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<span>Name and symbol typesetting</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Name_and_symbol_typesetting-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Name and symbol typesetting subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Name_and_symbol_typesetting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Unicode_character" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unicode_character"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Unicode character</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unicode_character-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Temperatures_and_intervals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Temperatures_and_intervals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Temperatures and intervals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Temperatures_and_intervals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Coexistence_with_Kelvin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coexistence_with_Kelvin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Coexistence with Kelvin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coexistence_with_Kelvin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Melting_and_boiling_points_of_water" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Melting_and_boiling_points_of_water"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Melting and boiling points of water</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Melting_and_boiling_points_of_water-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Celsius</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 110 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-110" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">110 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celsius" title="Celsius – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Celsius" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grad_Celsius" title="Grad Celsius – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Grad Celsius" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%AC%D8%A9_%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D9%85%D8%A6%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="درجة حرارة مئوية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="درجة حرارة مئوية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grau_Celsius" title="Grau Celsius – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Grau Celsius" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grau_Celsius" title="Grau Celsius – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Grau Celsius" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selsi_%C5%9Fkalas%C4%B1" title="Selsi şkalası – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Selsi şkalası" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B3" title="سلسیوس – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="سلسیوس" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celsius" title="Celsius – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Celsius" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8" title="সেলসিয়াস – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সেলসিয়াস" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liap-s%C4%AB" title="Liap-sī – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Liap-sī" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%81_%D0%A6%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Градус Цэльсія – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Градус Цэльсія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%81_%D0%A6%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Градус Цэльсія – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Градус Цэльсія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celsius" title="Celsius – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Celsius" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%81_%D0%A6%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Градус Целзий – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Градус Целзий" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A6%E0%BD%BA%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%91%E0%BE%B2%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%91%E0%BC%8D" title="སེ་དྲོད། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="སེ་དྲོད།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celzijev_stepen" title="Celzijev stepen – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Celzijev stepen" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derez_Celsius" title="Derez Celsius – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Derez Celsius" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grau_Celsius" title="Grau Celsius – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Grau Celsius" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%81%C4%95" title="Цельсий градусĕ – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Цельсий градусĕ" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stupe%C5%88_Celsia" title="Stupeň Celsia – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Stupeň Celsia" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celsius" title="Celsius – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Celsius" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celsius" title="Celsius – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Celsius" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%AC%D8%A9_%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B3" title="درجة سيلسيوس – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="درجة سيلسيوس" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grad_Celsius" title="Grad Celsius – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Grad Celsius" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celsiuse_skaala" title="Celsiuse skaala – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Celsiuse skaala" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%BB%CE%AF%CE%BC%CE%B1%CE%BA%CE%B1_%CE%9A%CE%B5%CE%BB%CF%83%CE%AF%CE%BF%CF%85" title="Κλίμακα Κελσίου – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κλίμακα Κελσίου" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grado_Celsius" title="Grado Celsius – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Grado Celsius" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grado_de_Celsio" title="Grado de Celsio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Grado de Celsio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celsius_gradu" title="Celsius gradu – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Celsius gradu" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B3" title="سلسیوس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سلسیوس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celsiusstigin" title="Celsiusstigin – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Celsiusstigin" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Degr%C3%A9_Celsius" title="Degré Celsius – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Degré Celsius" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celsius" title="Celsius – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Celsius" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sc%C3%A1la_teochta_Celsius" title="Scála teochta Celsius – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Scála teochta Celsius" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celsius" title="Celsius – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Celsius" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%94%9D%E6%B0%8F" title="攝氏 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="攝氏" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%84%AD%EC%94%A8" title="섭씨 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="섭씨" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%91%D5%A5%D5%AC%D5%BD%D5%AB%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BD%D5%AB_%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A4%D5%B2%D5%A1%D5%AF" title="Ցելսիուսի սանդղակ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ցելսիուսի սանդղակ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B8" title="सेल्सियस – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="सेल्सियस" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celzij" title="Celzij – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Celzij" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grado_Celsius" title="Grado Celsius – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Grado Celsius" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celsius" title="Celsius – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Celsius" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grado_Celsius" title="Grado Celsius – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Grado Celsius" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sels%C3%ADus" title="Selsíus – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Selsíus" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grado_Celsius" title="Grado Celsius – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Grado Celsius" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A2%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%A6%D7%9C%D7%96%D7%99%D7%95%D7%A1" title="מעלות צלזיוס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מעלות צלזיוס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AA%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98" title="ცელსიუსი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ცელსიუსი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selsiasi" title="Selsiasi – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Selsiasi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Degre_S%C3%A8lsiyis" title="Degre Sèlsiyis – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Degre Sèlsiyis" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pileya_Celsius" title="Pileya Celsius – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Pileya Celsius" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gradus_Celsianus" title="Gradus Celsianus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Gradus Celsianus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celsija_gr%C4%81ds" title="Celsija grāds – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Celsija grāds" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grad_Celsius" title="Grad Celsius – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Grad Celsius" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celsijus" title="Celsijus – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Celsijus" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celsiussjaol" title="Celsiussjaol – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Celsiussjaol" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/jacke%27o" title="jacke'o – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="jacke'o" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celsius-sk%C3%A1la" title="Celsius-skála – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Celsius-skála" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Целзиусов степен – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Целзиусов