title="Yoshukai Karate">Yoshukai Karate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Qi" title="Qi">Internal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aikido" title="Aikido">Aikido</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dait%C5%8D-ry%C5%AB_Aiki-j%C5%ABjutsu" title="Daitō-ryū Aiki-jūjutsu">Daitō-ryū Aiki-jūjutsu</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Baguazhang" title="Baguazhang">Baguazhang</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_chi" title="Tai chi">Tai chi</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Xingyiquan" title="Xingyiquan">Xingyiquan</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Contact_sport#Full-contact" title="Contact sport">Full contact</a> /<br /> <a href="/wiki/Combat_sport" title="Combat sport">combat sports</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Professional_boxing" title="Professional boxing">Professional boxing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kickboxing" title="Kickboxing">Kickboxing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Full_contact_karate" title="Full contact karate">Full contact karate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_martial_arts" title="Mixed martial arts">Mixed martial arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pankration" title="Pankration">Pankration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shootfighting" title="Shootfighting">Shootfighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submission_wrestling" title="Submission wrestling">Submission wrestling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vale_Tudo" title="Vale Tudo">Vale Tudo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Self-defense" title="Self-defense">Self-defense</a> /<br /> <a href="/wiki/Combatives" title="Combatives">combatives</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arnis" title="Arnis">Arnis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bartitsu" title="Bartitsu">Bartitsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hapkido" title="Hapkido">Hapkido</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kajukenbo" title="Kajukenbo">Kajukenbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jieitaikakut%C5%8Djutsu" title="Jieitaikakutōjutsu">Jieitaikakutōjutsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krav_Maga" title="Krav Maga">Krav Maga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_Corps_Martial_Arts_Program" title="Marine Corps Martial Arts Program">MCMAP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pencak_silat" title="Pencak silat">Pencak silat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pencak_Silat_Harimau" title="Pencak Silat Harimau">Pencak Silat Harimau</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffrajitsu" title="Suffrajitsu">Suffrajitsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systema" title="Systema">Systema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taekkyon" title="Taekkyon">Taekkyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/To-Shin_Do" title="To-Shin Do">To-Shin Do</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wing_Chun" title="Wing Chun">Wing Chun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silat_Melayu" title="Silat Melayu">Silat Melayu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eclecticism#Martial_arts" title="Eclecticism">Eclectic</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_martial_arts" title="Hybrid martial arts">hybrids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Kenpo" title="American Kenpo">American Kenpo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angampora" title="Angampora">Angampora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chun_Kuk_Do" class="mw-redirect" title="Chun Kuk Do">Chun Kuk Do</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hokutoryu_Ju-Jutsu" title="Hokutoryu Ju-Jutsu">Hokutoryu Ju-Jutsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeet_Kune_Do" title="Jeet Kune Do">Jeet Kune Do</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shooto" title="Shooto">Shooto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shorinji_Kempo" title="Shorinji Kempo">Shorinji Kempo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unifight" title="Unifight">Unifight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qwan_Ki_Do" title="Qwan Ki Do">Qwan Ki Do</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Battlefield" title="Battlefield">Battlefield</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banshay" title="Banshay">Banshay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bokator" title="Bokator">Bokator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_European_martial_arts" title="Historical European martial arts">Historical European martial arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huiyen_Lallong" title="Huiyen Lallong">Huiyen Lallong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jujutsu" title="Jujutsu">Jujutsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalaripayattu" title="Kalaripayattu">Kalaripayattu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krabi%E2%80%93krabong" title="Krabi–krabong">Krabi–krabong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krav_Maga" title="Krav Maga">Krav Maga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mardani_khel" title="Mardani khel">Mardani khel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_Corps_Martial_Arts_Program" title="Marine Corps Martial Arts Program">Marine Corps Martial Arts Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pencak_Silat_Harimau" title="Pencak Silat Harimau">Pencak Silat Harimau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Entertainment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fighting_game" title="Fighting game">Fighting game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martial_arts_film" title="Martial arts film">Martial arts film</a> (<a href="/wiki/Samurai_cinema" title="Samurai cinema">Chanbara</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_wrestling" title="Professional wrestling">Professional wrestling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stage_combat" title="Stage combat">Stage combat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tricking_(martial_arts)" title="Tricking (martial arts)">Tricking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuxia" title="Wuxia">Wuxia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color: LightPurple;"><div id="International_games" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">International games</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Martial arts at the <br /><a href="/wiki/Olympic_sports" title="Olympic sports">Summer Olympics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boxing_at_the_Summer_Olympics" title="Boxing at the Summer Olympics">Boxing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fencing_at_the_Summer_Olympics" title="Fencing at the Summer Olympics">Fencing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judo_at_the_Summer_Olympics" title="Judo at the Summer