степен" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%86%E0%B5%BD%E0%B4%B7%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D" title="സെൽഷ്യസ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സെൽഷ്യസ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B8" title="सेल्सियस – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="सेल्सियस" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celsius" title="Celsius – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Celsius" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grau_Celsius" title="Grau Celsius – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Grau Celsius" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%81" title="Цельсийн градус – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Цельсийн градус" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%86%E1%80%B2%E1%80%9C%E1%80%BA%E1%80%85%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9A%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA" title="ဆဲလ်စီးယပ်စ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဆဲလ်စီးယပ်စ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celsius" title="Celsius – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Celsius" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celsius" title="Celsius – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Celsius" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%BB%E3%83%AB%E3%82%B7%E3%82%A6%E3%82%B9%E5%BA%A6" title="セルシウス度 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="セルシウス度" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graad_Celsius" title="Graad Celsius – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Graad Celsius" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grad_celsius" title="Grad celsius – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Grad celsius" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celsius" title="Celsius – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Celsius" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gra_Celsius" title="Gra Celsius – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Gra Celsius" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selsiy_shkalasi" title="Selsiy shkalasi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Selsiy shkalasi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%B8" title="ਸੈਲਸੀਅਸ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸੈਲਸੀਅਸ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pag mw-list-item"><a href="https://pag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celsius" title="Celsius – Pangasinan" lang="pag" hreflang="pag" data-title="Celsius" data-language-autonym="Pangasinan" data-language-local-name="Pangasinan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pangasinan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A6%D8%B3" title="سیلسیئس – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="سیلسیئس" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celsius" title="Celsius – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Celsius" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selsios" title="Selsios – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Selsios" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scala_Celsius" title="Scala Celsius – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Scala Celsius" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grad_Celsius" title="Grad Celsius – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Grad Celsius" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skala_Celsjusza" title="Skala Celsjusza – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Skala Celsjusza" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grau_Celsius" title="Grau Celsius – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Grau Celsius" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celsius" title="Celsius – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Celsius" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%81_%D0%A6%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Градус Цельсия – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Градус Цельсия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celsius" title="Celsius – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Celsius" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celcius" title="Celcius – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Celcius" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gradu_cintigradu" title="Gradu cintigradu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Gradu cintigradu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%99%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A" title="සෙල්සියස් – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="සෙල්සියස්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celsius" title="Celsius – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Celsius" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stupe%C5%88_Celzia" title="Stupeň Celzia – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Stupeň Celzia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celzijeva_temperaturna_lestvica" title="Celzijeva temperaturna lestvica – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Celzijeva temperaturna lestvica" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%84%DB%95%DB%8C_%D8%B3%DB%95%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="پلەی سەدی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="پلەی سەدی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B0" title="Степен целзијуса – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Степен целзијуса" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celzijus" title="Celzijus – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Celzijus" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celsius" title="Celsius – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Celsius" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celsiusaste" title="Celsiusaste – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Celsiusaste" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grad_Celsius" title="Grad Celsius – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Grad Celsius" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celsius" title="Celsius – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Celsius" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81" title="செல்சியசு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="செல்சியசு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D" title="సెల్సియస్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="సెల్సియస్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%AA" title="องศาเซลเซียส – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="องศาเซลเซียส" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a 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interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grado_Celsius" title="Grado Celsius – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Grado Celsius" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BB%99_Celsius" title="Độ Celsius – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Độ Celsius" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celsius" title="Celsius – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Celsius" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link 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<div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Unit of measurement for temperature</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Centigrade" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Celsius_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Celsius (disambiguation)">Celsius (disambiguation)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Centigrade_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Centigrade (disambiguation)">Centigrade (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox ib-unit"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above">degree Celsius</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image notheme" style="background-color: #f8f9fa;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Melting_ice_thermometer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Melting_ice_thermometer.jpg/220px-Melting_ice_thermometer.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Melting_ice_thermometer.jpg/330px-Melting_ice_thermometer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Melting_ice_thermometer.jpg/440px-Melting_ice_thermometer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2536" data-file-height="2204" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">A <a href="/wiki/Thermometer" title="Thermometer">thermometer</a> calibrated in degrees Celsius, showing a temperature of 0 °C in a glass of ice and water</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">General information</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/System_of_units_of_measurement" title="System of units of measurement">Unit system</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/SI" class="mw-redirect" title="SI">SI</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Unit of</th><td class="infobox-data">temperature</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Symbol</th><td class="infobox-data">°C</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Named after</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Anders_Celsius" title="Anders Celsius">Anders Celsius</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Conversions </th></tr><tr class="nowrap"><td><span class="texhtml"><i>x</i></span> °C <i>in ...</i></td><td><i>... corresponds to ...</i></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><th colspan="2"> </th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap">   </span><a href="/wiki/SI_base_units" class="mw-redirect" title="SI base units">SI base units</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap">   </span>(<span class="texhtml"><i>x</i></span> + 273.15) <a href="/wiki/Kelvin_(unit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kelvin (unit)">K</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap">   </span><a href="/wiki/Imperial_units" title="Imperial units">Imperial</a>/<a href="/wiki/US_customary_units" class="mw-redirect" title="US customary units">US</a> units</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap">   </span>(<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214402035">.mw-parser-output .sfrac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .sfrac.tion,.mw-parser-output .sfrac .tion{display:inline-block;vertical-align:-0.5em;font-size:85%;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sfrac .num{display:block;line-height:1em;margin:0.0em 0.1em;border-bottom:1px solid}.mw-parser-output .sfrac .den{display:block;line-height:1em;margin:0.1em 0.1em}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style><span class="sfrac">⁠<span class="tion"><span class="num">9</span><span class="sr-only">/</span><span class="den">5</span></span>⁠</span><span class="texhtml"><i>x</i></span> + 32) <a href="/wiki/%C2%B0F" class="mw-redirect" title="°F">°F</a></td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> <p>The <b>degree Celsius</b> is the unit of <a href="/wiki/Temperature" title="Temperature">temperature</a> on the <b>Celsius temperature scale</b><sup id="cite_ref-AKA_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AKA-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (originally known as the <b>centigrade scale</b> outside Sweden),<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> one of two <a href="/wiki/Scale_of_temperature" title="Scale of temperature">temperature scales</a> used in the <a href="/wiki/International_System_of_Units" title="International System of Units">International System of Units</a> (SI), the other being the closely related <a href="/wiki/Kelvin_scale" class="mw-redirect" title="Kelvin scale">Kelvin scale</a>. The degree Celsius (symbol: <b>°C</b>) can refer to a specific point on the Celsius temperature scale or to a difference or range between two temperatures. It is named after the Swedish astronomer <a href="/wiki/Anders_Celsius" title="Anders Celsius">Anders Celsius</a> (1701–1744), who proposed the first version of it in 1742. The unit was called <i>centigrade</i> in several languages (from the Latin <i>centum</i>, which means 100, and <i>gradus</i>, which means steps) for many years. In 1948, the <a href="/wiki/International_Committee_for_Weights_and_Measures" class="mw-redirect" title="International Committee for Weights and Measures">International Committee for Weights and Measures</a><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> renamed it to honor Celsius and also to remove confusion with the term for one hundredth of a <a href="/wiki/Gradian" title="Gradian">gradian</a> in some languages. Most countries use this scale (the <a href="/wiki/Fahrenheit" title="Fahrenheit">Fahrenheit</a> scale is still used in the United States, some island territories, and <a href="/wiki/Liberia" title="Liberia">Liberia</a>). </p><p>Throughout the 19th century, the scale was based on 0 °C for the freezing point of water and 100 °C for the boiling point of water at 1 <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_(unit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Atmosphere (unit)">atm</a> pressure. (In Celsius's initial proposal, the values were reversed: the boiling point was 0 degrees and the freezing point was 100 degrees.) </p><p> Between 1954 and 2019, the precise definitions of the unit <em>degree Celsius</em> and the Celsius temperature scale used absolute zero and the <a href="/wiki/Triple_point#Triple_point_of_water" title="Triple point">triple point</a> of water. Since 2007, the Celsius temperature scale has been defined in terms of the <a href="/wiki/Kelvin" title="Kelvin">kelvin</a>, the <a href="/wiki/SI_base_unit" title="SI base unit">SI base unit</a> of <a href="/wiki/Thermodynamic_temperature" title="Thermodynamic temperature">thermodynamic temperature</a> (symbol: K). <a href="/wiki/Absolute_zero" title="Absolute zero">Absolute zero</a>, the lowest temperature, is now defined as being exactly 0 K and −273.15 °C.<sup id="cite_ref-BIPMbrocure_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BIPMbrocure-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Countries_that_use_Celsius.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Countries_that_use_Celsius.svg/264px-Countries_that_use_Celsius.svg.png" decoding="async" width="264" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Countries_that_use_Celsius.svg/396px-Countries_that_use_Celsius.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Countries_that_use_Celsius.svg/528px-Countries_that_use_Celsius.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1314" /></a><figcaption>Countries by usage<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#339933; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Celsius (°C)</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#0000FF; color:white;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Celsius (°C) and Fahrenheit (°F)</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FFFF00; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Fahrenheit (°F)</div></figcaption></figure> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Celsius&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Celsius_original_thermometer_horizontal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Celsius_original_thermometer_horizontal.svg/264px-Celsius_original_thermometer_horizontal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="264" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Celsius_original_thermometer_horizontal.svg/396px-Celsius_original_thermometer_horizontal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Celsius_original_thermometer_horizontal.svg/528px-Celsius_original_thermometer_horizontal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="427" data-file-height="63" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Anders_Celsius" title="Anders Celsius">Anders Celsius</a>'s original thermometer used a reversed scale, with 100 as the freezing point and 0 as the boiling point of water.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1742, Swedish astronomer <a href="/wiki/Anders_Celsius" title="Anders Celsius">Anders Celsius</a> (1701–1744) created a temperature scale that was the reverse of the scale now known as "Celsius": 0 represented the boiling point of water, while 100 represented the freezing point of water.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his paper <i>Observations of two persistent degrees on a thermometer</i>, he recounted his experiments showing that the melting point of ice is essentially unaffected by pressure. He also determined with remarkable precision how the boiling point of water varied as a function of atmospheric pressure. He proposed that the zero point of his temperature scale, being the boiling point, would be calibrated at the mean barometric pressure at mean sea level. This pressure is known as one <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_(unit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Atmosphere (unit)">standard atmosphere</a>. The <a href="/wiki/International_Bureau_of_Weights_and_Measures" title="International Bureau of Weights and Measures">BIPM</a>'s 10th <a href="/wiki/General_Conference_on_Weights_and_Measures" title="General Conference on Weights and Measures">General Conference on Weights and Measures</a> (CGPM) in 1954 defined one standard atmosphere to equal precisely 1,013,250 <a href="/wiki/Dyne" title="Dyne">dynes</a> per square centimeter (101.325 <a href="/wiki/KPa" class="mw-redirect" title="KPa">kPa</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-bipm_1_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bipm_1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1743, the French physicist <a href="/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Christin" title="Jean-Pierre Christin">Jean-Pierre Christin</a>, permanent secretary of the <a href="/wiki/Academy_of_Lyon" title="Academy of Lyon">Academy of Lyon</a>, inverted the Celsius temperature scale so that 0 represented the freezing point of water and 100 represented the boiling point of water. Some credit Christin for independently inventing the reverse of Celsius's original scale, while others believe Christin merely reversed Celsius's scale.<sup id="cite_ref-EOC_1_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EOC_1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-TFOFDOWAC_1_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TFOFDOWAC_1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 19 May 1743 he published the design of a <a href="/wiki/Mercury_thermometer" class="mw-redirect" title="Mercury thermometer">mercury thermometer</a>, the "Thermometer of Lyon" built by the craftsman Pierre Casati that used this scale.<sup id="cite_ref-MSLDDMDLT_1_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MSLDDMDLT_1-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-IDJ_1_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IDJ_1-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MPLHDSEDBA_1_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MPLHDSEDBA_1-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1744, coincident with the death of Anders Celsius, the Swedish botanist <a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Carl Linnaeus</a> (1707–1778) reversed Celsius's scale.<sup id="cite_ref-'Linnaeus'_thermometer_1_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-'Linnaeus'_thermometer_1-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His custom-made "Linnaeus-thermometer", for use in his greenhouses, was made by Daniel Ekström, Sweden's leading maker of scientific instruments at the time, whose workshop was located in the basement of the Stockholm observatory. As often happened in this age before modern communications, numerous physicists, scientists, and instrument makers are credited with having independently developed this same scale;<sup id="cite_ref-Physics_HTbook_1_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Physics_HTbook_1-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> among them were Pehr Elvius, the secretary of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences (which had an instrument workshop) and with whom Linnaeus had been corresponding; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Daniel_Ekstr%C3%B6m&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daniel Ekström (page does not exist)">Daniel Ekström</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Ekstr%C3%B6m" class="extiw" title="sv:Daniel Ekström">sv</a>]</sup>, the instrument maker; and Mårten Strömer (1707–1770) who had studied astronomy under Anders Celsius. </p><p>The first known Swedish document<sup id="cite_ref-Linnæus_&_his_Garden_1_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Linnæus_&_his_Garden_1-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> reporting temperatures in this modern "forward" Celsius temperature scale is the paper <i>Hortus Upsaliensis</i> dated 16 December 1745 that Linnaeus wrote to a student of his, Samuel Nauclér. In it, Linnaeus recounted the temperatures inside the orangery at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Uppsala_Botanical_Garden" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Uppsala Botanical Garden">University of Uppsala Botanical Garden</a>: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>...<span class="nowrap"> </span>since the caldarium (the hot part of the greenhouse) by the angle of the windows, merely from the rays of the sun, obtains such heat that the thermometer often reaches 30 degrees, although the keen gardener usually takes care not to let it rise to more than 20 to 25 degrees, and in winter not under 15 degrees<span class="nowrap"> </span>...