Olympics">Judo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karate_at_the_Summer_Olympics" class="mw-redirect" title="Karate at the Summer Olympics">Karate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taekwondo_at_the_Summer_Olympics" title="Taekwondo at the Summer Olympics">Taekwondo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wrestling_at_the_Summer_Olympics" title="Wrestling at the Summer Olympics">Wrestling</a> (<a href="/wiki/Freestyle_wrestling" title="Freestyle wrestling">freestyle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greco-Roman_wrestling" title="Greco-Roman wrestling">Greco-Roman</a>)</li> <li>Demonstration sports <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Budo_at_the_1964_Summer_Olympics" title="Budo at the 1964 Summer Olympics">Budō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympic_dueling" class="mw-redirect" title="Olympic dueling">Pistol dueling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glima_at_the_1912_Summer_Olympics" class="mw-redirect" title="Glima at the 1912 Summer Olympics">Glima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savate_at_the_1924_Summer_Olympics" title="Savate at the 1924 Summer Olympics">Savate</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Martial arts at the <br /><a href="/wiki/World_Games_sports" title="World Games sports">World Games</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ju-jitsu_at_the_World_Games" title="Ju-jitsu at the World Games">Ju-jitsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karate_at_the_World_Games" title="Karate at the World Games">Karate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kickboxing" title="Kickboxing">Kickboxing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muay_Thai" title="Muay Thai">Muay Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumo_at_the_World_Games" title="Sumo at the World Games">Sumo</a></li> <li>Former official sports <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sambo_at_the_World_Games" title="Sambo at the World Games">Sambo</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Taekwondo</a></li></ul></li> <li>Invitational sports <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aikido" title="Aikido">Aikido</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wushu_(sport)" title="Wushu (sport)">Wushu</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Martial arts at the <br /><a href="/wiki/Pan_American_Games" title="Pan American Games">Pan American Games</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boxing" title="Boxing">Boxing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fencing" title="Fencing">Fencing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judo" title="Judo">Judo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karate" title="Karate">Karate</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Taekwondo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wrestling" title="Wrestling">Wrestling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Martial arts at the <br /><a href="/wiki/Asian_Games" title="Asian Games">Asian Games</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boxing" title="Boxing">Boxing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judo" title="Judo">Judo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jujutsu" title="Jujutsu">Jujutsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karate" title="Karate">Karate</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Taekwondo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wrestling" title="Wrestling">Wrestling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wushu_(sport)" title="Wushu (sport)">Wushu</a></li> <li>2018 Only <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kurash" title="Kurash">Kurash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pencak_silat" title="Pencak silat">Pencak silat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sambo_(martial_art)" title="Sambo (martial art)">Sambo</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Martial arts at the <br /><a href="/wiki/African_Games" title="African Games">African Games</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boxing" title="Boxing">Boxing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fencing" title="Fencing">Fencing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judo" title="Judo">Judo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karate" title="Karate">Karate</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Taekwondo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wrestling" title="Wrestling">Wrestling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Martial arts at the <br /><a href="/wiki/European_Games" title="European Games">European Games</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boxing" title="Boxing">Boxing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fencing" title="Fencing">Fencing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judo" title="Judo">Judo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karate" title="Karate">Karate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muay_Thai" title="Muay Thai">Muaythai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sambo_(martial_art)" title="Sambo (martial art)">Sambo</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Taekwondo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wrestling" title="Wrestling">Wrestling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Martial_arts" title="Portal:Martial arts">Portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_martial_arts" title="Outline of martial arts">Outline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="30px_Summer_Olympic_sports" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist 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BMX">Freestyle BMX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_bike_racing" title="Mountain bike racing">Mountain biking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_bicycle_racing" title="Road bicycle racing">Road cycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Track_cycling" title="Track cycling">Track cycling</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equestrianism" title="Equestrianism">Equestrian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dressage" title="Dressage">Dressage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eventing" title="Eventing">Eventing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Show_jumping" title="Show jumping">Show jumping</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fencing" title="Fencing">Fencing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_hockey" title="Field hockey">Field hockey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">Football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golf" title="Golf">Golf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gymnastics" title="Gymnastics">Gymnastics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artistic_gymnastics" title="Artistic 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