</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id=""Centigrade"_versus_"Celsius""><span id=".22Centigrade.22_versus_.22Celsius.22"></span>"Centigrade" versus "Celsius"</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Celsius&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: "Centigrade" versus "Celsius""><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since the 19th century, the scientific and <a href="/wiki/Thermometry" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermometry">thermometry</a> communities worldwide have used the phrase "centigrade scale" and temperatures were often reported simply as "degrees" or, when greater specificity was desired, as "degrees centigrade", with the symbol °C. </p><p>In the French language, the term <i>centigrade</i> also means one hundredth of a <a href="/wiki/Gradian" title="Gradian">gradian</a>, when used for <a href="/wiki/Angular_measurement" class="mw-redirect" title="Angular measurement">angular measurement</a>. The term <i>centesimal degree</i> was later introduced for temperatures<sup id="cite_ref-CGPM5_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CGPM5-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but was also problematic, as it means gradian (one hundredth of a right angle) in the French and Spanish languages. The risk of confusion between temperature and angular measurement was eliminated in 1948 when the 9th meeting of the <a href="/wiki/General_Conference_on_Weights_and_Measures" title="General Conference on Weights and Measures">General Conference on Weights and Measures</a> and the Comité International des Poids et Mesures (CIPM) formally adopted "degree Celsius" for temperature.<sup id="cite_ref-bipmagreement_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bipmagreement-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-OED_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OED-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While "Celsius" is commonly used in scientific work, "centigrade" is still used in French and English-speaking countries, especially in informal contexts. The frequency of the usage of "centigrade" has declined over time.<sup id="cite_ref-OED_2_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OED_2-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Due to <a href="/wiki/Metrication_in_Australia" title="Metrication in Australia">metrication in Australia</a>, after 1 September 1972 weather reports in the country were exclusively given in Celsius.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the United Kingdom, it was not until February 1985 that forecasts by <a href="/wiki/BBC_Weather" title="BBC Weather">BBC Weather</a> switched from "centigrade" to "Celsius".<sup id="cite_ref-BBC_change_1_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC_change_1-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Common_temperatures">Common temperatures</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Celsius&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Common temperatures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Temperature_scales_comparison_(K,R,C,F)-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Temperature_scales_comparison_%28K%2CR%2CC%2CF%29-v2.svg/264px-Temperature_scales_comparison_%28K%2CR%2CC%2CF%29-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="264" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Temperature_scales_comparison_%28K%2CR%2CC%2CF%29-v2.svg/396px-Temperature_scales_comparison_%28K%2CR%2CC%2CF%29-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Temperature_scales_comparison_%28K%2CR%2CC%2CF%29-v2.svg/528px-Temperature_scales_comparison_%28K%2CR%2CC%2CF%29-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="360" /></a><figcaption>Equivalent temperatures in kelvin (K), Rankine (R), Celsius (°C), and Fahrenheit (°F)</figcaption></figure> <p>All phase transitions are at <a href="/wiki/Standard_atmosphere_(unit)" title="Standard atmosphere (unit)">standard atmosphere</a>. Figures are either by definition, or approximated from empirical measurements. </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: right;"> <caption>Key temperature scale relations </caption> <tbody><tr> <th></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Kelvin" title="Kelvin">Kelvin</a></th> <th>Celsius</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Fahrenheit" title="Fahrenheit">Fahrenheit</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Rankine_scale" title="Rankine scale">Rankine</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left;">Absolute zero<sup id="cite_ref-defkelvin_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-defkelvin-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>A<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>0 K </td> <td>−273.15 °C </td> <td>−459.67 °F </td> <td>0 °R </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left;">Boiling point of <a href="/wiki/Liquid_nitrogen" title="Liquid nitrogen">liquid nitrogen</a> </td> <td>77.4 K </td> <td>−195.8 °C<sup id="cite_ref-Handbook_of_C&P_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Handbook_of_C&P-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>−320.4 °F </td> <td>139.3 °R </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Sublimation_(phase_transition)" title="Sublimation (phase transition)">Sublimation</a> point of <a href="/wiki/Dry_ice" title="Dry ice">dry ice</a> </td> <td>195.1 K </td> <td>−78 °C </td> <td>−108.4 °F </td> <td>351.2 °R </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left;">Intersection of Celsius and <a href="/wiki/Fahrenheit" title="Fahrenheit">Fahrenheit</a> scales<sup id="cite_ref-defkelvin_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-defkelvin-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>A<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>233.15 K </td> <td>−40 °C </td> <td>−40 °F </td> <td>419.67 °R </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left;">Melting point of ice<sup id="cite_ref-ROTTOTIPIRM_1_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ROTTOTIPIRM_1-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>273.1499 K </td> <td>−0.0001 °C </td> <td>31.9998 °F </td> <td>491.6698 °R </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left;">Common <a href="/wiki/Room_temperature" title="Room temperature">room temperature</a><sup id="cite_ref-defnist_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-defnist-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>B<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-roomtemp_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-roomtemp-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>293 K </td> <td>20 °C </td> <td>68 °F </td> <td>528 °R </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left;">Average <a href="/wiki/Normal_human_body_temperature" class="mw-redirect" title="Normal human body temperature">normal human body temperature</a><sup id="cite_ref-Elert2005_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elert2005-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>310.15 K </td> <td>37.0 °C </td> <td>98.6 °F </td> <td>558.27 °R </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left;">Boiling point of water<sup id="cite_ref-VSMOW-1_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VSMOW-1-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>373.1339 K </td> <td>99.9839 °C </td> <td>211.971 °F </td> <td>671.6410 °R </td></tr> </tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-upper-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-defkelvin-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-defkelvin_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-defkelvin_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Exact value, by SI definition of the kelvin</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-defnist-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-defnist_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">NIST common reference temperature, provided as round numbers</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Name_and_symbol_typesetting">Name and symbol typesetting</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Celsius&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Name and symbol typesetting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The "degree Celsius" has been the only <a href="/wiki/SI_unit" class="mw-redirect" title="SI unit">SI unit</a> whose full unit name contains an uppercase letter since 1967, when the <a href="/wiki/SI_base_unit" title="SI base unit">SI base unit</a> for temperature became the <a href="/wiki/Kelvin" title="Kelvin">kelvin</a>, replacing the capitalized term <i>degrees Kelvin</i>. The plural form is "degrees Celsius".<sup id="cite_ref-UOTTK_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UOTTK-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The general rule of the <a href="/wiki/International_Bureau_of_Weights_and_Measures" title="International Bureau of Weights and Measures">International Bureau of Weights and Measures</a> (BIPM) is that the numerical value always precedes the unit, and a space is always used to separate the unit from the number, <span class="nowrap">e.g. "30.2 °C"</span> (not "30.2°C" or "30.2° C").<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The only exceptions to this rule are for the unit <a href="/wiki/Degree_symbol" title="Degree symbol">symbols for degree</a>, minute, and second for plane angle (°, <span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.15em;">′</span>, and ″, respectively), for which no space is left between the numerical value and the unit symbol.<sup id="cite_ref-SI_unit_conventions_1_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SI_unit_conventions_1-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other languages, and various publishing houses, may follow different typographical rules. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Unicode_character">Unicode character</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Celsius&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Unicode character"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> provides the Celsius symbol at code point <span class="nowrap"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886049734">.mw-parser-output .monospaced{font-family:monospace,monospace}</style><span class="monospaced">U+2103</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">℃</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">DEGREE CELSIUS</span>. However, this is a <a href="/wiki/Unicode_compatibility_characters" title="Unicode compatibility characters">compatibility character</a> provided for <a href="/wiki/Round-trip_format_conversion" title="Round-trip format conversion">roundtrip compatibility</a> with legacy encodings. It easily allows correct rendering for vertically written East Asian scripts, such as Chinese. The Unicode standard explicitly discourages the use of this character: "In normal use, it is better to represent degrees Celsius '°C' with a sequence of <span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+00B0</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">°</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">DEGREE SIGN</span> + <span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+0043</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">C</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">LATIN CAPITAL LETTER C</span>, rather than <span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+2103</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">℃</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">DEGREE CELSIUS</span>. For searching, treat these two sequences as identical."<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Temperatures_and_intervals">Temperatures and intervals</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Celsius&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Temperatures and intervals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The degree Celsius is subject to the same rules as the kelvin with regard to the use of its unit name and symbol. Thus, besides expressing specific temperatures along its scale (e.g. "<a href="/wiki/Gallium" title="Gallium">Gallium</a> melts at 29.7646 °C" and "The temperature outside is 23 degrees Celsius"), the degree Celsius is also suitable for expressing temperature <i>intervals</i>: differences between temperatures or their uncertainties (e.g. "The output of the heat exchanger is hotter by 40 degrees Celsius", and "Our standard uncertainty is ±3 °C").<sup id="cite_ref-bipm_3_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bipm_3-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because of this dual usage, one must not rely upon the unit name or its symbol to denote that a quantity is a temperature interval; it must be unambiguous through context or explicit statement that the quantity is an interval.<sup id="cite_ref-bipm-4_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bipm-4-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is sometimes solved by using the symbol °C (pronounced "degrees Celsius") for a temperature, and C° (pronounced "Celsius degrees") for a temperature interval, although this usage is non-standard.<sup id="cite_ref-UPWMP_1_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UPWMP_1-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another way to express the same is <span class="nowrap">"40 °C ± 3 K"</span>, which can be commonly found in literature. </p><p>Celsius measurement follows an <a href="/wiki/Interval_scale" class="mw-redirect" title="Interval scale">interval system</a> but not a <a href="/wiki/Ratio_data" class="mw-redirect" title="Ratio data">ratio system</a>; and it follows a relative scale not an absolute scale. For example, an object at 20 °C does not have twice the energy of when it is 10 °C; and 0 °C is not the lowest Celsius value. Thus, degrees Celsius is a useful interval measurement but does not possess the characteristics of ratio measures like weight or distance.<sup id="cite_ref-BAGTDAAD_1_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BAGTDAAD_1-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Coexistence_with_Kelvin">Coexistence with Kelvin</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Celsius&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Coexistence with Kelvin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In science and in engineering, the Celsius and Kelvin scales are often used in combination in close contexts, e.g. "a measured value was 0.01023 °C with an uncertainty of 70 μK". This practice is permissible because the magnitude of the degree Celsius is equal to that of the kelvin. Notwithstanding the official endorsement provided by decision no. 3 of Resolution 3 of the 13th CGPM,<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which stated "a temperature interval may also be expressed in degrees Celsius", the practice of simultaneously using both °C and K remains widespread throughout the scientific world as the use of <a href="/wiki/List_of_metric_prefixes" class="mw-redirect" title="List of metric prefixes">SI-prefixed</a> forms of the degree Celsius (such as "μ°C" or "microdegrees Celsius") to express a temperature interval has not been widely adopted. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Melting_and_boiling_points_of_water">Melting and boiling points of water</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Celsius&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Melting and boiling points of water"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable floatright"> <caption>Celsius temperature conversion formulae </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th>from Celsius </th> <th>to Celsius </th></tr> <tr> <th height="30pt"><a href="/wiki/Fahrenheit" title="Fahrenheit">Fahrenheit</a> </th> <td><i>x</i> °C ≘ (<i>x</i> × <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214402035"><span class="sfrac">⁠<span class="tion"><span class="num">9</span><span class="sr-only">/</span><span class="den">5</span></span>⁠</span> + 32) °F </td> <td><i>x</i> °F ≘ (<i>x</i> − 32) × <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214402035"><span class="sfrac">⁠<span class="tion"><span class="num">5</span><span class="sr-only">/</span><span class="den">9</span></span>⁠</span> °C </td></tr> <tr> <th height="30pt"><a href="/wiki/Kelvin" title="Kelvin">Kelvin</a> </th> <td><i>x</i> °C ≘ (<i>x</i> + 273.15) K </td> <td><i>x</i> K ≘ (<i>x</i> − 273.15) °C </td></tr> <tr> <th height="30pt"><a href="/wiki/Rankine_scale" title="Rankine scale">Rankine</a> </th> <td><i>x</i> °C ≘ (<i>x</i> + 273.15) × <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214402035"><span class="sfrac">⁠<span class="tion"><span class="num">9</span><span class="sr-only">/</span><span class="den">5</span></span>⁠</span> °R </td> <td><i>x</i> °R ≘ (<i>x</i> − 491.67) × <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214402035"><span class="sfrac">⁠<span class="tion"><span class="num">5</span><span class="sr-only">/</span><span class="den">9</span></span>⁠</span> °C </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="text-align:center;">For temperature <i>intervals</i> rather than specific temperatures,<br />1 °C = 1 K = <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214402035"><span class="sfrac">⁠<span class="tion"><span class="num">9</span><span class="sr-only">/</span><span class="den">5</span></span>⁠</span> °F = <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214402035"><span class="sfrac">⁠<span class="tion"><span class="num">9</span><span class="sr-only">/</span><span class="den">5</span></span>⁠</span> °R<br /><small><a href="/wiki/Conversion_of_scales_of_temperature" title="Conversion of scales of temperature">Conversion between temperature scales</a></small> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The melting and boiling points of water are no longer part of the definition of the Celsius temperature scale. In 1948, the definition was changed to use the <a href="/wiki/Triple_point_of_water" class="mw-redirect" title="Triple point of water">triple point of water</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-bipm3res_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bipm3res-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2005, the definition was further refined to use water with precisely defined isotopic composition (<a href="/wiki/VSMOW" class="mw-redirect" title="VSMOW">VSMOW</a>) for the triple point. In 2019, the definition was changed to use the <a href="/wiki/Boltzmann_constant" title="Boltzmann constant">Boltzmann constant</a>, completely decoupling the definition of the kelvin from the <a href="/wiki/Water_(properties)" class="mw-redirect" title="Water (properties)">properties of water</a>. Each of these formal definitions left the numerical values of the Celsius temperature scale identical to the prior definition to within the limits of accuracy of the <a href="/wiki/Metrology" title="Metrology">metrology</a> of the time. </p><p>When the melting and boiling points of water ceased being part of the definition, they became measured quantities instead. This is also true of the triple point. </p><p>In 1948 when the 9th General Conference on Weights and Measures (<a href="/wiki/CGPM" class="mw-redirect" title="CGPM">CGPM</a>) in Resolution 3 first considered using the triple point of water as a defining point, the triple point was so close to being 0.01 °C greater than water's known melting point, it was simply defined as precisely 0.01 °C. However, later measurements showed that the difference between the triple and melting points of VSMOW is actually very slightly (< 0.001 °C) greater than 0.01 °C. Thus, the actual melting point of ice is very slightly (less than a thousandth of a degree) below 0 °C. Also, defining water's triple point at 273.16 K precisely defined the magnitude of each 1 °C increment in terms of the <a href="/wiki/Thermodynamic_temperature" title="Thermodynamic temperature">absolute thermodynamic temperature scale</a> (referencing absolute zero). Now decoupled from the actual boiling point of water, the value "100 °C" is hotter than 0 °C – in absolute terms – by a factor of <i>exactly</i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214402035"><span class="sfrac">⁠<span class="tion"><span class="num">373.15</span><span class="sr-only">/</span><span class="den">273.15</span></span>⁠</span> (approximately 36.61% thermodynamically hotter). When adhering <i>strictly</i> to the two-point definition for calibration, the boiling point of VSMOW under one standard atmosphere of pressure was actually 373.1339 K (99.9839 °C). When calibrated to <a href="/wiki/International_Temperature_Scale_of_1990" title="International Temperature Scale of 1990">ITS-90</a> (a calibration standard comprising many definition points and commonly used for high-precision instrumentation), the boiling point of VSMOW was slightly less, about 99.974 °C.<sup id="cite_ref-LSBU_1_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LSBU_1-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This boiling-point difference of 16.1 millikelvins between the Celsius temperature scale's original definition and the previous one (based on absolute zero and the triple point) has little practical meaning in common daily applications because water's boiling point is very sensitive to variations in <a href="/wiki/Barometric_pressure" class="mw-redirect" title="Barometric pressure">barometric pressure</a>. For example, an altitude change of only 28 cm (11 in) causes the boiling point to change by one millikelvin.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Celsius&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_metrology_and_measurement" title="Outline of metrology and measurement">Outline of metrology and measurement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_temperature_scales" class="mw-redirect" title="Comparison of temperature scales">Comparison of temperature scales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Degree_of_frost" title="Degree of frost">Degree of frost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermodynamic_temperature" title="Thermodynamic temperature">Thermodynamic temperature</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Celsius&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-OED-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-OED_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">According to <i>The Oxford English Dictionary</i> (OED), the term "Celsius thermometer" had been used at least as early as 1797. Further, the term "The Celsius or Centigrade thermometer" was again used in reference to a particular type of thermometer at least as early as 1850. The OED also cites this 1928 reporting of a temperature: "My altitude was about 5,800 metres, the temperature was 28° Celsius." However, dictionaries seek to find the earliest use of a word or term and are not a useful resource as regards to the terminology used throughout the history of science. According to several writings of <a href="/wiki/Terence_Quinn" title="Terence Quinn">Terry Quinn</a>, Director of the BIPM (1988–2004), including <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101226112124/http://www.imeko.org/publications/tc12-2004/IMEKO-TC12-2004-PL-001.pdf">"Temperature Scales from the early days of thermometry to the 21st century"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.imeko.org/publications/tc12-2004/IMEKO-TC12-2004-PL-001.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 26 December 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 May</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Temperature+Scales+from+the+early+days+of+thermometry+to+the+21st+century&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.imeko.org%2Fpublications%2Ftc12-2004%2FIMEKO-TC12-2004-PL-001.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACelsius" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:85%;">(146 <a href="/wiki/Kibibyte" class="mw-redirect" title="Kibibyte">KiB</a>)</span> as well as <i>Temperature</i> (2nd Edition/1990/Academic Press/0125696817), the term <i>Celsius</i> in connection with the centigrade scale was not used whatsoever by the scientific or thermometry communities until after the CIPM and CGPM adopted the term in 1948. The BIPM was not even aware that "degree Celsius" was in sporadic, non-scientific use before that time. It is also noteworthy that the twelve-volume, 1933 edition of OED didn't even have a listing for the word <i>Celsius</i> (but did have listings for both <i>centigrade</i> and <i>centesimal</i> in the context of temperature measurement). The 1948 adoption of <i>Celsius</i> accomplished three objectives: <ol><li>All common temperature scales would have their units named after someone closely associated with them; namely, Kelvin, Celsius, Fahrenheit, Réaumur and Rankine.</li> <li>Notwithstanding the important contribution of Linnaeus who gave the Celsius temperature scale its modern form, Celsius's name was the obvious choice because it began with the letter C. Thus, the symbol °C that for centuries had been used in association with the name <i>centigrade</i> could remain in use and would simultaneously inherit an intuitive association with the new name.</li> <li>The new name eliminated the ambiguity of the term "centigrade", freeing it to refer exclusively to the French-language name for the unit of angular measurement.</li></ol> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-VSMOW-1-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-VSMOW-1_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For <a href="/wiki/Vienna_Standard_Mean_Ocean_Water" title="Vienna Standard Mean Ocean Water">Vienna Standard Mean Ocean Water</a> at one <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_(unit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Atmosphere (unit)">standard atmosphere</a> (101.325 kPa) when calibrated solely per the two-point definition of thermodynamic temperature. Older definitions of the Celsius temperature scale once defined the boiling point of water under one standard atmosphere as being precisely 100 °C. However, the current definition results in a boiling point that is actually 16.1 mK less. For more about the actual boiling point of water, see <a href="/wiki/Vienna_Standard_Mean_Ocean_Water#VSMOW_in_temperature_measurement" title="Vienna Standard Mean Ocean Water">VSMOW in temperature measurement</a>. A different approximation uses <a href="/wiki/ITS-90" class="mw-redirect" title="ITS-90">ITS-90</a>, which approximates the temperature to 99.974 °C</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bipm-4-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bipm-4_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In 1948, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bipm.org/en/CGPM/db/9/7">Resolution 7 of the 9th CGPM</a> stated, <span style="color:#721F01;">"To indicate a temperature interval or difference, rather than a temperature, the word 'degree' in full, or the abbreviation 'deg' must be used."</span> This resolution was abrogated in 1967/1968 by <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bipm.fr/en/CGPM/db/13/3/">Resolution 3 of the 13th CGPM</a>, which stated that <span style="color:#721F01;">["The names "degree Kelvin" and "degree", the symbols "°K" and "deg" and the rules for their use given in Resolution 7 of the 9th CGPM (1948),] ...and the designation of the unit to express an interval or a difference of temperatures are abrogated, but the usages which derive from these decisions remain permissible for the time being."</span> Consequently, there is now wide freedom in usage regarding how to indicate a temperature interval. The most important thing is that one's intention must be clear and the basic rule of the SI must be followed; namely that the unit name or its symbol must not be relied upon to indicate the nature of the quantity. Thus, if a temperature interval is, say, 10 K or 10 °C (which may be written 10 kelvins or 10 degrees Celsius), it must be unambiguous through obvious context or explicit statement that the quantity is an interval. Rules governing the expressing of temperatures and intervals are covered in the BIPM's <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bipm.org/utils/common/pdf/si_brochure_8_en.pdf">"SI Brochure, 8th edition"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=SI+Brochure%2C+8th+edition&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bipm.org%2Futils%2Fcommon%2Fpdf%2Fsi_brochure_8_en.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACelsius" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1.39 <a href="/wiki/Mebibyte" class="mw-redirect" title="Mebibyte">MiB</a>)</span>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div style="clear:right;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Celsius&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-AKA-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AKA_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/101689">Celsius temperature scale</a> at the <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i> "Celsius temperature scale, also called centigrade temperature scale, scale based on 0 ° for the melting point of water and 100 ° for the boiling point of water at 1 atm pressure."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHelmenstine2014" class="citation web cs1">Helmenstine, Anne Marie (15 December 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thoughtco.com/difference-between-celsius-and-centigrade-609226">"What Is the Difference Between Celsius and Centigrade?"</a>. <i>thoughtco.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231127062101/https://www.thoughtco.com/difference-between-celsius-and-centigrade-609226">Archived</a> from the original on 27 November 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=thoughtco.com&rft.atitle=What+Is+the+Difference+Between+Celsius+and+Centigrade%3F&rft.date=2014-12-15&rft.aulast=Helmenstine&rft.aufirst=Anne+Marie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thoughtco.com%2Fdifference-between-celsius-and-centigrade-609226&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACelsius" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bipm.org/documents/20126/17315032/CIPM42.pdf/7f36bfaa-e84b-a7fa-650a-edf6c3de1b46?version=1.4&t=1656255233707&download=true#page=88">"Proceedings of the 42nd CIPM (1948), 1948, p. 88"</a>. Bureau International des Poids et Mesures. 1948<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+the+42nd+CIPM+%281948%29%2C+1948%2C+p.+88&rft.pub=Bureau+International+des+Poids+et+Mesures&rft.date=1948&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bipm.org%2Fdocuments%2F20126%2F17315032%2FCIPM42.pdf%2F7f36bfaa-e84b-a7fa-650a-edf6c3de1b46%3Fversion%3D1.4%26t%3D1656255233707%26download%3Dtrue%23page%3D88&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACelsius" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BIPMbrocure-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BIPMbrocure_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070926215600/http://www1.bipm.org/en/si/si_brochure/chapter2/2-1/2-1-1/kelvin.html">"SI brochure, section 2.1.1.5"</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Bureau_of_Weights_and_Measures" title="International Bureau of Weights and Measures">International Bureau of Weights and Measures</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www1.bipm.org/en/si/si_brochure/chapter2/2-1/2-1-1/kelvin.html">the original</a> on 26 September 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 May</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=SI+brochure%2C+section+2.1.1.5&rft.pub=International+Bureau+of+Weights+and+Measures&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww1.bipm.org%2Fen%2Fsi%2Fsi_brochure%2Fchapter2%2F2-1%2F2-1-1%2Fkelvin.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACelsius" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCelsius1742" class="citation journal cs1">Celsius, Anders (1742). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/kungligasvenskav1317kung#page/170/mode/2up/search">"Observationer om twänne beständiga grader på en thermometer"</a> [Observations about two stable degrees on a thermometer]. <i>Kungliga Svenska Vetenskapsakademiens Handlingar (Proceedings of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences)</i> (3): 171–180 and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/kungligasvenskav1317kung#page/232/mode/2up">Fig. 1.</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Kungliga+Svenska+Vetenskapsakademiens+Handlingar+%28Proceedings+of+the+Royal+Swedish+Academy+of+Sciences%29&rft.atitle=Observationer+om+tw%C3%A4nne+best%C3%A4ndiga+grader+p%C3%A5+en+thermometer&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=171-180+and+Fig.+1.&rft.date=1742&rft.aulast=Celsius&rft.aufirst=Anders&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fkungligasvenskav1317kung%23page%2F170%2Fmode%2F2up%2Fsearch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACelsius" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bipm_1-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bipm_1_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1">Resolution 4 of the 10th meeting of the CGPM - Definition of the standard atmosphere (Report). 1954. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.59161%2FCGPM1954RES4E">10.59161/CGPM1954RES4E</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2060%2F19930080725">2060/19930080725</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Resolution+4+of+the+10th+meeting+of+the+CGPM+-+Definition+of+the+standard+atmosphere&rft.date=1954&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2060%2F19930080725&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.59161%2FCGPM1954RES4E&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACelsius" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EOC_1-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EOC_1_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRittnerBailey2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Don_Rittner" title="Don Rittner">Rittner, D.</a>; Bailey, R.A. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Y2MNUNFg-8gC&pg=PA43"><i>Encyclopedia of Chemistry</i></a>. Facts on File Science Dictionary. Facts On File, Incorporated. p. 43. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4381-1002-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4381-1002-8"><bdi>978-1-4381-1002-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Chemistry&rft.series=Facts+on+File+Science+Dictionary&rft.pages=43&rft.pub=Facts+On+File%2C+Incorporated&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-4381-1002-8&rft.aulast=Rittner&rft.aufirst=D.&rft.au=Bailey%2C+R.A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DY2MNUNFg-8gC%26pg%3DPA43&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACelsius" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TFOFDOWAC_1-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-TFOFDOWAC_1_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2009" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Jacqueline (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lAfa1orgvwQC&pg=PA246">"Appendix I: Chronology"</a>. <i>The Facts on File Dictionary of Weather and Climate</i>. Infobase Publishing. p. 246. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4381-0951-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4381-0951-0"><bdi>978-1-4381-0951-0</bdi></a>. <q>1743 Jean-Pierre Christin inverts the fixed points on Celsius' scale, to produce the scale used today.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Appendix+I%3A+Chronology&rft.btitle=The+Facts+on+File+Dictionary+of+Weather+and+Climate&rft.pages=246&rft.pub=Infobase+Publishing&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-4381-0951-0&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Jacqueline&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlAfa1orgvwQC%26pg%3DPA246&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACelsius" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MSLDDMDLT_1-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MSLDDMDLT_1_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RJRQAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA1609">"MEMOIRE sur la dilatation du Mercure dans le Thermométre"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Mercure_de_France" title="Mercure de France">Mercure de France</a></i> (in French). Paris: Chaubert; Jean de Nully, Pissot, Duchesne: <span class="nowrap">1609–</span>1610. 1743.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mercure+de+France&rft.atitle=MEMOIRE+sur+la+dilatation+du+Mercure+dans+le+Thermom%C3%A9tre&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1609-%3C%2Fspan%3E1610&rft.date=1743&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRJRQAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA1609&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACelsius" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IDJ_1-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-IDJ_1_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Journal helvétique</i> (1743): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=h6EUAAAAQAAJ&pg=308"><i>LION.</i></a> Imprimerie des Journalistes, <a href="/wiki/Neuch%C3%A2tel" title="Neuchâtel">Neuchâtel</a>. pp. 308–310.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MPLHDSEDBA_1-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MPLHDSEDBA_1_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Memoires pour L'Histoire des Sciences et des Beaux Arts</i> (1743): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tf10JPTNlCAC&pg=PA2125"><i>DE LYON.</i></a> Chaubert, París. pp. 2125–2128.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-'Linnaeus'_thermometer_1-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-'Linnaeus'_thermometer_1_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Citation: Uppsala University (Sweden), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.linnaeus.uu.se/online/life/6_32.html"><i>Linnaeus' thermometer</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Physics_HTbook_1-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Physics_HTbook_1_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Citation for Christin of Lyons: Le Moyne College, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.lemoyne.edu/~giunta/archemc.html"><i>Glossary, (Celsius scale)</i></a>; citation for Linnaeus's connection with Pehr Elvius and Daniel Ekström: Uppsala University (Sweden), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.linnaeus.uu.se/online/life/6_32.html"><i>Linnaeus' thermometer</i></a>; general citation: The Uppsala Astronomical Observatory, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.astro.uu.se/history/celsius_scale.html"><i>History of the Celsius temperature scale</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090722030732/https://www.astro.uu.se/history/Celsius_scale.html">Archived</a> 22 July 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Linnæus_&_his_Garden_1-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Linnæus_&_his_Garden_1_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Citations: University of Wisconsin–Madison, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20021115043835/http://www.library.wisc.edu/libraries/SpecialCollections/gardens/sectionpages/linnaeus.htm"><i>Linnæus & his Garden</i></a> and; Uppsala University, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.linnaeus.uu.se/online/life/6_32.html"><i>Linnaeus' thermometer</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CGPM5-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CGPM5_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bipm.org/documents/20126/33145788/CGPM5.pdf/5361d232-a14d-e6cd-38a3-1f5c293656a6"><i>Comptes rendus des séances de la cinquième conférence générale des poids et mesures, réunie à Paris en 1913</i></a>. Bureau international des poids et mesures. 1913. pp. 55, 57, 59<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 June</span> 2021</span>. p. 60: <q>...à la température de 20° centésimaux</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Comptes+rendus+des+s%C3%A9ances+de+la+cinqui%C3%A8me+conf%C3%A9rence+g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale+des+poids+et+mesures%2C+r%C3%A9unie+%C3%A0+Paris+en+1913&rft.pages=55%2C+57%2C+59&rft.pub=Bureau+international+des+poids+et+mesures&rft.date=1913&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bipm.org%2Fdocuments%2F20126%2F33145788%2FCGPM5.pdf%2F5361d232-a14d-e6cd-38a3-1f5c293656a6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACelsius" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bipmagreement-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bipmagreement_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210405081325/http://www.bipm.org/en/committees/cipm/cipm-1948.html">"CIPM, 1948 and 9th CGPM, 1948"</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Bureau_of_Weights_and_Measures" title="International Bureau of Weights and Measures">International Bureau of Weights and Measures</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bipm.org/en/committees/cipm/cipm-1948.html">the original</a> on 5 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 May</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CIPM%2C+1948+and+9th+CGPM%2C+1948&rft.pub=International+Bureau+of+Weights+and+Measures&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bipm.org%2Fen%2Fcommittees%2Fcipm%2Fcipm-1948.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACelsius" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OED_2-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-OED_2_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oed.com">"centigrade, adj. and n."</a> <i>Oxford English Dictionary</i>. Oxford University Press<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.atitle=centigrade%2C+adj.+and+n.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACelsius" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ukmetric.files.wordpress.com/2019/09/19720901-temperature-and-pressure-go-metric.pdf">"Temperature and Pressure go Metric"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Commonwealth Bureau of Meteorology. 1 September 1972<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Temperature+and+Pressure+go+Metric&rft.pub=Commonwealth+Bureau+of+Meteorology&rft.date=1972-09-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fukmetric.files.wordpress.com%2F2019%2F09%2F19720901-temperature-and-pressure-go-metric.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACelsius" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC_change_1-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BBC_change_1_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lDpit9SgD9M#t=18m2s"><span class="plainlinks">1985 BBC Special: A Change In The Weather</span></a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Handbook_of_C&P-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Handbook_of_C&P_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lide, D.R., ed. (1990–1991). <i>Handbook of Chemistry and Physics.</i> 71st ed. CRC Press. p. 4–22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ROTTOTIPIRM_1-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ROTTOTIPIRM_1_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The ice point of purified water has been measured at <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6995890000000000000♠"></span>0.000<span style="margin-left:.25em;">089</span>(10)</span> degrees Celsius – see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMagnum1995" class="citation journal cs1">Magnum, B.W. (June 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070710041607/http://www.cstl.nist.gov/div836/836.05/papers/magnum95icept.pdf">"Reproducibility of the Temperature of the Ice Point in Routine Measurements"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>NIST Technical Note</i>. <b>1411</b>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cstl.nist.gov/div836/836.05/papers/magnum95icept.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 10 July 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 February</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NIST+Technical+Note&rft.atitle=Reproducibility+of+the+Temperature+of+the+Ice+Point+in+Routine+Measurements&rft.volume=1411&rft.date=1995-06&rft.aulast=Magnum&rft.aufirst=B.W.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cstl.nist.gov%2Fdiv836%2F836.05%2Fpapers%2Fmagnum95icept.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACelsius" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-roomtemp-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-roomtemp_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nist.gov/pml/weights-and-measures/si-units-temperature">"SI Units – Temperature"</a>. NIST Office of Weights and Measures. 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=SI+Units+%E2%80%93+Temperature&rft.pub=NIST+Office+of+Weights+and+Measures&rft.date=2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nist.gov%2Fpml%2Fweights-and-measures%2Fsi-units-temperature&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACelsius" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Elert2005-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Elert2005_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElert2005" class="citation web cs1">Elert, Glenn (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hypertextbook.com/facts/1997/LenaWong.shtml">"Temperature of a Healthy Human (Body Temperature)"</a>. <i>The Physics Factbook</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 August</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Physics+Factbook&rft.atitle=Temperature+of+a+Healthy+Human+%28Body+Temperature%29&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Elert&rft.aufirst=Glenn&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhypertextbook.com%2Ffacts%2F1997%2FLenaWong.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACelsius" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UOTTK-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-UOTTK_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041111030930/http://physics.nist.gov/cuu/Units/index.html">"Unit of thermodynamic temperature (kelvin)"</a>. <i>The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty: Historical context of the SI</i>. <a href="/wiki/NIST" class="mw-redirect" title="NIST">National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)</a>. 2000. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://physics.nist.gov/cuu/Units/index.html">the original</a> on 11 November 2004<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+NIST+Reference+on+Constants%2C+Units%2C+and+Uncertainty%3A+Historical+context+of+the+SI&rft.atitle=Unit+of+thermodynamic+temperature+%28kelvin%29&rft.date=2000&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fphysics.nist.gov%2Fcuu%2FUnits%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACelsius" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">BIPM, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190329202837/http://www.bipm.org/en/publications/si-brochure/section5-3.html"><i>SI Brochure</i>, Section 5.3.3.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SI_unit_conventions_1-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SI_unit_conventions_1_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For more information on conventions used in technical writing, see the informative <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://physics.nist.gov/cuu/Units/checklist.html">SI Unit rules and style conventions</a></i> by the <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Standards_and_Technology" title="National Institute of Standards and Technology">NIST</a> as well as the <a href="/wiki/BIPM" class="mw-redirect" title="BIPM">BIPM</a>'s SI brochure: Subsection 5.3.3, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bipm.org/en/si/si_brochure/chapter5/5-3-2.html#5-3-3">Formatting the value of a quantity.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140705194729/http://www.bipm.org/en/si/si_brochure/chapter5/5-3-2.html#5-3-3">Archived</a> 5 July 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">"22.2". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode9.0.0/ch22.pdf"><i>The Unicode Standard, Version 9.0</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Mountain View, CA, USA: The Unicode Consortium. July 2016. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-936213-13-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-936213-13-9"><bdi>978-1-936213-13-9</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 April</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=22.2&rft.btitle=The+Unicode+Standard%2C+Version+9.0&rft.place=Mountain+View%2C+CA%2C+USA&rft.pub=The+Unicode+Consortium&rft.date=2016-07&rft.isbn=978-1-936213-13-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unicode.org%2Fversions%2FUnicode9.0.0%2Fch22.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACelsius" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bipm_3-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bipm_3_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Decision No. 3 of <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bipm.fr/en/CGPM/db/13/3/">Resolution 3 of the 13th CGPM</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UPWMP_1-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-UPWMP_1_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">H.D. Young, R. A. Freedman (2008). University Physics with Modern Physics (12th ed.). Addison Wesley. p. 573.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BAGTDAAD_1-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BAGTDAAD_1_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This fact is demonstrated in the book <i>Biostatistics: A Guide to Design, Analysis, and Discovery</i> By Ronald N. Forthofer, Eun Sul Lee and Mike Hernandez</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bipm.org/en/committees/cg/cgpm/13-1967/resolution-3">"Resolution 3 of the 13th CGPM (1967)"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Resolution+3+of+the+13th+CGPM+%281967%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bipm.org%2Fen%2Fcommittees%2Fcg%2Fcgpm%2F13-1967%2Fresolution-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACelsius" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bipm3res-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bipm3res_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bipm.org/en/committees/cg/cgpm/9-1948/resolution-3">"Resolution 3 of the 9th CGPM (1948)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Bureau_of_Weights_and_Measures" title="International Bureau of Weights and Measures">International Bureau of Weights and Measures</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Resolution+3+of+the+9th+CGPM+%281948%29&rft.pub=International+Bureau+of+Weights+and+Measures&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bipm.org%2Fen%2Fcommittees%2Fcg%2Fcgpm%2F9-1948%2Fresolution-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACelsius" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LSBU_1-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LSBU_1_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Citation: London South Bank University, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://water.lsbu.ac.uk/water/water_properties.html#c1"><i>Water Structure and Behavior, notes c1 and c2</i></a></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Celsius&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/16px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/24px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/32px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> The dictionary definition of <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Celsius" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Celsius"><i>Celsius</i></a> at Wiktionary </p> <ul><li>NIST, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://physics.nist.gov/cuu/Units/kelvin.html"><i>Basic unit definitions: Kelvin</i></a></li> <li>The Uppsala Astronomical Observatory, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.astro.uu.se/history/celsius_scale.html"><i>History of the Celsius temperature scale</i></a></li> <li>London South Bank University, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lsbu.ac.uk/water/data.html"><i>Water, scientific data</i></a></li> <li>BIPM, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070926215600/http://www1.bipm.org/en/si/si_brochure/chapter2/2-1/2-1-1/kelvin.html"><i>SI brochure, section 2.1.1.5, Unit of thermodynamic temperature</i></a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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href="/wiki/Fahrenheit" title="Fahrenheit">Fahrenheit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_mark" title="Gas mark">Gas mark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelvin" title="Kelvin">Kelvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leiden_scale" title="Leiden scale">Leiden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newton_scale" title="Newton scale">Newton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rankine_scale" title="Rankine scale">Rankine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9aumur_scale" title="Réaumur scale">Réaumur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%B8mer_scale" title="Rømer scale">Rømer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wedgwood_scale" title="Wedgwood scale">Wedgwood</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Conversion_of_scales_of_temperature" title="Conversion of scales of temperature">Conversion formulas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Conversion_of_scales_of_temperature#Comparison_of_temperature_scales" title="Conversion of scales of 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(unit)">mole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second" title="Second">second</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/SI_derived_unit" title="SI derived unit">Derived units <br />with special names</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Becquerel" title="Becquerel">becquerel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coulomb" title="Coulomb">coulomb</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">degree Celsius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farad" title="Farad">farad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gray_(unit)" title="Gray (unit)">gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_(unit)" title="Henry (unit)">henry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hertz" title="Hertz">hertz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joule" title="Joule">joule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katal" title="Katal">katal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lumen_(unit)" title="Lumen (unit)">lumen</a></li> 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style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astronomical_unit" title="Astronomical unit">astronomical unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalton_(unit)" title="Dalton (unit)">dalton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Day" title="Day">day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decibel" title="Decibel">decibel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Degree_(angle)" title="Degree (angle)">degree of arc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronvolt" title="Electronvolt">electronvolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hectare" title="Hectare">hectare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hour" title="Hour">hour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litre" title="Litre">litre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minute" title="Minute">minute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minute_and_second_of_arc" title="Minute and second of arc">minute and second of arc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neper" title="Neper">neper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonne" title="Tonne">tonne</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" 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